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4
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.md
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@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ relations:
role: "chairman, 105th through 108th Congresses"
fn: 11
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-10-09
---
The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence was "created in 1977" and "is charged with oversight of the [[United States]] Intelligence Community," now eighteen elements, and the Military Intelligence Program.[^1] It and the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] grew out of the findings of the [[Church Committee]].[^2]
### Psychic Research
After *Parade* published "[[Psychic Spying]]" on August 7, 1977, the committee asked the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for a briefing. [[David Brandwein]], director of the [[Office of Technical Service]], gave three staff members "a short oral history of OTS efforts in the field, dating back to 1961" on November 16, 1977, and left them a written outline of the work classified SECRET, the unclassified article on the research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] and "a brief article on Mr. [[Pat Price]]." He handled most of the office's briefing of Representative [[Charlie Rose]] on February 9, 1978.[^3] On October 25, 1978, Rose, as chairman of the committee's evaluation subcommittee, wrote to [[Ruth Davis]] of the Defense Department that "we have a strong obligation also to learn what Soviet research is underway" and that he would "like to see the [[Department of Defense]] undertake those efforts deemed necessary and appropriate to investigate remote viewing and other related phenomena."[^4] On March 28, 1995, the CIA sent its status responses on the [[Stargate Project|Star Gate]] program to the committee's chairman, [[Larry Combest]], during the [[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]].[^5]
After the *Washington Post* published "[[Psychic Spying]]?" by [[John L. Wilhelm]], a former *Time* science correspondent, in its Outlook section on August 7, 1977, the committee asked the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for a briefing. [[David Brandwein]], director of the [[Office of Technical Service]], attended the briefing of three staff members, to whom the officers presented "a short oral history of OTS efforts in the field, dating back to 1961" on November 16, 1977, and left them a written outline of the work classified SECRET, the unclassified article on the research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] and "a brief article on Mr. [[Pat Price]]." Brandwein largely handled the office's briefing of Representative [[Charlie Rose]] on February 9, 1978.[^3] On October 25, 1978, Rose, as chairman of the committee's evaluation subcommittee, wrote to [[Ruth Davis]] of the Defense Department that "we have a strong obligation also to learn what Soviet research is underway" and that he would "like to see the [[Department of Defense]] undertake those efforts deemed necessary and appropriate to investigate remote viewing and other related phenomena."[^4] On March 28, 1995, the CIA sent its status responses on the [[Stargate Project|Star Gate]] program to the committee's chairman, [[Larry Combest]], during the [[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]].[^5]
### Other Records

15
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office of Research and Development (CIA).md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Office of Research and Development (CIA)
tags:
- organization
@ -12,10 +12,21 @@ category: "U.S. Government"
summary: "The Office of Research and Development (CIA) (ORD) was a more scientifically oriented office within the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Science and Technology."
start: 1962
location: "Langley, Virginia"
relations:
- type: funded
with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
start: 1973-02
end: 1976-02
role: "joint ORD and OTS funding of SRI parapsychology work; ORD officers judged the research unproductive and support was dropped"
fn: 3
---
The [[Office of Research and Development (CIA)]] (ORD) was a more scientifically oriented office within the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s [[Directorate of Science and Technology]]. Along with the [[Office of Technical Service|Office of Technical Service]] (OTS), ORD jointly handled the funding and contract management for the CIA's psi research, including the [[Stargate Project|Stargate Project]] at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]].[^1]
ORD's share of the joint program is recorded in a 1973 memorandum from the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, [[Carl E. Duckett]], to the Director of Central Intelligence, recommending that the paranormal perception investigation at SRI be jointly funded and monitored by ORD and OTS at an estimated cost of $149,555. The DCI version proposed about 50 percent of the effort for the operational use of "gifted" individuals; its approval block is for [[William Colby]] as Director, and its first page is stamped December 5, 1973. An undated companion version over the signatures of Sayre Stevens, Director of ORD, and John N. McMahon, Director of OTS, addressed to the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, described the work as a tightly directed advanced research project. In 1967 ORD and the Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories began the OFTEN and CHICKWIT drug research program, described in material the CIA supplied for the record of the Senate hearing of August 3, 1977.[^2] [[Kenneth A. Kress]] wrote that ORD sent new project officers to SRI in February 1973 and then asked for an increase in the scope of the effort and transferred funds to OTS, that a jointly funded ORD and OTS program began in February 1974, and that ORD project officers later judged the research "not productive or even competent," which led to the dropping of research support to SRI. The OTS chronology of 1977 records that in February 1973 ORD renewed its interest and the project became a joint OTS and ORD effort, and that for the 1974 program ORD was to concentrate on identifying and measuring the phenomena while OTS evaluated their operational usefulness. The OTS Director's memorandum of February 20, 1976 records the termination of OTS support.[^3]
---
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^2]: Joint hearing, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, August 3, 1977, "Material for the Record: MKSEARCH. OFTEN/CHICKWIT," p. 169. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf
[^3]: Memorandum, DD/S&T 3697-73, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200210003-6; companion version CIA-RDP96-00787R000200200031-6. Kress, Kenneth A., "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence*, vol. 21, no. 4, Winter 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. Brandwein memorandum, February 20, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090005-8. OTS/BAB Memo #287-77 chronology, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0.

261
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office of Technical Service.md
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@ -1,38 +1,265 @@
---
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-06-12
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Office of Technical Service
aliases:
- TSS
- OTS
- Office of Technical Service
- Technical Services Staff
- TSS
- Technical Services Division
- TSD
- "CIA Office of Technical Service"
- CIA Office of Technical Service
- Q Branch
tags:
- organization
- intelligence
- Organization
- Intelligence
- CIA
- technology
description: The Office of Technical Service (OTS) was a division within the CIA responsible for technical assistance to spying and covert-action operations, often referred to as the "Q Branch" of the CIA.
- Technology
- MKUltra
- MKNAOMI
- MKSEARCH
- Stargate
- RemoteViewing
- Watergate
- Scientology
description: The CIA's technical component, known successively as the Technical Services Staff, the Technical Services Division and the Office of Technical Service.
category: "U.S. Government"
summary: "CIA division, formerly the Technical Services Division, that provided technical support to covert operations and developed tradecraft and surveillance tools."
summary: "The CIA's technical component, known as the Technical Services Staff, the Technical Services Division and from 1973 the Office of Technical Service, which supplied covert operations and ran MKULTRA."
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[James H. Drum]]"
reverse: true
start: 1951-09
end: 1952-10
role: "first chief of the Technical Services Staff"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Willis Gibbons]]"
reverse: true
start: 1952-10
end: 1959-04
role: "chief of the Technical Services Staff and Director of Research for the CIA"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Cornelius Roosevelt]]"
reverse: true
start: 1959-05
end: 1962-05
role: "last chief of the Technical Services Staff and first chief of the Technical Services Division"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Seymour Russell]]"
reverse: true
start: 1962-08
end: 1966-03
role: "chief of the Technical Services Division"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Sidney Gottlieb]]"
reverse: true
start: 1966-03
end: 1973-05
role: "chief of the Technical Services Division; ordered the MKULTRA records destroyed in January 1973"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[John McMahon]]"
reverse: true
start: 1973-05
end: 1974-07
role: "first Director of the Office of Technical Service"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[David Brandwein]]"
reverse: true
start: 1974-07
end: 1980-06
role: "Director of the Office of Technical Service; wrote on February 20, 1976 that he had directed termination of OTS support to the SRI parapsychology work"
fn: 28
- type: head_of
with: "[[Milton C. Wonus]]"
reverse: true
start: 1980-06
end: 1984-07
role: "Director of the Office of Technical Service"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Peter A. Marino]]"
reverse: true
start: 1984-07
end: 1986-09
role: "Director of the Office of Technical Service"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Joseph R. Detrani]]"
reverse: true
start: 1986-12
end: 1989-04
role: "Director of the Office of Technical Service"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Frank R. Anderson]]"
reverse: true
start: 1989-04
end: 1991-05
role: "Director of the Office of Technical Service"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Robert G. Ruhle]]"
reverse: true
start: 1991-05
end: 1994-04
role: "Director of the Office of Technical Service"
fn: 5
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Project MKUltra]]"
start: 1953-04
end: 1973-01
role: "the Technical Services Staff and Division ran MKULTRA; its records were destroyed in January 1973"
fn: 11
- type: funded
with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
start: 1972-10
end: 1976-02
role: "OTS Contract 8473 from October 1, 1972, and a joint OTS and ORD program from February 1974"
fn: 24
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Watergate]]"
start: 1971-07
end: 1971-08
role: "technical officers supplied alias documents, disguise materials, a tape recorder and a Tessina camera to E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy; the assistance was stopped on August 27, 1971"
fn: 38
---
The [[Office of Technical Service]] (OTS) was a division within the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] responsible for technical assistance to spying and covert-action operations. It was previously known as the Technical Services Division (TSD). OTS was often referred to as the "Q Branch" of the CIA, akin to the gadget-strewn division in the James Bond films.[^1]
The Office of Technical Service (OTS) is the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s technical component, the unit that supplied covert operations with disguises, alias documents, bugs, taps, concealment devices and, in its early years, chemical and biological materials.[^1] It was the [[Technical Services Staff]] (TSS) from 1951 to 1960, the [[Technical Services Division]] (TSD) from 1960 to 1973, and the Office of Technical Service from 1973, when it was moved from the Directorate of Plans to the [[Directorate of Science and Technology]]. The agency's official history dates the TSS's creation to September 7, 1951.[^1] [[Jim Schnabel]] calls the office the "Q Branch" of the CIA, after the gadget-supplying division of the James Bond films.[^2]
OTS played a significant role in the early funding and management of the CIA's psi research, including the [[Stargate Project|Stargate Project]]. [[Kenneth A. Kress|Ken Kress]], an OTS engineer, was responsible for giving [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] its first psi research contract in 1972. [[Norm Everheart]] served as the chief of OTS's regional "tech base" in Athens before becoming a liaison to [[Staff D]] and a key coordinator for Grill Flame taskings from the CIA's Operations Directorate.[^1]
### Lineage and chiefs
[[John McMahon]], the CIA's deputy director for operations, was also the head of OTS, indicating the importance of this office in technical and covert operations, including those involving psychic intelligence.[^1]
[[John D. Marks]] wrote that the TSS was the lineal descendant of [[Stanley Lovell]]'s Research and Development unit in the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]], furnishing the gadgets of covert operations: false papers, bugs, taps, suicide pills, disguises, invisible inks and concealment devices.[^3] It was headed at various times by [[Willis Gibbons]], a former [[U.S. Rubber Company]] executive, and later by [[Seymour Russell]].[^3]
### Technical Services Staff and the OSS Lineage
The TSS was formed from the Operational Aids Division of the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the Research and Development element of the [[Office of Policy Coordination]], on a staff study by Col. [[James H. Drum]], whom [[Allen Dulles]] named acting chief effective July 1, 1951. [[Frank Wisner]], the Deputy Director for Plans, announced the new office on September 7, 1951, with a staff of fewer than 50 persons.[^1] Dulles then appointed Gibbons, the former Director of Research at U.S. Rubber, as Chief of the TSS and Director of Research for the Agency as a whole.[^4]
In its earlier incarnation as the Technical Services Staff (TSS) in the 1950s and 1960s, the office was the lineal descendant of [[Stanley Lovell]]'s Research and Development unit in the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]], furnishing the gadgets of covert operations: false papers, bugs, taps, suicide pills, disguises, invisible inks, and concealment devices. It was headed at various times by [[Willis Gibbons]], a former [[U.S. Rubber Company]] executive, and later by [[Seymour Russell]].[^2]
The chiefs were Drum (September 1951 to October 1952), Gibbons (October 1952 to April 1959), [[Cornelius Roosevelt]] (May 1959 to May 1962, the last chief of the TSS and the first chief of the TSD), Russell (August 1962 to March 1966) and [[Sidney Gottlieb]] (March 1966 to May 1973). The Directors of the Office of Technical Service were [[John McMahon]] (May 1973 to July 1974), [[David Brandwein]] (July 1974 to June 1980), [[Milton C. Wonus]] (June 1980 to July 1984), [[Peter A. Marino]] (July 1984 to September 1986), [[Joseph R. Detrani]] (December 1986 to April 1989), [[Frank R. Anderson]] (April 1989 to May 1991) and [[Robert G. Ruhle]] (May 1991 to April 1994), followed by Robert W. Manners, James L. Morris, Patrick L. Meehan and Robert W. Wallace.[^5] McMahon is described as the first OTS Director and as a former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence and Deputy Director for Operations.[^5]
### The Chemical Division
The history's chronology gives February 23, 1960 for the renaming of the TSS as the TSD, and its narrative places the change in July 1960.[^1] When the Directorate of Science and Technology was created in 1962, [[John McCone]], the driving force behind it, wanted to make the transfer in 1962, but the Deputy Director for Plans, [[Richard Helms]], persuaded him not to, arguing that the TSD should remain on the operations side so that it could keep providing timely and secure support to operations. The history continues: "Nevertheless, McCone ordered the transfer." It records that a major agency reorganization in 1973 removed the TSD from the Directorate of Plans, by then renamed the Directorate of Operations, moved it to the Directorate of Science and Technology and renamed it the Office of Technical Service.[^6]
Within TSS a Chemical Division handled the use of chemicals and germs against specific people. From 1951 to 1956, the years when the CIA's interest in [[LSD]] peaked, [[Sidney Gottlieb]] headed this division, and for most of the years until 1973 he oversaw TSS's behavioral programs from one post or another, including [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]]. Gottlieb was aided by deputies including [[Robert Lashbrook]] and staff such as [[Henry Bortner]], David Rhodes, and [[Ray Treichler]], who handled TSS's liaison with pharmaceutical companies, sometimes claiming to be from the [[Army Chemical Corps]] and sometimes admitting his CIA connection while requesting samples of highly poisonous or physiologically active drugs.[^2]
Jim Schnabel wrote that [[Norm Everheart]] served as the chief of OTS's regional "tech base" in Athens before becoming a liaison to [[Staff D]] and a key coordinator for Grill Flame taskings from the CIA's Operations Directorate.[^2]
### The Chemical Division and the Olson experiment
Marks wrote that within the TSS a Chemical Division handled the use of chemicals and germs against specific people. From 1951 to 1956, the years when the CIA's interest in [[LSD]] peaked, Gottlieb headed this division, and for most of the years until 1973 he oversaw the TSS's behavioral programs from one post or another, including [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]]. Gottlieb was aided by deputies including [[Robert Lashbrook]] and staff such as [[Henry Bortner]], [[David Rhodes]], and [[Ray Treichler]], who handled the TSS's liaison with pharmaceutical companies, sometimes claiming to be from the [[Army Chemical Corps]] and sometimes admitting his CIA connection while requesting samples of highly poisonous or physiologically active drugs.[^3]
On November 18, 1953 a group of ten scientists from the CIA and [[Fort Detrick|Camp Detrick]] attended a semi-annual review and analysis conference at a cabin at [[Deep Creek Lake]] in [[Maryland]]. Three of the participants were from the TSS, and the Detrick representatives were all from the [[Special Operations Division]], which included [[Frank Olson]].[^7] In May 1953 Helms had told a staff meeting attended by the Chief of the TSS that LSD "was dynamite" and that he should be advised whenever it was to be used, and Frank Wisner had sent the TSS a memorandum requiring that the Deputy Director for Plans personally approve its use; the Church Committee records that Gottlieb went ahead with the experiment after securing the approval of his immediate supervisor, and that neither the Chief of the TSS nor the Deputy Director for Plans specifically authorized it.[^7] Lashbrook placed a "very small dose" of LSD in a bottle of Cointreau served after dinner on November 19, and Gottlieb told the participants twenty minutes later that they had received LSD.[^8] Olson died in a fall from a tenth-floor window of the [[Statler Hotel]] in [[New York City|New York]] at about 2:30 a.m. on November 28, 1953, with Lashbrook in the room.[^9]
On February 12, 1954 Dulles sent a personal letter to the Chief of Technical Operations of the TSS, who had approved the experiment, criticizing him for "poor judgment" in authorizing the use of the drug "on such an unwitting basis and without proximate medical safeguards," and a letter to Gottlieb, "Chief of the Chemical Division of the Technical Services Staff," criticizing him for recommending the "unwitting application of the drug."[^10] The Church Committee also quotes the General Counsel's January 4, 1954 memorandum to the Inspector General objecting to what he called "a very casual attitude on the part of TSS representatives" toward the conduct of the experiment.[^10]
### MKULTRA, MKNAOMI and MKSEARCH
The Church Committee called MKULTRA the principal CIA program involving the research and development of chemical and biological agents, "concerned with the research and development of chemical, biological, and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine operations to control human behavior."[^11] It began with a proposal from Helms, then Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, to Dulles, and the Director approved it on April 13, 1953.[^12] Under the proposal, six percent of the research and development budget of the TSD would be spent "without the establishment of formal contractual relations."[^13]
A 1957 Inspector General survey of the TSD, which did not discover the MKULTRA project of surreptitious LSD administration to unwitting subjects, found that the CIA had developed six drugs for operational use and used them in six operations on thirty-three subjects. In the spring of 1963 a second Inspector General survey of the TSD, in which the staff member [[John Vance]] learned of the project, led to the halting of the testing and tighter administrative controls.[^14] A special procedure, MKDELTA, governed the use of MKULTRA materials abroad; the Church report states that overseas use began in 1953 and possibly as early as 1950.[^14] The TSD, which was responsible for the operational use of LSD abroad, took the position in 1957 that "no physical examination of the subject is required prior to administration" of LSD "by TSS trained personnel"; the Office of Medical Services and the Office of Security argued that LSD should be given only after a medical examination.[^15] On December 17, 1963 Helms wrote to the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence that the Clandestine Services had "for over a decade" had the mission of maintaining a capability for influencing human behavior, and argued that testing subjects must be "unwitting."[^16]
The biological side of the TSS and TSD work ran through MKNAOMI. Under an agreement reached with the Army in 1952, the Special Operations Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick was to assist the CIA in developing, testing and maintaining biological agents and delivery systems.[^17] The CIA's 1967 summary of MKNAOMI gave its objectives as a covert support base for clandestine operational requirements, the stockpiling of "severely incapacitating and lethal materials for the specific use of TSD," the maintenance of special items for the dissemination of biological and chemical materials, and the surveillance, testing and evaluation of those materials.[^17] CIA personnel who worked with SOD were identified as military officers of a fictitious Staff Support Group, and CIA funds reached SOD under the accounting designation "P-600."[^18] SOD developed darts coated with biological agents, pills containing several biological agents, and a gun for firing darts coated with a chemical that could incapacitate a guard dog; its scientists were unable to develop a similar incapacitant for humans. It also transferred biological agents in bulk and delivery devices to CIA personnel.[^11] The committee wrote that it was "fair to conclude" that biological agents and delivery devices prepared at Fort Detrick and transferred to the Staff Support Group "were carried by CIA agents in attempted assassinations of foreign leaders," and found no evidence that the material was ever used against a person.[^18] MKNAOMI, which the committee described as having an 18-year existence, was terminated in 1970, after [[Richard Nixon]] renounced biological weapons that kill or incapacitate on November 25, 1969 and, on February 14, 1970, extended the order to toxins. A CIA scientist nevertheless acquired about 11 grams of shellfish toxin from SOD personnel at Fort Detrick, which sat undetected in a little-used CIA laboratory for five years.[^11]
MKSEARCH was the name given to the continuation of MKULTRA, with funding from fiscal year 1966 to fiscal year 1972, and its purpose was to develop, test and evaluate capabilities in the covert use of biological, chemical and radioactive material systems and techniques for producing predictable human behavioral or physiological changes in support of highly sensitive operational requirements.[^19] In 1967 the [[Office of Research and Development (CIA)|Office of Research and Development]] and the [[Edgewood Arsenal]] Research Laboratories began OFTEN and CHICKWIT, a program to identify and characterize drugs that could influence human behavior.[^19] Asked on August 3, 1977 by Senator [[Edward Kennedy]] whether MKSEARCH, OFTEN and CHICKWIT involved human experimentation, Admiral [[Stansfield Turner]], the Director of Central Intelligence, answered "No, sir," and said that CHICKWIT was "the code name for the CIA participation in what was basically a Department of Defense program."[^20]
### The records destruction, 1972 and 1973
The Church report states that in January 1973 MKULTRA records were destroyed by TSD personnel acting on the verbal orders of Gottlieb, Chief of the TSD. It records that Gottlieb testified, and that former Director of Central Intelligence Helms confirmed, that in ordering the records destroyed Gottlieb was carrying out Helms's verbal order.[^11]
Helms told the committee that Gottlieb came to him saying that he and Helms were both retiring and that the files should be destroyed, since relationships with outsiders in government agencies and other organizations would be sensitive, and that since the program was over the files should go.[^21] The destruction was based on a waiver of CSI 70-10, the regulation governing the retirement of inactive records. [[Thomas Karamessines]], then Deputy Director of Plans, had written in that regulation that retirement must ensure "the complete story" could be reconstructed in later years. Helms said the destruction was probably outside the regular record destruction pattern.[^13]
The Church report also records that at least one assistant to Gottlieb protested the destruction on the grounds that the program could not be reconstructed without the documents. It quotes the Inspector General's 1963 report that the MKULTRA files were "notably incomplete, poorly organized," and that a substantial portion of the record rested in the memories of the principal officers.[^13]
The 1977 joint hearing of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research has in its record a June 22, 1977 memorandum, "Request for Guidance on Handling Recently Located MKULTRA Material," signed by Brandwein as Director of the Office of Technical Service and addressed to the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence through the Deputy Director for Science and Technology. It reports that additional MKULTRA documents had been found after a [[Freedom of Information Act]] request (F-76-374) by John D. Marks. The material was located in the retired records of the OTS Budget and Fiscal Section. Earlier searches had been limited to the Chemical, Biological, Behavioral Activities and Contracts Management branches. The memorandum says that Gottlieb had retrieved and destroyed the MKULTRA documents he could locate.[^22] A letter from Turner to Senator [[Daniel Inouye]], chairman of the committee, reports that the CIA's search in 1975 had found that most of the documents on the matter had been destroyed, and that the material then found, in the retired archives under financial accounts, was "primarily of a financial nature."[^22]
A July 1986 memorandum from the Assistant for Coordination and Strategy of the Office of Research and Development to the Director of Research and Development, about an SRI request for data from [[Pat Price]]'s sessions, says that the other data requested had been destroyed or had "receded into the mists of OTS archives."[^23]
### Remote viewing at SRI, 1961 to 1976
[[Kenneth A. Kress]] wrote that one of the earliest US Government parapsychology investigations was prompted when the chief of the OTS, then the TSD, became interested in claims of ESP. Technical project officers contacted [[Stephen I. Abrams]], Director of the Parapsychological Laboratory at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], who "under the auspices of Project ULTRA" prepared a review article, dated December 14, 1965, claiming that ESP was demonstrated but not understood or controllable; the report "produced no further action for another decade."[^24] An OTS chronology prepared in 1977 gives OTS involvement up to 1961 as "Monitoring only."[^25]
The OTS and ORD sponsorship at SRI was the early funding of the [[Stargate Project]]. In April 1972 [[Russell Targ]] met CIA personnel from the [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] and described Soviet psychokinesis films and people who had documented Soviet investigations. The Office of Scientific Intelligence then contacted ORD and OTS.[^24] Kress, a physicist then working as a covert employee, wrote in 1977 that in August 1972 an OTS project officer contracted for a demonstration at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) for $874, with one OTS and one ORD representative present, and that the subject described objects hidden from him by CIA personnel. The Director of OTS reviewed the data and approved another $2,500 work order. Kress wrote: "By October, 1972, I was the Project Officer," for an OTS-funded expanded effort of $50,000 in parapsychology under OTS Contract 8473 of October 1, 1972.[^24] The OTS chronology records that under the October 1972 contract the two subjects produced inconsistent results, one able to change a temperature and the other to reproduce information in a sealed envelope.[^25] Kress wrote that he "began to have serious feelings of being involved with a fraud."[^24]
In February 1973 ORD sent new project officers to SRI, and ORD then asked for an increase in the scope of the effort and transferred funds to OTS, which the chronology records as the point at which the project became a joint OTS and ORD effort. The chronology dates the discovery of a third subject, Pat Price, to March 1973.[^24][^25]
A 1973 memorandum, DD/S&T 3697-73, from [[Carl Duckett]], the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, to the Director of Central Intelligence recommended that the investigation of paranormal perception be carried out at SRI as a jointly funded ORD and OTS project at a cost of $149,555. It proposed that about 50 percent of the effort go to the operational use of "gifted" individuals, 20 percent to characteristics identifying such subjects, 20 percent to neurophysiological correlates and 10 percent to validation. Its first page is stamped December 5, 1973, and its approval block is for [[William Colby]] as Director.[^26] A companion version over the signatures of John N. McMahon, Director of the Office of Technical Service, and [[Sayre Stevens]], Director of the Office of Research and Development, was addressed to the Deputy Director for Science and Technology and describes the objectives as twofold.[^27] Both versions called the work a tightly directed advanced research project, recommended a secret-level contract, and listed the risks as embarrassment at being involved in an assumed fraud, adverse propaganda over psychic mind-altering or control techniques, and the questionable stability of some subjects. They said open association with the CIA would be deleterious to the careers of the investigators and the credibility of the institute.[^26][^27]
Kress wrote that OTS "was then being investigated for involvement in the Watergate affair" when he was told in 1973 to stop expanding the work. Colby, then Deputy Director for Operations, decided on April 24 that the Executive Management Committee should review the project, and the approval memorandum went to Director [[James R. Schlesinger]] in May 1973; the OTS chronology records that the contract was sent to Schlesinger in May, who allowed the existing contract to be completed without a follow-on, and that OTS was told the work was too sensitive and potentially embarrassing.[^24][^25] During the summer of 1973 SRI continued working informally with an Office of Scientific Intelligence officer on a remote viewing experiment, and the chronology states that its results persuaded the new Director of Central Intelligence, Colby, to renew work on ESP.[^25] A jointly funded ORD and OTS program was begun in February 1974. Kress wrote that the OTS funds were to evaluate the operational utility of psychic subjects "without regard to the detailed understanding of paranormal functioning."[^24] The chronology adds that disagreements developed among ORD, OTS and the contractor: ORD wanted strict experimental procedures, OTS wanted practical applications, the contractor wanted fewer security constraints, and ORD and OTS reached different interpretations of the same data. New directors were named to both offices, and neither director felt comfortable with the project.[^25]
Kress wrote that Price, a third sensitive subject, became available at SRI about 1973. In a test against the Soviet [[Semipalatinsk]] Unidentified Research and Development Facility No. 3, Price drew a crane that he called a "damned big crane," and two analysts agreed the description was accurate. Kress wrote that the overall result was not considered useful because so much of the data was wrong.[^24]
Kress also records an OTS challenge to "do something of genuine operational significance." OTS chose Price to describe the interiors of two foreign embassies already known to audio teams. Kress reported that Price correctly located the coderooms in both cases, and that the operations officer involved concluded the technique "offers definite operational possibilities."[^24]
Kress wrote that ORD project officers judged the research "not productive or even competent" and dropped research support to SRI, that the Director of OTS felt the OTS charter would not support research so that all Agency funding in paranormal research stopped, and that a personal services contract with Price was started, with testing and evaluation of Price transferred to an OTS operations psychologist.[^24] The OTS chronology records that responsibility passed to an OTS psychologist who was told to devote no more than two percent of his time to the work, and that two OTS staff officers who had also demonstrated "remote viewing" ability worked with him.[^25]
In the fall of 1974 several OTS engineers who had become aware of the project volunteered to attempt remote viewing, and passed initial tests at SRI with some apparent successes. Kress chose a Libyan Desk requirement to test them further; the Libyan Desk officer was immediately impressed and told Kress that an agent had reported essentially the same story. The OTS psychologist passed a second set of Libyan coordinates to Price, who returned a description of a guerrilla training site and an underwater sabotage training facility several hundred kilometers away on the coast. Kress wrote that Price "died of a heart attack a few days later," and that the program stopped.[^24] On February 20, 1976 Brandwein, as Director of OTS, wrote to the Director of Research and Development: "I directed that OTS support of this effort be terminated. I continue to believe that it would be inappropriate for us to continue it; however, if ORD desires to pick it up, be my guest."[^28] On October 7, 1976 he wrote, after seeing the minutes of the September 20, 1976 meeting of the Research and Development Subcommittee of the Human Resources Committee at which OTS personnel had briefed on past support, that "OTS will not support any further research in parapsychology."[^29] Kress closed his article: "This is not to say that parapsychology is a proven intelligence tool; it is to say that the evaluation is not yet complete and more research is needed."[^24]
Price's death is recorded in the CIA's files as follows. The OTS chronology of 1977 has an undated entry, "Before a meeting can be set up, however, Mr. Price dies of a heart attack," followed by entries for September and October 1975, the latter reading "Mr. Price's death effectively ends all official OTS involvement in ESP research."[^25] [[John L. Wilhelm]]'s article of August 7, 1977 refers to "Pat Price, who died two years ago."[^30] An information paper of April 13, 1979 (DAMI-ISH) states: "In July 1975, Libyan coordinates were provided to Price, who came back with a description of a guerrilla training site," and that "the same month Price tragically died of a heart attack."[^31] Admiral Turner is quoted as saying at a breakfast for journalists in 1977 that "this subject died in 1975."[^32] The July 16, 1986 memorandum of the Office of Research and Development states: "Since Pat died in 1977."[^23]
### The police memorandum
An undated memorandum for the record headed "Operational Use of Paranormals in Police Activities," written by an OTS officer whose name is redacted, reports that two paranormal subjects tested at SRI had produced impressive data on two police cases, the [[Patricia Hearst]] kidnapping and a [[Stanford University]] student homicide. The memorandum says the homicide data was generated spontaneously in an uncontrolled field environment and was witnessed by an OTS officer, and that an evaluation was attached in the form of interviews with the district attorney's office and the police officer in charge of the homicide case. It states that "even the appearance of CIA involvement with domestic police operations is a political explosive association," which had kept the writer from verifying the SRI claims directly.[^33]
### Wilhelm, the 1977 publicity and the House Intelligence Committee
Wilhelm, a former [[Time (magazine)|Time]] reporter, wrote to the president of SRI in 1974 asking to interview [[Hal Puthoff]] and Targ. A CIA memorandum for the record of April 16, 1974 describes him as a former Time reporter, records that Puthoff telephoned the CIA about the request, and that the SRI investigators would grant the interview and confine the discussions to "the innocuous portions of their studies."[^34] On August 7, 1977 the [[Washington Post]] published "[[Psychic Spying]]?" by Wilhelm, identified in the article as a former national science correspondent for Time magazine and the author of "The Search for Superman," on the military potential of parapsychology.[^30] The [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] asked the CIA for a briefing. On November 16, 1977 OTS briefed the committee's staff, with Brandwein attending, giving a short oral history of OTS efforts in the field, "dating back to 1961," and left a written outline of the work, an unclassified article on the research at SRI, and "a brief article on Mr. Pat Price."[^35] Turner, the Director of Central Intelligence, had earlier referred to Price in remarks to reporters.[^2]
### Scientology
The article on Price left with the committee, described by OTS in its memorandum of November 17, 1977, gives Price as the newly appointed president of the [[Princess Coal Company]] in Huntington, [[West Virginia]]. It states that he credits [[Scientology]] for "opening new vistas and abilities of self to me and which I now use as a matter of fact."[^35] Wilhelm wrote in the Washington Post that Puthoff "is a high-ranking Scientologist," that Price "also was a high-level 'Operating Thetan,'" and that the involvement of Scientologists in the tests at SRI "partially accounts for at least two government agencies pulling back from funding further work there."[^30] Time on March 4, 1974 described Puthoff as "also a promoter of the bizarre and controversial cult of Scientology," and the [[New Scientist]] of October 17, 1974 wrote that Puthoff "is now a Scientologist (as is Ingo Swann)."[^36][^37]
### Watergate
In July 1971 [[E. Howard Hunt]], then a White House security consultant, went to the CIA to ask for alias identification and some degree of physical disguise for a one-time operation. On July 22, 1971 he visited [[Robert E. Cushman Jr.|General Robert E. Cushman]], the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, who had earlier received a call from [[John Ehrlichman]] about Hunt. Cushman directed the appropriate technical service to help. On July 23 Hunt received alias documents in the name "Edward Joseph Warren," a wig, glasses and a speech alteration device. He then arranged several meetings with technical officers through an unlisted telephone number, and received a commercial tape recorder in a typewriter case and a commercial Tessina camera disguised in a tobacco pouch. Hunt also brought in an associate, later identified from press photographs as [[G. Gordon Liddy]], and secured for him a disguise (a wig and glasses) and alias documents in the name "George F. Leonard."[^38]
The technical officers raised their concern with senior officers. On August 27, 1971 Cushman telephoned Ehrlichman to say that further assistance could not be given, and the request for a New York mail address and telephone answering service was not honored. The Tessina camera was returned on August 27 as unsuitable. The Technical Services Division had no further association with Hunt after the end of August 1971. The break-in of the office of [[Lewis Fielding]], the psychiatrist of [[Daniel Ellsberg]], took place on or about September 3, 1971.[^38]
On May 11, 1973 James R. Schlesinger told the [[House Armed Services Committee]]'s Special Subcommittee on Intelligence that the CIA had outlined these events to the acting director of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] in letters of July 5 and 7, 1972, and he offered the part of Hunt's testimony that bore on his CIA involvement for the record.[^38]
The [[Senate Watergate Committee]] took executive session testimony in February 1974 from a TSD technician, the Deputy Chief of the TSD and the Chief of the TSD.[^39] The staff report appended to Senator [[Howard Baker]]'s views states that the CIA's assistance to Hunt began on July 22, 1971, that the sequence of events produced "a wealth of conflicting testimony among CIA officials," and that a TSD technician testified that Hunt told him early in August that he would be introducing a second man, whereas CIA officials had said Hunt introduced Liddy unannounced late in August.[^39] It states that a memorandum of the TSD technician dated August 27, 1971 showed that Hunt's request for a New York telephone answering service was about to be implemented, and that the CIA kept a file on Hunt's activities entitled "Mr. Edward" outside the normal filing system, with a restricted-access "bigot list" for his activities.[^40] It states that testimony indicated that film developed for Hunt and Liddy was of Fielding's office, that a CIA supervisory official who reviewed it ordered one photograph blown up, and that the enlargement showed Fielding's name in the parking lot; the same report records that the official denied telling his superiors that he blew up a photograph or that it showed Fielding's name, and that Cushman and his assistant denied ever having been told about the content of the photographs.[^41] It states that testimony showed the technician dealing with Hunt was ordered to cut off all support only after the photographs were developed and examined, and that public CIA testimony claiming "no contact whatsoever with Mr. Hunt subsequent to 31 August, 1971" was contradicted by recent testimony and documents indicating extensive contact after that date.[^41] The Senate committee's final report states that Hunt obtained a driver's license, a wig and a speech-altering device after a meeting with Cushman on July 22, 1971.[^42]
---
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^2]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 4.
[^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Office of Technical Service: 50 Years Supporting Operations," 2001, CIA Reading Room document 0001225679, mirrored at archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001225679, pp. 13-14 (Drum's staff study, Dulles's memorandum of June 26, 1951, the announcement by Wisner on September 7, 1951, the TSS staff of fewer than 50) and the chronology at the back (7 September 1951, TSS created; 23 February 1960, TSS renamed TSD). The narrative on pp. 13-14 states that the Technical Services Staff retained its title "until July 1960."
[^2]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997.
[^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 4.
[^4]: "Office of Technical Service: 50 Years Supporting Operations" (note hist13), p. 14: Dulles appointed Dr. Willis A. Gibbons, "the former Director of Research at U.S. Rubber, who served as Chief of TSS and Director of Research for the Agency as a whole."
[^5]: "Office of Technical Service: 50 Years Supporting Operations" (note hist13), "Directors of the Office of Technical Service" (Drum, Gibbons, Roosevelt, Russell, Gottlieb, McMahon, Brandwein, Wonus, Marino, Detrani, Anderson, Ruhle, Manners, Morris, Meehan, Wallace), with dates as given; the program lists McMahon as "Former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, Deputy Director for Operations and Director of Technical Service," and a later passage calls him "the first OTS Director."
[^6]: "Office of Technical Service: 50 Years Supporting Operations" (note hist13), p. 18 (McCone and Helms in 1962, "Nevertheless, McCone ordered the transfer," and the 1973 reorganization and renaming).
[^7]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 395. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
[^8]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, p. 396 (the "very small dose" in the Cointreau, Lashbrook placing it, Gottlieb informing the participants).
[^9]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, p. 397 (Olson's death at the Statler Hotel on November 28, 1953).
[^10]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, p. 398 and nn. 54-55 (General Counsel's memorandum of January 4, 1954; the Dulles letters of February 12, 1954 to the Chief of Technical Operations, TSS, and to Gottlieb).
[^11]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, p. 389 (MKULTRA definition; MKNAOMI's SOD dart gun and termination in 1970; the January 1973 destruction on Gottlieb's verbal order, Gottlieb's testimony and Helms's confirmation). Footnote 2 on p. 385 records that what documentation existed for the principal program was destroyed early in 1973.
[^12]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, p. 390 and n. 12 (Helms to Dulles, April 3, 1953; "MKULTRA was approved by the DCI on April 13, 1953").
[^13]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, p. 404 and nn. 75-78 (six percent of the research and development budget of TSD; CSI 70-10 and the Karamessines language; Helms's testimony of September 11, 1975 at p. 6; the assistant's protest; the Inspector General's 1963 report, p. 23).
[^14]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, pp. 391-392 (MKDELTA; the Inspector General Survey of the Technical Services Division of 1957, p. 201; the 1963 survey and John Vance).
[^15]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, pp. 400-401 and n. 64 (TSD position; memorandum from James Angleton, Chief, Counterintelligence Staff, to Chief of Operations, December 12, 1957, pp. 1-2).
[^16]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, pp. 401-402 (Helms memorandum to the DDCI, December 17, 1963).
[^17]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, p. 388 and n. 9 (MKNAOMI; "Under an agreement reached with the Army in 1952"; Memorandum from Chief, TSD/Biological Branch to Chief, TSD, "MKNAOMI: Funding, Objectives, and Accomplishments," October 18, 1967, p. 1).
[^18]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, pp. 360-363 (Chapter XVI on the Special Operations Division: the Staff Support Group, "P-600," the 18-year existence of MKNAOMI, and the committee's conclusions on the use of the agents).
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, joint hearing, August 3, 1977, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, "Material for the Record: MKSEARCH. OFTEN/CHICKWIT," p. 169. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf
[^20]: Joint hearing of August 3, 1977 (note mkmaterial), testimony of Admiral Stansfield Turner in reply to Senator Kennedy, p. 20.
[^21]: *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, p. 403 and n. 75 (Helms's account of Gottlieb's request; the documents "were destroyed in early 1973 at the order of then DCI Richard Helms").
[^22]: Joint hearing of August 3, 1977 (note mkmaterial), Appendix B, "Documents Referring to Discovery of Additional MKULTRA Material," pp. 103-108: memorandum of June 22, 1977 signed by David S. Brandwein, Director, Office of Technical Service, and the letter from Stansfield Turner to Daniel K. Inouye.
[^23]: Memorandum ORD-0733-86, from ACS/ORD to the Director of Research and Development, "SRI/DIA Request for Parapsychological Data," July 16, 1986, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020040-6. Read in the page image: "The other requested data has been destroyed or has receeded into the mists of OTS archives" and, on page 1, "Since Pat died in 1977."
[^24]: Kress, Kenneth A., "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence*, vol. 21, no. 4, Winter 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0 (declassified 1996), with its notes (S. I. Abrams, "Extrasensory Perception," draft report, December 14, 1965; Office of Technical Service Contract 8473, October 1, 1972).
[^25]: Memorandum for the record, OTS/BAB Memo #287-77, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," November 17, 1977, with its attached chronology "OTS Involvement in ESP Research," CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0, pp. 3-4 of the chronology.
[^26]: Memorandum, DD/S&T 3697-73, from Carl E. Duckett, Deputy Director for Science and Technology, to the Director of Central Intelligence, "Office of Research and Development and Office of Technical Service Paranormal Perception Research Project," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200210003-6. The approval block reads "W.E. Colby, Director."
[^27]: Memorandum, McMahon and Stevens to the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, same subject, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200200031-6 (also CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110005-0).
[^28]: Memorandum, David S. Brandwein, Director, Office of Technical Service, to the Director of Research and Development, "Stanford Research Institute Parapsychology Research," February 20, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090005-8 (also CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090012-5).
[^29]: Memorandum, David S. Brandwein, "OTS Support to Research in Parapsychology," October 7, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020016-3.
[^30]: Wilhelm, John L., "Psychic Spying? The CIA, the Pentagon and the Russians Probe the Military Potential of Parapsychology," *Washington Post*, August 7, 1977, Outlook section, pp. 1-5 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, enclosure; the section is given as Outlook in the bibliographies of Kress, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0, and of May, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100250012-3, while OTS/BAB Memo #287-77 calls it the Parade Section). Quotations are Wilhelm's.
[^31]: Information paper, DAMI-ISH, "GRILL FLAME (U)," April 13, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200210002-5, para. 1(7)-(8).
[^32]: Zarbo, Michael E. (Captain, U.S. Army), *Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?*, master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6, quoting Turner.
[^33]: Memorandum for the record, "Operational Use of Paranormals in Police Activities," undated, author redacted, Office of Technical Service, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130013-4.
[^34]: Memorandum for the record, "Request for Information about Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Paranormal Research Project by Mr. Wilhelm former Time Reporter," April 16, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200200023-5.
[^35]: Memorandum for the record, OTS/BAB Memo #287-77, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," November 17, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020020-8, para. 2-5, with its attached article on Patrick Price.
[^36]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time*, vol. 103, no. 9, March 4, 1974, cover story, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700030001-3.
[^37]: Joseph Hanlon, "Uri Geller and Science," *New Scientist*, October 17, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090024-7.
[^38]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, Special Subcommittee on Intelligence, *Inquiry into the Alleged Involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters*, 93rd Cong., hearings of May 11, 1973 and after (published 1976), statement of Dr. James R. Schlesinger, May 11, 1973, pp. 1-3, and testimony of General Robert E. Cushman, Jr. Copy at archive.org/details/InquiryIntoTheAllegedInvolvementOfCIAInTheWatergateAndEllsbergMatters. The hearing index lists a statement by James McCord, a former CIA employee, at p. 411 and Hunt's testimony at p. 471.
[^39]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), "Appendix to Views of Senator Baker: Summary of Highlights of Investigation of CIA Activity in Watergate Incident," pp. 1135-1138, citing the executive session testimony of TSD Technician #1 (February 5 and 6, 1974), the Deputy Chief, TSD (February 5, 1974) and the Chief, TSD (February 5, 1974). https://archive.org/details/WatergateErvinCommitteeReport
[^40]: S. Rept. 93-981, Baker appendix, pp. 1138-1139.
[^41]: S. Rept. 93-981, Baker appendix, pp. 1139-1141.
[^42]: S. Rept. 93-981, p. 119 (Hunt's request for an alias, false documents or disguise; Cushman's testimony of the July 7, 1971 call from Ehrlichman; the disguise materials after the July 22, 1971 meeting).