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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Cambridge Analytica.md
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@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ relations:
start: 2017-05
end: 2020-10-02
role: "formal investigation into data analytics in political campaigns"
fn: 38
fn: 39
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]"
end: 2020-08-18
@ -158,33 +158,35 @@ The Bolton PAC's payments to the company began on July 7, 2014 with $25,000 for
Kaiser told the Senate committee that discussion of a commercial offer to the Trump campaign began in May 2015, that she and Nix met Bannon in Washington in September 2015, that [[Donald Trump]] telephoned Bannon during the meeting and directed that Nix and Kaiser come to New York to meet [[Corey Lewandowski]], and that "eight or ten weeks" of contract negotiations followed without result.[^27] Bannon told the committee he had no recollection of the call.[^27] Kaiser also said that almost every client meeting she had with a political figure was preceded by an introduction from Bannon, Rebekah Mercer or [[Kellyanne Conway]], whom the committee described as an advisor to the Mercers at the time, and that Conway was closely involved in moving the company from the Cruz campaign to the Trump campaign.[^28]
The committee recorded that the Cruz campaign spent about $5.8 million on the company and the campaign of [[Ben Carson]] more than $430,000, citing a [[CNN]] report, and that within a week of Cruz leaving the race the employees working on his campaign began moving to the Trump campaign.[^27] [[Rick Gates]] told the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] that the campaign decided shortly after the Republican National Convention to use the company, that the [[Republican National Committee]] did not want to use it, that [[Brad Parscale]] was reluctant, that [[Jared Kushner]] wanted to use it and negotiated a package with payment at the end of the campaign.[^22] Kushner told the committee that the Mercers aggressively advocated use of the company and that the campaign engaged it to secure the Mercers' support.[^22] Parscale said he decided to hire the company in June 2016 after approval from [[Paul Manafort]] and Kushner, that he declined its offer of "psychographic profiling" services, and that he used Republican National Committee data rather than the company's data.[^22][^29]
[[Brad Parscale]] told the committee that the campaign's polling data was ingested into a visualization tool with the help of Cambridge Analytica developers, and that the tool was available on an iPad that Parscale carried.[^29]
The committee obtained a campaign data team presentation of August 22, 2016 with a slide depicting data flowing in both directions between the campaign and Cambridge Analytica, with the company's node titled "Digital Media Psychographic Analysis," and another slide showing arrows between its "Psychographic Analysis" and both the Republican National Committee's "GOP Data Center" and the campaign's San Antonio operation, which it called "Project Alamo."[^29] The committee wrote that documents it obtained suggested that the company's data may have been used in support of the campaign and that the campaign may have leveraged its psychographic analysis capabilities.[^29] Gates told the FBI that he later learned campaign data was transmitted to and analyzed in the [[United Kingdom]], which concerned him.[^29] Kaiser said that Project Alamo was "built completely from scratch" from the Republican National Committee's Data Trust database and purchased data sets.[^29]
The committee recorded that the Cruz campaign spent about $5.8 million on the company and the campaign of [[Ben Carson]] more than $430,000, citing a [[CNN]] report, and that within a week of Cruz leaving the race the employees working on his campaign began moving to the Trump campaign.[^27] [[Rick Gates]] told the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] that the campaign decided shortly after the Republican National Convention to use the company, that the [[Republican National Committee]] did not want to use it, that Brad Parscale was reluctant, that [[Jared Kushner]] wanted to use it and negotiated a package with payment at the end of the campaign.[^22] Kushner told the committee that the Mercers aggressively advocated use of the company and that the campaign engaged it to secure the Mercers' support.[^22] Parscale said he decided to hire the company in June 2016 after approval from [[Paul Manafort]] and Kushner, that he declined its offer of "psychographic profiling" services, and that he used Republican National Committee data rather than the company's data.[^22][^30]
The committee obtained a campaign data team presentation of August 22, 2016 with a slide depicting data flowing in both directions between the campaign and Cambridge Analytica, with the company's node titled "Digital Media Psychographic Analysis," and another slide showing arrows between its "Psychographic Analysis" and both the Republican National Committee's "GOP Data Center" and the campaign's San Antonio operation, which it called "Project Alamo."[^30] The committee wrote that documents it obtained suggested that the company's data may have been used in support of the campaign and that the campaign may have leveraged its psychographic analysis capabilities.[^30] Gates told the FBI that he later learned campaign data was transmitted to and analyzed in the [[United Kingdom]], which concerned him.[^30] Kaiser said that Project Alamo was "built completely from scratch" from the Republican National Committee's Data Trust database and purchased data sets.[^30]
### Russian and WikiLeaks contacts
Wylie said that from spring 2014 through 2015 Cambridge Analytica representatives met representatives of Lukoil, that Nix's presentations included discussion of rumor and disinformation campaigns, and that in May 2018 he told the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] that Lukoil "has formal information sharing agreements with the Russian Federal Security Service."[^30][^31] His written statement said that after a request for information from Lukoil executives in the spring of 2014, Cambridge Analytica discussed with Lukoil its experience with "foreign disinformation, rumour campaigns, microtargeting and its American data assets."[^31] Kaiser told the committee the discussions concerned a customer loyalty application for Lukoil's stations in Turkey, said she was told the data could also be useful for political activities there, and furnished a February 2015 presentation prepared by SCL Commercial; neither she nor Wylie believed that a contract resulted, and the committee stated that it did not independently corroborate the allegation that Lukoil intended to use the company to affect elections.[^30] The committee noted that the [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] had added Lukoil to its Sectoral Sanctions Identifications List on September 12, 2014.[^30]
Wylie said that from spring 2014 through 2015 Cambridge Analytica representatives met representatives of Lukoil, that Nix's presentations included discussion of rumor and disinformation campaigns, and that in May 2018 he told the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] that Lukoil "has formal information sharing agreements with the Russian Federal Security Service."[^31][^32] His written statement said that after a request for information from Lukoil executives in the spring of 2014, Cambridge Analytica discussed with Lukoil its experience with "foreign disinformation, rumour campaigns, microtargeting and its American data assets."[^32] Kaiser told the committee the discussions concerned a customer loyalty application for Lukoil's stations in Turkey, said she was told the data could also be useful for political activities there, and furnished a February 2015 presentation prepared by SCL Commercial; neither she nor Wylie believed that a contract resulted, and the committee stated that it did not independently corroborate the allegation that Lukoil intended to use the company to affect elections.[^31] The committee noted that the [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] had added Lukoil to its Sectoral Sanctions Identifications List on September 12, 2014.[^31]
Wylie also told the committee that in spring 2014 Bannon approved focus groups about [[Vladimir Putin]] and Russian expansionism preparatory to a predictive model, and that Bannon and [[Konstantin Kilimnik]] were two of three people likely responsible for the idea.[^32] [[Sam Patten]], a consultant who worked for the company in Nigeria, Mexico, Kosovo and the Czech Republic, told the committee there was "no connection" between Kilimnik and Cambridge Analytica; Kaiser said that on the Nigerian project the company may have assisted its client in retaining former Israeli intelligence officers working privately to conduct opposition research.[^32]
Wylie also told the committee that in spring 2014 Bannon approved focus groups about [[Vladimir Putin]] and Russian expansionism preparatory to a predictive model, and that Bannon and [[Konstantin Kilimnik]] were two of three people likely responsible for the idea.[^33] [[Sam Patten]], a consultant who worked for the company in Nigeria, Mexico, Kosovo and the Czech Republic, told the committee there was "no connection" between Kilimnik and Cambridge Analytica; Kaiser said that on the Nigerian project the company may have assisted its client in retaining former Israeli intelligence officers working privately to conduct opposition research.[^33]
The committee reported open-source accounts that during the 2016 campaign Nix emailed [[Julian Assange]] about the possible release of [[Hillary Clinton]]'s deleted emails, and that Assange said in October 2017 that [[WikiLeaks]] had rejected an approach by Cambridge Analytica. The committee obtained no additional information, and Bannon and others close to the campaign said they had no prior awareness of the contact.[^33] The committee also recorded that it was unable to obtain the company's corporate communications, which were in the hands of United Kingdom authorities, and that Nix "generally disregarded the Committee's requests for an appearance."[^34] It found "no convincing evidence that Russia's government or intelligence services worked with or through" Cambridge Analytica, Psy Group or Colt Ventures in furtherance of the 2016 interference.[^34] Cambridge Analytica, LLC is named among the respondents in matters under review 7207, 7268, 7274 and 7623 before the Federal Election Commission, in which Commissioners Shana Broussard and Ellen Weintraub issued a statement of reasons citing Volume 5 after a certification dated April 22, 2021; the text of the statement concerns the Russian Federation, the Internet Research Agency and the Trump committee and does not mention Cambridge Analytica outside the caption.[^35]
The committee reported open-source accounts that during the 2016 campaign Nix emailed [[Julian Assange]] about the possible release of [[Hillary Clinton]]'s deleted emails, and that Assange said in October 2017 that [[WikiLeaks]] had rejected an approach by Cambridge Analytica. The committee obtained no additional information, and Bannon and others close to the campaign said they had no prior awareness of the contact.[^34] The committee also recorded that it was unable to obtain the company's corporate communications, which were in the hands of United Kingdom authorities, and that Nix "generally disregarded the Committee's requests for an appearance."[^35] It found "no convincing evidence that Russia's government or intelligence services worked with or through" Cambridge Analytica, Psy Group or Colt Ventures in furtherance of the 2016 interference.[^35] Cambridge Analytica, LLC is named among the respondents in matters under review 7207, 7268, 7274 and 7623 before the Federal Election Commission, in which Commissioners Shana Broussard and Ellen Weintraub issued a statement of reasons citing Volume 5 after a certification dated April 22, 2021; the text of the statement concerns the Russian Federation, the Internet Research Agency and the Trump committee and does not mention Cambridge Analytica outside the caption.[^36]
### Regulatory and criminal proceedings in the United Kingdom
The Information Commissioner's Office issued a monetary penalty notice of £500,000 to Facebook on October 25, 2018, the highest fine permitted under the Data Protection Act 1998, citing lack of transparency and security failures relating to the harvesting of data.[^36] The office also executed a warrant at the company's premises at 8 p.m. on March 23, 2018, seized servers and other material, and reported that Cambridge Analytica and SCL Elections entered administration on May 3, 2018, that an enforcement notice of May 4, 2018 required it to answer a subject access request from the American academic [[David Carroll]] that had been made in January 2017, and that the deadline of June 3, 2018 passed without compliance.[^18] The office reported that Nix and Kogan had declined invitations to voluntary interviews under caution and that it would have issued a substantial fine had the company not been in administration.[^18] SCL Elections pleaded guilty at [[Hendon Magistrates' Court]] on January 9, 2019, the day set for trial, to failing to comply with the enforcement notice; press reports gave the penalty as a fine of £15,000 with £6,000 in costs and a victim surcharge of £170.[^37] The Information Commissioner's 2020 letter to Parliament gives the fine as £18,000.[^38]
The Information Commissioner's Office issued a monetary penalty notice of £500,000 to Facebook on October 25, 2018, the highest fine permitted under the Data Protection Act 1998, citing lack of transparency and security failures relating to the harvesting of data.[^37] The office also executed a warrant at the company's premises at 8 p.m. on March 23, 2018, seized servers and other material, and reported that Cambridge Analytica and SCL Elections entered administration on May 3, 2018, that an enforcement notice of May 4, 2018 required it to answer a subject access request from the American academic [[David Carroll]] that had been made in January 2017, and that the deadline of June 3, 2018 passed without compliance.[^18] The office reported that Nix and Kogan had declined invitations to voluntary interviews under caution and that it would have issued a substantial fine had the company not been in administration.[^18] SCL Elections pleaded guilty at [[Hendon Magistrates' Court]] on January 9, 2019, the day set for trial, to failing to comply with the enforcement notice; press reports gave the penalty as a fine of £15,000 with £6,000 in costs and a victim surcharge of £170.[^38] The Information Commissioner's 2020 letter to Parliament gives the fine as £18,000.[^39]
On October 2, 2020 the Information Commissioner, [[Elizabeth Denham]], wrote to the chair of the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee that the office had concluded its investigation, that the company had purchased commercially available data amounting at one estimate to more than 130 billion data points, mostly about United States voters, to combine with Facebook-derived data from Kogan, that its models were mostly built from "off the shelf" tools, that the office found no further evidence to change its view that the company was not involved in the European Union referendum campaign beyond early inquiries about UK Independence Party data, and that it found no additional evidence of Russian involvement in the servers it obtained.[^38] The letter also reported evidence that in its last stages the company was drawing up plans to move its data offshore to avoid regulatory scrutiny, which it did not carry out before it ceased trading.[^38]
On October 2, 2020 the Information Commissioner, [[Elizabeth Denham]], wrote to the chair of the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee that the office had concluded its investigation, that the company had purchased commercially available data amounting at one estimate to more than 130 billion data points, mostly about United States voters, to combine with Facebook-derived data from Kogan, that its models were mostly built from "off the shelf" tools, that the office found no further evidence to change its view that the company was not involved in the European Union referendum campaign beyond early inquiries about UK Independence Party data, and that it found no additional evidence of Russian involvement in the servers it obtained.[^39] The letter also reported evidence that in its last stages the company was drawing up plans to move its data offshore to avoid regulatory scrutiny, which it did not carry out before it ceased trading.[^39]
The Insolvency Service announced in September 2020 that Nix had given an undertaking disqualifying him from acting as a company director for seven years from October 5, 2020, having, in the service's words, caused or permitted SCL Elections or associated companies to act with a lack of commercial probity by marketing services including "bribery or honey trap stings, voter disengagement campaigns, obtaining information to discredit political opponents and spreading information anonymously in political campaigns." The service did not say whether any such services were performed, and Nix told Reuters he had made no admission of wrongdoing.[^39] The Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee had recorded in February 2019 that the Insolvency Service was investigating the directors of SCL Elections, SCL Group, SCL Analytics, SCL Commercial, SCL Social and Cambridge Analytica (UK) under the [[Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986]].[^40]
The Insolvency Service announced in September 2020 that Nix had given an undertaking disqualifying him from acting as a company director for seven years from October 5, 2020, having, in the service's words, caused or permitted SCL Elections or associated companies to act with a lack of commercial probity by marketing services including "bribery or honey trap stings, voter disengagement campaigns, obtaining information to discredit political opponents and spreading information anonymously in political campaigns." The service did not say whether any such services were performed, and Nix told Reuters he had made no admission of wrongdoing.[^40] The Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee had recorded in February 2019 that the Insolvency Service was investigating the directors of SCL Elections, SCL Group, SCL Analytics, SCL Commercial, SCL Social and Cambridge Analytica (UK) under the [[Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986]].[^41]
### Emerdata and the end of the group
Emerdata Limited (Companies House number 10911848) was incorporated on August 11, 2017 with Wheatland as a director, and its persons with significant control from incorporation were Wheatland and Dr Alexander Bruce Tayler, each holding more than 25 percent and up to 50 percent until January 23, 2018.[^41] From January 23, 2018 the register shows Cambridge Analytica Holdings LLC, with an address on Orange Street in Wilmington, Delaware, as holder of more than 50 percent and less than 75 percent of shares and votes until August 9, 2022; since that date the register carries a statement that there is no registrable person.[^41] The register records the officers appointed on January 23, 2018 as Nix (resigned March 28, 2018), Johnson Chun Shun Ko (resigned May 9, 2018), Cheng Peng (resigned May 8, 2018) and Ahmad Al Khatib (resigned May 7, 2018); Tayler was a director again from March 28 to April 18, 2018, Gary Ka Chun Tiu from June 12, 2018 to December 3, 2024, and Wheatland until May 22, 2019.[^41] Rebekah and Jennifer Mercer were appointed directors on March 16, 2018 and remained in office as of the register consulted on October 1, 2026, with [[Jacquelyn James-Varga]] (appointed May 22, 2019) and Bradley David Golub (appointed December 3, 2024).[^41]
Emerdata Limited (Companies House number 10911848) was incorporated on August 11, 2017 with Wheatland as a director, and its persons with significant control from incorporation were Wheatland and Dr Alexander Bruce Tayler, each holding more than 25 percent and up to 50 percent until January 23, 2018.[^42] From January 23, 2018 the register shows Cambridge Analytica Holdings LLC, with an address on Orange Street in Wilmington, Delaware, as holder of more than 50 percent and less than 75 percent of shares and votes until August 9, 2022; since that date the register carries a statement that there is no registrable person.[^42] The register records the officers appointed on January 23, 2018 as Nix (resigned March 28, 2018), Johnson Chun Shun Ko (resigned May 9, 2018), Cheng Peng (resigned May 8, 2018) and Ahmad Al Khatib (resigned May 7, 2018); Tayler was a director again from March 28 to April 18, 2018, Gary Ka Chun Tiu from June 12, 2018 to December 3, 2024, and Wheatland until May 22, 2019.[^42] Rebekah and Jennifer Mercer were appointed directors on March 16, 2018 and remained in office as of the register consulted on October 1, 2026, with [[Jacquelyn James-Varga]] (appointed May 22, 2019) and Bradley David Golub (appointed December 3, 2024).[^42]
The Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee reported in February 2019 that Emerdata had not gone into administration, was the largest creditor of SCL Elections and was paying the administration costs, and listed shareholders as of August 10, 2018 that included Cambridge Analytica Holdings LLC, Tayler, Wheatland, trusts for the benefit of Rebekah, Jennifer and Heather Mercer, Alexander and Catherine Nix, five members of the Marland family, Henry and Roger Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes, and Reza Saddlou-Bundy.[^40] The committee recommended that the [[National Crime Agency]] investigate the connections between SCL Elections and Emerdata.[^40] The committee also reported that SCL Insight Limited, owned by Nigel Oakes, had been spun off in the 2017 reorganization.[^40]
The Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee reported in February 2019 that Emerdata had not gone into administration, was the largest creditor of SCL Elections and was paying the administration costs, and listed shareholders as of August 10, 2018 that included Cambridge Analytica Holdings LLC, Tayler, Wheatland, trusts for the benefit of Rebekah, Jennifer and Heather Mercer, Alexander and Catherine Nix, five members of the Marland family, Henry and Roger Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes, and Reza Saddlou-Bundy.[^41] The committee recommended that the [[National Crime Agency]] investigate the connections between SCL Elections and Emerdata.[^41] The committee also reported that SCL Insight Limited, owned by Nigel Oakes, had been spun off in the 2017 reorganization.[^41]
Emerdata entered administration on December 9, 2024, the register names Benjamin Stanyon and Nedim Patrick Ailyan as practitioners, records a cessation to act on April 8, 2026, and gives the registered office as care of Opus Restructuring LLP, Milton Keynes.[^41] SCL Group Limited, SCL Elections Limited and Cambridge Analytica (UK) Limited were in administration from May 3, 2018 to April 17, 2019, then in compulsory liquidation on a petition of August 13, 2018, which concluded on September 1, 2025; the first two were dissolved on January 31, 2026 and the third on January 30, 2026.[^42]
Emerdata entered administration on December 9, 2024, the register names Benjamin Stanyon and Nedim Patrick Ailyan as practitioners, records a cessation to act on April 8, 2026, and gives the registered office as care of Opus Restructuring LLP, Milton Keynes.[^42] SCL Group Limited, SCL Elections Limited and Cambridge Analytica (UK) Limited were in administration from May 3, 2018 to April 17, 2019, then in compulsory liquidation on a petition of August 13, 2018, which concluded on September 1, 2025; the first two were dissolved on January 31, 2026 and the third on January 30, 2026.[^43]
### Footnotes
@ -216,17 +218,18 @@ Emerdata entered administration on December 9, 2024, the register names Benjamin
[^26]: Mercer Family Foundation, Form 990-PF for 2011, Part XV (grant to OISM, P.O. Box 1279, Cave Junction, Oregon, $965,000) (https://990s.foundationcenter.org/990pf_pdf_archive/201/201982204/201982204_201112_990PF.pdf); Form 990-PF for 2021, Part XV (Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, 2251 Dick George Road, Cave Junction, Oregon, $250,000), ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer full text (https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/201982204/202213199349104431/IRS990PF).
[^27]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 673 to 674 and notes 4352 to 4357 (Kaiser transcript, pp. 144 to 156; Bannon transcript, p. 268; Maegan Vazquez and Paul Murphy, "Trump isn't the only Republican who gave Cambridge Analytica big bucks," CNN, March 21, 2018). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^28]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, p. 672 and note 4348 (Kaiser transcript, pp. 40 to 43). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^29]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 675 to 678 and notes 4367 to 4379 (Parscale transcript, pp. 53 to 60; Trump Data Team Presentation, August 22, 2016, FLYNN_SSCI_00011770 and 00011773; FBI FD-302 of Rick Gates, October 29, 2018; Kaiser transcript, pp. 161 to 164). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^30]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 670 to 671 and notes 4334 to 4341 (Wylie proffer; Wylie written statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee, May 16, 2018; Kaiser transcript, pp. 66 to 67 and 121 to 123; SCL Commercial presentation for Lukoil, February 18, 2015; OFAC listing of September 12, 2014). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^31]: Christopher Wylie, written statement, "In the Matter of Cambridge Analytica and Other Related Issues," Senate Committee on the Judiciary, May 16, 2018, paragraphs 32 and 33. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/06/03/2026/05-16-18-wylie-testimony
[^32]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, p. 668 and notes 4318 to 4325 (Wylie proffer; Patten transcript, pp. 29 to 38; Kaiser transcript, pp. 67 to 68; Bannon transcript, pp. 253 to 256). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^33]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 678 to 679 and notes 4380 to 4383 (Betsy Swan, "Trump Data Guru Alexander Nix: I Tried To Team Up With Julian Assange," *The Daily Beast*, October 25, 2017; Kara Scannell, Dana Bash and Marshall Cohen, CNN, October 25, 2017). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^34]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 663 to 664 (section introduction, "Committee did not examine the effectiveness of the work these companies may have conducted"; limitations including Nix's non-appearance and the seizure of the company's corporate communications by U.K. authorities). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^35]: Federal Election Commission, Statement of Reasons of Commissioners Shana M. Broussard and Ellen L. Weintraub, MURs 7207, 7268, 7274 and 7623 (Russian Federation; Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.; Donald J. Trump; H. Russell Taub; Cambridge Analytica, LLC; Internet Research Agency; Paul Manafort), note 2 (certification dated April 22, 2021). https://www.fec.gov/files/legal/murs/7207/7207_47.pdf
[^36]: UK Information Commissioner's Office, *Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns: A report to Parliament*, November 6, 2018, section 3.2.4 (p. 38). https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2018/nov/uk-ico-report-investigation-into-use-of-data-political-campaigns-6-11-18.pdf
[^37]: UK Information Commissioner's Office, *Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns*, November 6, 2018, section 3.2.3 (trial set for January 9, 2019 at Hendon Magistrates' Court); "Cambridge Analytica Pleads Guilty In UK Data Access Case," *MediaPost*, January 9, 2019 (fine of £15,000, costs of £6,000, victim surcharge of £170, citing the ICO announcement) https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/330338/ ; Ellen Tannam, "Cambridge Analytica owner hit with £15,000 fine for disobeying UK ICO," *Silicon Republic*, January 2019 (District Judge Kenneth Grant: "wilful disregard of the enforcement notice") https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/cambridge-analytica-scl-fine
[^38]: Elizabeth Denham, Information Commissioner, letter to Julian Knight MP, Chair, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, reference ICO/O/ED/L/RTL/0181, October 2, 2020, paragraphs 3 to 15. https://cy.ico.org.uk/media2/migrated/2618383/20201002_ico-o-ed-l-rtl-0181_to-julian-knight-mp.pdf
[^39]: "Ex-Cambridge Analytica head banned from running firms in UK," Reuters, published by Al Jazeera, September 25, 2020 (statement of the Insolvency Service of September 24, 2020; Mark Bruce, chief investigator; disqualification from October 5, 2020). https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/9/25/uk-bans-ex-cambridge-analytica-boss-for-unethical-services
[^40]: House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, *Disinformation and "fake news": Final Report*, HC 1791, February 18, 2019, paragraphs 285 to 290, 296 and notes 327 to 329 and 338. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/1791.pdf
[^41]: Companies House, EMERDATA LIMITED (company number 10911848), overview, officers, persons with significant control and insolvency pages, viewed October 1, 2026; personal appointments pages for Jennifer Lynne Mercer, Rebekah Anne Mercer, Jacquelyn James-Varga and Bradley David Golub. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10911848
[^42]: Companies House, insolvency pages for SCL GROUP LIMITED (05514098), SCL ELECTIONS LIMITED (08256225) and CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICA(UK) LIMITED (09375920), viewed October 1, 2026 (administration May 3, 2018 to April 17, 2019; compulsory liquidation, petition August 13, 2018, winding up commenced April 17, 2019 and concluded September 1, 2025; dissolved January 31, 2026, January 31, 2026 and January 30, 2026). https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/05514098/insolvency
[^29]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, notes 447 and 448 (Parscale transcript, p. 64). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^30]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 675 to 678 and notes 4367 to 4379 (Parscale transcript, pp. 53 to 60; Trump Data Team Presentation, August 22, 2016, FLYNN_SSCI_00011770 and 00011773; FBI FD-302 of Rick Gates, October 29, 2018; Kaiser transcript, pp. 161 to 164). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^31]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 670 to 671 and notes 4334 to 4341 (Wylie proffer; Wylie written statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee, May 16, 2018; Kaiser transcript, pp. 66 to 67 and 121 to 123; SCL Commercial presentation for Lukoil, February 18, 2015; OFAC listing of September 12, 2014). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^32]: Christopher Wylie, written statement, "In the Matter of Cambridge Analytica and Other Related Issues," Senate Committee on the Judiciary, May 16, 2018, paragraphs 32 and 33. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/06/03/2026/05-16-18-wylie-testimony
[^33]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, p. 668 and notes 4318 to 4325 (Wylie proffer; Patten transcript, pp. 29 to 38; Kaiser transcript, pp. 67 to 68; Bannon transcript, pp. 253 to 256). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^34]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 678 to 679 and notes 4380 to 4383 (Betsy Swan, "Trump Data Guru Alexander Nix: I Tried To Team Up With Julian Assange," *The Daily Beast*, October 25, 2017; Kara Scannell, Dana Bash and Marshall Cohen, CNN, October 25, 2017). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^35]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities*, report released August 18, 2020, pp. 663 to 664 (section introduction, "Committee did not examine the effectiveness of the work these companies may have conducted"; limitations including Nix's non-appearance and the seizure of the company's corporate communications by U.K. authorities). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
[^36]: Federal Election Commission, Statement of Reasons of Commissioners Shana M. Broussard and Ellen L. Weintraub, MURs 7207, 7268, 7274 and 7623 (Russian Federation; Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.; Donald J. Trump; H. Russell Taub; Cambridge Analytica, LLC; Internet Research Agency; Paul Manafort), note 2 (certification dated April 22, 2021). https://www.fec.gov/files/legal/murs/7207/7207_47.pdf
[^37]: UK Information Commissioner's Office, *Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns: A report to Parliament*, November 6, 2018, section 3.2.4 (p. 38). https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2018/nov/uk-ico-report-investigation-into-use-of-data-political-campaigns-6-11-18.pdf
[^38]: UK Information Commissioner's Office, *Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns*, November 6, 2018, section 3.2.3 (trial set for January 9, 2019 at Hendon Magistrates' Court); "Cambridge Analytica Pleads Guilty In UK Data Access Case," *MediaPost*, January 9, 2019 (fine of £15,000, costs of £6,000, victim surcharge of £170, citing the ICO announcement) https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/330338/ ; Ellen Tannam, "Cambridge Analytica owner hit with £15,000 fine for disobeying UK ICO," *Silicon Republic*, January 2019 (District Judge Kenneth Grant: "wilful disregard of the enforcement notice") https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/cambridge-analytica-scl-fine
[^39]: Elizabeth Denham, Information Commissioner, letter to Julian Knight MP, Chair, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, reference ICO/O/ED/L/RTL/0181, October 2, 2020, paragraphs 3 to 15. https://cy.ico.org.uk/media2/migrated/2618383/20201002_ico-o-ed-l-rtl-0181_to-julian-knight-mp.pdf
[^40]: "Ex-Cambridge Analytica head banned from running firms in UK," Reuters, published by Al Jazeera, September 25, 2020 (statement of the Insolvency Service of September 24, 2020; Mark Bruce, chief investigator; disqualification from October 5, 2020). https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/9/25/uk-bans-ex-cambridge-analytica-boss-for-unethical-services
[^41]: House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, *Disinformation and "fake news": Final Report*, HC 1791, February 18, 2019, paragraphs 285 to 290, 296 and notes 327 to 329 and 338. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/1791.pdf
[^42]: Companies House, EMERDATA LIMITED (company number 10911848), overview, officers, persons with significant control and insolvency pages, viewed October 1, 2026; personal appointments pages for Jennifer Lynne Mercer, Rebekah Anne Mercer, Jacquelyn James-Varga and Bradley David Golub. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10911848
[^43]: Companies House, insolvency pages for SCL GROUP LIMITED (05514098), SCL ELECTIONS LIMITED (08256225) and CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICA(UK) LIMITED (09375920), viewed October 1, 2026 (administration May 3, 2018 to April 17, 2019; compulsory liquidation, petition August 13, 2018, winding up commenced April 17, 2019 and concluded September 1, 2025; dissolved January 31, 2026, January 31, 2026 and January 30, 2026). https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/05514098/insolvency

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---
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-10-12
title: Monroe Institute
aliases:
- The Monroe Institute
- Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences
- Monroe Institute of Applied Science
- MIAS
- TMI
tags:
- organization
- research
- consciousness
description: The Monroe Institute is a non-profit organization dedicated to the exploration of human consciousness, known for its Hemi-Sync audio technology.
- Organization
- Research
- Consciousness
- HemiSync
- Stargate
- CenterLane
- GrillFlame
- GondolaWish
- RemoteViewing
- OutOfBodyExperience
description: The Monroe Institute is a consciousness research and training center in Faber, Virginia, founded around Robert Monroe's Hemi-Sync audio method, which Army intelligence units examined from 1978 and used from 1980 in the Grill Flame and Center Lane remote viewing programs.
category: "Private Organization"
summary: "The Monroe Institute is a non-profit consciousness research organization founded by Robert Monroe, known for its Hemi-Sync audio technology, which was used by U.S. Army remote viewers in the Stargate program."
summary: "Consciousness research center in Faber, Virginia, built on Robert Monroe's Hemi-Sync audio method, which Army intelligence units used from 1980 in Grill Flame and Center Lane remote viewer training."
start: 1971
location: "Faber, Virginia, USA"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Robert Monroe]]"
reverse: true
start: 1971
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Robert Monroe]]"
reverse: true
role: Executive Director
start: 1978
fn: 7
- type: head_of
with: "[[Nancy McMoneagle]]"
reverse: true
role: Director
start: 1983
end: 1991
fn: 48
- type: head_of
with: "[[Frederick Atwater]]"
reverse: true
role: President
start: 2006
fn: 50
- type: head_of
with: "[[Nancy McMoneagle]]"
reverse: true
role: President and Executive Director
start: 2014
end: 2019
fn: 48
- type: head_of
with: "[[Scott Taylor]]"
reverse: true
role: President
start: 2019
end: 2021
fn: 44
- type: head_of
with: "[[Allyn Evans]]"
reverse: true
role: President
start: 2021
fn: 46
- type: director_of
with: "[[Thomas Campbell]]"
reverse: true
role: Board of Advisors
start: 1981
fn: 40
- type: director_of
with: "[[Stuart Twemlow]]"
reverse: true
role: Board of Advisors
start: 1981
fn: 40
- type: director_of
with: "[[Charles Tart]]"
reverse: true
role: Board of Advisors (emeritus)
start: 2009
fn: 13
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]]"
start: 1980
end: 1984
role: Hemi-Sync training for remote viewers
fn: 34
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Gondola Wish]]"
start: 1978
end: 1978
fn: 7
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Grill Flame]]"
start: 1980
end: 1982
fn: 25
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Center Lane]]"
start: 1983
end: 1984
fn: 30
---
The [[Monroe Institute]] is a non-profit organization dedicated to the exploration of human consciousness, known for its Hemi-Sync audio technology. It was founded by [[Robert Monroe]]. In the context of the *Remote Viewers* narrative, [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]] became the director of research for the Institute after retiring from the [[U.S. Army]], and later served as its president. The Institute is mentioned as a place where Atwater continued his work in consciousness research, building upon his experiences with remote viewing.[^1]
The [[Monroe Institute]] of Applied Sciences is a consciousness research and training center in [[Faber, Virginia]], in the Blue Ridge foothills of [[Nelson County, Virginia]], built around the audio method [[Hemi-Sync]] developed by the broadcasting executive [[Robert Monroe]]. From 1978 its methods were examined, and from 1980 used, by [[U.S. Army|Army]] intelligence units that ran the remote viewing programs [[Grill Flame]] and [[Center Lane]], and its Gateway program was the subject of a 1983 study by an Army officer, [[Wayne McDonnell]], who found the process plausible in terms of physical-science parameters.[^1][^2]
### The Army Record
### Robert Monroe and the Founding
A memorandum of the 902d Military Intelligence Group of September 25, 1978, recording the arrangements that turned Gondola Wish into Grill Flame, noted that the institute was "not cleared." An INSCOM information paper of January 5, 1984, stated: "USAINSCOM association with MIAS dates to 1978, when the potentials of the Hemi-Sync process were considered for application within INSCOM's initial psychoenergetic efforts." By then "CENTER LANE Advanced Training with MIAS consists of four progressive phases that lead to full use of the Hemi-Sync process during CENTER LANE intelligence collection missions," and "Rapid Acquisition Personnel Training (RAPT) is an application of the Hemi-Sync process designed to improve managerial and intra-personal relations skills," "used to screen prospective source personnel and sensitize intelligence managers and consumers to intelligence applications of psychoenergetics"; INSCOM's Center for Excellence planned to use the tapes "for accelerated learning of foreign language skills." The Center Lane briefing dated the unit's advanced training with Hemi-Sync to the end of 1980, and an INSCOM request of about 1981 asked to write the institute's "Frequency Following Response" and "Hemispheric Synchronization" tapes into the Grill Flame protocol, "3-5 times per week," at no more than 20 decibels. The institute of "Nellys Ford, VA" appears in the vendor roster of INSCOM's High Performance Task Force report of March 1983, *Beyond Excellence,* beside the Pacific Institute, neuro-linguistic programming, and "New Age Thinking," its technique described as "a machine aided process which more closely aligns brain wave activity (frequency/amplitude) in both left and right brain hemispheres."[^2]
Monroe was born in [[Wabash, Indiana]] on October 30, 1915, received a BA from [[Ohio State University]] in 1937, and began a career as a radio program writer, director, producer and executive.[^2] In 1958, then a New York broadcasting executive, Monroe began leaving his body. The Institute dates its own founding to 1971, the year [[Doubleday]] published his [[Journeys Out of the Body]].[^1] He had created and produced some four hundred radio and television network programs and become owner and operator of a radio network and cable television system in Virginia.[^3] The current tax-exempt corporation reports a formation year of 1985 and an IRS ruling date of June 1, 2011.[^4][^5]
The first experiences came in the spring of 1958, during experiments in learning during sleep with Monroe himself as the subject.[^6] In 1978 he was Executive Director of the Institute, then at Post Office Box 57 in [[Afton, Virginia]], and was styled Institute Chairman in its bulletin.[^7][^8] By 1981 the address was Post Office Box 94C in Faber, and the Army's papers of 1983 and 1984 give [[Nellysford, Virginia]].[^2][^9][^10]
### Research with Charles Tart
The psychologist [[Charles Tart]] met Monroe in the fall of 1965, when Tart took a research position at the [[University of Virginia]] Medical School in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]. Tart wrote that Monroe came in for eight late-night sessions at the hospital's EEG laboratory from December 1965 to August 1966, trying to produce out-of-body experiences while connected to recording instruments; the introduction Tart wrote for Monroe's book dates the series to September 1965 through August 1966.[^6][^11] The introduction states that on the eighth night Monroe produced two brief experiences, and that in the second he correctly described the laboratory technician as out of the room, with a man, later identified as her husband, in a corridor.[^6] Monroe's account of a session on July 19, 1966 records that the technician later confirmed to Tart that she was in the outer hall with her husband at the indicated time, that Monroe had not known he was present, and that Tart stated "the EEG shows definite unusual and unique tracings during time of activity."[^6] Tart wrote in 1998 that the result left "only weak evidence that Monroe was actually 'out'" on that occasion.[^11]
After Tart moved to the [[University of California, Davis]], he and his wife set up a distance experiment in which they concentrated on guiding Monroe to their California home at a time chosen at random, 11 P.M. Pacific time. Monroe's notes recorded a sensation of being pulled from his body within a minute of the start, at 2 A.M. in Virginia; Tart wrote that the timing matched and that Monroe's description of the home was poor.[^6][^11] In 1968, during a visit to California, Monroe had a two-hour session in Tart's sleep laboratory at Davis with two brief experiences, monitored by EEG, eye movements and plethysmograph.[^11] Tart's introduction to Journeys Out of the Body is dated Davis, California, January 10, 1971.[^6]
Tart's later role appears in military and Institute records. An Army assessment of August 25, 1978 recorded that Tart "has conducted investigations of Monroe under laboratory conditions and is convinced of the validity of Monroe's experience," and that Tart "recently recommended that anyone wanting to learn about OOBE should contact MIAS."[^7] On July 29, 1978, [[Frederick Atwater]], project officer for [[Gondola Wish]] at the [[902d Military Intelligence Group]], attended a seminar given by Tart on out-of-body experiences and strengthening ESP abilities, at which Tart was described as a consultant to [[Stanford Research Institute]] on leave from Davis. Atwater's memorandum records that when attendees asked where one could learn more about out-of-body experience, Tart referred them to the Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences.[^12] A biographical note to a 2009 interview describes Tart as an emeritus member of the Institute's board of advisors, and the Institute's 2015 Professional Seminar, held on the twentieth anniversary of Monroe's death, carried a Skype question-and-answer with Tart on his friendship and collaboration with Monroe.[^13][^14]
### The Method, the Gateway Program and the Patents
In the 1960s Monroe became interested in non-verbal audio patterns and brain-wave rhythms, advanced "from rotating disc circuit breakers" to custom-built signal generators, and made tape recordings with as many as sixteen patterns of sound mixed together on stereo channels. In the Institute's description, his system of binaural beats creates a frequency following response that "not only gives some control over the brainwave emission of each hemisphere, it also promotes brain-wave synchronization between the two hemispheres"; "an Advisory Board representing several major scientific disciplines formed around the Institute"; and in May 1975 Monroe "received a generic patent for this method."[^1] The Institute defines Hemi-Sync as the "synchronization of brain hemispheres through the use of audio pulse patterns."[^15]
A patent granted on May 20, 1975, US 3,884,218, "Method of inducing and maintaining various stages of sleep in the human being," names Robert A. Monroe as inventor and Monroe Industries Inc. as original assignee; the application was filed on September 30, 1970.[^16] In 1978 the Institute sold the "sleep-producing audio patterns discovered and patented by Robert Monroe" to the public on a Mentronics Sleep Tape.[^8] A later patent, US 5,356,368, names Monroe as inventor and [[Interstate Industries]] as original assignee, was filed on March 1, 1991 and granted on October 18, 1994, and is titled "Method of and apparatus for inducing desired states of consciousness."[^17] The Institute states that Monroe "was granted a generic patent for this method and technique in 1975, and assigned it to the Institute."[^18]
In the Institute's 1982 description, the Gateway Voyage program was originally the M-500 Research Project and is "the result of over 3,000 test exercises involving 1,932 participants, conducted by the Institute over the past ten years."[^18] The Institute scheduled twelve Gateway programs for 1982 at its training center in Faber, one of them from June 19 to 26; accepted participants were sent the Discovery album, six stereo cassettes with a guidance manual priced at $95 including postage, for home preparation at least a month before attending.[^18][^19] In 1980 the Institute opened its Professional Division for researchers and clinicians, with an executive committee of [[Arthur Gladman]], [[Stuart Twemlow]], [[Todd Mikurea]], [[Fowler Jones]], [[William Schul]] and [[Mary Jane Ledyard]].[^20] In 1978 the Institute announced that its new research site, the New Land, would occupy some 740 acres in Nelson County, with research facilities, a holistic health center under the New Community Church, an agricultural research station and residences.[^8]
The Institute's M-5000 program, a course of recorded speech and sound effects for out-of-body experience, went to the [[Esalen Institute]] in [[Carmel, California]] in 1973, by invitation, for a tryout, and some 600 pioneers had tried it by the time [[Joan Kron]] profiled it in New York magazine.[^21]
### Gondola Wish, 1977 to 1978
The 902d Military Intelligence Group at [[Fort Meade]] had been investigating Soviet parapsychology intelligence since September 1977. Its assessment of August 25, 1978 records that Monroe's name surfaced in March 1978 in an open-source document on the psychiatrist [[Elisabeth Kübler-Ross]], who had said she completed an out-of-body training conducted by Monroe. The assessment states that the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] told the 902d that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] had shown interest in Monroe in 1973 and 1974, that the agency then had no interest in him and called him "OK" from a security standpoint, that scientists at the [[Foreign Technology Division|Air Force Foreign Technology Division]] were most interested in his work, that [[Russell Targ]] and [[Hal Puthoff]] of SRI knew Monroe personally and believed him credible, that researchers at the [[Menninger Foundation]] had validated the concepts behind his technique with their "theta-gateway" principle, and that [[Thelma Moss]] of the University of California at Los Angeles was aware of his work. Security file checks developed no derogatory information.[^7]
Monroe was interviewed at the Institute on April 6, 1978. On May 3, 1978 he received a security indoctrination and agreed to keep contact confidential and to train three military intelligence personnel in out-of-body experience in October and November 1978 for a fee of $2,000. The project's unclassified title was Gondola Wish.[^7] On September 25, 1978, Colonel [[Littlefield]] and Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Keenan]] of the 902d met Colonel [[Capps]] of the Army staff office DAMI-ISH, who related that the concept was cancelled, that "Monroe Institute not cleared," that a contract for training "involving experiements with the mind must be cleared through an office at HEW," and that the [[Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command]] held an ongoing contract with SRI to which the training could be added, with $15,000 from the Army intelligence staff and $50,000 from [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]].[^22] The 902d's status report of September 26, 1978 records that the 902d had been advised the week before to cease further planning for "its concept of training with the Monroe Institute," that General [[William Rolya|Rolya]] approved $50,000 in year-end funds as an add-on to the SRI contract, and that $65,000 in all was provided to the command for the SRI training.[^23] An Army human-use chronology lists the cancellation on September 26, 1978 because the Institute was not cleared for classified training and because its training "could be categorized as experimenting with human use."[^24]
### Grill Flame, 1980 to 1982
A trip report for September 18 to 28, 1980 records that from September 20 to 28 Atwater attended the Institute's eight-day training seminar to assess its applicability to the INSCOM Grill Flame Project. He recorded fifty relaxation and concentration exercises of 50 to 60 minutes each, most of them in a soundproof booth with stereo headphones carrying surf sounds combined with a four hertz beat frequency; that the exercises at the level the Institute calls Focus 10 enhance remote viewing; and that the Time Wheel exercise at Focus 15 turns attention to the future or the past. He recommended that experienced remote viewers be scheduled for the Institute's seminars.[^25] The report states that Monroe "has a SECRET security clearance," "has signed a consultant security agreement and has agreed to keep confidential his contact with IGFP personnel," that "No other personnel at MIAS are aware of this agreement," that all contact had been on a "shallow cover" basis, and that Monroe "has not been 'read in' on IGFP and remains unaware of the extent of the program."[^25]
In a memorandum of March 12, 1982, Atwater recommended the Institute's Discovery series as a screening tool and as the first phase of an "enhanced relaxation/concentration program," followed by Gateway attendance, an assessment period of three to six months, one-on-one sessions with Monroe, the use of the Monroe audio tapes during operational remote viewing sessions, and biomonitoring devices. The memorandum states that the Gateway program "is the core of the Monroe training" and that its author had completed it "for the expressed purpose of assessing it," and it proposes a trip to the Institute on April 5 and 6, 1982 to buy the Discovery series directly from Monroe and to set a schedule for a remote viewer's Gateway attendance.[^26] On April 13, 1982 the command psychologist wrote that a remote viewer identified as Joe should begin advanced training in May or June, and that a visit to the Institute by the project manager, Fred, Joe and himself would facilitate "Monroe technology transfer to DET. G."[^27] An April 21, 1982 memorandum by Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Jachim]], the Grill Flame project manager, proposed advanced individual training of Detachment G remote viewers at the Gateway Voyage program, at a seven-day seminar from June 19 to 26 where Army personnel "will be intermixed with members of the general public," paid at $850 per individual for tuition, room and meals from ICF funds, a choice that "precludes identification of GRILL FLAME personnel to the Army finance personnel normally involved in travel processing."[^28]
A request addressed to Brigadier General [[Garrison Rapmund]], chairman of the Human Use Committee of the [[Medical Intelligence and Information Agency]], signed by Colonel [[Chad B. White]] of the Army's operations staff, states that the remote viewing office had been conducting sessions under the AMSAA Grill Flame protocol since March 1979 and under the INSCOM Grill Flame protocol of June 1, 1981, that "the most critical element conducive to reliable remote viewing is the ability of the remote viewer to physically relax and mentally concentrate on the task at hand," and that "A unique form of relaxation/concentration methodology has become available through the Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences." It proposed sessions of 30 to 60 minutes, 3 to 5 times per week, at audio levels "never to exceed 20 dBA and usually in the 5-10dBA range," and recommended that the protocol "be modified to include the MIAS methodology."[^9] A 1985 Defense Intelligence Agency memorandum records that the Army General Counsel determined in February 1979 that the activity could be classified as testing on human subjects and in December 1980 that the INSCOM program did constitute experimentation on human subjects subject to Procedure 18 of DoD Directive 5240.1-R.[^29]
The Army chronology lists a Grill Flame operative attending Gateway training at the Institute in September 1980, another from June 19 to 26, 1982, and another in November 1982.[^30] A Grill Flame session report for a session of July 6, 1982, number 928, carries the administrative note "THIS IS THE FIRST SESSION FOR THIS VIEWER AFTER PHASE II OF MONROE TRAINING."[^31]
### Center Lane, 1982 to 1984
The Army chronology records that on December 3, 1982 the project name was changed to Center Lane, and that on June 15, 1983 the Secretary of the Army approved a special access program for Center Lane, after a briefing of the Secretary by Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]] on June 13.[^30] The briefing script presented to the Secretary of the Army on October 5, 1983 states: "BY THE END OF 1980, WE BEGAN AN ADVANCED TRAINING PROGRAM USING THE HEMISPHERIC SYNCHRONIZATION PROCESS DEVELOPED BY ROBERT A. MONROE AND USED AT THE MONROE INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCE IN VIRGINIA. AS YOU RECALL, GENERAL STUBBLEBINE BRIEFED YOU ON THE HEMISYNC PROCESS AND PROVIDED YOU WITH SLEEP TAPES. THIS TRAINING ENABLES SOURCE PERSONNEL (RVERS) TO ACHIEVE STATES CONDUCIVE TO PSYCHOENERGETIC AWARENESS." Other copies of the script repeat the sentence about the end of 1980, one of them introducing Atwater as the project's operations officer.[^32][^33]
The Center Lane chronology records, under July 19, 1983, "Contract signed with Mr. Robert Monroe for 'One-on-One' training of CENTER LANE operative at MIAS," another Gateway attendance in August 1983, the start of one-on-one training with Monroe between October 31 and November 4, 1983, another Gateway attendance in November 1983, and "MIAS Advanced Training completed" on July 13, 1984.[^30] A March 7, 1985 Center Lane information paper states that the fiscal year 1983 budget of $121K included "expansion of advanced training under a consultant services agreement with Mr. Robert Monroe of the Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences, Faber, Virginia at a cost of $24.4K."[^30] A memorandum of March 29, 1984 records that "In July 1983, the CENTER LANE office awarded a personal services contract to Mr. Robert Monroe" to examine "his technology (HEMI-SYNC) in the psychoenergetic intelligence collection process," aimed initially at a seasoned source's target resolution; that better than expected results had altered its objectives to include training the source "in anticipation of his continued participation in CL as a private consultant after his retirement"; and that the project manager was "aware that Mr. McMoneagle will retire soon after completion of the training." The memorandum refers to a trip report on advanced training from March 19 to 23, 1984.[^34] [[Joe McMoneagle]] is the source named in it.
The January 5, 1984 INSCOM information paper for the Secretary of the Army states: "USAINSCOM association with MIAS dates to 1978, when the potentials of the Hemi-Sync process were considered for application within INSCOM's initial psychoenergetic efforts." It states that "CENTER LANE Advanced Training with MIAS consists of four progressive phases that lead to full use of the Hemi-Sync process during CENTER LANE intelligence collection missions," that [[Rapid Acquisition Personnel Training]] (RAPT) "is an application of the Hemi-Sync process designed to improve managerial and intra-personal relation's skills" and "is used to screen prospective source personnel and sensitize intelligence managers and consumers to intelligence applications of psychoenergetics," and that the INSCOM Center for Excellence "plans to use MIAS/Hemi-Sync technology for accelerated learning of foreign language skills."[^2] The 1985 papers describe the four phases as the Monroe Discovery series at Fort Meade, attendance at the Gateway program, one-on-one training with Monroe at the Institute, and "specially designed hemi-sync environments during applications training done at Fort Meade."[^30]
On November 10, 1983 the commanding general of INSCOM directed the use of the RAPT seminar at the Institute as a screening and sensitizing tool for the Center Lane project; "For OPSEC reasons, RAPT was funded and administered by the INSCOM Organizational Effectiveness Office (CENTEX), but managed by the ICLP Manager," and it was cancelled as a screening tool on March 13, 1984. The chronology lists RAPT seminars at the Institute from December 2 to 9, 1983 and January 20 to 27, 1984.[^30] A fact sheet of January 31, 1984 states that all INSCOM personnel who attend RAPT sign a voluntary informed consent form, and that the Secretary of the Army "was briefed concerning the INSCOM involvement of Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences on 5 January 1984, at his request."[^35]
Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]] and Captain Atwater briefed the Secretary of the Army, [[John Marsh]], on Center Lane at the [[Pentagon]] on October 5, 1983, from 10:15 to 11:05, in a briefing Marsh had requested on September 1, 1983 when he approved continuation of the project.[^36] On January 5, 1984, from 14:05 to 14:35, Buzby and "Mr. Fred Atwater" met Marsh to discuss Monroe, the Institute and INSCOM involvement with it; Buzby handed Marsh the information paper and summarized it, and the Secretary then asked a series of questions on RAPT, Center Lane and the Institute, including the use of Monroe "in a personal services contract."[^37] The chronology notes for the January 5, 1984 briefing "MIAS discussed" with the Director of the Army Staff in attendance, and records that on March 13, 1984 that officer directed cancellation of RAPT as a Center Lane personnel screening vehicle. Operations ceased on September 28, 1984.[^30]
The INSCOM High Performance Task Force report of March 1983, *An INSCOM Beyond Excellence*, lists the Institute at "Nellysford, VA 22958" in its vendor roster, describing the technique as "A machine aided process which more closely aligns brain wave activity (frequency/amplitude) in both left and right brain hemispheres."[^10] After Center Lane passed to the Defense Intelligence Agency under a memorandum of agreement of February 11, 1985, the [[Sun Streak]] unit's reports of February 1987 and July 15, 1987 list, among advanced individual training for selected experienced remote viewers, Hemisync training "available from The Monroe Institute," which "has been successfully employed in the past and is fully documented under separate cover."[^29][^38]
### The Gateway Assessment of 1983
On June 9, 1983, Lieutenant Colonel Wayne McDonnell, signing as Commander, Det O, sent a study titled "Analysis and Assessment of Gateway Process" to the commander of the US Army Operational Group at Fort Meade. He wrote that he had been tasked to assess the Gateway Experience "in terms of its mechanics and ultimate practicality," and that conversations with a physician who took the Gateway training with him led him to the biomedical models of [[Itzhak Bentov]].[^39]
His paper describes the Gateway sequence: the "energy conversion box," resonant humming, the Hemi-Sync frequencies and numbered Focus states, with Focus 12 for expanded awareness and "tools," Focus 15 as the past and Focus 21 as the future. It states that "Probably less than five percent of all participants in any given Gateway Experience actually fully achieve the Focus 15 state during the course of the approximately seven days of training." It records that Monroe informed the Gateway class that finished May 7, 1983 that an ex-trainer operating in Charlottesville found he could guarantee out-of-body movement by bringing participants down into REM sleep and then using the Hemi-Sync tape technique, and quotes Monroe in a recent magazine article as saying that the out-of-body tape employs Beta signals of "around 2877.3 CPS."[^39]
On information collection, the paper reports that, according to one of the Institute's trainers, numerous experiments had sent persons "from one coast to the other in the out-of-body state to read a series of ten computer generated numbers in a university laboratory," and that "Although most have aquired enough of the digits to make clear that their consciousness was present none have ever succeeded in getting all ten correct." Paragraph 38 concludes: "There is a sound, rational basis in terms of physical science parameters for considering Gateway to be plausible in terms of its essential objectives."[^39]
McDonnell's recommended approach for the Army runs through twelve steps, lettered A to L. They begin with the Gateway Hemi-Sync tapes for hemisphere synchronization, add REM-sleep frequencies and hypnotic suggestion, and repeat the sequence until out-of-body movement is under conscious control, then proceed to Focus 15 and 21. Step H proposes a multi-focus approach in which three individuals go out of the body together, one viewing the target in time-space, one viewing it at Focus 15 as it slips into the immediate past and one at Focus 21 as it slips from the immediate future, with the three debriefed and compared. Step J advises being "intellectually prepared to react to possible encounters with intelligent, non-corporal energy forms when time-space boundaries are exceeded," and step K proposes that groups at Focus 12 "unite their altered consciousness to build holographic patterns around sensitive areas to repulse possible unwanted out-of-body presences."[^39]
### Board of Advisors and Staff
A memorandum for record of August 25, 1983 states that "The activities and policies of the Institute are set by a Board of Advisors," and lists seventeen names since June 1, 1981 with titles and positions. The psychiatrist Arthur Gladman was president of [[Gladman Memorial Hospital]] in Oakland, California. [[David Francis]], a senior executive, was chairman of the board of [[Princess Coal]] in Huntington, West Virginia. [[Thomas Campbell]], a physicist, was a research physicist at the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. Stuart Twemlow, a psychiatrist, was a clinician and researcher formerly of the Menninger Foundation. Fowler Jones, an educator, was a professor of psychology at the [[University of Kansas Medical Center]]. Todd Mikurea, a psychiatrist, was listed as a researcher and writer. Mary Jane Ledyard, a psychologist, was a transpersonal psychologist at the [[Federal Executive Institute]] in Charlottesville. [[Anthony K. Busch]], a psychiatrist, was a clinician in St. Louis. [[Arthur J. Ellison]], an educator, was chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering at [[City University, London]]. The remaining names were [[Carole Dean]], president of [[Studio Films]] in Los Angeles; [[James Beal]], an aerospace engineer associated with [[Martin Marietta]] in New Orleans; [[Joseph Chilton Pearce|Joseph Pearce]], listed as the author of Bond of Power, Magical Child and Crack in the Cosmic Egg; [[William E. Herrmann]], a former manager of the professional training division of [[General Electric]] in New York; [[Wilson Bullard]], a biochemist and professor at the [[University of Utah]]; [[Bill D. Schul]], an educator and research psychologist directing a research foundation in Wichita, Kansas, in biofeedback research and development; [[Gregory Chandler]], a newspaper publisher on Long Island; and [[David Stanley]], a cardiovascular surgeon at [[Oak Ridge]], Tennessee, who "Currently uses tapes during actual operations."[^40]
The memorandum also lists Mary Jane Ledyard, [[Samuel Caughron]] and [[Martin Albert]] as consultants available during a seminar, and recommends that questions on the technology in use at the Institute and its medical impact "can best be answered by MG Garrison Rapmund, Commander, USA Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD."[^40] The Institute's 1982 bulletin gives the board as of June 1, 1981 with [[Warren Braun]], an engineer, in the place of Ellison, and lists the 1982 staff: [[R. F. Korbesmeyer]], director of administration; [[Melissa Jager]], director of training; [[Rosalind McKnight]], research coordinator; [[Lucinda Honeycutt]], registrar; and field representatives Carole Dean in Los Angeles, Arthur Ellison in London, [[Christian Schaller]] in Geneva and [[Jack Scher]] in New York.[^18]
### Officers and Finances
The Institute is a 501(c)(3) organization with employer identification number 90-0681223 and an address at 365 Roberts Mountain Road, Faber. Reported total revenue was $2,274,489 and expenses $2,402,778 for 2011, revenue was $4,552,691 for 2019, total assets were $6,300,323 at the end of 2020, and for 2023 revenue was $4,221,775, expenses $5,274,465 and assets $4,047,002.[^5]
[[Nancy McMoneagle]] was executive director and then president for tax years 2016 to 2018, with reportable compensation of $88,426, $93,017 and $96,985, and [[Angie Smith]] was secretary and treasurer at $59,281, $62,392 and $66,578. The directors for 2016 were [[Frank Kenna]], [[Fred Rible]], [[Joseph Felser]], [[Claude Swanson]], [[Chris Van Cleemput]], [[Juanita Lee Fisher]], [[Rolf Nuyts]] and [[Linda Connolly]]; by 2017 Kenna was chairman and [[Janet Reed]] and [[Stephen Ng Qui Sang]] had joined.[^41][^42][^43] [[Scott Taylor]] was president and executive officer for 2019 at $75,283 and for 2020 at $98,654, with Kenna as chairman for 2019 and Reed as board chair for 2020.[^44][^45] For 2021, [[Allyn Evans]] was interim CEO at $51,943, and for 2022 president at $99,107, with Reed as board chair, Kenna as secretary and Fred Rible as treasurer.[^46][^47] For 2023 Evans was paid $148,452, Reed as chair, Kenna as treasurer, [[Joel McGinely]] as secretary, and directors [[James Becker]] and [[Luigi Sciambarella]].[^4]
Nancy McMoneagle, Robert Monroe's stepdaughter and the wife of Joe McMoneagle, was director of the Institute from 1983 to 1991 and president and executive director from 2014 until she retired on March 4, 2019, when Scott Taylor succeeded her.[^48]
### Atwater and the Institute
Frederick Atwater, the Center Lane operations officer who first attended the Gateway program in September 1980, published a 1997 paper on binaural beat technology under the Institute's name.[^49] According to the Center Lane Project's biographical glossary, in September 1988 he accepted the position of Research Director in the Bob Monroe Research Lab at the Institute, and in December 2006 he became its president.[^50] Army papers of 1983 list him both as Captain, MI, and as "Mr."[^51] His memoir, *Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul*, describes his Army remote viewing career and his later work at the Institute.[^52]
### The Gateway Document Release
The McDonnell study carries a CIA reading room release stamp of September 10, 2003. On January 24, 2021, [[John Greenewald]] posted it on [[The Black Vault]] as a document from the CIA's Stargate collection. The post, last modified February 19, 2024, states that page 25 of the 29-page document had been missing for as long as the site had known of the document, that a 2021 request for the page was "lost" by the CIA, that a December 2023 follow-up produced the answer that the page could not be found and that a request should be sent to INSCOM, and that page 25 was later received from the Institute itself, according to an article the post cites.[^53]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^2]: Keenan, Robert E., memorandum "GRILL FLAME," 902d Military Intelligence Group, September 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240011-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, information paper "The Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences," ITAGPA-F-SD, January 5, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270004-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command. *An INSCOM Beyond Excellence: Army High Performance Task Force Report,* March 1983, archive.org item INSCOMHPTFReport. "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM Grill Flame Protocol," c. 1981-83, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.
[^1]: Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences, *The Gateway Program*, promotional text, c. 1980-83. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270006-0, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection (second copy CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210040-8).
[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, information paper "The Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences," IAGPA-F-SD, January 5, 1984, with attached Institute material including "The Discovery Program." CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270004-2, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^3]: Monroe, Robert A., *Journeys Out of the Body*, updated edition (Main Street Books, Doubleday), author note and Far Journeys reference. archive.org item journeys_out_body.
[^4]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of The Monroe Institute, tax year ending December 31, 2023, Part VII and formation year, object ID 202431839349301258 (IRS TEOS XML, 2024_TEOS_XML_07A).
[^5]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The Monroe Institute, EIN 90-0681223, organization and filing data (ruling date June 2011; filing totals 2011 to 2023). projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/900681223.
[^6]: Monroe, Robert A., *Journeys Out of the Body* (Doubleday), including Charles T. Tart, introduction dated Davis, California, January 10, 1971, and Monroe's Experiment EEG-5 of July 19, 1966. archive.org item journeys_out_body.
[^7]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, GONDOLA WISH assessment report, August 25, 1978, paragraphs 3 to 8. CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160001-3, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^8]: Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences, *The Explorer* vol. 1, no. 2, "New Land Construction Now Under Way," 1978. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210063-3, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^9]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM GRILL FLAME Protocol," undated (it refers to the protocol of June 1, 1981), signed Chad B. White, Colonel, GS, ADCSOPS-HUMINT, to BG Garrison Rapmund. CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^10]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, *An INSCOM Beyond Excellence: Army High Performance Task Force Report*, March 1983, vendor roster. archive.org item INSCOMHPTFReport, file "INSCOM_HPTF Report_djvu.txt".
[^11]: Tart, Charles T., "Six Studies of Out-of-Body Experiences," *Journal of Near-Death Studies* 17, no. 2 (1998): 73-99, third, fourth and fifth studies, pp. 83-90. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799368/.
[^12]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum "Attendance at Scientific Seminar in Support of GONDOLA WISH (U)," July 31, 1978, signed Frederick H. Atwater, Project Officer. CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160013-0, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^13]: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, "Exploring the Near-Death Experience: An Interview with Charles Tart, Ph.D.," interview of December 16, 2009, biographical note. maps.org/news/bulletin/exploring-the-near-death-experience-an-interview-with-charles-tart-ph-d/.
[^14]: The Monroe Institute, "2015 Professional Seminar: Charles Tart Remembers Robert Monroe," Institute archive upload, March 17, 2015. archive.org/details/2015-charles-tart.
[^15]: Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences, "A Communication from the Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences," Hemi-Sync Process, Bulletin PR31380H. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210065-1, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^16]: US Patent 3,884,218, "Method of inducing and maintaining various stages of sleep in the human being," inventor Robert A. Monroe, assignee Monroe Industries Inc., filed September 30, 1970, granted May 20, 1975. patents.google.com/patent/US3884218A.
[^17]: US Patent 5,356,368, "Method of and apparatus for inducing desired states of consciousness," inventor Robert A. Monroe, assignee Interstate Industries Inc., filed March 1, 1991, granted October 18, 1994. patents.google.com/patent/US5356368A.
[^18]: Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences, bulletin "1982 Gateway Program Schedule" with board list as of June 1, 1981, staff list and "The Gateway Voyage Program." CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060009-5, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^19]: Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences, "The Discovery Program" ($95.00 including postage), attachment to the INSCOM information paper of January 5, 1984. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270004-2, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^20]: Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences, bulletin "Professional Division Opens," 1980. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210061-5, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection. The executive committee member appears as Todd Mickurea in this bulletin, Todd Mijurea in the memorandum of August 25, 1983 and Todd Mikurea in the 1982 bulletin.
[^21]: Kron, Joan, profile of the Institute's M-5000 program, New York magazine, year-end issue (undated reprint). CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210026-4, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^22]: Keenan, Robert E., memorandum "GRILL FLAME," 902d Military Intelligence Group, TAGPA-F-CO, September 25, 1978. CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240011-2, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^23]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum for BG Smith, "GRILL FLAME Status Report (U)," TAGPA-CO, September 26, 1978, signed Littlefield. CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440004-9, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^24]: US Army, "Human Use Chronology," entry of September 26, 1978. CIA-RDP96-00788R001100430001-3, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^25]: Atwater, Frederick H., memorandum for the record, "Trip Report, 18-28 September 1980," September 30, 1980. CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060028-4, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^26]: Atwater, Frederick H., CPT, MI, Ops/Training Officer, memorandum "Your Inquiry re: Discovery Series and Gateway Program (U)," IAGPC-G, March 12, 1982. CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060027-5, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^27]: Command Psychologist, DA Form 2496 "Individual Training Requirements-Joe," April 13, 1982. CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060008-6, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^28]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum for ADCSOPS-HUMINT, "Advanced Individual Training for DET G Personnel (U)," April 21, 1982. CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060007-7, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^29]: Defense Intelligence Agency, action memorandum for the Deputy Secretary of Defense, "DIA Psychoenergetics Activity," S/NF/WNINTEL-135/GC, March 1985. CIA-RDP96-00788R001100390001-8, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^30]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, *Center Lane Information Papers for Director, Defense Intelligence Agency*, March 7, 1985, including "CENTER LANE Mission" (October 10, 1984), the budget history, the training programs paper and the approval history chronology. CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection (chronology also at CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8).
[^31]: INSCOM Grill Flame Program, session report, remote viewing session #928, July 6, 1982. CIA-RDP96-00788R000700290001-4, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^32]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, memorandum "Secretary of the Army Briefing, 5 October 1983," IAGPA-F-SD, October 12, 1983, with Inclosure 2, the briefing script. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270014-1, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^33]: Center Lane briefing scripts for LTC Buzby and Fred Atwater, undated. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700340002-6 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270022-2, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^34]: Security Support Detachment, USAINSCOM, memorandum for record "Continuation of MIAS Advanced Training (U)," IAGPA-F-SD, March 29, 1984. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210002-0, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^35]: Buzby, Brian, fact sheet "GRILL FLAME/CENTER LANE," January 31, 1984. CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050001-4, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^36]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, memorandum "Secretary of the Army Briefing, 5 October 1983," IAGPA-F-SD, October 12, 1983, paragraph 1 (attendees and times). CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270014-1, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^37]: Security Support Detachment, USAINSCOM, 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum "MIAS Briefing to the Secretary of the Army, 5 January 1984," IAGPA-F-SD, January 6, 1984. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270003-3, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^38]: Defense Intelligence Agency, DT-S, "SUN STREAK Annual Report 1986," February 1987 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001000010001-0), and "SUN STREAK Report - Second Quarter CY 87," July 15, 1987 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001000390007-3), advanced individual training appendix, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^39]: McDonnell, Wayne M., "Analysis and Assessment of Gateway Process," US Army Operational Group, US Army Intelligence and Security Command, June 9, 1983, paragraphs 1 to 5, 32, 33, 38 and the recommended steps. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210016-5, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^40]: Memorandum for record, "Board of Advisors for Monroe Institute of Applied Science (M.I.A.S.)," August 25, 1983. CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210014-7, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection.
[^41]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of The Monroe Institute, tax year 2016, Part VII, object ID 201721239349301212 (IRS TEOS XML, download990xml_2017_3).
[^42]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of The Monroe Institute, tax year 2017, Part VII, object ID 201832569349300913 (IRS TEOS XML, download990xml_2018_5).
[^43]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of The Monroe Institute, tax year 2018, Part VII, object ID 201920829349300002 (IRS TEOS XML, download990xml_2019_4).
[^44]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of The Monroe Institute, tax year 2019, Part VII, object ID 202000789349300500 (IRS TEOS XML, download990xml_2020_1); a second filing for the same year is object ID 202021849349300207.
[^45]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of The Monroe Institute, tax year 2020, Part VII, object ID 202110779349301201 (IRS TEOS XML, 2021_TEOS_XML_01A).
[^46]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of The Monroe Institute, tax year 2021, Part VII, object ID 202230879349300233 (IRS TEOS XML, 2022_TEOS_XML_01A).
[^47]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of The Monroe Institute, tax year 2022, Part VII, object ID 202303139349300725 (IRS TEOS XML, 2023_TEOS_XML_11A).
[^48]: The Monroe Institute, "From the Director's Chair: March 2019, Nancy's Farewell." monroeinstitute.org/blogs/blog/director-s-chair-march-2019-nancys-farewell.
[^49]: Atwater, F. Holmes, "Accessing Anomalous States of Consciousness with a Binaural Beat Technology," *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 11, no. 3 (1997): 263-274, author affiliation line.
[^50]: Center Lane Project, glossary entry "Fred Holmes Skip Atwater." centerlane-rv.org/glossary/skip-atwater.
[^51]: Security Support Detachment, USAINSCOM, memorandum "CENTER LANE TDY/Leave Schedule - 6-16 Sep 83," IAGPA-F-SD, August 31, 1983 ("Mr. Fred Atwater"). CIA-RDP96-00788R001600520010-8, CIA reading room, STARGATE collection. The designation Captain, MI, appears in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270014-1.
[^52]: Atwater, F. Holmes, *Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul: Living with Guidance*. Hampton Roads, 2001.
[^53]: Greenewald, John, "Stargate Collection: Analysis and Assessment of Gateway Process, 9 June 1983," The Black Vault, posted January 24, 2021, last modified February 19, 2024. theblackvault.com/documentarchive/stargate-collection-analysis-and-assessment-of-gateway-process-9-june-1983/.