diff --git a/00 - META/CHANGELOG.md b/00 - META/CHANGELOG.md
index 0607dc29..6dbdb4a8 100644
--- a/00 - META/CHANGELOG.md	
+++ b/00 - META/CHANGELOG.md	
@@ -1,100 +1,100 @@
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Project Troy]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Philip Scaturro]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Max Millikan]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Frank Haronian]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Porter Goss]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[September 11 attacks]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Project MKUltra]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[New School for Social Research]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Office of War Information]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Jerome B. Wiesner]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Harry S. Truman]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Michael Whitney Straight]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Hans Speier]]
-- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Bob Kerrey]]
-- 2026-10-09T1600 · [[Alvin Johnson]]
-- 2026-10-09T1600 · [[Max Ascoli]]
-- 2026-10-09T1600 · [[Dean Acheson]]
-- 2026-10-09T1558 · [[Allen and Company]]
-- 2026-10-09T1557 · [[British Security Coordination]]
-- 2026-10-09T1557 · [[Paul Nitze]]
-- 2026-10-09T1557 · [[John R. Everett]]
-- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Boris Nikolic]]
-- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Kathryn Ruemmler]]
-- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Peter Thiel]]
-- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Ehud Barak]]
-- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Rockefeller Foundation]]
-- 2026-10-09T1554 · [[Serafino Romualdi]]
-- 2026-10-09T1554 · [[Office of Strategic Services]]
-- 2026-10-09T1551 · [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]
-- 2026-10-09T1544 · [[Louis Dolivet]]
-- 2026-10-09T1543 · [[Hiram J. Halle]]
-- 2026-10-09T1542 · [[Mazzini Society]]
-- 2026-10-09T1445 · [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]]
-- 2026-10-09T1444 · [[Hans Simons]]
-- 2026-10-09T1443 · [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]]
-- 2026-10-09T1443 · [[Ernst Kris]]
-- 2026-10-09T1441 · [[Robert M. Brier]]
-- 2026-10-09T1441 · [[Martin Ebon]]
-- 2026-10-09T1439 · [[Klara G. Roman]]
-- 2026-10-09T1437 · [[United States Information Agency]]
-- 2026-10-09T1437 · [[Rand Corporation]]
-- 2026-10-09T1437 · [[Stansfield Turner]]
-- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Gilbert Roller]]
-- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Institute of World Affairs]]
-- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Goodwin Watson]]
-- 2026-10-09T1337 · [[Council on Foreign Relations]]
-- 2026-10-09T1335 · [[Nelson Rockefeller]]
-- 2026-10-09T1335 · [[Wilhelm Reich]]
-- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[CIAA]]
-- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[BBC]]
-- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Bill Clinton]]
-- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Atomic Energy Commission]]
-- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
-- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Project Blue Book]]
-- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Allen Dulles]]
-- 2026-10-09T1331 · [[Kim Philby]]
-- 2026-10-09T1330 · [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
-- 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Bernard L. Schwartz]]
-- 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]
-- 2026-10-09T1301 · [[Leo Strauss]]
-- 2026-10-09T1258 · [[National Reconnaissance Office]]
-- 2026-10-09T1258 · [[Eileen Garrett]]
-- 2026-10-09T1256 · [[James Monroe]]
-- 2026-10-09T1256 · [[John Gittinger]]
-- 2026-10-09T1253 · [[Kurt Riezler]]
-- 2026-10-09T1241 · [[Jeffrey Epstein]]
-- 2026-10-08T2150 · [[Claire Zabel]]
-- 2026-10-08T2150 · [[Alexander Berger]]
-- 2026-10-08T2150 · [[Effective Ventures]]
-- 2026-10-08T2150 · [[Centre for Effective Altruism]]
-- 2026-10-08T2150 · [[Center for Applied Rationality]]
-- 2026-10-08T2150 · [[Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative]]
-- 2026-10-08T2150 · [[Open Philanthropy]]
-- 2026-10-08T2113 · [[Saddam Hussein]]
-- 2026-10-08T2112 · [[St. Thomas Jet Center]]
-- 2026-10-08T2112 · [[Bobby Ray Inman]]
-- 2026-10-08T2110 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]]
-- 2026-10-08T2110 · [[USS Liberty Incident]]
-- 2026-10-08T2110 · [[NSA]]
-- 2026-10-08T2110 · [[Fluor Corporation]]
-- 2026-10-08T2110 · [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]
-- 2026-10-08T2109 · [[Lesley Groff]]
-- 2026-10-08T2109 · [[Larry Visoski]]
-- 2026-10-08T2109 · [[Epstein Files]]
-- 2026-10-08T2109 · [[Black Diamond Capital Management]]
-- 2026-10-08T2108 · [[Stephen Deckoff]]
-- 2026-10-08T2107 · [[Hungary]]
-- 2026-10-08T2107 · [[Gerald Lewis]]
-- 2026-10-08T2107 · [[Danny Casolaro]]
-- 2026-10-08T2106 · [[James D. Theberge]]
-- 2026-10-08T2106 · [[Carlos Cardoen]]
-- 2026-10-08T2105 · [[Industrias Cardoen]]
-- 2026-10-08T2104 · [[Lee Hamilton]]
-- 2026-10-08T2104 · [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]]
-- 2026-10-08T2104 · [[Barbara Studley]]
-- 2026-10-08T2104 · [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]]
-- 2026-10-08T2102 · [[Bayshore Bank of Florida]]
+- 2026-10-09T1711 · [[Samson Option]]
+- 2026-10-09T1711 · [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]
+- 2026-10-09T1708 · [[Claire Zabel]]
+- 2026-10-09T1708 · [[Beersheba]]
+- 2026-10-09T1708 · [[P.W. Botha]]
+- 2026-10-09T1706 · [[Dimona]]
+- 2026-10-09T1706 · [[Ian Smart]]
+- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Rocco Zangari]]
+- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]]
+- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Fred Alvarez]]
+- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Wayne Reeder]]
+- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Tommy Marson]]
+- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[John Paul Nichols]]
+- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Arthur Welmas]]
+- 2026-10-09T1705 · [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]
+- 2026-10-09T1703 · [[Shimon Yiftach]]
+- 2026-10-09T1702 · [[South African Defense Force]]
+- 2026-10-09T1702 · [[Shimon Peres]]
+- 2026-10-09T1702 · [[SIMWA]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Shimon Levinson]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Shimon Lavee]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Profits of War - Ari Ben-Menashe]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Middle East]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Marana]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Syrian Embassy in London]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Sabra and Shatila refugee camps]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Entebbe Airport]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[El Aqsa Mosque]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Libya]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Liege]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Hydrogen Bomb]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Entebbe hijacking]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Achille Lauro]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Sabra and Shatila massacres]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[October Surprise]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Lockheed bribe scandal]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[PROMIS]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Valley National Bank of Arizona]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[University of San Cristobal]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[TransCapital Corporation]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[The Sunday Mirror]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[The Sunday Times]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[The Age]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Strategic Intelligence Services]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Sidem International Limited]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Sheridan Square Press]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Pergamon Press Trust Fund]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Ocho Group]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Medan Computers Ltd.]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Lockheed Aircraft Company]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[John Curtin Foundation]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[ITICO]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Industrias Cardoen]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[IBM]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Honeywell]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Gamma Corporation]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[FXC International]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Esquire]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[El Al]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Eagle]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Dynavest Limited]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Drexel Burnham]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Degem]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Banque Worms]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[ARMSCOR]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Air France]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Stern Gang]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Shining Path]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[LEHI]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Jewish Defense League]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Golani infantry brigade]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Black September]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Baader-Meinhof Group]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[African National Congress]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Tower Commission]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Iran Group]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Unit 8200]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Shas Party]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Russian Orthodox Church]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[LAKAM]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Australian Security Intelligence Service]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Australian Security Intelligence Organization]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Agranat Commission]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Yosef Zeira]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Yitzhak Tunic]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Reuben Yirador]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Pieter Van Der Westhuizen]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Mordechai Tsippori]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Mordecai Vanunu]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Mike Timpani]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Mark Thatcher]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[John Tower]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Jack Varona]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Ezer Weizman]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[David Zornow]]
+- 2026-10-09T1701 · [[Craig Unger]]
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abdelaziz Bouteflika.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abdelaziz Bouteflika.md
index 5187b11b..01176ca6 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abdelaziz Bouteflika.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abdelaziz Bouteflika.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "Oujda, Morocco"
 [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] was an [[Algeria|Algerian]] Foreign Minister and a well-respected diplomat. He met with various [[Iran|Iranian]] leaders, including [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], in April 1980 to discuss the [[United States|American]] hostage crisis. However, he failed to broker an accord because he was unable to guarantee arms sales to [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abul Abbas.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abul Abbas.md
index 27015cf8..688c7c60 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abul Abbas.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Abul Abbas.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Yarmouk Camp, Syria"
 [[Abul Abbas|Abbas]] received orders from [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah]], who was relaying instructions from [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]]. He was reportedly receiving millions from [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence officers posing as Sicilian dons. [[Abul Abbas|Abbas]] gathered a team to attack the cruise ship, with instructions to make the attack severe to highlight Palestinian demands.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adel Mohammad Atamna.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adel Mohammad Atamna.md
index 35ecb6e9..cc146fbe 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adel Mohammad Atamna.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adel Mohammad Atamna.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Palestinian student and friend of Ari Ben-Menashe who was the target o
 [[Adel Mohammad Atamna|Atamna]] was the individual [[SHABAK]] attempted to recruit [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] to spy on, an offer [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] refused.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Alan Bond.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Alan Bond.md
index 3ff70199..710d54f5 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Alan Bond.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Alan Bond.md	
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ In late September 1988, an [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence officer briefed the h
 [[Alan Bond|Bond]] was convicted of bank fraud in May 1992 and sentenced to two and a half years in prison. He later went bankrupt and became involved in African mining investments.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Alan Garcia.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Alan Garcia.md
index 0973adc3..1dfa11d4 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Alan Garcia.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Alan Garcia.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Lima, Peru"
 [[Alan Garcia]] was the President of [[Peru]]. In 1980, he declared the department of [[Ayacucho]] under martial law due to the growing influence of the [[Shining Path]], a Maoist terrorist group led by [[Abimael Guzman Reynoso]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ari Ben-Menashe.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ari Ben-Menashe.md
index c620691c..a534d5cb 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ari Ben-Menashe.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ari Ben-Menashe.md	
@@ -16,11 +16,17 @@ tags:
   - IranContra
   - RobertMaxwell
   - JeffreyEpstein
-summary: "Ari Ben-Menashe is an Iranian-born Israeli-Canadian who describes himself as a former military-intelligence official and became a recurring source for claims about U.S.-Israeli arms dealing, the October Surprise, PROMIS, Robert Maxwell, and Jeffrey Epstein, claims repeatedly found uncorroborated and, by a congressional task force, not credible."
+summary: "Iranian-born Israeli-Canadian, self-described former Israeli military-intelligence official, and recurring source on U.S.-Israeli arms dealing, the October Surprise, PROMIS, Robert Maxwell and Jeffrey Epstein; a congressional task force found his claims not credible."
 born: 1951-12-04
 location: "Tehran, Iran; Montreal, Canada"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)]]"
+    start: 1977-08-15
+    role: "civilian, External Relations Department (per his 1992 account)"
+    fn: 5
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-10-08
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
 Ari Ben-Menashe is an Iranian-born Israeli-Canadian businessman, author, and lobbyist who describes himself as a former official of Israel's military intelligence, and who became a recurring source for claims about covert United States and Israeli arms dealing, the [[October Surprise]] theory, [[PROMIS]] software, [[Robert Maxwell]], and, in later years, [[Jeffrey Epstein]].[^1] He was born on December 4, 1951, in Tehran, [[Iran]], to an affluent Iraqi Jewish family; his father Gourdji was involved with [[LEHI]] (the Stern Gang) and knew [[Yitzhak Shamir]].[^2][^3] His allegations have been influential in conspiracy literature while being repeatedly assessed as unreliable by courts, congressional investigators, and journalists.[^4]
@@ -29,49 +35,53 @@ Ari Ben-Menashe is an Iranian-born Israeli-Canadian businessman, author, and lob
 
 By his own account, Ben-Menashe moved to Israel in 1966 at age 14, and in 1969, while on Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon, was involved in the [[Michael Dennis Rohan]] [[El Aqsa Mosque]] arson incident. He says he was recruited by [[SHABAK]] in 1972 but declined a spying role, was drafted in 1974 and assigned to [[Unit 8200]] (signals intelligence) on the Iranian desk where he claims to have broken the Iranian diplomatic code, and that in 1976 he was involved in uncovering a [[Lockheed Aircraft Company|Lockheed]] bribe scandal involving [[Shimon Peres]]. After refusing an assignment to the Rome listening station in 1977, he says he was court-martialed and released from military service.[^3] He states that he then worked from 1977 to 1987 as a civilian in the External Relations Department of the Israeli [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Military Intelligence Directorate]] (Aman), a role he has portrayed as giving him access to high-level arms-transfer and covert-operations decisions.[^1]
 
-Critics dispute the seniority he claims. Israel has generally characterized him as a low-level translator rather than a policy insider, and the journalist [[Steven Emerson]], writing in 1991, argued that Ben-Menashe had inflated a minor translating job into a record of "key positions."[^2] The Israeli government acknowledged that he had worked for military intelligence in a translation capacity but denied that he had held the senior operational role he described.[^5] The disagreement over his rank has shaped the reception of all his later claims, because his accounts of arms deals, the October Surprise, and Israeli operations rest on his asserted firsthand access rather than on corroborating documents or witnesses.[^2][^4]
+Ben-Menashe's 1992 book dates his entry into the External Relations Department to August 15, 1977, after his release from military service on May 3, 1977, and describes the department as having four branches: the Special Assistance Branch (SIM), the R branch, a Foreign Liaison branch, and Intelligence 12, a general liaison branch with the [[Mossad]].[^5] He placed his first assignment in the R branch, which handled intelligence exchange with foreign services. From late September 1977 he describes himself as a Middle East commuter working with the Iranians.[^5] In the same book he names [[Shimon Lavee]] as the branch head of SIM who prepared the Israeli version of the [[SIMWA]] agreement with South Africa.[^6]
+
+The 1992 book reproduces letters of reference dated September 1987 on Israel Defence Forces External Relations Department letterhead. They are signed by Col. [[Pesah Melowany]] (September 4, 1987), Col. Yoav (September 6, 1987), a Dr. A. (September 14, 1987) and Col. [[Arieh Shur]], whose signature block reads "Colonel / Chief of External Relations" (September 14, 1987). Ben-Menashe presents the letters as evidence of his service in the department.[^7]
+
+Critics dispute the seniority he claims. Israel has generally characterized him as a low-level translator rather than a policy insider, and the journalist [[Steven Emerson]], writing in 1991, argued that Ben-Menashe had inflated a minor translating job into a record of "key positions."[^2] The Israeli government acknowledged that he had worked for military intelligence in a translation capacity but denied that he had held the senior operational role he described.[^8] The disagreement over his rank has shaped the reception of all his later claims, because his accounts of arms deals, the October Surprise, and Israeli operations rest on his asserted firsthand access rather than on corroborating documents or witnesses.[^2][^4]
 
 ### Arms Case and Acquittal
 
-Ben-Menashe first drew wide public attention when he was arrested in the United States in November 1989 and charged under the Arms Export Control Act with attempting to broker the sale of three Israeli-owned Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules]] transport aircraft to Iran, a deal valued at about 36 million dollars, using false end-user certificates.[^6] The prosecution was brought in the United States District Court for the [[U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]], where the related rulings carried the caption United States v. Menashe.[^7] He spent nearly a year in custody before a jury acquitted him and a co-defendant on November 28, 1990, after his defense argued, and the jury accepted, that he had been acting under the authority of the Israeli government in a transaction tied to Israel's arms dealings with Iran.[^6]
+Ben-Menashe first drew wide public attention when he was arrested in the United States in November 1989 and charged under the Arms Export Control Act with attempting to broker the sale of three Israeli-owned Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules]] transport aircraft to Iran, a deal valued at about 36 million dollars, using false end-user certificates.[^9] The prosecution was brought in the United States District Court for the [[U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]], where the related rulings carried the caption United States v. Menashe.[^10] He spent nearly a year in custody before a jury acquitted him and a co-defendant on November 28, 1990, after his defense argued, and the jury accepted, that he had been acting under the authority of the Israeli government in a transaction tied to Israel's arms dealings with Iran.[^9]
 
-Israel denied that he had been authorized to act for it in the transaction, repeating the position that he had been only a translator.[^6] The acquittal nonetheless rested on the jury's willingness to credit his Israeli-agent defense, and he afterward cited the verdict as vindication of his broader account, even though the bodies that later examined his substantive claims rejected them.[^4][^8] The acquittal gave him a platform from which he expanded a series of claims about secret United States and Israeli arms networks, set out in his 1992 book [[Profits of War]].[^3]
+Israel denied that he had been authorized to act for it in the transaction, repeating the position that he had been only a translator.[^9] The acquittal nonetheless rested on the jury's willingness to credit his Israeli-agent defense, and he afterward cited the verdict as vindication of his broader account, even though the bodies that later examined his substantive claims rejected them.[^4][^11] The acquittal gave him a platform from which he expanded a series of claims about secret United States and Israeli arms networks, set out in his 1992 book [[Profits of War]].[^3]
 
 ### October Surprise and Iran-Contra Claims
 
-In Profits of War and in congressional testimony, Ben-Menashe alleged that Israeli officials, working with figures around the 1980 [[Ronald Reagan]] presidential campaign, arranged arms sales to Iran in exchange for delaying the release of American hostages until after the November 1980 election, the scenario known as the October Surprise.[^3] He claimed to have witnessed a Paris meeting in October 1980 attended by [[George H.W. Bush]], the campaign manager [[William J. Casey|William Casey]], and Iranian representatives.[^8]
+In Profits of War and in congressional testimony, Ben-Menashe alleged that Israeli officials, working with figures around the 1980 [[Ronald Reagan]] presidential campaign, arranged arms sales to Iran in exchange for delaying the release of American hostages until after the November 1980 election, the scenario known as the October Surprise.[^3] He claimed to have witnessed a Paris meeting in October 1980 attended by [[George H.W. Bush]], the campaign manager [[William J. Casey|William Casey]], and Iranian representatives.[^11]
 
 His detailed account named a sequence of secret meetings. He described [[Miles Copeland]]'s group of CIA-connected officers, Casey, [[Robert McFarlane]], and [[Earl Brian]] entering negotiations with the Iranians, and [[David Kimche]] of Mossad initiating an arms supply to Iran via [[South Africa]] in 1979. He placed first and second Madrid meetings in March and May 1980 involving [[Mehdi Karrubi]], Casey, McFarlane, [[Donald Gregg]], [[Robert Gates]], and Brian; an Amsterdam meeting in August 1980; and the October 1980 Paris meeting at which he says the hostage-release deal was sealed and after which he received 56 million dollars in [[Guatemala]] in December 1980, with 4 million for Brian and 52 million for the Iranian intermediary Kashani. The hostages were released on Reagan's inauguration day, January 20, 1981.[^3] He further alleged a 1980 to 1981 [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] arms pipeline, a role in the June 7, 1981 [[Israel Air Force]] strike on Iraq's Tammuz nuclear reactor, the recruitment of [[Daily Mirror]] foreign editor [[Nicholas Davies]] by Mossad, and the use of a slush fund (the [[Ora Group]]) to finance the [[Likud Party]] and "black" operations including, in his telling, the 1985 [[Achille Lauro]] hijacking.[^3]
 
-No official body endorsed this account. The [[House October Surprise Task Force]], chaired by Representative [[Lee Hamilton]], published its joint report on January 3, 1993, and rejected it, saying it had conclusive evidence from travel and passport records that Ben-Menashe was not in Paris when he claimed to have witnessed the meeting, and describing his testimony as "totally lacking in credibility," "demonstrably false from beginning to end," and "a total fabrication."[^8] A separate review of the Iran-Contra-related allegations conducted under Attorney General [[William Barr]] likewise found no credible basis for his key claims, and an earlier Senate examination reached similar conclusions.[^5][^8] The Senate Foreign Relations special counsel, Reid H. Weingarten, reporting to Senators [[Terry Sanford]] and [[James Jeffords]] on November 19, 1992, found that Ben-Menashe "undoubtedly had real connections with Israeli intelligence and had access to some highly classified information," but that his "insistence upon placing himself in the middle of numerous scandals and adventures" and his contradiction of credible witnesses and documents made him "a wholly unreliable witness," and did not rely on his testimony without independent corroboration.[^9]
+No official body endorsed this account. The [[House October Surprise Task Force]], chaired by Representative [[Lee Hamilton]], published its joint report on January 3, 1993, and rejected it, saying it had conclusive evidence from travel and passport records that Ben-Menashe was not in Paris when he claimed to have witnessed the meeting, and describing his testimony as "totally lacking in credibility," "demonstrably false from beginning to end," and "a total fabrication."[^11] A separate review of the Iran-Contra-related allegations conducted under Attorney General [[William Barr]] likewise found no credible basis for his key claims, and an earlier Senate examination reached similar conclusions.[^8][^11] The Senate Foreign Relations special counsel, Reid H. Weingarten, reporting to Senators [[Terry Sanford]] and [[James Jeffords]] on November 19, 1992, found that Ben-Menashe "undoubtedly had real connections with Israeli intelligence and had access to some highly classified information," but that his "insistence upon placing himself in the middle of numerous scandals and adventures" and his contradiction of credible witnesses and documents made him "a wholly unreliable witness," and did not rely on his testimony without independent corroboration.[^12]
 
 ### PROMIS Affidavits and INSLAW
 
-After the journalist [[Danny Casolaro]]'s death in August 1991, Ben-Menashe called [[Bill Hamilton]], president of [[INSLAW|Inslaw]], and claimed that two FBI agents from Lexington, Kentucky, had been en route to Martinsburg to give Casolaro evidence that the FBI was illegally using PROMIS software, one of them disaffected because his superiors had refused to indict senior Reagan officials over the October Surprise.[^10] In affidavits submitted to the bankruptcy court in February and March 1991, he claimed personal knowledge of Earl Brian's involvement in international PROMIS distribution, alleging that Brian made a 1987 presentation to Israeli Military Intelligence claiming ownership of PROMIS rights, that [[Rafael Eitan]] received PROMIS from Brian and McFarlane in 1982 for Israeli signals intelligence, and that enhanced PROMIS was sold to the Israeli intelligence community, the Singapore Armed Forces, the Soviet Union, and Canada.[^11] These PROMIS-distribution claims were later amplified by [[Seymour Hersh]] in [[The Samson Option]] and [[Gordon Thomas]] in [[Gideon's Spies]].[^12][^13]
+After the journalist [[Danny Casolaro]]'s death in August 1991, Ben-Menashe called [[Bill Hamilton]], president of [[INSLAW|Inslaw]], and claimed that two FBI agents from Lexington, Kentucky, had been en route to Martinsburg to give Casolaro evidence that the FBI was illegally using PROMIS software, one of them disaffected because his superiors had refused to indict senior Reagan officials over the October Surprise.[^13] In affidavits submitted to the bankruptcy court in February and March 1991, he claimed personal knowledge of Earl Brian's involvement in international PROMIS distribution, alleging that Brian made a 1987 presentation to Israeli Military Intelligence claiming ownership of PROMIS rights, that [[Rafael Eitan]] received PROMIS from Brian and McFarlane in 1982 for Israeli signals intelligence, and that enhanced PROMIS was sold to the Israeli intelligence community, the Singapore Armed Forces, the Soviet Union, and Canada.[^14] These PROMIS-distribution claims were later amplified by [[Seymour Hersh]] in [[The Samson Option]] and [[Gordon Thomas]] in [[Gideon's Spies]].[^15][^16]
 
-In the first of two affidavits he submitted to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia in the INSLAW case, dated February 17, 1991, Ben-Menashe said that in January 1989, while serving as a special consultant for intelligence affairs in the Israeli prime minister's office, he was told by [[Carlos Cardoen]], the Chilean arms maker, that Cardoen had brokered a deal between Earl Brian and a representative of Iraqi military intelligence for the use of PROMIS.[^14] A *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* report of February 19, 1991, preserved in the Danny Casolaro papers, says the sale was consummated in Santiago, Chile, where [[Industrias Cardoen]] had its headquarters, and that Brian called the allegations "nonsense."[^15] The report of Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] states that Ben-Menashe "makes a number of extraordinary claims, most of which are not subject to corroboration."[^14] The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] recorded in 1991 that Robert Gates denied specific allegations made by Ben-Menashe at his confirmation hearing and that the FBI and the CIA inspector general, reviewing Gates's calendar and travel records, found no credible evidence to confirm them.[^16]
+In the first of two affidavits he submitted to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia in the INSLAW case, dated February 17, 1991, Ben-Menashe said that in January 1989, while serving as a special consultant for intelligence affairs in the Israeli prime minister's office, he was told by [[Carlos Cardoen]], the Chilean arms maker, that Cardoen had brokered a deal between Earl Brian and a representative of Iraqi military intelligence for the use of PROMIS.[^17] A *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* report of February 19, 1991, preserved in the Danny Casolaro papers, says the sale was consummated in Santiago, Chile, where [[Industrias Cardoen]] had its headquarters, and that Brian called the allegations "nonsense."[^18] The report of Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] states that Ben-Menashe "makes a number of extraordinary claims, most of which are not subject to corroboration."[^17] The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] recorded in 1991 that Robert Gates denied specific allegations made by Ben-Menashe at his confirmation hearing and that the FBI and the CIA inspector general, reviewing Gates's calendar and travel records, found no credible evidence to confirm them.[^19]
 
-The special counsel Nicholas Bua, in his 1993 report on the Inslaw affair, rejected these claims. When interviewed, Ben-Menashe gave a substantially different account, stating that he had no knowledge of the transfer of Inslaw's proprietary software, and that the "PROMIS" in his affidavits referred not to Inslaw's product but to an NSA program he called "Milon," a dictionary-compilation tool developed independently before Inslaw existed; he admitted he had allowed the Hamiltons and others to assume he meant Inslaw's PROMIS "to promote his book."[^11] The NSA confirmed that its own internal Product Related On-line Management Information System, also called PROMIS, was written in M204 rather than COBOL and was wholly unrelated to Inslaw's software. The House October Surprise Task Force, the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], and the special counsel all found his testimony fabricated and unsupported.[^11][^17]
+The special counsel Nicholas Bua, in his 1993 report on the Inslaw affair, rejected these claims. When interviewed, Ben-Menashe gave a substantially different account, stating that he had no knowledge of the transfer of Inslaw's proprietary software, and that the "PROMIS" in his affidavits referred not to Inslaw's product but to an NSA program he called "Milon," a dictionary-compilation tool developed independently before Inslaw existed; he admitted he had allowed the Hamiltons and others to assume he meant Inslaw's PROMIS "to promote his book."[^14] The NSA confirmed that its own internal Product Related On-line Management Information System, also called PROMIS, was written in M204 rather than COBOL and was wholly unrelated to Inslaw's software. The House October Surprise Task Force, the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], and the special counsel all found his testimony fabricated and unsupported.[^14][^20]
 
 ### Claims about Robert Maxwell
 
-Ben-Menashe alleged that the publisher Robert Maxwell and Nicholas Davies were long-time assets of Israeli intelligence and that Maxwell had close ties to the prime minister's office.[^3] One specific claim concerned the 1986 case of the nuclear technician [[Mordechai Vanunu]], whose account of [[Dimona]] reached the Maxwell-owned [[Sunday Mirror]]; Ben-Menashe said Davies alerted Israeli intelligence to the approach and introduced him to Vanunu's intermediary [[Oscar Guerrero]], and that a Vanunu photograph published by the Sunday Mirror had been flown in from Israel, although the photograph in question had in fact been taken by the [[Sunday Times]] journalist [[Peter Hounam]], undercutting that detail.[^18] Hersh's 1991 book and the parliamentary statements that followed brought the Maxwell allegations into the open shortly before Maxwell's death, and Maxwell sued Hersh for libel before the action lapsed.[^12] No declassified material has confirmed the allegations.[^4]
+Ben-Menashe alleged that the publisher Robert Maxwell and Nicholas Davies were long-time assets of Israeli intelligence and that Maxwell had close ties to the prime minister's office.[^3] One specific claim concerned the 1986 case of the nuclear technician [[Mordechai Vanunu]], whose account of [[Dimona]] reached the Maxwell-owned [[Sunday Mirror]]; Ben-Menashe said Davies alerted Israeli intelligence to the approach and introduced him to Vanunu's intermediary [[Oscar Guerrero]], and that a Vanunu photograph published by the Sunday Mirror had been flown in from Israel, although the photograph in question had in fact been taken by the [[Sunday Times]] journalist [[Peter Hounam]], undercutting that detail.[^21] Hersh's 1991 book and the parliamentary statements that followed brought the Maxwell allegations into the open shortly before Maxwell's death, and Maxwell sued Hersh for libel before the action lapsed.[^15] No declassified material has confirmed the allegations.[^4]
 
 ### Epstein and Maxwell Allegations
 
-Beginning in 2019, Ben-Menashe gave interviews, including to the journalist [[Whitney Webb]] of MintPress News and to the outlet Narativ, in which he claimed that he had met Jeffrey Epstein and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] in the 1980s, that he had seen Epstein in Robert Maxwell's offices, and that Maxwell had recruited Epstein for Israeli intelligence and introduced him as pre-approved by figures in Aman.[^19] He characterized the later Epstein operation as a "honeytrap" that gathered sexual blackmail material on powerful figures for Israeli intelligence.[^19]
+Beginning in 2019, Ben-Menashe gave interviews, including to the journalist [[Whitney Webb]] of MintPress News and to the outlet Narativ, in which he claimed that he had met Jeffrey Epstein and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] in the 1980s, that he had seen Epstein in Robert Maxwell's offices, and that Maxwell had recruited Epstein for Israeli intelligence and introduced him as pre-approved by figures in Aman.[^22] He characterized the later Epstein operation as a "honeytrap" that gathered sexual blackmail material on powerful figures for Israeli intelligence.[^22]
 
-No corroborating witness, document, or official admission has been produced to support these specific claims, and reviewers have noted that they rest solely on his own assertions against a documented record of unreliability.[^4][^20] His account also conflicts with the established chronology of Epstein's career, since Epstein's documented entry into Ghislaine Maxwell's circle is generally dated to the period after Robert Maxwell's 1991 death rather than to the 1980s meetings Ben-Menashe described.[^20] He has continued to make related claims, including a 2025 assertion that [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] held Epstein-related files, that likewise remain unverified.[^20]
+No corroborating witness, document, or official admission has been produced to support these specific claims, and reviewers have noted that they rest solely on his own assertions against a documented record of unreliability.[^4][^23] His account also conflicts with the established chronology of Epstein's career, since Epstein's documented entry into Ghislaine Maxwell's circle is generally dated to the period after Robert Maxwell's 1991 death rather than to the 1980s meetings Ben-Menashe described.[^23] He has continued to make related claims, including a 2025 assertion that [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] held Epstein-related files, that likewise remain unverified.[^23]
 
 ### Lobbying and Consulting
 
-After his intelligence-related notoriety, Ben-Menashe built a lobbying and consulting practice through the [[Montreal]]-based firm [[Dickens & Madson]], representing controversial governments and figures.[^21] His involvement with the government of [[Robert Mugabe]] in [[Zimbabwe]] featured in the treason prosecution of the opposition leader [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], built on a videotape in which prosecutors said Tsvangirai discussed the "elimination" of Mugabe with Ben-Menashe; Tsvangirai was acquitted of high treason on October 14, 2004, by Judge [[Paddington Garwe]] of the Harare High Court, who found no proof of the alleged request, ruled that Ben-Menashe's testimony had to be treated with caution, and called some of it clearly false.[^22]
+After his intelligence-related notoriety, Ben-Menashe built a lobbying and consulting practice through the [[Montreal]]-based firm [[Dickens & Madson]], representing controversial governments and figures.[^24] His involvement with the government of [[Robert Mugabe]] in [[Zimbabwe]] featured in the treason prosecution of the opposition leader [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], built on a videotape in which prosecutors said Tsvangirai discussed the "elimination" of Mugabe with Ben-Menashe; Tsvangirai was acquitted of high treason on October 14, 2004, by Judge [[Paddington Garwe]] of the Harare High Court, who found no proof of the alleged request, ruled that Ben-Menashe's testimony had to be treated with caution, and called some of it clearly false.[^25]
 
-He later registered a 2 million dollar contract in March 2021 to lobby for the [[Myanmar]] military junta after its coup, agreeing to advise on evading United States sanctions, and took on engagements connected to [[Sudan]] and its militia leader [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]], a roughly 12 million dollar Zimbabwe land transaction funded by the criminal financier [[Paul Le Roux]] in 2007 and 2008 in which the promised farmland was never delivered, a reported 1 million dollar arrangement with [[Kyrgyzstan]], and work tied to [[Libya]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Venezuela]], and the [[Tigray]] conflict in [[Ethiopia]].[^21][^23] Washington figures quoted in profiles of his career described his reputation as "poisonous."[^21]
+He later registered a 2 million dollar contract in March 2021 to lobby for the [[Myanmar]] military junta after its coup, agreeing to advise on evading United States sanctions, and took on engagements connected to [[Sudan]] and its militia leader [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]], a roughly 12 million dollar Zimbabwe land transaction funded by the criminal financier [[Paul Le Roux]] in 2007 and 2008 in which the promised farmland was never delivered, a reported 1 million dollar arrangement with [[Kyrgyzstan]], and work tied to [[Libya]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Venezuela]], and the [[Tigray]] conflict in [[Ethiopia]].[^24][^26] Washington figures quoted in profiles of his career described his reputation as "poisonous."[^24]
 
 ### The McFarlane Libel Suit
 
-The former national security adviser Robert McFarlane sued Ben-Menashe and the publisher of Profits of War, Sheridan Square Press, for libel over passages that linked McFarlane to the covert dealings Ben-Menashe described.[^24] The case, McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, reached the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, which ruled in 1996. Applying the [[actual malice]] standard required for a public figure, the court held that McFarlane could not show the publisher had acted with reckless disregard for the truth merely because Ben-Menashe was a doubtful source, and it affirmed dismissal of the suit. The outcome turned on the high bar a public-figure plaintiff must clear rather than on any finding that Ben-Menashe's account was true.[^24]
+The former national security adviser Robert McFarlane sued Ben-Menashe and the publisher of Profits of War, Sheridan Square Press, for libel over passages that linked McFarlane to the covert dealings Ben-Menashe described.[^27] The case, McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, reached the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, which ruled in 1996. Applying the [[actual malice]] standard required for a public figure, the court held that McFarlane could not show the publisher had acted with reckless disregard for the truth merely because Ben-Menashe was a doubtful source, and it affirmed dismissal of the suit. The outcome turned on the high bar a public-figure plaintiff must clear rather than on any finding that Ben-Menashe's account was true.[^27]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -79,23 +89,26 @@ The former national security adviser Robert McFarlane sued Ben-Menashe and the p
 [^2]: Emerson, Steven. "The Samson Option, by Seymour M. Hersh," *Commentary,* 1991. https://www.commentary.org/articles/steven-emerson/the-samson-option-by-seymour-m-hersh/
 [^3]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992.
 [^4]: "Who is Ari Ben-Menashe, what is his track record as a source," *Factually,* 2025. https://factually.co/fact-checks/media/ari-ben-menashe-track-record-israeli-intelligence-source-epstein-claims-evaluation-ec9ba6
-[^5]: "Espionage: Con Man or Key to a Mystery?," *Time,* 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718038/espionage-con-man-or-key-to-a-mystery/
-[^6]: "2 Acquitted of Trying to Sell Military Cargo Planes to Iran," *The Washington Post,* 1990. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/29/2-acquitted-of-trying-to-sell-military-cargo-planes-to-iran/2918bfd6-89a7-441a-a124-3b1916e90321/
-[^7]: United States v. Menashe, 741 F. Supp. 1135 (S.D.N.Y. 1990).
-[^8]: "Probe by House finds no 'October surprise,'" *The Baltimore Sun,* 1993. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1993-01-13-1993013111-story.html
-[^9]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, p. 113. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829
-[^10]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, on Ben-Menashe's call to Bill Hamilton after Casolaro's death.
-[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993, on the PROMIS affidavits, the "Milon" recantation, and the finding that Ben-Menashe's account offered no evidentiary support for the Inslaw allegations.
-[^12]: "Fact or fiction? The claims of Ari Ben-Menashe," *Green Left,* 1992. https://www.greenleft.org.au/1992/42/fact-or-fiction-claims-ari-ben-menashe
-[^13]: Pipes, Daniel. "Gideon's Spies by Gordon Thomas," *Commentary,* 1999. https://www.commentary.org/articles/daniel-pipes/gideons-spies-by-gordon-thomas/
-[^14]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74.
-[^15]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the contents as reported there. Ben-Menashe's claim is kept as made.
-[^16]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19 (October 24, 1991), sections 4 and 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 185 to 187).
-[^17]: "No wrong-doing in Inslaw affair, report says," *UPI,* 1993. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/17/No-wrong-doing-in-Inslaw-affair-report-says/5482740289600/
-[^18]: "The Vanunu affair and the Sunday Mirror photograph," contemporaneous press reporting noting the photograph was taken by Sunday Times journalist Peter Hounam, undercutting Ben-Menashe's account.
-[^19]: "Former Israeli Spy Ari Ben-Menashe on Israel's Relationship with Epstein," *MintPress News,* 2019. https://www.mintpressnews.com/ari-ben-menashe-israel-relationship-jeffrey-epstein/263465/
-[^20]: "What did Ari Ben-Menashe claim about Jeffrey Epstein," *Factually,* 2025. https://factually.co/fact-checks/media/ari-ben-menashe-claims-jeffrey-epstein-mossad-d56c30
-[^21]: "The Man of Mystery Hustling Myanmar," *Washington Monthly,* 2021. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021/03/13/the-man-of-mystery-hustling-myanmar/
-[^22]: "Tsvangirai acquitted of treason in Zimbabwe," *The Globe and Mail,* 2004. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/tsvangirai-acquitted-of-treason-in-zimbabwe/article18275151/
-[^23]: "The Curious Case of Bishkek's $1 Million Deal With Ex-Israeli Intelligence Worker," *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,* 2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/the-curious-case-of-bishkek-s-1-million-deal-with-ex-israeli-intelligence-worker-/31033365.html
-[^24]: McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, Inc., 91 F.3d 1501 (D.C. Cir. 1996).
+[^5]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*, chapter 3, "Love in the Time of Revolution" ("August 15, 1977. How could I ever forget my first day in the External Relations Department"; four branches at p. 26; "Starting in late September 1977, I became a Middle East commuter"). New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015. Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/profitsofwarinsi0000benm
+[^6]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War*, TrineDay reprint, 2015, pp. 209-210 (index "Lavee, Shimon, 210").
+[^7]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War*, TrineDay reprint, 2015, text of the 1989 trial chapter ("Mr. Ari Ben-Menashe has served in the Israel Defense Forces External Relations Department in key positions") and appendix, letters of reference dated September 4, 6 and 14, 1987.
+[^8]: "Espionage: Con Man or Key to a Mystery?," *Time,* 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718038/espionage-con-man-or-key-to-a-mystery/
+[^9]: "2 Acquitted of Trying to Sell Military Cargo Planes to Iran," *The Washington Post,* 1990. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/29/2-acquitted-of-trying-to-sell-military-cargo-planes-to-iran/2918bfd6-89a7-441a-a124-3b1916e90321/
+[^10]: United States v. Menashe, 741 F. Supp. 1135 (S.D.N.Y. 1990).
+[^11]: "Probe by House finds no 'October surprise,'" *The Baltimore Sun,* 1993. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1993-01-13-1993013111-story.html
+[^12]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, p. 113. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829
+[^13]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, on Ben-Menashe's call to Bill Hamilton after Casolaro's death.
+[^14]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993, on the PROMIS affidavits, the "Milon" recantation, and the finding that Ben-Menashe's account offered no evidentiary support for the Inslaw allegations.
+[^15]: "Fact or fiction? The claims of Ari Ben-Menashe," *Green Left,* 1992. https://www.greenleft.org.au/1992/42/fact-or-fiction-claims-ari-ben-menashe
+[^16]: Pipes, Daniel. "Gideon's Spies by Gordon Thomas," *Commentary,* 1999. https://www.commentary.org/articles/daniel-pipes/gideons-spies-by-gordon-thomas/
+[^17]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74.
+[^18]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt.
+[^19]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19 (October 24, 1991), sections 4 and 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 185 to 187).
+[^20]: "No wrong-doing in Inslaw affair, report says," *UPI,* 1993. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/17/No-wrong-doing-in-Inslaw-affair-report-says/5482740289600/
+[^21]: "The Vanunu affair and the Sunday Mirror photograph," contemporaneous press reporting noting the photograph was taken by Sunday Times journalist Peter Hounam, undercutting Ben-Menashe's account.
+[^22]: "Former Israeli Spy Ari Ben-Menashe on Israel's Relationship with Epstein," *MintPress News,* 2019. https://www.mintpressnews.com/ari-ben-menashe-israel-relationship-jeffrey-epstein/263465/
+[^23]: "What did Ari Ben-Menashe claim about Jeffrey Epstein," *Factually,* 2025. https://factually.co/fact-checks/media/ari-ben-menashe-claims-jeffrey-epstein-mossad-d56c30
+[^24]: "The Man of Mystery Hustling Myanmar," *Washington Monthly,* 2021. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021/03/13/the-man-of-mystery-hustling-myanmar/
+[^25]: "Tsvangirai acquitted of treason in Zimbabwe," *The Globe and Mail,* 2004. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/tsvangirai-acquitted-of-treason-in-zimbabwe/article18275151/
+[^26]: "The Curious Case of Bishkek's $1 Million Deal With Ex-Israeli Intelligence Worker," *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,* 2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/the-curious-case-of-bishkek-s-1-million-deal-with-ex-israeli-intelligence-worker-/31033365.html
+[^27]: McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, Inc., 91 F.3d 1501 (D.C. Cir. 1996).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Barbara Durr.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Barbara Durr.md
index f03accdf..74b3d8f5 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Barbara Durr.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Barbara Durr.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ summary: "Financial Times stringer in Peru who became involved in Ari Ben-Menash
 [[Barbara Durr|Durr]] accompanied [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] to [[Cangallo]] to secure the release of [[Cynthia McNamara]]. She was also present during [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] tense meeting with [[Carlos Cardoen]] in [[Chile]], where she was used as a veiled threat against [[Carlos Cardoen|Cardoen]] due to her journalistic connections.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md
index 5c2637bd..9c7918e4 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md	
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ The United States formally requested Cardoen's extradition in March 2019. The In
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess. (October 24, 1991), section 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 186 to 188).
 [^3]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), No. 93-241-CR, reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act (original order December 28, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
 [^4]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Faissal Ghows.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Faissal Ghows.md
index 89264ab3..c8b9cfaf 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Faissal Ghows.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Faissal Ghows.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ summary: "In December 1980, Ghows delivered $56 million to Ari Ben-Menashe in Gu
 In December 1980, [[Faissal Ghows|Ghows]] delivered $56 million to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in [[Guatemala]]. This money was part of a deal arranged by the [[United States|Americans]] for the release of [[United States|American]] hostages in [[Iran]]. Of the total, $40 million was in bank checks drawn on [[Banque Worms]], and $16 million was in cash. [[Faissal Ghows|Ghows]] also provided withdrawal papers from [[Banque Worms]] to legitimize the transaction.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Frank Chevrier.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Frank Chevrier.md
index b05614a7..130982b8 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Frank Chevrier.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Frank Chevrier.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "After Chevrier's fortunes changed and FXC International became a signi
 After [[Frank Chevrier|Chevrier]]'s fortunes changed and [[FXC International]] became a significant company, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] approached him with the idea of opening an aircraft division. This division would allow [[FXC International]] to broker secret sales of aircraft around the world on behalf of the [[United States|U.S.]] government.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fred Alvarez.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fred Alvarez.md
index 3c280ec9..a06e074d 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fred Alvarez.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fred Alvarez.md	
@@ -6,11 +6,18 @@ tags:
   - CIA
 summary: "Alvarez had been chosen to manage the Cabazon Casino shortly before his murder."
 ---
-[[Fred Alvarez]] was the former vice-chairman of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]. He was a victim of an execution-style triple homicide on June 29, 1981, in Rancho Mirage, [[California]], along with his friends [[Ralph Boger]] and [[Patricia Castro]]. His murder occurred just six months before the murder of [[Paul Morasca]].[^1]
+[[Fred Alvarez]] was the former vice-chairman of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]. He was a victim of an execution-style triple homicide in Rancho Mirage, [[California]], that [[Cheri Seymour]] dates to June 29, 1981, along with his friends [[Ralph Boger]] and [[Patricia Castro]]. His murder occurred just six months before the murder of [[Paul Morasca]].[^1]
 
-Alvarez had been chosen to manage the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] shortly before his murder. Reports related to the Alvarez triple-homicide, including those concerning "[[The Octopus]]", were later found in the "Paul Morasca Homicide Investigation File" in San Francisco, as the original Riverside files were missing.[^1]
+The Cabazon Indian Casino cardroom had been managed since September 1980 by [[Rocco Zangari]], under an agreement that the appellate panel described as appearing to be between Zangari and [[PN Associates, Inc.]], and that [[Arthur Welmas]] also signed. Zangari was discharged on November 5, 1981, according to the appellate panel, or on November 15, 1981, according to a January 1988 Press-Enterprise article.[^2][^3]
+
+A paper submitted by the California Attorney General's office to the Senate Special Committee on Investigations on February 8, 1989 states that in approximately May 1981 Alvarez, as tribal vice chairman and security chief at the Cabazon cardroom, began to doubt and publicly criticized the Cabazon management; that, according to his sister, he believed money was being skimmed from the cardroom and told local newspapers his life was in danger; that he was removed as vice chairman; and that he and two others decided to consult a lawyer about a suit to open the casino's books. It states that on July 2, 1981 Alvarez and two non-Indians were found dead, shot in the head with a .38 caliber revolver the evening before, and that the case was never solved.[^4]
+
+Alvarez had been chosen to manage the Cabazon Indian Reservation shortly before his murder. Reports related to the Alvarez triple-homicide, including those concerning "[[The Octopus]]", were later found in the "Paul Morasca Homicide Investigation File" in San Francisco, as the original Riverside files were missing.[^1]
 
 ---
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
\ No newline at end of file
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^2]: *Zangari v. Cabazon Indian Casino (In re Cabazon Indian Casino)*, 35 B.R. 124 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. December 29, 1983), BAP No. CC-82-1578-GVAb. https://static.case.law/br/35/cases/0124-01.json
+[^3]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), January 24, 1988, p. B-1, "Bingo profits rising as legal fight brews." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^4]: *Federal Government's Relationship with American Indians*, Hearings before the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, S. Hrg. 101-126, Part 2 (February 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1989), Robert Morehouse, "High Stakes Bingo on Indian Reservations in California," pp. 417 to 419. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0182
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gatsha Buthelezi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gatsha Buthelezi.md
index fcf60c6a..0d62a1a0 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gatsha Buthelezi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gatsha Buthelezi.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Mahlabathini, Natal, South Africa"
 Chief [[Gatsha Buthelezi]] was a figure in [[South Africa]] who led "black death squads" that were involved in violence against black revolutionary groups, including the [[African National Congress]]. This was part of an operation facilitated by the [[PROMIS]] software, which tracked dissidents and generated death lists. The term "Kushi kills Kushi" was used in [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence circles to describe these actions.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George Cave.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George Cave.md
index fd83fef4..6b3a4ac0 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George Cave.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George Cave.md	
@@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ In February 1989, [[George Cave|Cave]] was spotted in [[Paraguay]] with [[Earl B
 [[George Cave|Cave]] was named as an enemy of the state by an [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence committee in March 1989, due to his involvement in supplying [[Iraq]] with chemical weapons and nuclear technology.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gerald Bull.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gerald Bull.md
index 289021e9..94a3dfa6 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gerald Bull.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gerald Bull.md	
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Gerald Bull was named as an enemy of the state by an Israeli intelligence commit
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 16.
 [^3]: Timmerman, Kenneth R. *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq*. Houghton Mifflin, 1991, pp. 96-97, 283-284, 298-299.
 [^4]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 78-79, 116, 250.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gourdji.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gourdji.md
index de1e76a4..5b532b97 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gourdji.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Gourdji.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ He established an import-export business in [[Iran]] with his brother and later
 He supported the [[Gahal]] (later the [[Likud Party]]), a merger of [[Menachem Begin|Menachem Begin's]] Herut Party and the [[Israel Liberal Party]], due to his view of the [[Labor Party]] as self-serving and intertwined with the [[United States|United States]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Henry Grunwald.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Henry Grunwald.md
index e90cd6e7..762cef96 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Henry Grunwald.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Henry Grunwald.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "Vienna, Austria"
 [[Henry Grunwald]] was the editor-in-chief of *Time* magazine. He was responsible for vetoing the publication of [[Raji Samghabadi|Samghabadi's]] story detailing the [[Oliver North|North]]-[[Amiram Nir|Nir]] operation, which later became known as the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]. This decision was seen by some as an example of media control in the [[United States|U.S.]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Idi Amin.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Idi Amin.md
index f34cca42..5b30b02f 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Idi Amin.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Idi Amin.md	
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ location: "Koboko, Uganda"
 Relations between [[Israel]] and [[Uganda]] deteriorated after [[Muammar Qaddafi|Col. Muammar Qaddafi]] of [[Libya]] promised money to black [[Africa|African]] nations if they cut ties with [[Israel]]. Despite this, [[Idi Amin|Amin]] still wore the paratrooper's wings bestowed on him by the [[Israel|Israeli]] military during his training in [[Israel]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ihsan Barbouti.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ihsan Barbouti.md
index e8cdcae1..0c043aaa 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ihsan Barbouti.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ihsan Barbouti.md	
@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ The former Israeli intelligence officer [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] is the only source f
 [^1]: TK-7 Corp. v. Estate of Barbouti, 993 F.2d 722 (10th Cir. 1993).
 [^2]: Barbouti v. Hearst Corp., 927 S.W.2d 37 (Tex. App. 1996), reproducing Urban, Jerry. "Letter triggers new probe of Barbouti," *Houston Chronicle,* February 21, 1992, and "Barbouti's son found liable in technology theft scheme," *Houston Chronicle,* March 6, 1992.
 [^3]: Timmerman, Kenneth R. *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq*. Houghton Mifflin, 1991, pp. 264-273, 296, and note at p. 412.
-[^4]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^4]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeffrey Epstein.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeffrey Epstein.md
index e6ccc4e0..ee74addb 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeffrey Epstein.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeffrey Epstein.md	
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Gratitude America]]"
     start: 2012
     role: "private charity; paid Leon Botstein 37,500 dollars a quarter in 2016"
-    fn: 74
+    fn: 80
   - type: funded
     with: "[[Harvard University]]"
     start: 1998
@@ -89,27 +89,27 @@ relations:
     with: "[[World Transhumanist Association]]"
     start: 2010
     role: "20,000 dollars"
-    fn: 64
+    fn: 70
   - type: funded
     with: "[[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]]"
     start: 2009
     role: "50,000 dollars to the Singularity Institute through the C.O.U.Q. Foundation"
-    fn: 64
+    fn: 70
   - type: appointed
     with: "[[Darren Indyke]]"
     start: 2019-08-08
     role: "co-executor under the will"
-    fn: 125
+    fn: 135
   - type: appointed
     with: "[[Richard Kahn]]"
     start: 2019-08-08
     role: "co-executor under the will"
-    fn: 125
+    fn: 135
   - type: appointed
     with: "[[Boris Nikolic]]"
     start: 2019-08-08
     role: "backup executor under the will"
-    fn: 125
+    fn: 135
   - type: investigated
     with: "[[Palm Beach Police Department]]"
     reverse: true
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ relations:
     start: 2019
     end: 2019
     role: "United States v. Epstein, 19 Cr. 490"
-    fn: 116
+    fn: 126
   - type: represented
     with: "[[Jay Lefkowitz]]"
     reverse: true
@@ -168,29 +168,35 @@ relations:
     reverse: true
     start: 2011
     end: 2019
-    fn: 90
+    fn: 96
   - type: represented
     with: "[[Reid Weingarten]]"
     reverse: true
     start: 2019
     end: 2019
-    fn: 117
+    fn: 127
   - type: represented
     with: "[[Marc Fernich]]"
     reverse: true
     start: 2019
     end: 2019
-    fn: 117
+    fn: 127
   - type: relative_of
     with: "[[Mark Epstein]]"
     role: "brother"
-    fn: 94
+    fn: 100
   - type: funded
     with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
     start: 2014
     end: 2019
     role: "tuition and transfers paid from Epstein accounts, as recorded in Deutsche Bank statements and a Deutsche Bank exhibit"
-    fn: 153
+    fn: 118
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[Stephen Kosslyn]]"
+    role: "research support, two gifts totaling $200,000 to Harvard for Kosslyn's research"
+    start: 1998
+    end: 2002
+    fn: 61
 created: 2026-06-18
 updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
@@ -297,133 +303,139 @@ When Ghislaine Maxwell invoked the co-conspirator clause, the [[United States Co
 
 From the late 1990s Epstein financed and embedded himself in elite science through the literary agent John Brockman and his [[Edge Foundation]], whose annual "billionaires' dinner" Epstein attended and helped underwrite, and through targeted university gifts. He gave [[Harvard University]] 9,179,000 dollars between 1998 and 2007, of which 8,443,000 dollars came in 22 gifts before his 2006 arrest and 736,000 dollars came between the arrest and the 2008 conviction. The largest, 6.5 million dollars in 2003, established the [[Program for Evolutionary Dynamics]] under Martin Nowak, who gave Epstein an office and, according to Harvard's May 2020 internal review, key-card access and more than 40 visits after his 2008 conviction. The program's own original web text stated that it "was established in 2003 by Harvard University President [[Larry Summers|Lawrence H. Summers]] following an imaginative proposal by Jeffrey Epstein and [[Benedict Gross]]." Contemporary press reports described the gift as part of a 30 million dollar pledge; Harvard's review "found no Harvard record of such a pledge," and Epstein's own foundation website continued in 2020 to claim a 35 million dollar gift. Epstein had been admitted in September 2005 as a Visiting Fellow in the Department of Psychology on the recommendation of its chair, [[Stephen Kosslyn]], who had received 200,000 dollars from Epstein between 1998 and 2002 and did not disclose it.[^59][^60]
 
-Epstein cultivated scientists including Marvin Minsky of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], the geneticist George Church, the physicist [[Lawrence Krauss]], and the cognitive scientist Steven Pinker. He funded Minsky's April 2002 St. Thomas Common Sense Symposium and a December 2011 conference, and in March 2006, four months before his indictment, the "Confronting Gravity" conference in St. Thomas organized by Krauss, with about twenty physicists including Stephen Hawking and three Nobel laureates, and a barbecue on Little St. James.[^18][^61][^62]
+Harvard's Office of the General Counsel found that the Kosslyn money was two gifts, in 1998 and 2002, totaling $200,000 "to support Kosslyn's research," and that Kosslyn recommended Epstein on September 2, 2005, writing "I have known Jeffrey for about nine years" and "He has been my only collaborator on this project (for some five years now, I believe)." The application was approved on September 3, 2005 and a second year on April 21, 2006. Kosslyn told the reviewers that Epstein "was barely ever around."[^61]
 
-After President [[Drew Faust]] barred further Epstein gifts no later than November 2008, donors Epstein introduced gave Harvard 9.5 million dollars between 2010 and 2015: 7.5 million dollars for Nowak's program (500,000 dollars from the [[Falconwood Foundation]] in 2010, and 7 million dollars from Leon Black, [[Debra Black]] and the [[Black Family Foundation]] in 2011, 2014 and 2015) and 2 million dollars from Black for Church. Epstein's accountant arranged gift letters permitting Nowak to spend the Black money on rent, and Harvard development staff thanked Epstein in December 2014 "for trying to expedite this gift." Epstein had been a trustee of the Black Family Foundation from 1997 until, according to Black's representative, July 2007; Black's representative told Harvard that "none of the funds were provided by Mr. Epstein." On October 16, 2015, an itinerary sent to Epstein for a Cambridge visit listed a 2 p.m. meeting at Nowak's institute with the Harvard mathematician [[Shing-Tung Yau]]; on October 20, 2015, the physicist [[Andrew Strominger]] wrote to Epstein that a Black Hole Center with [[Avi Loeb]] "needs a 50 million endowment," and on February 17, 2016, Yau asked Epstein's assistant whether Epstein's friends would fund a black hole center, which "will take twenty million dollars."[^63] Black also gave 2 million dollars to Krauss's Origins Project at [[Arizona State University]] in 2014 and 2015, where one accounting entry listed Epstein's employer as "Leon D. Black, [[Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation|Enhanced Education]]," and, by the account of internal [[MIT Media Lab]] emails, 5.5 million dollars to the Media Lab in 2014 at Epstein's direction.[^59][^64][^65][^66]
+[[Minerva Project]] announced Kosslyn as its Founding Dean on March 12, 2013, and Epstein corresponded with him and with the company's executives in 2013 and 2014. Epstein's scheduler Lesley Groff arranged a February 22, 2013 lunch that the schedule lists as "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey."[^62] On February 23, 2013 Kosslyn wrote that he was "absolutely torn by the situation" about a position with the company, and Epstein replied: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front."[^63]
 
-Epstein's interest in genetics and population converged with a stated ambition to spread his own DNA. The 2019 New York Times report documented that he told scientists of plans to impregnate women at Zorro Ranch to seed the human race with his genome, and that he was drawn to [[transhumanism]] and [[eugenics]]. In 2010, after his conviction, Epstein gave 20,000 dollars to the [[World Transhumanist Association]] (Humanity+), and in 2009 his C.O.U.Q. Foundation gave 50,000 dollars to the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, now the [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]]. In 2014 he and Church formed an investment company, Georgarage, incorporated in Delaware by Darren Indyke, after Church sent Epstein a ten-stage, 10 million dollar investment plan that included "Supercentenarianstudy.com," reversing aging and "cold-resistant elephants." Epstein discussed Georgarage stakes in the xenotransplant company eGenesis, the gene-editing company Androcyte (where, its founder said, Epstein proposed becoming board chairman), and a California sequencing firm; no investment was completed. Androcyte's assets passed in 2017 to BetterHumans, which describes itself as "the world's first specifically-transhumanist bio-medical research organization." In 2013 Epstein's cells were sampled into Church's Personal Genome Project and cell lines were created, over staff objections to an attempt to expedite his sample. After his 2019 arrest, Church apologized for continued contact.[^18][^64][^67][^68]
+On September 15, 2014 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn that [[Bob Kerrey]] "did say you had rasied 100 m with the condition that if students didn't come the money would be returned" (sic throughout). Kosslyn replied: "I know nothing about that condition, and have no idea where he got that idea.. But maybe he knows something I don't know."[^64] On September 16, 2014 Kerrey wrote that the company "will return unspent money from the second round if we fail to recruit at the standard we have set."[^65] Form D filings of the company record a first sale on October 14, 2014 and an offering of $78,600,000.[^66]
 
-Epstein's publicists worked to attach his name to the institutions he funded. In mid-2013 his publicist asked Nowak's program for links because "a link on Harvard's network would be very helpful," and in 2014 obtained a "Friends" page on the program's website on which Epstein was the only entry, because "it would be very helpful in terms of Google results if his name were attached to a Harvard.edu url." In a 2012 email a person whose name is redacted in the Justice Department release told Epstein that press releases about Nowak's work had been placed with major outlets, with more planned on Church and others, in an effort to push "the bad stuff" off the first page of search results; Epstein replied that "ther[e] should be an article a day or every two days." In 2015 an Epstein foundation letter falsely told the [[John Templeton Foundation]] that Enhanced Education had funded Nowak's program since 2003, securing matching conditions for a 1.5 million dollar grant; Harvard's review found that Nowak and his administrator "provided false information."[^59][^67]
+Epstein cultivated scientists including Marvin Minsky of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], the geneticist George Church, the physicist [[Lawrence Krauss]], and the cognitive scientist Steven Pinker. He funded Minsky's April 2002 St. Thomas Common Sense Symposium and a December 2011 conference, and in March 2006, four months before his indictment, the "Confronting Gravity" conference in St. Thomas organized by Krauss, with about twenty physicists including Stephen Hawking and three Nobel laureates, and a barbecue on Little St. James.[^18][^67][^68]
 
-The MIT Media Lab director [[Joi Ito]] resigned on September 7, 2019 over revelations, reported by [[Ronan Farrow]], that the lab had concealed Epstein's donations. Farrow reported, citing internal documents and the former development associate [[Signe Swenson]], that Epstein was listed as "disqualified" in MIT's donor database and that the Media Lab recorded his gifts as anonymous. MIT's investigators at [[Goodwin Procter]] wrote that "neither Epstein nor his foundations was ever coded as 'disqualified,'" a code it said denotes dormant donors, while confirming that MIT's senior team (General Counsel R. Gregory Morgan, Vice President Jeffrey Newton and Treasurer Israel Ruiz) approved the anonymous-gift framework in June 2013: "We do not want his name appearing on any list of supporters or donors in any form."[^65][^69]
+After President [[Drew Faust]] barred further Epstein gifts no later than November 2008, donors Epstein introduced gave Harvard 9.5 million dollars between 2010 and 2015: 7.5 million dollars for Nowak's program (500,000 dollars from the [[Falconwood Foundation]] in 2010, and 7 million dollars from Leon Black, [[Debra Black]] and the [[Black Family Foundation]] in 2011, 2014 and 2015) and 2 million dollars from Black for Church. Epstein's accountant arranged gift letters permitting Nowak to spend the Black money on rent, and Harvard development staff thanked Epstein in December 2014 "for trying to expedite this gift." Epstein had been a trustee of the Black Family Foundation from 1997 until, according to Black's representative, July 2007; Black's representative told Harvard that "none of the funds were provided by Mr. Epstein." On October 16, 2015, an itinerary sent to Epstein for a Cambridge visit listed a 2 p.m. meeting at Nowak's institute with the Harvard mathematician [[Shing-Tung Yau]]; on October 20, 2015, the physicist [[Andrew Strominger]] wrote to Epstein that a Black Hole Center with [[Avi Loeb]] "needs a 50 million endowment," and on February 17, 2016, Yau asked Epstein's assistant whether Epstein's friends would fund a black hole center, which "will take twenty million dollars."[^69] Black also gave 2 million dollars to Krauss's Origins Project at [[Arizona State University]] in 2014 and 2015, where one accounting entry listed Epstein's employer as "Leon D. Black, [[Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation|Enhanced Education]]," and, by the account of internal [[MIT Media Lab]] emails, 5.5 million dollars to the Media Lab in 2014 at Epstein's direction.[^59][^70][^71][^72]
+
+Epstein's interest in genetics and population converged with a stated ambition to spread his own DNA. The 2019 New York Times report documented that he told scientists of plans to impregnate women at Zorro Ranch to seed the human race with his genome, and that he was drawn to [[transhumanism]] and [[eugenics]]. In 2010, after his conviction, Epstein gave 20,000 dollars to the [[World Transhumanist Association]] (Humanity+), and in 2009 his C.O.U.Q. Foundation gave 50,000 dollars to the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, now the [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]]. In 2014 he and Church formed an investment company, Georgarage, incorporated in Delaware by Darren Indyke, after Church sent Epstein a ten-stage, 10 million dollar investment plan that included "Supercentenarianstudy.com," reversing aging and "cold-resistant elephants." Epstein discussed Georgarage stakes in the xenotransplant company eGenesis, the gene-editing company Androcyte (where, its founder said, Epstein proposed becoming board chairman), and a California sequencing firm; no investment was completed. Androcyte's assets passed in 2017 to BetterHumans, which describes itself as "the world's first specifically-transhumanist bio-medical research organization." In 2013 Epstein's cells were sampled into Church's Personal Genome Project and cell lines were created, over staff objections to an attempt to expedite his sample. After his 2019 arrest, Church apologized for continued contact.[^18][^70][^73][^74]
+
+Epstein's publicists worked to attach his name to the institutions he funded. In mid-2013 his publicist asked Nowak's program for links because "a link on Harvard's network would be very helpful," and in 2014 obtained a "Friends" page on the program's website on which Epstein was the only entry, because "it would be very helpful in terms of Google results if his name were attached to a Harvard.edu url." In a 2012 email a person whose name is redacted in the Justice Department release told Epstein that press releases about Nowak's work had been placed with major outlets, with more planned on Church and others, in an effort to push "the bad stuff" off the first page of search results; Epstein replied that "ther[e] should be an article a day or every two days." In 2015 an Epstein foundation letter falsely told the [[John Templeton Foundation]] that Enhanced Education had funded Nowak's program since 2003, securing matching conditions for a 1.5 million dollar grant; Harvard's review found that Nowak and his administrator "provided false information."[^59][^73]
+
+The MIT Media Lab director [[Joi Ito]] resigned on September 7, 2019 over revelations, reported by [[Ronan Farrow]], that the lab had concealed Epstein's donations. Farrow reported, citing internal documents and the former development associate [[Signe Swenson]], that Epstein was listed as "disqualified" in MIT's donor database and that the Media Lab recorded his gifts as anonymous. MIT's investigators at [[Goodwin Procter]] wrote that "neither Epstein nor his foundations was ever coded as 'disqualified,'" a code it said denotes dormant donors, while confirming that MIT's senior team (General Counsel R. Gregory Morgan, Vice President Jeffrey Newton and Treasurer Israel Ruiz) approved the anonymous-gift framework in June 2013: "We do not want his name appearing on any list of supporters or donors in any form."[^71][^75]
 
 ### The Post-Conviction Network
 
-After the 2008 plea Epstein rebuilt his social and business standing and continued to broker access among the wealthy and powerful. On December 2, 2010, seventeen months after his release, he hosted a small dinner for Prince Andrew, who was staying at the Manhattan house; the publicist [[Peggy Siegal]] organized it and listed the guests as Andrew, [[Woody Allen]] and [[Soon-Yi Previn]], [[Katie Couric]] and [[George Stephanopoulos]], describing the house as "one [of] the largest single dwellings in New York."[^70]
+After the 2008 plea Epstein rebuilt his social and business standing and continued to broker access among the wealthy and powerful. On December 2, 2010, seventeen months after his release, he hosted a small dinner for Prince Andrew, who was staying at the Manhattan house; the publicist [[Peggy Siegal]] organized it and listed the guests as Andrew, [[Woody Allen]] and [[Soon-Yi Previn]], [[Katie Couric]] and [[George Stephanopoulos]], describing the house as "one [of] the largest single dwellings in New York."[^76]
 
-The [[Wall Street Journal]] reporting on his recovered calendars documented post-conviction meetings with [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Kathryn Ruemmler]], Tom Pritzker and William Burns. Burns met Epstein three times in 2014 while serving as [[Deputy Secretary of State]]; the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] spokeswoman [[Tammy Kupperman Thorp]] said in 2023 that Burns remembered "meeting Epstein once briefly in New York." Ruemmler, the [[Barack Obama]] administration's [[White House Counsel]] from 2011 to 2014, had more than three dozen appointments with Epstein between 2014 and 2019; Epstein's staff asked him twice whether young women should be kept out of the townhouse while she was there. On January 8, 2015 she wrote to Epstein: "John Brennan gave me the CIA Agency Medal (the CIA's highest award) this morning. How cool is that?" Ruemmler told the Journal: "I regret ever knowing Jeffrey Epstein." Chomsky had 270,000 dollars moved through Epstein's office.[^71][^72][^73]
+The [[Wall Street Journal]] reporting on his recovered calendars documented post-conviction meetings with [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Kathryn Ruemmler]], Tom Pritzker and William Burns. Burns met Epstein three times in 2014 while serving as [[Deputy Secretary of State]]; the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] spokeswoman [[Tammy Kupperman Thorp]] said in 2023 that Burns remembered "meeting Epstein once briefly in New York." Ruemmler, the [[Barack Obama]] administration's [[White House Counsel]] from 2011 to 2014, had more than three dozen appointments with Epstein between 2014 and 2019; Epstein's staff asked him twice whether young women should be kept out of the townhouse while she was there. On January 8, 2015 she wrote to Epstein: "John Brennan gave me the CIA Agency Medal (the CIA's highest award) this morning. How cool is that?" Ruemmler told the Journal: "I regret ever knowing Jeffrey Epstein." Chomsky had 270,000 dollars moved through Epstein's office.[^77][^78][^79]
 
-Epstein's charity [[Gratitude America]], whose operating account was at [[Deutsche Bank]] Trust Company Americas, paid the president of [[Bard College]], [[Leon Botstein]], in quarterly checks; one dated August 1, 2016, for 37,500 dollars payable to "Leon Botstein," bears the memo "3rd Quarterly Payment of 4." Deutsche Bank later produced the check images to federal prosecutors in New York. Bard said the 150,000 dollars was compensation for a year on the foundation's board as a music expert, and Botstein said he gave it to the college as part of a one million dollar gift that year: "I didn't benefit personally at all."[^74]
+Epstein's charity [[Gratitude America]], whose operating account was at [[Deutsche Bank]] Trust Company Americas, paid the president of [[Bard College]], [[Leon Botstein]], in quarterly checks; one dated August 1, 2016, for 37,500 dollars payable to "Leon Botstein," bears the memo "3rd Quarterly Payment of 4." Deutsche Bank later produced the check images to federal prosecutors in New York. Bard said the 150,000 dollars was compensation for a year on the foundation's board as a music expert, and Botstein said he gave it to the college as part of a one million dollar gift that year: "I didn't benefit personally at all."[^80]
 
-In an iMessage exchange of August 23, 2018 exported from a device whose owner's name is redacted, the contact saved as "Steve Bannon" wrote, "Do u have access that's not the front door," adding that "they have 24/7 surveillance on u," and, asked who was watching, "Don't know but real folks costing lot of coin." The account holder proposed meeting at "301 East 66," adding "I don't like he regency as it is totally wired" and "There is also a rear entrance on 67"; that evening he wrote, "Your girlfriend Ruemmler is coming over," proposed "a private screening of dharma for the power players. . . . Non of my fingerprints," referring to [[Errol Morris]]'s documentary on Bannon, and later wrote: "your girlfriend is outraged. . I suggested to her he pardon everyone, say this is not good for the country , and then fake the heart attack." [[Steve Bannon]] confirmed to the New York Times in 2021 that he had recorded more than 15 hours of interviews with Epstein for a documentary that was never released.[^75]
+In an iMessage exchange of August 23, 2018 exported from a device whose owner's name is redacted, the contact saved as "Steve Bannon" wrote, "Do u have access that's not the front door," adding that "they have 24/7 surveillance on u," and, asked who was watching, "Don't know but real folks costing lot of coin." The account holder proposed meeting at "301 East 66," adding "I don't like he regency as it is totally wired" and "There is also a rear entrance on 67"; that evening he wrote, "Your girlfriend Ruemmler is coming over," proposed "a private screening of dharma for the power players. . . . Non of my fingerprints," referring to [[Errol Morris]]'s documentary on Bannon, and later wrote: "your girlfriend is outraged. . I suggested to her he pardon everyone, say this is not good for the country , and then fake the heart attack." [[Steve Bannon]] confirmed to the New York Times in 2021 that he had recorded more than 15 hours of interviews with Epstein for a documentary that was never released.[^81]
 
-On August 8, 2016, in reply to Epstein's question "who attends," Pritzker sent him the membership of the [[Aspen Strategy Group]]: "Nye, Scowcroft and Nick Burns run it (Scowcroft being replaced by Condi). Members include Patraeus, Albright, Slaughter, Donalon (Obama [[NSA]]), Hadley (Bush NSA), Sullivan (NSA Hillary), Bill Burns (State #2), Kurt Campbell, Hoss Carwright (#2 Jt Chiefs), Harman, Ignatius, Sanger, Nunn, Reed, Sawers (MI6), Sherman (iran deal), Work (current #2 DoD). It seems to now be taking on an aura." [[John Sawers]] had been chief of MI6.[^76]
+On August 8, 2016, in reply to Epstein's question "who attends," Pritzker sent him the membership of the [[Aspen Strategy Group]]: "Nye, Scowcroft and Nick Burns run it (Scowcroft being replaced by Condi). Members include Patraeus, Albright, Slaughter, Donalon (Obama [[NSA]]), Hadley (Bush NSA), Sullivan (NSA Hillary), Bill Burns (State #2), Kurt Campbell, Hoss Carwright (#2 Jt Chiefs), Harman, Ignatius, Sanger, Nunn, Reed, Sawers (MI6), Sherman (iran deal), Work (current #2 DoD). It seems to now be taking on an aura." [[John Sawers]] had been chief of MI6.[^82]
 
-Justice Department releases record a dinner on August 2, 2015 at the Baume restaurant in [[Palo Alto]], which the organizers bought out, whose confirmed attendees were [[Ed Boyden]], Reid Hoffman, Mark Zuckerberg, [[Priscilla Chan]], Peter Thiel, Epstein, Elon Musk and Joi Ito. On August 12, 2010 a correspondent whose name is redacted asked Epstein for "suggestions for an old guy. super smart / well connected that wants to continue legacy of 'old school' secret society?"; on February 6, 2016 Epstein wrote to another redacted correspondent that "peter thiel LOVED the secret socieity idea. . he has done alot of work on the concept. all failed so far," and received the reply ":-) let's do it."[^77][^78]
+Justice Department releases record a dinner on August 2, 2015 at the Baume restaurant in [[Palo Alto]], which the organizers bought out, whose confirmed attendees were [[Ed Boyden]], Reid Hoffman, Mark Zuckerberg, [[Priscilla Chan]], Peter Thiel, Epstein, Elon Musk and Joi Ito. On August 12, 2010 a correspondent whose name is redacted asked Epstein for "suggestions for an old guy. super smart / well connected that wants to continue legacy of 'old school' secret society?"; on February 6, 2016 Epstein wrote to another redacted correspondent that "peter thiel LOVED the secret socieity idea. . he has done alot of work on the concept. all failed so far," and received the reply ":-) let's do it."[^83][^84]
 
-JPMorgan records produced in the Virgin Islands case show Epstein arranging introductions for [[Jes Staley]] to Ehud Barak, [[Peter Mandelson]] and Bill Gates, and referring Pritzker to the bank; in January 2008, months before Epstein's plea, Staley had his assistant arrange a meeting between Barak and JPMorgan executives through [[Jamie Dimon]]'s office. Epstein arranged two consulting arrangements for Larry Summers from 2013, a paid advisory seat with the Mongolian president's office worth up to 100,000 dollars a year and a Kazakhstan economic-policy engagement for which Epstein proposed "3-5 million per year"; Summers formed LHSummers Economic Consulting LLC two months after Epstein raised the idea, and an Epstein foundation paid 14,000 dollars for his 2014 first-class airfare to Kazakhstan.[^12][^43][^79]
+JPMorgan records produced in the Virgin Islands case show Epstein arranging introductions for [[Jes Staley]] to Ehud Barak, [[Peter Mandelson]] and Bill Gates, and referring Pritzker to the bank; in January 2008, months before Epstein's plea, Staley had his assistant arrange a meeting between Barak and JPMorgan executives through [[Jamie Dimon]]'s office. Epstein arranged two consulting arrangements for Larry Summers from 2013, a paid advisory seat with the Mongolian president's office worth up to 100,000 dollars a year and a Kazakhstan economic-policy engagement for which Epstein proposed "3-5 million per year"; Summers formed LHSummers Economic Consulting LLC two months after Epstein raised the idea, and an Epstein foundation paid 14,000 dollars for his 2014 first-class airfare to Kazakhstan.[^12][^43][^85]
 
-Howard Lutnick, who in 1998 bought 11 East 71st Street from an entity that had bought it from Epstein in 1996, signed an investment contract in the advertising company Adfin four days after a December 24, 2012 lunch on Little St. James, with Epstein signing for [[Southern Trust Company]]. A calendar alert of December 20, 2012 asked: "can Howard Lutnick do lunch Sat or Sun on JE's island?" In October 2025 Lutnick said he had cut ties with Epstein in 2005. An FBI Guardian complaint form dated April 23, 2021 and filed under the Epstein child-sex-trafficking case number records an October 2020 call from a caller describing himself as a former Cantor Fitzgerald compliance employee, who alleged money laundering by Lutnick through [[BGC Partners|BGC Financial]] and [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], claimed to hold documents linking Lutnick to Epstein and Maxwell, and alleged that "Epstein also sold Lutnick a house for $10 dollars through a trust fund." The FBI's own database query for Lutnick returned 26 results in New York case files, including a closed money-laundering case and a RICO real-estate control file, and three suspicious activity reports; the form notes that "queries were not conducted on Epstein and Maxwell due to the sensitive nature of the case." The caller's allegations are recorded in the form as his statements, without findings.[^80][^81]
+Howard Lutnick, who in 1998 bought 11 East 71st Street from an entity that had bought it from Epstein in 1996, signed an investment contract in the advertising company Adfin four days after a December 24, 2012 lunch on Little St. James, with Epstein signing for [[Southern Trust Company]]. A calendar alert of December 20, 2012 asked: "can Howard Lutnick do lunch Sat or Sun on JE's island?" In October 2025 Lutnick said he had cut ties with Epstein in 2005. An FBI Guardian complaint form dated April 23, 2021 and filed under the Epstein child-sex-trafficking case number records an October 2020 call from a caller describing himself as a former Cantor Fitzgerald compliance employee, who alleged money laundering by Lutnick through [[BGC Partners|BGC Financial]] and [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], claimed to hold documents linking Lutnick to Epstein and Maxwell, and alleged that "Epstein also sold Lutnick a house for $10 dollars through a trust fund." The FBI's own database query for Lutnick returned 26 results in New York case files, including a closed money-laundering case and a RICO real-estate control file, and three suspicious activity reports; the form notes that "queries were not conducted on Epstein and Maxwell due to the sensitive nature of the case." The caller's allegations are recorded in the form as his statements, without findings.[^86][^87]
 
-The political relationships were older and equally documented. Bill Clinton flew on the 727 more than two dozen times in the early 2000s, including a 2002 trip to Africa connected to the [[Clinton Foundation]], while denying any knowledge of Epstein's crimes or any visit to Little St. James. Prince Andrew, the [[Duke of York]], was photographed with Virginia Giuffre in 2001, settled her 2021 civil suit for a reported sum in 2022 without admitting liability, and was stripped of his royal and military titles between 2022 and 2025; an FBI New York email of June 8, 2020 asked about the status of the "MLAT request for Prince Andrew." Donald Trump socialized with Epstein in the 1990s and early 2000s before a falling out, a relationship documented in flight logs, contemporaneous quotes, and a disputed 2003 birthday letter.[^71][^82][^83]
+The political relationships were older and equally documented. Bill Clinton flew on the 727 more than two dozen times in the early 2000s, including a 2002 trip to Africa connected to the [[Clinton Foundation]], while denying any knowledge of Epstein's crimes or any visit to Little St. James. Prince Andrew, the [[Duke of York]], was photographed with Virginia Giuffre in 2001, settled her 2021 civil suit for a reported sum in 2022 without admitting liability, and was stripped of his royal and military titles between 2022 and 2025; an FBI New York email of June 8, 2020 asked about the status of the "MLAT request for Prince Andrew." Donald Trump socialized with Epstein in the 1990s and early 2000s before a falling out, a relationship documented in flight logs, contemporaneous quotes, and a disputed 2003 birthday letter.[^77][^88][^89]
 
 ### Carbyne and Ehud Barak
 
-Epstein invested in the Israeli emergency-response company Reporty Homeland Security, renamed Carbyne in 2018 and chaired by Ehud Barak, through SUM (E.B.) Limited Partnership, whose general partner was Ergo (E.B. 2014) Ltd. In February 2019 SUM held warrants to buy 61,251 more preferred shares for 3.5 million dollars, raising its stake "from about 13% to about 26.33%, on a fully diluted basis"; the exercise was funded by Southern Trust (2.4 million dollars) and [[NJF Capital]], formerly Montilla International Corporation (1.2 million dollars), and wired through [[Bank Leumi]]. When the bank's anti-money-laundering review asked for the "controlling person" of the limited partners, Indyke asked Epstein on March 14, 2019 whether he could confirm that Epstein was the controlling person of Southern Trust, and Epstein replied "Yes." Barak wrote to Epstein on March 11 that the disclosure demands reflected "the Israeli banks paranoia after they paid the penalties they've paid to the US authorities for past mistakes," adding: "According to our experience it was never leaked out of the banks. Just kept with them as an insurance policy."[^84]
+Epstein invested in the Israeli emergency-response company Reporty Homeland Security, renamed Carbyne in 2018 and chaired by Ehud Barak, through SUM (E.B.) Limited Partnership, whose general partner was Ergo (E.B. 2014) Ltd. In February 2019 SUM held warrants to buy 61,251 more preferred shares for 3.5 million dollars, raising its stake "from about 13% to about 26.33%, on a fully diluted basis"; the exercise was funded by Southern Trust (2.4 million dollars) and [[NJF Capital]], formerly Montilla International Corporation (1.2 million dollars), and wired through [[Bank Leumi]]. When the bank's anti-money-laundering review asked for the "controlling person" of the limited partners, Indyke asked Epstein on March 14, 2019 whether he could confirm that Epstein was the controlling person of Southern Trust, and Epstein replied "Yes." Barak wrote to Epstein on March 11 that the disclosure demands reflected "the Israeli banks paranoia after they paid the penalties they've paid to the US authorities for past mistakes," adding: "According to our experience it was never leaked out of the banks. Just kept with them as an insurance policy."[^90]
 
-On January 1, 2019, with Epstein copied, Barak sent [[Jabor Al Thani]] a presentation of Carbyne, "public safety company of which I'm the chairman and leading investor," for the security of the 2022 World Cup in [[Qatar]]: "We can work through a European company of your choice and minimize Israeli profile." Jabor Al Thani asked for help with "any anti-drone services or technologies" and named the country manager of a Qatari security services company as his contact; Barak made Carbyne's chief executive, [[Amir Elichai]], the point of contact. On May 21, 2018 Epstein had written to Peter Thiel: "FYI trae is meeting carbyne Ehud Barak co." In February 2019 [[Nicole Junkermann]], a co-investor, wrote to Epstein that "Carbyne invested 1.5 m (1m you and 0.5m me) net of fees is 3.9m your share, Ehud carry 1.5 m and my share 2m," in a message that also concerned a separate "China" matter which she asked whether Barak could help with.[^85][^86][^87]
+On January 1, 2019, with Epstein copied, Barak sent [[Jabor Al Thani]] a presentation of Carbyne, "public safety company of which I'm the chairman and leading investor," for the security of the 2022 World Cup in [[Qatar]]: "We can work through a European company of your choice and minimize Israeli profile." Jabor Al Thani asked for help with "any anti-drone services or technologies" and named the country manager of a Qatari security services company as his contact; Barak made Carbyne's chief executive, [[Amir Elichai]], the point of contact. On May 21, 2018 Epstein had written to Peter Thiel: "FYI trae is meeting carbyne Ehud Barak co." In February 2019 [[Nicole Junkermann]], a co-investor, wrote to Epstein that "Carbyne invested 1.5 m (1m you and 0.5m me) net of fees is 3.9m your share, Ehud carry 1.5 m and my share 2m," in a message that also concerned a separate "China" matter which she asked whether Barak could help with.[^91][^92][^93]
 
 On November 8, 2017, as reporting broke on the lawyer [[David Boies]]'s use of former Israeli intelligence operatives, Epstein wrote to Barak: "boies said he got to the mossad guys through you? true?" and then, "Did Boies ask you to help Obtain former mossad agents to do dirty investigations. ? this is getting a lot of press." Barak replied the next morning: "Call me.. [redacted] in Paris." Barak said in February 2026: "I regret meeting him."[^14][^16]
 
 ### Vitaly Churkin
 
-Epstein's iMessage exchanges with Vitaly Churkin, Russia's Permanent Representative to the [[United Nations]], run from November 2015 to January 10, 2017. Epstein wrote in December 2015 "Oil now at the 36 $ level I suggested," and in February 2016 "Good work on Syria , markets will continue bad." He offered Churkin meals with Barak and Summers, introduced "my very close friend Tom Pritzker," and mentioned that "thorbjorn jagland will be staying with me," a reference to [[Thorbjørn Jagland]], then Secretary General of the [[Council of Europe]]. He arranged work for Churkin's son: "Any maxim help is confidential," then "First job confirmed to start day after Labor Day," and later "Maxim is scoring good grades . Thought u should know." On August 29, 2016 Epstein hosted a lunch for Barak, [[Tom Barrack]] and Churkin. Their last exchange arranged a lunch on January 10, 2017. Churkin died in New York on February 20, 2017; Epstein's office scheduled calls and a meeting with his son through August 2017.[^88]
+Epstein's iMessage exchanges with Vitaly Churkin, Russia's Permanent Representative to the [[United Nations]], run from November 2015 to January 10, 2017. Epstein wrote in December 2015 "Oil now at the 36 $ level I suggested," and in February 2016 "Good work on Syria , markets will continue bad." He offered Churkin meals with Barak and Summers, introduced "my very close friend Tom Pritzker," and mentioned that "thorbjorn jagland will be staying with me," a reference to [[Thorbjørn Jagland]], then Secretary General of the [[Council of Europe]]. He arranged work for Churkin's son: "Any maxim help is confidential," then "First job confirmed to start day after Labor Day," and later "Maxim is scoring good grades . Thought u should know." On August 29, 2016 Epstein hosted a lunch for Barak, [[Tom Barrack]] and Churkin. Their last exchange arranged a lunch on January 10, 2017. Churkin died in New York on February 20, 2017; Epstein's office scheduled calls and a meeting with his son through August 2017.[^94]
 
 ### The Intelligence and Blackmail Question
 
-The recurring claim that Epstein's operation served an intelligence or blackmail function rests on several documented strands and one contested central assertion. The documented strands include Ghislaine Maxwell's intelligence-linked paternity; Epstein's investment with Barak in Carbyne and his attempts to connect Barak with Peter Thiel over [[Palantir Technologies|Palantir]]; the instrumentation of his properties with cameras; and the 2019 search of the townhouse, which recovered a safe containing compact discs, cash, diamonds, and an expired foreign passport with Epstein's photograph under another name. The contested central assertion is the claim, attributed by Vicky Ward to a former senior [[White House]] official, that Acosta had told Trump transition vetters he was given to understand Epstein "belonged to intelligence" and to leave the case alone.[^54][^71]
+The recurring claim that Epstein's operation served an intelligence or blackmail function rests on several documented strands and one contested central assertion. The documented strands include Ghislaine Maxwell's intelligence-linked paternity; Epstein's investment with Barak in Carbyne and his attempts to connect Barak with Peter Thiel over [[Palantir Technologies|Palantir]]; the instrumentation of his properties with cameras; and the 2019 search of the townhouse, which recovered a safe containing compact discs, cash, diamonds, and an expired foreign passport with Epstein's photograph under another name. The contested central assertion is the claim, attributed by Vicky Ward to a former senior [[White House]] official, that Acosta had told Trump transition vetters he was given to understand Epstein "belonged to intelligence" and to leave the case alone.[^54][^77]
 
-Acosta denied the account in a voluntary transcribed interview with the House Oversight Committee on September 19, 2025, saying he had no knowledge of whether Epstein was connected to any intelligence service. The "belonged to intelligence" quote traces to a single anonymous source. William Barr, Attorney General at the time of Epstein's 2019 arrest and death, was asked about the account in an August 18, 2025 deposition before the committee and answered that he knew of it only from "what's ever been reported in articles over the years." He said he had "no reason to believe he was working for the CIA or any intelligence agency, and I'm dubious about claims like that," answered "No" when asked whether Epstein had been an employee, asset, or informant of any foreign service, and said that "if he was an American asset, as opposed to some businessman who shares stuff with the government, I would've heard about it from the intelligence agency." No declassified document confirms that Epstein worked for any agency of any country.[^54][^89]
+Acosta denied the account in a voluntary transcribed interview with the House Oversight Committee on September 19, 2025, saying he had no knowledge of whether Epstein was connected to any intelligence service. The "belonged to intelligence" quote traces to a single anonymous source. William Barr, Attorney General at the time of Epstein's 2019 arrest and death, was asked about the account in an August 18, 2025 deposition before the committee and answered that he knew of it only from "what's ever been reported in articles over the years." He said he had "no reason to believe he was working for the CIA or any intelligence agency, and I'm dubious about claims like that," answered "No" when asked whether Epstein had been an employee, asset, or informant of any foreign service, and said that "if he was an American asset, as opposed to some businessman who shares stuff with the government, I would've heard about it from the intelligence agency." No declassified document confirms that Epstein worked for any agency of any country.[^54][^95]
 
-In July 2011 Epstein, through his lawyer [[Martin Weinberg]], had Privacy Act requests pending with both the FBI and the CIA for whatever records the agencies held on him. Weinberg wrote to him on July 18, 2011: "we filled out fbi privacy waiver with VI address last year, we filed CIA [[Freedom of Information Act|FOIA]] - they have it - we need a separate privacy waiver signed in 2011 for them to fully process."[^90]
+In July 2011 Epstein, through his lawyer [[Martin Weinberg]], had Privacy Act requests pending with both the FBI and the CIA for whatever records the agencies held on him. Weinberg wrote to him on July 18, 2011: "we filled out fbi privacy waiver with VI address last year, we filed CIA [[Freedom of Information Act|FOIA]] - they have it - we need a separate privacy waiver signed in 2011 for them to fully process."[^96]
 
-The earliest known report to law enforcement came on August 29, 1996, when Maria Farmer reported to the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]]'s Sixth Precinct (complaint No. 1996-0067241, recording that Epstein "did call her and stated he was going to burn victim's painting" and "has keys to victim's apartment") and then by telephone to the FBI. She alleges that she told the Bureau of the recording devices and monitoring equipment Epstein had shown her at the New York house and of a "modeling book" of apparently underage girls kept in his safe, which Maxwell said was used in connection with Victoria's Secret; that she had been assaulted at Epstein's house in [[New Albany, Ohio]], "part of or adjacent to Les Wexner's estate," and held there by "a local Sheriff and other persons connected with Wexner"; and that the FBI hung up on her mid-sentence. FBI agents interviewed her in 2006 during the Florida investigation. The Bureau's record of the 1996 report was released on December 23, 2025. In July 2023 she and Sarah Ransome filed a 600 million dollar Federal Tort Claims Act claim against the FBI, and in May 2025 she sued the United States (No. 1:25-cv-01709-RBW (D.D.C.)). Her complaint also records that in 1992 the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] leased Epstein a New York townhouse and sued him in 1996 after he sublet it at a profit, and that he relied in his defense on communications with an official of the Office of Foreign Missions; certain documents in that case were sealed.[^91][^92][^93]
+The earliest known report to law enforcement came on August 29, 1996, when Maria Farmer reported to the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]]'s Sixth Precinct (complaint No. 1996-0067241, recording that Epstein "did call her and stated he was going to burn victim's painting" and "has keys to victim's apartment") and then by telephone to the FBI. She alleges that she told the Bureau of the recording devices and monitoring equipment Epstein had shown her at the New York house and of a "modeling book" of apparently underage girls kept in his safe, which Maxwell said was used in connection with Victoria's Secret; that she had been assaulted at Epstein's house in [[New Albany, Ohio]], "part of or adjacent to Les Wexner's estate," and held there by "a local Sheriff and other persons connected with Wexner"; and that the FBI hung up on her mid-sentence. FBI agents interviewed her in 2006 during the Florida investigation. The Bureau's record of the 1996 report was released on December 23, 2025. In July 2023 she and Sarah Ransome filed a 600 million dollar Federal Tort Claims Act claim against the FBI, and in May 2025 she sued the United States (No. 1:25-cv-01709-RBW (D.D.C.)). Her complaint also records that in 1992 the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] leased Epstein a New York townhouse and sued him in 1996 after he sublet it at a profit, and that he relied in his defense on communications with an official of the Office of Foreign Missions; certain documents in that case were sealed.[^97][^98][^99]
 
-Accounts from victims and household staff describing cameras in the properties, combined with the 2019 recovery of compact discs and the foreign passport from the townhouse safe, are the documented basis for the inference that the operation was instrumented to generate leverage. In December 2009, five months after his release, a correspondent signing "Gmax" wrote to Epstein: "If you call I'd start by saying what ever you saw was fake and part of a blackmail scheme." No recordings of guests have been produced publicly, and no service of any country has acknowledged a relationship with Epstein. What the cameras recorded, and where any recordings went, is not established in the public record.[^17][^54][^94][^95]
+Accounts from victims and household staff describing cameras in the properties, combined with the 2019 recovery of compact discs and the foreign passport from the townhouse safe, are the documented basis for the inference that the operation was instrumented to generate leverage. In December 2009, five months after his release, a correspondent signing "Gmax" wrote to Epstein: "If you call I'd start by saying what ever you saw was fake and part of a blackmail scheme." No recordings of guests have been produced publicly, and no service of any country has acknowledged a relationship with Epstein. What the cameras recorded, and where any recordings went, is not established in the public record.[^17][^54][^100][^101]
 
 ### The Financial Structures and the Bank Settlements
 
-Epstein's finances ran through entities chartered in the U.S. Virgin Islands, including Financial Trust Company, incorporated in St. Thomas on November 6, 1998, and Southern Trust Company, incorporated on November 18, 2011 as Financial Informatics, Inc. and renamed in September 2012, with assets of about 391 million dollars in 2015. Both obtained territorial tax benefits under the [[Economic Development Commission]] program: Financial Trust from 1999 under a certificate signed by Industrial Development Commission director [[Frandelle Gerard]], amended in 2012 over the signature of EDC chairman [[Albert Bryan]], who also signed Southern Trust's January 24, 2014 certificate. At the November 15, 2012 EDC hearing the company described its business under oath as "cutting edge consulting services" in "biomedical and financial informatics"; the Virgin Islands later alleged that Southern Trust obtained the benefits for a business it never conducted and existed to fund Epstein's criminal activity and properties. His banking ran through JPMorgan Chase, which kept him as a client until 2013, then Deutsche Bank, and also through [[BNY Mellon]]; the June 15, 2007 7.4 million dollar wire to Maxwell for her Sikorsky helicopter came from his Mellon Bank account.[^11][^12][^20][^96][^97]
+Epstein's finances ran through entities chartered in the U.S. Virgin Islands, including Financial Trust Company, incorporated in St. Thomas on November 6, 1998, and Southern Trust Company, incorporated on November 18, 2011 as Financial Informatics, Inc. and renamed in September 2012, with assets of about 391 million dollars in 2015. Both obtained territorial tax benefits under the [[Economic Development Commission]] program: Financial Trust from 1999 under a certificate signed by Industrial Development Commission director [[Frandelle Gerard]], amended in 2012 over the signature of EDC chairman [[Albert Bryan]], who also signed Southern Trust's January 24, 2014 certificate. At the November 15, 2012 EDC hearing the company described its business under oath as "cutting edge consulting services" in "biomedical and financial informatics"; the Virgin Islands later alleged that Southern Trust obtained the benefits for a business it never conducted and existed to fund Epstein's criminal activity and properties. His banking ran through JPMorgan Chase, which kept him as a client until 2013, then Deutsche Bank, and also through [[BNY Mellon]]; the June 15, 2007 7.4 million dollar wire to Maxwell for her Sikorsky helicopter came from his Mellon Bank account.[^11][^12][^20][^102][^103]
 
-Southern Trust reported about 184 million dollars in revenue from 2013 to 2017 with no visible clients and one information-technology employee. The territory's 2022 complaint stated that "virtually all" of its income came "from a single source," which paid it 158 million dollars from 2013 to 2017, 85 percent of its revenue. The [[Dechert]] review commissioned by [[Apollo Global Management]] found that Leon Black signed a service agreement with Southern Trust Company, Inc. on February 13, 2013 and paid Epstein 50 million dollars in 2013, 70 million in 2014, 30 million in 2015, nothing in 2016 and 8 million in 2017, a total of 158 million dollars, plus 30.5 million dollars in 2017 loans from BV70 LLC to Plan D LLC; Dechert found no evidence Black paid for anything but "legitimate advice." Senator [[Ron Wyden]]'s staff put Black's share at 166 million dollars, or 90 percent. Black's wires came from [[Bank of America]] accounts; the bank filed its first suspicious activity report on them on February 7, 2020, flagging 156 million dollars as having "no apparent economic, business or lawful purpose." Black's January 20, 2023 settlement with the territory recites that "Jeffrey Epstein used the money Black paid him to partially fund his operations in the Virgin Islands," while disclaiming any admission of liability. Financial Trust also bought 263,257 Apollo shares in the March 2011 initial public offering through a directed-share program; the shares passed to [[Southern Financial LLC]] in 2013.[^11][^12][^98][^99][^100]
+Southern Trust reported about 184 million dollars in revenue from 2013 to 2017 with no visible clients and one information-technology employee. The territory's 2022 complaint stated that "virtually all" of its income came "from a single source," which paid it 158 million dollars from 2013 to 2017, 85 percent of its revenue. The [[Dechert]] review commissioned by [[Apollo Global Management]] found that Leon Black signed a service agreement with Southern Trust Company, Inc. on February 13, 2013 and paid Epstein 50 million dollars in 2013, 70 million in 2014, 30 million in 2015, nothing in 2016 and 8 million in 2017, a total of 158 million dollars, plus 30.5 million dollars in 2017 loans from BV70 LLC to Plan D LLC; Dechert found no evidence Black paid for anything but "legitimate advice." Senator [[Ron Wyden]]'s staff put Black's share at 166 million dollars, or 90 percent. Black's wires came from [[Bank of America]] accounts; the bank filed its first suspicious activity report on them on February 7, 2020, flagging 156 million dollars as having "no apparent economic, business or lawful purpose." Black's January 20, 2023 settlement with the territory recites that "Jeffrey Epstein used the money Black paid him to partially fund his operations in the Virgin Islands," while disclaiming any admission of liability. Financial Trust also bought 263,257 Apollo shares in the March 2011 initial public offering through a directed-share program; the shares passed to [[Southern Financial LLC]] in 2013.[^11][^12][^104][^105][^106]
 
-Epstein received the working papers of Black's estate planning during the years of the Southern Trust payments. A "Checklist for Leon Black Estate Planning and Restructuring" dated October 2, 2013 covered the substitution of trust assets for a promissory note, financing against Black's art collection with "Preliminary meetings with Deutsche Bank taken," the decanting of family trusts, the restructuring of Black Family Partners and other family entities, and the creation of foundations for each of Black's children. On January 21, 2014 Ada Clapp of Black Family Partners, 445 Park Avenue, sent Epstein the updated version: "Attached is what I believe you are referring to by the 9 page list. I updated to show progress." On July 24, 2017 Barry J. Cohen forwarded to Epstein a privileged [[Sullivan & Cromwell]] memorandum on "Leon Black Estate Planning," addressed by the firm to Clapp, Cohen and Brad Wechsler, with the note: "Let us know what issues you have."[^101]
+Epstein received the working papers of Black's estate planning during the years of the Southern Trust payments. A "Checklist for Leon Black Estate Planning and Restructuring" dated October 2, 2013 covered the substitution of trust assets for a promissory note, financing against Black's art collection with "Preliminary meetings with Deutsche Bank taken," the decanting of family trusts, the restructuring of Black Family Partners and other family entities, and the creation of foundations for each of Black's children. On January 21, 2014 Ada Clapp of Black Family Partners, 445 Park Avenue, sent Epstein the updated version: "Attached is what I believe you are referring to by the 9 page list. I updated to show progress." On July 24, 2017 Barry J. Cohen forwarded to Epstein a privileged [[Sullivan & Cromwell]] memorandum on "Leon Black Estate Planning," addressed by the firm to Clapp, Cohen and Brad Wechsler, with the note: "Let us know what issues you have."[^107]
 
-A forensic accountant retained by the Virgin Islands identified 134 JPMorgan accounts owned by Epstein or related people and entities, including accounts for Maxwell, [[Richard Kahn]], Darren Indyke, [[Harry Beller]] and Nadia Marcinkova. In September 2009 his balances were 142,867,562 dollars on the bank's internal "Wall of Cash" list. He withdrew more than 7 million dollars in cash from JPMorgan accounts from 2002 to 2013. A March 18, 2004 JPMorgan memorandum to Dimon and others described Epstein as "a founding investor in Highbridge," the hedge fund [[Highbridge Capital Management]] that JPMorgan bought into that year. On July 20, 2011 Cutler wrote to Staley and [[Mary Erdoes]] that Epstein "should not be a client." After Epstein left the bank in 2013, Erdoes approved continued dealings with him on Black's business "as long as it was through the client accounts." JPMorgan filed seven suspicious activity reports on him totaling about 4.3 million dollars between 2002 and 2016, none covering May 2003 to September 2008; after his July 2019 arrest it filed reports on August 13, 2019 (469 wires, about 201 million dollars, including payments to women in Russia, Belarus and Turkmenistan through correspondent accounts at Russian banks including [[Sberbank]] and [[Alfa-Bank]]) and September 26, 2019 (4,725 wires, 1,081,819,653 dollars). Deutsche Bank retroactively reported more than 250 million dollars in Epstein wires after his arrest.[^12][^21][^43][^97][^102]
+A forensic accountant retained by the Virgin Islands identified 134 JPMorgan accounts owned by Epstein or related people and entities, including accounts for Maxwell, [[Richard Kahn]], Darren Indyke, [[Harry Beller]] and Nadia Marcinkova. In September 2009 his balances were 142,867,562 dollars on the bank's internal "Wall of Cash" list. He withdrew more than 7 million dollars in cash from JPMorgan accounts from 2002 to 2013. A March 18, 2004 JPMorgan memorandum to Dimon and others described Epstein as "a founding investor in Highbridge," the hedge fund [[Highbridge Capital Management]] that JPMorgan bought into that year. On July 20, 2011 Cutler wrote to Staley and [[Mary Erdoes]] that Epstein "should not be a client." After Epstein left the bank in 2013, Erdoes approved continued dealings with him on Black's business "as long as it was through the client accounts." JPMorgan filed seven suspicious activity reports on him totaling about 4.3 million dollars between 2002 and 2016, none covering May 2003 to September 2008; after his July 2019 arrest it filed reports on August 13, 2019 (469 wires, about 201 million dollars, including payments to women in Russia, Belarus and Turkmenistan through correspondent accounts at Russian banks including [[Sberbank]] and [[Alfa-Bank]]) and September 26, 2019 (4,725 wires, 1,081,819,653 dollars). Deutsche Bank retroactively reported more than 250 million dollars in Epstein wires after his arrest.[^12][^21][^43][^103][^108]
 
-After a July 22, 2019 New York Times article on Epstein's ties to Wall Street figures, JPMorgan's global head of financial crimes compliance wrote to two chief compliance officers: "Top of house requested that we expand our analysis to related parties and put together slides.... There is a highbridge angle and one dating back to Bear." The work became an internal review called "Project Jeep," whose 22-page summary of Epstein, Staley and Erdoes emails, circulated internally in October 2019, stated that "Jes Staley appears to have a close relationship with Jeffrey Epstein, regularly communicating with him and seeking advice from him including while Epstein is incarcerated," and that Epstein "appears to maintain a particularly close relationship with Prince Andrew" and "Lord Peter Mandelson, a senior member of the British Government," and "a close relationship with [[Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem|Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem]]," the chairman of [[DP World]]. The Virgin Islands argued in June 2023 that it would have asked Dimon whether the "top of house" order came from him, citing another bank email in which "top of the house ok for clients who are convicted felons" ran "to Cutler to Jaime Daimnon [sic]"; JPMorgan answered that the phrase referred to Cutler. Late-produced emails showed that the former Bear Stearns chairman Alan Greenberg had gone to Cutler "for an exception to the felony policy" for Epstein, and JPMorgan acknowledged that legacy Bear Stearns staff including Greenberg "may have attempted to speak with" Cutler about the policy, a decision "made by Mr. Cutler." At a January 7, 2011 meeting the head of the U.S. Private Bank, Catherine Keating, said that "no one on today's call was in favor of having retained him as a client. Seems it was all due to Jes's personal relationship"; twelve days later a JPMorgan Securities employee wrote to Epstein that "Ace would love to speak to Jeffrey." Dimon testified that the bank "did not need introductions to anybody." In August 2023 Judge [[Jed S. Rakoff]] denied the territory's request to compel production of all documents concerning "Project Jeep" or other investigations after Epstein's 2019 arrest.[^103]
+After a July 22, 2019 New York Times article on Epstein's ties to Wall Street figures, JPMorgan's global head of financial crimes compliance wrote to two chief compliance officers: "Top of house requested that we expand our analysis to related parties and put together slides.... There is a highbridge angle and one dating back to Bear." The work became an internal review called "Project Jeep," whose 22-page summary of Epstein, Staley and Erdoes emails, circulated internally in October 2019, stated that "Jes Staley appears to have a close relationship with Jeffrey Epstein, regularly communicating with him and seeking advice from him including while Epstein is incarcerated," and that Epstein "appears to maintain a particularly close relationship with Prince Andrew" and "Lord Peter Mandelson, a senior member of the British Government," and "a close relationship with [[Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem|Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem]]," the chairman of [[DP World]]. The Virgin Islands argued in June 2023 that it would have asked Dimon whether the "top of house" order came from him, citing another bank email in which "top of the house ok for clients who are convicted felons" ran "to Cutler to Jaime Daimnon [sic]"; JPMorgan answered that the phrase referred to Cutler. Late-produced emails showed that the former Bear Stearns chairman Alan Greenberg had gone to Cutler "for an exception to the felony policy" for Epstein, and JPMorgan acknowledged that legacy Bear Stearns staff including Greenberg "may have attempted to speak with" Cutler about the policy, a decision "made by Mr. Cutler." At a January 7, 2011 meeting the head of the U.S. Private Bank, Catherine Keating, said that "no one on today's call was in favor of having retained him as a client. Seems it was all due to Jes's personal relationship"; twelve days later a JPMorgan Securities employee wrote to Epstein that "Ace would love to speak to Jeffrey." Dimon testified that the bank "did not need introductions to anybody." In August 2023 Judge [[Jed S. Rakoff]] denied the territory's request to compel production of all documents concerning "Project Jeep" or other investigations after Epstein's 2019 arrest.[^109]
 
-Deutsche Bank informally designated Epstein an "Honorary PEP," or politically exposed person, "because of his connections to prominent political figures," and a January 2015 compliance escalation cited his relationships with "a prominent former U.S. politician and a member of a European royal family," whom the New York regulator did not name. In October 2008, while Epstein was serving his Florida sentence, Staley sent him the term sheet for "Micawber," a proposed JPMorgan and [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation|FDIC]] vehicle to borrow from the [[Federal Reserve]] during the financial crisis; the UK Upper Tribunal found Epstein was the only recipient not involved in the proposal. In a June 4, 2026 letter Wyden wrote that unsealed Justice Department files indicated Epstein "reached out to Russian government officials" to help Black with women with whom Black had settlements or nondisclosure agreements, and acted "as a middleman for Black to pay women"; Black's counsel called the inquiry an attempt to "unfairly harass" a private citizen.[^104][^105]
+Deutsche Bank informally designated Epstein an "Honorary PEP," or politically exposed person, "because of his connections to prominent political figures," and a January 2015 compliance escalation cited his relationships with "a prominent former U.S. politician and a member of a European royal family," whom the New York regulator did not name. In October 2008, while Epstein was serving his Florida sentence, Staley sent him the term sheet for "Micawber," a proposed JPMorgan and [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation|FDIC]] vehicle to borrow from the [[Federal Reserve]] during the financial crisis; the UK Upper Tribunal found Epstein was the only recipient not involved in the proposal. In a June 4, 2026 letter Wyden wrote that unsealed Justice Department files indicated Epstein "reached out to Russian government officials" to help Black with women with whom Black had settlements or nondisclosure agreements, and acted "as a middleman for Black to pay women"; Black's counsel called the inquiry an attempt to "unfairly harass" a private citizen.[^110][^111]
 
-The post-death litigation produced large settlements. In 2022 Epstein's estate agreed to pay the U.S. Virgin Islands more than 105 million dollars, plus the repayment of 80,576,236 dollars in tax benefits and half the proceeds of Little St. James. In 2023 JPMorgan paid 290 million dollars to victims and 75 million dollars to the Virgin Islands, and Deutsche Bank paid 75 million dollars to victims. Staley, who managed the Epstein banking relationship at JPMorgan before becoming chief executive of Barclays, was banned from senior UK financial roles and fined by the [[Financial Conduct Authority]] in a decision dated May 30, 2023 and published that October, which the Upper Tribunal upheld in June 2025 while reducing the penalty to 1,107,306.92 pounds; the ban took effect with the Authority's Final Notice of July 23, 2025. The [[Epstein Victims' Compensation Program]]'s administrator, [[Jordana Feldman]], announced in 2021 nearly 125 million dollars in payments to 150 eligible claimants; the co-executors' lawyers later put it at 121 million dollars to 136 claimants, and the estate separately settled with 58 women for about 48 million dollars.[^11][^20][^104][^106][^107][^108]
+The post-death litigation produced large settlements. In 2022 Epstein's estate agreed to pay the U.S. Virgin Islands more than 105 million dollars, plus the repayment of 80,576,236 dollars in tax benefits and half the proceeds of Little St. James. In 2023 JPMorgan paid 290 million dollars to victims and 75 million dollars to the Virgin Islands, and Deutsche Bank paid 75 million dollars to victims. Staley, who managed the Epstein banking relationship at JPMorgan before becoming chief executive of Barclays, was banned from senior UK financial roles and fined by the [[Financial Conduct Authority]] in a decision dated May 30, 2023 and published that October, which the Upper Tribunal upheld in June 2025 while reducing the penalty to 1,107,306.92 pounds; the ban took effect with the Authority's Final Notice of July 23, 2025. The [[Epstein Victims' Compensation Program]]'s administrator, [[Jordana Feldman]], announced in 2021 nearly 125 million dollars in payments to 150 eligible claimants; the co-executors' lawyers later put it at 121 million dollars to 136 claimants, and the estate separately settled with 58 women for about 48 million dollars.[^11][^20][^110][^112][^113][^114]
 
 ### Payments to The New School
 
-Deutsche Bank statements for Epstein's account record payments to [[New School for Social Research|The New School]]. The August 2015 statement lists an outgoing transfer on August 6 of $16,083.00 to a Bank of America account with the beneficiary line "E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT."[^150] The October 2016 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated October 27 of $17,030.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL."[^151] The May 2017 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated May 10 of $10,856.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL"; the same page lists an outgoing transfer on May 11 of $3,589.00 through [[Sterling National Bank]] with the beneficiary line "FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY," and, on May 19, an American Express payment of $89,103.78.[^152]
+Deutsche Bank statements for Epstein's account record payments to [[New School for Social Research|The New School]]. The August 2015 statement lists an outgoing transfer on August 6 of $16,083.00 to a Bank of America account with the beneficiary line "E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT."[^115] The October 2016 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated October 27 of $17,030.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL."[^116] The May 2017 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated May 10 of $10,856.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL"; the same page lists an outgoing transfer on May 11 of $3,589.00 through [[Sterling National Bank]] with the beneficiary line "FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY," and, on May 19, an American Express payment of $89,103.78.[^117]
 
-A Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, dated September 12, 2019, lists nine payments to The New School from Epstein accounts in an exhibit titled "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women": $29,025 (February 4, 2014), $15,704 (January 5, 2015), $4,730 (June 12, 2015), $16,083 (August 6, 2015), $16,656 (December 9, 2015), $4,420 (June 14, 2016), $16,850 (July 8, 2016), $3,756 (January 13, 2017) and $8,790 (January 10, 2019). The beneficiary is redacted; the exhibit's background column describes the redacted beneficiary as one who "appears to be a Russian model" and as "listed as a beneficiary of the Butterfly Trust." The exhibit's only [[New York Film Academy]] entry is $3,442 on March 10, 2017.[^153]
+A Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, dated September 12, 2019, lists nine payments to The New School from Epstein accounts in an exhibit titled "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women": $29,025 (February 4, 2014), $15,704 (January 5, 2015), $4,730 (June 12, 2015), $16,083 (August 6, 2015), $16,656 (December 9, 2015), $4,420 (June 14, 2016), $16,850 (July 8, 2016), $3,756 (January 13, 2017) and $8,790 (January 10, 2019). The beneficiary is redacted; the exhibit's background column describes the redacted beneficiary as one who "appears to be a Russian model" and as "listed as a beneficiary of the Butterfly Trust." The exhibit's only [[New York Film Academy]] entry is $3,442 on March 10, 2017.[^118]
 
 ### The Virgin Islands Government
 
-According to JPMorgan's 2023 filings in the territory's suit against the bank, Epstein's local affairs were managed by [[Cecile de Jongh]], the office manager of Southern Trust and the wife of Governor [[John de Jongh]] (in office 2007 to 2015), who helped Epstein shape legislation affecting sex-offender monitoring and the Economic Development Commission benefits while Epstein-linked entities paid family expenses. On the day the commission's certificate for Southern Trust was dated, January 24, 2014, Cecile de Jongh asked Epstein to match 15,000 dollars for her husband's final State of the Territory reception and asked Richard Kahn to make out a check to the "Governor's Special Events Fund." The commission's general counsel from 2007 to 2014 was [[Stacey Plaskett]], later the territory's delegate to Congress, who acknowledged receiving about 30,000 dollars in campaign contributions from Epstein and his employees. Epstein's office also handled requests from the Mapp-Potter inaugural committee (10,000 dollars from Southern Trust, December 2014), a Mapp super PAC (75,000 dollars, September 2016), and the Bryan/Roach inaugural committee (25,000 dollars requested, December 2018; payment not shown).[^11][^109][^110]
+According to JPMorgan's 2023 filings in the territory's suit against the bank, Epstein's local affairs were managed by [[Cecile de Jongh]], the office manager of Southern Trust and the wife of Governor [[John de Jongh]] (in office 2007 to 2015), who helped Epstein shape legislation affecting sex-offender monitoring and the Economic Development Commission benefits while Epstein-linked entities paid family expenses. On the day the commission's certificate for Southern Trust was dated, January 24, 2014, Cecile de Jongh asked Epstein to match 15,000 dollars for her husband's final State of the Territory reception and asked Richard Kahn to make out a check to the "Governor's Special Events Fund." The commission's general counsel from 2007 to 2014 was [[Stacey Plaskett]], later the territory's delegate to Congress, who acknowledged receiving about 30,000 dollars in campaign contributions from Epstein and his employees. Epstein's office also handled requests from the Mapp-Potter inaugural committee (10,000 dollars from Southern Trust, December 2014), a Mapp super PAC (75,000 dollars, September 2016), and the Bryan/Roach inaugural committee (25,000 dollars requested, December 2018; payment not shown).[^11][^119][^120]
 
-The territory's later Attorney General, [[Denise George]], filed the 2020 suit against the estate and a 2022 suit against JPMorgan, and was removed by Governor Albert Bryan days after the bank suit was filed. According to FBI notes of an October 2, 2023 interview released in January 2026, George said Bryan asked her in 2019 to grant Epstein a waiver of the 21-day travel-notice rule, told her after Epstein's death "He's dead go for it," later pressed her to settle with the estate for 80 million dollars with the attorney [[Henry Smock]] as mediator, and said the estate "just wanted to clear people." Smock had assisted Epstein in the 1998 purchase of Little St. James and was counsel to the [[Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority|Economic Development Authority]] board; he later represented Bryan in a sealed 2023 divorce. Bryan's chief legal counsel, [[David Bornn]], a former employee of Epstein's attorney [[Erika Kellerhals]], called George to relay Kellerhals's question about what she was investigating. Bryan has said Epstein received no special privilege from his administration. The territory recovered about 180 million dollars after legal fees and, as of January 2026, had not filed the accounting of the money that a 2024 law requires.[^20][^111][^112]
+The territory's later Attorney General, [[Denise George]], filed the 2020 suit against the estate and a 2022 suit against JPMorgan, and was removed by Governor Albert Bryan days after the bank suit was filed. According to FBI notes of an October 2, 2023 interview released in January 2026, George said Bryan asked her in 2019 to grant Epstein a waiver of the 21-day travel-notice rule, told her after Epstein's death "He's dead go for it," later pressed her to settle with the estate for 80 million dollars with the attorney [[Henry Smock]] as mediator, and said the estate "just wanted to clear people." Smock had assisted Epstein in the 1998 purchase of Little St. James and was counsel to the [[Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority|Economic Development Authority]] board; he later represented Bryan in a sealed 2023 divorce. Bryan's chief legal counsel, [[David Bornn]], a former employee of Epstein's attorney [[Erika Kellerhals]], called George to relay Kellerhals's question about what she was investigating. Bryan has said Epstein received no special privilege from his administration. The territory recovered about 180 million dollars after legal fees and, as of January 2026, had not filed the accounting of the money that a 2024 law requires.[^20][^121][^122]
 
 ### The 2019 Federal Charges
 
-In the spring of 2019, months before the arrest, prosecutors in the Southern District of New York obtained the confidential discovery from Giuffre v. Maxwell by serving a grand jury subpoena on Giuffre's law firm, [[Boies Schiller Flexner]], under an April 9, 2019 order. On July 6, 2019, Epstein was arrested at [[Teterboro Airport]] in [[New Jersey]] as he returned from Paris, charged by the office under [[Geoffrey Berman]] with sex trafficking of minors and conspiracy. The case was assigned to the Public Corruption Unit, which typically handles cases involving public officials; Berman declined to explain the assignment. The prosecutors were [[Alex Rossmiller]], [[Alison Moe]], and [[Maurene Comey]].[^1][^113][^114]
+In the spring of 2019, months before the arrest, prosecutors in the Southern District of New York obtained the confidential discovery from Giuffre v. Maxwell by serving a grand jury subpoena on Giuffre's law firm, [[Boies Schiller Flexner]], under an April 9, 2019 order. On July 6, 2019, Epstein was arrested at [[Teterboro Airport]] in [[New Jersey]] as he returned from Paris, charged by the office under [[Geoffrey Berman]] with sex trafficking of minors and conspiracy. The case was assigned to the Public Corruption Unit, which typically handles cases involving public officials; Berman declined to explain the assignment. The prosecutors were [[Alex Rossmiller]], [[Alison Moe]], and [[Maurene Comey]].[^1][^123][^124]
 
-The safe in the townhouse held more than 70,000 dollars in cash, 48 loose diamonds, and an expired foreign passport with a photograph that "appears to depict the defendant, but lists a different name," issued within three years of an expired U.S. passport in Epstein's own name. The word "Austrian" entered the docket through the defense's July 16, 2019 letter, which said the passport "expired 32 years ago." The government replied that the passport "contains numerous ingress and egress stamps, including stamps that reflect use of the passport to enter France, Spain, the [[United Kingdom]], and Saudi Arabia in the 1980s." [[Marc Fernich]], Martin Weinberg, and [[Reid Weingarten]] answered that "Epstein was given the passport at issue by a friend," that "some Jewish-Americans were informally advised at the time to carry identification bearing a non-Jewish name when traveling internationally in case of hijacking," and that the stamps "predating his receipt of the document, do not reflect Mr. Epstein's entries or exits." Press reports described the passport as listing a residence in Saudi Arabia. The dispute was not resolved before Epstein's death.[^115][^116][^117]
+The safe in the townhouse held more than 70,000 dollars in cash, 48 loose diamonds, and an expired foreign passport with a photograph that "appears to depict the defendant, but lists a different name," issued within three years of an expired U.S. passport in Epstein's own name. The word "Austrian" entered the docket through the defense's July 16, 2019 letter, which said the passport "expired 32 years ago." The government replied that the passport "contains numerous ingress and egress stamps, including stamps that reflect use of the passport to enter France, Spain, the [[United Kingdom]], and Saudi Arabia in the 1980s." [[Marc Fernich]], Martin Weinberg, and [[Reid Weingarten]] answered that "Epstein was given the passport at issue by a friend," that "some Jewish-Americans were informally advised at the time to carry identification bearing a non-Jewish name when traveling internationally in case of hijacking," and that the stamps "predating his receipt of the document, do not reflect Mr. Epstein's entries or exits." Press reports described the passport as listing a residence in Saudi Arabia. The dispute was not resolved before Epstein's death.[^125][^126][^127]
 
-The government's July 16, 2019 detention supplement disclosed that on or about November 30, 2018, two days after the Miami Herald began its series, Epstein wired 100,000 dollars from a trust account he controlled to an individual named as a potential co-conspirator in the 2007 agreement and featured in the series, and that on or about December 3, 2018 he wired 250,000 dollars from the same account to a second potential co-conspirator protected by the agreement, an employee identified in the indictment as having scheduled victims' encounters with him. Both names were redacted with the court's consent. On July 18, 2019 Judge [[Richard M. Berman]], no relation to the U.S. Attorney, ordered him held without bail. On July 31, 2019 a Southern District prosecutor forwarded a New York magazine article on Epstein's finances to colleagues, asking: "Is our Office looking at Epstein for fraud-related offenses?"[^94][^116][^118]
+The government's July 16, 2019 detention supplement disclosed that on or about November 30, 2018, two days after the Miami Herald began its series, Epstein wired 100,000 dollars from a trust account he controlled to an individual named as a potential co-conspirator in the 2007 agreement and featured in the series, and that on or about December 3, 2018 he wired 250,000 dollars from the same account to a second potential co-conspirator protected by the agreement, an employee identified in the indictment as having scheduled victims' encounters with him. Both names were redacted with the court's consent. On July 18, 2019 Judge [[Richard M. Berman]], no relation to the U.S. Attorney, ordered him held without bail. On July 31, 2019 a Southern District prosecutor forwarded a New York magazine article on Epstein's finances to colleagues, asking: "Is our Office looking at Epstein for fraud-related offenses?"[^100][^126][^128]
 
 ### The Detention at the Metropolitan Correctional Center
 
-At the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York]], Epstein's cellmate was [[Nicholas Tartaglione]], a former police officer held on capital murder charges; a later internal review stated that administrators housed them together because both had high-profile cases and Tartaglione, "a certified death penalty eligible inmate," was "less likely to assault or otherwise try to harm Mr. Epstein." At about 1:27 a.m. on July 23, 2019 officers found Epstein with "a piece of handmade orange cloth around his neck." When he became responsive he told a responding officer that he thought his cellmate "tried to kill him," that the cellmate had tried "to extort money from him," and that "this has been going on for a week," and that he had told only his lawyer. The psychologist who interviewed him that day recorded that he had not told her this. On July 31 he told the Special Investigative Services lieutenant that "he has never had any issues with Tartaglione," that he was "not threatened" by him and that he "feels safe"; Tartaglione told the same investigator that Epstein had once said "fourteen (14) is legal in most states and I don't understand what's the problem here." The investigation found "insufficient evidence" of an assault, an August 2 threat assessment was "inconclusive" as to whether Epstein harmed himself, fought his cellmate, or was assaulted, and the self-mutilation incident report was later expunged.[^119][^120]
+At the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York]], Epstein's cellmate was [[Nicholas Tartaglione]], a former police officer held on capital murder charges; a later internal review stated that administrators housed them together because both had high-profile cases and Tartaglione, "a certified death penalty eligible inmate," was "less likely to assault or otherwise try to harm Mr. Epstein." At about 1:27 a.m. on July 23, 2019 officers found Epstein with "a piece of handmade orange cloth around his neck." When he became responsive he told a responding officer that he thought his cellmate "tried to kill him," that the cellmate had tried "to extort money from him," and that "this has been going on for a week," and that he had told only his lawyer. The psychologist who interviewed him that day recorded that he had not told her this. On July 31 he told the Special Investigative Services lieutenant that "he has never had any issues with Tartaglione," that he was "not threatened" by him and that he "feels safe"; Tartaglione told the same investigator that Epstein had once said "fourteen (14) is legal in most states and I don't understand what's the problem here." The investigation found "insufficient evidence" of an assault, an August 2 threat assessment was "inconclusive" as to whether Epstein harmed himself, fought his cellmate, or was assaulted, and the self-mutilation incident report was later expunged.[^129][^130]
 
-On July 30 a psychologist ordered that Epstein always have a cellmate. His next cellmate, according to the internal review, was an inmate held in protective housing who "was confirmed as proffering with the U.S. Attorney's Office." On August 8 Epstein signed a new will in a meeting with his lawyers, unknown to jail officials. On August 9 about 2,000 pages of the Giuffre v. Maxwell record were unsealed, including his 2016 deposition invoking the Fifth Amendment. That day his cellmate was transferred out and not replaced, and a unit manager let him place an unrecorded call on the legal line, supposedly to his mother, who had died in 2004; the Inspector General found he spoke for about 20 minutes with a woman identified as Individual 1, who declined to be interviewed and whose lawyer said she was in Belarus. One of Epstein's attorneys had earlier asked a senior officer "how Epstein could get an unmonitored call."[^113][^119][^120][^121]
+On July 30 a psychologist ordered that Epstein always have a cellmate. His next cellmate, according to the internal review, was an inmate held in protective housing who "was confirmed as proffering with the U.S. Attorney's Office." On August 8 Epstein signed a new will in a meeting with his lawyers, unknown to jail officials. On August 9 about 2,000 pages of the Giuffre v. Maxwell record were unsealed, including his 2016 deposition invoking the Fifth Amendment. That day his cellmate was transferred out and not replaced, and a unit manager let him place an unrecorded call on the legal line, supposedly to his mother, who had died in 2004; the Inspector General found he spoke for about 20 minutes with a woman identified as Individual 1, who declined to be interviewed and whose lawyer said she was in Belarus. One of Epstein's attorneys had earlier asked a senior officer "how Epstein could get an unmonitored call."[^123][^129][^130][^131]
 
 ### The Death
 
-On August 10, 2019, Epstein was found dead in his cell; nursing records log CPR compressions from 6:35 a.m. Dr. Kristin Roman performed the autopsy on August 11 and first listed the manner of death as "pending"; Chief Medical Examiner [[Barbara Sampson]] changed it to suicide by hanging days later. The guards [[Tova Noel]] and [[Michael Thomas]] had failed to perform required checks and admitted to falsifying records; they were charged in November 2019, entered deferred-prosecution agreements on May 25, 2021, and the charges were dismissed on December 13, 2021, while the Southern District declined to prosecute other staff who had also falsified records. The DVR recording system serving about half the jail's cameras, including those near the cell, failed on July 29 and 30, was discovered on August 8, and was not repaired; one camera on another system recorded the common area but not the cell door. The forensic pathologist [[Michael Baden]], retained by Epstein's brother [[Mark Epstein]], said the fractures of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage were more consistent with homicidal strangulation than hanging, while the Medical Examiner stood by the suicide ruling. The Inspector General's June 2023 report attributed the death to the guards' negligence and the jail's failures and "did not uncover evidence contradicting the FBI's determination regarding the absence of criminality." Prison officials cited the August 9 unsealing, "combined with a lack of significant interpersonal connections," among the factors contributing to his death.[^94][^119][^120][^121]
+On August 10, 2019, Epstein was found dead in his cell; nursing records log CPR compressions from 6:35 a.m. Dr. Kristin Roman performed the autopsy on August 11 and first listed the manner of death as "pending"; Chief Medical Examiner [[Barbara Sampson]] changed it to suicide by hanging days later. The guards [[Tova Noel]] and [[Michael Thomas]] had failed to perform required checks and admitted to falsifying records; they were charged in November 2019, entered deferred-prosecution agreements on May 25, 2021, and the charges were dismissed on December 13, 2021, while the Southern District declined to prosecute other staff who had also falsified records. The DVR recording system serving about half the jail's cameras, including those near the cell, failed on July 29 and 30, was discovered on August 8, and was not repaired; one camera on another system recorded the common area but not the cell door. The forensic pathologist [[Michael Baden]], retained by Epstein's brother [[Mark Epstein]], said the fractures of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage were more consistent with homicidal strangulation than hanging, while the Medical Examiner stood by the suicide ruling. The Inspector General's June 2023 report attributed the death to the guards' negligence and the jail's failures and "did not uncover evidence contradicting the FBI's determination regarding the absence of criminality." Prison officials cited the August 9 unsealing, "combined with a lack of significant interpersonal connections," among the factors contributing to his death.[^100][^129][^130][^131]
 
-Documents released in 2026 showed that JPMorgan filed a suspicious activity report on November 22, 2019 on twelve cash deposits by Noel, the largest 5,000 dollars on July 30, 2019; she was not asked about them in her 2021 interview. A search for "latest on epstein in jail" was run on her workstation at 5:42 and 5:52 a.m. on August 10; she said she did not recall it. On August 19, 2019, a jail employee told the FBI that an inmate said Bureau of Prisons after-action staff "were shredding boxes of paperwork"; the records do not show that the dumpster was searched. The Justice Department and FBI memorandum of July 7, 2025 reaffirmed suicide, citing "the August 19, 2019 autopsy findings" (the autopsy was on August 11) and describing Epstein as locked in "at around 10:40 pm" (the Inspector General dates lock-in to about 8 p.m.); its "full raw" video had been assembled in Adobe Premiere under a Windows account "MJCOLE~1," with close to three minutes missing. Maurene Comey was fired without stated cause on July 16, 2025, nine days after the memorandum.[^120][^121][^122][^123][^124]
+Documents released in 2026 showed that JPMorgan filed a suspicious activity report on November 22, 2019 on twelve cash deposits by Noel, the largest 5,000 dollars on July 30, 2019; she was not asked about them in her 2021 interview. A search for "latest on epstein in jail" was run on her workstation at 5:42 and 5:52 a.m. on August 10; she said she did not recall it. On August 19, 2019, a jail employee told the FBI that an inmate said Bureau of Prisons after-action staff "were shredding boxes of paperwork"; the records do not show that the dumpster was searched. The Justice Department and FBI memorandum of July 7, 2025 reaffirmed suicide, citing "the August 19, 2019 autopsy findings" (the autopsy was on August 11) and describing Epstein as locked in "at around 10:40 pm" (the Inspector General dates lock-in to about 8 p.m.); its "full raw" video had been assembled in Adobe Premiere under a Windows account "MJCOLE~1," with close to three minutes missing. Maurene Comey was fired without stated cause on July 16, 2025, nine days after the memorandum.[^130][^131][^132][^133][^134]
 
 ### The Estate and the Executors
 
-Epstein's will, signed on August 8, 2019, named Indyke and Kahn as executors and [[Boris Nikolic]], formerly chief science adviser to Bill Gates, as backup executor; Nikolic said he "was not consulted in these matters and I have no intent to fulfill these duties, whatsoever." The will left Nowak 5 million dollars, which Nowak said he has not received. The co-executors valued Epstein's Virgin Islands property at 577,672,654 dollars in the August 15, 2019 probate petition; the estate's February 2021 accounting showed about 240.8 million dollars and September 2026 filings 107.6 million dollars. The 1953 Trust, signed two days before his death, leaves 100 million dollars to [[Karyna Shuliak]], 50 million to Indyke and 25 million to Kahn, paid in that order.[^11][^79][^107][^125]
+Epstein's will, signed on August 8, 2019, named Indyke and Kahn as executors and [[Boris Nikolic]], formerly chief science adviser to Bill Gates, as backup executor; Nikolic said he "was not consulted in these matters and I have no intent to fulfill these duties, whatsoever." The will left Nowak 5 million dollars, which Nowak said he has not received. The co-executors valued Epstein's Virgin Islands property at 577,672,654 dollars in the August 15, 2019 probate petition; the estate's February 2021 accounting showed about 240.8 million dollars and September 2026 filings 107.6 million dollars. The 1953 Trust, signed two days before his death, leaves 100 million dollars to [[Karyna Shuliak]], 50 million to Indyke and 25 million to Kahn, paid in that order.[^11][^85][^113][^135]
 
-The territory alleged that Epstein entities paid Indyke more than 16 million dollars and Kahn more than 10 million dollars net from 2011 to 2019 through companies it called shells, and that the two held at least 140 bank accounts with Epstein. Indyke testified in March 2026 that Epstein's 40 million dollars invested in 2015 and 2016 in two funds of [[Valar Ventures]], co-founded by Peter Thiel, was worth about 172 million dollars. The estate agreed in February 2026 to pay up to 35 million dollars to settle a victims' class action against the co-executors (Doe 3 v. Indyke, No. 1:24-cv-01204), and in September 2026 federal prosecutors in Manhattan were reported to be investigating both men, who deny knowing of Epstein's crimes. Wyden's August 2026 report stated that federal prosecutors never questioned Indyke, Kahn or Beller, none of whom has been charged.[^11][^12][^107][^126][^127]
+The territory alleged that Epstein entities paid Indyke more than 16 million dollars and Kahn more than 10 million dollars net from 2011 to 2019 through companies it called shells, and that the two held at least 140 bank accounts with Epstein. Indyke testified in March 2026 that Epstein's 40 million dollars invested in 2015 and 2016 in two funds of [[Valar Ventures]], co-founded by Peter Thiel, was worth about 172 million dollars. The estate agreed in February 2026 to pay up to 35 million dollars to settle a victims' class action against the co-executors (Doe 3 v. Indyke, No. 1:24-cv-01204), and in September 2026 federal prosecutors in Manhattan were reported to be investigating both men, who deny knowing of Epstein's crimes. Wyden's August 2026 report stated that federal prosecutors never questioned Indyke, Kahn or Beller, none of whom has been charged.[^11][^12][^113][^136][^137]
 
 ### Maxwell and the Giuffre Litigation After 2019
 
-Ghislaine Maxwell was arrested in [[New Hampshire]] in July 2020 and convicted in December 2021 on five federal counts including sex trafficking of a minor, and sentenced to 20 years in June 2022. The Giuffre v. Maxwell summary judgment record ordered released in Brown v. Maxwell was unsealed on August 9, 2019; Maxwell's April 2016 deposition was unsealed on July 23, 2020, and further tranches followed through January 2024. On July 23, 2025 the Second Circuit vacated Preska's December 2019 and January 2020 unsealing orders. Virginia Giuffre died by suicide in Australia in April 2025; her memoir, [[Nobody's Girl]], was published posthumously in 2025. She died intestate, and in November 2025 the Supreme Court of Western Australia appointed [[Ian Torrington Blatchford]] interim administrator; his authority extends to the reopened Giuffre v. Maxwell docket, recaptioned in his name on September 3, 2026, to an arbitration involving Dershowitz, and to a defamation suit against the estate by [[Rina Oh]].[^22][^23][^113][^128][^129]
+Ghislaine Maxwell was arrested in [[New Hampshire]] in July 2020 and convicted in December 2021 on five federal counts including sex trafficking of a minor, and sentenced to 20 years in June 2022. The Giuffre v. Maxwell summary judgment record ordered released in Brown v. Maxwell was unsealed on August 9, 2019; Maxwell's April 2016 deposition was unsealed on July 23, 2020, and further tranches followed through January 2024. On July 23, 2025 the Second Circuit vacated Preska's December 2019 and January 2020 unsealing orders. Virginia Giuffre died by suicide in Australia in April 2025; her memoir, [[Nobody's Girl]], was published posthumously in 2025. She died intestate, and in November 2025 the Supreme Court of Western Australia appointed [[Ian Torrington Blatchford]] interim administrator; his authority extends to the reopened Giuffre v. Maxwell docket, recaptioned in his name on September 3, 2026, to an arbitration involving Dershowitz, and to a defamation suit against the estate by [[Rina Oh]].[^22][^23][^123][^138][^139]
 
-On July 18, 2025, Deputy Attorney General [[Todd Blanche]], formerly Trump's personal criminal attorney, entered an appearance in Maxwell's closed criminal case and moved to unseal the grand jury transcripts; Judge [[Paul Engelmayer]] denied the motion on August 11, 2025. Blanche interviewed Maxwell under limited immunity on July 24 and 25, 2025; she said Trump "was always very cordial and very kind to me" and that she did not know how he and Epstein met. On August 1 she was moved to the minimum-security [[Federal Prison Camp Bryan]], and Senator [[Sheldon Whitehouse]] wrote that the transfer "raises questions about whether she has been given special treatment in exchange for political favors."[^130][^131][^132]
+On July 18, 2025, Deputy Attorney General [[Todd Blanche]], formerly Trump's personal criminal attorney, entered an appearance in Maxwell's closed criminal case and moved to unseal the grand jury transcripts; Judge [[Paul Engelmayer]] denied the motion on August 11, 2025. Blanche interviewed Maxwell under limited immunity on July 24 and 25, 2025; she said Trump "was always very cordial and very kind to me" and that she did not know how he and Epstein met. On August 1 she was moved to the minimum-security [[Federal Prison Camp Bryan]], and Senator [[Sheldon Whitehouse]] wrote that the transfer "raises questions about whether she has been given special treatment in exchange for political favors."[^140][^141][^142]
 
 ### The Epstein Files, 2025 and 2026
 
-On February 27, 2025, Attorney General [[Pam Bondi]] released a "first phase" of [[Epstein Files|Epstein files]] that the department itself described as "largely" previously leaked, and on July 7, 2025, the department and the FBI issued an unsigned memorandum stating that their review "revealed no incriminating 'client list'" and that "no further disclosure would be appropriate or warranted." Senator [[Dick Durbin]] wrote on July 18 that, according to information his office received, FBI records staff reviewing some 100,000 Epstein records in March 2025 "were instructed to 'flag' any records in which President Trump was mentioned." Treasury Secretary [[Scott Bessent]] declined Wyden's March 11, June 16 and September 2, 2025 requests for the Treasury's Epstein suspicious-activity file and on January 22, 2026 said it had given the records to the House Oversight Committee instead.[^12][^122][^133][^134]
+On February 27, 2025, Attorney General [[Pam Bondi]] released a "first phase" of [[Epstein Files|Epstein files]] that the department itself described as "largely" previously leaked, and on July 7, 2025, the department and the FBI issued an unsigned memorandum stating that their review "revealed no incriminating 'client list'" and that "no further disclosure would be appropriate or warranted." Senator [[Dick Durbin]] wrote on July 18 that, according to information his office received, FBI records staff reviewing some 100,000 Epstein records in March 2025 "were instructed to 'flag' any records in which President Trump was mentioned." Treasury Secretary [[Scott Bessent]] declined Wyden's March 11, June 16 and September 2, 2025 requests for the Treasury's Epstein suspicious-activity file and on January 22, 2026 said it had given the records to the House Oversight Committee instead.[^12][^132][^143][^144]
 
-A separate strand concerned the 2003 "birthday book" assembled for Epstein's 50th birthday, which the [[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]] reported in July 2025 contained a bawdy letter bearing Donald Trump's signature; Trump denied authorship and sued the paper, and the House Oversight Committee released the book on September 8, 2025 under an August 25 subpoena to the estate.[^82]
+A separate strand concerned the 2003 "birthday book" assembled for Epstein's 50th birthday, which the [[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]] reported in July 2025 contained a bawdy letter bearing Donald Trump's signature; Trump denied authorship and sued the paper, and the House Oversight Committee released the book on September 8, 2025 under an August 25 subpoena to the estate.[^88]
 
-On November 14, 2025, at Trump's request, Bondi assigned [[Jay Clayton]] to investigate Epstein's dealings with Bill Clinton, Larry Summers, Reid Hoffman and JPMorgan Chase. Five days later Trump signed the [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]] (H.R. 4405, Pub. L. No. 119-38), which the House had passed 427 to 1 after a discharge petition by Thomas Massie and [[Ro Khanna]], and which permits withholding records that "would jeopardize an active federal investigation." The department missed the December 19, 2025 deadline, disclosed on December 24 that it had found more than a million additional documents, and on January 30, 2026 published the bulk of the material, bringing the total to nearly 3.5 million pages, including more than 2,000 videos and 180,000 images; its letter to Congress that day stated that about 200,000 pages had been withheld or redacted under privileges the statute does not list.[^32][^135][^136][^137][^138]
+On November 14, 2025, at Trump's request, Bondi assigned [[Jay Clayton]] to investigate Epstein's dealings with Bill Clinton, Larry Summers, Reid Hoffman and JPMorgan Chase. Five days later Trump signed the [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]] (H.R. 4405, Pub. L. No. 119-38), which the House had passed 427 to 1 after a discharge petition by Thomas Massie and [[Ro Khanna]], and which permits withholding records that "would jeopardize an active federal investigation." The department missed the December 19, 2025 deadline, disclosed on December 24 that it had found more than a million additional documents, and on January 30, 2026 published the bulk of the material, bringing the total to nearly 3.5 million pages, including more than 2,000 videos and 180,000 images; its letter to Congress that day stated that about 200,000 pages had been withheld or redacted under privileges the statute does not list.[^32][^145][^146][^147][^148]
 
-The January 2026 release stated that "notable individuals and politicians were not redacted"; four senators called that "plainly false" in asking the [[Government Accountability Office]] to review the department's redaction and release process, which the GAO agreed to do in late April 2026, days after the department's inspector general opened its own audit. In February and March 2026 NPR and CNN reported that FBI interview records of a woman who accused both Epstein and Trump were missing from the public library; the department said nothing had been deleted, later published three of the interviews as records mistakenly tagged as duplicates, and NPR counted 37 pages still missing. A White House spokeswoman said Trump "has been totally exonerated on anything relating to Epstein." On January 13, 2026 Massie and Khanna asked Engelmayer to appoint a special master, reporting that the department had "publicly released only 12,285 documents" of "more than 2 million" under review; he denied the motion on January 21, 2026 for want of jurisdiction. On August 11, 2026 Preska authorized the government to release under the Act the Boies Schiller material obtained by the 2019 subpoena, over Maxwell's opposition.[^113][^139][^140][^141][^142]
+The January 2026 release stated that "notable individuals and politicians were not redacted"; four senators called that "plainly false" in asking the [[Government Accountability Office]] to review the department's redaction and release process, which the GAO agreed to do in late April 2026, days after the department's inspector general opened its own audit. In February and March 2026 NPR and CNN reported that FBI interview records of a woman who accused both Epstein and Trump were missing from the public library; the department said nothing had been deleted, later published three of the interviews as records mistakenly tagged as duplicates, and NPR counted 37 pages still missing. A White House spokeswoman said Trump "has been totally exonerated on anything relating to Epstein." On January 13, 2026 Massie and Khanna asked Engelmayer to appoint a special master, reporting that the department had "publicly released only 12,285 documents" of "more than 2 million" under review; he denied the motion on January 21, 2026 for want of jurisdiction. On August 11, 2026 Preska authorized the government to release under the Act the Boies Schiller material obtained by the 2019 subpoena, over Maxwell's opposition.[^123][^149][^150][^151][^152]
 
-The House Oversight Committee subpoenaed Bondi on March 4, 2026; Trump removed her on April 2 and named Blanche acting Attorney General. On March 3, 2026 Finance Committee chairman [[Mike Crapo]] objected to Wyden's request to pass the Produce Epstein Treasury Records Act (S. 2746), citing the House review and the Banking Committee's jurisdiction. Wyden's August 4, 2026 report, "Looking the Other Way," stated that Blanche had intervened to block the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] from answering his request about a federal investigation in which Epstein and associates had been targets, and that a 60 Minutes interview Wyden taped on March 26, 2026 was not aired after CBS News fired correspondent [[Sharyn Alfonsi]].[^12][^143][^144][^145][^146]
+The House Oversight Committee subpoenaed Bondi on March 4, 2026; Trump removed her on April 2 and named Blanche acting Attorney General. On March 3, 2026 Finance Committee chairman [[Mike Crapo]] objected to Wyden's request to pass the Produce Epstein Treasury Records Act (S. 2746), citing the House review and the Banking Committee's jurisdiction. Wyden's August 4, 2026 report, "Looking the Other Way," stated that Blanche had intervened to block the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] from answering his request about a federal investigation in which Epstein and associates had been targets, and that a 60 Minutes interview Wyden taped on March 26, 2026 was not aired after CBS News fired correspondent [[Sharyn Alfonsi]].[^12][^153][^154][^155][^156]
 
-The 2025 and 2026 releases produced resignations and removals without prosecutions. Summers left the [[OpenAI]] board on November 19, 2025, was banned for life by the [[American Economic Association]] on December 2, 2025, and resigned from Harvard on February 25, 2026, the day after The Boston Globe sent the university its questions; Harvard placed Nowak on leave the same day. Pritzker retired as executive chairman of [[Hyatt Hotels Corporation|Hyatt]] on February 17, 2026, and Ruemmler resigned as general counsel of [[Goldman Sachs]].[^79][^147][^148][^149]
+The 2025 and 2026 releases produced resignations and removals without prosecutions. Summers left the [[OpenAI]] board on November 19, 2025, was banned for life by the [[American Economic Association]] on December 2, 2025, and resigned from Harvard on February 25, 2026, the day after The Boston Globe sent the university its questions; Harvard placed Nowak on leave the same day. Pritzker retired as executive chairman of [[Hyatt Hotels Corporation|Hyatt]] on February 17, 2026, and Ruemmler resigned as general counsel of [[Goldman Sachs]].[^85][^157][^158][^159]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -487,96 +499,102 @@ The 2025 and 2026 releases produced resignations and removals without prosecutio
 [^58]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: email from an Assistant U.S. Attorney, Southern District of New York, subject "memos," May 6, 2020, EFTA00030339 (DataSet 8). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%208/EFTA00030339.pdf
 [^59]: Lopez, Diane E., Ara B. Gershengorn, and Martin F. Murphy. *Report Concerning Jeffrey E. Epstein's Connections to Harvard University.* Harvard University Office of the General Counsel and Foley Hoag LLP, May 1, 2020, pp. 3-5, 10-17, 20-23 and nn. 8-10. https://www.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Reportconcerning-Jeffrey-Epstein.pdf ; https://ogc.harvard.edu/report-concerning-Epstein
 [^60]: Aldhous, Peter. "Jeffrey Epstein Called Himself A 'Science Philanthropist' And Donated Millions To These Researchers," *BuzzFeed News,* July 11, 2019. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/jeffrey-epstein-sex-trafficking-science-donations
-[^61]: Neuman, Scott, and Ava Berger. "Epstein paid for a conference of top scientists in 2006. His motives are now clear," *NPR,* March 9, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/03/09/nx-s1-5721150/epstein-scientists-physics-virgin-islands-conference
-[^62]: Minsky, Marvin L., Push Singh, and Aaron Sloman. "The St. Thomas Common Sense Symposium: Designing Architectures for Human-Level Intelligence," *AI Magazine* 25, no. 2 (2004): 113. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v25i2.1764 ; Brandom, Russell. "AI pioneer accused of having sex with trafficking victim on Jeffrey Epstein's island," *The Verge,* August 9, 2019. https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/9/20798900/marvin-minsky-jeffrey-epstein-sex-trafficking-island-court-records-unsealed
-[^63]: EFTA00328899, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00328899.pdf; EFTA00714297, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00714297.pdf; EFTA00337558, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00337558.pdf.
-[^64]: Aldhous, Peter. "Jeffrey Epstein's Links To Scientists Are Even More Extensive Than We Thought," *BuzzFeed News,* August 27, 2019. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/jeffrey-epstein-science-donations-apologies-statements
-[^65]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, pp. 5, 10, 28 n. 28. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf
-[^66]: "Billionaire Leon Black made a $158 million payment to Jeffrey Epstein. Senators want to know why," *CNN Business,* July 25, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/25/business/leon-black-jeffrey-epstein-senate-investigation
-[^67]: Owermohle, Sarah, and Austin Culpepper. "How Epstein enlisted Harvard scientists to burnish his reputation, and try to make a profit," *CNN,* February 19, 2026. https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/19/politics/harvard-epstein-donations-influence-exclusive
-[^68]: Molteni, Megan. "Jeffrey Epstein's tissue samples ignited a furor in the Harvard lab of George Church," *STAT,* February 24, 2026. https://www.statnews.com/2026/02/24/epstein-cell-line-george-church-harvard-personal-genome-project/
-[^69]: Farrow, Ronan. "How an Elite University Research Center Concealed Its Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein," *The New Yorker,* September 6, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-an-elite-university-research-center-concealed-its-relationship-with-jeffrey-epstein
-[^70]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Peggy Siegal and George Stephanopoulos, "Thursday small dinner for Prince Andrew," November and December 2010, EFTA02411832 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02411832.pdf
-[^71]: Ponieman, Natan. *Benzinga,* May 2023, on Epstein's private calendar, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal.* https://www.benzinga.com/news/23/05/32134015/private-calendar-reveals-jeffrey-epsteins-meetings-with-cia-director-noamchomsky-and-goldman-sachs ; *The Daily Beast,* May 2023, on Epstein's calendar meetings with Noam Chomsky and William Burns. https://www.thedailybeast.com/epstein-calendar-reveals-meetings-with-noam-chomsky-and-former-cia-chief-william-burns/ ; "The Former Biglaw Partner In Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar." *Above the Law,* May 2023, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal.* https://abovethelaw.com/2023/05/the-former-biglaw-partner-in-jeffrey-epsteins-private-calendar/
-[^72]: Hamilton, Katherine. "Jeffrey Epstein Moved Money For Noam Chomsky, Paid Bard President Botstein $150,000, Report Says." *Forbes,* May 17, 2023. https://www.forbes.com/sites/katherinehamilton/2023/05/17/jeffrey-epstein-moved-money-for-noam-chomsky-paid-bard-president-botstein-150000-report-says/
-[^73]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Kathy Ruemmler to Jeffrey Epstein, January 8, 2015, EFTA02386175 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02386175.pdf
-[^74]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01348714, DataSet 10, check image, Gratitude America, Ltd, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, to Leon Botstein, August 1, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01348714.pdf ; EFTA01348725, DataSet 10, check image, February 3, 2016 (Bates DB-SDNY-0035646). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01348725.pdf ; "Leon Botstein received $150,000 from Jeffrey Epstein," *Inside Higher Ed,* May 18, 2023. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2023/05/18/leon-botstein-received-150000-jeffrey-epstein
-[^75]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01615267, DataSet 10, iMessage log with the contact "Steve Bannon," August 23, 2018, EFTA01615267 to EFTA01615272. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01615267.pdf ; "'Let me see the videotapes': Mark Epstein wants Steve Bannon's 15 hours of unseen footage of his brother," *NBC News,* 2025. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/mark-epstein-steve-bannon-15-hours-brother-jeffrey-epstein-rcna219630
-[^76]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Tom Pritzker to Jeffrey Epstein, "RE: Re:," August 8, 2016, EFTA01783338 (DataSet 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01783338.pdf
-[^77]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: email to Jeffrey Epstein, sender redacted, "Any other," August 12, 2010, EFTA02407727 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02407727.pdf ; Saida Sapieva to Lesley Groff, "CONFIRMED: DINNER: Sunday, 8/2," July 31, 2015, EFTA00344556, and reply chain, EFTA00344564 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00344556.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00344564.pdf ; email chain, Jeffrey Epstein and a redacted correspondent, February 6, 2016, EFTA01738574 (DataSet 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01738574.pdf
-[^78]: "Epstein's Silicon Valley ties extended beyond just Musk and Gates." *CNBC,* February 9, 2026. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/09/tech-leaders-epstein-records-silicon-valley-sergey-brin-thiel-sinofsky-reid-hoffman-musk-gates.html
-[^79]: Fernandes, Deirdre, and Tricia L. Nadolny. "Introductions to women. Free flights. Business deals. Jeffrey Epstein's ties to Harvard run deeper than previously known," *The Boston Globe,* February 25, 2026. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/02/25/metro/jeffrey-epstein-harvard-spotlight-report/
-[^80]: Ruetenik, Daniel, and Graham Kates. "Lutnick and Epstein were in business together, Epstein files show." *CBS News,* February 7, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/howard-lutnick-jeffrey-epstein-in-business-together/
-[^81]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: FBI Form FD-71A Guardian Complaint Form, "Alleged Money Laundering by Howard Lutnick via BGC Financial and Cantor Fitzgerald," case 50D-NY-3027571, April 23, 2021, EFTA01249210 (DataSet 9); calendar alert, December 20, 2012, EFTA02152992 (DataSet 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01249210.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02152992.pdf
-[^82]: "Birthday letter to Epstein bore Trump's signature, drawing of naked woman, Wall Street Journal reports." *CNN,* July 17, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/17/politics/epstein-birthday-letter-trump ; "Trump Epstein letter and drawing from 'birthday book' released." *CNBC,* September 8, 2025. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/08/trump-epstein-birthday-book-oversight.html
-[^83]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: FBI New York internal email on the Prince Andrew MLAT request, June 8, 2020, EFTA00149598 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00149598.pdf
-[^84]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: correspondence of Tomer Toor, Darren Indyke, Ehud Barak and Jeffrey Epstein on the exercise of Carbyne warrants, February and March 2019, EFTA02632339 and EFTA02634615 (DataSet 11); Richard Kahn and Darren Indyke on Carbyne financial statements, March 2019, EFTA01035810 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02632339.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02634615.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01035810.pdf
-[^85]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Ehud Barak to Jabor Al Thani, copied to Jeffrey Epstein, "Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1, 2019, EFTA02607775, and continuing thread to February 4, 2019, EFTA02628648 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02607775.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02628648.pdf
-[^86]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, May 21, 2018, EFTA01052344 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01052344.pdf
-[^87]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Jeffrey Epstein and Nicole Junkermann, February 18, 2019, EFTA02630791 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02630791.pdf
-[^88]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: iMessage logs with the contact "Vitaly Churkin," November 16, 2015 to January 10, 2017, EFTA01619434, EFTA01619438 and EFTA01619444 (DataSet 10); Lesley Groff, "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," August 28, 2016, EFTA02044775 (DataSet 10); scheduling of Maxim Churkin, July and August 2017, EFTA02219806 (DataSet 11) and EFTA00676901 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619438.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619444.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02044775.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02219806.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00676901.pdf
-[^89]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, deposition of William P. Barr, August 18, 2025, transcript released September 2025. https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Barr-Transcript.pdf
-[^90]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Jeffrey Epstein to Martin Weinberg, "Re: CIA FOIA Request," July 18, 2011, EFTA00915248; Weinberg to Epstein, same date, EFTA00687827; FBI Privacy Waiver and Certification of Identity, EFTA00624683 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00915248.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00687827.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00624683.pdf
-[^91]: Complaint, Farmer v. United States, No. 1:25-cv-01709-RBW (D.D.C. May 29, 2025), paras. 80, 85-126, 176-185, citing United States v. Epstein, 27 F. Supp. 2d 404 (S.D.N.Y. 1998). https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Doc-1-Complaint-05-29-2025.pdf
-[^92]: Maria Farmer and Sarah Ransome, Claim for Damage, Injury, or Death (Standard Form 95), signed July 20, 2023. https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Farmer-and-Ransome-Jeffrey-Epstein-Notice-of-Claim-FBI-07-20-2023.pdf
-[^93]: "Maria Farmer and Marsh Law Firm's Persistent Advocacy Vindicated as FBI Releases Farmer's 1996 Report on Jeffrey Epstein," *Marsh Law Firm,* December 23, 2025. https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/persistent-advocacy-vindicated/
-[^94]: "NYC medical examiner rejects claim that Jeffrey Epstein's death was a homicide." *CNN,* October 30, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/30/us/jeffrey-epstein-autopsy-fox ; "Jeffrey Epstein autopsy finds broken bones in his neck." *CNN,* August 15, 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/15/us/jeffrey-epstein-autopsy-broken-neck
-[^95]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: "Gmax" to Jeffrey Epstein, December 8, 2009, EFTA02434764 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02434764.pdf
-[^96]: Suzanne Carlson, "Epstein estate could be ordered to repay more than $144 million in tax breaks," *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 13, 2020 (ECF No. 158-36 in No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR). http://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/epstein-estate-could-be-ordered-to-repay-more-than-144-million-in-tax-breaks/article_b84d9710-14af-5e69-a890-bcf8265cf8f9.html
-[^97]: Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), Expert Report of Jorge Amador, ECF No. 238-31 (filed July 25, 2023), report pp. 6, 16-17, 24, 46, 74. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.591653/gov.uscourts.nysd.591653.238.31.pdf
-[^98]: Dechert LLP, Memorandum to the Apollo Conflicts Committee, January 22, 2021, Exhibit 99.1 to Apollo Global Management Form 8-K (January 25, 2021), pp. 3 to 5, 16 to 17. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1411494/000119312521016405/d118102dex991.htm
-[^99]: Letter from Senator Ron Wyden to Attorney General Pam Bondi, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and FBI Director Kash Patel, March 11, 2025. https://www.finance.senate.gov/download/wyden-letter-to-doj-treasury-fbi-on-epsteinpdf?download=1
-[^100]: Settlement Agreement and Release between the Government of the United States Virgin Islands and Leon Black, executed January 20, 2023. https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/usvi_black_settlement_agreement_-_executedpdf.pdf
-[^101]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01071282, DataSet 9, "Checklist for Leon Black Estate Planning and Restructuring," as of October 2, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01071282.pdf ; EFTA00982173, DataSet 9, email, Ada Clapp to Jeffrey Epstein, "6.7.13 Checklist for Leon Black Estate Planning and Restructuring-updated 1.14.14," January 21, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00982173.pdf ; EFTA00702518, DataSet 9, email, Barry J. Cohen to Jeffrey Epstein, "S&C: Leon Black Estate Planning," July 24, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00702518.pdf
-[^102]: Deposition of James Dimon, May 26, 2023, No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), transcript pp. 261-269. https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rQOuhi8KqiM0/v0
-[^103]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02808715, Court Records, Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 1:22-cv-10904 (S.D.N.Y.), letter motion of Motley Rice to Judge Jed S. Rakoff seeking leave to reopen depositions, June 7, 2023 (ECF No. 191). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank%2C%20N.A.%2C%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02808715.pdf ; EFTA02808625, Court Records, same case, letter of JPMorgan's counsel in opposition, June 9, 2023. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank%2C%20N.A.%2C%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02808625.pdf ; EFTA02814941, Court Records, same case, Order of Judge Jed S. Rakoff, August 2023. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank%2C%20N.A.%2C%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02814941.pdf
-[^104]: Staley v The Financial Conduct Authority [2025] UKUT 00203 (TCC), decision released June 26, 2025. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/685d21fec2633bd820a92a52/Staley_v_FCA_decision_for_release.pdf
-[^105]: New York State Department of Financial Services, Consent Order in the Matter of Deutsche Bank AG et al., July 6, 2020, paras. 26, 33. https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/enforcement_discipline/ea20200706_deutsche_bank ; Letter from Senator Ron Wyden to Chairman James Comer and Ranking Member Robert Garcia, June 4, 2026. https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/wyden_letter_to_house_oversight_on_leon_black-epstein_060426.pdf
-[^106]: "JPMorgan settles with Jeffrey Epstein victims for $290 million." *WHYY,* 2023. https://whyy.org/articles/jpmorgan-settlement/ ; "Ex-Barclays CEO Jes Staley fined and banned by UK regulator for Epstein ties." *AP/AOL,* 2023. https://www.aol.com/finance/ex-barclays-ceo-jes-staley-142727090.html
-[^107]: Em Steck, "Epstein left millions to his closest advisers. A shrinking estate and new lawsuits may stand in the way," *CNN,* September 21, 2026. https://edition.cnn.com/2026/09/21/politics/jeffrey-epstein-estate-lawsuit-vis
-[^108]: Financial Conduct Authority, Final Notice to James Edward Staley, July 23, 2025. https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/final-notices/james-edward-staley-2025.pdf
-[^109]: "V.I. Officials Enabled Epstein to Act With Impunity, JPMorgan Alleges in Latest Salvo." *St. Thomas Source,* June 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20240721172424/https://stthomassource.com/content/2023/06/16/v-i-officials-enabled-epstein-to-act-with-impunity-jpmorgan-alleges-in-latest-salvo/
-[^110]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Court filings show V.I. First Lady's loyalty to Epstein." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* June 21, 2023. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/court-filings-show-v-i-first-ladys-loyalty-to-epstein/article_c2dca0a7-a243-5365-88c0-389c576ad022.html
-[^111]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Docs confirm Bryan pressed for special treatment of sex offender." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 2, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/docs-confirm-bryan-pressed-for-special-treatment-of-sex-offender/article_5e9483c9-38d2-406c-8bb0-e5757ce287f2.html
-[^112]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Bryan unapologetic for texts with Epstein, doubles down on denial of wrongdoing." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* March 3, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/bryan-unapologetic-for-texts-with-epstein-doubles-down-on-denial-of-wrongdoing/article_8bab46a1-6075-4c7c-abec-6efb19622e62.html
-[^113]: Giuffre v. Maxwell, No. 1:15-cv-07433 (S.D.N.Y.), ECF No. 1360 with Exhibits 2-9 (Feb. 20, 2026), describing In re Grand Jury Subpoena, No. 19-MC-149 (CM) (April 9, 2019 order); Order, ECF No. 1367 (Aug. 11, 2026); Order, ECF No. 1370 (Sept. 3, 2026). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4355835/ian-torrington-blatchford-as-interim-administrator-of-virginia-giuffres/
-[^114]: "Jeffrey Epstein operated a vast sex-trafficking network of underage girls who recruited other victims, prosecutors say." *CNN,* July 8, 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/08/us/jeffrey-epstein-monday-court-appearance
-[^115]: "Jeffrey Epstein used foreign passport with fake name to enter Saudi Arabia: prosecutors." *NBC News,* July 17, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/jeffrey-epstein-used-foreign-passport-fake-name-enter-saudi-arabia-n1031046
-[^116]: *United States v. Epstein,* No. 1:19-cr-00490-RMB (S.D.N.Y.), ECF No. 23, Letter from AUSA Alison Moe to Judge Richard M. Berman (Supplement to Detention Memorandum), July 16, 2019, pp. 1-3. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.518649/gov.uscourts.nysd.518649.23.0_2.pdf
-[^117]: *United States v. Epstein,* No. 1:19-cr-00490-RMB (S.D.N.Y.), ECF No. 30, Letter from AUSA Alison Moe, July 17, 2019 (quoting ECF No. 24 at 7); ECF No. 31, Letter from Marc Fernich, Martin Weinberg, and Reid Weingarten, July 18, 2019. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/15887848/united-states-v-epstein/
-[^118]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: internal USANYS email, "FW: Fraud and Blackmail: Jeffrey Epstein's Finances," July 31, 2019, EFTA00086657 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00086657.pdf
-[^119]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Federal Bureau of Prisons records of Jeffrey Epstein's detention at MCC New York, July 8 to August 10, 2019, including staff memoranda of July 23, 2019, SIS Inmate Investigative Report NYM-19-0061 (July 31, 2019, pp. EFTA00049239 to 43), and an institution response on cellmate assignments and documentation, EFTA00048963 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00048963.pdf
-[^120]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General. *Investigation and Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Custody, Care, and Supervision of Jeffrey Epstein at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York, New York.* Report 23-085, June 2023, pp. iii to iv, 1 to 6, 14 to 20, 58 to 60. https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/reports/23-085.pdf
-[^121]: Khurshudyan, Isabelle. "Epstein files shed new light on what prison officials were doing the night he died." *CNN,* March 26, 2026. https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/26/politics/epstein-files-prison-officials-night-he-died ; "Jeffrey Epstein's autopsy: A closer look." *CBS News, 60 Minutes,* January 5, 2020. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jeffrey-epstein-autopsy-a-closer-look-60-minutes-2020-01-05/
-[^122]: U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Bureau of Investigation, unsigned memorandum on review of investigative holdings relating to Jeffrey Epstein, July 7, 2025. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1407001/dl?inline
-[^123]: Eastham, Janet. "'Suspicious' payments to last guard who saw Epstein." *The Telegraph* via *Yahoo News,* March 8, 2026. https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/epstein-prison-guard-made-suspicious-132416347.html ; "Hany Farid and WIRED Analyze the Department of Justice's Released Epstein Video, Find Anomalies with Metadata." *UC Berkeley School of Information,* July 2025. https://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/news/2025/hany-farid-and-wired-analyze-department-justices-released-epstein-video-find-anomalies ; "Jeffrey Epstein prison video had nearly 3 minutes cut from it: report." *LiveNOW from FOX,* July 2025. https://www.livenowfox.com/news/epstein-prison-video-edit-discrepancy
-[^124]: "Maurene Comey, prosecutor in Epstein and Combs cases and daughter of former FBI director, sues after being fired." *CNN,* September 15, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/15/politics/maurene-comey-justice-department-lawsuit ; Comey v. United States Department of Justice, No. 1:25-cv-07625 (S.D.N.Y.). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71348216/comey-v-united-states-department-of-justice/
-[^125]: "Jeffrey Epstein's Executor Is Ex-Science Adviser to Bill Gates." *Bloomberg,* August 19, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-19/epstein-s-11th-hour-executor-is-ex-science-adviser-to-bill-gates
-[^126]: Reuters, "Epstein estate agrees to $35 million settlement in victim class action," *NBC News,* February 20, 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/epstein-estate-agrees-35-million-settlement-victim-class-action-rcna259863 ; Doe 3 v. Indyke, No. 1:24-cv-01204 (S.D.N.Y.). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/68260876/doe-3-v-indyke/
-[^127]: Kaelan Deese, "Two Jeffrey Epstein associates under investigation by New York federal prosecutors," *Washington Examiner,* September 23, 2026. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/justice/4739210/jeffrey-epstein-associates-under-investigation-new-york-federal-prosecutors/
-[^128]: "Ghislaine Maxwell Sentenced To 20 Years In Prison." *U.S. Department of Justice, Southern District of New York,* June 28, 2022. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/ghislaine-maxwell-sentenced-20-years-prison-conspiring-jeffrey-epstein-sexually-abuse
-[^129]: "Court Rules Virginia Giuffre Died Without a Will, Appoints Administrator," *Newsweek,* November 26, 2025. https://www.newsweek.com/court-rules-virginia-giuffre-died-without-will-11110482
-[^130]: United States v. Maxwell, No. 1:20-cr-00330 (S.D.N.Y.), ECF Nos. 784, 785 (July 18, 2025); ECF No. 809 (Aug. 11, 2025), 794 F. Supp. 3d 215. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/17318376/united-states-v-maxwell/
-[^131]: U.S. Department of Justice, "Interview Transcript, Maxwell, 2025.07.24 (Redacted)." https://www.justice.gov/storage/audio-files/Interview%20Transcript/Interview%20Transcript%20-%20Maxwell%202025.07.24%20(Redacted).pdf
-[^132]: Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, letter to William K. Marshall III, Director, Federal Bureau of Prisons, August 7, 2025. https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-08-07-Letter-to-BOP-Maxwell-Transfer.pdf
-[^133]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, "Attorney General Pamela Bondi Releases First Phase of Declassified Epstein Files," Press Release No. 25-201, February 27, 2025. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-pamela-bondi-releases-first-phase-declassified-epstein-files
-[^134]: Senator Richard J. Durbin, letter to Attorney General Pam Bondi, July 18, 2025. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/2025-07-18-rjd-letter-to-ag-bondi-re-epstein?download=1
-[^135]: "Bondi taps acting U.S. Attorney Jay Clayton to probe Democrats' ties to Epstein," *The Washington Times,* November 14, 2025. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2025/nov/14/bondi-taps-acting-us-attorney-jay-clayton-probe-democrats-ties/
-[^136]: Epstein Files Transparency Act, Pub. L. No. 119-38, § 2(c)(1)(C), 139 Stat. 656. https://www.congress.gov/119/plaws/publ38/PLAW-119publ38.pdf ; Office of the Clerk, Roll Call 289, November 18, 2025. https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2025289
-[^137]: U.S. Department of Justice, Press Release No. 26-84, January 30, 2026. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-publishes-35-million-responsive-pages-compliance-epstein-files
-[^138]: Pamela J. Bondi and Todd Blanche, letter to Congress, January 30, 2026, p. 4. https://www.justice.gov/letter-to-congress.pdf
-[^139]: United States v. Maxwell, No. 20 Cr. 330 (PAE) (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 21, 2026), Opinion and Order, ECF No. 844. https://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/Maxwell%2020cr330%20-%20Opinion%20%26%20Order%201.21.26.pdf
-[^140]: Senators Jeffrey A. Merkley, Lisa Murkowski, Ben Ray Luján and Richard J. Durbin, letter to Acting Comptroller General Orice Williams Brown, March 11, 2026. https://www.merkley.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/GAO-Epstein-Files-Redactions-Review-Letter.pdf
-[^141]: "Government watchdog to review DOJ's handling of the Epstein files," *NBC News,* April 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/government-watchdog-review-dojs-handling-epstein-files-rcna342513
-[^142]: "DOJ removed, withheld Epstein files related to accusations about Trump," *NPR,* February 24, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/02/24/nx-s1-5723968/epstein-files-trump-accusation-maxwell ; "Justice Department posts more Epstein files related to accusations about Trump," *NPR,* March 5, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737562/justice-department-missing-epstein-files-trump ; *CNN,* February 24, 2026. https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/24/us/epstein-files-trump-accuser-missing-files-invs
-[^143]: Congressional Record, vol. 172, no. 40 (March 3, 2026), pp. S748 ff. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2026-03-03/html/CREC-2026-03-03-pt1-PgS748-2.htm
-[^144]: U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, "Wyden Releases New Report on Failure of Wall Street Banks to Blow the Whistle on Jeffrey Epstein's Sex Trafficking and Money Laundering Schemes," August 4, 2026. https://www.finance.senate.gov/ranking-members-news/wyden-releases-new-report-on-failure-of-wall-street-banks-to-blow-the-whistle-on-jeffrey-epsteins-sex-trafficking-and-money-laundering-schemes
-[^145]: Dareh Gregorian et al., "House Oversight Committee votes to subpoena Pam Bondi for testimony on Epstein files," *NBC News,* March 4, 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/pam-bondi-subpoenaed-testify-epstein-files-house-oversight-committee-rcna261779
-[^146]: "Trump fires Pam Bondi as attorney general, installs Todd Blanche as acting AG," *CBS News,* April 2, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-pam-bondi-attorney-general/
-[^147]: "Summers Resigns From OpenAI Board Amid Backlash Over Epstein Emails." *The Harvard Crimson,* November 19, 2025. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2025/11/19/summers-resigns-open-ai/ ; "Larry Summers banned for life from American Economic Association." Associated Press via *Fortune,* December 3, 2025. https://fortune.com/2025/12/03/larry-summers-banned-for-life-from-american-economic-association
-[^148]: Chapman, Michelle. "Thomas Pritzker steps down from Hyatt board, saying he deeply regrets association with Epstein." Associated Press via *PBS NewsHour,* February 17, 2026. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/thomas-pritzker-steps-down-from-hyatt-board-saying-he-deeply-regrets-association-with-epstein
-[^149]: *CBS News,* February 2026, on Ruemmler's resignation as Goldman Sachs general counsel. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kathryn-ruemmler-resigning-from-goldman-sachs-epstein-files/
-[^150]: DOJ Epstein Library, file EFTA01285659, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas statement for Jeffrey Epstein, August 1 to 31, 2015, page 1 of 5: "08-06 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO BANK OF AMERICA A/C [redacted] TH E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT (16,083.00)."
-[^151]: DOJ Epstein Library, file EFTA01286417 (Bates EFTA01286419), Deutsche Bank statement for October 1 to 31, 2016, page 3 of 5: "10-27 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (17,030.00)."
-[^152]: DOJ Epstein Library, file EFTA01299344 (Bates EFTA01299345), Deutsche Bank statement for May 1 to 31, 2017, page 2 of 5: "05-10 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (10,856.00)"; "05-11 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO STERLING NATIONAL BANK A/C [redacted] FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (3,589.00)"; "05-19 Preauthorized Debit ... ACH PMT AMEX EPAYMENT (89,103.78)."
-[^153]: DOJ Epstein Library, file EFTA01681865, page marked EFTA01681912 (printed page 49), Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, September 12, 2019, Exhibit R, "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women."
+[^61]: Harvard University, Office of the General Counsel, "Report Concerning Jeffrey E. Epstein's Connections to Harvard University," May 2020, pp. 4-8. https://ogc.harvard.edu/files/ogc/files/report_concerning_jeffrey_e._epsteins_connections_to_harvard_university.pdf
+[^62]: Epstein schedule email for February 22, 2013, EFTA00395264 and EFTA01905308, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00395264.pdf
+[^63]: Stephen M. Kosslyn email to Jeffrey Epstein, "thanks," February 23, 2013, EFTA01760981, Data Set 10, and Jeffrey Epstein email reply, "Re: thanks," February 22 to 23, 2013, EFTA00955209, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01760981.pdf
+[^64]: Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn emails, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996933 and EFTA00704445, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00704445.pdf
+[^65]: Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Brunch," September 16, 2014, EFTA02590901 and EFTA02591244, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02591244.pdf
+[^66]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed November 14, 2014, accession 0001546672-14-000002, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667214000002/primary_doc.xml
+[^67]: Neuman, Scott, and Ava Berger. "Epstein paid for a conference of top scientists in 2006. His motives are now clear," *NPR,* March 9, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/03/09/nx-s1-5721150/epstein-scientists-physics-virgin-islands-conference
+[^68]: Minsky, Marvin L., Push Singh, and Aaron Sloman. "The St. Thomas Common Sense Symposium: Designing Architectures for Human-Level Intelligence," *AI Magazine* 25, no. 2 (2004): 113. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v25i2.1764 ; Brandom, Russell. "AI pioneer accused of having sex with trafficking victim on Jeffrey Epstein's island," *The Verge,* August 9, 2019. https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/9/20798900/marvin-minsky-jeffrey-epstein-sex-trafficking-island-court-records-unsealed
+[^69]: EFTA00328899, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00328899.pdf; EFTA00714297, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00714297.pdf; EFTA00337558, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00337558.pdf.
+[^70]: Aldhous, Peter. "Jeffrey Epstein's Links To Scientists Are Even More Extensive Than We Thought," *BuzzFeed News,* August 27, 2019. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/jeffrey-epstein-science-donations-apologies-statements
+[^71]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, pp. 5, 10, 28 n. 28. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf
+[^72]: "Billionaire Leon Black made a $158 million payment to Jeffrey Epstein. Senators want to know why," *CNN Business,* July 25, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/25/business/leon-black-jeffrey-epstein-senate-investigation
+[^73]: Owermohle, Sarah, and Austin Culpepper. "How Epstein enlisted Harvard scientists to burnish his reputation, and try to make a profit," *CNN,* February 19, 2026. https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/19/politics/harvard-epstein-donations-influence-exclusive
+[^74]: Molteni, Megan. "Jeffrey Epstein's tissue samples ignited a furor in the Harvard lab of George Church," *STAT,* February 24, 2026. https://www.statnews.com/2026/02/24/epstein-cell-line-george-church-harvard-personal-genome-project/
+[^75]: Farrow, Ronan. "How an Elite University Research Center Concealed Its Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein," *The New Yorker,* September 6, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-an-elite-university-research-center-concealed-its-relationship-with-jeffrey-epstein
+[^76]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Peggy Siegal and George Stephanopoulos, "Thursday small dinner for Prince Andrew," November and December 2010, EFTA02411832 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02411832.pdf
+[^77]: Ponieman, Natan. *Benzinga,* May 2023, on Epstein's private calendar, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal.* https://www.benzinga.com/news/23/05/32134015/private-calendar-reveals-jeffrey-epsteins-meetings-with-cia-director-noamchomsky-and-goldman-sachs ; *The Daily Beast,* May 2023, on Epstein's calendar meetings with Noam Chomsky and William Burns. https://www.thedailybeast.com/epstein-calendar-reveals-meetings-with-noam-chomsky-and-former-cia-chief-william-burns/ ; "The Former Biglaw Partner In Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar." *Above the Law,* May 2023, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal.* https://abovethelaw.com/2023/05/the-former-biglaw-partner-in-jeffrey-epsteins-private-calendar/
+[^78]: Hamilton, Katherine. "Jeffrey Epstein Moved Money For Noam Chomsky, Paid Bard President Botstein $150,000, Report Says." *Forbes,* May 17, 2023. https://www.forbes.com/sites/katherinehamilton/2023/05/17/jeffrey-epstein-moved-money-for-noam-chomsky-paid-bard-president-botstein-150000-report-says/
+[^79]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Kathy Ruemmler to Jeffrey Epstein, January 8, 2015, EFTA02386175 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02386175.pdf
+[^80]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01348714, DataSet 10, check image, Gratitude America, Ltd, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, to Leon Botstein, August 1, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01348714.pdf ; EFTA01348725, DataSet 10, check image, February 3, 2016 (Bates DB-SDNY-0035646). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01348725.pdf ; "Leon Botstein received $150,000 from Jeffrey Epstein," *Inside Higher Ed,* May 18, 2023. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2023/05/18/leon-botstein-received-150000-jeffrey-epstein
+[^81]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01615267, DataSet 10, iMessage log with the contact "Steve Bannon," August 23, 2018, EFTA01615267 to EFTA01615272. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01615267.pdf ; "'Let me see the videotapes': Mark Epstein wants Steve Bannon's 15 hours of unseen footage of his brother," *NBC News,* 2025. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/mark-epstein-steve-bannon-15-hours-brother-jeffrey-epstein-rcna219630
+[^82]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Tom Pritzker to Jeffrey Epstein, "RE: Re:," August 8, 2016, EFTA01783338 (DataSet 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01783338.pdf
+[^83]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: email to Jeffrey Epstein, sender redacted, "Any other," August 12, 2010, EFTA02407727 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02407727.pdf ; Saida Sapieva to Lesley Groff, "CONFIRMED: DINNER: Sunday, 8/2," July 31, 2015, EFTA00344556, and reply chain, EFTA00344564 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00344556.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00344564.pdf ; email chain, Jeffrey Epstein and a redacted correspondent, February 6, 2016, EFTA01738574 (DataSet 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01738574.pdf
+[^84]: "Epstein's Silicon Valley ties extended beyond just Musk and Gates." *CNBC,* February 9, 2026. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/09/tech-leaders-epstein-records-silicon-valley-sergey-brin-thiel-sinofsky-reid-hoffman-musk-gates.html
+[^85]: Fernandes, Deirdre, and Tricia L. Nadolny. "Introductions to women. Free flights. Business deals. Jeffrey Epstein's ties to Harvard run deeper than previously known," *The Boston Globe,* February 25, 2026. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/02/25/metro/jeffrey-epstein-harvard-spotlight-report/
+[^86]: Ruetenik, Daniel, and Graham Kates. "Lutnick and Epstein were in business together, Epstein files show." *CBS News,* February 7, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/howard-lutnick-jeffrey-epstein-in-business-together/
+[^87]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: FBI Form FD-71A Guardian Complaint Form, "Alleged Money Laundering by Howard Lutnick via BGC Financial and Cantor Fitzgerald," case 50D-NY-3027571, April 23, 2021, EFTA01249210 (DataSet 9); calendar alert, December 20, 2012, EFTA02152992 (DataSet 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01249210.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02152992.pdf
+[^88]: "Birthday letter to Epstein bore Trump's signature, drawing of naked woman, Wall Street Journal reports." *CNN,* July 17, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/17/politics/epstein-birthday-letter-trump ; "Trump Epstein letter and drawing from 'birthday book' released." *CNBC,* September 8, 2025. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/08/trump-epstein-birthday-book-oversight.html
+[^89]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: FBI New York internal email on the Prince Andrew MLAT request, June 8, 2020, EFTA00149598 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00149598.pdf
+[^90]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: correspondence of Tomer Toor, Darren Indyke, Ehud Barak and Jeffrey Epstein on the exercise of Carbyne warrants, February and March 2019, EFTA02632339 and EFTA02634615 (DataSet 11); Richard Kahn and Darren Indyke on Carbyne financial statements, March 2019, EFTA01035810 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02632339.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02634615.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01035810.pdf
+[^91]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Ehud Barak to Jabor Al Thani, copied to Jeffrey Epstein, "Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1, 2019, EFTA02607775, and continuing thread to February 4, 2019, EFTA02628648 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02607775.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02628648.pdf
+[^92]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, May 21, 2018, EFTA01052344 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01052344.pdf
+[^93]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Jeffrey Epstein and Nicole Junkermann, February 18, 2019, EFTA02630791 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02630791.pdf
+[^94]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: iMessage logs with the contact "Vitaly Churkin," November 16, 2015 to January 10, 2017, EFTA01619434, EFTA01619438 and EFTA01619444 (DataSet 10); Lesley Groff, "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," August 28, 2016, EFTA02044775 (DataSet 10); scheduling of Maxim Churkin, July and August 2017, EFTA02219806 (DataSet 11) and EFTA00676901 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619438.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619444.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02044775.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02219806.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00676901.pdf
+[^95]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, deposition of William P. Barr, August 18, 2025, transcript released September 2025. https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Barr-Transcript.pdf
+[^96]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Jeffrey Epstein to Martin Weinberg, "Re: CIA FOIA Request," July 18, 2011, EFTA00915248; Weinberg to Epstein, same date, EFTA00687827; FBI Privacy Waiver and Certification of Identity, EFTA00624683 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00915248.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00687827.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00624683.pdf
+[^97]: Complaint, Farmer v. United States, No. 1:25-cv-01709-RBW (D.D.C. May 29, 2025), paras. 80, 85-126, 176-185, citing United States v. Epstein, 27 F. Supp. 2d 404 (S.D.N.Y. 1998). https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Doc-1-Complaint-05-29-2025.pdf
+[^98]: Maria Farmer and Sarah Ransome, Claim for Damage, Injury, or Death (Standard Form 95), signed July 20, 2023. https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Farmer-and-Ransome-Jeffrey-Epstein-Notice-of-Claim-FBI-07-20-2023.pdf
+[^99]: "Maria Farmer and Marsh Law Firm's Persistent Advocacy Vindicated as FBI Releases Farmer's 1996 Report on Jeffrey Epstein," *Marsh Law Firm,* December 23, 2025. https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/persistent-advocacy-vindicated/
+[^100]: "NYC medical examiner rejects claim that Jeffrey Epstein's death was a homicide." *CNN,* October 30, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/30/us/jeffrey-epstein-autopsy-fox ; "Jeffrey Epstein autopsy finds broken bones in his neck." *CNN,* August 15, 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/15/us/jeffrey-epstein-autopsy-broken-neck
+[^101]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: "Gmax" to Jeffrey Epstein, December 8, 2009, EFTA02434764 (DataSet 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02434764.pdf
+[^102]: Suzanne Carlson, "Epstein estate could be ordered to repay more than $144 million in tax breaks," *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 13, 2020 (ECF No. 158-36 in No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR). http://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/epstein-estate-could-be-ordered-to-repay-more-than-144-million-in-tax-breaks/article_b84d9710-14af-5e69-a890-bcf8265cf8f9.html
+[^103]: Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), Expert Report of Jorge Amador, ECF No. 238-31 (filed July 25, 2023), report pp. 6, 16-17, 24, 46, 74. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.591653/gov.uscourts.nysd.591653.238.31.pdf
+[^104]: Dechert LLP, Memorandum to the Apollo Conflicts Committee, January 22, 2021, Exhibit 99.1 to Apollo Global Management Form 8-K (January 25, 2021), pp. 3 to 5, 16 to 17. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1411494/000119312521016405/d118102dex991.htm
+[^105]: Letter from Senator Ron Wyden to Attorney General Pam Bondi, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and FBI Director Kash Patel, March 11, 2025. https://www.finance.senate.gov/download/wyden-letter-to-doj-treasury-fbi-on-epsteinpdf?download=1
+[^106]: Settlement Agreement and Release between the Government of the United States Virgin Islands and Leon Black, executed January 20, 2023. https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/usvi_black_settlement_agreement_-_executedpdf.pdf
+[^107]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01071282, DataSet 9, "Checklist for Leon Black Estate Planning and Restructuring," as of October 2, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01071282.pdf ; EFTA00982173, DataSet 9, email, Ada Clapp to Jeffrey Epstein, "6.7.13 Checklist for Leon Black Estate Planning and Restructuring-updated 1.14.14," January 21, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00982173.pdf ; EFTA00702518, DataSet 9, email, Barry J. Cohen to Jeffrey Epstein, "S&C: Leon Black Estate Planning," July 24, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00702518.pdf
+[^108]: Deposition of James Dimon, May 26, 2023, No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), transcript pp. 261-269. https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rQOuhi8KqiM0/v0
+[^109]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02808715, Court Records, Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 1:22-cv-10904 (S.D.N.Y.), letter motion of Motley Rice to Judge Jed S. Rakoff seeking leave to reopen depositions, June 7, 2023 (ECF No. 191). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank%2C%20N.A.%2C%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02808715.pdf ; EFTA02808625, Court Records, same case, letter of JPMorgan's counsel in opposition, June 9, 2023. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank%2C%20N.A.%2C%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02808625.pdf ; EFTA02814941, Court Records, same case, Order of Judge Jed S. Rakoff, August 2023. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank%2C%20N.A.%2C%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02814941.pdf
+[^110]: Staley v The Financial Conduct Authority [2025] UKUT 00203 (TCC), decision released June 26, 2025. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/685d21fec2633bd820a92a52/Staley_v_FCA_decision_for_release.pdf
+[^111]: New York State Department of Financial Services, Consent Order in the Matter of Deutsche Bank AG et al., July 6, 2020, paras. 26, 33. https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/enforcement_discipline/ea20200706_deutsche_bank ; Letter from Senator Ron Wyden to Chairman James Comer and Ranking Member Robert Garcia, June 4, 2026. https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/wyden_letter_to_house_oversight_on_leon_black-epstein_060426.pdf
+[^112]: "JPMorgan settles with Jeffrey Epstein victims for $290 million." *WHYY,* 2023. https://whyy.org/articles/jpmorgan-settlement/ ; "Ex-Barclays CEO Jes Staley fined and banned by UK regulator for Epstein ties." *AP/AOL,* 2023. https://www.aol.com/finance/ex-barclays-ceo-jes-staley-142727090.html
+[^113]: Em Steck, "Epstein left millions to his closest advisers. A shrinking estate and new lawsuits may stand in the way," *CNN,* September 21, 2026. https://edition.cnn.com/2026/09/21/politics/jeffrey-epstein-estate-lawsuit-vis
+[^114]: Financial Conduct Authority, Final Notice to James Edward Staley, July 23, 2025. https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/final-notices/james-edward-staley-2025.pdf
+[^115]: DOJ Epstein Library, file EFTA01285659, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas statement for Jeffrey Epstein, August 1 to 31, 2015, page 1 of 5: "08-06 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO BANK OF AMERICA A/C [redacted] TH E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT (16,083.00)."
+[^116]: DOJ Epstein Library, file EFTA01286417 (Bates EFTA01286419), Deutsche Bank statement for October 1 to 31, 2016, page 3 of 5: "10-27 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (17,030.00)."
+[^117]: DOJ Epstein Library, file EFTA01299344 (Bates EFTA01299345), Deutsche Bank statement for May 1 to 31, 2017, page 2 of 5: "05-10 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (10,856.00)"; "05-11 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO STERLING NATIONAL BANK A/C [redacted] FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (3,589.00)"; "05-19 Preauthorized Debit ... ACH PMT AMEX EPAYMENT (89,103.78)."
+[^118]: DOJ Epstein Library, file EFTA01681865, page marked EFTA01681912 (printed page 49), Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, September 12, 2019, Exhibit R, "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women."
+[^119]: "V.I. Officials Enabled Epstein to Act With Impunity, JPMorgan Alleges in Latest Salvo." *St. Thomas Source,* June 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20240721172424/https://stthomassource.com/content/2023/06/16/v-i-officials-enabled-epstein-to-act-with-impunity-jpmorgan-alleges-in-latest-salvo/
+[^120]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Court filings show V.I. First Lady's loyalty to Epstein." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* June 21, 2023. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/court-filings-show-v-i-first-ladys-loyalty-to-epstein/article_c2dca0a7-a243-5365-88c0-389c576ad022.html
+[^121]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Docs confirm Bryan pressed for special treatment of sex offender." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* February 2, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/docs-confirm-bryan-pressed-for-special-treatment-of-sex-offender/article_5e9483c9-38d2-406c-8bb0-e5757ce287f2.html
+[^122]: Carlson, Suzanne. "Bryan unapologetic for texts with Epstein, doubles down on denial of wrongdoing." *Virgin Islands Daily News,* March 3, 2026. https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/bryan-unapologetic-for-texts-with-epstein-doubles-down-on-denial-of-wrongdoing/article_8bab46a1-6075-4c7c-abec-6efb19622e62.html
+[^123]: Giuffre v. Maxwell, No. 1:15-cv-07433 (S.D.N.Y.), ECF No. 1360 with Exhibits 2-9 (Feb. 20, 2026), describing In re Grand Jury Subpoena, No. 19-MC-149 (CM) (April 9, 2019 order); Order, ECF No. 1367 (Aug. 11, 2026); Order, ECF No. 1370 (Sept. 3, 2026). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4355835/ian-torrington-blatchford-as-interim-administrator-of-virginia-giuffres/
+[^124]: "Jeffrey Epstein operated a vast sex-trafficking network of underage girls who recruited other victims, prosecutors say." *CNN,* July 8, 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/08/us/jeffrey-epstein-monday-court-appearance
+[^125]: "Jeffrey Epstein used foreign passport with fake name to enter Saudi Arabia: prosecutors." *NBC News,* July 17, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/jeffrey-epstein-used-foreign-passport-fake-name-enter-saudi-arabia-n1031046
+[^126]: *United States v. Epstein,* No. 1:19-cr-00490-RMB (S.D.N.Y.), ECF No. 23, Letter from AUSA Alison Moe to Judge Richard M. Berman (Supplement to Detention Memorandum), July 16, 2019, pp. 1-3. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.518649/gov.uscourts.nysd.518649.23.0_2.pdf
+[^127]: *United States v. Epstein,* No. 1:19-cr-00490-RMB (S.D.N.Y.), ECF No. 30, Letter from AUSA Alison Moe, July 17, 2019 (quoting ECF No. 24 at 7); ECF No. 31, Letter from Marc Fernich, Martin Weinberg, and Reid Weingarten, July 18, 2019. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/15887848/united-states-v-epstein/
+[^128]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: internal USANYS email, "FW: Fraud and Blackmail: Jeffrey Epstein's Finances," July 31, 2019, EFTA00086657 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00086657.pdf
+[^129]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library: Federal Bureau of Prisons records of Jeffrey Epstein's detention at MCC New York, July 8 to August 10, 2019, including staff memoranda of July 23, 2019, SIS Inmate Investigative Report NYM-19-0061 (July 31, 2019, pp. EFTA00049239 to 43), and an institution response on cellmate assignments and documentation, EFTA00048963 (DataSet 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00048963.pdf
+[^130]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General. *Investigation and Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Custody, Care, and Supervision of Jeffrey Epstein at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York, New York.* Report 23-085, June 2023, pp. iii to iv, 1 to 6, 14 to 20, 58 to 60. https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/reports/23-085.pdf
+[^131]: Khurshudyan, Isabelle. "Epstein files shed new light on what prison officials were doing the night he died." *CNN,* March 26, 2026. https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/26/politics/epstein-files-prison-officials-night-he-died ; "Jeffrey Epstein's autopsy: A closer look." *CBS News, 60 Minutes,* January 5, 2020. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jeffrey-epstein-autopsy-a-closer-look-60-minutes-2020-01-05/
+[^132]: U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Bureau of Investigation, unsigned memorandum on review of investigative holdings relating to Jeffrey Epstein, July 7, 2025. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1407001/dl?inline
+[^133]: Eastham, Janet. "'Suspicious' payments to last guard who saw Epstein." *The Telegraph* via *Yahoo News,* March 8, 2026. https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/epstein-prison-guard-made-suspicious-132416347.html ; "Hany Farid and WIRED Analyze the Department of Justice's Released Epstein Video, Find Anomalies with Metadata." *UC Berkeley School of Information,* July 2025. https://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/news/2025/hany-farid-and-wired-analyze-department-justices-released-epstein-video-find-anomalies ; "Jeffrey Epstein prison video had nearly 3 minutes cut from it: report." *LiveNOW from FOX,* July 2025. https://www.livenowfox.com/news/epstein-prison-video-edit-discrepancy
+[^134]: "Maurene Comey, prosecutor in Epstein and Combs cases and daughter of former FBI director, sues after being fired." *CNN,* September 15, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/15/politics/maurene-comey-justice-department-lawsuit ; Comey v. United States Department of Justice, No. 1:25-cv-07625 (S.D.N.Y.). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71348216/comey-v-united-states-department-of-justice/
+[^135]: "Jeffrey Epstein's Executor Is Ex-Science Adviser to Bill Gates." *Bloomberg,* August 19, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-19/epstein-s-11th-hour-executor-is-ex-science-adviser-to-bill-gates
+[^136]: Reuters, "Epstein estate agrees to $35 million settlement in victim class action," *NBC News,* February 20, 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/epstein-estate-agrees-35-million-settlement-victim-class-action-rcna259863 ; Doe 3 v. Indyke, No. 1:24-cv-01204 (S.D.N.Y.). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/68260876/doe-3-v-indyke/
+[^137]: Kaelan Deese, "Two Jeffrey Epstein associates under investigation by New York federal prosecutors," *Washington Examiner,* September 23, 2026. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/justice/4739210/jeffrey-epstein-associates-under-investigation-new-york-federal-prosecutors/
+[^138]: "Ghislaine Maxwell Sentenced To 20 Years In Prison." *U.S. Department of Justice, Southern District of New York,* June 28, 2022. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/ghislaine-maxwell-sentenced-20-years-prison-conspiring-jeffrey-epstein-sexually-abuse
+[^139]: "Court Rules Virginia Giuffre Died Without a Will, Appoints Administrator," *Newsweek,* November 26, 2025. https://www.newsweek.com/court-rules-virginia-giuffre-died-without-will-11110482
+[^140]: United States v. Maxwell, No. 1:20-cr-00330 (S.D.N.Y.), ECF Nos. 784, 785 (July 18, 2025); ECF No. 809 (Aug. 11, 2025), 794 F. Supp. 3d 215. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/17318376/united-states-v-maxwell/
+[^141]: U.S. Department of Justice, "Interview Transcript, Maxwell, 2025.07.24 (Redacted)." https://www.justice.gov/storage/audio-files/Interview%20Transcript/Interview%20Transcript%20-%20Maxwell%202025.07.24%20(Redacted).pdf
+[^142]: Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, letter to William K. Marshall III, Director, Federal Bureau of Prisons, August 7, 2025. https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-08-07-Letter-to-BOP-Maxwell-Transfer.pdf
+[^143]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, "Attorney General Pamela Bondi Releases First Phase of Declassified Epstein Files," Press Release No. 25-201, February 27, 2025. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-pamela-bondi-releases-first-phase-declassified-epstein-files
+[^144]: Senator Richard J. Durbin, letter to Attorney General Pam Bondi, July 18, 2025. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/2025-07-18-rjd-letter-to-ag-bondi-re-epstein?download=1
+[^145]: "Bondi taps acting U.S. Attorney Jay Clayton to probe Democrats' ties to Epstein," *The Washington Times,* November 14, 2025. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2025/nov/14/bondi-taps-acting-us-attorney-jay-clayton-probe-democrats-ties/
+[^146]: Epstein Files Transparency Act, Pub. L. No. 119-38, § 2(c)(1)(C), 139 Stat. 656. https://www.congress.gov/119/plaws/publ38/PLAW-119publ38.pdf ; Office of the Clerk, Roll Call 289, November 18, 2025. https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2025289
+[^147]: U.S. Department of Justice, Press Release No. 26-84, January 30, 2026. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-publishes-35-million-responsive-pages-compliance-epstein-files
+[^148]: Pamela J. Bondi and Todd Blanche, letter to Congress, January 30, 2026, p. 4. https://www.justice.gov/letter-to-congress.pdf
+[^149]: United States v. Maxwell, No. 20 Cr. 330 (PAE) (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 21, 2026), Opinion and Order, ECF No. 844. https://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/Maxwell%2020cr330%20-%20Opinion%20%26%20Order%201.21.26.pdf
+[^150]: Senators Jeffrey A. Merkley, Lisa Murkowski, Ben Ray Luján and Richard J. Durbin, letter to Acting Comptroller General Orice Williams Brown, March 11, 2026. https://www.merkley.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/GAO-Epstein-Files-Redactions-Review-Letter.pdf
+[^151]: "Government watchdog to review DOJ's handling of the Epstein files," *NBC News,* April 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/government-watchdog-review-dojs-handling-epstein-files-rcna342513
+[^152]: "DOJ removed, withheld Epstein files related to accusations about Trump," *NPR,* February 24, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/02/24/nx-s1-5723968/epstein-files-trump-accusation-maxwell ; "Justice Department posts more Epstein files related to accusations about Trump," *NPR,* March 5, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737562/justice-department-missing-epstein-files-trump ; *CNN,* February 24, 2026. https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/24/us/epstein-files-trump-accuser-missing-files-invs
+[^153]: Congressional Record, vol. 172, no. 40 (March 3, 2026), pp. S748 ff. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2026-03-03/html/CREC-2026-03-03-pt1-PgS748-2.htm
+[^154]: U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, "Wyden Releases New Report on Failure of Wall Street Banks to Blow the Whistle on Jeffrey Epstein's Sex Trafficking and Money Laundering Schemes," August 4, 2026. https://www.finance.senate.gov/ranking-members-news/wyden-releases-new-report-on-failure-of-wall-street-banks-to-blow-the-whistle-on-jeffrey-epsteins-sex-trafficking-and-money-laundering-schemes
+[^155]: Dareh Gregorian et al., "House Oversight Committee votes to subpoena Pam Bondi for testimony on Epstein files," *NBC News,* March 4, 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/pam-bondi-subpoenaed-testify-epstein-files-house-oversight-committee-rcna261779
+[^156]: "Trump fires Pam Bondi as attorney general, installs Todd Blanche as acting AG," *CBS News,* April 2, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-pam-bondi-attorney-general/
+[^157]: "Summers Resigns From OpenAI Board Amid Backlash Over Epstein Emails." *The Harvard Crimson,* November 19, 2025. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2025/11/19/summers-resigns-open-ai/ ; "Larry Summers banned for life from American Economic Association." Associated Press via *Fortune,* December 3, 2025. https://fortune.com/2025/12/03/larry-summers-banned-for-life-from-american-economic-association
+[^158]: Chapman, Michelle. "Thomas Pritzker steps down from Hyatt board, saying he deeply regrets association with Epstein." Associated Press via *PBS NewsHour,* February 17, 2026. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/thomas-pritzker-steps-down-from-hyatt-board-saying-he-deeply-regrets-association-with-epstein
+[^159]: *CBS News,* February 2026, on Ruemmler's resignation as Goldman Sachs general counsel. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kathryn-ruemmler-resigning-from-goldman-sachs-epstein-files/
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leonid Brezhnev.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leonid Brezhnev.md
index 9fb8a345..11f84789 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leonid Brezhnev.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leonid Brezhnev.md	
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@ During the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], as the continued encirclement of the Egyptia
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 17.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lesley Groff.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lesley Groff.md
index 0c50026a..f9de8821 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lesley Groff.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lesley Groff.md	
@@ -47,28 +47,28 @@ relations:
     reverse: true
     role: "grand jury subpoena resolved by interview"
     start: 2007-09-12
-    fn: 22
+    fn: 24
   - type: represented
     with: "[[Jonathan Whitcomb]]"
     reverse: true
     role: "counsel in Doe v. Indyke and before the House Oversight Committee"
     start: 2021-10-24
-    fn: 20
+    fn: 22
   - type: investigated
     with: "[[U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida]]"
     reverse: true
     role: "grand jury subpoena OLY-73 for her and Epstein's calendars, contacts, communications and devices"
     start: 2007-08-16
-    fn: 21
+    fn: 23
   - type: investigated
     with: "[[U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York]]"
     reverse: true
     role: "FBI interviews, attorney proffers and a signed proffer agreement"
     start: 2019-07-06
     end: 2021-07-23
-    fn: 23
+    fn: 25
 created: 2026-09-25
-updated: 2026-10-08
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
 Lesley Groff is an American former executive assistant to [[Jeffrey Epstein]], who worked for him in his [[New York City|New York]] office for more than eighteen years, from 2001 until she resigned after his arrest in July 2019. She is one of the four women named in the co-conspirator clause of Epstein's September 2007 [[Epstein non-prosecution agreement|non-prosecution agreement]] with the [[U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida]], a clause she has called her "scarlet letter." Victims have said she scheduled their appointments with Epstein; she has denied any knowledge of his crimes and has never been charged.[^1][^2]
@@ -79,33 +79,35 @@ Groff began working for Epstein in February 2001, at the age of 35, as his execu
 
 Groff managed Epstein's calendar and travel from New York. A 2005 [[Chicago Tribune]] article reported salaries of about 200,000 dollars for Epstein's assistants and quoted Epstein describing them as "an extension of my brain."[^4] Groff told the [[House Oversight Committee]] that she was paid 50,000 dollars until 2005, with a 10,000 dollar bonus in her first year, 120,000 dollars until 2009, 108,000 dollars thereafter, and from 2015 about 130,000 dollars and perhaps as much as 150,000 dollars. Asked about correspondence in the released files showing that she had been paid "through a loan that you arranged with Richard Kahn," which "says in the correspondence that it was forgivable upon his death," she answered "Yes." She testified that "in 2016, I believe that my salary did change to a loan plus a small paycheck," that she "was told it was a new structure," and that the loan was 100,000 dollars in 2016, "the same for 2017, 2018," and 110,000 dollars in 2019, while "the salary portion became less."[^3] A [[Deutsche Bank]] know-your-customer page for "The 2013 Butterfly Trust," produced to the federal grand jury in New York, listed her among the trust's "Current Potential Beneficiaries," with Indyke and Epstein's pilot [[Larry Visoski]].[^5]
 
+Groff handled the scheduling of the Minerva lunch in February 2013. On February 21, 2013 [[Stephen Kosslyn]] wrote that "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" for a lunch the next day, and the reply read: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey."[^6] On March 12, 2013 she asked Epstein: "Did you want me to touch base with Bob Kerrey of the Minvera [sic] Project and see if he might be free 19th, 20th?" Epstein answered "ok."[^7]
+
 ### Duties and the Scheduling Record
 
 Groff described her duties to the committee: "I scheduled his business meetings. I scheduled breakfasts, lunches, dinners. If he was going to have a party, I might coordinate with that. I coordinated with his staff at all the homes. On his island, I coordinated with his pilots. I would sometimes coordinate trips to, say, a TED conference." She said she informed the pilots of departure times and could have told them who would be traveling, that she never traveled on Epstein's airplanes, and that she took "the one helicopter ride," from [[St. Thomas]] to his island to see a construction project. She recalled Epstein speaking with Senator [[John Kerry]], General [[Wesley Clark]], [[George Mitchell]] and the governor of [[New Mexico]]; of [[Donald Trump]] she said that "early on, he spoke with Trump, but that was before he became President," and "I would connect phone calls. That was it." She said Epstein spoke with [[Prince Andrew]] when Andrew was in town.[^3]
 
 Messages from her desk in the [[Epstein Files]] released by the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] include:
 
-- April 27, 2011: "Howard Lutnick will come see" Epstein on a Sunday at 5 p.m., a visit by the chief executive of [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], [[Howard Lutnick]].[^6]
-- February 22, 2012: to the defense lawyer [[Roy Black]], "Jeffrey would like to meet with you along with [[Reid Weingarten]] on Friday March 2nd in Miami"; Black replied, "No problem I can do Friday afternoon."[^7]
-- October 1, 2012: to Epstein, copying Larry Visoski, "Todd Meister called to confirm he will be going to the island tomorrow with his Venezuelan friend and that Larry is to pick them up in the helicopter upon arrival," after [[Todd Meister]] had forwarded her a message from Francisco D'Agostino giving a landing time at "St. Thomas FBO: Alliance Aviation" and the tail number N3FD. An addressee whose name is redacted asked her that evening whether the party would stay overnight on "lsj" or whether it was "just a drop."[^8][^9]
-- June 24, 2013: "[[Julian Leese]] is in NY... OK to schedule in Julian Leese?"[^10]
-- March 24, 2014: arranging a call between Epstein and [[Jacqui Safra]] on a Swiss mobile number.[^11]
-- August 14, 2014: to the Virgin Islands lawyer [[Stacey Plaskett]], copying [[Erika Kellerhals]], "will you be able to meet with Jeffrey on his island on Monday Aug. 18th at 11am?"; Plaskett replied, "Please share details on time and transportation to Jeffrey." Plaskett was elected the territory's delegate to Congress that November.[^12]
-- April 21, 2015: "Carlton Dowe returned your call," a reference to the executive director of the [[Virgin Islands Port Authority]], [[Carlton Dowe]].[^13]
-- August 5, 2015: "Jeffrey Epstein attended Reid Hoffman/Peter Thiel's dinner party this past Sunday night at Baume Restaurant. At the party Mark requested Jeffrey send his contact details to him," with [[Mark Zuckerberg]] named among the recipients; the hosts were [[Reid Hoffman]] and [[Peter Thiel]].[^14]
-- August 28, 2016: "Vitaly Churkin will also join the lunch tomorrow...it is now JE, [redacted], Tom Barrack and Churkin. 4 total," a lunch with the Russian ambassador to the [[United Nations]], [[Vitaly Churkin]], and [[Tom Barrack]].[^15]
-- November 29, 2016: to [[Joi Ito]] of the [[MIT Media Lab]], arranging a visit by [[Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem]], chairman of [[DP World]], to Epstein at [[Martin Nowak]]'s office at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], "1 Brattle Square."[^16]
-- June 13, 2019: a calendar entry routed to her, "need Thorbjorn Jagland to confirm dinner on June 20th," with the former Norwegian prime minister and secretary general of the [[Council of Europe]], [[Thorbjørn Jagland]], three weeks before Epstein's arrest.[^17]
+- April 27, 2011: "Howard Lutnick will come see" Epstein on a Sunday at 5 p.m., a visit by the chief executive of [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], [[Howard Lutnick]].[^8]
+- February 22, 2012: to the defense lawyer [[Roy Black]], "Jeffrey would like to meet with you along with [[Reid Weingarten]] on Friday March 2nd in Miami"; Black replied, "No problem I can do Friday afternoon."[^9]
+- October 1, 2012: to Epstein, copying Larry Visoski, "Todd Meister called to confirm he will be going to the island tomorrow with his Venezuelan friend and that Larry is to pick them up in the helicopter upon arrival," after [[Todd Meister]] had forwarded her a message from Francisco D'Agostino giving a landing time at "St. Thomas FBO: Alliance Aviation" and the tail number N3FD. An addressee whose name is redacted asked her that evening whether the party would stay overnight on "lsj" or whether it was "just a drop."[^10][^11]
+- June 24, 2013: "[[Julian Leese]] is in NY... OK to schedule in Julian Leese?"[^12]
+- March 24, 2014: arranging a call between Epstein and [[Jacqui Safra]] on a Swiss mobile number.[^13]
+- August 14, 2014: to the Virgin Islands lawyer [[Stacey Plaskett]], copying [[Erika Kellerhals]], "will you be able to meet with Jeffrey on his island on Monday Aug. 18th at 11am?"; Plaskett replied, "Please share details on time and transportation to Jeffrey." Plaskett was elected the territory's delegate to Congress that November.[^14]
+- April 21, 2015: "Carlton Dowe returned your call," a reference to the executive director of the [[Virgin Islands Port Authority]], [[Carlton Dowe]].[^15]
+- August 5, 2015: "Jeffrey Epstein attended Reid Hoffman/Peter Thiel's dinner party this past Sunday night at Baume Restaurant. At the party Mark requested Jeffrey send his contact details to him," with [[Mark Zuckerberg]] named among the recipients; the hosts were [[Reid Hoffman]] and [[Peter Thiel]].[^16]
+- August 28, 2016: "Vitaly Churkin will also join the lunch tomorrow...it is now JE, [redacted], Tom Barrack and Churkin. 4 total," a lunch with the Russian ambassador to the [[United Nations]], [[Vitaly Churkin]], and [[Tom Barrack]].[^17]
+- November 29, 2016: to [[Joi Ito]] of the [[MIT Media Lab]], arranging a visit by [[Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem]], chairman of [[DP World]], to Epstein at [[Martin Nowak]]'s office at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], "1 Brattle Square."[^18]
+- June 13, 2019: a calendar entry routed to her, "need Thorbjorn Jagland to confirm dinner on June 20th," with the former Norwegian prime minister and secretary general of the [[Council of Europe]], [[Thorbjørn Jagland]], three weeks before Epstein's arrest.[^19]
 
 ### Allegations and Denials
 
 [[Marina Lacerda]], who has said she dropped out of school before the ninth grade and was abused by Epstein as a minor, has said she "had to go through Lesley Groff," who called repeatedly to arrange massages. A victim who was a minor at the time told the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] that she "felt it was pretty obvious Lesley knew what was going on." Groff's attorney [[Michael Bachner]] has said that she "never knowingly booked travel for anyone under the age of 18" and "had no knowledge of the alleged illegal activity whatsoever," and that after the 2019 arrest she "felt betrayed and disgusted."[^2]
 
-Groff was a named defendant, with Epstein, Maxwell, and [[Sarah Kellen]], in the federal sex-trafficking suit filed in January 2017 by [[Sarah Ransome]], who alleged that the four told her Epstein would secure her admission to the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]] in exchange for massages. The suit was dismissed with prejudice by stipulation on December 20, 2018.[^18] In October 2019 [[Jennifer Araoz]], who has said Epstein abused her when she was 14 and 15, amended her [[Child Victims Act]] suit in New York state court to name Groff, "who worked as his secretary," Maxwell and two other women; Araoz alleged that Groff "often contacted her to set up sexual encounters with him." Bachner responded that Groff had worked "as part of a professional staff that included in-house attorneys, accountants" and other office staff, and that she never engaged in "any misconduct" during her employment.[^19] On October 14, 2021 a plaintiff represented by [[Gloria Allred]] sued Groff with Indyke and Kahn in the [[U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] (Doe v. Indyke, No. 1:21-cv-08469, before Judge [[P. Kevin Castel]]); [[Jonathan Whitcomb]], [[Danielle Charlot]] and Bachner appeared for Groff, and the case was closed on April 4, 2024.[^20]
+Groff was a named defendant, with Epstein, Maxwell, and [[Sarah Kellen]], in the federal sex-trafficking suit filed in January 2017 by [[Sarah Ransome]], who alleged that the four told her Epstein would secure her admission to the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]] in exchange for massages. The suit was dismissed with prejudice by stipulation on December 20, 2018.[^20] In October 2019 [[Jennifer Araoz]], who has said Epstein abused her when she was 14 and 15, amended her [[Child Victims Act]] suit in New York state court to name Groff, "who worked as his secretary," Maxwell and two other women; Araoz alleged that Groff "often contacted her to set up sexual encounters with him." Bachner responded that Groff had worked "as part of a professional staff that included in-house attorneys, accountants" and other office staff, and that she never engaged in "any misconduct" during her employment.[^21] On October 14, 2021 a plaintiff represented by [[Gloria Allred]] sued Groff with Indyke and Kahn in the [[U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] (Doe v. Indyke, No. 1:21-cv-08469, before Judge [[P. Kevin Castel]]); [[Jonathan Whitcomb]], [[Danielle Charlot]] and Bachner appeared for Groff, and the case was closed on April 4, 2024.[^22]
 
 ### The 2007 Investigation
 
-On August 21, 2007, according to a document read to her by committee counsel, FBI agents came to Groff's home. She testified that she let them in and sat with them, then "went upstairs and I called Darren Indyke, who is the in-house counsel," who told her not to speak to them without an attorney; the agents left, and "Mr. Epstein got me an attorney, and I went and spoke to him once."[^3] The subpoena, issued on August 16, 2007 under control number OLY-73 of grand jury FGJ 07-103 in [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]], commanded her to appear at the federal courthouse at 701 Clematis Street on September 4, 2007 at 1 p.m. and to coordinate her compliance with a special agent of the FBI. Its attachment demanded, "For the period of January 1, 2001 to the present, all calendars, agendas, daily diaries, or other records of appointments, travel, meetings and the like, kept by or on behalf of Jeffrey Epstein," Groff and others whose names are redacted; from January 1, 2003, all address books and contact lists and "all e-mails, instant messages, text messages, meeting invitations, and any other electronic communication" among the same persons, in each case with "all metadata included within the electronic/physical files"; and "Any cellular phone, 'Blackberry' unit, personal digital assistant ('PDA') or other handheld electronic device that you own or use regularly."[^21] The prosecutors' chronology of the case records a September 12, 2007 email between Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Ann Marie Villafana]] and the defense lawyer [[Nathan Dershowitz|Nathan Z. Dershowitz]] stating that "Ms. Groff will proceed by interview."[^22]
+On August 21, 2007, according to a document read to her by committee counsel, FBI agents came to Groff's home. She testified that she let them in and sat with them, then "went upstairs and I called Darren Indyke, who is the in-house counsel," who told her not to speak to them without an attorney; the agents left, and "Mr. Epstein got me an attorney, and I went and spoke to him once."[^3] The subpoena, issued on August 16, 2007 under control number OLY-73 of grand jury FGJ 07-103 in [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]], commanded her to appear at the federal courthouse at 701 Clematis Street on September 4, 2007 at 1 p.m. and to coordinate her compliance with a special agent of the FBI. Its attachment demanded, "For the period of January 1, 2001 to the present, all calendars, agendas, daily diaries, or other records of appointments, travel, meetings and the like, kept by or on behalf of Jeffrey Epstein," Groff and others whose names are redacted; from January 1, 2003, all address books and contact lists and "all e-mails, instant messages, text messages, meeting invitations, and any other electronic communication" among the same persons, in each case with "all metadata included within the electronic/physical files"; and "Any cellular phone, 'Blackberry' unit, personal digital assistant ('PDA') or other handheld electronic device that you own or use regularly."[^23] The prosecutors' chronology of the case records a September 12, 2007 email between Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Ann Marie Villafana]] and the defense lawyer [[Nathan Dershowitz|Nathan Z. Dershowitz]] stating that "Ms. Groff will proceed by interview."[^24]
 
 At the 2026 interview committee counsel introduced a "plea proffer from [[United States v. Epstein|United States v. Jeffrey Epstein]]," Bates number EFTA00213369, released by the Justice Department in January 2026, which stated that after the agents arrived Groff went upstairs and called Epstein, who "instructed Ms. Groff not to speak with the agents," "applied pressure to keep Ms. Groff from complying with the grand jury subpoena that the agents had served upon her," and "warned Ms. Groff against turning over documents and electronic evidence responsive to the subpoena and pressured her to delay her appearance before the Federal grand jury in the Southern District of Florida." Asked whether the document was incorrect, Groff said: "I believe it is. I don't know how they would know that. I really believe that I called Mr. Indyke," adding, "I wouldn't call Mr. Epstein." Asked whether she remembered Epstein pressuring her over the subpoena, she answered: "None. No."[^3]
 
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ The 2007 agreement provided that the [[United States]] would not charge "any pot
 
 Four days after Epstein's July 2019 arrest, Bachner informed the government that Groff "would invoke her Fifth Amendment privilege against compelled self-incrimination" if called before a grand jury. She spoke with investigators about two years after the 2019 subpoena and told them that scheduling massages was "around 1%" of her duties. She was not charged.[^2] She told the committee that she resigned through Indyke and did not speak to Epstein.[^3]
 
-The index of non-testifying witness material produced to the defense in [[United States v. Maxwell|United States v. Ghislaine Maxwell]], dated November 6, 2021, lists sixteen items under Groff's name. They include a law enforcement report dated August 15, 2007; a letter regarding her interview, an FBI 302 report of the interview and interview notes, all dated August 21, 2007; an FBI report "documenting interview with Leslie Groff" dated January 9, 2008; the "Testimony of" a person whose name is redacted, dated March 18 and April 29, 2008; a "Starr submission to DAG" dated June 19, 2008, a submission by Epstein's lawyer [[Kenneth Starr]] to the Deputy Attorney General; an interview 302 and interview notes dated July 6, 2019, the day of Epstein's arrest; "Lesley Groff attorney proffer notes" dated February 13, 2020 and an "attorney proffer follow-up" dated February 21, 2020; and a "Signed proffer agreement," an interview 302 and interview notes, all dated July 23, 2021. Michael Bachner is named in the index's attorney column beside her entries. The items were produced to Maxwell's lawyers between April and October 2021.[^23]
+The index of non-testifying witness material produced to the defense in [[United States v. Maxwell|United States v. Ghislaine Maxwell]], dated November 6, 2021, lists sixteen items under Groff's name. They include a law enforcement report dated August 15, 2007; a letter regarding her interview, an FBI 302 report of the interview and interview notes, all dated August 21, 2007; an FBI report "documenting interview with Leslie Groff" dated January 9, 2008; the "Testimony of" a person whose name is redacted, dated March 18 and April 29, 2008; a "Starr submission to DAG" dated June 19, 2008, a submission by Epstein's lawyer [[Kenneth Starr]] to the Deputy Attorney General; an interview 302 and interview notes dated July 6, 2019, the day of Epstein's arrest; "Lesley Groff attorney proffer notes" dated February 13, 2020 and an "attorney proffer follow-up" dated February 21, 2020; and a "Signed proffer agreement," an interview 302 and interview notes, all dated July 23, 2021. Michael Bachner is named in the index's attorney column beside her entries. The items were produced to Maxwell's lawyers between April and October 2021.[^25]
 
 ### Congressional Interview
 
@@ -130,21 +132,23 @@ The transcribed interview took place on June 9, 2026 in the Rayburn House Office
 [^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, "Interview of: Leslie Groff," transcribed interview, June 9, 2026, pp. 1-6, 26, 53-54, 56-59, 61-62, 75, 79-80, 89-90, 95, 143-146, 192, 195-197, 207-208. https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Lesley-Groff-Transcript.pdf
 [^4]: "Jeffrey Epstein's Alleged Accomplices: Where Are Sarah Kellen, Nadia Marcinkova, Adriana Ross and Lesley Groff?," *The Daily Beast.* https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-alleged-accomplices-where-are-sarah-kellen-nadia-marcinkova-adriana-ross-and-lesley-groff/
 [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01364303, DataSet 10, Deutsche Bank know-your-customer page "The 2013 Butterfly Trust" (DB-SDNY-0054829). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01364303.pdf
-[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01868626, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, April 27, 2011. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01868626.pdf
-[^7]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00419255, DataSet 9, email chain between Lesley Groff and Roy Black, February 22, 2012. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00419255.pdf
-[^8]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00403872, DataSet 9, email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Todd Meister," October 1, 2012, 19:44 UTC, with the forwarded chain from Todd Meister (EFTA00403869, 19:31 UTC). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00403872.pdf
-[^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00403880, DataSet 9, "Re: Todd Meister," October 1, 2012, 20:42 UTC. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00403880.pdf
-[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00388568, DataSet 9, email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, June 24, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00388568.pdf
-[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00372331, DataSet 9, email chain between Lesley Groff and Jacqui Safra, March 24, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00372331.pdf
-[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02099269, DataSet 10, email chain between Lesley Groff, Stacey Plaskett and Erika Kellerhals, August 14, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02099269.pdf
-[^13]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00858918, DataSet 9, email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Carlton Dowe," April 21, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00858918.pdf
-[^14]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02074070, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Jeffrey Epstein (Hoffman & Thiel Dinner Party)," August 5, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02074070.pdf
-[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02044775, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," August 28, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02044775.pdf
-[^16]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00439714, DataSet 9, email chain "Re: Jeffrey Epstein," November 29, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00439714.pdf
-[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00498222, DataSet 9, Google Calendar notification, June 13, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00498222.pdf
-[^18]: Jane Doe 43 v. Epstein (Ransome v. Epstein), No. 1:17-cv-00616-JGK (S.D.N.Y.), Agreed Final Order of Dismissal with Prejudice, ECF No. 189 (Dec. 20, 2018). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4581676/jane-doe-43-v-epstein/
-[^19]: Fitzpatrick, Sarah, and Rich Schapiro. "Jeffrey Epstein accuser names four women in his web of enablers." *NBC News,* October 8, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-accuser-names-four-women-his-web-enablers-n1063801
-[^20]: Doe v. Indyke, No. 1:21-cv-08469-PKC (S.D.N.Y.), docket, filed October 14, 2021, terminated April 4, 2024, ECF Nos. 8, 9, 12 (notices of appearance for Lesley Groff, October 24 and 26, 2021). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/60646416/doe-v-indyke/
-[^21]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00187002 to EFTA00187004, DataSet 9, subpoena to testify before grand jury, FGJ 07-103(WPB), No. OLY-73, to Lesley Groff, with attachment, August 16, 2007 (near-duplicate at EFTA00317433). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00187002.pdf
-[^22]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00224943, DataSet 9, "Epstein Investigation Timeline," Exhibit A-1 (U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Florida), entry for September 12, 2007. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00224943.pdf
-[^23]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00095751, DataSet 9, index, "United States v. Ghislaine Maxwell, 20 Cr. 330 (AJN), Non-Testifying Witness Material," November 6, 2021, entries 3501.098-001 to 3501.098-016 (EFTA00095767). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00095751.pdf
+[^6]: Email exchange between Stephen M. Kosslyn and Lesley Groff, "Re: complication," February 21, 2013, EFTA02147246, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02147246.pdf
+[^7]: Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Bob Kerrey w/the Minerva Project," March 12, 2013, EFTA00393723, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00393723.pdf
+[^8]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01868626, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, April 27, 2011. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01868626.pdf
+[^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00419255, DataSet 9, email chain between Lesley Groff and Roy Black, February 22, 2012. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00419255.pdf
+[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00403872, DataSet 9, email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Todd Meister," October 1, 2012, 19:44 UTC, with the forwarded chain from Todd Meister (EFTA00403869, 19:31 UTC). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00403872.pdf
+[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00403880, DataSet 9, "Re: Todd Meister," October 1, 2012, 20:42 UTC. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00403880.pdf
+[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00388568, DataSet 9, email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, June 24, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00388568.pdf
+[^13]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00372331, DataSet 9, email chain between Lesley Groff and Jacqui Safra, March 24, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00372331.pdf
+[^14]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02099269, DataSet 10, email chain between Lesley Groff, Stacey Plaskett and Erika Kellerhals, August 14, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02099269.pdf
+[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00858918, DataSet 9, email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Carlton Dowe," April 21, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00858918.pdf
+[^16]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02074070, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Jeffrey Epstein (Hoffman & Thiel Dinner Party)," August 5, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02074070.pdf
+[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02044775, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," August 28, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02044775.pdf
+[^18]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00439714, DataSet 9, email chain "Re: Jeffrey Epstein," November 29, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00439714.pdf
+[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00498222, DataSet 9, Google Calendar notification, June 13, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00498222.pdf
+[^20]: Jane Doe 43 v. Epstein (Ransome v. Epstein), No. 1:17-cv-00616-JGK (S.D.N.Y.), Agreed Final Order of Dismissal with Prejudice, ECF No. 189 (Dec. 20, 2018). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4581676/jane-doe-43-v-epstein/
+[^21]: Fitzpatrick, Sarah, and Rich Schapiro. "Jeffrey Epstein accuser names four women in his web of enablers." *NBC News,* October 8, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-accuser-names-four-women-his-web-enablers-n1063801
+[^22]: Doe v. Indyke, No. 1:21-cv-08469-PKC (S.D.N.Y.), docket, filed October 14, 2021, terminated April 4, 2024, ECF Nos. 8, 9, 12 (notices of appearance for Lesley Groff, October 24 and 26, 2021). https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/60646416/doe-v-indyke/
+[^23]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00187002 to EFTA00187004, DataSet 9, subpoena to testify before grand jury, FGJ 07-103(WPB), No. OLY-73, to Lesley Groff, with attachment, August 16, 2007 (near-duplicate at EFTA00317433). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00187002.pdf
+[^24]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00224943, DataSet 9, "Epstein Investigation Timeline," Exhibit A-1 (U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Florida), entry for September 12, 2007. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00224943.pdf
+[^25]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00095751, DataSet 9, index, "United States v. Ghislaine Maxwell, 20 Cr. 330 (AJN), Non-Testifying Witness Material," November 6, 2021, entries 3501.098-001 to 3501.098-016 (EFTA00095767). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00095751.pdf
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Mehdi Bazargan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Mehdi Bazargan.md
index 2e36b851..cb6bb177 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Mehdi Bazargan.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Mehdi Bazargan.md	
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ location: "Tehran, Iran"
 [[Earl Brian]] and [[Robert McFarlane]] arranged a meeting with [[Mehdi Bazargan|Bazargan]] in late January 1980 in [[Tehran]] to discuss the hostage situation. [[Mehdi Bazargan|Bazargan]] was still thought to be very close to [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]] and [[Mehdi Karrubi|Hojjat El-Islam Mehdi Karrubi]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Miles Copeland.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Miles Copeland.md
index b917688f..78326148 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Miles Copeland.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Miles Copeland.md	
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ location: "Birmingham, Alabama"
 [[Miles Copeland|Copeland's]] group, along with the [[Israel|Israeli]] government, sought to prevent the [[Iran|Iranians]] from being defeated in [[Khuzistan]] if [[Iraq]] attacked, and to avoid a repeat of [[Jimmy Carter|President Carter's]] blunders. A meeting between [[Miles Copeland|Copeland]] and [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence officers, including [[David Kimche]], was held in [[Washington, D.C.]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Mohammed Radi Abdullah.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Mohammed Radi Abdullah.md
index b66baab9..eb52a1b8 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Mohammed Radi Abdullah.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Mohammed Radi Abdullah.md	
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Colonel [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah]] was a former colonel in the [[Jordan|Jordania
 [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah|Radi]] was a key player in [[Israel|Israeli]] "black" operations, including the 1986 plot to bomb an [[El Al]] plane, which was designed to discredit [[Syria]]. He instructed his cousin, [[Nezar Hindawi]], in this plot. He was also involved in the [[Achille Lauro]] attack in 1985, which was an [[Israel|Israeli]] "black" propaganda operation to portray Palestinians as ruthless terrorists. [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]] passed instructions to [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah|Radi]], who then relayed orders to [[Abul Abbas]] to carry out a cruel attack.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md
index b6baf93b..2a0d33f9 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md	
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Despite his military prowess and diplomatic involvement, Dayan's perspective on
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. _Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis_. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. 
-[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992. 
+[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). 
 [^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 3.
 [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326
 [^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote. Sole source for the passages so cited.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nachum Admoni.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nachum Admoni.md
index 55aa1599..5af6050b 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nachum Admoni.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nachum Admoni.md	
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ location: "Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine"
 [[Nachum Admoni|Admoni]] left [[Mossad]] in 1989, but continued to advise [[Yitzhak Shamir]] on intelligence matters. He later became the chair of a public utility in [[Israel]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ora Ben-Shalom.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ora Ben-Shalom.md
index 51ad66ba..40ee14c1 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ora Ben-Shalom.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ora Ben-Shalom.md	
@@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ In August 1987, [[Ora Ben-Shalom|Ora]] was put under surveillance and interrogat
 In October 1989, [[Ora Ben-Shalom|Ora]] and [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] planned a vacation to [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. However, [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] was arrested in [[Los Angeles]] before they could depart. [[Ora Ben-Shalom|Ora]] later divorced [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in [[Israel]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Oscar Guerrero.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Oscar Guerrero.md
index 2f158f69..2f264694 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Oscar Guerrero.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Oscar Guerrero.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Guerrero saw the photographs and proposed publishing them for a fee. He first ap
 [[Nicholas Davies]], a London *[[Daily Mirror]]* foreign editor and Israeli agent, stalled Guerrero by telling him the newspaper needed an expert to check his claims. Guerrero had already struck a deal with *The [[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]* to publish Vanunu's story and photographs, with Vanunu receiving a £250,000 advance on a book and Guerrero receiving a 10% cut. Guerrero approached the *Mirror* because he believed he was being cut out of *The Sunday Times* deal.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/P.W. Botha.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/P.W. Botha.md
index 27352d76..cb109a06 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/P.W. Botha.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/P.W. Botha.md	
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ aliases:
   - Pieter Willem Botha
   - Piet Botha
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-18
+updated: 2026-10-09
 category: "Political Figure"
 tags:
   - Person
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tags:
   - SouthAfrica
   - Israel
   - NuclearWeapons
-summary: "P.W. Botha (1916-2006) was the Prime Minister (1978-1984) and State President (1984-1989) of South Africa who forged a covert wartime alliance with Israel and, following the 1979 VELA satellite detection of a probable nuclear test, publicly hinted at South African nuclear weapons capability."
+summary: "P.W. Botha (1916-2006), South African Prime Minister (1978-1984) and State President (1984-1989), forged a covert wartime alliance with Israel and, after the 1979 VELA detection, publicly hinted at nuclear weapons capability."
 born: 1916-01-12
 died: 2006-10-31
 location: "Paul Roux, Orange Free State, South Africa"
@@ -27,11 +27,14 @@ P.W. Botha served as Prime Minister of [[South Africa]] from 1978 to 1984 and as
 
 In 1978, [[Menachem Begin|Prime Minister Begin]] dispatched [[Ezer Weizman]], then Israeli Defense Minister, to [[Pretoria]] to meet Botha to discuss Israeli-South African relations. Despite Begin's intentions to downgrade the relationship, Weizman agreed with Botha on a wartime alliance between the two governments as the price for continuing nuclear tests. This led to the creation of [[SIMWA]] (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement).[^1]
 
+Minutes of 1975 meetings between Botha and [[Shimon Peres]], reported by the [[Mail & Guardian]], record a meeting in Zurich on June 4, 1975, at which Botha "expressed interest in a limited number of units of Chalet subject to the correct payload being available."[^2] The same article reports that a covert agreement governing the military alliance known as Secment was signed some weeks before Peres's offer, and quotes its clause: "It is hereby expressly agreed that the very existence of this agreement … shall be secret and shall not be disclosed by either party."[^2]
+
 ### VELA Incident (1979)
 
-On September 25, 1979, three days after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion over the South Indian Ocean, Botha warned the Cape National Party congress that South Africa had and could produce sufficient arms to counter terrorism. He hinted that they might have military weapons that others did not know about, suggesting that South Africa and its Israeli partners had successfully conducted a secret nuclear test.[^2]
+On September 25, 1979, three days after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion over the South Indian Ocean, Botha warned the Cape National Party congress that South Africa had and could produce sufficient arms to counter terrorism. He hinted that they might have military weapons that others did not know about, suggesting that South Africa and its Israeli partners had successfully conducted a secret nuclear test.[^3]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
-[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
+[^2]: Chris McGreal, "Revealed: How Israel offered to sell SA nuclear weapons," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-revealed-how-israel-offered-to-sell-sa-nuclear-weapons
+[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Pesach Ben-Or.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Pesach Ben-Or.md
index 2c0ebdc3..60a1e29f 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Pesach Ben-Or.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Pesach Ben-Or.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "In 1984, Israeli intelligence, with the backing of the Americans, agre
 In 1984, [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence, with the backing of the [[United States|Americans]], agreed to continue selling weapons to the [[Guatemala|Guatemalan]] government through the [[Eagle]] company. This was part of a deal that allowed [[Guatemala]] to be used for storing weapons en route to [[Iran]] and for planes carrying arms from [[Poland]] to the [[Sandinistas|Sandinista]] government in [[Nicaragua]] to fly over [[Guatemala]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Rafael Cordova.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Rafael Cordova.md
index e20cf71a..69b7b279 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Rafael Cordova.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Rafael Cordova.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Colonel [[Rafael Cordova]] was the head of military operations in [[Ayacucho]],
 [[Rafael Cordova|Cordova]] was known for his brutal tactics against the [[Shining Path]]. After five of his officers were killed in a [[Shining Path]] ambush, he planned to massacre a village in retaliation. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] attempted to prevent this by having [[Barbara Durr]] broadcast the plan, but the massacre proceeded, resulting in the deaths of dozens of innocent villagers. [[Rafael Cordova|Cordova]] was later implicated in the murder of a judge who was investigating the massacre, and two military helicopters were shot down by [[Stinger missiles]] that [[Rafael Cordova|Cordova]] had sold to the [[Shining Path]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md
index cad143ce..6b9b07db 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md	
@@ -86,4 +86,4 @@ Ben-Menashe alleged that in 1987 the flow of funds from PROMIS sales extended to
 [^11]: INSLAW, Inc., Third Supplemental Submission of INSLAW in Support of Its Motion to Take Limited Discovery, United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 85-00070 (Chapter 11), Adversary Proceeding No. 86-0069, undated, footnote on page 7 (affidavit and Palm Beach passage). Refers to February 1991 events. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInBriefSupportingDocs. Pages 6 and 7 and footnote 1 on page 7. Sole source for the affidavit summary, the Palm Beach charges and the Miami sting allegation.
 [^12]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc., March 1993, conclusions on Hadron and international distribution, Ben-Menashe affidavits, and the Michael Riconosciuto section (begins p. 42). https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
 [^13]: "New Report Finds No Credible Basis for INSLAW Case," Department of Justice release, September 27, 1994. https://irp.fas.org/news/1994/940927-555.htm
-[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (TrineDay, 1992). Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard St. Francis.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard St. Francis.md
index 339f5bcf..0aa81221 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard St. Francis.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard St. Francis.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ In April 1989, [[Richard St. Francis|St. Francis]] was involved in a deal to sel
 [[Richard St. Francis|St. Francis]] was arrested in April 1989 and later indicted for conspiracy to defraud the [[United States|United States]], cover up illegal dealings, and attempt to sell three planes to [[Iran]] in violation of federal laws. He was a co-defendant with [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in the trial, though his case was later severed.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard V. Allen.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard V. Allen.md
index 15d50937..36e88dba 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard V. Allen.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard V. Allen.md	
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ Richard Allen was a figure with connections to the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] admin
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 1, 21.
-[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Rudolph Giuliani.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Rudolph Giuliani.md
index a541e5d8..ca1df1c1 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Rudolph Giuliani.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Rudolph Giuliani.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Brooklyn, New York"
 [[Rudolph Giuliani|Giuliani]], along with [[William von Raab]], the [[U.S. Customs|Customs]] Commissioner, gave joint TV interviews on April 22, 1986, announcing the arrest of a "huge ring of terrorists" and "Merchants of Death" who were supposedly about to sell arms worth a billion dollars to [[Iran]]. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] claims that [[Rudolph Giuliani|Giuliani]] and his associates had created the crime themselves.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Shahpour Bakhtiar.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Shahpour Bakhtiar.md
index 4bf25570..97db62c8 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Shahpour Bakhtiar.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Shahpour Bakhtiar.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Shahr-e Kord, Iran"
 After [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|the Shah's]] departure from [[Iran]] in January 1979, [[Shahpour Bakhtiar|Bakhtiar]] proved unable to function effectively. Following [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's]] arrival in [[Iran]] on February 1, 1979, [[Shahpour Bakhtiar|Bakhtiar]] went into hiding ten days later and eventually found exile in [[Paris]], [[France]]. He was assassinated in [[Paris]] in 1991.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Shlomo Gazit.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Shlomo Gazit.md
index a81ff69a..ea83e3d2 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Shlomo Gazit.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Shlomo Gazit.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Istanbul, Turkey"
 Major General [[Shlomo Gazit]] was the Director of [[Mossad]]. He commended [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] and other members of the [[Unit 8200]] Iranian desk after they successfully broke the [[Iran|Iranian]] diplomatic code.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Simon Gabbay.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Simon Gabbay.md
index 9d69a87a..8616f054 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Simon Gabbay.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Simon Gabbay.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Israeli intelligence asset in Paris who coordinated the October 1980 P
 [[Simon Gabbay|Gabbay]] coordinated the October 1980 [[Paris Summit Meeting]] between [[Israel|Israeli]] and [[Iran|Iranian]] delegations, which included [[George H.W. Bush]], [[William J. Casey]], and [[Mehdi Karrubi]]. His role was to eliminate direct contact between [[Israel|Israeli]] and [[Iran|Iranian]] embassy personnel. He continued to serve this function in subsequent years.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas F.X. Dunn.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas F.X. Dunn.md
index ad66908e..d61da070 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas F.X. Dunn.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas F.X. Dunn.md	
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Dunn successfully used [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] employment records, inc
 Through Dunn's efforts, [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] was released on bail after 11 months and three weeks in jail, and ultimately found not guilty. Dunn's summation to the jury highlighted [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] role as a victim of both the [[United States|U.S.]] and [[Israel|Israeli]] governments' stonewalling and denials.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yehuda Ben-Hanan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yehuda Ben-Hanan.md
index 372307d0..21530610 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yehuda Ben-Hanan.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yehuda Ben-Hanan.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Owner of Software and Engineering Consultants in Chatsworth, Californi
 [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]] selected Ben-Hanan to develop a "trap door" for the [[PROMIS]] software, which would allow external access to the computers of intelligence agencies using the program. Ben-Hanan was given blueprints and set about his work for a $5,000 fee, unaware of the true purpose of the project.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yekutiel Adam.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yekutiel Adam.md
index b093d29d..0d28e448 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yekutiel Adam.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yekutiel Adam.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ General [[Yekutiel Adam]] was an [[Israel|Israeli]] military leader who was in l
 Prior to his assassination, [[Yekutiel Adam|Adam]] lost a number of top-secret documents when he left his briefcase behind in a [[Los Angeles]] gas station, which caused a huge internal row within [[Mossad]] and an unsuccessful attempt to stop his appointment.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yoel Ben-Porat.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yoel Ben-Porat.md
index 13cfe45a..ea521774 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yoel Ben-Porat.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Yoel Ben-Porat.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ Colonel [[Yoel Ben-Porat]], known as Buffy, was the unit commander of [[Unit 820
 [[Yoel Ben-Porat|Buffy]] was involved in the cover-up of the [[Lockheed Aircraft Company|Lockheed]] bribe scandal involving [[Shimon Peres]], after [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] intercepted a telegram detailing the bribe. He ordered the original telegram, translation, and log to be erased and transferred the young woman working with [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] to another unit.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md
index ab25d61a..3559bf4f 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md	
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ On September 22, 1979, a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flas
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992. 
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). 
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Abdul Salam Jalloud.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Abdul Salam Jalloud.md
index 329441a8..dae4849a 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Abdul Salam Jalloud.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Abdul Salam Jalloud.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Major [[Abdul Salam Jalloud]] was the right-hand man of [[Muammar Qaddafi|Col. M
 During his visit, [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Jalloud]] was questioned by his [[Iran|Iranian]] hosts about the fate of [[Sheikh Mussa Sadr]], a Shi'ite leader from southern [[Lebanon]], who had disappeared on a visit to [[Libya]] in 1978. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that the [[Libya|Libyans]] had killed [[Sheikh Mussa Sadr|Sadr]] for preaching Shi'ite [[Islam]]. [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Jalloud]] was not allowed to leave [[Iran]] for three weeks until [[Muammar Qaddafi|Qaddafi]] personally intervened and spoke to [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ahmad Madani.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ahmad Madani.md
index d8d63903..ac71d90e 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ahmad Madani.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ahmad Madani.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ After the [[Iranian Revolution]] in February 1979, [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
 [[Ahmad Madani|Madani]] was defeated by [[Abol Hassan Bani-Sadr]] in the election for the first president of [[Iran]] after the revolution.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ann Magori.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ann Magori.md
index 778c3032..fc90afcd 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ann Magori.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ann Magori.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "After Ben-Menashe's arrest, Magori was contacted by Leon Siff and trav
 After [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] arrest, [[Ann Magori|Magori]] was contacted by [[Leon Siff]] and traveled to [[Los Angeles]] to see [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] in jail. She expressed suspicion about [[Leon Siff|Siff]] and his friends' involvement with the [[United States|American]] government, warning [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] to be careful.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ann-Marie Murphy.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ann-Marie Murphy.md
index 199e6e7a..752cc6b9 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ann-Marie Murphy.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ann-Marie Murphy.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ Ann-Marie Murphy was the Irish girlfriend of [[Nezar Hindawi]]. She was unwittin
 The plot was foiled by [[Israel|Israeli]] security. Ann-Marie Murphy was interrogated by British security, where she revealed Hindawi's involvement. She later gave birth to their daughter in [[Ireland]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Baldur K. Kleine.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Baldur K. Kleine.md
index 95888556..20345fbf 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Baldur K. Kleine.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Baldur K. Kleine.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Business partner tasked by Rafi Eitan to receive the PROMIS software w
 [[Baldur K. Kleine|Kleine]] was tasked by [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]] to receive the [[PROMIS]] software, complete with its "trap door," from [[Earl Brian]] in Maitland. He then passed the program to [[Manfred Herrmann]] in [[Guatemala]], who, in conjunction with [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] [[Degem]], implemented it for intelligence purposes.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Baruch Bar Lev.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Baruch Bar Lev.md
index ff93a6d3..3f8dd4a7 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Baruch Bar Lev.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Baruch Bar Lev.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Colonel Baruch Bar Lev was a former Israeli military attaché in Ugand
 Colonel [[Baruch Bar Lev]] was a former [[Israel|Israeli]] military attaché in [[Uganda]]. He planned and led the military coup that installed [[Idi Amin]] as the self-proclaimed president of [[Uganda]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bob Kerrey.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bob Kerrey.md
index a79edaca..97601c9b 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bob Kerrey.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bob Kerrey.md	
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Fulbright University Vietnam]]"
     role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
     start: 2016-05-16
-    fn: 110
+    fn: 114
   - type: member_of
     with: "[[United States Senate]]"
     start: 1989
@@ -93,16 +93,17 @@ relations:
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Carmen Group]]"
     start: 2013-04
-    fn: 108
+    fn: 112
   - type: head_of
-    with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
-    role: "executive chairman, per a LinkedIn update to Epstein of August 12, 2013"
-    start: 2013-08
-    fn: 88
+    with: "[[The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship]]"
+    role: "executive chairman"
+    start: 2013-01-14
+    fn: 105
   - type: member_of
     with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
-    role: "advisory board, per an undated Minerva overview in the Epstein files"
-    fn: 49
+    role: "advisory board"
+    start: 2011
+    fn: 105
 ---
 
 Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (J. Robert Kerrey, born August 27, 1943[^1]) is a former [[United States Navy]] SEAL officer who served as [[Governor of Nebraska]] and as a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from Nebraska, and who was president of the [[New School for Social Research]] from January 2001 to December 2010.[^1][^2] He was vice chairman of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] in the 105th Congress (1997 to 1998), co-chaired the [[National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office]] in 2000, and sat on the [[National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States]] from 2003 to 2004.[^3] He sat on the boards of [[Tenet Healthcare]], [[Genworth Financial]], [[Jones Apparel Group]] and, according to Tenet's 2001 proxy statement, the board of trustees of [[The Aerospace Corporation]].[^4]
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ In May 2009 Kerrey announced that he would step down once a successor was named.
 
 A list of invitees for a September 16 dinner that the publicist [[Peggy Siegal]] sent [[Jeffrey Epstein]] on August 10, 2010 under the subject "Sept. 16 dinner" includes Kerrey and his wife.[^46]
 
-Kerrey first appears in the scheduling records on February 21, 2013. [[Stephen M. Kosslyn]], then director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at [[Stanford University]], wrote to Epstein's scheduler [[Lesley Groff]] about a lunch the next day: "Would noon work?" and "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" Groff answered: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey".[^47] The schedule for Friday, February 22 lists "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey", and a calendar reminder for the day reads "12:00 Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Sen Bob Kerrey".[^48] The Ben of the exchange is [[Ben Nelson]], the founder and chief executive of the [[Minerva Project]], whose seed investment from [[Benchmark Capital]] was $25 million in 2012.[^49] Kosslyn wrote to Epstein that evening, weighing a position with the project, that he was "absolutely torn by the situation", that "the rest of the team is A+", and that Kerrey was "really terrific". Epstein replied on February 22: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front".[^50]
+Kerrey first appears in the scheduling records on February 21, 2013. [[Stephen Kosslyn|Stephen M. Kosslyn]], then director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at [[Stanford University]], wrote to Epstein's scheduler [[Lesley Groff]] about a lunch the next day: "Would noon work?" and "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" Groff answered: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey".[^47] The schedule for Friday, February 22 lists "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey", and a calendar reminder for the day reads "12:00 Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Sen Bob Kerrey".[^48] The Ben of the exchange is [[Ben Nelson]], the founder and chief executive of the [[Minerva Project]], whose seed investment from [[Benchmark Capital]] was $25 million in 2012.[^49] Kosslyn wrote to Epstein that evening, weighing a position with the project, that he was "absolutely torn by the situation", that "the rest of the team is A+", and that Kerrey was "really terrific". Epstein replied on February 22: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front".[^50]
 
 On February 27, 2013 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn: "i have bill gates at the house tonight after 10.. does bob kerry know bill, how well, would he like to come", and Kosslyn returned an address for Kerrey.[^51] Epstein wrote to Kerrey the same day: "bob, do you know bill gates.? He will be at my house , and i wondered if you would like to stop by?" Kerrey answered the next morning: "I just picked this up. I flew to Dallas yesterday and then on to California. I won't return until next Thursday. Sorry. I do know Bill Gates; not well but we've met a few times. Invite me again! I enjoyed meeting and talking to you. Thanks." Epstein replied: "sorry , you would have made a positve difference in the conversation on education. I will return on the 19 th and 20th if you are free ,".[^52] On March 1 Kerrey wrote to Epstein under the subject "Better email": "Jeff I respond faster to text. This is a better email." Epstein answered "great.. i will return to ny the 19th, but could speak on the phone before", and Kerrey wrote: "I head to Belize with my family on 3/17 and return on 3/24." He proposed meeting after his return.[^53] On March 12 Groff asked Epstein: "Did you want me to touch base with Bob Kerrey of the Minvera Project and see if he might be free 19th, 20th?", and Epstein replied "ok".[^54] Kerrey wrote to Groff on March 13: "I am sorry (actually I am not sorry!) but I will be in Belize with my family next week. Please, tell Jeffrey thanks for the offer to get together again. I do look forward to continuing our conversations."[^55]
 
@@ -199,19 +200,25 @@ On September 15 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn, then dean of the Minerva School of Art
 
 On September 28, 2014 Epstein wrote to Kerrey: "boris nikolic really enjoyed your meeting". Kerrey replied that night: "He's first rate. Are you gong to invest in his fund? When is our next encounter?" On September 29 Epstein asked: "what was your candid view of fund? kept in confidence". Kerrey wrote on September 30: "I believe Boris has the intellect and experience to separate the scientific wheat from the chaff but I do not know if he or his team can separate the leaders who can take a great idea and make it profitable from those who cannot. My understanding if that Bill Gates track record in this space is not very good."[^104] The Boris of the exchange is [[Boris Nikolic]], named in full in Epstein's first message.
 
+### The Minerva Institute
+
+Kerrey was named executive chairman of The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship on January 14, 2013, when the company announced the Institute as a non-profit body to "reinforce Minerva's commitment to offer exceptional educational experiences to deserving students and enable the advancement of faculty research."[^105] The release describes Kerrey as "President Emeritus" of the New School, where he "served as president of the university from 2001 to 2010," and says that in 2011 he joined the Minerva Project's advisory board.[^105] Kerrey is quoted in the release: "I believe the Minerva Project is the single most important innovation in higher education in my lifetime."[^105] The same release names [[Larry Summers]] as "chairman of Minerva's Advisory Board" and states that Minerva "will not rely on the federal government for assistance."[^105]
+
+The company's release of April 4, 2012 had already listed Kerrey, "Formerly President of the New School, Senator and Governor of Nebraska, and Medal of Honor-winning Navy SEAL," on the advisory board with [[Patrick Harker]] and [[Lee Shulman]] under Summers as chairman, and quotes him: "I believe that it is the single most important innovation in higher education in my lifetime."[^106] On November 11, 2014 the Institute, "led by Executive Chairman Bob Kerrey," announced the appointment of [[Stacey Childress]] and [[Michael Horn]] to its board.[^107] Minerva's Institute page of 2021 lists Kerrey as chairman, and its 2023 Board of Trustees page lists him as chair emeritus; [[Yiming Zhang]] of [[ByteDance]] is listed as a board member on both.[^108] An undated Minerva overview in the Epstein files lists the advisory board as including Harker, Kerrey and Shulman.[^49]
+
 ### Later career
 
 Kerrey served on the board of Tenet Healthcare from March 2001 to March 2012. Tenet's proxy statement of August 2001 lists him as a director on its ethics, quality and compliance and nominating committees and states that he sat on the boards of [[infoUSA]], class.com and the [[Concord Coalition]], and on the board of trustees of The Aerospace Corporation; the 2002 proxy adds Jones Apparel Group.[^4] Tenet announced his return on November 30, 2012, as an independent director on its audit and compensation committees. Its chief executive [[Trevor Fetter]] said: "His wisdom and insight have been invaluable to Tenet's board through the years."[^20]
 
-Genworth Financial's 2005 proxy statement lists Kerrey as a director since 2004 and a member of its audit committee, and gives his Jones Apparel and Tenet directorships. He resigned from the Genworth board effective March 14, 2012, "in order to pursue his campaign for the United States Senate representing the state of Nebraska," according to the company's filing.[^19][^105]
+Genworth Financial's 2005 proxy statement lists Kerrey as a director since 2004 and a member of its audit committee, and gives his Jones Apparel and Tenet directorships. He resigned from the Genworth board effective March 14, 2012, "in order to pursue his campaign for the United States Senate representing the state of Nebraska," according to the company's filing.[^19][^109]
 
-Kerrey ran for the Senate seat in 2012 against the Republican state senator [[Deb Fischer]]. As early returns came in on November 6, 2012, Fischer's lead grew "to a 58 to 42 percent margin as the evening wore on."[^106] The Federal Election Commission's candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee show receipts of $5,798,058 and disbursements of $5,662,682.[^107]
+Kerrey ran for the Senate seat in 2012 against the Republican state senator [[Deb Fischer]]. As early returns came in on November 6, 2012, Fischer's lead grew "to a 58 to 42 percent margin as the evening wore on."[^110] The Federal Election Commission's candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee show receipts of $5,798,058 and disbursements of $5,662,682.[^111]
 
-In April 2013 Kerrey joined the government affairs firm [[Carmen Group]]. [[The Hill]] reported on April 22, 2013 that the firm had earned $7.3 million in lobbying fees the previous year, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]], that many of its clients were state and local entities or governments, and quoted the firm's founder, [[David Carmen]], as saying Kerrey "has a wealth of experience in business, education and public service at the state and federal level." Kerrey said in a statement: "I have known David Carmen for more than ten years."[^108]
+In April 2013 Kerrey joined the government affairs firm [[Carmen Group]]. [[The Hill]] reported on April 22, 2013 that the firm had earned $7.3 million in lobbying fees the previous year, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]], that many of its clients were state and local entities or governments, and quoted the firm's founder, [[David Carmen]], as saying Kerrey "has a wealth of experience in business, education and public service at the state and federal level." Kerrey said in a statement: "I have known David Carmen for more than ten years."[^112]
 
-Kerrey was under contract to serve as president emeritus of the New School through 2016. He resigned that post in February 2013, calling the decision "largely mutual."[^109]
+Kerrey was under contract to serve as president emeritus of the New School through 2016. He resigned that post in February 2013, calling the decision "largely mutual."[^113]
 
-In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright University Vietnam]], a university promoted by the [[Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam]]. [[Thomas J. Vallely]], the trust's chairman, called him "the ideal candidate for the job." Asia Times reported that the appointment was reportedly made on May 16, and that it angered some people in Vietnam after the online news outlet [[Zing]] published a story on Kerrey's role at Thanh Phong on May 30. [[Barack Obama]], speaking in Ho Chi Minh City on May 25, called Kerrey "one of the key people to help lead" the project. In a piece published by Zing on June 1, the former Vietnamese ambassador to the European Union and Belgium, [[Ton Nu Thi Ninh]], wrote that she was "extremely stunned" by the decision.[^110]
+In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright University Vietnam]], a university promoted by the [[Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam]]. [[Thomas J. Vallely]], the trust's chairman, called him "the ideal candidate for the job." Asia Times reported that the appointment was reportedly made on May 16, and that it angered some people in Vietnam after the online news outlet [[Zing]] published a story on Kerrey's role at Thanh Phong on May 30. [[Barack Obama]], speaking in Ho Chi Minh City on May 25, called Kerrey "one of the key people to help lead" the project. In a piece published by Zing on June 1, the former Vietnamese ambassador to the European Union and Belgium, [[Ton Nu Thi Ninh]], wrote that she was "extremely stunned" by the decision.[^114]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -319,9 +326,13 @@ In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright Un
 [^102]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996897 and EFTA00704445, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00704445.pdf
 [^103]: Email exchange between Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Brunch," September 16, 2014, EFTA02590688, EFTA02590901 and EFTA02591244, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11; forwarded to Kosslyn, EFTA00996971, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02591244.pdf
 [^104]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, September 28 to 30, 2014, EFTA00997847 and EFTA00997848, Data Set 9, and EFTA02516727, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02516727.pdf
-[^105]: Genworth Financial, Form 8-K, March 2012, reporting that J. Robert Kerrey resigned from the board effective March 14, 2012. https://investor.genworth.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001193125-12-119695/d308983d8k.htm
-[^106]: Fred Knapp, "Fischer defeats Kerrey for Nebraska U.S. Senate seat," Nebraska Public Media, November 7, 2012. https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/fischer-defeats-kerrey-for-nebraska-us-senate-seat/
-[^107]: Federal Election Commission, candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee (candidate ID S8NE00067), 2012 cycle, via the FEC open data API. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/S8NE00067/totals/?cycle=2012
-[^108]: Megan R. Wilson, "Former Sen. Bob Kerrey joins government affairs firm," The Hill, April 22, 2013. https://digital-release.thehill.com/?p=148312
-[^109]: "Bob Kerrey resigns from controversial president emeritus post at New School," Higher Ed Dive, February 4, 2013. https://www.highereddive.com/news/bob-kerrey-resigns-from-controversial-president-emeritus-post-at-new-school/96160/
-[^110]: "Vietnam's Kerrey dilemma: Fulbright U appointment is lightning rod for US ties," Asia Times, June 2016. https://asiatimes.com/2016/06/vietnams-kerrey-dilemma-fulbright-u-appointment-is-lightning-rod-for-us-ties/
+[^105]: PR Newswire, "Minerva Project Launches The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship; Appoints Former Senator of Nebraska Bob Kerrey as Executive Chairman of the Institute," January 14, 2013. https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/minerva-project-launches-the-minerva-institute-for-research-and-scholarship-appoints-former-senator-of-nebraska-bob-kerrey-as-executive-chairman-of-the-institute-186768111.html
+[^106]: Minerva Project, "The Minerva Project Redefines Elite Higher Education for Students Worldwide; Secures $25 Million from Benchmark Capital," April 4, 2012. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva-Project-Redefines-Higher-Education-Secures-25-Million.pdf
+[^107]: Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship, "Michael Horn and Stacey Childress Appointed to the Board of The Minerva Institute," November 11, 2014. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Institute_Board_Announcement.pdf
+[^108]: Minerva University, "Institute Board Members," page captured September 21, 2021, https://www.minerva.edu/institute-board-members/ ; "Board of Trustees," page captured October 1, 2023, https://www.minerva.edu/board-of-trustees/
+[^109]: Genworth Financial, Form 8-K, March 2012, reporting that J. Robert Kerrey resigned from the board effective March 14, 2012. https://investor.genworth.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001193125-12-119695/d308983d8k.htm
+[^110]: Fred Knapp, "Fischer defeats Kerrey for Nebraska U.S. Senate seat," Nebraska Public Media, November 7, 2012. https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/fischer-defeats-kerrey-for-nebraska-us-senate-seat/
+[^111]: Federal Election Commission, candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee (candidate ID S8NE00067), 2012 cycle, via the FEC open data API. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/S8NE00067/totals/?cycle=2012
+[^112]: Megan R. Wilson, "Former Sen. Bob Kerrey joins government affairs firm," The Hill, April 22, 2013. https://digital-release.thehill.com/?p=148312
+[^113]: "Bob Kerrey resigns from controversial president emeritus post at New School," Higher Ed Dive, February 4, 2013. https://www.highereddive.com/news/bob-kerrey-resigns-from-controversial-president-emeritus-post-at-new-school/96160/
+[^114]: "Vietnam's Kerrey dilemma: Fulbright U appointment is lightning rod for US ties," Asia Times, June 2016. https://asiatimes.com/2016/06/vietnams-kerrey-dilemma-fulbright-u-appointment-is-lightning-rod-for-us-ties/
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Cynthia McNamara.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Cynthia McNamara.md
index 372806e1..6849e09d 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Cynthia McNamara.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Cynthia McNamara.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "American citizen jailed in Peru on charges of aiding the Shining Path
 [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] traveled to [[Cangallo]] and, after a series of events, secured [[Cynthia McNamara|McNamara's]] release from jail. She was released on August 22, 1988, and left [[Peru]] for [[Ireland]] the next day.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Cyrus Hashemi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Cyrus Hashemi.md
index 421dbace..0dc2671b 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Cyrus Hashemi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Cyrus Hashemi.md	
@@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ location: "Iran"
 [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi]] was found dead in his [[London]] apartment, with his death attributed to a sudden case of virulent leukemia. However, [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence suspected foul play, noting the presence of [[Joe King]], a [[U.S. Customs|Customs]] officer, at his apartment shortly before his death and needle punctures on his elbow joint. Tapes of his phone calls to the [[United States|U.S.]] Attorney's office indicated a falling out with his controllers.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donna Hamilton.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donna Hamilton.md
index 31f1374c..277c0fe9 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donna Hamilton.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donna Hamilton.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "U.S. consul general in Peru who enlisted Ari Ben-Menashe to secure the
 [[Donna Hamilton]] was the [[United States|U.S.]] consul general in [[Peru]]. She sought the help of [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in securing the release of [[Cynthia McNamara]], an [[United States|American]] citizen who had been rearrested in [[Peru]] on charges of aiding the [[Shining Path]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Fawn Hall.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Fawn Hall.md
index b0a38fc4..02ab517e 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Fawn Hall.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Fawn Hall.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Annandale, Virginia"
 [[Fawn Hall]] was the secretary to [[Oliver North]] during the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]. She is the daughter of [[Wilma Hall]], who was the secretary to [[Robert McFarlane]] at the [[National Security Council]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Golda Meir.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Golda Meir.md
index 6923fd1a..ae4af664 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Golda Meir.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Golda Meir.md	
@@ -40,6 +40,6 @@ Meir's leadership style and decisions also generated internal criticism within [
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992. 
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). 
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 3.
 [^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 17.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hans Mayers.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hans Mayers.md
index 538b8b15..b5af0c13 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hans Mayers.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hans Mayers.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ In September 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] visited the plant and met [[Hans Mayers|M
 [[Hans Mayers|Mayers]] was later identified as one of the 19 individuals eliminated in late 1988 by [[Mossad]] hit squads, composed of unsuspecting Palestinians, as part of an [[Israel|Israeli]] operation to stop the flow of chemical weapons technology to [[Iraq]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hashemi brothers.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hashemi brothers.md
index e0dde23a..02fabaae 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hashemi brothers.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hashemi brothers.md	
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ After the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration took office in 1981 and the ho
 [[Cyrus Hashemi|Cyrus]] was later used by [[Oliver North]] and [[United States|U.S.]] Customs in a sting operation to entrap individuals connected with [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence arms sales to [[Iran]]. [[Cyrus Hashemi|Cyrus]] was found dead in his [[London]] apartment, with his death attributed to a sudden case of virulent leukemia, though [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence suspected foul play.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hunt brothers.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hunt brothers.md
index 46cdfa76..862afaab 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hunt brothers.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hunt brothers.md	
@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ The former Israeli intelligence officer [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that the Hunt
 [^3]: Hurt, Harry, III. *Texas Rich: The Hunt Dynasty from the Early Oil Days through the Silver Crash*. W.W. Norton, 1981, pp. 356-359.
 [^4]: Minpeco, S.A. v. Hunt, 718 F. Supp. 168 (S.D.N.Y. 1989).
 [^5]: McFadden, Robert D. "Nelson Bunker Hunt, 88, Oil Tycoon With a Texas-Size Presence, Dies," *The New York Times,* October 22, 2014.
-[^6]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^6]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hushang Lavi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hushang Lavi.md
index e70c4708..334c8b84 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hushang Lavi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hushang Lavi.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ summary: "Iranian Jewish arms dealer recruited by Mossad who coordinated the Oct
 [[Hushang Lavi|Lavi]] coordinated the details of the October 1980 [[Washington meeting (October, 1980)|Washington meeting]] between [[United States|American]] and [[Iran|Iranian]] officials, where [[Ahmed Omshei]] outlined the [[Israel|Israeli]] plan for hostage release. His work for the [[Israel|Israeli]] government ended in 1983 because he refused to heed warnings about his unauthorized moonlighting in arms with the [[Hashemi brothers]], among others.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Iris.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Iris.md
index 06e6f878..98ebe328 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Iris.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Iris.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "LAKAM representative in Washington D.C. who served as an intelligence
 [[Iris]] would receive requests for computer access codes for certain intelligence items from [[Rafael Eitan|Eitan]]. She would then pass these requests to [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]], who would provide her with the specified access codes. [[Iris]] would then give these codes to [[Jonathan Pollard|Pollard]], who would retrieve the information, photocopy it, and return the copies to [[Iris]]. This process was designed to distance [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] from [[Jonathan Pollard|Pollard]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jamshid Hashemi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jamshid Hashemi.md
index bbb13607..3c67d250 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jamshid Hashemi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jamshid Hashemi.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ summary: "One of the Hashemi brothers, involved in secret arms sales to Iran and
 [[Jamshid Hashemi|Hashemi]] and his brothers made money selling small quantities of military equipment to [[Iran]]. He was later indicted under the [[Arms Export Control Act]] for illegal arms sales to [[Iran]], but escaped the [[United States|U.S.]] before apprehension. He subsequently agreed to become an informant for [[U.S. Customs|U.S. Customs]] against the [[Iran|Iranian]] exile community.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joe King.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joe King.md
index 4375ea8a..3d07f935 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joe King.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joe King.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "U.S. Customs Service agent involved in the Hashemi sting operation tar
 [[Joe King|King]] and his partner, Romeo, contacted [[Cyrus Hashemi]] and contrived an illegal frame-up. [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi]] was to be the bait and the trap, allowing his phone to be tapped and himself to be wired. [[Joe King|King]] was also present at [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi's]] [[London]] apartment shortly before [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi]] was found dead, a death attributed to a sudden case of virulent leukemia, though [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence suspected foul play.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Knight.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Knight.md
index e99c6cf0..bd6da842 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Knight.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Knight.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ summary: "London-based arms dealer who ran Dynavest Limited, supplying weapons f
 [[John Knight|Knight]] was familiar to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] and his associates, having worked with the [[Anthony Pearson|Tony Pearson]]-[[Nicholas Davies|Nick Davies]] group since the late 1970s. He was also mentioned as a supplier of equipment to [[Iraq]] directly from [[Britain]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Lisica.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Lisica.md
index 3f0cff71..69ef1c1f 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Lisica.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Lisica.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Undercover U.S. Customs agent who operated under alias 'Lettner' in a
 [[John Lisica|Lisica]] met with [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] at [[Kennedy Airport]] as part of this operation, attempting to entice him into agreeing to an illegal sale of C-130 aircraft to [[Iran]]. The conversations were taped, and these tapes later became a central piece of evidence in [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] trial.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Khatoun.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Khatoun.md
index e43ddf3c..0d6b1c71 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Khatoun.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Khatoun.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ In July 1966, [[Khatoun]] took [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ari]] and his sisters, Claris,
 During [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ari's]] imprisonment, [[Khatoun]] was the only family member who did not abandon him, despite being hassled and threatened by the [[Israel|Israeli]] government.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Leonard Joy.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Leonard Joy.md
index 21165099..d4c86334 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Leonard Joy.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Leonard Joy.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Lawyer from the Legal Aid Society of New York who visited Ari Ben-Mena
 [[Leonard Joy]] was a lawyer from the [[Legal Aid Society of New York]]. He visited [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in jail after a bail hearing and offered his services "on the house" to plead [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] guilty and get him a deal to return to [[Israel]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Manfred Herrmann.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Manfred Herrmann.md
index 9bffdf47..ca06ce8e 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Manfred Herrmann.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Manfred Herrmann.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Herrmann was recruited to represent [[Ora Group|Ora]], an [[Israel|Israeli]] arm
 Herrmann's Sedra company, in conjunction with [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] [[Degem]], played a key role in implementing [[PROMIS]] in [[Guatemala]]. This involved setting up terminals in offices, railway stations, airports, and even remote roadblocks, as part of a system to track suspected dissidents. This venture was a major success from an intelligence perspective, enabling the tracking of individuals even under false names.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Meir Meir.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Meir Meir.md
index 767dd47a..57e86cd2 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Meir Meir.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Meir Meir.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Colonel [[Meir Meir]] was the chief of the External Relations Department (ERD) o
 He also sent [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] to [[Washington, D.C.]] with [[David Kimche]] on the [[Mossad]] budget, as [[David Kimche|Kimche]] needed an [[Iran|Iranian]] affairs briefer for a secret operation to supply [[Iran]] with small arms and spare parts.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michael Milken.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michael Milken.md
index 3760f7b3..c18b49c7 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michael Milken.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michael Milken.md	
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Large amounts of money from the arms sales to [[Iran]] were funneled through [[U
 In 1987, the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] decided to withdraw its funds from Drexel, a decision that contributed to Milken's growing troubles and ultimately to the fall of Drexel Burnham.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mir Hossein Mousavi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mir Hossein Mousavi.md
index 156e1c4f..655eea64 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mir Hossein Mousavi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mir Hossein Mousavi.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Khameneh, Iran"
 [[Mir Hossein Mousavi]] was the Prime Minister of [[Iran]]. He had close ties with [[Manuchehr Ghorbanifar]], an [[Iran|Iranian]] businessman and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent. [[Mir Hossein Mousavi|Mousavi]] was aligned with [[Mohsen Rafiqdoost]], the minister for the [[Iranian Revolution]], and tried to open the second channel for arms sales to [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mohammed Jalali.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mohammed Jalali.md
index 292763fc..5de2e9d0 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mohammed Jalali.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mohammed Jalali.md	
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ In late 1985, [[Mohammed Jalali|Jalali]] was part of a faction within the [[Iran
 [[Mohammed Jalali|Jalali]] is mentioned as being retired and living in [[Iran]] with a second home in [[London]] as of 1992.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mohammed Mossadegh.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mohammed Mossadegh.md
index f46ef5d1..4f6b05e2 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mohammed Mossadegh.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Mohammed Mossadegh.md	
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ location: "Tehran, Iran"
 [[Mohammed Mossadegh|Mossadegh]] was overthrown in 1953, and [[Kermit Roosevelt]] and [[Miles Copeland]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] helped restore the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] to power. [[Mehdi Bazargan]], the first prime minister appointed by [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini's]] revolutionary government, was a supporter of [[Mohammed Mossadegh|Mossadegh]] and a member of the National Front.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Moshe Hebroni.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Moshe Hebroni.md
index 62a5cf7b..a68df192 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Moshe Hebroni.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Moshe Hebroni.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Major [[Moshe Hebroni]] was the chief of staff for the director of [[Mossad]], [
 [[Moshe Hebroni|Hebroni]] later worked for the [[Jewish Agency]] and was an unofficial adviser to [[Yitzhak Shamir]] after leaving [[Mossad]] in 1989. He confirmed [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] access to highly sensitive intelligence material.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nezar Hindawi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nezar Hindawi.md
index 61033a0e..360f29f8 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nezar Hindawi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nezar Hindawi.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Hindawi was instructed to ensure his pregnant Irish girlfriend, Ann-Marie Murphy
 The plot was foiled by [[Israel|Israeli]] security, who were aware of the operation. Hindawi was arrested and subsequently jailed for 45 years. His actions led to [[Margaret Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's]] government closing down the [[Syrian Embassy in London|Syrian Embassy]] in London.
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Pesah Melowany.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Pesah Melowany.md
index 6ce280fa..3cfff319 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Pesah Melowany.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Pesah Melowany.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Colonel [[Pesah Melowany]] was an officer in the [[Israel|Israeli Defense Forces
 This letter was later introduced as evidence during [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] trial to counter the [[Israel|Israeli]] government's claim that he was merely a low-level translator.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Reza Hashemi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Reza Hashemi.md
index 58bfc0ff..192a61d8 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Reza Hashemi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Reza Hashemi.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Iranian arms dealer and one of the Hashemi brothers involved in secret
 [[Reza Hashemi|Hashemi]] was arrested after his brothers, [[Cyrus Hashemi]] and [[Jamshid Hashemi]], were tipped off about their indictment under the [[Arms Export Control Act]] for illegal arms sales to [[Iran]]. He became a hostage himself, which pressured his elder brothers to negotiate with [[U.S. Customs|U.S. Customs]] to become informants.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Seymour Hersh.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Seymour Hersh.md
index 66b62683..ebb348a9 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Seymour Hersh.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Seymour Hersh.md	
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ Hersh's book, along with [[Gary Sick|Gary Sick's]] *October Surprise*, quoted [[
 [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell]] and the [[Mirror Newspaper Group]] sued [[Seymour Hersh|Hersh]] and his publishers over the allegations in *The [[Samson Option]]*. However, some of the critical denials in the *Mirror* articles were shown to be false, and [[Seymour Hersh|Hersh]] and his publishers filed a countersuit against [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell]], [[Nicholas Davies]], and the [[Mirror Newspaper Group]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Lavee.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Lavee.md
index aec1a87f..0e62bdef 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Lavee.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Lavee.md	
@@ -1,13 +1,86 @@
 ---
+aliases:
+  - Shimon Lavie
+  - שמעון לביא
 category: "Military"
 tags:
   - Person
   - Military
   - Israel
-summary: "Lieutenant Colonel Shimon Lavee was the branch head of the Special Assistance Branch (SIM) of the External Relations Department of the Israel Defense Forces/Military Intelligence."
+  - SouthAfrica
+  - SIMWA
+  - MilitaryIntelligence
+  - AriBenMenashe
+summary: "Ari Ben-Menashe names Lieutenant Colonel Shimon Lavee as head of an Israeli military intelligence branch and as preparer of the Israeli text of the SIMWA agreement with South Africa."
+location: "Israel"
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Special Assistance Branch (SIM)]]"
+    role: "branch head, External Relations Department, Israel Defense Forces Military Intelligence (per Ben-Menashe, undated)"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)]]"
+    role: "officer, External Relations Department (per Ben-Menashe)"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[SIMWA]]"
+    start: 1978
+    end: 1980
+    role: "prepared the Israeli version of the agreement (per Ben-Menashe)"
+    fn: 3
 ---
 
-Lieutenant Colonel [[Shimon Lavee]] was the branch head of the Special Assistance Branch (SIM) of the External Relations Department of the [[Israel]]/Military Intelligence. He was responsible for preparing the [[Israel|Israeli]] version of the [[SIMWA]] (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement) between [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]].[^1]
+Lieutenant Colonel Shimon Lavee is named by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in the 1992 memoir [[Profits of War - Ari Ben-Menashe|Profits of War]] as the branch head of the Special Assistance Branch (SIM) of the External Relations Department of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Israel Defense Forces Military Intelligence]]. Ben-Menashe also credits him with preparing the Israeli version of the [[SIMWA]] (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement) between [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]].[^1]
+
+### The External Relations Department
+
+Ben-Menashe described the External Relations Department as having four branches when he joined it in 1977. He named the first as the Special Assistance Branch (SIM), "through which special military assistance was to be given to other countries and various 'liberation movements.'"[^1] According to his account, the [[Mossad]] department that had handled external military assistance became "a liaison department between foreign countries and SIM."[^1] The second branch was R, which handled intelligence exchange with foreign services. The Mossad had a parallel branch, [[Tevel]], which after R gained prominence found itself playing a liaison role to R.[^1]
+
+Ben-Menashe names the chief of External Relations in 1977 as Col. [[Meir Meir]], who interviewed him that year.[^2]
+
+### The SIMWA negotiation
+
+Ben-Menashe's account of the agreement begins in 1978, when [[Menachem Begin]] sent his defense minister, [[Ezer Weizman]], to [[Pretoria]]. He wrote that [[P.W. Botha]] pushed for a wartime alliance "as the price for continuing nuclear tests," and that "to Begin's dismay, Weizman agreed with Botha." After Weizman reported back, Begin relented. In Ben-Menashe's words: "It took two years to work out the military cooperation agreement."[^3]
+
+He wrote that the agreement "was drawn up in the special assistance branch of the External Relations Department of the Israel Defense Forces/Military Intelligence" and was "referred to as SIMWA, an acronym for the SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement, drawn up between the South African Defense Force and the Israel Defense Forces." He then wrote: "The Israeli version was prepared by the branch head, Lt. Col. Shimon Lavee."[^3] The provisions he described were that either party, if at war or in military operations and short of matériel, could request supplies from the other's stockpiles, and that the deputy chiefs of general staff would meet once a year, alternately in Israel and South Africa.[^3]
+
+Ben-Menashe placed the 1978 and 1979 sale of 175mm artillery "that could carry small nuclear devices" beside a South African agreement to invest in Israel's nuclear program and to allow Israeli tests in the Indian Ocean without South African supervision. He wrote that in 1979 Israel carried out a number of such tests, "one of which was detected by satellite because its big flash occurred during a break in the otherwise cloudy weather." He wrote that the South Africans denied the flash was theirs, that the Israeli government "has refused to comment on this test," and that Israel "did, however, issue a blanket denial" of [[Seymour Hersh]]'s book [[The Samson Option]], which asserts that the 1979 flash was an Israeli atomic device.[^3]
+
+On September 22, 1979, at 00:53 UTC, the U.S. satellite [[VELA Satellite|Vela 6911]] detected a double flash of light.[^4]
+
+### The 1975 documents
+
+In May 2010 the [[The Guardian|Guardian]] reporter [[Chris McGreal]] reported "top secret" minutes of 1975 meetings between senior officials of the two countries. According to the article, P.W. Botha, then South Africa's defense minister, asked for warheads, and [[Shimon Peres]], then Israel's defense minister, responded by offering them "in three sizes." The article states that the documents show the two sides met on March 31, 1975, and quotes [[Sasha Polakow-Suransky]], the author of [[The Unspoken Alliance]], that at those talks Israeli officials "formally offered to sell South Africa some of the nuclear-capable Jericho missiles in its arsenal." It reports that Peres and Botha met in Zurich on June 4, 1975, by which time the [[Jericho I]] project had the codename Chalet, and that the minutes record: "Minister Botha expressed interest in a limited number of units of Chalet subject to the correct payload being available." The minutes then record: "Minister Peres said the correct payload was available in three sizes."[^5]
+
+The article reports that the former South African naval commander [[Dieter Gerhardt]], jailed in 1983 for spying for the Soviet Union, said after his release that an agreement between Israel and South Africa called Chalet involved an offer to arm eight Jericho missiles with "special warheads," which Gerhardt said were atomic bombs. It also reports Polakow-Suransky's statement that the Israeli defense ministry tried to block his access to the Secment agreement.[^5]
+
+The South African History Archive holds documents released under South Africa's access-to-information law. Among them is a memorandum dated March 21, 1975, from the Chief of the Defence Staff to the Chief of the [[South African Defense Force]] on Israel's Jericho weapon system, which the Department of Defence declassified in September 2003. The same archive holds an agreement it dates to March 30, 1975, signed by Botha and Peres, with a clause stating that "the very existence of this agreement" was to remain secret.[^6] The [[Mail & Guardian]] article describes the memorandum of Lt. Gen. R. F. Armstrong as dated the same day as the March 31 meeting. It also reports that a covert agreement governing the military alliance known as Secment had been signed some weeks before Peres's offer, and quotes it: "It is hereby expressly agreed that the very existence of this agreement … shall be secret and shall not be disclosed by either party."[^5]
+
+The office of President Shimon Peres responded that "there exists no basis in reality for the claims published this morning by the Guardian," that "Israel has never negotiated the exchange of nuclear weapons with South Africa," and that "there exists no Israeli document or Israeli signature on a document that such negotiations took place." It said the paper had based the piece on "selective interpretation of South African documents and not on concrete facts."[^7]
+
+### Shimon Levinson (Lavi)
+
+[[Shimon Levinson]] (שמעון לוינזון, also written לביא, Lavi) was an Israeli reserve colonel who was convicted of spying for the [[KGB]]. The [[Shin Bet]] disclosure of November 2009 was reported in Hebrew by [[Kikar HaShabbat]] under the headline "30 שנה אחרי": "ביולי 1973 חזר לשירות קבע בצה"ל ושירת כקצין קישור לאו"ם בדרגת אל"מ עד אוגוסט 1978" ("In July 1973 he returned to regular service in the IDF and served as a UN liaison officer at the rank of colonel until August 1978"). The report gives his birth as 1933 in Jerusalem and his enlistment as 1950, and lists service as a clerk on the Israel-Jordan Armistice Commission, in the IDF attache office in Turkey ("בנספחות צה"ל בתורכיה"), and as head of a documentation section in Military Intelligence collection ("ראש מדור תיעוד באמ"ן איסוף"). The Shin Bet recruited him in 1963, and in 1965 he transferred at his own request to the Mossad, where he worked on reliability checks until March 1967.[^8]
+
+After commanding the Israeli UN liaison unit until 1970, the report says he returned to the Mossad: "ל"מוסד" לאגף קשרי חוץ, בו שימש, במשך שנתיים, בתפקיד ראש שלוחה בחו"ל" ("to the Mossad's Foreign Relations Division, where he served for two years as head of a branch abroad"). He was recalled over a security incident for which he was responsible and was then special assistant to the head of the Mossad's Special Relations Department until 1973. [[Haaretz]], summarizing the same disclosure, gives the Mossad posting as head of the Mossad's Tevel station in [[Ethiopia]], in charge of Israel's secret military aid to the army of Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] against Eritrean rebels.[^8][^9]
+
+The Kikar report states that he used his United Nations connections to be appointed in 1979 to lead the anti-drug effort in [[Thailand]], a post he held until June 1983. It dates his April 1983 approach to the Soviet embassy in [[Bangkok]], where he offered his services to the Russians ("והציע את שירותיו לרוסים"), and states that the KGB ran him until his arrest in May 1991. The Mossad rejected him in 1984, and in May 1985 he became chief security officer of the Prime Minister's Office, leaving in December. He was lured back from abroad and arrested at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] in May 1991: "נחקר, הודה מיד במיוחס לו, נשפט, ונדון ל-12 שנות מאסר" ("he was interrogated, immediately confessed, was tried and sentenced to 12 years in prison"). The Shin Bet account puts the payments from the KGB at $31,000 over seven years and says he shared a cell with [[Marcus Klingberg]] and was released in 1999.[^8]
+
+Haaretz reported that the Prime Minister's Office appointment was made by [[Avraham Tamir]], then director general of the office, and that those who recommended Levinson included then prime minister Shimon Peres. It reported that his arrest followed information that reached the Mossad from a foreign source, that the investigation was code-named Eshel Hamidbar, and that [[Ariel Sharon]] and [[Rafi Eitan]], whom Haaretz described as a close relative of Levinson, testified on his behalf at trial.[^9] The [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] reported on September 9, 1993 that a district court had the previous week sentenced Levinson, 60, a colonel in the Israeli reserves, to 12 years for "serious espionage" for the former Soviet Union in a trial that began in May 1991. It stated that he left the IDF in 1983 and then joined the United Nations staff in Bangkok, whereas Kikar and Haaretz give his retirement from the IDF as 1978.[^10]
+
+None of these reports places Levinson in the IDF External Relations Department or names him in a branch called SIM; they give his IDF post from 1973 to 1978 as UN liaison officer and place his Mossad foreign-relations posting between 1970 and 1973. Ben-Menashe gives Lavee the rank of lieutenant colonel and dates the SIMWA drafting to the two years after 1978, and the reports give Levinson the rank of colonel and place him in Thailand from 1979. No source located establishes whether Levinson is the Shimon Lavee named by Ben-Menashe, and none connects Levinson to South Africa.[^3][^8][^9]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015, p. 26 (the External Relations Department, the Special Assistance Branch (SIM), the Mossad department and Tevel). Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/profitsofwarinsi0000benm
+[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War*, end of chapter 2 and chapter 3, "Love in the Time of Revolution" (interview with "the chief of External Relations, Col. Meir Meir," May 1977); TrineDay reprint index, "Meir, Meir, 37, 38, 53." Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/profitsofwarinsi0000benm
+[^3]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War*, TrineDay reprint, pp. 209-210 (index: "SIMWA, (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement), 209-10"; "Lavee, Shimon, 210"). Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/profitsofwarinsi0000benm
+[^4]: Christopher M. Wright and Lars-Erik De Geer, "The 22 September 1979 Vela Incident: The Detected Double-Flash," *Science & Global Security*, vol. 25, no. 3 (2017), pp. 95-124. "On 22 September 1979, at 00:53 UTC, U.S. satellite Vela 6911 detected a double-flash." https://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/sgs25wright.pdf
+[^5]: Chris McGreal, "Revealed: How Israel offered to sell SA nuclear weapons," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010 (reprinted from guardian.co.uk). https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-revealed-how-israel-offered-to-sell-sa-nuclear-weapons
+[^6]: South African History Archive, "Declassified documents on apartheid South Africa - Israel talks on nuclear weapons," May 25, 2010. Documents held in SAHA Collection AL2878 (Freedom of Information Programme Collection), items A3.1.1 (memorandum, March 21, 1975, declassified by the Department of Defence, September 2003) and A3.2.1 (agreement dated March 30, 1975, signed by P.W. Botha and Shimon Peres). https://www.saha.org.za/news/2010/May/declassified_documents_on_apartheid_south_africa_israel_talks_on_nuclear_weapons.htm
+[^7]: "Israel denies 'nuclear exchange' talks with SA," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010 (AFP), statement from the office of President Shimon Peres. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-israel-denies-nuclear-exchange-talks-with-sa/
+[^8]: Yoni Gabbai, "30 שנה אחרי: מיוחד: המרגל הדתי שהפיל את ישראל," *Kikar HaShabbat*, November 9, 2009 (reporting the Shin Bet's disclosure). https://www.kikar.co.il/security-news/19477
+[^9]: Yossi Melman, "Why did a top Israeli intelligence officer join the KGB?," *Haaretz*, November 12, 2009. https://www.haaretz.com/1.5056541
+[^10]: "Israeli Officer Gets 12 Years for Spying for Soviet Union," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 9, 1993. https://www.jta.org/archive/israeli-officer-gets-12-years-for-spying-for-soviet-union
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Levinson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Levinson.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5e62cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shimon Levinson.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+---
+aliases:
+  - Shimon Lavi
+  - Shimon Levinzon
+  - שמעון לוינזון
+  - שמעון לביא
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - Israel
+  - Espionage
+  - KGB
+  - Mossad
+  - ShinBet
+  - MilitaryIntelligence
+summary: "Shimon Levinson (also Lavi), an Israeli reserve colonel and former Shin Bet and Mossad officer, was arrested in May 1991 and sentenced to 12 years for spying for the KGB since 1983."
+location: "Israel"
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Shin Bet]]"
+    start: 1963
+    end: 1965
+    role: "head of security vetting team, Jerusalem"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Mossad]]"
+    start: 1965
+    end: 1973
+    role: "reliability checks; later Foreign Relations Division (Tevel) station head abroad; special assistant in the Special Relations Department"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[United Nations]]"
+    start: 1979
+    end: 1983
+    role: "head of anti-drug effort, Thailand"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: informant_for
+    with: "[[KGB]]"
+    start: 1983
+    end: 1991
+    role: "agent run from Bangkok approach to arrest"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: relative_of
+    with: "[[Rafi Eitan]]"
+    role: "described by Haaretz as a close relative"
+    fn: 2
+---
+
+Shimon Levinson (שמעון לוינזון, also written לביא, Lavi) was an Israeli reserve colonel, born in Jerusalem in 1933, who served in Military Intelligence, the [[Shin Bet]] and the [[Mossad]] and was convicted of spying for the [[KGB]]. The Shin Bet published its account of the case in November 2009.[^1]
+
+### Military and intelligence career
+
+Levinson enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces in 1950. The Shin Bet account lists service as a clerk on the Israel-Jordan Armistice Commission, in the IDF attache office in Turkey, again on the Armistice Commission from 1960 as coordinator between Military Intelligence and the Jordanian army, and as head of a documentation section in Military Intelligence collection. He left regular service over lack of promotion, was general manager of the Government Company for Medals and Coins for about a year, and resigned under pressure after filing a false complaint of corruption in the company.[^1]
+
+The Shin Bet recruited him in 1963 to lead a security vetting team in Jerusalem. In 1965 he transferred at his own request to the Mossad, where he did reliability checks until March 1967. After the Armistice Commission was abolished in July 1967 he joined the Israeli liaison apparatus to the [[United Nations]] and commanded the UN liaison unit until 1970.[^1]
+
+He then returned to the Mossad's Foreign Relations Division and for two years headed a branch abroad. [[Haaretz]] gives the posting as head of the Mossad's Tevel station in [[Ethiopia]], in charge of the secret military aid Israel gave the army of Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] against Eritrean rebels. He was recalled over a security incident and served as special assistant to the head of the Mossad's Special Relations Department until 1973.[^1][^2]
+
+In July 1973 he returned to regular IDF service as a UN liaison officer with the rank of colonel, and retired in August 1978. Haaretz attributes the retirement to his frustration at the refusal of chief of staff [[Rafael Eitan]] to promote him further.[^1][^2] The [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] reported in 1993 that he left the IDF in 1983.[^3]
+
+### United Nations in Thailand and the KGB
+
+In 1979 he was appointed through his UN connections to lead the anti-drug effort in [[Thailand]], a post he held until June 1983.[^1] In April 1983 he entered the Soviet embassy in [[Bangkok]] and offered his services. The Shin Bet account says the KGB recruited and ran him until his arrest in May 1991, through meetings in Europe and Moscow, secret writing, radio broadcasts and dead drops. He said in interrogation that financial difficulty motivated him, and that he received $31,000 over seven years from the KGB.[^1][^2] The Mossad rejected his 1984 application to return.[^1]
+
+In May 1985 the director general of the Prime Minister's Office, [[Avraham Tamir]], appointed him chief security officer of the Prime Minister's Office; Haaretz reported that [[Shimon Peres]], then prime minister, was among those who recommended him. He left in December 1985 after criticism of his performance.[^1][^2] The Shin Bet account lists as material passed to the KGB the structure and unit heads of the Israeli intelligence community (Military Intelligence, Mossad, Shin Bet, the police special operations unit and [[Nativ]]), the structure of the Prime Minister's Office, Foreign Ministry documents, and the names and roles of American intelligence officers in contact with Israeli intelligence.[^1][^2]
+
+### Arrest, trial and release
+
+Levinson was lured back from abroad and arrested at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] in May 1991. Haaretz reported that the arrest followed information that reached the Mossad from a foreign source, passed by Mossad director [[Shabtai Shavit]] to Shin Bet director [[Jacob Perry]], and that the investigation was code-named Eshel Hamidbar.[^2] The Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported on September 9, 1993 that a district court had the previous week sentenced Levinson, 60, to 12 years for "serious espionage," in a trial that began in May 1991 and from which details were withheld from publication.[^3]
+
+According to Haaretz, [[Ariel Sharon]] and Rafi Eitan testified on his behalf at trial. The Shin Bet account says he shared a cell with [[Marcus Klingberg]] and was released in 1999 after a third of his sentence was deducted; his wife divorced him and he was expelled from the retired officers' association. Haaretz reported that he moved to Thailand in 2003 and worked there as an agricultural consultant.[^1][^2]
+
+### Name Lavi and Ben-Menashe's Lt. Col. Shimon Lavee
+
+[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] names a Lt. Col. [[Shimon Lavee]] as head of the Special Assistance Branch of the IDF Military Intelligence External Relations Department who prepared the Israeli text of the [[SIMWA]] agreement with South Africa. The sources on Levinson do not place him in the External Relations Department or in a branch named SIM, give his rank as colonel, and place him in Thailand from 1979. No source located establishes whether he is the Shimon Lavee named by Ben-Menashe.[^1][^2]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Yoni Gabbai, "30 שנה אחרי: מיוחד: המרגל הדתי שהפיל את ישראל," *Kikar HaShabbat*, November 9, 2009 (reporting the Shin Bet's disclosure). https://www.kikar.co.il/security-news/19477
+[^2]: Yossi Melman, "Why did a top Israeli intelligence officer join the KGB?," *Haaretz*, November 12, 2009. https://www.haaretz.com/1.5056541
+[^3]: "Israeli Officer Gets 12 Years for Spying for Soviet Union," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 9, 1993. https://www.jta.org/archive/israeli-officer-gets-12-years-for-spying-for-soviet-union
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shulamit Ingerman.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shulamit Ingerman.md
index 5b0fa74e..6aa5559e 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shulamit Ingerman.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Shulamit Ingerman.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Israeli civilian cryptographer and head of the Iranian desk in Unit 82
 [[Shulamit Ingerman|Ingerman]] introduced [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] to the [[Iran|Iranian]] team of six within [[Unit 8200]]. She was called by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] when he successfully broke the [[Iran|Iranian]] diplomatic code. She later intervened to obtain a pardon for [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] after he was court-martialed for insubordination by [[Sasson Yishaek|Lt. Col. Sasson Yishaek]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tommy Marson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tommy Marson.md
index 4261bfc4..ad41dbf3 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tommy Marson.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tommy Marson.md	
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ tags:
 summary: "Gambino Crime Family associate who lent $50,000 to Dr. John Philip Nichols to start the Cabazon Casino."
 ---
 
-[[Tommy Marson]] was a known [[Gambino Crime Family]] associate. He was observed by the Indio Police Department in August 1981 meeting with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the Cabazon Administrator, and other [[La Cosa Nostra]] underworld figures. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that these meetings involved financial transactions. Marson reportedly lent [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] $50,000 to start the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]], the first Indian card room in the nation.[^1]
+[[Tommy Marson]] was a known [[Gambino Crime Family]] associate. He was observed by the Indio Police Department in August 1981 meeting with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the Cabazon Administrator, and other [[La Cosa Nostra]] underworld figures. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that these meetings involved financial transactions. The [[Miami Herald]] reported in May 1983 that Marson's wife loaned $50,000 to [[John Paul Nichols]] in November 1980 to help finance the Cabazon casino.[^1] In 1985 John Paul Nichols said that the $50,000 was a personal loan to him from Marson's wife, and that Marson had no dealings with the tribe.[^2] Seymour wrote that Marson lent Dr. John Philip Nichols $50,000 to start the card room on the Cabazon Indian Reservation, which she described as the first Indian card room in the nation.[^3] The Miami Herald series described Marson as a close associate of major organized crime figures who had spent five years in federal prison on a counterfeiting conviction in 1950.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^1]: *The Miami Herald*, May 29, 1983 (series on Indian bingo and Wackenhut Corporation). Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^2]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), 1985, "Cabazon leader scoffs at report." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Wilma Hall.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Wilma Hall.md
index 204d5a09..7f813b0c 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Wilma Hall.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Wilma Hall.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Secretary to Robert McFarlane at the NSC and mother of Fawn Hall who h
 [[Wilma Hall|Hall]] assisted [[William Odom|Gen. William Odom]] in proving that [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] was an [[Israel|Israeli]] mole working for [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]]. She did this by taping a phone conversation between [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] and [[Rafael Eitan|Eitan]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yaacov Meridor.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yaacov Meridor.md
index 53e10d38..08ca28f6 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yaacov Meridor.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yaacov Meridor.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Lipno, Poland"
 Meridor became embroiled in a scandal when he, along with [[Joe Peeples]] and a Romanian expatriate, attempted to sell a theoretically feasible but practically impossible solar energy system to the [[Hunt brothers]] of [[Texas]] for $2 million. He also sought a huge loan from the [[Israel|Israeli]] Treasury for this project, publicly announcing it on TV. However, a scientist from the [[Weizmann Institute]] exposed the scheme as a fraud, leading to Meridor losing his job as a cabinet minister and his credibility. His [[Transkei]] operations were also affected, which opened the door for [[Robert Maxwell]] to take over [[Degem]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yitzhak Kahan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yitzhak Kahan.md
index e26fce56..7951fa8e 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yitzhak Kahan.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yitzhak Kahan.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Brody, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine)"
 As a result of the commission's findings, [[Yehoshua Sagi|Maj. Gen. Sagi]] was removed from office, and [[Ariel Sharon]] was forced to resign as Defense Minister.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Abimael Guzman Reynoso.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Abimael Guzman Reynoso.md
index ea070125..a9a55436 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Abimael Guzman Reynoso.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Abimael Guzman Reynoso.md	
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ In 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] traveled to [[Peru]] on a secret mission for [[Yitz
 [[Abimael Guzman Reynoso|Guzmán]] was, according to rumors recounted by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], dead of cancer in 1990, but he continued to lead the [[Shining Path]]. He was captured in 1992 and was imprisoned.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Abu Nidal.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Abu Nidal.md
index 3e229b79..ccdbc0de 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Abu Nidal.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Abu Nidal.md	
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ After BCCI's closure in July 1991, a British judge, on the application of the ba
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 4, "BCCI's Criminality" (quoting "Abu Nidal's Terror Network," U.S. Department of State, July 1987). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/04crime.htm
 [^3]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
 [^4]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 16, "BCCI and Georgia Politicians." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/16ga.htm
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Alan Sanders.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Alan Sanders.md
index 92e915aa..f1b798a3 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Alan Sanders.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Alan Sanders.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "In late 1985, Ari Ben-Menashe approached Sanders to purchase cluster b
 In late 1985, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] approached Sanders to purchase cluster bombs for [[Israel]]. Sanders made it clear that the sale of cluster bombs to [[Israel]] was prohibited by the [[United States|U.S.]]. However, he introduced Ben-Menashe to [[Richard Babayan]], a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contract agent with close contacts with [[Carlos Cardoen|Cardoen]], indicating that Cardoen would sell the bombs to [[Israel]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Alfredo Stroessner.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Alfredo Stroessner.md
index f9f5a8b2..1a130f93 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Alfredo Stroessner.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Alfredo Stroessner.md	
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ In September 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met with [[Alfredo Stroessner|Stroessner]
 [[Alfredo Stroessner|Stroessner]] was aware of a plotted coup against him by [[Andres Rodriguez|Gen. Andres Rodriguez]], supported by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. Despite his efforts to neutralize Rodriguez, the coup took place on February 2, 1989, leading to Stroessner's overthrow. He had promised [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] that the [[Carlos Cardoen|Cardoen]] plant would be closed, and had received small arms from [[Israel]] as part of the agreement.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amiram Nir.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amiram Nir.md
index c66bdfe5..99642146 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amiram Nir.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amiram Nir.md	
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ In May 1986, [[Oliver North|North]], [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]], and Nir tra
 [[Amiram Nir|Nir]] was due to be a major witness in [[Oliver North|North's]] trial and knew a great deal about [[Ihsan Barbouti|Barbouti's]] chemical operation in [[Miami]]. He was killed in a plane crash in [[Mexico]] in November 1988, an event that [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence believed was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation to prevent his testimony from embarrassing [[Shimon Peres|Peres]], [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]], or [[George H.W. Bush|Bush]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Andres Rodriguez.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Andres Rodriguez.md
index 5fa36432..67c14364 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Andres Rodriguez.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Andres Rodriguez.md	
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ location: "San Salvador de Guairá, Paraguay"
 After the coup, [[Andres Rodriguez|Rodriguez]] became the President of [[Paraguay]] and continued to rule the country with the blessing of the [[United States|U.S.]] government. He stepped down in August 1993 and died in 1997.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Anthony Pearson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Anthony Pearson.md
index ca69909f..ea7bf1fa 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Anthony Pearson.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Anthony Pearson.md	
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ Pearson recruited [[Nicholas Davies]], the London *[[Daily Mirror]]* foreign edi
 In 1978, Pearson offered Radi a £200,000 loan, making it clear the money came from an Israeli source, and recruited him to work for an antiterrorist group in Israel run by [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Anwar Sadat.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Anwar Sadat.md
index e20c8df1..973f5678 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Anwar Sadat.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Anwar Sadat.md	
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ He was informed by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] about [[Israel|Israel's]] attitu
 [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] and [[Menachem Begin]] later developed a face-saving formula over the Palestinian issue, leading to the [[Camp David summit|Camp David Accords]]. [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] was primarily interested in regaining the [[Sinai Desert|Sinai]] for [[Egypt]] and was not keen on the [[Gaza Strip]] due to its large Palestinian population.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Arieh Shur.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Arieh Shur.md
index f7a0a2f2..9794d761 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Arieh Shur.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Arieh Shur.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ Colonel [[Arieh Shur]] was an officer in the [[Israel|Israeli Defense Forces]]'
 This letter was later introduced as evidence during [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] trial to counter the [[Israel|Israeli]] government's claim that he was merely a low-level translator.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto Pinochet.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto Pinochet.md
index 778d8992..f623ca87 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto Pinochet.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto Pinochet.md	
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ On August 24, 2004, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the life sentence
 [^13]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 18/12943 (2017), motion on Colonia Dignidad (German; paraphrased). https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/18/129/1812943.pdf
 [^14]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 11/1409 (1987), minor interpellation of the Green Party group on Colonia Dignidad (German; paraphrased). https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/11/014/1101409.pdf
 [^15]: Auswärtiges Amt, "'Colonia Dignidad': Bilanzbericht der Gemeinsamen Kommission," September 21, 2021 (German; paraphrased), including the account of Steinmeier's April 2016 statement. https://auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/chile-node/bilanzbericht-colonia-dignidad/2483426
-[^16]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^16]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited.
 [^17]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), No. 93-241-CR, https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
 [^18]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the passages so cited.
 [^19]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "James Daniel Theberge (1930-1988)," https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/theberge-james-daniel; "Nomination of James Daniel Theberge To Be United States Ambassador to Chile," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 6, 1981, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/11681a
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Avi Pazner.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Avi Pazner.md
index 958ae4ed..9474b11e 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Avi Pazner.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Avi Pazner.md	
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ summary: "Spokesman and national security adviser to Israeli PM Yitzhak Shamir,
 [[Avi Pazner|Pazner]] was hounded by the press about the [[Israel|Israeli]] government's lies regarding [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] employment. He was also involved in the decision to transfer [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] money, which was under [[Israel|Israeli]] control, to the [[East Bloc]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Aviem Sella.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Aviem Sella.md
index 86a7abc1..ba221e09 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Aviem Sella.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Aviem Sella.md	
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ Sella, who retired from the air force in disillusionment and disappointment, rem
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992. 
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). 
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/David Stern.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/David Stern.md
index fb6d1d98..81b05756 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/David Stern.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/David Stern.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Leader of LEHI (Stern Gang), a Jewish terrorist group known for its an
 His successor in leadership was [[Yitzhak Shamir]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Dr. John Philip Nichols.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Dr. John Philip Nichols.md
index 7fb73ea8..faf39070 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Dr. John Philip Nichols.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Dr. John Philip Nichols.md	
@@ -13,40 +13,47 @@ relations:
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]]"
     role: "tribal administrator"
-    fn: 2
+    fn: 1
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Wackenhut Corporation]]"
     role: "Cabazon side of the 1981 joint venture"
     start: 1981-04
-    fn: 2
+    fn: 1
   - type: relative_of
     with: "[[John Paul Nichols]]"
     role: "father"
-    fn: 1
+    fn: 9
 created: 2025-08-05
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
-John Philip Nichols, a non-Indian, was the tribal administrator of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]] at Indio, California, under Tribal Chairman [[Arthur Welmas]], and managed the tribe's business affairs; in the early 1980s the only building on the reservation was a casino.[^2]
+John Philip Nichols, a non-Indian, was the tribal administrator of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]] at Indio, California, under Tribal Chairman [[Arthur Welmas]], and managed the tribe's business affairs; in the early 1980s the only building on the reservation was a casino.[^1]
+
+Nichols told Los Angeles Magazine in September 1983 that a friend referred the tribe to the baseball manager [[Leo Durocher]] for help setting up the cardroom, that Durocher "brought in a guy named Rocco Zangari," and that the tribe eventually fired him.[^2] The California Attorney General's office paper states that Nichols hired [[Rocco Zangari]], a Southern California organized crime figure, to operate the cardroom, and that Zangari and Nichols accused each other of financial wrongdoing.[^3] The 1988 Press-Enterprise reports that Nichols (the article does not specify which) said he had admitted a mistake in hiring Zangari as the first manager.[^4]
 
 ### The Wackenhut Joint Venture
 
-In April 1981 the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] entered into a joint venture with the Cabazon Security Corporation, signed by [[Robert Frye]] for Wackenhut and Welmas for the tribe's company; its stated primary purpose was to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts." Early on Nichols wanted the joint venture to sell night-vision equipment, and it pursued sales to representatives of Guatemala and Honduras; as far as the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s special counsel could tell, no sales were made. The venture also pursued the manufacture of combustible cartridge cases with [[Peter Zokosky]] of Armtec Defense Products, which took people from the joint venture to Picatinny Arsenal in 1981.[^2] Investigating [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s claims for the Justice Department between 1991 and 1993, Special Counsel [[Nicholas Bua]] found that any business relationship Riconosciuto had was with Nichols or the Cabazons rather than with Wackenhut, and that no witness could "even corroborate that Riconosciuto had access to computer equipment while on the Cabazon reservation."[^2]
+In April 1981 the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] entered into a joint venture with the Cabazon Security Corporation, signed by [[Robert Frye]] for Wackenhut and Welmas for the tribe's company; its stated primary purpose was to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts." Early on Nichols wanted the joint venture to sell night-vision equipment, and it pursued sales to representatives of Guatemala and Honduras; as far as the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s special counsel could tell, no sales were made. The venture also pursued the manufacture of combustible cartridge cases with [[Peter Zokosky]] of Armtec Defense Products, which took people from the joint venture to Picatinny Arsenal in 1981.[^1] Investigating [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s claims for the Justice Department between 1991 and 1993, Special Counsel [[Nicholas Bua]] found that any business relationship Riconosciuto had was with Nichols or the Cabazons rather than with Wackenhut, and that no witness could "even corroborate that Riconosciuto had access to computer equipment while on the Cabazon reservation."[^1]
 
 ### Arrest and Conviction
 
-The Indio police arrested Nichols in January 1985 on charges of soliciting murder; a contemporaneous clipping in his [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] file described him as in state prison for diagnostic evaluation "on two counts of murder solicitation," and the FBI recorded that he had been convicted and was serving his sentence. The same file preserves a 1985 report that the California State Board of Equalization was seeking about 2 million dollars in cigarette taxes from Nichols and his son, [[John Paul Nichols]], over a reservation smoke shop run until 1980.[^3]
+The Indio police arrested Nichols in January 1985 on charges of soliciting murder; an April 1985 clipping in his [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] file described him as in state prison for diagnostic evaluation to help decide his sentence "on two counts of murder solicitation," and a later 1985 clipping reported that he was sentenced to four years in prison after pleading no contest to charges that he arranged contract murders for two people, in a plot authorities said was unrelated to tribal business.[^5] A paper submitted to a February 8, 1989 Senate hearing by the California Attorney General's office states that he pleaded no contest in May 1985 to two charges of solicitation for murder, that the intended victims were undercover Indio police officers, and that he was sentenced to four years.[^3] The FBI recorded that he had been convicted and was serving his sentence.[^6] The same file preserves a 1985 report that the California State Board of Equalization was seeking about 2 million dollars in cigarette taxes from Nichols and his son, [[John Paul Nichols]], over a reservation smoke shop run until 1980.[^7]
 
 ### The Alvarez Murders
 
-On July 1, 1981, Tribal Vice Chairman [[Fred Alvarez]], 32, his friend [[Ralph Boger]], 42, and [[Patricia Castro]], 44, were found shot to death at 35040 Bob Hope Drive in Rancho Mirage. A grand jury in the mid-1980s brought no charges. After new documents surfaced in 2007, the former Cabazon security chief [[Jimmy Hughes]] was arrested at Miami International Airport on September 26, 2009, on his way to Honduras, and charged with conspiring with three other men to commit the murders to keep Alvarez from exposing alleged illegal activities by Nichols. On July 1, 2010, after Deputy Attorney General Mike Murphy said prosecutors had "lost confidence to proceed," Judge Dale R. Wells dismissed the charges. No one has been convicted of the murders.[^4]
+On July 1, 1981, Tribal Vice Chairman [[Fred Alvarez]], 32, his friend [[Ralph Boger]], 42, and [[Patricia Castro]], 44, were found shot to death at 35040 Bob Hope Drive in Rancho Mirage. The California Attorney General's office paper submitted to the Senate Special Committee on Investigations in February 1989 states that Alvarez and two others were found dead on July 2, 1981, shot in the head the evening before.[^3] A grand jury in the mid-1980s brought no charges. After new documents surfaced in 2007, the former Cabazon security chief [[Jimmy Hughes]] was arrested at Miami International Airport on September 26, 2009, on his way to Honduras, and charged with conspiring with three other men to commit the murders to keep Alvarez from exposing alleged illegal activities by Nichols. On July 1, 2010, after Deputy Attorney General Mike Murphy said prosecutors had "lost confidence to proceed," Judge Dale R. Wells dismissed the charges. No one has been convicted of the murders.[^8]
 
 ### Arms, the Mob and the Alibi
 
-[[Michael Riconosciuto]] described Nichols as a former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the joint venture was formalized on April 1, 1981, as "[[Cabazon Arms]]," to manufacture arms and explosives for export under the reservation's sovereign status, with a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance, and that it proposed 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, portable rockets and biological weapons; that Nichols introduced Riconosciuto to Frye, and that Riconosciuto did a railgun exercise for [[Dr. Harry Fair]] at Picatinny; and that the murder solicitation involved five intended victims and drugs and that Nichols served 18 months, his son acting as administrator. Seymour also wrote that he had done business in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[South Africa]], [[Panama]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], [[Chile]], [[Brazil]], the [[Netherlands]], [[England]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Taiwan]], had managed a Coca-Cola bottling plant in São Paulo in 1960 and led in the Chilean Pentecostal movement, had written himself a ten-year contract with the tribe in 1978 for half the profits of any business he brought in, and had proposed security for [[Crown Prince Fahd]]'s palace, and that Indio police surveillance in August 1981 observed him with [[Tommy Marson]], [[Vincent Caci Bologna]], [[Anthony Fratianno]] and [[Daniel Magano]]. Zokosky's timeline placed Nichols in Canada with him from June 22 to June 30, 1981, which [[John Belton]] said had been arranged as an alibi. Hughes said he had been told in Nichols's presence to take 5,000 dollars as partial payment for the Alvarez killings, and that the tribe's gambling enterprises were fronts for government-sanctioned covert military activity. Riconosciuto said Nichols's office was broken into to retrieve [[Phyllis Riconosciuto]]'s diary with passwords for [[Tyme Shares]], and that Nichols and Zokosky blamed him for the murder of [[Paul Morasca]].[^1]
+Michael Riconosciuto described Nichols as a former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the joint venture was formalized on April 1, 1981, as "[[Cabazon Arms]]," to manufacture arms and explosives for export under the reservation's sovereign status, with a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance, and that it proposed 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, portable rockets and biological weapons; that Nichols introduced Riconosciuto to Frye, and that Riconosciuto did a railgun exercise for [[Dr. Harry Fair]] at Picatinny; and that the murder solicitation involved five intended victims and drugs and that Nichols served 18 months, his son acting as administrator. Seymour also wrote that he had done business in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[South Africa]], [[Panama]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], [[Chile]], [[Brazil]], the [[Netherlands]], [[England]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Taiwan]], had managed a Coca-Cola bottling plant in São Paulo in 1960 and led in the Chilean Pentecostal movement, had written himself a ten-year contract with the tribe in 1978 for half the profits of any business he brought in, and had proposed security for [[Crown Prince Fahd]]'s palace, and that Indio police surveillance in August 1981 observed him with [[Tommy Marson]], [[Vincent Caci Bologna]], [[Anthony Fratianno]] and [[Daniel Magano]]. Zokosky's timeline placed Nichols in Canada with him from June 22 to June 30, 1981, which [[John Belton]] said had been arranged as an alibi. Hughes said he had been told in Nichols's presence to take 5,000 dollars as partial payment for the Alvarez killings, and that the tribe's gambling enterprises were fronts for government-sanctioned covert military activity. Riconosciuto said Nichols's office was broken into to retrieve [[Phyllis Riconosciuto]]'s diary with passwords for [[Tyme Shares]], and that Nichols and Zokosky blamed him for the murder of [[Paul Morasca]].[^9]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. The CIA claim is not supported by his FBI file. The venture's name and date are corrected by the special counsel's report, and the book dates the murders to June 29, 1981. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* March 1993, pp. 54-64.
-[^3]: Federal Bureau of Investigation. File on John Philip Nichols, FOIPA Request No. 1344360-000, files 183A-LA-1746 and 198D-LA-96, released August 3, 2016. https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
-[^4]: "Only On 3: 'Octopus Murder' Suspect Caught On Hidden Camera." KESQ, September 29, 2009, https://kesq.com/news/2009/09/29/only-on-3-octopus-murder-suspect-caught-on-hidden-camera/ ; "Jimmy Hughes Speaks To KESQ After Charges Dropped." KESQ, July 2, 2010. https://kesq.com/news/2010/07/02/jimmy-hughes-speaks-to-kesq-after-charges-dropped/
+[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* March 1993, pp. 54-64.
+[^2]: *Los Angeles Magazine*, September 1983, pp. 126 ff. Reprinted in FBI file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^3]: *Federal Government's Relationship with American Indians*, Hearings before the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, S. Hrg. 101-126, Part 2 (February 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1989), Robert Morehouse, "High Stakes Bingo on Indian Reservations in California," pp. 417 to 419. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0182
+[^4]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), January 24, 1988, p. B-1, "Bingo profits rising as legal fight brews." Reprinted in FBI file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^5]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), April 17, 1985 ("Court ruling may ...") and 1985 article "Cabazon leader scoffs at report." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^6]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, memorandum, "Crime on Indian Reservation - Gambling," November 5, 1986, reprinted in FBI file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^7]: Federal Bureau of Investigation. File on John Philip Nichols, FOIPA Request No. 1344360-000, files 183A-LA-1746 and 198D-LA-96, released August 3, 2016. https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^8]: "Only On 3: 'Octopus Murder' Suspect Caught On Hidden Camera." KESQ, September 29, 2009, https://kesq.com/news/2009/09/29/only-on-3-octopus-murder-suspect-caught-on-hidden-camera/ ; "Jimmy Hughes Speaks To KESQ After Charges Dropped." KESQ, July 2, 2010. https://kesq.com/news/2010/07/02/jimmy-hughes-speaks-to-kesq-after-charges-dropped/
+[^9]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. The CIA claim is not supported by his FBI file. The venture's name and date are corrected by the special counsel's report, and the book dates the murders to June 29, 1981.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Herbert Alwyn Smith.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Herbert Alwyn Smith.md
index df009831..9e113412 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Herbert Alwyn Smith.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Herbert Alwyn Smith.md	
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ died: 1992
 [[Herbert Alwyn Smith|Smith]] died in March 1992, purportedly of a heart attack, ten days after leaving [[Sydney]], [[Australia]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ian Smart.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ian Smart.md
index b8f5c33e..c06d7abc 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ian Smart.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ian Smart.md	
@@ -1,13 +1,163 @@
 ---
+aliases:
+  - Ian Michael Henry Smart
+  - I. M. H. Smart
+  - Ian M. H. Smart
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
   - Person
-  - Nuclear
+  - Diplomat
+  - Dimona
   - Israel
-summary: "Ian Smart was a young British diplomat who served as third secretary of the British embassy in Tel Aviv in the late 1950s."
+  - UnitedKingdom
+  - NuclearProliferation
+  - IISS
+  - ChathamHouse
+  - Energy
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+summary: "Ian Michael Henry Smart was a British diplomat, third secretary in Tel Aviv from 1958 to 1961, who told Hersh he reported the Dimona reactor, and later served at the IISS and Chatham House."
+born: 1935
+died: 2008
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Foreign Office]]"
+    role: "Diplomatic Service officer; third secretary, Tel Aviv, 1958 to 1961; first secretary, Washington, 1966 to 1969"
+    start: 1958-10-06
+    end: 1969
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]"
+    role: "assistant director, 1969 to 1973; seconded from the Foreign Office in 1965"
+    start: 1969
+    end: 1973
+    fn: 4
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Royal Institute of International Affairs]]"
+    role: "deputy director and director of studies"
+    start: 1974
+    fn: 5
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Ian Smart Ltd]]"
+    role: "chairman"
+    start: 1982
+    fn: 37
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Imperial War Museum Trading Company]]"
+    role: "director"
+    start: 1999-03-08
+    end: 2000-07-31
+    fn: 45
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Atlantic Institute for International Affairs]]"
+    role: "contributor, Energy and the Power of Nations, in Global Insecurity, 1982"
+    fn: 37
 ---
-Ian Smart was a young British diplomat who served as third secretary of the British embassy in [[Tel Aviv]] in the late 1950s. He later became an international expert in nonproliferation. During his time in [[Israel]], he became curious and suspicious about the activities at [[Dimona]]. By the end of 1960, he was reporting his "suspicion" that the site looked like a nuclear reactor, prompted by its visible progress and the palpable French presence in [[Beersheba]].[^1]
+Ian Michael Henry Smart (February 28, 1935 to August 30, 2008) was a British [[Foreign Office]] diplomat who served as third secretary at the British embassy in [[Tel Aviv]] from October 1958 to January 1961.[^1][^2] He told [[Seymour Hersh]] in an interview in New York on July 23, 1989, for [[The Samson Option (GFE)|The Samson Option]], that in his last year there he was reporting a suspicion that the construction at [[Dimona]] looked like a nuclear reactor.[^3] He was assistant director of the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] from 1969 to 1973, then deputy director and director of studies of the [[Royal Institute of International Affairs]], and published on nuclear weapons and energy policy.[^4][^5]
+
+### Foreign Office career
+
+Smart served with [[British Armed Forces|H.M. Forces]] from 1956 to 1958.[^6] He was appointed a member of the Foreign Service on October 6, 1958, and went to Tel Aviv on October 28, 1958.[^1] He was third secretary at the Tel Aviv embassy under the ambassador, [[Francis Rundall]].[^2] He was transferred to the Foreign Office in January 1961 and promoted second secretary on February 28, 1962.[^7]
+
+From 1962 to 1964 he was private secretary to the parliamentary under-secretary of state, first [[Peter Smithers]] and then [[Robert Mathew]], who succeeded Smithers in that post.[^8] From 1964 to 1965 he was private secretary to the minister of state for foreign affairs; the 1965 list names the minister as [[George Thomson]].[^8] He was promoted first secretary in 1965 and seconded to the International Institute for Strategic Studies that year.[^6] In 1966 he became first secretary at the British embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]], and he was still there in 1967.[^9] He resigned from the Diplomatic Service in 1969 "on approved employment."[^10] He married in 1964.[^11]
+
+### Tel Aviv, 1958 to 1961
+
+As the pace and intensity of construction grew, [[Beersheba]] "inevitably became an international city," Hersh wrote. "The French presence was palpable, as upward of 2,500 French men, women, and children made their life in the Negev." Hersh also wrote that the top scientists were provided with double pay and subsidized seven-room apartments in Beersheba, which those who stayed long enough were eventually given.[^12] Foreign diplomats and military attachés in Tel Aviv reported on these matters, Hersh wrote. "There were constantly recurring rumors of the bomb," but the cover stories, "usually revolving around seawater desalinization or agricultural research, somehow held."[^12]
+
+Hersh described Smart as a young diplomat on his first foreign assignment, as third secretary of his country's "small embassy in Tel Aviv." Hersh wrote that Smart "would go on to become an international expert in nonproliferation," and that in those years he "was merely curious" and suspicious.[^13]
+
+Smart recalled that there was "a lot of talk by the end of 1960 about Dimona," prompted "for one thing, by the sheer progress of the site. It was already very apparent on the skyline. And from the road you could see the cooling tower base of the [reactor] dome and the beginning of the rib structure." The second cause was the French presence in Beersheba, where, in his words, "There was an apartment block they used with a lot of Renault Dauphins about ... all carrying French registration."[^13]
+
+Hersh wrote that the Israeli government, when officially asked about activity at Dimona, gave the British embassy a series of explanations. Smart recalled that one early claim was that the area was a desert grasslands research institute. He heard a second while driving with a group of Israeli Defense Force troops in the Negev. When he pointed out the cooling tower, an officer replied, "Ah yes. That's the new manganese-processing plant."[^13]
+
+Smart told Hersh that throughout the last year of his posting he was "reporting the 'suspicion' that this looked like a nuclear reactor. But how do you get more than a suspicion without putting a U-2 over it?"[^13] Hersh added, in his own narration, that the Eisenhower administration, "as Smart could not know," was in its third year of U-2 overflights of Dimona by 1960.[^13]
+
+### Dimona in the official record
+
+The draft post-mortem on the intelligence community's failure to recognize the reactor, dated January 1961, records that on May 25, 1959 the United States naval attaché in Tel Aviv reported a British source as saying that the resignation of General [[Dan Tolkowsky]] on April 26, 1959 was due to his opposition to the atomic weapons effort of [[Shimon Peres]]. The attaché was unable to confirm the account.[^14] The post-mortem states that "collaboration with the French on this project had been initiated by 1957."[^15]
+
+On June 5, 1959, an official of the [[Norwegian Foreign Ministry]], [[Olaf Solli]], told [[William M. Fullerton]] of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] that an agreement between Norway and Israel, considered "Secret" by both governments, provided for safeguards and inspection rights in connection with the sale of heavy water from [[NORATOM]] to Israel.[^16] The post-mortem records that the State Department and the Atomic Energy Commission had the information in July 1959, and that it was not disseminated to the intelligence community until December 13, 1960.[^17]
+
+The Fullerton memorandum records that Solli said "appropriate U.K. officials had been informed of the agreement with Israel and wished also to inform the U.S. Government." It states that NORATOM "purchased heavy water from the U.K. (which had originally been sold to the U.K. by Noratom)" and "shipped the heavy water from the U.S." so that no Norwegian export license was needed.[^16] Cohen and Burr describe the route differently: the heavy water "was shipped directly from the UK to Israel," with NORATOM as the seller.[^18] Cohen and Burr also write that London ultimately did not share the information with Washington, citing British press reports of 2005 and 2006 based on newly declassified British archives.[^19]
+
+The post-mortem's chronology lists a British Joint Intelligence Committee statement on the atomic energy site near Beersheba, transmitted from London in a document dated October 27, 1960, and a "British photograph" of the site, its source given as "UK," acquired on August 30, 1960 and available to the [[Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee]] on November 8, 1960.[^20] The paragraph on the cables states that the United Kingdom believed a reactor was under construction near Beersheba, and that ground photography of the possible site "was received through PIC channels from the United Kingdom on 8 November."[^20] The unnumbered text preceding paragraph 18 says that the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv forwarded on August 2, 1960 a report from a U.S. nuclear engineer that the Israelis were constructing a major reactor with French assistance, and that "Three months were required to obtain adequate confirmatory information via US collection agencies and UK liaison channels." That information resulted in a statement of the committee on December 7, 1960.[^21]
+
+Paragraph 38 of the post-mortem states that information received from the United Kingdom in the first week of December 1960 through atomic energy intelligence liaison channels "revealed to the JAEIC members for the first time that Norway had furnished about 20 tons of heavy water to Israel in 1959 and 1960." The same paragraph records that the Department of State asked the U.S. Embassy in Oslo on December 12, 1960 for further information on the agreement, and that the embassy reported on December 22 and 30 on its status and on Norway's reluctance to exercise its inspection safeguards.[^22]
+
+The National Archives at Kew catalogues Foreign Office files on Israel's atomic energy programme for these years: FO 371/142379, "Research into atomic energy in Israel" (1959); FO 371/149586, "Nuclear Energy Programmes: Israel" (1960); and FO 371/157284 to FO 371/157286, "Atomic energy programmes of individual countries: Israel" (1961). The Prime Minister's file PREM 11/3399 is titled "Development of nuclear reactor in Negev desert" (1960 to 1961).[^23][^24] None of these files is digitised.[^23] Smart's posting ran from October 1958 to January 1961, which covers the 1959 and 1960 entries.[^1][^7]
+
+### Later career and publications
+
+[[Geoffrey Kemp]] places Smart in the spring of 1969 as "then based in Washington" in the introduction to his Adelphi Paper 106.[^25] Smart was assistant director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1969 to 1973.[^4] The Institute published his [[Adelphi Papers]] no. 63, Advanced Strategic Missiles, in 1969, a 31-page study.[^26] Adelphi Paper no. 78, Future Conditional, appeared in 1971 with 45 pages.[^27] The series also includes, under his name, an item titled "I. Introduction" in its August 1971 issue and a report titled "Committee discussions on the utility of military force in modern societies" in December 1973.[^28] With Geoffrey Kemp he wrote "SALT and European Nuclear Forces" for the 1973 volume SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s, and he wrote "Perspectives from Europe" for SALT: The Moscow Agreements and Beyond (1974).[^29] With A. N. Oppenheim he wrote the chapter "The British diplomat" in The Management of Britain's External Relations (1973), edited by Robert Boardman and A. J. R. Groom.[^30]
+
+In August 1974 [[The New York Times]] printed an article by Smart on the effect of the Cyprus crisis on [[NATO]], which identified him as "deputy director and director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London." The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reproduced the article in its internal clipping publication News, Views and Issues, no. 12, dated August 23, 1974.[^31] The authors of a 1975 study by the Royal Institute of International Affairs thanked "Ian Smart, the Deputy Director of Chatham House," for comments on their drafts, and a 1976 volume on oil describes him as "deputy director and director of studies" of the Institute.[^5] The Royal Institute's 1977 book The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent, number 1 in its British Foreign Policy to 1985 series, ran to 82 pages.[^32] His article of the same title appeared in the International Institute for Strategic Studies journal [[Survival]] in January 1978 (volume 20, issue 1, pages 21 to 24).[^33] A memorandum submitted by Smart appears in the sixth report of the [[House of Commons]] Expenditure Committee for the 1978-79 session on the future of the United Kingdom's nuclear weapons policy, and the report lists him with [[Lawrence Freedman]] as a witness on January 23, 1979.[^34]
+
+[[HM Stationery Office]] published Multinational Arrangements for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 1980 as Energy Paper 43, 77 pages.[^35] [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] published World Nuclear Energy: Toward a Bargain of Confidence, edited by Smart, in 1982.[^36] Global Insecurity (1982), developed from a research project sponsored by the [[Atlantic Institute for International Affairs]] and published by [[Houghton Mifflin]], names [[Daniel Yergin]] and [[Martin Joseph Hillenbrand]] among its creators and includes the chapter "Energy and the power of nations" by Ian Smart. Its contributor note describes him as "an adviser on international energy affairs and chairman of Ian Smart Ltd" and as formerly deputy director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs.[^37] A second 1982 volume lists him as "now a consultant," and a third states that he "was educated at Oxford and Leeds universities."[^38] His essay "A Defective Dream," on the Atoms for Peace policy, appears in a 1985 volume whose editor describes him as "an international energy policy expert."[^39] Volume two of Energy Policies and the Greenhouse Effect (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1991) credits Smart with a contribution in chapter 1.[^40]
+
+Articles under the name Ian Smart appear in [[Energy Policy]] from 1984 to 1986, including "Pricing petroleum products: Strategies of eleven industrial nations" (1984) and "World uranium market" (1985). They appear in [[International Affairs]] in 1975 and 1989, including "Nuclear Proliferation Problems" (1975) and "OPEC: twenty-five years of prices and politics" (1989), and in [[Nature]] in 1980, with "Fuel for the 'back-end' debate." Records found do not establish whether these items are by the diplomat; their subjects match his other work.[^41]
+
+The [[Canadian Institute of International Affairs]] published International Terrorism in 1987 and The World in Flux in 1990, the latter as volume 48, number 1 of its Behind the Headlines series.[^42]
+
+### Death and obituary
+
+[[The Times]] published an obituary headlined "Ian Smart: diplomat and authority on nuclear policy" in September 2008.[^43] A London Gazette notice of November 27, 2008 gives his date of death as August 30, 2008, his last address as [[Leominster]], and his occupation as "Diplomat (Retired)."[^44] Between March 8, 1999 and July 31, 2000 an Ian Michael Henry Smart, born February 1935 and living at Leominster, was a director of the Imperial War Museum Trading Company Limited.[^45]
+
+### Same-name records
+
+A second Foreign Office officer, [[Alexander Basil Peter Smart]], was a first secretary in 1967. Records found do not establish any connection between him and Ian Michael Henry Smart.[^46]
+
+A different Ian Smart, born 1944, wrote on Caribbean literature, including a 1990 study of the poet [[Nicolás Guillén]]. Records found do not establish any connection to this page.[^47]
+
+A 1975 volume, The Political Implications of North Sea Oil and Gas, was published by [[Universitetsforlaget]] under the names of [[Martin Sæter]] and Ian Smart, under the auspices of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Royal Institute of International Affairs. Its subject matches the energy work above, and records found do not establish whether the co-author is the diplomat.[^48]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 5.
\ No newline at end of file
+[^1]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1960, Statement of Services, "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": appointed a member of the Foreign Service October 6, 1958; transferred to Tel Aviv October 28, 1958. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1960
+[^2]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1959, Tel Aviv embassy staff list: Ambassador Sir Francis Rundall; "3rd Secretary I. M. H. Smart." https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1959
+[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. Chapter 5, "Internal Wars," notes, p. 325: "Ian Smart was interviewed in New York on July 23, 1989. He was then living in London."
+[^4]: *Nuclear Non-Proliferation: An Agenda for the 1990s*, 1987, contributors: "Ian Smart Assistant Director, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969-73" (https://archive.org/details/nuclearnonprolif0000unse_n6w3); *SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s*, 1973, contributors: "Ian Smart is Assistant Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies" (https://archive.org/details/saltimplications0000inte). The Diplomatic Service List 1970 records his resignation from the Diplomatic Service in 1969 (note 10).
+[^5]: Connelly and Perlman, *The Politics of Scarcity: Resource Conflicts in International Relations*, Royal Institute of International Affairs / Oxford University Press, 1975, preface: "commentary on our final drafts by Ian Smart, the Deputy Director of Chatham House" (https://archive.org/details/politicsofscarci00conn); *Oil, the Arab-Israel Dispute, and the Industrial World: Horizons of Crisis*, 1976, contributors: "IAN SMART, deputy director and director of studies, the Royal Institute of International Affairs" (https://archive.org/details/oilarabisraeldis0000unse); *The Finnish Dilemma*, 1976, acknowledgments: "Ian Smart, Deputy Director and Director of Studies of the Institute" (https://archive.org/details/finnishdilemmane0000maud); Kevin P. Cummings, *The New British Deterrent*, Naval Postgraduate School thesis, October 1982: "In October 1977, Ian Smart, then Deputy Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House)" (https://archive.org/details/newbritishdeterr00cumm); *Africa South of the Sahara 1978-79*, Royal Institute of International Affairs entry: "Dir. of Studies IAN SMART."
+[^6]: Diplomatic Service List 1966, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": H.M. Forces 1956-58; Third Secretary Tel Aviv 1958-61; Foreign Office 1961; Private Secretary to Parliamentary Under-Secretary 1962-64; seconded to the Institute for Strategic Studies 1965; First Secretary 1965. https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1966
+[^7]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1963, Statement of Services, "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": transferred to the Foreign Office January 1961; promoted Second Secretary February 28, 1962. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1963
+[^8]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1963 ("Peter Smithers, v.R.D., M.P." followed by "I. M. H. Smart"); 1964 ("Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State Robert Mathew, M.P." followed by "Private I. M. H. Smart"; the 1964 list records Mathew as succeeding Smithers); 1965 ("George Thomson, M.P." followed by "I. M. H. Smart"). https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1963 ; https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1964 ; https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1965
+[^9]: Diplomatic Service List 1967, Washington mission staff under Ambassador Sir Patrick Dean: "First Secretary: I. M. H. Smart"; biographical entry "First Secretary Washington since 1966." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1967
+[^10]: Diplomatic Service List 1970, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": "First Secretary; Resigned 1969 (on approved employment)." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1970
+[^11]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1965, biographical entry "Smart, Ian Michael Henry": born February 28, 1935; married 1964. https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1965
+[^12]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," pp. 62 to 63 (the Beersheba passage, the French presence, the apartments, the reports of diplomats and attachés in Tel Aviv, and the cover stories).
+[^13]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," p. 63 (Smart's account; quotations from Smart; the Israeli officer's reply; the Eisenhower passage and the description of Smart as "an international expert in nonproliferation" are Hersh's narration). Smart's remarks come from the interview cited in note 3.
+[^14]: Cohen, Avner, and William Burr, "The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, April 15, 2015, Document 27A, "Post-Mortem on SNIE 100-8-60," draft for USIB approval, January 1961, paragraph 22 (British source reported by the U.S. naval attaché in Tel Aviv, May 25, 1959). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^15]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 3 (French collaboration "initiated by 1957"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^16]: Fullerton, William M., memorandum, "Conversation of June 5, 1959," June 9, 1959, SECRET, pages 1 and 2 (Atomic Energy Commission, Division of International Affairs; reproduced in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, Document 2A). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%202A.pdf
+[^17]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 23 and paragraph 38 (information of July 1959 at the Department of State and the AEC, "paragraph 23 above"); chronology table, item 28. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^18]: Cohen and Burr, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, introduction: "The heavy water was shipped directly from the UK to Israel, without safeguards"; "In June 1959 Israel and Norway signed a secret agreement"; "on 25 February 1959 the two countries exchanged documents on the heavy water sale"; main text: the 20 tons Norway sold to Israel "upon an agreement signed in Oslo on 25 February 1959"; Olaf Solli on British officials wishing to "inform" Washington. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/
+[^19]: Press items cited in the briefing book's introduction, note 13: BBC News, "UK Helped Israel Get Nuclear Bomb," August 4, 2005; David Leigh, "US kept in the dark as secret nuclear deal was struck," The Guardian, August 3, 2005; "Britain's dirty secret: Exclusive: Secret papers show how Britain helped Israel make the A-bomb in the 1960s," The New Statesman, March 13, 2006; Foreign Office statement, March 9, 2006, BBC Two. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/
+[^20]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), chronology table, item 8 ("British photograph received," source "UK," acquired 30 Aug, available to the committee 8 Nov), preceded by item 6 ("Transmittal of JIC (British) statement on AE site near Beersheba," document of 27 Oct) and item 7 ("British information on photograph," 3 Nov); paragraph 29 (cables from CIA/London dated October 27 and November 3, 1960, received November 2 and 3, 1960; ground photography "received through PIC channels from the United Kingdom on 8 November"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^21]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), page 8, unnumbered text preceding paragraph 18 (U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv dispatch of August 2, 1960; "Three months were required to obtain adequate confirmatory information via US collection agencies and UK liaison channels"; JAEIC statement of December 7, 1960).
+[^22]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60 (Document 27A), paragraph 38 (information from the United Kingdom, first week of December 1960; Department of State request to the U.S. Embassy Oslo, December 12, 1960; embassy reports of December 22 and 30, 1960).
+[^23]: The National Archives, Discovery catalogue: FO 371/142379 (reference C2899837, 1959, "Research into atomic energy in Israel. Code VR file 1241"); FO 371/149586 (C2907053, 1960, "Nuclear Energy Programmes: Israel"); FO 371/157284 to 157286 (C2914746 to C2914748, 1961, "Atomic energy programmes of individual countries: Israel"). Closure status open; digitised: no. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2907053
+[^24]: The National Archives, Discovery catalogue: PREM 11/3399 (reference C2040226, 1960 to 1961, "Development of nuclear reactor in Negev desert"). Closure status open; digitised: no. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2040226
+[^25]: Kemp, Geoffrey, *Nuclear Forces for Medium Powers: Part I: Targets and Weapons*, Adelphi Papers no. 106, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1974, introduction: "the Spring of 1969. At that time the author and Ian Smart, who was then based in Washington, began to sketch". https://archive.org/details/nuclearforcesfor0000kemp
+[^26]: Smart, Ian, *Advanced Strategic Missiles*, Adelphi Papers no. 63, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969, 31 pp. Open Library work OL6183778W. Crossref record for the Adelphi item, "Advanced strategic missiles: A short guide: Introduction," December 1969, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679326908448148
+[^27]: Smart, Ian, *Future Conditional*, Adelphi Papers no. 78, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1971, 45 pp., ISBN 0900492317. Open Library work OL6183779W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183779W
+[^28]: Crossref records, The Adelphi Papers: "I. Introduction," vol. 11, issue 78, August 1971, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679327108457220; "Committee discussions on the utility of military force in modern societies: Report to the conference," vol. 13, issue 102, December 1973, https://doi.org/10.1080/05679327308457258. Author string "Ian Smart."
+[^29]: *SALT: Implications for Arms Control in the 1970s*, 1973, contents: Geoffrey Kemp and Ian Smart, "SALT and European Nuclear Forces," p. 199 (https://archive.org/details/saltimplications0000inte); *SALT: The Moscow Agreements and Beyond*, 1974, contents: Part 3, chapter 7, "Perspectives from Europe," Ian Smart, p. 185 (https://archive.org/details/saltmoscowagreem0000will).
+[^30]: Boardman, Robert, and A. J. R. Groom, eds., *The Management of Britain's External Relations*, 1973, chapter 3, "The British diplomat," A. N. Oppenheim and Ian Smart; contributors list "Ian Smart, International Institute for Strategic Studies." https://archive.org/details/managementofbrit0000boar
+[^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, *News, Views and Issues*, no. 12, August 23, 1974, CREST document CIA-RDP77-00432R000100330001-0, reproducing an article by Ian Smart from The New York Times of August 1974 ("Not for the first time, Cyprus has opened a rift in the NATO ..."); the closing line reads "Ian Smart is deputy director and director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London." https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP77-00432R000100330001-0
+[^32]: Smart, Ian, *The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent*, British Foreign Policy to 1985, no. 1, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1977, 82 pp., ISBN 0905031024. Open Library work OL6183780W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183780W
+[^33]: Smart, Ian, "The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent," *Survival*, vol. 20, no. 1, January 1978, pp. 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396337808441724
+[^34]: House of Commons, Expenditure Committee, *The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Weapons Policy*, sixth report, session 1978-79: list of witnesses ("Tuesday 23 January 1979 Mr Ian Smart and Mr Lawrence Freedman"); memorandum submitted by Mr Ian Smart; reference to *Strategic Issues*, by Ian Smart, Royal Institute of International Affairs (1977). https://archive.org/details/futureofunitedki0000grea
+[^35]: Smart, Ian, *Multinational Arrangements for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle*, Energy Paper no. 43, H.M. Stationery Office, 1980, 77 pp., ISBN 0114107998. Open Library work OL6183783W. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6183783W
+[^36]: Smart, Ian, *World Nuclear Energy: Toward a Bargain of Confidence*, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. Internet Archive record worldnuclearener00smar (creator "Smart, Ian"). https://archive.org/details/worldnuclearener00smar
+[^37]: *Global Insecurity: A Strategy for Energy and Economic Renewal*, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982, "developed from a research project sponsored by the Atlantic Institute for International Affairs"; creators Yergin, Daniel, and Hillenbrand, Martin Joseph, 1915-; contents include "Energy and the power of nations / by Ian Smart"; contributors: "Ian Smart is an adviser on international energy affairs and chairman of Ian Smart Ltd" and "Ian Smart, formerly deputy director of the Royal [Institute of International Affairs]." Internet Archive record globalinsecurity00ldpo. https://archive.org/details/globalinsecurity00ldpo
+[^38]: *The Arms Race in the 1980s*, 1982, contributors: "Ian Smart (British) is now a consultant" (https://archive.org/details/armsracein1980s0000unse); *Nuclear Power in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Decision Making*, 1982, chapter 2, "The Consideration of Nuclear Power," Ian Smart; contributors: "Ian Smart was educated at Oxford and Leeds universities" (https://archive.org/details/nuclearpowerinde0000unse).
+[^39]: *Atoms for Peace: An Analysis after Thirty Years*, 1985, chapter 7, Ian Smart, "A Defective Dream"; editor's introduction: "Among such critics, Ian Smart, an international energy policy expert". https://archive.org/details/atomsforpeaceana00pila_0
+[^40]: *Energy Policies and the Greenhouse Effect, Volume Two: Country Studies and Technical Options*, Royal Institute of International Affairs / Dartmouth, 1991, preface: "particular contributions to Volume 2 have been made by Ian Smart (Chapter 1)".
+[^41]: Crossref records under the author string "Ian Smart": *Energy Policy*, 1984, "Pricing petroleum products: Strategies of eleven industrial nations," https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(84)90180-0; *Energy Policy*, 1985, "World uranium market," https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(85)90166-1; *International Affairs*, 1975, "Nuclear Proliferation Problems," https://doi.org/10.2307/2616939; *International Affairs*, 1989, "OPEC: twenty-five years of prices and politics," https://doi.org/10.2307/2622602; *Nature*, 1980, "Fuel for the 'back-end' debate," https://doi.org/10.1038/286643a0.
+[^42]: Open Library records: *International Terrorism*, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1987 (OL6183781W); *The World in Flux*, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Behind the Headlines, vol. 48, no. 1, 1990 (OL18063312M).
+[^43]: "Ian Smart: diplomat and authority on nuclear policy," *The Times*, obituary, September 23, 2008.
+[^44]: The London Gazette, issue 58895, November 27, 2008, page 18578, deceased estates notice L-58895-843: "Smart, Ian Michael Henry," date of death 30 August 2008, last address Leominster, the county printed as Hertfordshire (the Companies House record for the same name and address gives Herefordshire, note on the Imperial War Museum Trading Company), occupation "Diplomat (Retired)." https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58895/page/18578
+[^45]: Companies House, officer record "Ian Michael Henry SMART," born February 1935, one appointment: director, Imperial War Museum Trading Company Limited (03719634), appointed March 8, 1999, resigned July 31, 2000, nationality British; correspondence address in Leominster, Herefordshire. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/0Q0PziJrvmaSybGliDITrhOyUJg/appointments
+[^46]: Diplomatic Service List 1967, entry "SMART (Alexander) (Basil) Peter; First Secretary." https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1967
+[^47]: Internet Archive catalogue record nicolsguillnpopu00smar, *Nicolás Guillén, popular poet of the Caribbean*, 1990, creator "Smart, Ian, 1944-." https://archive.org/details/nicolsguillnpopu00smar
+[^48]: Open Library work OL22492294W, *The Political Implications of North Sea Oil and Gas*, Universitetsforlaget, 1975, authors Martin Sæter and Ian Smart. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL22492294W
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Iran Najd Rankuni.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Iran Najd Rankuni.md
index 5e83e188..73474537 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Iran Najd Rankuni.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Iran Najd Rankuni.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Tehran contact for the Hashemi brothers, head of the Dervish movement,
 [[Iran Najd Rankuni|Rankuni]] was connected with the [[Iranian Revolution]]. However, he did not have direct access to the Supreme Council, which actually called the shots in [[Iran]], and therefore could not set up a serious dialogue between the [[United States|Americans]] and the [[Iran|Iranians]] for the release of the hostages.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Joe Peeples.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Joe Peeples.md
index 2ed33636..b6b160f4 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Joe Peeples.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Joe Peeples.md	
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ summary: "Texan businessman who devised a fraudulent solar energy scheme with Ya
 [[Joe Peeples]] was a Texan businessman who, along with [[Yaacov Meridor]] and a Romanian expatriate, devised a scheme to sell a theoretically feasible but practically impossible solar energy system to the [[Hunt brothers]] of [[Texas]] for $2 million. Peeples was unable to return the $2 million to the Hunts and was subsequently jailed for fraud.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Paul Nichols.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Paul Nichols.md
index 700f404f..99656128 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Paul Nichols.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Paul Nichols.md	
@@ -10,11 +10,19 @@ summary: "John Paul Nichols was the 'Project Manager' for the Cabazon/Wackenhut
 
 John Paul Nichols was the "Project Manager" for the Cabazon/[[Wackenhut Corporation]] Joint Venture, also known as [[Cabazon Arms]]. On April 4, 1983, he wrote a letter to the Army Discharge Review Board asking for [[Jimmy Hughes]]' military record, as Hughes required security clearances to work in the Joint Venture. He stated that Hughes had been instrumental in developing their reservation security force and providing training, and was becoming involved in matters requiring security clearances for government contracts.[^1]
 
+The Chapter 11 petition filed for the Cabazon Indian Casino on December 10, 1981 was signed by John Paul Nichols as "Project Manager." A January 1988 article gives the casino's debts as $567,577 owed to 45 creditors, against assets of $123,859.[^2]
+
 John Paul Nichols was also involved in the Cabazon Indian Reservation and [[Indio Bingo Palace]]. He made a $30,000 withdrawal from the Bingo Palace's account by check payable to cash. He also wrote a letter to [[Wayne Reeder]] and his attorney, reminding Reeder of an agreement to "get rid" of Jimmy Hughes so Hughes couldn't expose Dr. John Philip Nichols' illegal activities.[^1]
 
-[[Tommy Marson]], a known [[Gambino Crime Family]] associate, reportedly lent Dr. John Philip Nichols $50,000 to start the Cabazon Casino, according to John Paul Nichols.[^1]
+The [[Miami Herald]] reported in May 1983 that [[Tommy Marson]]'s wife had loaned $50,000 to John Paul Nichols in November 1980 to help finance the casino.[^3] In 1985 John Paul Nichols told the Riverside newspaper that Marson had no dealings with the tribe, and that the $50,000 was a personal loan to him from Marson's wife.[^4] [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Marson, a known [[Gambino Crime Family]] associate, lent Dr. John Philip Nichols $50,000 to start the Cabazon Casino, according to John Paul Nichols.[^1] The Press-Enterprise reported on February 9, 1989 that, according to the California Attorney General's office, John Paul Nichols had admitted receiving a $50,000 loan from Marson.[^5]
+
+In 1985 John Paul Nichols said that when tribal leaders learned of alleged organized crime ties of the former cardroom manager [[Rocco Zangari]], "he was fired," and that the tribe banned the organized crime figures from the reservation.[^4]
 
 ---
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
\ No newline at end of file
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^2]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), January 24, 1988, p. B-1, "Bingo profits rising as legal fight brews." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols; and *Zangari v. Cabazon Indian Casino (In re Cabazon Indian Casino)*, 35 B.R. 124 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. December 29, 1983), https://static.case.law/br/35/cases/0124-01.json
+[^3]: *The Miami Herald*, May 29, 1983 (series on Indian bingo and Wackenhut Corporation). Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^4]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), 1985, "Cabazon leader scoffs at report." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^5]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 9, 1989, p. A-1, "Cabazon bingo casino listed as Mafia-tied." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jonathan Pollard.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jonathan Pollard.md
index 487a0d33..1f39f4f1 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jonathan Pollard.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jonathan Pollard.md	
@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ Sella has given friends and colleagues an account of his involvement that is mor
 [[Leonard Garment]], hired by [[Israel]] to represent Sella, attempted to resolve the affair. He was pressured by a six-man Israeli delegation, including [[Chaim Joseph Zadok]], [[Meir Rosenne]], [[Elyakim Rubinstein]], [[Ram Caspi]], [[Avraham Shalom]], and [[Hanan Bar-on]], to file a factual proffer that downplayed Sella's involvement. Garment eventually withdrew from the case, stating he was unsure whether his client was Sella or the Israeli government. With his withdrawal, the Israeli government ended its attempt to protect Sella, effectively ending Sella's career.[^2]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21, 22.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jose Rodriguez.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jose Rodriguez.md
index 146ec56b..fbab1311 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jose Rodriguez.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jose Rodriguez.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Colonel [[Jose Rodriguez]] was a pilot in [[Paraguay]], serving as the pilot for
 [[Jose Rodriguez|Colonel Rodriguez]] flew [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] to the plant in a two-man [[Bell helicopter]], and was instructed to allow Ben-Menashe to go wherever he wished. He claimed to only know what he was told about the plant's operations, stating it produced insecticides, despite the strong sulfur smell. He remained silent when questioned about the true nature of the manufactured product.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Joseph O'Toole.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Joseph O'Toole.md
index e397faf9..41b7402a 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Joseph O'Toole.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Joseph O'Toole.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ summary: "In April 1989, O'Toole was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to
 In April 1989, [[Joseph O'Toole|O'Toole]] was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to [[Iran|Tehran]], working with [[Richard St. Francis]] of [[TransCapital Corporation]] and [[Mike Timpani]]. This deal was intended to be a go-between for [[Israel]] and [[Iran]], but it was ultimately cut out. [[Joseph O'Toole|O'Toole]] was later indicted for conspiracy to sell C-130s to [[Iran]] in violation of the [[United States|U.S.]] Arms Export Control Act, though his case was severed from [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] at their request, as he had cooperated with the government in setting up [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kermit Roosevelt.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kermit Roosevelt.md
index 166530da..2e832d1c 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kermit Roosevelt.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kermit Roosevelt.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Buenos Aires, Argentina"
 [[Kermit Roosevelt]] was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officer who, along with [[Miles Copeland]], helped the [[Iran|Iranian]] military restore the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] of [[Iran]] to power in 1953. This occurred after the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] had been overthrown by [[Mohammed Mossadegh]] during the turmoil that followed the nationalization of [[Iran|Iranian]] oil.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Larry Summers.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Larry Summers.md
index f4196175..196ed1e1 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Larry Summers.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Larry Summers.md	
@@ -53,8 +53,13 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Elisa New]]"
     role: "husband"
     fn: 1
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
+    role: "chairman, advisory board"
+    start: 2012-04-04
+    fn: 5
 created: 2026-09-25
-updated: 2026-09-25
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
 Lawrence H. Summers (born November 30, 1954, in [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]]) is an American economist who served as [[United States Department of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] under [[Bill Clinton]] from 1999 to 2001 and as president of [[Harvard University]] from 2001 to 2006.[^1] In 2003, during his presidency, Harvard established the [[Program for Evolutionary Dynamics]] with a 6.5 million dollar gift from [[Jeffrey Epstein]], the largest Epstein gift Harvard received.[^2] Emails released by the [[House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform|House Oversight Committee]] in November 2025 showed Summers seeking Epstein's advice on his pursuit of a woman who regarded him as a mentor, in messages running until the day before Epstein's July 2019 arrest. Within three weeks Summers had resigned from the board of [[OpenAI]], taken leave from his Harvard center, and been banned for life by the [[American Economic Association]].[^1][^3]
@@ -69,13 +74,17 @@ Harvard had courted Epstein as a donor from 1992 and received his first gift in
 
 Press reports at the time described the gift as part of a 30 million dollar pledge; Harvard's 2020 review "found no Harvard record of such a pledge."[^2] Epstein's own foundation website was still claiming in 2020 that he had established the program "with a $35 million gift."[^2] Harvard stopped accepting Epstein's gifts under Summers's successor, [[Drew Faust]], no later than November 2008.[^2] The review found that Epstein kept a keycard, a passcode, and an office at the program's building into 2018, visiting more than forty times after his 2008 conviction.[^2] Epstein used the suite for dinner parties organized by Nowak's assistants, among them the celebration of Summers's sixtieth birthday.[^4]
 
+### Minerva advisory board
+
+On April 4, 2012 the [[Minerva Project]], a for-profit education company founded by [[Ben Nelson]], announced that Summers had joined as "Chairman of Advisory Board" in the same release that announced a $25 million seed investment from [[Benchmark Capital]]. Summers is quoted: "I was excited by Ben Nelson's bold vision for Minerva" and "am proud to be a part of it."[^5] The company's release of January 14, 2013, which announced [[Bob Kerrey]] as executive chairman of The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship, describes Summers as "Former Harvard University President" who "serves as chairman of Minerva's Advisory Board," and its release of March 12, 2013 naming [[Stephen Kosslyn|Stephen M. Kosslyn]] Founding Dean quotes Summers as "chairman of the Minerva Project Advisory Board."[^6][^7] An undated company overview in the Epstein files gives the same description and lists the other members as [[Patrick Harker]], Bob Kerrey and [[Lee Shulman]].[^8] On July 26, 2013 the educator [[Roger Schank]] wrote to Epstein under the subject "minerva project" that "now I see your buddy summers on it."[^9]
+
 ### The 2014 Philanthropy Contact
 
-Epstein's calendars show Summers meeting him more than a dozen times between 2013 and 2016, in the years after Harvard had stopped accepting Epstein's money; a Summers spokesperson said in 2023 that he "deeply regrets being in contact with Epstein."[^5] The *[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]*'s 2023 reporting on Epstein's calendars recorded that in April 2014 Summers sought Epstein's advice on small-scale philanthropy, to help raise one million dollars for an online poetry project developed by his wife, the Harvard literature professor [[Elisa New]].[^5] New later emailed Epstein herself, including a 2015 message thanking him for arranging financial support for the poetry project she directs.[^1] On November 17, 2014, six years after Harvard stopped taking his gifts, Epstein wrote to Summers: "harvard ok with donation?"[^6]
+Epstein's calendars show Summers meeting him more than a dozen times between 2013 and 2016, in the years after Harvard had stopped accepting Epstein's money; a Summers spokesperson said in 2023 that he "deeply regrets being in contact with Epstein."[^10] The *[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]*'s 2023 reporting on Epstein's calendars recorded that in April 2014 Summers sought Epstein's advice on small-scale philanthropy, to help raise one million dollars for an online poetry project developed by his wife, the Harvard literature professor [[Elisa New]].[^10] New later emailed Epstein herself, including a 2015 message thanking him for arranging financial support for the poetry project she directs.[^1] On November 17, 2014, six years after Harvard stopped taking his gifts, Epstein wrote to Summers: "harvard ok with donation?"[^11]
 
 ### The Churkin Meeting
 
-On January 13, 2016, Epstein arranged by iMessage a meeting for the next day with [[Vitaly Churkin]], Russia's ambassador to the [[United Nations]]. After Churkin proposed Thursday, Epstein wrote "2?", then "Larry summers will be here as well," and then "Or 12 if you prefer privacy." Churkin replied, "2OK." On January 14 Epstein wrote to Churkin, "Running 15 minutes late."[^7] Eleven days earlier Epstein had offered Churkin a meal with [[Ehud Barak]], who was "in town this week."[^7]
+On January 13, 2016, Epstein arranged by iMessage a meeting for the next day with [[Vitaly Churkin]], Russia's ambassador to the [[United Nations]]. After Churkin proposed Thursday, Epstein wrote "2?", then "Larry summers will be here as well," and then "Or 12 if you prefer privacy." Churkin replied, "2OK." On January 14 Epstein wrote to Churkin, "Running 15 minutes late."[^12] Eleven days earlier Epstein had offered Churkin a meal with [[Ehud Barak]], who was "in town this week."[^12]
 
 ### The 2018 and 2019 Emails
 
@@ -83,7 +92,7 @@ The House Oversight Committee released more than 20,000 documents from Epstein's
 
 ### Resignations and the Lifetime Ban
 
-On November 17, 2025, Summers announced that he would step back from public commitments: "I am deeply ashamed of my actions and recognize the pain they have caused. I take full responsibility for my misguided decision to continue communicating with Mr. Epstein."[^8] He then left his advisory role at the Yale Budget Lab and his fellowship at the [[Center for American Progress]], and the [[New York Times]] declined to renew his contributor contract.[^1][^8] On November 19 he resigned from the OpenAI board, where he had sat since November 2023, when he was added after the brief ouster of [[Sam Altman]]. The board said it respected his decision and appreciated "the perspective he brought to the Board."[^3][^8] The same day he took leave from the Mossavar-Rahmani Center; a Harvard Kennedy School spokesman, Steven Goldberg, said co-teachers would finish his courses and that "he is not scheduled to teach next semester." Harvard said it was "conducting a review of information concerning individuals at Harvard included in the newly released Jeffrey Epstein documents to evaluate what actions may be warranted."[^3]
+On November 17, 2025, Summers announced that he would step back from public commitments: "I am deeply ashamed of my actions and recognize the pain they have caused. I take full responsibility for my misguided decision to continue communicating with Mr. Epstein."[^13] He then left his advisory role at the Yale Budget Lab and his fellowship at the [[Center for American Progress]], and the [[New York Times]] declined to renew his contributor contract.[^1][^13] On November 19 he resigned from the OpenAI board, where he had sat since November 2023, when he was added after the brief ouster of [[Sam Altman]]. The board said it respected his decision and appreciated "the perspective he brought to the Board."[^3][^13] The same day he took leave from the Mossavar-Rahmani Center; a Harvard Kennedy School spokesman, Steven Goldberg, said co-teachers would finish his courses and that "he is not scheduled to teach next semester." Harvard said it was "conducting a review of information concerning individuals at Harvard included in the newly released Jeffrey Epstein documents to evaluate what actions may be warranted."[^3]
 
 On December 2, 2025, the American Economic Association accepted Summers's resignation and barred him for life from "attending, speaking at, or otherwise participating" in its events, calling his conduct "fundamentally inconsistent with its standards of professional integrity and with the trust placed in mentors within the economics profession." Summers declined to comment on the ban; the previous week he had called his association with Epstein a "major error in judgement."[^1] In February 2026, after further [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] releases, Summers resigned from Harvard.[^4] No legal proceeding has named him.
 
@@ -93,7 +102,12 @@ On December 2, 2025, the American Economic Association accepted Summers's resign
 [^2]: Lopez, Diane E., Ara B. Gershengorn, and Martin F. Murphy. *Report Concerning Jeffrey E. Epstein's Connections to Harvard University.* Harvard University Office of the General Counsel, May 2020, pp. 3-5, 13, 20-22. https://ogc.harvard.edu/report-concerning-Epstein
 [^3]: "Summers Resigns From OpenAI Board Amid Backlash Over Epstein Emails." *The Harvard Crimson,* November 19, 2025. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2025/11/19/summers-resigns-open-ai/
 [^4]: Fernandes, Deirdre, and Tricia L. Nadolny. "Introductions to women. Free flights. Business deals. Jeffrey Epstein's ties to Harvard run deeper than previously known." *The Boston Globe,* February 25, 2026. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/02/25/metro/jeffrey-epstein-harvard-spotlight-report/
-[^5]: Bohannon, Molly. "New Documents Reveal How Frequently Larry Summers, Woody Allen And More Met With Jeffrey Epstein." *Forbes,* May 3, 2023, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal*'s "Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar" series. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2023/05/03/new-documents-reveal-how-frequently-larry-summers-woody-allen-and-more-met-with-jeffrey-epstein/
-[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02594668, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Larry Summers, November 17, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02594668.pdf
-[^7]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619434, DataSet 10, iMessage log between Jeffrey Epstein and Vitaly Churkin, November 16, 2015 to February 23, 2016 (entries of January 2, 13 and 14, 2016). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf
-[^8]: *CBS News,* November 2025, on Summers's resignation from the OpenAI board. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/larry-summers-resigns-openai-board-jeffrey-epstein-emails/
+[^5]: Minerva Project, "The Minerva Project Redefines Elite Higher Education for Students Worldwide; Secures $25 Million from Benchmark Capital," April 4, 2012. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva-Project-Redefines-Higher-Education-Secures-25-Million.pdf
+[^6]: PR Newswire, "Minerva Project Launches The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship; Appoints Former Senator of Nebraska Bob Kerrey as Executive Chairman of the Institute," January 14, 2013. https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/minerva-project-launches-the-minerva-institute-for-research-and-scholarship-appoints-former-senator-of-nebraska-bob-kerrey-as-executive-chairman-of-the-institute-186768111.html
+[^7]: Minerva Project, "Minerva Project Names Dr. Stephen M. Kosslyn as Founding Dean," March 12, 2013. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Project_Annouces_Stephen_M._Kosslyn.pdf
+[^8]: The Minerva Project, "An Overview," undated, EFTA01144731, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01144731.pdf
+[^9]: Jeffrey Epstein and Roger Schank, "Re: minerva project," July 26, 2013, EFTA00966277, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00966277.pdf
+[^10]: Bohannon, Molly. "New Documents Reveal How Frequently Larry Summers, Woody Allen And More Met With Jeffrey Epstein." *Forbes,* May 3, 2023, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal*'s "Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar" series. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2023/05/03/new-documents-reveal-how-frequently-larry-summers-woody-allen-and-more-met-with-jeffrey-epstein/
+[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02594668, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Larry Summers, November 17, 2014. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02594668.pdf
+[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619434, DataSet 10, iMessage log between Jeffrey Epstein and Vitaly Churkin, November 16, 2015 to February 23, 2016 (entries of January 2, 13 and 14, 2016). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf
+[^13]: *CBS News,* November 2025, on Summers's resignation from the OpenAI board. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/larry-summers-resigns-openai-board-jeffrey-epstein-emails/
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Leon Siff.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Leon Siff.md
index 903b6bf9..1142bcbe 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Leon Siff.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Leon Siff.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In October 1989, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] visited [[Leon Siff|Siff]] in [[Los Angeles
 [[Leon Siff|Siff]] was later implicated in [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] arrest. On November 3, 1989, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] was arrested in [[Leon Siff|Siff's]] bathroom by [[United States|U.S.]] Customs Service agents. [[Leon Siff|Siff]] did not protest the arrest and later refused to admit any part in it, claiming he was looking for a lawyer for [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Marta Stroessner.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Marta Stroessner.md
index 0572ab84..fdafd921 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Marta Stroessner.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Marta Stroessner.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Daughter of General Andres Rodriguez and daughter-in-law of Paraguayan
 [[Marta Stroessner]] is the daughter of [[Andres Rodriguez|General Andres Rodriguez]] and was married to the second son of [[Alfredo Stroessner|President Alfredo Stroessner]] of [[Paraguay]]. She was having an affair with the second son of [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle|Anastasio Somoza]], the overthrown president of [[Nicaragua]], who was living in [[Asuncion]] at the time.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Menachem Schneerson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Menachem Schneerson.md
index cf5b8e58..8af20e11 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Menachem Schneerson.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Menachem Schneerson.md	
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ Large amounts of money were funneled through his institutions to [[Drexel Burnha
 In 1987, the committee and Schneerson parted ways. This was partly due to questions regarding his allegiance to the [[Likud Party]] and the emergence of the orthodox [[Shas Party]], which was at odds with the Rebbe. Funds previously directed to the Lubavitcher yeshivahs were redirected to the Shas yeshivahs. The committee also decided to withdraw funds from Drexel and from Schneerson's control due to concerns that the funds might be frozen if relations between [[Israel]] and the [[United States|U.S.]] deteriorated, contributing to Drexel's eventual downfall.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Dennis Rohan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Dennis Rohan.md
index 9318aa17..0db911a0 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Dennis Rohan.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Dennis Rohan.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Australia"
 [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] pleaded guilty at a public hearing, was declared mentally ill, and committed to a psychiatric hospital. He later escaped but turned himself in after speaking with [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]. He was eventually deported to [[Australia]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.md
index 8da6ba7a..7ef0bcac 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.md	
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Under the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], [[Iran]] maintained good relations wit
 After his departure, the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]]'s Regency and Supreme Military Councils were unable to function, and [[Shahpour Bakhtiar]], his last prime minister, proved helpless. [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]] arrived in [[Iran]] on February 1, 1979, and declared [[Iran]] an Islamic republic on April 1. The [[Israel|Israeli]] Embassy in [[Tehran]] was subsequently handed over to the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mohsen Rafiqdoost.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mohsen Rafiqdoost.md
index 70657dfa..e0f4954c 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mohsen Rafiqdoost.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mohsen Rafiqdoost.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ location: "Tehran, Iran"
 [[Mohsen Rafiqdoost]] was the minister for the [[Iranian Revolution]] in [[Iran]]. He was aligned with [[Mir Hossein Mousavi]], the Prime Minister of [[Iran]], and tried to open the second channel for arms sales to [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Muammar Qaddafi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Muammar Qaddafi.md
index fc70e701..e0938f80 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Muammar Qaddafi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Muammar Qaddafi.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ location: "Qasr Abu Hadi, near Sirte, Libya"
 [[Muammar Qaddafi|Col. Qaddafi's]] right-hand man, [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Maj. Abdul Salam Jalloud]], visited [[Iran]] to congratulate the new regime after the [[Iranian Revolution]]. During his visit, [[Iran|Iranian]] hosts questioned him about the disappearance of [[Sheikh Mussa Sadr]], a Shi'ite leader from southern [[Lebanon]], whom, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote, the [[Libya|Libyans]] had killed. [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Jalloud]] was detained for three weeks until [[Muammar Qaddafi|Qaddafi]] personally intervened and spoke to [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Olof Palme.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Olof Palme.md
index 4f493625..32fe8f37 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Olof Palme.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Olof Palme.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "Östermalm, Stockholm, Sweden"
 [[Olof Palme]] was the Prime Minister of [[Sweden]]. His government was involved in the sale of military equipment to [[Iran]] through [[Israel]]. However, [[Olof Palme|Palme]] eventually refused to continue these sales.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pazit Ravina.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pazit Ravina.md
index 15a01380..322ff537 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pazit Ravina.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pazit Ravina.md	
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ summary: "Israeli journalist who confirmed that Ari Ben-Menashe had access to hi
 [[Pazit Ravina]] is an [[Israel|Israeli]] journalist who wrote a two-part piece titled "Who Are You, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]?" in the [[Israel|Israeli]] daily *Davar* in January and February 1992. In her article, she confirmed that individuals who worked with [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] stated he had access to highly sensitive intelligence information, countering media assaults that sought to discredit him.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Raji Samghabadi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Raji Samghabadi.md
index 1fb1234c..1fff2eb7 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Raji Samghabadi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Raji Samghabadi.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In May 1986, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] provided [[Raji Samghabadi|Samghabadi]] with de
 [[Raji Samghabadi|Samghabadi]] was later a witness for [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] in his trial for arms dealing. Despite suffering from frayed nerves, he testified, confirming that [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] had informed him about the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] prior to its public exposure. He also made a memorable, if excitable, statement during his testimony, highlighting the human cost of the conflict.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Roberto.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Roberto.md
index 40b3b02b..afa28796 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Roberto.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Roberto.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Head of the English department at the University of San Cristobal in P
 [[Roberto]] facilitated [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] meeting with [[Abimael Guzman Reynoso|Guzmán]] and acted as a liaison for the purchase of rare minerals for [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear program. He also requested hair lotion from [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] as a personal favor. [[Roberto]] was aware of the military's surveillance and the dangers involved in [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] activities.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rodolfo Stange.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rodolfo Stange.md
index 7071e094..d2cf872c 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rodolfo Stange.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rodolfo Stange.md	
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ In September 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met with [[Rodolfo Stange|Stange]] in [[C
 [[Rodolfo Stange|Stange]] was a key figure in the Chilean government's response to [[Israel|Israeli]] pressure to halt arms sales to [[Iraq]]. He was also involved in the plot to overthrow [[Alfredo Stroessner|President Stroessner]] in [[Paraguay]], aligning with [[Andres Rodriguez|Gen. Andres Rodriguez]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. He had presidential aspirations in [[Chile]] following [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet's]] defeat in the plebiscite.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Romeo.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Romeo.md
index 5b79f66d..71c54dd1 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Romeo.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Romeo.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "U.S. Customs Service agent who partnered with Joe King on the Hashemi
 [[Romeo]] and [[Joe King|King]] contacted [[Cyrus Hashemi]] and contrived an illegal frame-up. [[Romeo]] also videotaped some of the people [[Cyrus Hashemi|Hashemi]] met and secretly recorded.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rosie Nimrodi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rosie Nimrodi.md
index dc567f6b..0f51ffaa 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rosie Nimrodi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rosie Nimrodi.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Iraqi Jewish researcher in New York and distant relative of Yaacov Nim
 [[Rosie Nimrodi|Nimrodi]] had an affair with [[Raji Samghabadi]], a *Time* magazine correspondent, and introduced him to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]. She typed notes of the [[Oliver North|North]] story from [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] and gave them to other journalists, including [[Stephen Engelberg]] of *[[The New York Times]]*.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sarcis Sargalian.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sarcis Sargalian.md
index 30294c4a..c372b60d 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sarcis Sargalian.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sarcis Sargalian.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "American arms dealer of Lebanese-Armenian extraction involved in suppl
 [[Sarcis Sargalian]] was an [[United States|American]] arms dealer of Lebanese-Armenian extraction. He was involved in projects supplying [[Iraq]] with military equipment, working with [[Ihsan Barbouti]] and [[Richard Babayan]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sheikh Mussa Sadr.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sheikh Mussa Sadr.md
index f8ea7d78..254964c1 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sheikh Mussa Sadr.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sheikh Mussa Sadr.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "Qom, Iran"
 His disappearance became a point of contention during [[Abdul Salam Jalloud|Maj. Abdul Salam Jalloud's]] visit to [[Iran]] after the [[Iranian Revolution]], with [[Iran|Iranian]] hosts demanding an explanation from [[Muammar Qaddafi|Col. Qaddafi's]] right-hand man.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Shimon Peres.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Shimon Peres.md
index 125302ee..e9da49e4 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Shimon Peres.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Shimon Peres.md	
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ Peres's diplomatic efforts proved crucial in securing international support for
 
 Expanding Israel's nuclear partnerships further, Peres initiated military cooperation with [[South Africa]] in 1959. This arrangement involved South Africa selling uranium to Israel and later financing parts of Israel's nuclear program, creating a mutually beneficial relationship that would support Israel's nuclear development for years to come.[^1]
 
+Documents obtained by [[Sasha Polakow-Suransky]] record meetings in March and June 1975 between Peres and [[P.W. Botha]]. According to the [[Mail & Guardian]] article on the minutes, Peres offered the nuclear-capable [[Jericho I]] missiles and their warheads to Botha "in three sizes."[^4] A top secret agreement dated March 30, 1975, signed by Botha and Peres, contains a clause stating that "the very existence of this agreement" is to remain secret.[^5] The office of President Peres has said that "there exists no basis in reality for the claims published this morning by the Guardian" and that "Israel has never negotiated the exchange of nuclear weapons with South Africa."[^6]
+
 ### Controversies and Covert Operations
 
 Peres's career was not without scandal. In 1976, a telegram intercepted by [[Unit 8200]] revealed details of bribes paid by a [[Lockheed Aircraft Company|Lockheed]] representative in Israel to Defense Minister Peres. The sum involved was $3.5 million, deposited in one of Peres's brother's business accounts in [[Europe]]. This damaging information, discovered by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], was subsequently covered up by Israeli military intelligence superiors.[^1]
@@ -41,6 +43,8 @@ During this period, Peres sought to expand Israel's involvement in international
 
 Despite his involvement in these controversial arms dealings, Peres also supported diplomatic initiatives, including the idea of a peace conference with the [[Palestinians]]. However, this proposal was blocked by Yitzhak Shamir and the Likud Party, reflecting the ongoing political tensions within Israel's coalition government.[^1]
 
+According to [[Haaretz]], when [[Avraham Tamir]], director general of the Prime Minister's Office, appointed [[Shimon Levinson]] chief security officer in May 1985, those who recommended Levinson included Peres, then prime minister. Levinson was arrested in May 1991 and sentenced to 12 years for spying for the [[KGB]].[^7]
+
 ### Later Political Developments
 
 The legacy of Peres's covert operations continued to create complications even after his prime ministerial tenure. Nir's death in 1988 was believed by Israeli intelligence to be a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation to prevent his testimony from embarrassing Peres, [[Ronald Reagan]], or [[George H.W. Bush]], highlighting the international ramifications of the arms trading networks Peres had helped establish.[^1]
@@ -49,6 +53,10 @@ Peres's long political career eventually faced a significant setback in 1992, wh
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992. 
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). 
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 2.
-[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel\'s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, p. 62 (creation of the Office of Special Tasks, Blumberg as director) and p. 205 (renamed the Science Liaison Bureau, LAKAM, in the mid-1970s). https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option
\ No newline at end of file
+[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel\'s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, p. 62 (creation of the Office of Special Tasks, Blumberg as director) and p. 205 (renamed the Science Liaison Bureau, LAKAM, in the mid-1970s). https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option
+[^4]: Chris McGreal, "Revealed: How Israel offered to sell SA nuclear weapons," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-revealed-how-israel-offered-to-sell-sa-nuclear-weapons
+[^5]: South African History Archive, "Declassified documents on apartheid South Africa-Israel talks on nuclear weapons," May 25, 2010, SAHA Collection AL2878, item A3.2.1. https://www.saha.org.za/news/2010/May/declassified_documents_on_apartheid_south_africa_israel_talks_on_nuclear_weapons.htm
+[^6]: "Israel denies 'nuclear exchange' talks with SA," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010 (AFP). https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-israel-denies-nuclear-exchange-talks-with-sa/
+[^7]: Yossi Melman, "Why did a top Israeli intelligence officer join the KGB?," *Haaretz*, November 12, 2009. https://www.haaretz.com/1.5056541
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Shira.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Shira.md
index f2c51efa..915e6d41 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Shira.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Shira.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ born: 1988-07-22
 [[Shira|Shira]] was with her mother, [[Ora Ben-Shalom|Ora]], when [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] was arrested in [[Los Angeles]] in October 1989. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] has not seen [[Shira|Shira]] since October 1989.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Spencer Oliver.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Spencer Oliver.md
index d46da2d4..c22cfbef 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Spencer Oliver.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Spencer Oliver.md	
@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ On January 10, 1992, Oliver, chief counsel of the House Foreign Affairs Committe
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, February 4, 1992, pp. H253 and following (announcement by Representative McEwen; reprinted letter of January 10, 1992; amended memorandum and order of the Eastern District of New York). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h920204-october.htm
 [^3]: Reprinted article quoted in the same Congressional Record volume (Stoffberg defense account), above. Sole source for the Hyde quotation as reproduced in that article.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Timothy Phelps.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Timothy Phelps.md
index a3c37ae1..b39a85b1 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Timothy Phelps.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Timothy Phelps.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Middle East correspondent for Newsday who received early details of th
 [[Timothy Phelps]] was the [[Middle East]] correspondent for *Newsday*, based in [[Cairo]]. He visited [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] several times in [[Jerusalem]], where [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] provided him with details about the [[Oliver North|North]] story, which later became known as the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]. However, *Newsday* did not print the story.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Uri Simchoni.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Uri Simchoni.md
index c1472b70..84c4d434 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Uri Simchoni.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Uri Simchoni.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Brigadier General [[Uri Simchoni]] was a member of the [[Iran-Israel Joint Commi
 [[Uri Simchoni|Simchoni]] was part of the [[Israel|Israeli]] delegation at the October 1980 [[Paris Summit Meeting]], which included [[George H.W. Bush]], [[William J. Casey]], and [[Mehdi Karrubi]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Wayne Reeder.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Wayne Reeder.md
index 0433c137..02bf4fc2 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Wayne Reeder.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Wayne Reeder.md	
@@ -8,7 +8,13 @@ summary: "California investor seen at a Wackenhut/Contra meeting, alleged to hav
 ---
 [[Wayne Reeder]] was a California investor who was seen at a [[Wackenhut Corporation]]/[[Contras|Contra]] meeting in Riverside County. He was also alleged to have associated with [[Robert Corson]], a business associate of [[Ian Stuart Spiro]] and a reported [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operative.[^1]
 
+Reeder, CEO of the Reeder Company in Santa Monica, was interviewed by FBI agents on October 5, 1992 at the office of his attorney, with an Assistant U.S. Attorney present. He said he had built the casino on the Cabazon Indian Reservation at Indio and had received a percentage under an agreement made when he built it.[^2] He said [[Phil Hawes]] asked him to attend a demonstration at the Indio Police Department range on September 10, 1981 because Hawes wanted Reeder to provide capital and because Reeder had built the casino. Reeder said he attended for about thirty minutes, drove there alone in his Rolls-Royce and left alone.[^2]
+
+The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] describes Reeder as a real estate developer whose Rolls-Royce was at the demonstration. It records that [[Michael Riconosciuto]] said Reeder arrived with [[Earl Brian]], that a police officer who ran the license plates remembered Reeder arriving with someone he could not identify, and that Reeder and [[Peter Zokosky]] gave differing accounts of whether Zokosky drove Reeder.[^3]
+
 ---
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
\ No newline at end of file
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^2]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302 of the interview of Wayne Reeder, October 5, 1992 (transcribed December 9, 1992), file 74-86438. https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt
+[^3]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua (1993), section "(i) The Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture" and the Riconosciuto and Brian sections. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/William von Raab.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/William von Raab.md
index 4256636c..75d77b79 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/William von Raab.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/William von Raab.md	
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate Report]] recorded that "
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 11.
-[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^3]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 25.
 [^4]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 389.
 [^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 54.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yitzhak Rabin.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yitzhak Rabin.md
index 87cb5ec0..15d6e78a 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yitzhak Rabin.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yitzhak Rabin.md	
@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@ As Defense Minister, [[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]] did not try to impede the [[Iran-Is
 [[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]] replaced [[Shimon Peres]] as leader of the [[Labor Party]] and became Prime Minister of [[Israel]] in 1992 after the national elections, replacing [[Yitzhak Shamir]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 9.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yitzhak Shamir.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yitzhak Shamir.md
index e7a667f9..f00db691 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yitzhak Shamir.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yitzhak Shamir.md	
@@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ location: "Ruzhany, Belarus"
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992. 
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). 
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ardeshir Zahedi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ardeshir Zahedi.md
index f40afbd0..c5b9d80f 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ardeshir Zahedi.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ardeshir Zahedi.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "Tehran, Iran"
 [[Ardeshir Zahedi]] was the [[Iran|Iranian]] ambassador to the [[United States|U.S.]]. He served as a vital source of information for [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence, reporting directly back to the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah's]] office in the Royal Court. His reports detailed discussions in [[Washington, D.C.]] regarding [[Middle East]] policy and [[United States|American]] initiatives with [[Anwar Sadat|Anwar Sadat's]] [[Egypt]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Arthur Welmas.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Arthur Welmas.md
index 8ece2579..fca64314 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Arthur Welmas.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Arthur Welmas.md	
@@ -4,20 +4,29 @@ tags:
   - Person
   - PROMIS
 summary: "Tribal Chairman of the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians involved in the Cabazon/Wackenhut Joint Venture."
-updated: 2026-10-08
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 [[Arthur Welmas]] was the Tribal Chairman of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]. He signed a letter on behalf of [[Jimmy Hughes]] to the Army Discharge Review Board, requesting Hughes' military record to obtain security clearances for his work in the Cabazon/[[Wackenhut Corporation]] Joint Venture.[^1]
 
 The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice describes Welmas as Tribal Chairman in 1981 and states that he signed the April 1981 joint venture agreement with Wackenhut for the Cabazon Security Corporation, with [[Robert Frye]] signing for Wackenhut, and that the non-Indian tribal administrator [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] managed the tribe's business affairs.[^2]
 
-Welmas signed letters as "President." On March 24, 1982, a letter on the stationery of the Cabazon Gas and Oil Corporation over his name, addressed to a Michael McClure of Hercules Research Corp., Hercules, California, with copies to [[Marshall Riconosciuto]] and [[Michael Riconosciuto]], states that Nichols "is very impressed with your competence."[^3] A letter over his name dated May 1 (year not printed) on Cabazon Arms letterhead, Indio, to La France Specialties of San Diego, says that a facility on a fifteen-acre site set aside by the reservation was planned, that the venture planned to begin manufacturing "a new assault weapon, which would have unique characteristics, including an adjustable cycle rate of fire and a laser sighting system," and that all sales would be sought only through sources acceptable to the State Department.[^4] The names that follow his signature on that letter are Peter Zokosky, Bob Frye, Dr. [[Myron S. Malkin|Myron Malkin]], Colonel Glade Flake, John James, Bruce James, John Paul Nichols and Wayne Reeder. A Dr. Myron S. Malkin, director of the NASA Space Shuttle program, sat on the board of NUSAC, Inc., the nuclear safeguards consultancy bought by the Wackenhut Corporation in 1978. Whether he is the Dr. Myron Malkin named in the letter is not established.[^4][^5]
+On or about September 25, 1980, an agreement for the management of the Cabazon Indian Casino cardroom by [[Rocco Zangari]] was signed by Welmas as chairman of the Cabazon Band. The appellate panel found that the agreement appears to have been only between Zangari and [[PN Associates, Inc.]], a Delaware corporation, and that Welmas also signed it. The panel did not decide whether the agreement bound the casino.[^3]
+
+Welmas signed letters as "President." On March 24, 1982, a letter on the stationery of the Cabazon Gas and Oil Corporation over his name, addressed to a Michael McClure of Hercules Research Corp., Hercules, California, with copies to [[Marshall Riconosciuto]] and [[Michael Riconosciuto]], states that Nichols "is very impressed with your competence."[^4] A letter over his name dated May 1 (year not printed) on Cabazon Arms letterhead, Indio, to La France Specialties of San Diego, says that a facility on a fifteen-acre site set aside by the reservation was planned, that the venture planned to begin manufacturing "a new assault weapon, which would have unique characteristics, including an adjustable cycle rate of fire and a laser sighting system," and that all sales would be sought only through sources acceptable to the State Department.[^5] The names that follow his signature on that letter are Peter Zokosky, Bob Frye, Dr. [[Myron S. Malkin|Myron Malkin]], Colonel Glade Flake, John James, Bruce James, John Paul Nichols and Wayne Reeder. A Dr. Myron S. Malkin, director of the NASA Space Shuttle program, sat on the board of NUSAC, Inc., the nuclear safeguards consultancy bought by the Wackenhut Corporation in 1978. Whether he is the Dr. Myron Malkin named in the letter is not established.[^5][^6]
 
 [[Robert Chasen]], Executive Vice President of Wackenhut Corporation, felt an affinity with Welmas due to his wife being part Cherokee. Chasen sympathized with the Cabazons' situation and expressed a desire to protect them, suggesting he may have done so by shutting down the Wackenhut Corporation's biological virus and vaccine development proposal to the Army on the Cabazon reservation.[^1]
 
+After a witness identified only as "Marty" told the Senate Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs on February 8, 1989 that the Cabazon reservation was involved with organized crime, Welmas wrote to the committee that the Cabazon Band "categorically denies" any connection with organized crime. He called the testimony "unsubstantiated hearsay" and wrote that it made evident that Marty "has no first-hand knowledge whatsoever of the history or the current operation of our bingo parlor or card room." He added that the witness had wrongly called the Cabazon reservation a "rancheria."[^7]
+
+A March 30, 1992 article in the Washington Business Journal quotes Welmas, then former chairman of the Cabazon Band, as saying that [[Earl Brian]] had been seen on the reservation and that Brian's name was frequently mentioned by Michael Riconosciuto and Dr. John Nichols. Welmas is quoted: "Brian must have been involved. His name was mentioned and discussed on a daily basis." The House Judiciary Committee cites the article and records that the committee was "not in a position to make findings of fact" on Brian's role.[^8]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
 [^2]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 56. Official finding. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
-[^3]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated March 24, 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." The scan text prints the addressee as "Mr. Michael McClure, Hercules Research Corp." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
-[^4]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 to La France Specialties, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence"; Cabazon Arms letterhead, 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California.
-[^5]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1979-1980), item on the election of Brian J. L. Berry to the NUSAC board ("Besides Dr. Lumb, the other members are Dr. Myron S. Malkin, Director of NASA's Space Shuttle Program"). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_4.pdf
+[^3]: *Zangari v. Cabazon Indian Casino (In re Cabazon Indian Casino)*, 35 B.R. 124 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. December 29, 1983), BAP No. CC-82-1578-GVAb. https://static.case.law/br/35/cases/0124-01.json
+[^4]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated March 24, 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." The scan text prints the addressee as "Mr. Michael McClure, Hercules Research Corp." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
+[^5]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 to La France Specialties, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence"; Cabazon Arms letterhead, 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California.
+[^6]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1979-1980), item on the election of Brian J. L. Berry to the NUSAC board ("Besides Dr. Lumb, the other members are Dr. Myron S. Malkin, Director of NASA's Space Shuttle Program"). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_4.pdf
+[^7]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 11, 1989, "Indians deny link to crime," by David Boyles. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^8]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992), notes 218 to 222, citing Washington Business Journal, March 30, 1992. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Baruch Weiss.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Baruch Weiss.md
index 94ebaf4f..d05f11b9 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Baruch Weiss.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Baruch Weiss.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York who pros
 [[Baruch Weiss|Weiss]] initially classified [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] as dangerous, but later admitted it was a mistake. He signed an agreement with [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] to talk without a lawyer present, granting him immunity for the conversations. [[Baruch Weiss|Weiss]] insisted that [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] was a low-level translator acting for personal profit, but the taped conversations and [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] employment records, including letters of recommendation, contradicted this claim.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Claire Zabel.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Claire Zabel.md
index 82e9e465..6d73b243 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Claire Zabel.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Claire Zabel.md	
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ tags:
   - Biosecurity
   - Longtermism
   - AtlasFellowship
-summary: "Open Philanthropy staffer who led its effective altruism grantmaking and Capacity Building team, named investigator on grants totalling about 12.6 million dollars, and a director of Effective Ventures Foundation (UK) from 2019 to 2024."
+summary: "Open Philanthropy staffer who led its effective altruism grantmaking, named investigator on at least 31 grants totalling about 21.2 million dollars from 2017 to 2022, and director of Effective Ventures Foundation (UK) 2019 to 2024."
 relations:
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Open Philanthropy]]"
@@ -31,31 +31,46 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Effective Altruism Foundation]]"
     start: 2019-07
     role: "grant investigator, with Nick Beckstead, on a 1,000,000 dollar grant for research and general operations"
-    fn: 12
+    fn: 23
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Centre for Effective Altruism]]"
     start: 2020-01
     end: 2021-01
     role: "grant investigator on the 2020 grants for The Precipice and for the longtermist project incubator"
-    fn: 16
+    fn: 28
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative]]"
     start: 2020-01
     end: 2021-03
     role: "grant investigator on the 150,000 dollar general support grant of January 2020 and the 210,000 dollar stipend grant for the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative summer research fellowship of March 2021"
-    fn: 15
+    fn: 27
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Center for Applied Rationality]]"
     start: 2020-02
     role: "grant investigator on the 375,000 dollar general support grant"
-    fn: 18
+    fn: 30
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Atlas Fellowship]]"
     start: 2022-03
     role: "grant investigator on the 5,000,000 dollar grant, made via the Centre for Effective Altruism, for a summer program and scholarships for high school students"
-    fn: 25
+    fn: 37
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]]"
+    start: 2018-06
+    role: "grant investigator on the 150,000 dollar grant for an artificial intelligence safety retraining program"
+    fn: 11
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Center for a New American Security]]"
+    start: 2018-09
+    role: "grant investigator on the 400,352 dollar grant for outreach on technological risk by Richard Danzig"
+    fn: 12
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[MIT Media Lab]]"
+    start: 2019-03
+    role: "grant investigator on the 1,000,000 dollar grant for the research of Kevin Esvelt"
+    fn: 19
 created: 2026-10-08
-updated: 2026-10-08
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
 Claire Zabel is a grantmaker in the effective altruism funding network. She joined [[Open Philanthropy]] as a research analyst in August 2015 and went on to lead its effective altruism grantmaking and its Global Catastrophic Risks Capacity Building team.[^1] She was a director of the English company then named the [[Centre for Effective Altruism]], later [[Effective Ventures]] Foundation (UK), from July 2019 to March 2024, while Open Philanthropy was that company's largest funder.[^2]
@@ -68,29 +83,31 @@ The organization now operates as [[Coefficient Giving]]. The address openphilant
 
 ### Grants as investigator
 
-Open Philanthropy grant pages from 2018 to 2022 name her as grant investigator on a run of grants in biosecurity, in longtermist research and in the effective altruism community. The pages state that the investigator reviewed them without writing them and that the grantee's staff reviewed them before publication. The twenty pages below total about 12.6 million dollars at current amounts.
+Open Philanthropy grant pages from 2017 to 2022 name her as grant investigator on at least 31 grants totalling about 21.2 million dollars at current amounts, in biosecurity, solar geoengineering, longtermist research and the effective altruism community. Two of the 31 name a second investigator. The pages state that the investigator reviewed them without writing them and that the grantee's staff reviewed them before publication. A grant of December 2016 to Harvard University has no investigator field, and its page records that she spoke and exchanged emails with its two principal investigators.
 
-In May 2018 the foundation recommended 570,000 dollars in scholarship support under the program Early-Career Funding for Global Catastrophic Biological Risks.[^6] In October 2018 it recommended a gift of 20,000 pounds (26,086 dollars at conversion) to the [[University of Oxford]] for the Mathematical Ecology Research Group and the research costs of [[Andrew Snyder-Beattie]], then recently Director of Research at the [[Future of Humanity Institute]].[^7] In November 2018 it recommended 1,904,942 dollars over three years to the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] for projects to reduce global catastrophic biological risks, including strengthening the [[Biological Weapons Convention]].[^8] In December 2018 it recommended a 25,000 dollar contract with [[Biosecure Ltd]] to support research for a campaign against biological weapons.[^9]
+In December 2016 the foundation recommended 2,500,000 dollars over five years to [[Harvard University]] for the founding of the Solar Geoengineering Research Program, led by [[David Keith]] and [[Gernot Wagner]]; the page's account of the process says that "Claire Zabel, a Research Analyst for the Open Philanthropy Project, spoke and exchanged emails with Professor Keith and Dr. Wagner."[^6] In April 2017 it recommended 2,350,000 dollars over three years to the [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] Planning and Coordinating Agency, the technical arm of the [[African Union]], for the evaluation, preparation and potential deployment of gene drive technologies in some African regions.[^7] In September 2017 it recommended 2,000,000 dollars to the [[Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative]] via the [[Environmental Defense Fund]] for general support and for a research fund for modeling the impacts of solar radiation management across the developing world; the page calls it the second grant to the Initiative.[^8] In November 2017 it contracted with [[David Manheim]] for 65,308 dollars for a research and analysis project on existential risk from infectious disease.[^9]
 
-In May 2019 it recommended 440,525 dollars to [[Altruistic Technology Labs]], described as a new organization, for work on global catastrophic biological risk prevention including machine-learning-based attribution of engineered DNA.[^10] The same month it recommended about 547,800 dollars over four years to [[Ethan Alley]] for a PhD at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]; the page says the amount was updated in January 2022 to reflect additional funding.[^11]
+In May 2018 the foundation recommended 570,000 dollars (including 55,000 dollars added in October 2018) in scholarship support under the program Early-Career Funding for Global Catastrophic Biological Risks.[^10] In June 2018 it recommended 150,000 dollars to the [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]] for stipends in an artificial intelligence safety retraining program.[^11] In September 2018 it recommended 400,352 dollars to the [[Center for a New American Security]] for outreach on technological risk by [[Richard Danzig]], former Secretary of the Navy, renewing an August 2017 grant whose page names [[Helen Toner]] as investigator.[^12] In October 2018 it recommended a gift of 20,000 pounds (26,086 dollars at conversion) to the [[University of Oxford]] for the Mathematical Ecology Research Group and the research costs of [[Andrew Snyder-Beattie]], then recently Director of Research at the [[Future of Humanity Institute]].[^13] In November 2018 it recommended 420,000 dollars over two years to the International Genetically Engineered Machine Foundation ([[iGEM]]) for safety and security work led by [[Piers Millett]],[^14] and 1,904,942 dollars over three years to the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] for projects to reduce global catastrophic biological risks, including strengthening the [[Biological Weapons Convention]].[^15] In December 2018 it recommended a 25,000 dollar contract with [[Biosecure Ltd]] to support research for a campaign against biological weapons[^16] and 32,621 dollars to the [[University of Sydney]] for the 2019 Global Health Security Conference.[^17]
 
-In July 2019 the foundation recommended 1,000,000 dollars over two years to the [[Effective Altruism Foundation]] for research and general operations. [[Nick Beckstead]] and Zabel are named as the grant investigators. The page describes the grant as an effort to encourage the foundation and its other grantees to approach longtermism with greater emphasis on objectives shared between different value systems.[^12] In September 2019 it recommended 49,676 dollars in scholarships for students whose studies relate to effective altruism, with Zabel and [[Bastian Stern]] named as investigators.[^13] In December 2019 it recommended 250,000 dollars to Stanford University for student education about global catastrophic risks, to be used by [[Stephen Luby]] and [[Paul Edwards]], who teach the course "Preventing Human Extinction."[^14]
+In January 2019 it recommended 1,625,000 dollars over three years to Stanford University's [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]] for the biosecurity research of [[Megan Palmer]], renewing the October 2016 support.[^18] In March 2019 it recommended 1,000,000 dollars over two years to the [[MIT Media Lab]] for the research of Professor [[Kevin Esvelt]].[^19] In April 2019 it recommended 15,000 dollars to [[Tampere University]] for the efforts of Professor [[Hiski Haukkala]] related to global catastrophic risks.[^20] In May 2019 it recommended 440,525 dollars to [[Altruistic Technology Labs]], described as a new organization, for work on global catastrophic biological risk prevention including machine-learning-based attribution of engineered DNA.[^21] The same month it recommended about 547,800 dollars over four years to [[Ethan Alley]] for a PhD at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]; the page says the amount was updated in January 2022 to reflect additional funding.[^22]
 
-In January 2020 it recommended 150,000 dollars in general support to the [[Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative]], to help establish new collaborations.[^15] The same month it recommended 38,350 dollars to the Centre for Effective Altruism in support of [[The Precipice]].[^16] In February 2020 it recommended 180,000 dollars to the Centre to support the work of [[Jade Leung]] in developing a longtermist project incubator,[^17] and 375,000 dollars in general support to the [[Center for Applied Rationality]].[^18] In April 2020 it recommended 300,000 dollars in general support to [[LessWrong]].[^19] In September 2020 it recommended 500,000 dollars to the Centre for the incubator work. The page now records that amount as 48,736 dollars, revised after 451,264 dollars were returned to the foundation in March 2023.[^20]
+In July 2019 the foundation recommended 1,000,000 dollars over two years to the [[Effective Altruism Foundation]] for research and general operations. [[Nick Beckstead]] and Zabel are named as the grant investigators. The page describes the grant as an effort to encourage the foundation and its other grantees to approach longtermism with greater emphasis on objectives shared between different value systems.[^23] The same month it recommended 510,000 dollars over two years to the [[European Summer Program on Rationality]], a summer workshop for mathematically gifted students aged 16 to 19 that had recently become institutionally independent from the [[Center for Applied Rationality]].[^24] In September 2019 it recommended 49,676 dollars in scholarships for students whose studies relate to effective altruism, with Zabel and [[Bastian Stern]] named as investigators.[^25] In December 2019 it recommended 250,000 dollars to Stanford University for student education about global catastrophic risks, to be used by [[Stephen Luby]] and [[Paul Edwards]], who teach the course "Preventing Human Extinction."[^26]
 
-In January 2021 it recommended 5,915 dollars in general support to the [[Effective Altruism Debate Championship]][^21] and 1,500,000 dollars to the [[Stanford Existential Risks Initiative]] for global catastrophic risk education.[^22] In March 2021 it recommended 210,000 dollars to the Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative for stipends for the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative summer research fellowship program.[^23] In May 2021 it recommended 24,000 dollars to the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative for distribution of The Precipice.[^24] In March 2022 it recommended 5,000,000 dollars to the [[Atlas Fellowship]], via the Centre for Effective Altruism, to support a summer program and scholarship funding for talented high school students.[^25]
+In January 2020 it recommended 150,000 dollars in general support to the [[Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative]], to help establish new collaborations.[^27] The same month it recommended two grants totalling 38,350 dollars to the Centre for Effective Altruism in support of [[The Precipice]].[^28] In February 2020 it recommended 180,000 dollars to the Centre to support the work of [[Jade Leung]] in developing a longtermist project incubator,[^29] and 375,000 dollars in general support to the Center for Applied Rationality.[^30] In April 2020 it recommended 300,000 dollars in general support to [[LessWrong]].[^31] In September 2020 it recommended 500,000 dollars to the Centre for the incubator work. The page now records that amount as 48,736 dollars, revised after 451,264 dollars were returned to the foundation in March 2023.[^32]
 
-The largest general-support grants to the Centre were not credited to her. A grant of 7,500,000 dollars in February 2021 names the Committee for Effective Altruism Support as its investigator.[^26]
+In January 2021 it recommended 5,915 dollars in general support to the [[Effective Altruism Debate Championship]][^33] and 1,500,000 dollars to the [[Stanford Existential Risks Initiative]] for global catastrophic risk education.[^34] In March 2021 it recommended 210,000 dollars to the Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative for stipends for the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative summer research fellowship program.[^35] In May 2021 it recommended 24,000 dollars to the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative for distribution of The Precipice.[^36] In March 2022 it recommended 5,000,000 dollars to the [[Atlas Fellowship]], via the Centre for Effective Altruism, to support a summer program and scholarship funding for talented high school students.[^37]
+
+The largest general-support grants to the Centre and to the Machine Intelligence Research Institute were not credited to her. A grant of 7,500,000 dollars in February 2021 names the Committee for Effective Altruism Support as its investigator,[^38] as do the Institute's grants of 2,652,500 dollars in February 2019[^39] and 7,703,750 dollars in February 2020.[^40]
 
 ### Board seat and the Centre's English company
 
-[[Companies House]] lists Zabel as a director of Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), company number 07962181, from July 18, 2019 to March 28, 2024.[^2] The same register records her as a person with significant control holding more than 25 percent but not more than 50 percent of the voting rights from July 18, 2019 to February 2, 2022, and again from September 21, 2023 to March 28, 2024.[^27]
+[[Companies House]] lists Zabel as a director of Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), company number 07962181, from July 18, 2019 to March 28, 2024.[^2] The same register records her as a person with significant control holding more than 25 percent but not more than 50 percent of the voting rights from July 18, 2019 to February 2, 2022, and again from September 21, 2023 to March 28, 2024.[^41]
 
-The company's accounts for the year to June 30, 2023 list as trustees [[William MacAskill]] (resigned September 21, 2023), [[Toby Ord]] (resigned July 29, 2022), Zabel, [[Owen Cotton-Barratt]] (resigned February 11, 2023), Nick Beckstead (resigned August 23, 2023), [[Tasha McCauley]], [[Lincoln Quirk]] (appointed May 23, 2023), [[Eli Rose]] and J Winchell (both appointed February 9, 2024), with [[Howie Lempel]] as chief executive until December 7, 2023, and his successor R Gledhill from January 1, 2024.[^28] Note 27 to those accounts describes her as one of its trustees and states that she "is employed as a program director at Open Philanthropy, our largest funder." The same note states that "As a result of that position, Claire has significant influence over some of the funding decisions made by Open Philanthropy in relation to several of the charity's projects." In that year the charity received 39,037,949 pounds in grant income from Open Philanthropy and donations of 2,766,546 pounds from the [[FTX Foundation]]. The note also states that one of the Board of Trustees was the chief executive of the FTX Foundation during the year.[^29]
+The company's accounts for the year to June 30, 2023 list as trustees [[William MacAskill]] (resigned September 21, 2023), [[Toby Ord]] (resigned July 29, 2022), Zabel, [[Owen Cotton-Barratt]] (resigned February 11, 2023), Nick Beckstead (resigned August 23, 2023), [[Tasha McCauley]], [[Lincoln Quirk]] (appointed May 23, 2023), [[Eli Rose]] and J Winchell (both appointed February 9, 2024), with [[Howie Lempel]] as chief executive until December 7, 2023, and his successor R Gledhill from January 1, 2024.[^42] Note 27 to those accounts describes her as one of its trustees and states that she "is employed as a program director at Open Philanthropy, our largest funder." The same note states that "As a result of that position, Claire has significant influence over some of the funding decisions made by Open Philanthropy in relation to several of the charity's projects." In that year the charity received 39,037,949 pounds in grant income from Open Philanthropy and donations of 2,766,546 pounds from the [[FTX Foundation]]. The note also states that one of the Board of Trustees was the chief executive of the FTX Foundation during the year.[^43]
 
-The [[Charity Commission]] opened a statutory inquiry into the charity on December 19, 2022 after it reported that two trustees were connected with FTX. The report published on May 22, 2024 records that one trustee was the chief executive of the FTX Foundation and the other an unpaid adviser to the [[FTX Future Fund]]; that the trustees were not required to disclose potential conflicts of interest on joining the board until October 2022; and that it found no evidence of unmanaged conflicts regarding funds received from the FTX Foundation. It does not name the trustees or mention Open Philanthropy.[^30]
+The [[Charity Commission]] opened a statutory inquiry into the charity on December 19, 2022 after it reported that two trustees were connected with FTX. The report published on May 22, 2024 records that one trustee was the chief executive of the FTX Foundation and the other an unpaid adviser to the [[FTX Future Fund]]; that the trustees were not required to disclose potential conflicts of interest on joining the board until October 2022; and that it found no evidence of unmanaged conflicts regarding funds received from the FTX Foundation. It does not name the trustees or mention Open Philanthropy.[^44]
 
-The officer tables of the Form 990 filings of Effective Ventures Foundation USA (EIN 47-1988398) for six filing years as published by ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer do not list her.[^31]
+The officer tables of the Form 990 filings of Effective Ventures Foundation USA (EIN 47-1988398) for six filing years as published by ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer do not list her.[^45]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -99,29 +116,43 @@ The officer tables of the Form 990 filings of Effective Ventures Foundation USA
 [^3]: Open Philanthropy, "Claire Zabel," team biography, Wayback Machine captures of November 28, 2018 (https://web.archive.org/web/20181128192541/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel), December 12, 2019 (https://web.archive.org/web/20191212003145/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel), February 27, 2021 (https://web.archive.org/web/20210227063817/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel), January 19, 2022 (https://web.archive.org/web/20220119041801/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel) and June 17, 2024 (https://web.archive.org/web/20240617074758/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel).
 [^4]: Open Philanthropy grants index, openphilanthropy.org/grants/, which redirects to coefficientgiving.org/funds/; footer "2026 Coefficient Giving," viewed October 8, 2026. https://coefficientgiving.org/funds/global-catastrophic-risks-opportunities/
 [^5]: Coefficient Giving, "Claire Zabel," team biography, viewed October 8, 2026. https://coefficientgiving.org/team/claire-zabel/
-[^6]: Open Philanthropy, "Early-Career Funding for Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Scholarship Support (2018)," award date May 2018, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/early-career-funding-for-global-catastrophic-biological-risks-scholarship-support-2018/
-[^7]: Open Philanthropy, "University of Oxford: D.Phil. Support for Andrew Snyder-Beattie," award date October 2018, amount 20,000 pounds ($26,086 at conversion), grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/oxford-university-d-phil-support-for-andrew-snyder-beattie/
-[^8]: Open Philanthropy, "Nuclear Threat Initiative: Projects to Reduce Global Catastrophic Biological Risks," award date November 2018, amount 1,904,942 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/nuclear-threat-initiative-projects-to-reduce-global-catastrophic-biological-risks/
-[^9]: Open Philanthropy, "Biosecure Ltd: Campaign Against Bioweapons Research," award date December 2018, amount 25,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/biosecure-ltd-campaign-against-bioweapons-research/
-[^10]: Open Philanthropy, "Altruistic Technology Labs: Work on Biological Risk Prevention," award date May 2019, amount 440,525 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/altruistic-technology-labs-work-on-biological-risk-prevention/
-[^11]: Open Philanthropy, "Global Catastrophic Risks Scholarships: Scholarship Support (2019)," award date May 2019, amount 547,800 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/global-catastrophic-risks-scholarships-scholarship-support-2019/
-[^12]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," award date July 2019, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/
-[^13]: Open Philanthropy, "EA Scholarships: Scholarship Support (2019)," award date September 2019, amount 49,676 dollars, grant investigators Claire Zabel and Bastian Stern, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/ea-scholarships-scholarship-support-2019/
-[^14]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford University: Global Catastrophic Risk Education," award date December 2019, amount 250,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/stanford-university-global-catastrophic-risk-education/
-[^15]: Open Philanthropy, "Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative: General Support," award date January 2020, amount 150,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/berkeley-existential-risk-initiative-general-support/
-[^16]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for The Precipice," award date January 2020, amount 38,350 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251028024853/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-support-for-the-precipice/
-[^17]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for Jade Leung," award date February 2020, amount 180,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1561
-[^18]: Open Philanthropy, "Center for Applied Rationality: General Support (2020)," award date February 2020, amount 375,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-applied-rationality-general-support-2020/
-[^19]: Open Philanthropy, "LessWrong: General Support," award date April 2020, amount 300,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1448
-[^20]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Longtermist Project Incubator (September 2020)," award date September 2020, amount 48,736 dollars "updated to reflect $451,264 returned to us in March 2023," grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 24, 2025 (https://web.archive.org/web/20251024104819/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-longtermist-incubator-september-2020/); the capture of 2024 (https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1305) shows the original amount of 500,000 dollars.
-[^21]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Debate Championship: General Support," award date January 2021, amount 5,915 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1132
-[^22]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford Existential Risks Initiative: Global Catastrophic Risk Education," award date January 2021, amount 1,500,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1136
-[^23]: Open Philanthropy, "Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative: SERI Summer Fellowships," award date March 2021, amount 210,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=7033
-[^24]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford Existential Risks Initiative: Distribution of The Precipice," award date May 2021, amount 24,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1090
-[^25]: Open Philanthropy, "Atlas Fellowship: Scholarships and Summer Program for Students," award date March 2022, amount 5,000,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine captures of 2022 and 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/atlas-fellowship-scholarships-and-summer-program-for-students/
-[^26]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: General Support (2021)," award date February 2021, amount 7,500,000 dollars, grant investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1179
-[^27]: Companies House, "Effective Ventures Foundation (UK)," company number 07962181, persons with significant control, entry for Claire Zabel (notified July 18, 2019, ceased February 2, 2022; notified September 21, 2023, ceased March 28, 2024), viewed October 8, 2026. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/persons-with-significant-control
-[^28]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, "Reference and administrative details of the Company, its Trustees and advisers," page 1 (trustees printed with initials: W D MacAskill, T D G Ord, C Zabel, O Cotton-Barrat, N M Beckstead, T McCauley, L Quirk, E Rose, J Winchell), read from the scanned filing. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf
-[^29]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, filed at Companies House March 21, 2024, note 27 ("Related party transactions"), page 48, read from the scanned filing. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf
-[^30]: Charity Commission for England and Wales, "Charity Inquiry: Effective Ventures Foundation UK," published May 22, 2024, sections on background, findings and conflicts of interest (marked on the page as withdrawn on May 27, 2026). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk
-[^31]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Effective Ventures Foundation USA," EIN 47-1988398, full filing text of Form 990, Part VII officer tables, filings listed at https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/471988398, viewed October 8, 2026.
+[^6]: Open Philanthropy, "Harvard University: Solar Geoengineering Research Program," award date December 2016, amount 2,500,000 dollars, no investigator field, the "Our process" paragraph names Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 6, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250106161353id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/harvard-university-solar-geoengineering-research-program/
+[^7]: Open Philanthropy, "New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency: General Support," award date April 2017, amount 2,350,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 25, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250825053633id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/new-partnership-for-africas-development-planning-and-coordinating-agency-general-support/
+[^8]: Open Philanthropy, "Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative: General Support (2017)," award date September 2017, amount 2,000,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 5, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250105205711id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/solar-radiation-management-governance-initiative-general-support-2017/
+[^9]: Open Philanthropy, "David Manheim: Research on Existential Risk from Infectious Disease," award date November 2017, amount 65,308 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of July 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220726135304id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/david-manheim-research-on-existential-risk-from-infectious-disease/
+[^10]: Open Philanthropy, "Early-Career Funding for Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Scholarship Support (2018)," award date May 2018, amount 570,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 5, 2025. The page states "In October 2018, we added $55,000 to the original award amount." https://web.archive.org/web/20250105205244id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/early-career-funding-for-global-catastrophic-biological-risks-scholarship-support-2018/
+[^11]: Open Philanthropy, "Machine Intelligence Research Institute: AI Safety Retraining Program," award date June 2018, amount 150,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 6, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250106165355id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/machine-intelligence-research-institute-ai-safety-retraining-program/
+[^12]: Open Philanthropy, "Center for a New American Security: Outreach on Technological Risk Led by Richard Danzig," award date September 2018, amount 400,352 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 7, 2024. The renewed August 2017 grant, "Center for a New American Security: Technological Risks and National Security," 260,000 dollars, names Helen Toner as grant investigator: https://web.archive.org/web/20240919194401id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-a-new-american-security-technological-risks-and-national-security/ https://web.archive.org/web/20241007132458id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-a-new-american-security-outreach-on-technological-risk-led-by-richard-danzig/
+[^13]: Open Philanthropy, "University of Oxford: D.Phil Support for Andrew Snyder-Beattie," award date October 2018, amount 26,086 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 16, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240816020204id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/oxford-university-d-phil-support-for-andrew-snyder-beattie/
+[^14]: Open Philanthropy, "iGEM: Synthetic Biology Safety and Security (2018)," award date November 2018, amount 420,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 4, 2025. The page describes the grant as a renewal of the May 2016 grant. https://web.archive.org/web/20250804160109id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/igem-synthetic-biology-safety-and-security-2018/
+[^15]: Open Philanthropy, "Nuclear Threat Initiative: Projects to Reduce Global Catastrophic Biological Risks," award date November 2018, amount 1,904,942 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of February 10, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250210164229id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/nuclear-threat-initiative-projects-to-reduce-global-catastrophic-biological-risks/
+[^16]: Open Philanthropy, "Biosecure Ltd: Campaign Against Bioweapons Research," award date December 2018, amount 25,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of March 18, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250318233908id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/biosecure-ltd-campaign-against-bioweapons-research/
+[^17]: Open Philanthropy, "The University of Sydney: 2019 Global Health Security Conference," award date December 2018, amount 32,621 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of February 12, 2025. The page gives the grant as 45,000 Australian dollars (32,620.50 dollars at the time of conversion). https://web.archive.org/web/20250212015054id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/the-university-of-sydney-2019-global-health-security-conference/
+[^18]: Open Philanthropy, "Center for International Security and Cooperation: Megan Palmer’s Biosecurity Research (2019)," award date January 2019, amount 1,625,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 6, 2025. The page describes the grant as a renewal of the October 2016 support. https://web.archive.org/web/20250806022429id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-international-security-and-cooperation-megan-palmers-biosecurity-research-2019/
+[^19]: Open Philanthropy, "Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab: Kevin Esvelt's Research (2019)," award date March 2019, amount 1,000,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 5, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240805062229id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/massachusetts-institute-of-technology-media-lab-kevin-esvelts-research-2019/
+[^20]: Open Philanthropy, "Tampere University: Work on Global Catastrophic Risks (2019)," award date April 2019, amount 15,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 4, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250804050759id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/tampere-university-work-on-global-catastrophic-risks/
+[^21]: Open Philanthropy, "Altruistic Technology Labs: Work on Biological Risk Prevention," award date May 2019, amount 440,525 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 10, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250110034653id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/altruistic-technology-labs-work-on-biological-risk-prevention/
+[^22]: Open Philanthropy, "Global Catastrophic Risks Scholarships: Scholarship Support (2019)," award date May 2019, amount 547,800 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 7, 2025. The page states that the amount "was updated in January 2022 to reflect additional funding that Ethan received for self-study and pandemic preparedness projects." https://web.archive.org/web/20250107020057id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/global-catastrophic-risks-scholarships-scholarship-support-2019/
+[^23]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," award date July 2019, amount 1,000,000 dollars, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 7, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250107041039id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/
+[^24]: Open Philanthropy, "European Summer Program on Rationality: General Support," award date July 2019, amount 510,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 2, 2025. The page states that it follows the May 2017 support; the page for that grant, "Center for Applied Rationality: European Summer Program on Rationality," 340,000 dollars, names Nick Beckstead as grant investigator. https://web.archive.org/web/20250102050553id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/european-summer-program-on-rationality-general-support/
+[^25]: Open Philanthropy, "EA Scholarships: Scholarship Support (2019)," award date September 2019, amount 49,676 dollars, grant investigators Claire Zabel and Bastian Stern, Wayback Machine capture of December 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241208212431id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/ea-scholarships-scholarship-support-2019/
+[^26]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford University: Global Catastrophic Risk Education," award date December 2019, amount 250,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of December 3, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241203021936id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/stanford-university-global-catastrophic-risk-education/
+[^27]: Open Philanthropy, "Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative: General Support," award date January 2020, amount 150,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of December 4, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241204190406id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/berkeley-existential-risk-initiative-general-support/
+[^28]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for The Precipice," award date January 2020, amount 38,350 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251028024853id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-support-for-the-precipice/
+[^29]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for Jade Leung," award date February 2020, amount 180,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240910194433id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-support-for-jade-leung/
+[^30]: Open Philanthropy, "Center for Applied Rationality: General Support (2020)," award date February 2020, amount 375,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of January 17, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250117154414id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/center-for-applied-rationality-general-support-2020/
+[^31]: Open Philanthropy, "LessWrong: General Support," award date April 2020, amount 300,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of September 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220930104618id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/lesswrong-general-support/
+[^32]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: Longtermist Project Incubator (September 2020)," award date September 2020, amount 48,736 dollars "updated to reflect $451,264 returned to us in March 2023,", grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of October 24, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251024104819id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-longtermist-incubator-september-2020/
+[^33]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Debate Championship: General Support," award date January 2021, amount 5,915 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of August 31, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240831194404id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-debate-championship-general-support/
+[^34]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford Existential Risks Initiative: Global Catastrophic Risk Education," award date January 2021, amount 1,500,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of July 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220717102215id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/stanford-existential-risks-initiative-global-catastrophic-risk-education/
+[^35]: Open Philanthropy, "Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative - SERI Summer Fellowships," award date March 2021, amount 210,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of June 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220608175206id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/berkeley-existential-risk-initiative-seri-summer-fellowships/
+[^36]: Open Philanthropy, "Stanford Existential Risks Initiative: Distribution of The Precipice," award date May 2021, amount 24,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of July 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220717102215id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/stanford-existential-risk-initiative-distribution-of-the-precipice/
+[^37]: Open Philanthropy, "Atlas Fellowship: Scholarships and Summer Program for Students," award date March 2022, amount 5,000,000 dollars, grant investigator Claire Zabel, Wayback Machine capture of December 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221203134151id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/atlas-fellowship-scholarships-and-summer-program-for-students/
+[^38]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: General Support (2021)," award date February 2021, amount 7,500,000 dollars, grant investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1179
+[^39]: Open Philanthropy, "Machine Intelligence Research Institute: General Support (2019)," award date February 2019, amount 2,652,500 dollars (page: funding added in November 2019 and the amount updated), grant investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of January 6, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250106073418id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/machine-intelligence-research-institute-general-support-2019/
+[^40]: Open Philanthropy, "Machine Intelligence Research Institute: General Support (2020)," award date February 2020, amount 7,703,750 dollars, grant investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of January 6, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250106161445id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/machine-intelligence-research-institute-general-support-2020/
+[^41]: Companies House, "Effective Ventures Foundation (UK)," company number 07962181, persons with significant control, entry for Claire Zabel (notified July 18, 2019, ceased February 2, 2022; notified September 21, 2023, ceased March 28, 2024), viewed October 8, 2026. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/persons-with-significant-control
+[^42]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, "Reference and administrative details of the Company, its Trustees and advisers," page 1 (trustees printed with initials: W D MacAskill, T D G Ord, C Zabel, O Cotton-Barrat, N M Beckstead, T McCauley, L Quirk, E Rose, J Winchell), read from the scanned filing. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf
+[^43]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, filed at Companies House March 21, 2024, note 27 ("Related party transactions"), page 48, read from the scanned filing. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf
+[^44]: Charity Commission for England and Wales, "Charity Inquiry: Effective Ventures Foundation UK," published May 22, 2024, sections on background, findings and conflicts of interest (marked on the page as withdrawn on May 27, 2026). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk
+[^45]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Effective Ventures Foundation USA," EIN 47-1988398, full filing text of Form 990, Part VII officer tables, filings listed at https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/471988398, viewed October 8, 2026.
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Craig Unger.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Craig Unger.md
index 0059832f..be87bcb8 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Craig Unger.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Craig Unger.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ born: 1949-03-25
 In July 1992, *The Village Voice* printed a long article by [[Craig Unger|Unger]] that quoted [[Moshe Hebroni]], a former colleague of [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]], confirming [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] access to very sensitive material while working for the Foreign Flow desk in External Relations.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/David Zornow.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/David Zornow.md
index 47035dc5..32773166 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/David Zornow.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/David Zornow.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Attorney who represented Robert Maxwell and Nicholas Davies, and was p
 [[David Zornow|Zornow]] became the attorney for [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] Mirror group, including [[Nicholas Davies|Davies]], after [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] was imprisoned. He was able to negotiate with the prosecution to ensure that the names of his clients did not come out in open court during [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] trial.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ezer Weizman.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ezer Weizman.md
index a9cd3733..b25fd700 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ezer Weizman.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ezer Weizman.md	
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ location: "Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine"
 [[Ezer Weizman|Weizman]] urged [[Menachem Begin|Begin]] to sign the [[Camp David summit|Camp David Accords]], which [[Menachem Begin|Begin]] reluctantly did under pressure from [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]]. In 1978, [[Menachem Begin|Begin]] dispatched [[Ezer Weizman|Weizman]] to [[Pretoria]] to meet [[P.W. Botha|Prime Minister P.W. Botha]] of [[South Africa]] to discuss [[Israel|Israeli]]-[[South Africa|South African]] relations. Despite [[Menachem Begin|Begin's]] intentions to downgrade the relationship, [[Ezer Weizman|Weizman]] agreed with [[P.W. Botha|Botha]] on a wartime alliance between the two governments as the price for continuing nuclear tests. This led to the creation of [[SIMWA]] (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement).[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jack Varona.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jack Varona.md
index 33313c14..e28e39de 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jack Varona.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jack Varona.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Dr. [[Jack Varona]] was the assistant deputy director of the [[Defense Intellige
 [[Jack Varona|Varona]] was criticized by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] for his indifference and lack of understanding regarding the [[Iraq|Iraqi]] threat to [[Iran]]. He was more concerned with obtaining details about [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-made military equipment than with the urgent situation in [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John Tower.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John Tower.md
index 4e12ca28..28305d8d 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John Tower.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John Tower.md	
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ After the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] scandal broke, [[John Tower|Tower]] was appoint
 [[John Tower|Tower]] died in a plane crash in [[Georgia]] in early 1991.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mark Thatcher.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mark Thatcher.md
index 49ebf8ee..208dc605 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mark Thatcher.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mark Thatcher.md	
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ In 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met [[Mark Thatcher|Thatcher]] in [[Santiago]], [[C
 [[Mark Thatcher|Thatcher]] was involved in the sale of 48 [[Chieftain tanks]] to [[Chile]] after the [[Falklands War]]. He was also linked to [[Ihsan Barbouti]] and [[Sarcis Sargalian]] in projects supplying [[Iraq]] with military equipment. [[Richard Babayan]], a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contract agent, also controlled a network providing equipment for [[Iraq]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mike Timpani.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mike Timpani.md
index bab4d07f..7b101028 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mike Timpani.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mike Timpani.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "In April 1989, Timpani was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to
 In April 1989, [[Mike Timpani|Timpani]] was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to [[Iran|Tehran]], working with [[Richard St. Francis]] of [[TransCapital Corporation]] and [[Joseph O'Toole]]. This deal was intended to be a go-between for [[Israel]] and [[Iran]]. He was slated to make a personal profit of $2 million from this deal.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mordecai Vanunu.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mordecai Vanunu.md
index 836dcc13..053763d3 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mordecai Vanunu.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mordecai Vanunu.md	
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ In April 1987 British police found an arms cache kept by [[Ismail Sowan]], a Pal
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Faber and Faber, 1991, pp. 313-314.
 [^3]: United Press International, report on the dismissal of Nicholas Davies, October 29, 1991.
 [^4]: Cohen, Yoel. *The Whistleblower of Dimona: Israel, Vanunu, and the Bomb*. 2003. https://archive.org/details/the-whistleblower-of-dimona-israel-vanunu-and-the-bomb
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mordechai Tsippori.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mordechai Tsippori.md
index 59b5331b..33964341 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mordechai Tsippori.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Mordechai Tsippori.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Director general of the Israeli Ministry of Defense who in 1980 author
 [[Mordechai Tsippori]] was the director general of the [[Israel|Israeli]] Ministry of Defense in 1980. He gave the go-ahead for Israel to develop a [[Hydrogen Bomb|hydrogen bomb]] for testing.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Pieter Van Der Westhuizen.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Pieter Van Der Westhuizen.md
index 6a0a8076..ed6c0f8b 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Pieter Van Der Westhuizen.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Pieter Van Der Westhuizen.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ In November 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met with [[Pieter Van Der Westhuizen|Van D
 [[Pieter Van Der Westhuizen|Van Der Westhuizen]] was threatened by an [[Israel|Israeli]] counterpart for his continued involvement in supplying missile technology to [[Iraq]] through [[Armscor|ARMSCOR]]. The [[South Africa|South African]] government was reportedly considering dismissing him from all official positions.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Reuben Yirador.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Reuben Yirador.md
index 54eef6e4..83feff83 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Reuben Yirador.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Reuben Yirador.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Colonel [[Reuben Yirador]] was a department commander in [[Unit 8200]], an [[Isr
 In 1972, [[Reuben Yirador|Yirador]] was involved in a significant discovery when he decoded a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] intercept (VENONA) that revealed the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] were bugging the office of [[Golda Meir]], then Prime Minister of [[Israel]]. This discovery, along with [[Golda Meir|Meir's]] meeting with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and her rejection of a peace settlement, informed [[Anwar Sadat]] and may have prompted the 1973 war.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Rocco Zangari.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Rocco Zangari.md
index 446e20d2..d9e26cc1 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Rocco Zangari.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Rocco Zangari.md	
@@ -3,11 +3,103 @@ category: "Organized Crime"
 tags:
   - Person
   - PROMIS
-summary: "First manager of the Cabazon Indian Casino, a former bookie who was later indicted on racketeering charges."
+  - Cabazon
+  - IndianGaming
+  - Cardroom
+  - Racketeering
+  - LosAngeles
+aliases:
+  - Rocco Zangari
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+location: "Indio, California"
+summary: "Managed the cardroom of the Cabazon Indian Casino from September 1980 until his discharge in November 1981, and pleaded guilty in 1988 to federal racketeering charges in Los Angeles."
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Cabazon Indian Casino]]"
+    role: "manager of the casino cardroom"
+    start: 1980-09-25
+    end: 1981-11-05
+    fn: 5
+  - type: contractor_to
+    with: "[[PN Associates, Inc.]]"
+    role: "party to the September 25, 1980 agreement to manage the cardroom"
+    start: 1980-09-25
+    end: 1981-11-05
+    fn: 5
+  - type: prosecuted
+    with: "[[Department of Justice]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "federal racketeering charges in Los Angeles; guilty plea, five years probation and a $2,000 fine"
+    end: 1988
+    fn: 3
 ---
 
-[[Rocco Zangari]] was the first manager of the [[Cabazon Indian Casino]]. He was a former bookie and was later indicted on racketeering charges.
+Rocco Zangari managed the cardroom of the [[Cabazon Indian Casino]] on the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] at [[Indio, California]] from September 1980 until he was discharged in November 1981. [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that he was a former bookie.[^1] In 1988 he pleaded guilty to federal racketeering charges in [[Los Angeles]], and in 1989 a [[Riverside County]] newspaper and a California Attorney General's office official testifying to a [[United States Senate]] committee each described him as an organized crime figure.[^2][^3]
+
+### Cardroom agreement, 1980
+
+The [[Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]] operated bingo games and a card club on its reservation in Riverside County. In 1987 the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] described the card club as a place where draw poker and other card games were played, with games open to the public and played predominantly by non-Indians.[^4]
+
+On or about September 25, 1980, Zangari entered into an agreement to manage a cardroom operated by the Cabazon Indian Casino on land owned by the Cabazon Band. The [[Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit]] found that the agreement appears to have been only between Zangari and [[PN Associates, Inc.]], a Delaware corporation, although [[Arthur Welmas]], chairman of the Cabazon Band, also signed it.[^5] The casino was established in October 1980 as an unincorporated company consisting of a card parlor, restaurant and bar, with about 75 employees paid from casino revenues.[^6]
+
+[[Wayne Reeder]], a real estate developer, told FBI agents on October 5, 1992 that he had built the casino for the Cabazon Indians and had received a percentage under an agreement made when he built it.[^7]
+
+[[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the tribe's administrator, told [[Los Angeles Magazine]] in September 1983 that a friend had referred the tribe to the baseball manager [[Leo Durocher]] for help in setting up the cardroom, and that he had not known at the time that Durocher "had once been expelled from baseball for a year for consorting with gamblers." He continued: "He brought in a guy named Rocco Zangari. Rocco had been handling baccarat tables at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, that kind of thing. He had a lot of the wrong connections, believe me. He'd been arrested once back in 1946 for not buying a gambling stamp." The article quotes him that in Los Angeles this "probably wouldn't mean anything, but out here it was enough to make him organized crime, and the papers said he was an obvious crime figure," and that "I don't think Rocco ever would have made it into the Mafia. He wasn't bright enough." He added that the tribe eventually fired Zangari.[^8] A later newspaper article summarizing the magazine piece attributes the "obvious crime figure" remark to the younger Nichols, [[John Paul Nichols]].[^9]
+
+### Discharge and the bankruptcy case
+
+According to the appellate panel, Zangari was discharged from his managerial position on November 5, 1981, following legal difficulties between the casino and the City of Indio. A [[Press-Enterprise]] article from January 1988 gives the date as November 15, 1981, and reports that Zangari sued for breach of contract, claiming he was owed $260,000.[^5][^10]
+
+On December 10, 1981, the Cabazon Indian Casino filed a petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. The petition was signed by John Paul Nichols as "Project Manager." The January 1988 article gives the casino's debts as $567,577 owed to 45 creditors, and its assets as $123,859, and reports that Nichols said incompetent management caused the downfall of the poker business and that he had admitted a mistake in hiring Zangari as the first manager.[^5][^10]
+
+Zangari filed a complaint on January 28, 1982, objecting to the discharge of any amounts the casino owed him under the September 25, 1980 agreement. The casino counterclaimed for damages under the same agreement. On September 22, 1982, the casino moved for summary judgment, arguing that the agreement bound only PN Associates and that, even if it bound the casino, it was void under [[25 U.S.C. § 81]], the federal statute that restricts payments for services relating to tribal lands. The trial court granted summary judgment for the defendants. On December 29, 1983, the appellate panel reversed and remanded, finding a material question of fact about the nature of the debtor and its relationship with the Cabazon Band, and holding that the lower court erred in applying the statute to a partnership that included persons outside its protection. The panel recorded that Zangari admitted he could not expect to collect anything from tribal funds.[^5] The January 1988 article reports that Zangari's claim was dismissed and that he received no money, according to bankruptcy court records. The article also reports that Zangari and Nichols accused each other in court papers of mishandling casino funds for personal profit at the tribe's expense.[^10]
+
+### Press accounts in 1983 and 1985
+
+A series in the [[Miami Herald]] published May 29 to 31, 1983, dealt with Indian bingo and with the [[Wackenhut Corporation]]. The series reported that the Justice Department had identified Zangari as a onetime mob enforcer and named the [[Stefano Magaddino]] family of [[Buffalo, New York]] in the same sentence.[^11] The same series described [[Tommy Marson]] as a close associate of major organized crime figures who had served five years in federal prison on a 1950 counterfeiting conviction. It reported that Marson's wife had loaned $50,000 to John Paul Nichols in November 1980 to help finance the casino.[^11]
+
+In a 1985 Press-Enterprise article, John Paul Nichols said that when tribal leaders learned of alleged organized crime ties of Zangari, "he was fired." Nichols said the tribe then banned the organized crime figures from the reservation. He said Marson had no dealings with the tribe, and that the $50,000 was a personal loan to him from Marson's wife.[^12]
+
+### FBI memoranda, 1983 and 1986
+
+A July 19, 1983 airtel from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Los Angeles office to the Director, captioned "Pan American Management Inc." and summarizing gambling on Indian reservations in the division, states that when the Cabazon card and bingo parlor opened in late 1980 or early 1981, a [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]] resident described as a La Cosa Nostra operative put up $90,000 to start the card parlor. At the same time, it states, he put an associate, a bookmaker, in as the manager. The manager was subsequently fired and thereafter won an $80,000 civil suit for breach of contract. Asked about the $90,000 in an unrelated investigation, the operative replied that it was only $70,000 and was a loan from his wife. The airtel states that a Los Angeles La Cosa Nostra member allegedly approached John Paul Nichols to demand repayment of the loan, which had supposedly since been paid off.[^13]
+
+An FBI Los Angeles memorandum dated November 5, 1986, titled "Crime on Indian Reservation - Gambling," states that Nichols hired a manager and associates for the parlor, whose names are redacted in the released copy, and that the on-site manager was among those identified as alleged organized crime individuals or associates. It states that information received after the parlor opened indicated that a person whose name is redacted had loaned the Cabazon Band $90,000 toward opening the parlor, that the manager was fired by Nichols and filed a breach of contract suit which he won, and that Nichols maintained the loan had been repaid in full. The memorandum states that John Philip Nichols was arrested by the [[Indio Police Department]] in January 1985 on a murder charge, was convicted, and was serving time in the state penitentiary system. It further states that local bookmakers frequented the bingo and gambling parlor, one of them described as a La Cosa Nostra associate.[^13]
+
+Neither document names the manager. The other records place side by side with them are these. Zangari's agreement is dated September 25, 1980, and the casino was established in October 1980. He was discharged on November 5, 1981 and sued the casino for breach of contract. The trial court granted summary judgment against him, the appellate panel reversed in December 1983 (after the July 1983 airtel), and the January 1988 article reports that his claim was dismissed and he received no money. The Miami Herald reported a $50,000 loan to John Paul Nichols from Marson's wife in November 1980.[^5][^10][^11]
+
+### Senate hearing, February 8, 1989
+
+On February 8, 1989, the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, chaired by Senator [[Dennis DeConcini]] with Senator John McCain as cochairman, heard testimony in Washington on organized crime and Indian gambling. Robert Morehouse, a supervisor in the Bureau of Organized Crime and Criminal Intelligence of the California Attorney General's office, submitted a paper stating that Nichols "hired Rocco Zangari, a Southern California Organized Crime figure, to operate the cardroom." The paper continues: "According to court documents Zangari was later fired by the Tribe for alleged wrong doings in financial dealings. Zangari, in turn, accused John Philip Nichols of similar complaints. Zangari is currently serving 5 years probation after pleading guilty to extortion charges in 1988." It dates the casino's bankruptcy to 1981 and records that Nichols pleaded "no contest" in May 1985 to two charges of solicitation for murder and was sentenced to four years in prison.[^2]
+
+At the same hearing Anthony Daniels, deputy assistant director of the FBI's Criminal Investigative Division, stated that "LCN direct involvement in Indian affairs has been limited."[^2]
+
+A witness listed in the hearing record under the fictitious name "Marty" also appeared that day. The Press-Enterprise of February 9, 1989 reported that "Marty," described as a former Mafia member whose identity the subcommittee kept secret, said the Cabazon reservation was involved with organized crime. According to the article he described a high-stakes bingo casino in the western United States that illegally skimmed hundreds of thousands of dollars for a crime family, and he named the Lucchese, Bufalino and Lansky organized crime families as the Mafia families primarily involved in Indian gambling. He gave no specifics on the Cabazon claims. [[Manny Fierro]], a lobbyist for the [[National Indian Gaming Association]], told the panel that the "unsubstantiated claims" of the former Mafia member gave the Indian gaming industry "a black eye," and that the Cabazon casino had been examined by state officials and was considered free of organized crime involvement.[^3]
+
+The same article describes Zangari as an organized crime figure who managed the cardroom until he was fired in 1981. It reports that the previous year he had been sentenced to five years' probation and a $2,000 fine after pleading guilty to federal racketeering charges in Los Angeles. The article states that he was identified in the indictment in that case as an associate of [[Peter Milano]], whom federal prosecutors had identified as the leader of mob activities in Southern California until his conviction for racketeering. It also reports that Irving "Slick" Shapiro, described as another associate of organized crime, worked with Zangari in running the casino.[^3]
+
+Welmas wrote to the committee that the Cabazon Band "categorically denies" that its gaming enterprises are controlled, infiltrated or in any way connected with organized crime. His letter, reported by the Press-Enterprise on February 11, 1989, called the testimony "unsubstantiated hearsay" and stated that it made evident that Marty "has no first-hand knowledge whatsoever of the history or the current operation of our bingo parlor or card room." Welmas also noted that the witness had wrongly called the Cabazon reservation a "rancheria."[^14]
+
+### A Rocco Zangari in the 1998 Las Vegas case
+
+A federal racketeering indictment unsealed in Las Vegas on February 2, 1998 named 16 defendants, among them the reputed Los Angeles underboss Carmen Milano, a brother of Peter Milano, and, as "made members," Stephen Cino, Charles Caci and a Rocco Zangari, aged 65. The Las Vegas Sun reported the indictment as a 50-count case that followed a January 1997 killing in Las Vegas; Zangari was not among the six charged in that killing.[^15] On March 10, 2000, a Rocco Zangari pleaded guilty to supervising other mob members while they sold $75,000 in counterfeit checks to undercover agents in the fall of 1996.[^16] The records found do not establish whether this Rocco Zangari is the former Cabazon cardroom manager. The Las Vegas Sun gives his age as 65 in 1998, and the 1983 Los Angeles Magazine text places an arrest of the Cabazon cardroom manager in 1946.[^8][^15]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/lastcircle0000step_l0f9
+[^2]: *Federal Government's Relationship with American Indians*, Hearings before the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., February 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1989, S. Hrg. 101-126, Part 2: statement of Anthony E. Daniels, February 8, 1989, p. 409; Robert Morehouse, "High Stakes Bingo on Indian Reservations in California," pp. 415 to 419 (Cabazon Band section at pp. 417 to 419). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0182
+[^3]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 9, 1989, p. A-1, "Cabazon bingo casino listed as Mafia-tied." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^4]: *California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians*, 480 U.S. 202 (1987), decided February 25, 1987, No. 85-1708. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/480/202
+[^5]: *Zangari v. Cabazon Indian Casino (In re Cabazon Indian Casino)*, 35 B.R. 124 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. December 29, 1983), BAP No. CC-82-1578-GVAb; Bankruptcy No. SB 81-03397 WH; Adv. No. SB 82-0174-WH. https://static.case.law/br/35/cases/0124-01.json and https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/8517251/zangari-v-cabazon-indian-casino-in-re-cabazon-indian-casino/
+[^6]: *In re Cabazon Indian Casino*, 57 B.R. 398 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. February 5, 1986), BAP No. CC-85-1006-MVAb. https://static.case.law/br/57/cases/0398-01.json
+[^7]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302 of the interview of Wayne Reeder, October 5, 1992 (transcribed December 9, 1992), file 74-86438, reprinted in the INSLAW Cabazon Wackenhut file, https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt. Reeder is described as a real estate developer in United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua (1993), https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
+[^8]: *Los Angeles Magazine*, September 1983, pp. 126 ff. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746 (John Philip Nichols), Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^9]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), undated article citing *Los Angeles Magazine*, reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^10]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), January 24, 1988, p. B-1, "Bingo profits rising as legal fight brews," by Andrew Nelson. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^11]: *The Miami Herald*, May 29, 1983 (series "Seminole Bingo" on Indian bingo and Wackenhut Corporation; the FBI transmittals date installments May 29, 30 and 31, 1983). Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^12]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), 1985, "Cabazon leader scoffs at report." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^13]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, airtel to the Director, July 19, 1983, "Pan American Management Inc.," file 183-1746; and FBI Los Angeles memorandum, "Crime on Indian Reservation - Gambling," November 5, 1986. Both reprinted in FBI file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^14]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 11, 1989, "Indians deny link to crime," by David Boyles. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^15]: "FBI deals crippling blow to L.A. mob," *Las Vegas Sun*, February 3, 1998. https://lasvegassun.com/news/1998/feb/03/fbi-deals-crippling-blow-to-la-mob/
+[^16]: Kim Smith, "Alleged mobsters plead guilty," *Las Vegas Sun*, March 13, 2000. https://lasvegassun.com/news/2000/mar/13/alleged-mobsters-plead-guilty/
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Shimon Yiftach.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Shimon Yiftach.md
index 6bd1e971..af0c64bf 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Shimon Yiftach.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Shimon Yiftach.md	
@@ -1,14 +1,131 @@
 ---
-category: "Intelligence & Government"
+aliases:
+  - Shimon Yiftach
+  - Shimon Yiftah
+  - Shimon Jiftach
+  - Shim'on Yiftah
+  - S. Yiftah
+  - Yiftach
+  - Yiftah
+  - Jiftach
+  - שמעון יפתח
+category: "Scientists & Researchers"
 tags:
   - Person
   - Nuclear
   - Israel
-summary: "Shimon Yiftach was the director of scientific programs for the Israeli defense ministry."
+  - Dimona
+  - SamsonOption
+  - Plutonium
+  - Reprocessing
+  - Argonne
+  - Technion
+  - Soreq
+summary: "Israeli nuclear physicist, Atomic Energy Commission member, Technion professor and Soreq director whom Hersh identified as the defense ministry official who said in December 1963 that Israel planned no reprocessing plant."
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Israeli Ministry of Defense]]"
+    role: "director of scientific programs, per Hersh"
+    start: 1963-12
+    fn: 2
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Dimona]]"
+    role: "public statement on the reactor's plutonium output and on reprocessing, per Hersh"
+    start: 1963-12
+    fn: 2
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Argonne National Laboratory]]"
+    role: "author affiliation on the December 1960 report with David Okrent"
+    start: 1960-12
+    fn: 4
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Israel Atomic Energy Commission]]"
+    role: "member; delegate to the joint U.S.-Israel desalination board"
+    fn: 16
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Technion]]"
+    role: "nuclear sciences department; head of the nuclear science department in 1964"
+    fn: 14
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Soreq Nuclear Research Center]]"
+    role: "director (reported May 29, 1975 and January 9, 1979)"
+    fn: 18
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Israel Defense Forces]]"
+    role: "colonel"
+    fn: 1
 ---
 
-Shimon Yiftach was the director of scientific programs for the Israeli defense ministry. He was trained at the [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in [[Illinois]] and was one of [[Israel]]'s leading experts in the chemistry of plutonium. In December 1963, he publicly stated that the advanced reactor at [[Dimona]] would produce plutonium as a by-product, but insisted that the Israeli government had no plans to build a separate plant for chemically reprocessing plutonium. Yiftach knew this was false, as French construction companies had already restarted work on the underground reprocessing plant at [[Dimona]].[^1]
+Shimon Yiftach (Hebrew שמעון יפתח; also spelled Yiftah; 1921 to 2012) was an Israeli nuclear physicist, a colonel, a member of the [[Israel Atomic Energy Commission]], a professor at the [[Technion]] and director of the [[Soreq Nuclear Research Center]].[^1] [[Seymour Hersh]] identified him in December 1963 as the director of scientific programs for the [[Israeli Ministry of Defense]] and as "one of Israel's leading experts in the chemistry of plutonium."[^2] The library catalogues spell his name Yiftah, and Hersh spells it Yiftach.
+
+### Education and the Argonne record
+
+He held a doctorate from the [[University of Paris]]; his 1956 book *Constantes fondamentales des théories physiques* was published in [[Paris]] by [[Gauthier-Villars]] with a preface by [[Louis de Broglie]].[^3] Hersh wrote that Yiftach "had been trained at the [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in [[Illinois]]."[^2]
+
+A December 1960 Argonne report, "Some Physics Calculations on the Performance of Large Fast Breeder Power Reactors," lists S. Yiftah as first author with D. Okrent. The record gives Yiftah's affiliation as the Israel Atomic Energy Commission, [[Yavne]], and Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, and Okrent's as Argonne.[^4] [[David Okrent]] joined Argonne as an associate physicist after his doctorate and became manager of fast reactor physics and safety in 1957.[^5] The 1960 monograph *Fast reactor cross sections* was published under the names of S. Yiftah, D. Okrent and P. A. Moldauer; [[Peter A. Moldauer]] came to Argonne in 1957 and was appointed senior physicist a decade later.[^6]
+
+### Publications
+
+Library catalogues list nine titles under his name between 1953 and 1979. In 1953 he translated a work of [[Carl von Clausewitz]] into Hebrew, published in [[Tel Aviv]] by [[Ma'arachot]] as *'Ekronot ha-milhamah*, 120 pages.[^7] *Fast reactor cross sections: a study leading to a 16 group set*, 130 pages, was published in New York in 1960 by [[Pergamon Press]].[^3] A 29-page Hebrew booklet on nuclear weapons, *Nesheq gar'ini*, appeared in 1962 with the imprint of the education branch of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] General Staff.[^8]
+
+In 1965 a 36-page Hebrew pamphlet on nuclear reactors for electricity and for desalinating seawater was issued under a three-part imprint: the Ministry of Defence, the Atomic Energy Commission and the Development Enterprises (Mifalei Pituach).[^9] The 1976 book on the nuclear era in the Middle East was published by [[Am Oved]] in Tel Aviv, 160 pages.[^10] The 1977 compilation *Nuclear data and low energy nuclear research in Israel*, 58 pages, names the Israel Atomic Energy Commission as publisher and Yiftah as compiler.[^11] Two Hebrew titles of 1979 followed, on nuclear technology in the world and in Israel and on missiles and rockets in modern warfare.[^12]
+
+His journal articles in *Nuclear Science and Engineering* and *Nuclear Technology* carry the affiliation of the Soreq Nuclear Research Center and the Israel Atomic Energy Commission in 1967 and 1975, and of the Department of Nuclear Engineering of the Technion in 1976, 1982 and 1985.[^13]
+
+### Atomic Energy Commission, Technion and Soreq
+
+On February 12, 1964 the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] asked the Technion to study the use of atomic energy for desalinating sea water; the study was to be conducted at [[Haifa]] by [[Fritz Ashner]] and Dr. Shimon Yiftah, both of the Technion's nuclear sciences department.[^14] On September 2, 1964 Yiftah, described as head of the nuclear science department of the Technion, was named as co-author, with Ashner and [[Pinhas Glueckstern]] of the [[Israel Electric Corporation]], of the Israeli paper on nuclear desalination at the Third International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in [[Geneva]].[^15]
+
+On January 7, 1966 Prof. Shimon Yiftach of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission was among the Israeli delegates, with Gen. [[Zvi Zur]] and Aron Weiner of [[Tahal]], to the joint [[United States]]-[[Israel]] desalination board, which was reviewing the Kaiser-Catalytic feasibility study of a dual-purpose nuclear desalting plant.[^16] The board established by the two governments to oversee the study included Aharon Wiener of Tahal, Dr. Haim Cats of the Israel Electric Corporation and Dr. Shimon Yiftah of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission.[^17]
+
+On May 29, 1975 Prof. Shimon Yiftach, director of the Sorek Nuclear Research Center and a member of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission, told a meeting of the Nuclear Science Club that the Arab states would probably have nuclear capabilities by the 1980s and that the reactors bought by [[Egypt]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] were outmoded but would be able to produce enough plutonium for atomic weapons.[^18] On December 5, 1977, addressing the National Committee on Atomic Energy at the Technion in Haifa, he proposed a five-point program that included a joint Israeli-Egyptian nuclear reactor and center in [[Sinai]] linked to a desalination plant, the accumulation of uranium and the possible production of uranium from the phosphates of the [[Dead Sea]].[^19] On January 9, 1979, identified as head of the Israeli nuclear center at Soreq, he told the sixth annual conference of nuclear scientists at Beersheba University in [[Beersheba]] that [[Iraq]] and [[Libya]] were making substantial progress toward a nuclear infrastructure with the aid of the [[Soviet Union]], [[China]] and [[France]].[^20]
+
+He died in early December 2012, at the age of 91. He had directed the nuclear research center of the Atomic Energy Commission at [[Nahal Soreq]], worked in the nuclear engineering department of the Technion, served as scientific adviser to the minister of science and chaired the Israeli association for the nuclear sciences.[^1]
+
+### The December 1963 statement
+
+Hersh wrote that in December 1963 Yiftach "publicly told a group of Israeli science writers that, as they had assumed, the advanced reactor at [[Dimona]] would produce plutonium as a by-product," and that "Yiftach insisted that the Israeli government had no plans to build a separate plant for chemically reprocessing plutonium." Hersh wrote that Yiftach "knew that French construction companies had started up once again on the underground reprocessing plant at Dimona."[^2]
+
+Hersh set the statement within a period of official concealment: the government of [[Levi Eshkol]], he wrote, "worked at keeping the lid on, and had no qualms about stretching the truth to do so." On November 16, 1963 the [[New York Times]] columnist [[C. L. Sulzberger]] wrote that [[David Ben-Gurion]] "hints grimly that in its nearby Dimona reactor Israel itself may be experimenting with military atomics." Ben-Gurion wrote a letter to the editor the same day denying that he had suggested this, and the letter was published on November 20, 1963.[^21]
+
+On September 4, 1964, at the Geneva conference, Israel Atomic Energy Commission chairman [[Ernst David Bergmann]] said that a combination of natural uranium and heavy water would yield plutonium as a by-product, and the Israeli papers were to treat "the chemistry of elements higher than uranium which have become available through operation of reactors, and the theory of fast reactors fuelled with plutonium."[^22]
+
+### Reprocessing statements, 1961 to 1964
+
+The [[National Security Archive]] briefing book on the 1963 inspection negotiations, by [[William Burr]] and [[Avner Cohen]], states that the Israelis had made "contradictory statements" about the reprocessing plant: in 1961 they said they planned to build it, in 1962 they said they had no plans, and in 1964 they told U.S. inspectors they had delayed constructing a pilot plant. The January 1963 National Intelligence Estimate had "no evidence to confirm or deny the existence of separation facilities" and judged that if the reactor "operated at its maximum capacity for the production of weapon-grade plutonium," it "could produce sufficient plutonium for one or two weapons a year."[^23]
+
+The briefing book records that [[Ephraim Katzir]], whom it identifies as Eshkol's science adviser, told the American team in January 1964 that he "hopes that the plant will be built in a year or two," and that the team saw the space slated for the pilot plant, "about 50 by 50 feet with a 20-foot ceiling." Burr and Cohen wrote that "whether talk about the plans for a pilot plant was a deliberate diversion from ongoing secret reprocessing activities at Dimona remains to be learned." The Israelis told the visitors that the reactor had gone critical on December 26, 1963.[^23]
+
+### Defense ministry and the intelligence apparatus
+
+Hersh wrote that [[Shimon Peres]] insisted on a new intelligence agency to provide security for the nuclear operation, initially known as the Office of Special Tasks, and that its director, "handpicked by Peres," was [[Binyamin Blumberg]]; the office was "bureaucratically placed inside the defense ministry," and Blumberg's "sole mission in the late 1950s was protecting Dimona."[^24] Hersh wrote that the office was "widely known in the early 1980s by its Hebrew acronym, [[LAKAM]]."[^25] Hersh placed Yiftach's post in the same ministry. The 1965 pamphlet carries the Atomic Energy Commission in its imprint alongside the Ministry of Defence, and the 1977 compilation names the Israel Atomic Energy Commission as publisher.[^9][^11]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 10.
+[^1]: Bibliothèque nationale de France, authority record "Shimon Yiftah (1921-2012)," https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16647811d ; Aderet, Ofer, "Shimon Yiftah, among the senior nuclear scientists of Israel, has died" (Hebrew), *Haaretz*, December 9, 2012, https://www.haaretz.co.il/0000017f-f62d-d887-a7ff-feed8e910000 (died "at the end of the week" aged 91; professor and colonel; director of the nuclear research center of the Atomic Energy Commission at Nahal Soreq; worked in the Technion nuclear engineering department; scientific adviser to the minister of science; chairman of the Israeli nuclear science society; author of *The Nuclear Technology in the World and in Israel*, *The Nuclear Age in the Middle East*, *Missiles and Atomic Weapon* and *Missiles and Rockets in Modern Warfare*).
+[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, chapter 10, p. 130.
+[^3]: Open Library, work records OL6116641W (*Constantes fondamentales des théories physiques*, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1956, by Shimon Yiftah, 124 pages, preface by Louis de Broglie), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116641W, and OL6116642W (*Fast reactor cross sections*, New York, Pergamon Press, 1960, 130 pages, by S. Yiftah, D. Okrent and P. A. Moldauer), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116642W ; Internet Archive metadata, identifier fastreactorcross0000yift, creator "Yiftah, Shimon," https://archive.org/details/fastreactorcross0000yift ; IdRef authority record 067644643, "Yiftah, Shimon," "Docteur de l'Université de Paris," https://www.idref.fr/067644643
+[^4]: Yiftah, S., and D. Okrent, "Some Physics Calculations on the Performance of Large Fast Breeder Power Reactors," Argonne National Laboratory report, December 1960, Office of Scientific and Technical Information record 4071059, https://doi.org/10.2172/4071059 (Crossref metadata: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.2172/4071059 ; affiliation of S. Yiftah "Israel Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC), Yavne (Israel); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)"; affiliation of D. Okrent "Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL").
+[^5]: "David Okrent," UCLA Samueli School of Engineering In Memoriam notice, https://samueli.ucla.edu/in-memoriam-david-okrent/ (after his doctorate Okrent joined Argonne "starting out as an associate physicist" and became manager of Fast Reactor Physics and Safety in 1957). The National Academy of Engineering memorial tribute, *Memorial Tributes*, vol. 18, https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/18959/chapter/42 , lists the 1960 monograph with Shimon Yiftah and Peter A. Moldauer.
+[^6]: Ringo, R. R., and A. B. Smith, obituary of Peter Arnold Moldauer, *Physics Today*, vol. 37, no. 12 (December 1984), https://physicstoday.aip.org/obituaries/peter-arnold-moldauer (came to Argonne National Laboratory in 1957; appointed senior physicist a decade later; wrote with D. Okrent and S. Yiftah the monograph *Fast Reactor Cross Sections*).
+[^7]: Open Library, work record OL45809104W, Clausewitz, Hebrew title *'Ekronot ha-milhamah*, Ma'arachot, Tel Aviv, 1953, 120 pages, translated by Shim'on Yiftah. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL45809104W
+[^8]: Open Library, work record OL44285875W, *Nesheq gar'ini* (Hebrew, nuclear weapon), 1962, 29 pages, publisher as listed: Ma'tkal (General Staff), Ketsin Hinukh Rashi (Chief Education Officer), 'Anaf ha-Shkalah (education branch). https://openlibrary.org/works/OL44285875W
+[^9]: Open Library, work record OL33277330W, Hebrew title *Kurim gar'iniyim le-hafakat hashmal ve-hamtakat me yam*, 1965, 36 pages, publisher as listed: Misrad ha-Bitahon, ha-Va'adah le-Energyah Atomit, Mif'alei Pituah (Ministry of Defence, Atomic Energy Commission, Development Enterprises). https://openlibrary.org/works/OL33277330W
+[^10]: Open Library, work record OL6116643W, *ha-'Idan ha-gar'ini ba-Mizrah ha-tikhon*, 'Am 'Oved, Tel-Aviv, 1976, 160 pages, by Shimon Yiftah. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116643W
+[^11]: Open Library, work record OL6116645W, *Nuclear data and low energy nuclear research in Israel*, Israel Atomic Energy Commission, [Tel Aviv], 1977, 58 pages, compiled by Shimon Yiftah. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116645W
+[^12]: Open Library, work records OL6116644W (*Tilim ve-raketot ba-lohama ha-modernit*, 1979) and OL18718834W (*ha-Teknologyah ha-gar'init ba-'olam uve-Yisra'el*, 1979), both under Shimon Yiftah. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6116644W ; https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18718834W
+[^13]: Crossref metadata for S. Yiftah / Shimon Yiftah: "The Effect of Plutonium Isotopic Composition on the Doppler Coefficient in Fast Reactors," *Nuclear Applications*, April 1967 (Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne); "Practical Preprocessed Nuclear Data Files for Fast Reactor Calculations," *Nuclear Science and Engineering*, May 1975 (Soreq Nuclear Research Centre, Israel Atomic Energy Commission, Yavne); "Analysis and Comparison of Plutonium-238 Nuclear Data," January 1976 (Technion, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Haifa); "Application of a Time-Dependent Approach to Burnup Calculations for Pressurized Water Reactor Cores," October 1982 (Technion, Department of Nuclear Engineering); "A Combined Hydro-Nuclear-Solar Project for Electric Power Production," August 1985 (Technion, Department of Nuclear Engineering). https://api.crossref.org/works?query.author=Yiftah
+[^14]: "U.N. Atomic Energy Agency Asks Haifa Technion for Desalination Study," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 12, 1964. https://www.jta.org/archive/u-n-atomic-energy-agency-asks-haifa-technion-for-desalination-study
+[^15]: "Israel in Prominent Role at U.N. Conference on Atoms for Peace," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 2, 1964. https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-in-prominent-role-at-u-n-conference-on-atoms-for-peace ; see also "Israeli Nuclear Scientists Acclaimed at Geneva International Parley," September 10, 1964, https://www.jta.org/archive/israeli-nuclear-scientists-acclaimed-at-geneva-international-parley
+[^16]: "American-Israel Discussions on Desalination Started in Washington," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 7, 1966. https://www.jta.org/archive/american-israel-discussions-on-desalination-started-in-washington
+[^17]: "Washington Provides Egypt with Israeli Study on Desalination," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 12, 1966. https://www.jta.org/archive/washington-provides-egypt-with-israeli-study-on-desalination
+[^18]: "World News Briefs," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 29, 1975. https://www.jta.org/archive/world-news-briefs-62
+[^19]: "Propose Building Joint Israeli-Egyptian Nuclear Reactor in Sinai," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 5, 1977. https://www.jta.org/archive/propose-building-joint-israeli-egyptian-nuclear-reactor-in-sinai
+[^20]: "Warn of Nuclear Capability Lag," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 9, 1979. https://www.jta.org/archive/warn-of-nuclear-capability-lag
+[^21]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 10, p. 130 (the Sulzberger column and the Ben-Gurion letter to the editor), and notes to chapter 10, p. 327 (Ben-Gurion's letter to the *Times* "was published November 20, 1963").
+[^22]: "Israel's Atomic Chief Reveals Details About Nuclear Research," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 4, 1964. https://www.jta.org/archive/israels-atomic-chief-reveals-details-about-nuclear-research
+[^23]: Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, "The Battle of the Letters, 1963: John F. Kennedy, David Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol, and the U.S. Inspections of Dimona," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, May 2, 2019. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2019-05-02/battle-letters-1963-john-f-kennedy-david-ben-gurion-levi-eshkol-us-inspections-dimona
+[^24]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," p. 62.
+[^25]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 289 (the passage on Binyamin Blumberg and the Office of Special Tasks, "widely known in the early 1980s by its Hebrew acronym, LAKAM").
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Yitzhak Tunic.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Yitzhak Tunic.md
index fb6d26f7..72c424aa 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Yitzhak Tunic.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Yitzhak Tunic.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ summary: "Israeli lawyer who defended Michael Dennis Rohan in the 1969 El Aqsa M
 [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] believed that [[Yitzhak Tunic|Tunic]] "sold him down the river" because he was afraid [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] might mention the [[Jewish Defense League]] (JDL) if he took the witness stand. [[Yitzhak Tunic|Tunic's]] actions were part of the suppression of the [[El Aqsa Mosque]] arson case for "reasons of State interests."[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Yosef Zeira.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Yosef Zeira.md
index 740efecb..4853b582 100644
--- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Yosef Zeira.md	
+++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Yosef Zeira.md	
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ The rescue operation, code-named Operation Thunderbolt (sometimes called Operati
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Agranat Commission.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Agranat Commission.md
index ab747201..8773f823 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Agranat Commission.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Agranat Commission.md	
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Several important recommendations from the commission's secret report were imple
 A further effect of the recommendations was the creation of the External Relations Department of [[Mossad]] (IDF/MI/ERD), built around an existing unit called Foreign Liaison.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Australian Security Intelligence Organization.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Australian Security Intelligence Organization.md
index 2ce03c31..5d87066b 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Australian Security Intelligence Organization.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Australian Security Intelligence Organization.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Canberra, Australia"
 The [[Australian Security Intelligence Organization]] (ASIO) is [[Australia|Australia's]] internal intelligence service. It was informed by *The [[Sydney Morning Herald]]* about [[Oscar Guerrero|Oscar Guerrero's]] attempt to sell photographs of [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear facility, provided by [[Mordecai Vanunu]]. [[Australian Security Intelligence Organization|ASIO]] then passed this information to the [[Australian Security Intelligence Service|Australian Security Intelligence Service]] (ASIS), who informed [[Israel]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Australian Security Intelligence Service.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Australian Security Intelligence Service.md
index 8e5b7225..c376f7ad 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Australian Security Intelligence Service.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Australian Security Intelligence Service.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ The [[Australian Security Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) is [[Australia|Australia
 [[Australian Security Intelligence Service|ASIS]] was aware of and gave permission for aircraft loaded with arms to land in Western [[Australia]], en route to [[Tehran]], as part of a smokescreen operation by the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Iran-Israel Joint Committee.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Iran-Israel Joint Committee.md
index a607a26e..693d0847 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Iran-Israel Joint Committee.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Iran-Israel Joint Committee.md	
@@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ In 1984, political chaos in Israel led to a coalition government between the [[L
 In September 1987, Ari Ben-Menashe and three other members of the Iran-Israel Joint Committee were dismissed due to pressure on Yitzhak Shamir following the leaking of the Iran-Contra Affair story. Prior to this, some funds were set aside for their futures, and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] money controlled by Israel was transferred to the [[East Bloc]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/LAKAM.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/LAKAM.md
index 726df14c..2af050aa 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/LAKAM.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/LAKAM.md	
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ LAKAM was formally dissolved following the 1985 exposure of the [[Jonathan Polla
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991.
 [^3]: Thomas, Gordon. *Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad.* St. Martin's Press, 1999.
 [^4]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Russian Orthodox Church.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Russian Orthodox Church.md
index 44cdb146..f31aa46e 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Russian Orthodox Church.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Russian Orthodox Church.md	
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ summary: "The Russian Orthodox Church's Nuncio in Jerusalem served as the quasi-
 The [[Russian Orthodox Church]]'s Nuncio in [[Jerusalem]] served as the quasi-official representative of the [[KGB]] in [[Israel]]. The [[KGB]]'s contacts with [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence went through him ever since [[Israel]] and the [[Soviet Union]] cut diplomatic ties in 1967.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Shas Party.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Shas Party.md
index 36d2e6d9..6b20bc08 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Shas Party.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Shas Party.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ The [[Shas Party]] is an orthodox political party in [[Israel]], which emerged a
 In 1987, the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] redirected funds from the Lubavitcher yeshivahs to the Shas yeshivahs, as the committee and [[Menachem Schneerson|Schneerson]] parted ways. The [[Likud Party]] considered the support of [[Ovadia Yousef]], an Iraqi-Jewish rabbi who controlled Shas, essential due to his large following in [[Israel]]'s Middle Eastern Jewish communities.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/South African Defense Force.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/South African Defense Force.md
index 3f6000bf..5ccb1022 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/South African Defense Force.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/South African Defense Force.md	
@@ -13,5 +13,9 @@ The [[South African Defense Force]] (SADF) was the military of [[South Africa]].
 
 Under [[SIMWA]], if either country faced a shortage of matériel during war or military operations, the other country would provide supplies from its own stockpiles. The [[South African Defense Force|SADF]] also agreed to invest in [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear program and provide testing grounds in the [[Indian Ocean]] for [[Israel|Israeli]] nuclear tests.[^1]
 
+A memorandum dated March 21, 1975, from the Chief of the Defence Staff, Lt. Gen. R. F. Armstrong, to the Chief of the South African Defence Force, Admiral H. H. Biermann, concerned [[Jericho I|Israel's Jericho weapon system]]. It argued that a significant nuclear threat to South Africa had emerged and concluded: "the possession of such a system will greatly add to our ability to negotiate from a position of strength." The Department of Defence declassified the memorandum in September 2003.[^2]
+
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
+[^2]: South African History Archive, "Declassified documents on apartheid South Africa-Israel talks on nuclear weapons," May 25, 2010, SAHA Collection AL2878, item A3.1.1. https://www.saha.org.za/news/2010/May/declassified_documents_on_apartheid_south_africa_israel_talks_on_nuclear_weapons.htm
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Unit 8200.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Unit 8200.md
index c54577de..33745b19 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Unit 8200.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Unit 8200.md	
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ In 1972, Col. [[Reuben Yirador]] decoded a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] intercept (VE
 In 1976, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], while on duty in [[Unit 8200]], intercepted a telegram detailing [[Lockheed Aircraft Company|Lockheed]] bribes paid to Defense Minister [[Shimon Peres]]. This information was subsequently covered up by superiors, including [[Yoel Ben-Porat|Buffy]] and [[Sasson Yishaek|Lt. Col. Yishaek]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Iran Group.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Iran Group.md
index 5c860315..11291af1 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Iran Group.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Iran Group.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ start: 1980
 The [[Iran Group]] was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] group headed by [[Robert Gates]]. It was created as a result of the October 1980 [[Paris Summit Meeting]], and its members, including [[George Cave]], were involved with [[Israel|Israelis]] in arms sales to [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Tower Commission.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Tower Commission.md
index 8c5ad0bd..be360af8 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Tower Commission.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Tower Commission.md	
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ The commission's investigation focused on the years 1984 to 1986. Its conclusion
 [[George H.W. Bush]] later nominated [[John Tower|Tower]] for defense secretary, but he was not confirmed by [[United States|Congress]] due to the controversy surrounding the commission's findings.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/African National Congress.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/African National Congress.md
index 2139260d..e6c715fb 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/African National Congress.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/African National Congress.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ The [[African National Congress]] (ANC) was a black revolutionary group in [[Sou
 [[PROMIS]] was used as a "killing machine" against the [[African National Congress|ANC]] and other black revolutionary groups, leading to the disappearance or maiming of almost 12,000 activists by early 1986. This was often carried out through "black-on-black" violence by death squads led by Chief [[Gatsha Buthelezi]], a term known in [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence circles as "Kushi kills Kushi." The system tracked dissidents through their required identity passes, and death lists were drawn up and handed over to [[Gatsha Buthelezi|Buthelezi]]'s group.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Baader-Meinhof Group.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Baader-Meinhof Group.md
index cf159184..9ad65f17 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Baader-Meinhof Group.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Baader-Meinhof Group.md	
@@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ The RAF officially announced the end of its armed struggle in a statement releas
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Aust, Stefan. *The Baader Meinhof Complex.* Translated by Anthea Bell. Bodley Head, 2008. Originally published in German as *Der Baader Meinhof Komplex* (Hoffmann und Campe, 1985). This is the authoritative account of the RAF's history by a journalist who knew several of its members.
-[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992. Netanyahu, Iddo. *Entebbe: A Defining Moment in the War on Terrorism.* Balfour Books, 2003.
+[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). Netanyahu, Iddo. *Entebbe: A Defining Moment in the War on Terrorism.* Balfour Books, 2003.
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Black September.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Black September.md
index 8aaa54f0..fd7f84ef 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Black September.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Black September.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ start: 1971
 Suspicion fell on [[Black September]] for the killing of two [[Mossad]] members working in the [[Rome]] listening station in April 1977.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Golani infantry brigade.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Golani infantry brigade.md
index 45d88e97..1323791e 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Golani infantry brigade.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Golani infantry brigade.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ The [[Golani infantry brigade]] is an elite infantry brigade of the [[Israel|Isr
 [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]'s basic training in the military was in a special infantry unit known as Golani, where he undertook a special high-explosives sabotage course.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Jewish Defense League.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Jewish Defense League.md
index 586011e2..891decec 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Jewish Defense League.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Jewish Defense League.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ The [[Jewish Defense League]] (JDL) is a [[New York City]]-based extreme right-w
 The JDL was implicated in the 1969 arson attack on the [[El Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]], carried out by [[Michael Dennis Rohan]]. [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] claimed to have coordinated the deed with the JDL. [[Israel|Israeli]] interrogators, including those who questioned [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], emphasized the importance of not revealing the JDL's involvement to avoid any "traces of Jewish hands" in the incident.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/LEHI.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/LEHI.md
index 662ed94e..8954154d 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/LEHI.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/LEHI.md	
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ location: "Palestine"
 [[LEHI]] members were persecuted and hunted down, even by other Jews in [[Palestine]], due to opposition from the British, [[United States|U.S.]] governments, and the Jewish labor movement. Most individuals affiliated with the [[Stern Gang]] were not welcomed in the State of [[Israel]] after its establishment. [[Yitzhak Shamir]] was an exception, becoming a prominent figure in [[Mossad]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Shining Path.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Shining Path.md
index e91554a1..1922bb8a 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Shining Path.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Shining Path.md	
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ In 1988, [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met with [[Abimael Guzman Reynoso|Guzmán]] to secu
 The [[Shining Path]] controlled significant areas of [[Peru]], particularly outside of [[Ayacucho]]. They were involved in ambushes against the military, and their actions led to the slaughter of innocent villagers by [[Rafael Cordova|Col. Rafael Cordova]] in retaliation. The group also used [[Stinger missiles]] to shoot down military helicopters.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Stern Gang.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Stern Gang.md
index ad5f8e55..a1678d0e 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Stern Gang.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Stern Gang.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ The [[Stern Gang]] was another name for [[LEHI]] (Lohamei Herut Israel, Hebrew f
 [[Gourdji]], the father of [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], was involved with the [[Stern Gang]] in [[Palestine]] in 1940. The group was known for its virulently anti-British stance, with [[Yitzhak Shamir]] even willing to negotiate with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] for Jewish lives. They were persecuted by British and [[United States|U.S.]] governments and the Jewish labor movement.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ARMSCOR.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ARMSCOR.md
index 14a0908f..e0465b8b 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ARMSCOR.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ARMSCOR.md	
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ An Open Secrets report of October 2017, based on South African military document
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: SEC Digest, November 7, 1991, Litigation Release LR-13077. https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1991/dig110791.pdf
 [^3]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002). https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json
 [^4]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control (undated). https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Air France.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Air France.md
index af67a3df..d094dbad 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Air France.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Air France.md	
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ location: "Paris, France"
 [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] later booked an [[Air France]] flight from [[Europe]] to [[Israel]] for [[Sayeed Mehdi Kashani]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Banque Worms.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Banque Worms.md
index 1554519a..4ba5072b 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Banque Worms.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Banque Worms.md	
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ In December 1980, $40 million in bank checks, part of a $56 million payment for
 Profits from the sales of tires and wheelbases to [[Iran]] ($956,000) were also deposited into [[Banque Worms]] to initiate the slush fund. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] later opened a special account at [[Banque Worms]] for these profits.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Degem.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Degem.md
index 08d57436..c3f5ec16 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Degem.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Degem.md	
@@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ The [[Nicholas J. Bua|Bua Report]] (1993) found no credible evidence that enhanc
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Thomas, Gordon. *Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad.* St. Martin's Press, 1999.
 [^3]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Drexel Burnham.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Drexel Burnham.md
index 365a2be4..da8d0f2d 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Drexel Burnham.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Drexel Burnham.md	
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Large amounts of money from the arms sales to [[Iran]], along with profits from
 In 1987, the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] decided to withdraw its funds from Drexel and from the control of [[Menachem Schneerson]] (Lubavitcher Rebbe). This decision was influenced by concerns that the funds might be frozen if relations between [[Israel]] and the [[United States|U.S.]] deteriorated, and it contributed to [[Michael Milken|Milken's]] growing troubles and ultimately to the fall of Drexel.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Dynavest Limited.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Dynavest Limited.md
index a28be5a4..87ca7fce 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Dynavest Limited.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Dynavest Limited.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "London, United Kingdom"
 [[Dynavest Limited]] was an arms dealing company run by [[John Knight]] in [[London]]. It was involved in acquiring arms from [[Yugoslavia]] and selling them to [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah]], who in turn sold them to Palestinian groups like [[Abu Nidal]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Eagle.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Eagle.md
index aa4db8bc..984b4049 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Eagle.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Eagle.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "Israel"
 In 1984, [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence, with the backing of the [[United States|Americans]], agreed to continue selling weapons to the [[Guatemala|Guatemalan]] government through [[Eagle]]. This was part of a deal that allowed [[Guatemala]] to be used for storing weapons en route to [[Iran]] and for planes carrying arms from [[Poland]] to the [[Sandinistas|Sandinista]] government in [[Nicaragua]] to fly over [[Guatemala]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/El Al.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/El Al.md
index c5a30465..b3f7fdff 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/El Al.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/El Al.md	
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ In 1986, El Al was the target of a "black" propaganda operation orchestrated by
 In 1988, El Al's first-class lounge at [[Heathrow Airport]] was the meeting place for [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] and [[David Ivry]], director general of [[Israel|Israel]]'s Ministry of Defense, to discuss the sale of C-130s to [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Esquire.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Esquire.md
index 9535f76d..e9c64a78 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Esquire.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Esquire.md	
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ summary: "Esquire is an American magazine whose October 1991 article by Craig Un
 *[[Esquire]]* is an [[United States|American]] magazine. In October 1991, it published an article by [[Craig Unger]] that repeated [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe's]] allegations that [[Robert McFarlane]] had been recruited by [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]] and named [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] as "Mr. X" in the [[Jonathan Pollard]] case. [[Robert McFarlane|McFarlane]] subsequently sued the magazine, but the suit was dismissed in June 1994.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/FXC International.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/FXC International.md
index b316ba6a..f89d32a3 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/FXC International.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/FXC International.md	
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ summary: "FXC International was a parachute manufacturer transformed by director
 [[FXC International]] was also involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to [[Iran|Tehran]], working with [[Richard St. Francis]] of [[TransCapital Corporation]] and [[Mike Timpani]]. [[FXC International]] was slated to receive $200,000 for the purchase of each aircraft and another $200,000 for each sale, with the [[Chile|Chilean]] government paying half its fee and [[Israel]] paying the other half.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gamma Corporation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gamma Corporation.md
index 7ce0ba41..b116b811 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gamma Corporation.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gamma Corporation.md	
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ location: "Massachusetts, USA"
 [[Gamma Corporation]], also referred to as Gamma of [[Massachusetts]], was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] "cut-out" company in the [[United States|U.S.]]. It was involved in supplying components for chemical weapons to [[Carlos Cardoen]]. Specifically, [[Gamma Corporation]] sold fuses for cluster bombs to Cardoen, which were then used in his operations, including those supplying [[Iraq]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Honeywell.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Honeywell.md
index 916df789..bf18ea71 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Honeywell.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Honeywell.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"
 [[Honeywell]] is a multinational conglomerate. Its [[Israel|Israeli]] franchise, [[Medan Computers Ltd.]], was involved in the implementation of the [[PROMIS]] software in [[Guatemala]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/IBM.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/IBM.md
index 12f32662..0fcab377 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/IBM.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/IBM.md	
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ In November 1994 the [[National Security Council]] approved a supercomputer sale
 [^11]: [[Samuel S. Snyder]], *History of NSA General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers* (Department of Defense, 1964): IBM influence and early computer philosophy, p. 7; Stretch contacts of 1955 and fixed-price offer, pp. 40-41; SILO, PLANTATION and TRACTOR contracts, pp. 41-42; May 1, 1957 manual, p. 42; April 1958 purchase description and April 30, 1958 letter contracts, p. 45; January 1962 delivery and 32 percent cost overrun, pp. 45-46. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3121322/Document-02.pdf
 [^12]: Memorandum, Robert McFarlane to Ronald Reagan, August 1, 1984, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. X, Eastern Europe, doc. 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v10/d30
 [^13]: Memorandum, Kenneth W. Dam to George P. Shultz, June 12, 1985, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. V, Soviet Union, March 1985-October 1986, doc. 40, note 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v05/d40
-[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (TrineDay, 1992). Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited.
 [^15]: *In re Inslaw, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988), findings of fact 34 (PROMIS versions on PDP 11/70, IBM, Wang, Honeywell and Burroughs computers) and 192 and 202 (IBM request for the Department of Justice letter; co-marketing agreement). https://static.case.law/br/83/cases/0089-01.json
 [^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992): LEAA versions, p. 47; Riconosciuto's allegation on the Canadian agencies, p. 52; appeal of May 7, 1991, pp. 39-40. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Sole source for the Riconosciuto allegation as recorded by the committee.
 [^17]: *In re International Business Machines Corp.*, 687 F.2d 591 (2d Cir. Aug. 13, 1982), Background section (docket *United States v. International Business Machines Corp.*, 69 Civ. 200, S.D.N.Y., filed January 17, 1969). https://static.case.law/f2d/687/cases/0591-01.json
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ITICO.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ITICO.md
index 9d91ea26..3b21e888 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ITICO.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ITICO.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ location: "USA"
 [[ITICO]] (Integrated Technologies International Co.) was a company that served as a cover for [[Alan Sanders]], who had links to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. Through [[ITICO]], Sanders was involved in supplying technology for cluster bombs to [[Carlos Cardoen]] in the form of blueprints, despite a [[United Nations]] arms embargo against [[Chile]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md
index 752ee698..bbb2771c 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md	
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin
 [^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. Sole source for the agreement; the quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
 [^5]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html (January 2016). The declaration was reported sealed in the court file.
 [^6]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. Addresses paragraphs 15 to 18 of the January 31, 1995 declaration.
-[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: TrineDay, 1992). Sole source for the passages so cited, including the 1979 SIBAT refusal, the 1985 Sanders contacts, the 1988 Chile visit and the April 1992 charge date.
+[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited, including the 1979 SIBAT refusal, the 1985 Sanders contacts, the 1988 Chile visit and the April 1992 charge date.
 [^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the Beydoun, Johnson and Moyle passages and the quoted White House statement.
 [^9]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H140 (reprinted article by William Tuohy and Douglas Frantz, "Three British Executives Cleared in Iraq Arms Sale Case"). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
 [^10]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, January 21, 1993, immediately preceding the page marker H140 (an unattributed reprinted report on testimony in the Matrix Churchill trial). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/John Curtin Foundation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/John Curtin Foundation.md
index e305051e..270b2713 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/John Curtin Foundation.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/John Curtin Foundation.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ location: "Western Australia, Australia"
 The [[John Curtin Foundation]] was an organization in [[Australia]] whose funds were guarded by [[Alan Bond]]. In February 1987, a contribution from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] was made to the West Australian Labor Party, involving [[Richard Babayan]] and [[Earl Brian]] acting on behalf of [[Hadron]]. This money was passed on by one of [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] companies in [[Australia]] to be held by the [[Pergamon Press Trust Fund]] in [[Moscow]], with [[Alan Bond]] receiving the check in his role as the guardian of the [[John Curtin Foundation]] funds.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Lockheed Aircraft Company.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Lockheed Aircraft Company.md
index 94814709..6679a09b 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Lockheed Aircraft Company.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Lockheed Aircraft Company.md	
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@ In 1976, a telegram intercepted by [[Unit 8200]] revealed details of bribes paid
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992. 
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). 
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 4.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Medan Computers Ltd..md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Medan Computers Ltd..md
index 50dfaee2..a039633f 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Medan Computers Ltd..md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Medan Computers Ltd..md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "Israel"
 While the technicians at [[Medan Computers Ltd.]] were aware of the [[PROMIS]] program, they were not informed about the "trap door" functionality. When [[Medan Computers Ltd.]] pointed out that their computers would not be suitable for the [[PROMIS]] implementation in [[Guatemala]], they were arranged to act as brokers for [[IBM]] equipment in [[Guatemala]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Minerva Project.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Minerva Project.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c040d1e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Minerva Project.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+---
+aliases:
+  - Minerva Project
+  - Minerva Project, Inc.
+  - Minerva Project Inc
+  - The Minerva Project
+  - Minerva Institute
+  - Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship
+  - Minerva University
+  - Minerva Schools
+  - Minerva Schools at KGI
+  - Minerva School of Arts and Sciences
+category: "Private Organization"
+tags:
+  - Organization
+  - Minerva
+  - EdTech
+  - BenNelson
+  - BobKerrey
+  - StephenKosslyn
+  - LarrySummers
+  - BenchmarkCapital
+  - TALEducation
+  - ByteDance
+  - KeckGraduateInstitute
+  - Accreditation
+  - FormD
+  - JeffreyEpstein
+summary: "Delaware education venture founded by Ben Nelson, whose school was accredited through a Keck Graduate Institute affiliation and whose investors included Benchmark Capital, TAL Education Group, whose chairman held a board seat, and ByteDance."
+location: "San Francisco, California"
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: founded
+    with: "[[Ben Nelson]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "chief executive and founder"
+    start: 2011
+    fn: 1
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Ben Nelson]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "chief executive officer"
+    start: 2012-03
+    fn: 1
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[Benchmark Capital]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "seed financing, $25 million"
+    start: 2012-03
+    fn: 12
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[TAL Education Group]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "minority equity investment, $18,000,003"
+    start: 2014-10
+    fn: 16
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[ZhenFund]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "co-led second round"
+    start: 2014-10
+    fn: 11
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[Yongjin Group]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "co-led second round"
+    start: 2014-10
+    fn: 11
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[ByteDance]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "led $57 million Series C"
+    start: 2019-07
+    fn: 17
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Kevin Harvey]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "director"
+    start: 2012-03
+    fn: 1
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Bangxin Zhang]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "director; TAL chairman and chief executive officer"
+    start: 2014-10
+    fn: 7
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Philip Lader]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "director"
+    start: 2015
+    fn: 21
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Gwynne Shotwell]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "director"
+    start: 2017-12
+    fn: 8
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Yiming Zhang]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "director"
+    start: 2019-07
+    fn: 18
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Wendy Kopp]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "director"
+    start: 2019-07
+    fn: 18
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Rong Luo]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "director; name matches TAL chief financial officer"
+    start: 2019-07
+    fn: 9
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Alex Peng]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "director"
+    start: 2022-09
+    fn: 10
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Bob Kerrey]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "executive chairman, The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship"
+    start: 2013-01-14
+    fn: 12
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Bob Kerrey]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "advisory board"
+    start: 2011
+    fn: 12
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Larry Summers]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "chairman, advisory board"
+    start: 2012-04-04
+    fn: 11
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Patrick Harker]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "advisory board"
+    start: 2012-04-04
+    fn: 11
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Lee Shulman]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "advisory board"
+    start: 2012-04-04
+    fn: 11
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Stephen Kosslyn]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "founding dean, Minerva School of Arts and Sciences"
+    start: 2013-03-12
+    fn: 45
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Teri Cannon]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "chief policy and accreditation officer; acting president, Minerva Institute"
+    start: 2012
+    fn: 34
+  - type: partner_of
+    with: "[[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]]"
+    role: "HKUST-Minerva Scholars Program"
+    start: 2018-04-30
+    fn: 36
+  - type: partner_of
+    with: "[[Keck Graduate Institute]]"
+    role: "WSCUC-approved affiliation for Minerva Schools at KGI"
+    start: 2014-02
+    fn: 31
+---
+
+Minerva Project, Inc. is a for-profit corporation incorporated in Delaware and based in San Francisco.[^1] Its founder and chief executive, [[Ben Nelson]], was president of [[Snapfish]] when [[Hewlett-Packard]] agreed to buy the online photo service in 2005.[^2] Minerva's biography of Nelson states that he was Snapfish chief executive from 2005 through 2010 and led the sale to Hewlett-Packard for $300 million.[^3] The company's school began as the Minerva Schools at KGI, an arrangement with the [[Keck Graduate Institute]], and became an independent institution, Minerva University, that was accredited in 2021.[^4][^5] Its investors have included [[Benchmark Capital]], which provided the seed round, and investors from China and South Korea.
+
+### Corporate filings
+
+The company has filed five Form D notices with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], in April 2012, November 2014, December 2017, July 2019 and September 2022.[^6] Each lists Nelson as an executive officer and director.
+
+The April 2012 notice gives March 26, 2012 as the date of first sale and an offering of $25,000,000, of which $16,666,667 had been sold. It lists [[Kevin Harvey]] as a director beside Nelson.[^1]
+
+The notice filed November 14, 2014 gives October 14, 2014 as the first sale, an offering of $78,600,000 and $45,333,330 sold. It adds [[Bangxin Zhang]] as a director, and the business address moves to 1145 Market Street in San Francisco.[^7]
+
+The notice filed December 5, 2017 gives November 21, 2017 as the first sale, an offering of $75,949,507 and $13,000,104 sold. Its directors are Nelson, Harvey, Zhang, [[Philip Lader]] and [[Gwynne Shotwell]].[^8]
+
+The notice filed July 12, 2019 gives June 28, 2019 as the first sale of an offering of $7,671,644, all of which was sold. Its directors are Nelson, Harvey, Lader, Shotwell, [[Rong Luo]], [[Yiming Zhang]] and [[Wendy Kopp]].[^9]
+
+The notice filed September 2, 2022 gives August 18, 2022 as the first sale of an offering of $16,240,000, of which $3,065,519 had been sold. Its directors are Nelson, Harvey, Kopp, Shotwell, Lader and [[Alex Peng]], and it lists four further executive officers.[^10]
+
+### Funding rounds
+
+On April 4, 2012 the company announced that it had "secured $25 million in early stage funding from Benchmark Capital, the largest seed investment in the firm's history," and named [[Larry Summers]] chairman of its advisory board.[^11] The January 2013 release repeats the seed figure: "In early 2012, Minerva secured $25 million in seed financing from Benchmark Capital, the largest seed investment in the firm's history."[^12]
+
+On October 15, 2014 Minerva announced "the first of two closes in a Series B round that will generate $70M in new financing," led by "a consortium of three investors from China": [[TAL Education Group]], [[ZhenFund]] and [[Yongjin Group]]. Benchmark Capital returned with an additional commitment. The release says that 70 percent of the round had been allocated and that the remaining 30 percent would be allocated by the beginning of 2015.[^13] TAL's filing of October 22, 2014 states that it led "the Series B funding for Silicon Valley-based Minerva Project together with ZhenFund and Yongjin Group."[^14]
+
+TAL's annual report for the year ended February 28, 2015 records "a minority equity investment of $18.0 million in Minerva" made in October 2014, with total consideration of $18,000,003 for an equity interest in Minerva Project, Inc., "a Delaware corporation," carried at cost. Its reports for the years ended February 2016, 2017 and 2018 carry the same figure.[^15][^16]
+
+The company announced a $57 million Series C in July 2019. It was led by [[ByteDance]], with existing investors TAL and Yongjin Group and new investors Pinpoint Ventures, Kakao Ventures, Tan Tan Ventures and Lighthouse Combined from Korea.[^17][^18] EdSurge described Yongjin Group as one of "a host of Korean firms," and reported that the investors "hail from Asia." Nelson said that "There is a greater appreciation of the potential of education in Asia." EdSurge also quoted him on the company's structure: "now we are in a separation phase where the schools will soon be operating independently from the company."[^17] The Form D filed the following day records $7,671,644 offered and sold, from a first sale on June 28, 2019.[^9]
+
+### Board and advisory board
+
+The October 2014 release states that "a representative from TAL will sit on the Minerva Project's Board, joining Nelson and Kevin Harvey, general partner at Benchmark Capital," and that Nelson would appoint two further members later. It quotes "Bangxin Zhang, chairman and CEO at TAL Education Group."[^13] The Form D filed on November 14, 2014 lists Bangxin Zhang as a director of Minerva Project, Inc. beside Nelson and Harvey, and the notice of December 2017 lists him again.[^7][^8] TAL's annual report names "Bangxin Zhang, our chairman and chief executive officer," and "Rong Luo, our chief financial officer."[^15] Zhang, the TAL chairman and chief executive, is the director named in the Form D notices.
+
+Rong Luo became TAL's chief financial officer in November 2014 and held the post through its report for the year ended February 2021.[^19] The Form D of July 12, 2019 lists him as a Minerva director in place of Zhang.[^9] The notice gives no biography; the identification of that director with TAL's chief financial officer rests on the identical full name and on TAL's board seat.
+
+Harvey's biography in the 2025 proxy statement of [[Upwork]] lists among his other affiliations "Director, Minerva Project Inc., education innovation company."[^20]
+
+The 2016 proxy statement of [[AES Corporation]] lists the directorships of Philip Lader, including "UC RUSAL (from 2006 to the present)" and "the Minerva Project (from 2015 to the present)."[^21] Lader's biography on the [[Renaissance Weekend]] site describes him as Trustee Emeritus of the [[RAND Corporation]] and lists the [[Atlantic Council]] among his boards, and it says that he was "president of Business Executives for National Security."[^22]
+
+Shotwell is listed in the 2020 proxy statement of [[Polaris Inc.]] as a director of the Minerva Project. The same statement says that she held positions with Microcosm and with [[The Aerospace Corporation]] before she became vice president of business development at [[SpaceX]] in August 2002.[^23] [[Bob Kerrey]] was a trustee of The Aerospace Corporation from 2001 to 2002, according to the proxy statements of [[Tenet Healthcare]] for those years.[^24]
+
+### The Minerva Institute and Kerrey's appointment
+
+On January 14, 2013 the company announced the launch of The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship, which it described as a non-profit institute, and named Kerrey its executive chairman. The release says that Kerrey had joined the company's advisory board in 2011. It names Larry Summers as "chairman of Minerva's Advisory Board," and it quotes Kerrey: "I believe the Minerva Project is the single most important innovation in higher education in my lifetime."[^12]
+
+The April 2012 release had already listed Kerrey on the advisory board, with [[Patrick Harker]], then president of the University of Delaware, and [[Lee Shulman]], under Summers as chairman.[^11] An undated company overview in the [[Jeffrey Epstein|Epstein]] files names the same advisory board members and says that the company "was founded by CEO Ben Nelson in 2011."[^25] The January 2013 release gives the founding year as 2010, the October 2014 release as 2012, and the 2012 Form D records incorporation in 2011.[^1][^12][^13]
+
+On November 11, 2014 the Institute announced the appointment of [[Stacey Childress]], then chief executive of NewSchools Venture Fund, and [[Michael Horn]] of the Clayton Christensen Institute to its board.[^26] Minerva's Institute page of 2020 lists as board members [[Bertil Andersson]], Childress, Horn, [[Diane Tavenner]], Phil Bronner and Zhang Yiming, the founder of ByteDance, with Kerrey as executive chairman and Nelson as founder. The 2021 page adds [[Venki Ramakrishnan]] and lists Kerrey as chairman.[^27][^28] The 2023 Board of Trustees page lists Tavenner as chair, Kerrey as chair emeritus, Nelson as founder and board member, and, among others, [[Randy Schekman]] and Zhang Yiming; the same page states that "the Minerva name, logo, and trade dress are trademarks of Minerva Project."[^29] On December 7, 2020 Minerva announced that [[Reed Hastings]] would support the Institute.[^30]
+
+Minerva's accreditation history states that the Institute "assumed responsibility for funding and operating Minerva Schools in preparation for independent accreditation."[^31] Minerva's own announcement of July 22, 2021 describes the Institute as "a non-profit, tax-exempt entity" that "was founded in 2013."[^32]
+
+### Accreditation through Keck Graduate Institute
+
+EdSurge reported in July 2013 that the company had partnered with Keck Graduate Institute, a graduate school in the [[Claremont Colleges]], to launch the Minerva Schools at KGI. The report said the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]] (WSCUC), which accredited KGI, would begin reviewing Minerva's programs for approval, and it described the arrangement as similar to the way the [[Stanford University]] School of Engineering operates within its university. The report also says that "while Minerva is a for-profit school, KGI is a nonprofit organization."[^4]
+
+Minerva's accreditation page records that WSCUC approved the affiliation between KGI and Minerva in February 2014. It records that WSCUC granted initial accreditation to Minerva University in June 2021, "recognizing it as a freestanding, independent, accredited institution." A WSCUC action letter, listed on the same page as February 2026, followed a special site visit in the winter of 2026.[^31]
+
+Minerva's Institute page of 2021 describes the Institute as "a private, non-profit, tax-exempt entity that operates Minerva Schools at KGI," and states that it "will become the home of Minerva University when WSCUC grants it accreditation separate from KGI."[^33] KGI's own account of August 2, 2021 says that Minerva University is "now a freestanding, independent institution." Its president, [[Sheldon Schuster]], said of the arrangement: "This was not a financial arrangement."[^5]
+
+[[Teri Cannon]] is "Chief Policy and Accreditation Officer/ALO for MSKGI and Acting President, Minerva Institute." She joined Minerva in 2012 after working as a higher education consultant and, before that, as executive vice president of the accrediting commission itself, then WASC.[^34][^35]
+
+### Institutional partners
+
+On April 30, 2018 Minerva and the [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] announced the HKUST-Minerva Scholars Program, under which HKUST students take four Minerva Cornerstone courses on Minerva's Active Learning Forum platform and Minerva students may spend part of their fourth year at HKUST. Nelson is quoted: "I am especially proud that our first partnership is with HKUST."[^36]
+
+A page on Minerva's admissions site, captured in September 2020, is headed "Partner: IDF 8200" and states: "IDF unit 8200 alumni have the mature perspective and technological experience to both benefit from and contribute to Minerva's diverse undergraduate experience."[^37] The company's case study for the Korean Institute for Energy Technology (KENTECH) says that Minerva "partnered with" it "to create a selective university" for students pursuing energy careers.[^38] On September 28, 2023 Minerva University announced a partnership with Rise, "an initiative of Schmidt Futures and the Rhodes Trust," to provide four-year scholarships.[^39]
+
+### Federal aid and student visas
+
+Minerva's financial aid page says: "Minerva does not participate in U.S. Title IV federal financial aid programs at this time."[^40] The WSCUC directory entry for Minerva University reads "Distributes Federal Financial Aid: No."[^41] The 2013 release had said that the company "will not rely on the federal government for assistance."[^12]
+
+The university's About page states: "Minerva is also authorized by SEVP to host international students on F-1 visas, supporting its undergraduate residential program."[^42]
+
+### Stephen M. Kosslyn
+
+[[Stephen Kosslyn|Stephen M. Kosslyn]] was named divisional dean for the social sciences at [[Harvard University]], effective July 1, 2008, after serving as chair of the psychology department from 2005; he was John Lindsley Professor of Psychology.[^43] In February 2013 his email signature gave his position as director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford.[^44] On March 12, 2013 Minerva announced his appointment as Founding Dean; the release quotes Summers, "chairman of the Minerva Project Advisory Board": "I cannot imagine a better leader for Minerva's effort to develop new scalable approaches to higher education."[^45] By September 2014 his signature gave his position as dean of the Minerva School of Arts and Sciences at the Keck Graduate Institute, with a business address at 1145 Market Street.[^46]
+
+A final technical report filed with the [[Defense Technical Information Center]] under the title "Neuropsychological Components of Imagery Processing" names Kosslyn as principal investigator on AFOSR Grant 88-0012, performed at Harvard University. The report's cover header reads "AFOSR/ONR FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT," and the funding and monitoring organization is listed as the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]] at Bolling Air Force Base. The report carries a 1991 DTIC processing stamp.[^47]
+
+The 2020 report of Harvard's Office of the General Counsel found that Epstein had given Harvard two gifts, in 1998 and 2002, totaling $200,000 "to support Kosslyn's research," and that Kosslyn, as chair of the psychology department, recommended him for admission as a Visiting Fellow for 2005-2006. Kosslyn's letter of September 2, 2005 states: "I have known Jeffrey for about nine years," and "He has been my only collaborator on this project (for some five years now, I believe)," the project being a "theory of social prosthetic systems." Epstein's application of September 1, 2005 was approved on September 3, and a second year was approved on April 21, 2006. The report states that Kosslyn recalled Epstein as someone who "was barely ever around," and that the application form did not require Kosslyn to disclose the gifts. In November 2008, after President [[Drew Faust]] had concluded that Harvard should no longer accept gifts from Epstein, Kosslyn, then divisional dean, noted in an email: "If [President] Drew [Faust] weren't opposed to taking JEE's money, there wouldn't be a problem . . [.] but she is."[^48]
+
+### Jeffrey Epstein's correspondence with Minerva, 2013 and 2014
+
+On February 21, 2013 Kosslyn wrote to [[Lesley Groff]], the scheduler of Jeffrey Epstein, that "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" Groff replied: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey."[^49] The schedule for Friday, February 22, 2013 lists "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey." An earlier version had listed a "TENTATIVE Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn and Ben Nelson" at 11:30.[^50]
+
+On February 23, 2013 Kosslyn wrote to Epstein: "I'm absolutely torn by the situation." He added that "the rest of the team is A+," and that he had "met with the head guy at Benchmark, and they are very positive about the project." He reported that the managing director of the [[Mayfield Fund]] had been "very high on the idea" although the fund "turned them down for internal reasons." Epstein replied: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front."[^44][^51] Minerva announced Kosslyn as Founding Dean on March 12, 2013.[^45]
+
+On February 27, 2013 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn: "i have bill gates at the house tonight after 10," and asked whether [[Bill Gates]] knew Kerrey and whether Kerrey "would he like to come."[^52]
+
+On March 12, 2013 Groff asked Epstein whether she should "touch base with Bob Kerrey of the Minvera [sic] Project," and Epstein answered "ok."[^53]
+
+On July 26, 2013 the educator [[Roger Schank]] wrote to Epstein under the subject "minerva project": "am to meet bob kerrey (who I know) monday" and "ran into kosslyn wed who is also involved." Epstein replied that he thought the project "nuts" and asked: "he and kosslyn are only init for the money nu?" Schank answered: "He has enough I would have thought (Maybe not Steve)."[^54] On August 12, 2013 a LinkedIn update forwarded to Epstein stated that "Bob Kerrey is now Executive Chairman at The Minerva Institute."[^55]
+
+On September 15, 2014 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn: "met with kerrey, too used to not being questioned properly." Later that day he reported what Kerrey had said: "he tried to describe minerva to cass sunstein, total fluff, but did say you had rasied 100 m with the condition that if students didn't come the money would be returned." Kosslyn replied: "I know nothing about that condition, and have no idea where he got that idea.. But maybe he knows something I don't know." He added: "I wish I had been able to explain Minerva to Sunstein (whom I've never met)."[^56]
+
+On September 16, 2014 Kerrey wrote to Epstein after a brunch: "Thanks for a wonderful brunch and another great conversation." Epstein asked whether Kerrey had said that Kosslyn "had raised 100 million" and whether the money would be returned. Kerrey answered: "He has not closed the round yet but has very strong interest that will enable him to close. He will not lower standards to bring in the first large class in 2015 and will return unspent money from the second round if we fail to recruit at the standard we have set." Epstein forwarded the exchange to Kosslyn the same day.[^46][^57]
+
+The Form D notice for the round records a first sale on October 14, 2014, four weeks after that exchange, and an offering of $78,600,000.[^7]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed April 6, 2012, accession 0001546672-12-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667212000001/primary_doc.xml
+[^2]: Computerworld, "HP reels in Snapfish," March 22, 2005. https://www.computerworld.com/article/1459387/hp-reels-in-snapfish.html
+[^3]: Minerva Schools, "Ben Nelson, Founder, Chairman and CEO," staff biography, 2016. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/people/ben-nelson/ Computerworld reports that the president joined HP and that the price was not disclosed.
+[^4]: EdSurge, "Validating a Virtual Startup School," July 23, 2013. https://edsurge.com/news/2013-07-23-validating-a-virtual-startup-school
+[^5]: Keck Graduate Institute, "Minerva University, Formerly the Minerva Schools at KGI, Gains Accreditation," August 2, 2021. https://www.kgi.edu/news/2021/minerva-university-formerly-the-minerva-schools-at-kgi-gains-accreditation.html
+[^6]: EDGAR submissions index for CIK 0001546672, listing five Form D filings (2012, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2022). https://data.sec.gov/submissions/CIK0001546672.json
+[^7]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed November 14, 2014, accession 0001546672-14-000002, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667214000002/primary_doc.xml
+[^8]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed December 5, 2017, accession 0001546672-17-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667217000001/primary_doc.xml
+[^9]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed July 12, 2019, accession 0001546672-19-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667219000001/primary_doc.xml
+[^10]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed September 2, 2022, accession 0001546672-22-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1546672/000154667222000001/primary_doc.xml
+[^11]: Minerva Project, "The Minerva Project Redefines Elite Higher Education for Students Worldwide; Secures $25 Million from Benchmark Capital," April 4, 2012. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva-Project-Redefines-Higher-Education-Secures-25-Million.pdf
+[^12]: PR Newswire, "Minerva Project Launches The Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship; Appoints Former Senator of Nebraska Bob Kerrey as Executive Chairman of the Institute," January 14, 2013. https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/minerva-project-launches-the-minerva-institute-for-research-and-scholarship-appoints-former-senator-of-nebraska-bob-kerrey-as-executive-chairman-of-the-institute-186768111.html
+[^13]: Minerva Project, "Minerva Project Announces $70 Million in Additional Funding," October 15, 2014. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Announces_70M_Additional_Funding.pdf
+[^14]: TAL Education Group, Form 6-K filed October 22, 2014, Exhibit 99.1, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000110465914072864/a14-22783_1ex99d1.htm
+[^15]: TAL Education Group, annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended February 28, 2015, filed May 28, 2015, Item 3 and Item 6, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000104746915005065/a2224838z20-f.htm
+[^16]: TAL Education Group, annual report on Form 20-F filed May 31, 2016, notes to consolidated financial statements, Note 10, Long-term investments, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000114420416105878/v439035_20f.htm
+[^17]: EdSurge, "Minerva Project Raises $57M to Support Its Tech Platform and Spin Off Its School," July 11, 2019. https://edsurge.com/news/2019-07-11-minerva-project-raises-57m-to-support-its-tech-platform-and-spin-off-its-school
+[^18]: Built In, "Higher ed tech startup Minerva raises $57 million in Series C round." https://builtin.com/articles/higher-ed-tech-startup-minerva-raises-57-million-series-c-round
+[^19]: TAL Education Group, annual reports on Form 20-F for the years ended February 2019, 2020 and 2021, Item 6, directors and senior management, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000114420419026826/tv518838_20f.htm and https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1499620/000110465921063077/tal-20210228x20f.htm
+[^20]: Upwork Inc., definitive proxy statement filed April 25, 2025, director biographies, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1627475/000162747525000025/upwk-20250424.htm
+[^21]: AES Corporation, definitive proxy statement filed March 7, 2016, director biographies (Philip Lader), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/874761/000087476116000083/a2016proxystatement.htm
+[^22]: Renaissance Weekend, "Philip Lader," biography. https://renaissanceweekend.org/bios/philip-lader
+[^23]: Polaris Inc., definitive proxy statement filed March 13, 2020, director biographies (Gwynne Shotwell), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/931015/000130817920000032/lpii2020_def14a.htm
+[^24]: Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statements filed August 21, 2001 and August 14, 2002 (Kerrey as trustee of The Aerospace Corporation). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000091205701529713/a2056401zdef14a.htm and https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000089710102000565/tenet023987_def14a.htm
+[^25]: The Minerva Project, "An Overview," undated, EFTA01144731, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01144731.pdf
+[^26]: Minerva Institute for Research and Scholarship, "Michael Horn and Stacey Childress Appointed to the Board of The Minerva Institute," November 11, 2014. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Institute_Board_Announcement.pdf
+[^27]: Minerva Schools at KGI, "Institute Board Members," page captured September 21, 2020. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/about/institute/institute-board-members/
+[^28]: Minerva University, "Institute Board Members," page captured September 21, 2021. https://www.minerva.edu/institute-board-members/
+[^29]: Minerva University, "Board of Trustees," page captured October 1, 2023. https://www.minerva.edu/board-of-trustees/
+[^30]: Minerva University, "Netflix Founder Reed Hastings to Support Minerva Institute," December 7, 2020 (headline and date). https://www.minerva.edu/announcements/netflix-founder-reed-hastings-to-support-minerva-institute/
+[^31]: Minerva University, "Accreditation at Minerva University," accreditation milestones and documents page. https://www.minerva.edu/accreditation/
+[^32]: Minerva University, "Minerva University Granted Accreditation by WSCUC," July 22, 2021. https://www.minerva.edu/announcements/minerva-university-granted-accreditation-by-wscuc
+[^33]: Minerva Schools at KGI, "Minerva Institute," page captured March 19, 2021. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/minerva-institute/
+[^34]: WSCUC, staff page for Teri Cannon. https://www.wscuc.org/team/teri-cannon
+[^35]: Minerva Schools at KGI, "Teri Cannon, Chief Accreditation Officer," staff biography, 2016. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/people/teri-cannon/
+[^36]: Minerva Project and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, joint announcement, April 30, 2018. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_KHUST_Announcement.pdf
+[^37]: Minerva Schools at KGI, "Partner: IDF 8200," page captured September 21, 2020. https://www.minerva.kgi.edu/partners/partner-idf-8200/
+[^38]: Minerva Project, "Case Study: KENTECH," 2023. https://www.minervaproject.com/case-study-kentech/
+[^39]: Minerva University, "Minerva University Announces Partnership with Rise," September 28, 2023. https://www.minerva.edu/announcements/minerva-university-announces-partnership-with-rise/
+[^40]: Minerva University, "Financial Aid," undergraduate financial aid page. https://www.minerva.edu/undergraduate/financial-aid
+[^41]: WSCUC, institution directory entry for Minerva University. https://wscuc.org/institutions/minerva-university
+[^42]: Minerva University, About page. https://www.minerva.edu/about
+[^43]: Harvard Gazette, "Stephen Kosslyn named divisional dean for the social sciences," April 2008. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/04/stephen-kosslyn-named-divisional-dean-for-the-social-sciences
+[^44]: Stephen M. Kosslyn email to Jeffrey Epstein, "thanks," February 23, 2013, EFTA01760981, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (same text in EFTA00652848, Data Set 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01760981.pdf
+[^45]: Minerva Project, "Minerva Project Names Dr. Stephen M. Kosslyn as Founding Dean," March 12, 2013. https://s3.minervaproject.com/press-releases/Minerva_Project_Annouces_Stephen_M._Kosslyn.pdf
+[^46]: Stephen M. Kosslyn email to Jeffrey Epstein, September 16, 2014, EFTA02365655, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02365655.pdf
+[^47]: Stephen M. Kosslyn, principal investigator, "Neuropsychological Components of Imagery Processing," AFOSR/ONR Final Technical Report, AFOSR Grant 88-0012, Harvard University, DTIC accession AD-A232 391. https://archive.org/download/DTIC_ADA232391/DTIC_ADA232391_djvu.txt and https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA232391.pdf
+[^48]: Harvard University, Office of the General Counsel, "Report Concerning Jeffrey E. Epstein's Connections to Harvard University," May 2020, pp. 4-8 and 10-11. https://ogc.harvard.edu/files/ogc/files/report_concerning_jeffrey_e._epsteins_connections_to_harvard_university.pdf
+[^49]: Stephen M. Kosslyn and scheduler emails, "Re: complication," February 21, 2013, EFTA02147246, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02147246.pdf
+[^50]: Epstein schedule emails for Friday, February 22, 2013, EFTA00395264 and EFTA01905308 (final version), EFTA00954261 and EFTA01800702 (earlier version), and Google Calendar reminder EFTA02148035, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00395264.pdf
+[^51]: Jeffrey Epstein email to Stephen M. Kosslyn, "Re: thanks," February 22 to 23, 2013, EFTA00955209, Data Set 9; and EFTA01900925, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00955209.pdf
+[^52]: Stephen M. Kosslyn and Jeffrey Epstein emails, February 27, 2013, EFTA00652828, Data Set 9, and EFTA01761690, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00652828.pdf
+[^53]: Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Bob Kerrey w/the Minerva Project," March 12, 2013, EFTA00393723, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00393723.pdf
+[^54]: Jeffrey Epstein and Roger Schank, "Re: minerva project," July 26, 2013, EFTA00966277, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00966277.pdf
+[^55]: LinkedIn update forwarded to Jeffrey Epstein, August 12, 2013, EFTA00652362, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00652362.pdf
+[^56]: Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn emails, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996933 and EFTA00704445, Data Set 9, and EFTA02353638, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00704445.pdf
+[^57]: Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Brunch," September 16, 2014, EFTA02590688, EFTA02590901 and EFTA02591244, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library; forwarded to Stephen M. Kosslyn as EFTA00996971, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02591244.pdf
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ocho Group.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ocho Group.md
index b9288c69..248575eb 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ocho Group.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ocho Group.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "Peru"
 The [[Ocho Group]] was a chain of five small newspapers in [[Peru]]. [[Abimael Guzman Reynoso]], the leader of the [[Shining Path]], requested that [[Israel]] purchase this newspaper chain on the movement's behalf as part of a deal to secure rare minerals for [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear program.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Pergamon Press Trust Fund.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Pergamon Press Trust Fund.md
index 75952bd0..8549b433 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Pergamon Press Trust Fund.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Pergamon Press Trust Fund.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ location: "Moscow, Russia"
 The [[Pergamon Press Trust Fund]] was a financial entity in [[Moscow]] that held funds related to covert operations. In February 1987, a contribution from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] was made to the West Australian Labor Party, involving [[Richard Babayan]] and [[Earl Brian]] acting on behalf of [[Hadron]]. This money was passed on by one of [[Robert Maxwell|Maxwell's]] companies in [[Australia]] to be held by the [[Pergamon Press Trust Fund]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sheridan Square Press.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sheridan Square Press.md
index b6da34b0..e5476bb5 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sheridan Square Press.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sheridan Square Press.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ location: "New York City, New York"
 [[Sheridan Square Press]] was a publisher based in [[New York City]]. It published [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ari Ben-Menashe's]] book, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] noted that [[Sheridan Square Press]] remained impervious to intimidation, unlike other publishers who backed out of publishing his book.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sidem International Limited.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sidem International Limited.md
index 9f6e1565..0011d3f2 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sidem International Limited.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sidem International Limited.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "London, UK"
 [[Sidem International Limited]] was an arms dealing company that operated out of [[London]]. It was involved in acquiring arms from [[Yugoslavia]] and selling them to [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah]], who in turn sold them to Palestinian groups like [[Abu Nidal]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Strategic Intelligence Services.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Strategic Intelligence Services.md
index 725a2fc0..7d9194aa 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Strategic Intelligence Services.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Strategic Intelligence Services.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "London, UK"
 [[Strategic Intelligence Services|The firm]] was involved in recruiting mercenaries and facilitating covert operations, including an unsuccessful coup in the [[Seychelles]] in November 1981. It also played a role in gathering intelligence on Palestinian organizations in [[Europe]] through [[Mohammed Radi Abdullah]], who unwittingly provided information that led to the elimination of Palestinian militants.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Age.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Age.md
index 882f4975..88215630 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Age.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Age.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ location: "Melbourne, Australia"
 *The [[Age]]* is an [[Australia|Australian]] newspaper based in [[Melbourne]]. [[Oscar Guerrero]] attempted to sell photographs of [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear facility, provided by [[Mordecai Vanunu]], to *The Age*, but was rejected. [[Robert Maxwell]] later tried to buy *The [[Age]]* newspaper for $750 million [[Australia|Australian]], but this move was thwarted by the [[Australia|Australian]] [[Labor Party|Labor]] government's foreign ownership policy.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Sunday Mirror.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Sunday Mirror.md
index 07a0ec36..5fbed180 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Sunday Mirror.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Sunday Mirror.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "London, UK"
 [[Nicholas Davies]], a London *[[Daily Mirror]]* foreign editor and [[Israel|Israeli]] agent, put together a disinformation story for *The Sunday Mirror* to discredit [[Mordecai Vanunu|Mordecai Vanunu's]] claims about Israel's nuclear program. This piece was published with copies of Vanunu's photographs, claiming that *The Sunday Mirror* had investigated the pictures and the men trying to sell them and found it to be a "con job."[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Sunday Times.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Sunday Times.md
index d1eb8a46..6f2fbd87 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Sunday Times.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Sunday Times.md	
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ location: "London, UK"
 [[Mordecai Vanunu|Vanunu]] flew to [[London]] and was put up in various hotels while giving interviews to *The [[The Sunday Times]]*. [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence, aware of the impending publication, attempted to discredit [[Mordecai Vanunu|Vanunu]] and later kidnapped him from [[Rome]]. *The [[The Sunday Times]]* published the story and photos on October 5, 1986, after [[Mordecai Vanunu|Vanunu]] failed to return from his trip to [[Rome]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/TransCapital Corporation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/TransCapital Corporation.md
index fd0f8959..7fc38fc3 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/TransCapital Corporation.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/TransCapital Corporation.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In 1986 and 1987, [[TransCapital Corporation]] was allowed to export high-tech [
 [[Richard St. Francis]], who worked for [[TransCapital Corporation]], was involved in a deal to sell three C-130s to [[Iran|Tehran]], working with [[Joseph O'Toole]] and [[Mike Timpani]]. This deal was intended to be a go-between for [[Israel]] and [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/University of San Cristobal.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/University of San Cristobal.md
index 477ac920..269e7d34 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/University of San Cristobal.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/University of San Cristobal.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ The [[University of San Cristobal]] at [[Ayacucho]], [[Peru]], was where [[Abima
 [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] applied for a position to teach about the [[Middle East]] at the [[University of San Cristobal|University]] as a cover for his mission to secure rare minerals for [[Israel|Israel's]] nuclear program. The rector of the [[University of San Cristobal|University]] accepted [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe]] quickly, stating that his academic credentials were sufficient, and that his potential role as an intelligence officer was not their concern.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Valley National Bank of Arizona.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Valley National Bank of Arizona.md
index 72ca51e4..4943f8cb 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Valley National Bank of Arizona.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Valley National Bank of Arizona.md	
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In December 1980, $4 million, part of a larger $56 million payment for the relea
 [[Valley National Bank of Arizona|Valley National Bank]] was also one of the [[United States|U.S.]] banks through which letters of credit for arms sales to [[Iran]] were routed, along with [[Chicago-Tokyo Bank]], [[Chemical Bank]], and [[Bank One]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Corporation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Corporation.md
index 69598570..f320e35e 100644
--- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Corporation.md	
+++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Corporation.md	
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ The Wackenhut/Cabazon Joint Venture was terminated on October 1, 1984, following
 [^34]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 58 and footnotes 32 and 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
 [^35]: Report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 (March 21, 1991 affidavit, paragraph 44 as quoted).
 [^36]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Special Projects Division passage and the Pastora identification and retraction. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
-[^37]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^37]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^38]: Epstein, Jeffrey, reply to Story Cowles, "Re: Wackenhut," email, July 13, 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01829732. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01829732.pdf
 [^39]: G4S Wackenhut, Security Officer Reports, client facility "358 El Brillo," November 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01157725. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01157725.pdf
 [^40]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/SOFTWARE_PROJECTS/PROMIS.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/SOFTWARE_PROJECTS/PROMIS.md
index c1d4a977..22e6506a 100644
--- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/SOFTWARE_PROJECTS/PROMIS.md	
+++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/SOFTWARE_PROJECTS/PROMIS.md	
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ The attachments were a letter from Helen B. McEwan, Director of the Federal Soft
 [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
 [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
 [^3]: Thomas, Gordon. *Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad.* St. Martin's Press, 1999.
-[^4]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
+[^4]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^5]: "The Deep, Meaningless Rabbithole of the Inslaw/PROMIS Affair," *Investigative Economics,* 2024, on Michael Riconosciuto's arrest eight days after his affidavit and his methamphetamine conviction. https://www.investigativeeconomics.org/p/the-deep-meaningless-rabbithole-of
 [^6]: "Ex-Chief of Wire Service Convicted of Fraud Conspiracy," *The Washington Post,* October 1996, on Earl Brian's conviction for financial fraud involving the Financial News Network and United Press International. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/10/18/ex-chief-of-wire-service-convicted-of-fraud-conspiracy/314ff075-52fe-450b-8f47-b353898ccfe1/
 [^7]: "PRISM's Controversial Forerunner," *Consortium News,* 2013, on PROMIS as a conceptual forerunner of bulk data integration and the unproven trapdoor narrative. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/07/11/prisms-controversial-forerunner/
diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Lockheed bribe scandal.md b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Lockheed bribe scandal.md
index c8699e26..5fc001d1 100644
--- a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Lockheed bribe scandal.md	
+++ b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Lockheed bribe scandal.md	
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ The Lockheed bribe scandal refers to a series of bribery incidents involving the
 Despite the explosive nature of this information, it was covered up by Israeli military intelligence superiors, including [[Yoel Ben-Porat|Col. Yoel Ben-Porat]] and [[Sasson Yishaek|Lt. Col. Sasson Yishaek]]. The original telegram, its translation, and related logs were ordered to be erased, and the young woman working with Ari Ben-Menashe was transferred to another unit. No public disclosure or inquiry was ever made regarding Israel's involvement in the scandal.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/October Surprise.md b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/October Surprise.md
index e9cfa8df..f27769de 100644
--- a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/October Surprise.md	
+++ b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/October Surprise.md	
@@ -104,5 +104,5 @@ The October Surprise allegation, if substantiated, represents the founding trans
 [^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992, (H. Res. 585; text and floor statement of Rep. Beilenson). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm
 [^12]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *The October Surprise Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran*, Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords, S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992. https://archive.org/details/ReportOfTheSpecialCounselOnTheOctoberSurpriseAllegationsAndTheCircumstancesSurro
 [^13]: Unger, Craig. *Den of Spies*. 2024; Barnes, Ben, interview. *The New York Times*, March 2023.
-[^14]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^14]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^15]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. TrineDay, 2010.
diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/PROMIS Software Scandal.md b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/PROMIS Software Scandal.md
index fa096fa7..52c74354 100644
--- a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/PROMIS Software Scandal.md	
+++ b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/PROMIS Software Scandal.md	
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Bill Hamilton continued to maintain that PROMIS was fraudulently stolen and dist
 [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
 [^3]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. *The Inslaw Affair.* September 1989.
 [^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
-[^5]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
+[^5]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^6]: Thomas, Gordon. *Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad.* St. Martin's Press, 1999.
 [^7]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Review of the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* Assistant Associate Attorney General John C. Dwyer, September 1994.
 [^8]: *United States v. INSLAW, Inc.,* 113 B.R. 802 (D.D.C. 1989); *In re INSLAW, Inc.,* 932 F.2d 1467 (D.C. Cir. 1991), rehearing denied July 12, 1991.
diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Sabra and Shatila massacres.md b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Sabra and Shatila massacres.md
index 3f686bbd..04009493 100644
--- a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Sabra and Shatila massacres.md	
+++ b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Sabra and Shatila massacres.md	
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ As a result of the inquiry, [[Yehoshua Sagi|Maj. Gen. Sagi]] was removed from hi
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 21.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/TERRORISM/Achille Lauro.md b/40 - EVENTS/TERRORISM/Achille Lauro.md
index 1a11eed4..41fed473 100644
--- a/40 - EVENTS/TERRORISM/Achille Lauro.md	
+++ b/40 - EVENTS/TERRORISM/Achille Lauro.md	
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ The operation was orchestrated by [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]], who passed instructions
 During the attack, an elderly [[United States|American]] Jewish man in a wheelchair was killed and his body thrown overboard. For [[Israel]], this was considered the best kind of anti-Palestinian propaganda.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/TERRORISM/Entebbe hijacking.md b/40 - EVENTS/TERRORISM/Entebbe hijacking.md
index 1d95ef9c..22c9642a 100644
--- a/40 - EVENTS/TERRORISM/Entebbe hijacking.md	
+++ b/40 - EVENTS/TERRORISM/Entebbe hijacking.md	
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ The [[Entebbe hijacking]] occurred on June 27, 1976, when an [[Air France]] jet
 Relations between [[Israel]] and [[Idi Amin]], then president of [[Uganda]], were strained at the time. [[Idi Amin|Amin]] had been installed in a military coup planned by former [[Israel|Israeli]] military attaché Col. Baruch Bar Lev, but relations deteriorated after [[Muammar Qaddafi|Col. Muammar Qaddafi]] of [[Libya]] promised money to black [[Africa|African]] nations if they cut ties with [[Israel]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/NUCLEAR/Hydrogen Bomb.md b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/NUCLEAR/Hydrogen Bomb.md
index 4bbe5fa9..d2ac69bc 100644
--- a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/NUCLEAR/Hydrogen Bomb.md	
+++ b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/NUCLEAR/Hydrogen Bomb.md	
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ In 1980, according to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], [[Mordechai Tsippori]], director gene
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 4.
-[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/NUCLEAR/Samson Option.md b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/NUCLEAR/Samson Option.md
index 8895d466..c7ee1a7d 100644
--- a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/NUCLEAR/Samson Option.md	
+++ b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/NUCLEAR/Samson Option.md	
@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@ Old-fashioned military men like [[Yigal Allon]] and [[Yitzhak Rabin]] initially
 
 ### Implementation and Implications
 
-By early 1968, Moshe Dayan unilaterally pushed [[Dimona]] into full-scale production, leading to the manufacture of four or five warheads a year. This decision was made without a formal cabinet resolution, but was widely applauded by the top layer of national security officials. The first assembly line bomb was reportedly welded with the phrase: "NEVER AGAIN."[^1]
+In December 1963, [[Shimon Yiftach]], whom Seymour Hersh identified as director of scientific programs for the Israeli defense ministry, publicly told a group of Israeli science writers that the advanced reactor at [[Dimona]] would produce plutonium as a by-product and that the government had no plans for a separate plant to chemically reprocess it. Hersh wrote that Yiftach "knew that French construction companies had started up once again on the underground reprocessing plant at Dimona."[^8]
+
+By early 1968, Moshe Dayan unilaterally pushed Dimona into full-scale production, leading to the manufacture of four or five warheads a year. This decision was made without a formal cabinet resolution, but was widely applauded by the top layer of national security officials. The first assembly line bomb was reportedly welded with the phrase: "NEVER AGAIN."[^1]
 
 The Samson Option implies a strategy of deliberate ambiguity regarding Israel's nuclear capabilities. This "bomb in the basement" approach aimed to deter potential adversaries without explicitly confirming possession, thereby avoiding international condemnation and a regional nuclear arms race. However, this ambiguity also led to constant international pressure and scrutiny, particularly from the United States, which sought to prevent nuclear proliferation.[^1]
 
-During the desperate early days of the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], faced with the imminent collapse of Israeli forces, the leadership resolved to arm and target its nuclear arsenal as a last resort, implementing the Samson Option. This drastic step was also intended to force the United States to begin an immediate and massive resupply of the Israeli military. The initial target list included Egyptian and Syrian military headquarters. While no weapons were targeted on the [[Soviet Union]], it was understood that the Soviets would quickly learn of the nuclear arming.[^8]
+During the desperate early days of the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], faced with the imminent collapse of Israeli forces, the leadership resolved to arm and target its nuclear arsenal as a last resort, implementing the Samson Option. This drastic step was also intended to force the United States to begin an immediate and massive resupply of the Israeli military. The initial target list included Egyptian and Syrian military headquarters. While no weapons were targeted on the [[Soviet Union]], it was understood that the Soviets would quickly learn of the nuclear arming.[^9]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@ During the desperate early days of the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], faced with the i
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Author's Note.
 [^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 2.
 [^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 3.
-[^5]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." *Politico Magazine*, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Sole source for the passages so cited; Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov.
+[^5]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." *Politico Magazine*, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov.
 [^6]: Wilson Center, "Wilson Center Archive Sheds New Light on 1967 Six-Day War," June 5, 2017. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/wilson-center-archive-sheds-new-light-1967-six-day-war
 [^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 305, Paper Submitted by the Control Group, undated (dated June 17, 1967 by the editors), with annex. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d305
-[^8]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 17.
+[^8]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, chapter 10, p. 130.
+[^9]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 17.
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Beersheba.md b/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Beersheba.md
index 9176e0e7..fc6ac832 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Beersheba.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Beersheba.md	
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ tags:
   - Nuclear
   - Military
   - Intelligence
-summary: "Beersheba (Be'er Sheva) is the largest city in southern Israel and the administrative capital of the Negev Desert region; it appears in this vault primarily as the regional center nearest to the Negev Nuclear Research Center at Dimona and as a hub for the Israeli military and intelligence infrastructure concentrated in the southern Negev."
+summary: "Beersheba (Be'er Sheva) is the largest city in southern Israel and the Negev's administrative capital, the nearest city to the Negev Nuclear Research Center at Dimona and a hub of southern military and intelligence infrastructure."
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-10-09
 location: "Beersheba, Israel"
 ---
 
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ Beersheba (Hebrew: Be'er Sheva; Arabic: Bi'r al-Sab') is the largest city in sou
 
 Beersheba's significance in this vault derives primarily from its position as the nearest substantial city to the [[Negev Nuclear Research Center]] (KAMAG) located approximately 35 kilometers to the southeast near the smaller city of [[Dimona]]. Beersheba functions as the logistics and infrastructure hub for the nuclear research center, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beersheba has provided technical and scientific personnel to the Dimona complex.
 
-The city is also the location of IDF Southern Command headquarters, which coordinates Israeli military operations in the Negev region, the [[Gaza Strip]] border, the Egyptian border (including intelligence liaison with [[Egypt]] under the [[Camp David]] peace framework), and the northern Red Sea approaches. Southern Command's intelligence component provides a substantial portion of the tactical intelligence supporting operations in the southern theater.[^2]
+As the pace and intensity of construction grew, Beersheba "inevitably became an international city," [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote. "The French presence was palpable, as upward of 2,500 French men, women, and children made their life in the Negev." Hersh also described double pay and subsidized seven-room apartments in the city for the top scientists, which those who stayed long enough were eventually given. "There were special French schools for the children, and the streets were full of French autos."[^2] The post-mortem records that a secretary at the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv had reported to her State Department supervisor, several months before August 1960, that she had visited Beersheba with an Israeli boyfriend who told her the French were building a reactor, and that through him she met a number of French families in Beersheba who said the matter was being kept secret. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] learned of the account on August 19, 1960, after the embassy's August 2 dispatch, and the [[Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee]] discussed it informally on January 12, 1961.[^3]
+
+The city is also the location of IDF Southern Command headquarters, which coordinates Israeli military operations in the Negev region, the [[Gaza Strip]] border, the Egyptian border (including intelligence liaison with [[Egypt]] under the [[Camp David]] peace framework), and the northern Red Sea approaches. Southern Command's intelligence component provides a substantial portion of the tactical intelligence supporting operations in the southern theater.[^4]
 
 ### Israeli Cyber and Technology Infrastructure
 
@@ -27,4 +29,6 @@ Beersheba has become a significant node in Israel's high-technology and cybersec
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Oren, Michael B. *Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East.* Oxford University Press, 2002.
-[^2]: Cohen, Avner. *Israel and the Bomb.* Columbia University Press, 1998.
+[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M., *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*, Random House, 1991, chapter 5, "Internal Wars," pp. 62 to 63.
+[^3]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, draft for USIB approval, January 1961, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, Document 27A, paragraph 27 (the secretary's report to her State Department supervisor "several months earlier"; CIA/CS learned of it on August 19, 1960; "discussed informally in JAEIC on 12 January 1961"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^4]: Cohen, Avner. *Israel and the Bomb.* Columbia University Press, 1998.
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Liege.md b/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Liege.md
index 56326d6e..e8474bbd 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Liege.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Liege.md	
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ summary: "Liege is a Belgian city that served as the European pickup point for I
 [[Liege]] is a city in [[Belgium]]. It served as a hand-over point for [[United States|U.S.]] military matériel purchased from [[NATO]] stocks in [[Europe]] by [[Israel]]. [[Israel|Israeli]] chartered cargo planes would fly to [[Liege]] to pick up the matériel, and then return to [[Tel Aviv]] before transporting the weapons to [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Libya.md b/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Libya.md
index b0d04b82..dead07b3 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Libya.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Libya.md	
@@ -37,4 +37,4 @@ Gaddafi was captured and killed on October 20, 2011, during the NATO-supported u
 
 [^1]: "Libya," *Encyclopaedia Britannica.* https://www.britannica.com/place/Libya
 [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. "Target Gaddafi," *New York Times Magazine,* February 22, 1987.
-[^3]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* TrineDay, 1992.
+[^3]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/El Aqsa Mosque.md b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/El Aqsa Mosque.md
index fb6a085d..e4fa626e 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/El Aqsa Mosque.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/El Aqsa Mosque.md	
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ The [[El Aqsa Mosque]] is located on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]], cons
 In August 1969, the [[El Aqsa Mosque]] was the target of an arson attack carried out by [[Michael Dennis Rohan]], an [[Australia|Australian]] member of the Church of God. [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] believed that destroying the mosque was necessary for the rebuilding of the Third Temple and the return of Christ. This act outraged Muslims worldwide and led to calls for a jihad against [[Israel]]. [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] played a role in exposing [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan's]] involvement and his connections with the [[Jewish Defense League]] (JDL).[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Entebbe Airport.md b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Entebbe Airport.md
index 3c545b4f..864d8c43 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Entebbe Airport.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Entebbe Airport.md	
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ summary: "Entebbe Airport is a Ugandan airport that was the site of the 1976 Air
 [[Entebbe Airport]] is located in [[Uganda]]. It was the site of the 1976 [[Entebbe hijacking]], where an [[Air France]] jet was diverted and landed. The hijacking led to a commando raid by [[Israel|Israeli]] forces to rescue the hostages.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon.md b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon.md
index a48ede1c..86fdc57e 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon.md	
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ summary: "Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon is a kibbutz in Israel where Ari Ben-Menashe
 It was at [[Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon]] that [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] met [[Michael Dennis Rohan]], an [[Australia|Australian]] member of the Church of God, and an [[United States|American]] Baptist named Arthur. [[Michael Dennis Rohan|Rohan]] later carried out an arson attack on the [[El Aqsa Mosque]], an event that [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] helped to expose.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.md b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.md
index 0564dfd1..09100201 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.md	
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ summary: "Sabra and Shatila were Beirut Palestinian refugee camps where Lebanese
 The [[Sabra and Shatila refugee camps]] are located in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]. They were the site of the [[Sabra and Shatila massacres]] in September 1982, where [[Lebanese Christian militias]] carried out killings while the camps were surrounded by [[Israel|Israeli]] troops.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Syrian Embassy in London.md b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Syrian Embassy in London.md
index 6029bfa0..47ae9529 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Syrian Embassy in London.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Syrian Embassy in London.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "The Syrian Embassy in London was implicated in a 1986 plot to bomb an
 The [[Syrian Embassy in London]] was implicated in a 1986 plot to bomb an [[El Al]] plane, orchestrated by [[Rafael Eitan|Rafi]] to discredit [[Syria]]. [[Nezar Hindawi]] was instructed to meet with a Syrian intelligence officer at the embassy, leading him to believe his actions were for the Arab cause. Following the foiled plot, [[Margaret Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's]] government closed down the embassy in London.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md
index 364f6021..615d3614 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md	
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ aliases:
   - Dimona reactor
   - Dimona facility
 created: 2025-01-09
-updated: 2026-10-08
+updated: 2026-10-09
 title: Dimona
 tags:
   - Place
@@ -22,83 +22,113 @@ category: "Military Installation"
 summary: "Israel's Negev Nuclear Research Center near Beersheba, built from 1958 with French help and discovered by the United States in 1960, visited but never inspected by American teams until July 1969."
 start: 1958
 location: "Negev Desert, Israel"
+relations:
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Shimon Yiftach]]"
+    reverse: true
+    start: 1963-12
+    role: "public statement on the reactor's plutonium output and on reprocessing, per Hersh"
+    fn: 29
 ---
 Dimona is the site in the [[Negev Desert]] of [[Israel]], south-east of [[Beersheba]], of the Negev Nuclear Research Center: a heavy water reactor, a chemical reprocessing plant and associated buildings that [[France]] helped build from 1958. The Israeli government's own description of its purpose was for years a series of cover stories; the American record of the reactor consists of intelligence discovery in 1960, ten years of negotiated "visits" ending in July 1969, and a 1986 account by the technician [[Mordecai Vanunu]].
 
 ### Origins and French construction
 
-[[Avner Cohen]] and [[William Burr]] wrote that in 1955, after [[David Ben-Gurion]] returned as prime minister and defense minister, he delegated a feasibility effort to [[Shimon Peres]], then director general of the Defense Ministry; that Israeli Atomic Energy Commission chairman [[Ernst David Bergmann]] favored self-reliance while Peres sought a foreign supplier; and that by 1958 the plan had France as supplier, [[Norway]] (with the British) supplying heavy water, and the United States supplying a small "Atoms for Peace" package that could serve as camouflage.[^1] A secret Israel-Norway agreement of June 1959 provided for the sale of heavy water through the United Kingdom; it was reported by the political officer at the American embassy in Oslo, Richard Kerry, the father of [[John Kerry]].[^1] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that [[Guy Mollet]], "obsessed with the consequences of France's failure" at Suez, "was quoted as telling an aide" at the time of the talks with Peres and [[Golda Meir]]: "I owe the bomb to them. I owe the bomb to them"; that the formal French-Israeli agreement has never been made public; and that the firm [[Saint-Gobain]], which had worked at [[Marcoule]], was chosen to build the reprocessing facility underground, its engineers being "stunned" that the reactor's cooling ducts and waste facilities suggested operation at two to three times the 24 megawatts of thermal power the agreement specified.[^2] Hersh wrote that the French-Israeli work made the Negev site a "French boom town," with upward of 2,500 French men, women and children living there, and that the reactor "went critical sometime in 1962" and "was capable of being operated at more than seventy megawatts."[^3] The French foreign minister, Maurice Couve de Murville, told Secretary of State [[Christian Herter]] on December 16, 1960 that France had helped Israel build a "replica of [the] Marcoule plant" and that under the bilateral agreement France would supply raw materials and receive any plutonium produced.[^1]
+[[Avner Cohen]] and [[William Burr]] wrote that in 1955, after [[David Ben-Gurion]] returned as prime minister and defense minister, he delegated a feasibility effort to [[Shimon Peres]], then director general of the Defense Ministry; that Israeli Atomic Energy Commission chairman [[Ernst David Bergmann]] favored self-reliance while Peres sought a foreign supplier; and that by 1958 the plan had France as supplier, [[Norway]] (with the British) supplying heavy water, and the United States supplying a small "Atoms for Peace" package that could serve as camouflage.[^1] Cohen and Burr write that Norway sold 20 tons of heavy water to Israel under an agreement "signed in Oslo on 25 February 1959," with the United Kingdom as a third party to the transaction; their introduction instead says that Israel and Norway signed the secret agreement in June 1959.[^1] On June 5, 1959, [[Olaf Solli]] of the [[Norwegian Foreign Ministry]] described the agreement, considered "Secret" by both governments, to [[William M. Fullerton]] of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]].[^2] Richard Kerry, political officer at the U.S. embassy in Oslo and the father of [[John Kerry]], forwarded the embassy's memorandum of that conversation to [[Philip J. Farley]] of the State Department on June 15, 1959, and on December 30, 1960 obtained a copy of the agreement and wrote to the department about it.[^3] The post-mortem on the intelligence failure states that the State Department and the AEC had the information in July 1959 and that the intelligence community did not receive it until December 13, 1960.[^4] On December 12, 1960 the State Department asked the U.S. Embassy in Oslo for further information, and the embassy reported on December 22 and 30 on the status of the agreement and Norway's reluctance to exercise its inspection safeguards.[^5] The June 5 memorandum records that [[NORATOM]] bought the heavy water from the United Kingdom and "shipped the heavy water from the U.S." so that no Norwegian export license was needed. Cohen and Burr write that the heavy water "was shipped directly from the UK to Israel."[^6] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that [[Guy Mollet]], "obsessed with the consequences of France's failure" at Suez, "was quoted as telling an aide" at the time of the talks with Peres and [[Golda Meir]]: "I owe the bomb to them. I owe the bomb to them"; that the formal French-Israeli agreement has never been made public; and that the firm [[Saint-Gobain]], which had worked at [[Marcoule]], was chosen to build the reprocessing facility underground, its engineers being "stunned" that the reactor's cooling ducts and waste facilities suggested operation at two to three times the 24 megawatts of thermal power the agreement specified.[^7] Hersh wrote that the French-Israeli work made the Negev site a "French boom town," with upward of 2,500 French men, women and children living there, and that the reactor "went critical sometime in 1962" and "was capable of being operated at more than seventy megawatts."[^8] The French foreign minister, Maurice Couve de Murville, told Secretary of State [[Christian Herter]] on December 16, 1960 that France had helped Israel build a "replica of [the] Marcoule plant" and that under the bilateral agreement France would supply raw materials and receive any plutonium produced.[^1]
 
-Hersh wrote that Ben-Gurion's decision to finance Dimona outside the Israeli budget led Peres, "sometime in 1960," to form, according to Israeli sources, a group of donors called the Committee of Thirty, among them Baron Edmund de Rothschild of Paris and [[Abraham Feinberg]] of New York, president of the [[Israel Bond Organization]]; Hersh quoted Peres as saying that "not one penny [for Dimona] came from the government budget," and wrote that the project later cost "upward of $500 million a year" in the 1960s, more than 10 percent of the Israeli military budget, according to a former aide to [[Levi Eshkol]].[^4] Cohen and Burr recorded that the financing of Dimona, "through both the diversion of U.S. government aid and the use of tax-deductible individual charities," played an important role in the internal deliberations of the Eisenhower administration when it learned of the site.[^1]
+Hersh wrote that Ben-Gurion's decision to finance Dimona outside the Israeli budget led Peres, "sometime in 1960," to form, according to Israeli sources, a group of donors called the Committee of Thirty, among them Baron Edmund de Rothschild of Paris and [[Abraham Feinberg]] of New York, president of the [[Israel Bond Organization]]; Hersh quoted Peres as saying that "not one penny [for Dimona] came from the government budget," and wrote that the project later cost "upward of $500 million a year" in the 1960s, more than 10 percent of the Israeli military budget, according to a former aide to [[Levi Eshkol]].[^9] Cohen and Burr recorded that the financing of Dimona, "through both the diversion of U.S. government aid and the use of tax-deductible individual charities," played an important role in the internal deliberations of the Eisenhower administration when it learned of the site.[^1]
 
 ### Discovery, 1960
 
-Cohen and Burr, publishing declassified documents in 2015, wrote that the first known reference to Dimona in American records was in late July 1960, when a "U.S. corporate official" learned of it from an Israeli oil executive and told diplomats in [[Tel Aviv]] that the site would be a power reactor; that Henry Gomberg, a University of Michigan nuclear engineering professor, learned on a November 1960 trip that Israel had a secret reactor project involving plutonium experiments; and that in September 1960, on a helicopter flight near the site with Ambassador [[Ogden Reid]], the senior Treasury Ministry official Addy Cohen answered a question about the construction by saying "that's a textile plant," later telling an embassy officer that "that was our story at the time" and that "we have been misbehaving."[^1] The British diplomat [[Ian Smart]], third secretary in Tel Aviv, told Hersh that "there was a lot of talk by the end of 1960 about Dimona," that Israeli officials told the British embassy in turn that the site was a desert grasslands research institute and, at a military checkpoint, a "manganese-processing plant," and that during his last year he reported the "suspicion" that it looked like a nuclear reactor.[^5] [[Dino Brugioni]], a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] photo interpreter, told Hersh that officers watched the fencing, new road and subterranean digging on [[U-2 Spy Plane|U-2]] imagery.[^6]
+Cohen and Burr, publishing declassified documents in 2015, wrote that the first known reference to Dimona in American records was in late July 1960, when a "U.S. corporate official" learned of it from an Israeli oil executive and told diplomats in [[Tel Aviv]] that the site would be a power reactor; that Henry Gomberg, a University of Michigan nuclear engineering professor, learned on a November 1960 trip that Israel had a secret reactor project involving plutonium experiments; and that in September 1960, on a helicopter flight near the site with Ambassador [[Ogden Reid]], the senior Treasury Ministry official Addy Cohen answered a question about the construction by saying "that's a textile plant," later telling an embassy officer that "that was our story at the time" and that "we have been misbehaving."[^1] The British diplomat [[Ian Smart]], third secretary in Tel Aviv, told Hersh that "there was a lot of talk by the end of 1960 about Dimona," that Israeli officials told the British embassy in turn that the site was a desert grasslands research institute and that, when Smart pointed out the cooling tower while driving with a group of Israeli Defense Force troops in the Negev, an officer replied, "Ah yes. That's the new manganese-processing plant," and that during his last year he reported the "suspicion" that it looked like a nuclear reactor.[^10] [[Dino Brugioni]], a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] photo interpreter, told Hersh that officers watched the fencing, new road and subterranean digging on [[U-2 Spy Plane|U-2]] imagery.[^11]
 
-Special National Intelligence Estimate 100-8-60 of December 8, 1960 stated that "Israel is engaged in construction of a nuclear reactor complex in the Negev near Beersheba" and that "plutonium production for weapons is at least one major purpose of this effort," and estimated that Israel would produce some weapons-grade plutonium in 1963 to 1964, possibly as early as 1962; a large part of the estimate remains classified. At a meeting of December 19, 1960 President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] discussed Israeli fundraising in the United States and plans to encourage visits and [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] safeguards.[^1] Hersh wrote that [[Arthur Krock]] sent the New York Times reporter [[John W. Finney]] to the Atomic Energy Commission chairman [[John McCone]], who told him "They lied to us. The Israelis. They told us it was a textile plant," and that Finney's article appeared on the front page of December 19, 1960.[^7] Cohen and Burr called the late discovery "a major blunder," "an intelligence failure," and, from the Israeli side, "a tremendous counterintelligence success."[^1] The vault's pages on [[John L. Hadden]], [[Robert T. Webber]] and [[Carmelo Alba]] describe the American embassy's later efforts: Hersh wrote that Alba, then the U.S. Army's military attache, photographed the site monthly with a telescopic camera until a picture showed "smoke coming out of the dome," and that Hadden, the CIA station chief from 1963, sent Alba to Beersheba to count French names on mailboxes.[^8]
+Special National Intelligence Estimate 100-8-60 of December 8, 1960 stated that "Israel is engaged in construction of a nuclear reactor complex in the Negev near Beersheba" and that "plutonium production for weapons is at least one major purpose of this effort," and estimated that Israel would produce some weapons-grade plutonium in 1963 to 1964, possibly as early as 1962; a large part of the estimate remains classified. At a meeting of December 19, 1960 President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] discussed Israeli fundraising in the United States and plans to encourage visits and [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] safeguards.[^1] Hersh wrote that [[Arthur Krock]] sent the New York Times reporter [[John W. Finney]] to the Atomic Energy Commission chairman [[John McCone]], who told him "They lied to us. The Israelis. They told us it was a textile plant," and that Finney's article appeared on the front page of December 19, 1960.[^12] Cohen and Burr called the late discovery "a major blunder," "an intelligence failure," and, from the Israeli side, "a tremendous counterintelligence success."[^1] The vault's pages on [[John L. Hadden]], [[Robert T. Webber]] and [[Carmelo Alba]] describe the American embassy's later efforts: Hersh wrote that Alba, then the U.S. Army's military attache, photographed the site monthly with a telescopic camera until a picture showed "smoke coming out of the dome," and that Hadden, the CIA station chief from 1963, sent Alba to Beersheba to count French names on mailboxes.[^13]
+
+The draft post-mortem on the failure to recognize the reactor, dated January 1961, lists a "British photograph" of the site, its source given as "UK," acquired on August 30, 1960 and available to the [[Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee]] on November 8, 1960. Cables from the Central Intelligence Agency in London, dated October 27 and November 3, 1960, said the United Kingdom believed a reactor was under construction near Beersheba.[^14] The post-mortem also states that the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv forwarded on August 2, 1960 a report from a U.S. nuclear engineer that the Israelis were constructing a major reactor with French assistance, and that "Three months were required to obtain adequate confirmatory information via US collection agencies and UK liaison channels." That information led to a committee statement on December 7, 1960.[^15] The post-mortem's chronology also lists a British Joint Intelligence Committee statement on the atomic energy site near Beersheba, transmitted from London in a document dated October 27, 1960; "British detailed information on supply of heavy water," from London on December 7, 1960; and a British report of December 16, 1960 that France sold Israel G-3 reactor blueprints in 1957.[^14] On May 25, 1959 the United States naval attache in Tel Aviv reported a British source as saying that the resignation of General [[Dan Tolkowsky]] on April 26, 1959 was due to his opposition to the atomic weapons effort of Shimon Peres. The attache was unable to confirm the account.[^16]
+
+The post-mortem records that the U.S. assistant air attache in Tel Aviv first observed the site on July 30, 1960, on a personal trip, and was told by the accompanying Israeli assistant foreign liaison officer that it was a metallurgical research laboratory. He passed it again on November 16, 1960 with the Israeli senior foreign liaison officer, who also called it a metallurgical research laboratory, and obtained long-range ground photography that day. His report and copies of the photographs were received by the Air Force intelligence office (AFCIN) on December 1 and disseminated on December 27, 1960. The U.S. Army attache obtained a series of ground photographs on August 9, 1960 but did not identify the facility.[^17]
+
+### British files, 1959 to 1961
+
+The National Archives at Kew catalogues Foreign Office files on Israel's atomic energy programme for these years: FO 371/142379, "Research into atomic energy in Israel" (1959); FO 371/149586, "Nuclear Energy Programmes: Israel" (1960); and FO 371/157284 to FO 371/157286, "Atomic energy programmes of individual countries: Israel" (1961). The Prime Minister's file PREM 11/3399 is titled "Development of nuclear reactor in Negev desert" (1960 to 1961). None of these files is digitised.[^18] The third secretary at the Tel Aviv embassy from October 1958 to January 1961 was Ian Smart.[^19]
 
 ### American visits, 1961 to 1969
 
-Hersh wrote that Ben-Gurion insisted that inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency would violate Israeli sovereignty, and that [[John F. Kennedy]]'s White House agreed to an American team on terms by which it "would have to schedule its visits well in advance, and with the full acquiescence of Israel. There would be no spot checks permitted."[^9] He wrote that [[Floyd L. Culler, Jr.]] dated the first inspection to 1962 and that Culler's teams made the visits.[^10] According to Hersh, the Israeli scheme "based on plans supplied by the French" built a false control room at Dimona "complete with false control panels and computer-driven measuring devices that seemed to be gauging the thermal output of a twenty-four-megawatt reactor"; Culler told him he reported to the White House that the reactor was a "standard reactor," and when informed of the false room replied, "It's possible to make a system appear that it's controlling something when it's not." A former member of the Israeli General Staff Reconnaissance Unit told Hersh that weeks before an inspection soldiers brought "eight semitrailers loaded with grass. It was sod, all for camouflage," to cover walks and bunkers.[^11] The CIA photo interpreter Brugioni told Hersh that the sudden grass "just spotlights activity."[^11]
+Hersh wrote that Ben-Gurion insisted that inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency would violate Israeli sovereignty, and that [[John F. Kennedy]]'s White House agreed to an American team on terms by which it "would have to schedule its visits well in advance, and with the full acquiescence of Israel. There would be no spot checks permitted."[^20] He wrote that [[Floyd L. Culler, Jr.]] dated the first inspection to 1962 and that Culler's teams made the visits.[^21] According to Hersh, the Israeli scheme "based on plans supplied by the French" built a false control room at Dimona "complete with false control panels and computer-driven measuring devices that seemed to be gauging the thermal output of a twenty-four-megawatt reactor"; Culler told him he reported to the White House that the reactor was a "standard reactor," and when informed of the false room replied, "It's possible to make a system appear that it's controlling something when it's not." A former member of the Israeli General Staff Reconnaissance Unit told Hersh that weeks before an inspection soldiers brought "eight semitrailers loaded with grass. It was sod, all for camouflage," to cover walks and bunkers.[^22] The CIA photo interpreter Brugioni told Hersh that the sudden grass "just spotlights activity."[^22]
 
-The documents of 1969 give the American side. On March 17, 1969 Secretary of Defense [[Melvin Laird]] wrote to the Secretary of State, the national security adviser and the Director of Central Intelligence, under the subject "Stopping the Introduction of Nuclear Weapons Into the Middle East," that he had seen "additional evidence of activity" (the object is redacted), referred to export licenses granted the previous June and October for two Control Data 6400 computers and one IBM 360/65 computer, and endorsed [[David Packard]]'s recommendation that shipment of the second CDC 6400 be withheld.[^12] The visit of July 10 to 13, 1969 was, in a State Department memorandum of June 12, 1970, "the last 'visit' to Dimona"; the memorandum added that "no one in the U.S. community has been satisfied with the restrictions and conditions Israel has imposed."[^13] In a memorandum of conversation of August 13, 1969 between Dr. Charles H. Reichardt, the AEC's Director of Intelligence, his deputy Charles A. Sommer, George B. Pleat, chief of the Dimona inspection team, and a State Department officer, the team was said to have drawn "the inference that the US government is not prepared to support a real 'inspection' effort," to have been "cautioned to avoid controversy" and to "be gentlemen," and to have been "criticized roundly" by the Israelis on one occasion "for having 'acted like inspectors'"; the State officer added that "visits conducted under these approaches may even be counter-productive."[^14] A State Department background paper of September 19, 1969 for the visit of Golda Meir, drafted by Robert H. Munn and cleared by [[Joseph Sisco]], [[Rodger Davies]], the Atomic Energy Commission and a CIA officer named Chamberlain, stated: "Our 'visits' to Dimona have shed virtually no light on the role that site may play in a weapons program," that "we have actually learned very little from the standpoint of a weapons program," that Israel had since about 1963 "moved as rapidly as possible" on strategic missiles and warheads, that "all the facilities required for production of plutonium have been identified with the exception of a separation plant," that "others feel confident that Israel already has one or more complete nuclear weapons now," and that Israel's formula was "Israel will not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the Near East."[^15] [[Henry Kissinger]]'s memorandum of October 7, 1969, "Discussions with the Israelis on Nuclear Matters," was written after the meeting of [[Richard Nixon]] and Meir.[^16] Hersh wrote that the Israeli leadership "correctly interpreted the end of the Culler inspections as an American carte blanche."[^17]
+The documents of 1969 give the American side. On March 17, 1969 Secretary of Defense [[Melvin Laird]] wrote to the Secretary of State, the national security adviser and the Director of Central Intelligence, under the subject "Stopping the Introduction of Nuclear Weapons Into the Middle East," that he had seen "additional evidence of activity" (the object is redacted), referred to export licenses granted the previous June and October for two Control Data 6400 computers and one IBM 360/65 computer, and endorsed [[David Packard]]'s recommendation that shipment of the second CDC 6400 be withheld.[^23] The visit of July 10 to 13, 1969 was, in a State Department memorandum of June 12, 1970, "the last 'visit' to Dimona"; the memorandum added that "no one in the U.S. community has been satisfied with the restrictions and conditions Israel has imposed."[^24] In a memorandum of conversation of August 13, 1969 between Dr. Charles H. Reichardt, the AEC's Director of Intelligence, his deputy Charles A. Sommer, George B. Pleat, chief of the Dimona inspection team, and a State Department officer, the team was said to have drawn "the inference that the US government is not prepared to support a real 'inspection' effort," to have been "cautioned to avoid controversy" and to "be gentlemen," and to have been "criticized roundly" by the Israelis on one occasion "for having 'acted like inspectors'"; the State officer added that "visits conducted under these approaches may even be counter-productive."[^25] A State Department background paper of September 19, 1969 for the visit of Golda Meir, drafted by Robert H. Munn and cleared by [[Joseph Sisco]], [[Rodger Davies]], the Atomic Energy Commission and a CIA officer named Chamberlain, stated: "Our 'visits' to Dimona have shed virtually no light on the role that site may play in a weapons program," that "we have actually learned very little from the standpoint of a weapons program," that Israel had since about 1963 "moved as rapidly as possible" on strategic missiles and warheads, that "all the facilities required for production of plutonium have been identified with the exception of a separation plant," that "others feel confident that Israel already has one or more complete nuclear weapons now," and that Israel's formula was "Israel will not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the Near East."[^26] [[Henry Kissinger]]'s memorandum of October 7, 1969, "Discussions with the Israelis on Nuclear Matters," was written after the meeting of [[Richard Nixon]] and Meir.[^27] Hersh wrote that the Israeli leadership "correctly interpreted the end of the Culler inspections as an American carte blanche."[^28]
+
+In December 1963 [[Shimon Yiftach]], whom Hersh identified as the director of scientific programs for the [[Israeli Ministry of Defense]], told a group of Israeli science writers that the reactor would produce plutonium as a by-product and that the government had no plans for a separate plant to reprocess it. Hersh wrote that Yiftach "knew that French construction companies had started up once again on the underground reprocessing plant at Dimona."[^29] Burr and Cohen wrote that the Israelis had made "contradictory statements" about reprocessing, saying in 1961 that they planned to build the plant, in 1962 that they had no plans, and in 1964 that they had delayed a pilot reprocessing plant.[^30] The Israelis told the visiting team of 1964 that the reactor had gone critical on December 26, 1963, while the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission's Hebrew website dated the start of operations to July 1963.[^30]
 
 ### June 1967
 
-A Control Group paper dated by the Foreign Relations of the United States editors to June 17, 1967 carries an annex on indigenous capabilities to develop nuclear weapons. It describes the reactor at Dimona as a French-built facility of 25 MW, not under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards but inspected by the United States, which "is capable of producing enough plutonium for approximately one nuclear weapon per year." It states that the spent fuel rods "are still at Dimona and have not been subjected to chemical separation," that before the crisis the Israelis "had probably not made a decision to develop nuclear weapons, but probably had decided to keep that option open," and that a decision made then would probably mean 18 months or longer before a first weapon.[^18]
+A Control Group paper dated by the Foreign Relations of the United States editors to June 17, 1967 carries an annex on indigenous capabilities to develop nuclear weapons. It describes the reactor at Dimona as a French-built facility of 25 MW, not under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards but inspected by the United States, which "is capable of producing enough plutonium for approximately one nuclear weapon per year." It states that the spent fuel rods "are still at Dimona and have not been subjected to chemical separation," that before the crisis the Israelis "had probably not made a decision to develop nuclear weapons, but probably had decided to keep that option open," and that a decision made then would probably mean 18 months or longer before a first weapon.[^31]
 
-On June 27, 1967, the American ambassador [[Walworth Barbour]] reported from Tel Aviv that Israelis "who have technical capability to build bomb, would, it may be argued, be foolish not to produce extra-conventional weapons." He wrote that the rising popularity of [[Moshe Dayan]], "who has been associated with those favoring the nuclear weapons development," and any rise in the standing of Dayan's associates Peres and Ben-Gurion, "who made the decisions to build Dimona," could lead Israel closer to the nuclear route.[^19] Hersh writes that after the war the intelligence about Dimona became highly compartmentalized as the White House decided to side more openly with Israel, and quotes an unnamed American official: "We knew about the yellowcake, but we weren't allowed to keep a file on it."[^20] Relying on Bill Dale, the embassy's deputy chief of mission, Hersh writes that Barbour told the military attaches at the end of the war that they were no longer to report on Dimona, and quotes Barbour: "Israel is going to be our main ally."[^21]
+On June 27, 1967, the American ambassador [[Walworth Barbour]] reported from Tel Aviv that Israelis "who have technical capability to build bomb, would, it may be argued, be foolish not to produce extra-conventional weapons." He wrote that the rising popularity of [[Moshe Dayan]], "who has been associated with those favoring the nuclear weapons development," and any rise in the standing of Dayan's associates Peres and Ben-Gurion, "who made the decisions to build Dimona," could lead Israel closer to the nuclear route.[^32] Hersh writes that after the war the intelligence about Dimona became highly compartmentalized as the White House decided to side more openly with Israel, and quotes an unnamed American official: "We knew about the yellowcake, but we weren't allowed to keep a file on it."[^33] Relying on Bill Dale, the embassy's deputy chief of mission, Hersh writes that Barbour told the military attaches at the end of the war that they were no longer to report on Dimona, and quotes Barbour: "Israel is going to be our main ally."[^34]
 
-Avner Cohen, on the basis of interviews with the late [[Yitzhak Ya'akov]], describes the assembly in May 1967 of two or three rudimentary nuclear explosives and a plan, [[Operation Shimshon]], to detonate them in the Egyptian desert as a last resort; the [[Wilson Center]], which released Cohen's collection in June 2017, described Ya'akov's testimony as revealing "for the first time the existence of a crash effort to assemble Israel's first nuclear device."[^22][^23] [[Isabella Ginor]] and [[Gideon Remez]] argue that Soviet MiG-25 Foxbat aircraft overflew Dimona in May 1967, to encourage Israel to launch a war and to ensure the site could be destroyed in a planned Arab-Soviet counterattack, and report that in August 2007 the Russian Air Force spokesman Colonel Aleksandr V. Drobyshevsky confirmed in writing that Soviet pilots had flown the sorties.[^24]
+Avner Cohen, on the basis of interviews with the late [[Yitzhak Ya'akov]], describes the assembly in May 1967 of two or three rudimentary nuclear explosives and a plan, [[Operation Shimshon]], to detonate them in the Egyptian desert as a last resort; the [[Wilson Center]], which released Cohen's collection in June 2017, described Ya'akov's testimony as revealing "for the first time the existence of a crash effort to assemble Israel's first nuclear device."[^35][^36] [[Isabella Ginor]] and [[Gideon Remez]] argue that Soviet MiG-25 Foxbat aircraft overflew Dimona in May 1967, to encourage Israel to launch a war and to ensure the site could be destroyed in a planned Arab-Soviet counterattack, and report that in August 2007 the Russian Air Force spokesman Colonel Aleksandr V. Drobyshevsky confirmed in writing that Soviet pilots had flown the sorties.[^37]
 
 ### Facilities, as described by Vanunu
 
-Mordecai Vanunu, a technician, gave photographs and an account to the London Sunday Times in 1986 that Hersh summarized as follows. The complex has a main reactor and at least eight other buildings (machons). Machon 1 houses the silver-domed reactor, 60 feet in diameter and visible from a nearby highway, with uranium rods left in the core about three months, heavy water cooled by ordinary water through a heat exchanger, and steam vented into the atmosphere. Machon 2, "the Tunnel," is the six-level underground reprocessing plant where plutonium is extracted; its control room contains an observation area called "Golda's Balcony" for Meir's visits after 1969; plutonium is molded into hemispheres in glove boxes on level five, with lithium compounds and beryllium; and Vanunu gave the output as a weekly average of nine "buttons" of plutonium weighing 1.2 kilograms. Machon 3 converts lithium 6 and processes natural uranium; Machon 4 treats waste; Machon 5 coats rods with aluminum; Machon 6 supplies services and power; Machon 8 holds a test laboratory and Special Unit 840, "where Israeli scientists have developed a gas centrifuge method of enriching uranium for weapons use"; Machon 9 holds a laser-isotope facility; Machon 10 isolates depleted uranium. Unit 92 had been removing tritium from heavy water since the 1960s and Unit 93, opened in 1984, produced tritium on a large scale. The reactor ran 34 weeks a year.[^25] Vanunu's account is the sole source for these passages; Hersh's note states that the nuclear physicist Frank Barnaby spent two days with Vanunu for the Sunday Times and concluded that the account "is totally convincing." The vault's pages on [[Machon 1]], [[Machon 2]], [[Machon 3]], [[Machon 4]], [[Machon 5]], [[Machon 6]], [[Machon 8]], [[Machon 9]] and [[Machon 10]] carry the individual descriptions.
+Mordecai Vanunu, a technician, gave photographs and an account to the London Sunday Times in 1986 that Hersh summarized as follows. The complex has a main reactor and at least eight other buildings (machons). Machon 1 houses the silver-domed reactor, 60 feet in diameter and visible from a nearby highway, with uranium rods left in the core about three months, heavy water cooled by ordinary water through a heat exchanger, and steam vented into the atmosphere. Machon 2, "the Tunnel," is the six-level underground reprocessing plant where plutonium is extracted; its control room contains an observation area called "Golda's Balcony" for Meir's visits after 1969; plutonium is molded into hemispheres in glove boxes on level five, with lithium compounds and beryllium; and Vanunu gave the output as a weekly average of nine "buttons" of plutonium weighing 1.2 kilograms. Machon 3 converts lithium 6 and processes natural uranium; Machon 4 treats waste; Machon 5 coats rods with aluminum; Machon 6 supplies services and power; Machon 8 holds a test laboratory and Special Unit 840, "where Israeli scientists have developed a gas centrifuge method of enriching uranium for weapons use"; Machon 9 holds a laser-isotope facility; Machon 10 isolates depleted uranium. Unit 92 had been removing tritium from heavy water since the 1960s and Unit 93, opened in 1984, produced tritium on a large scale. The reactor ran 34 weeks a year.[^38] Hersh's note states that the nuclear physicist Frank Barnaby spent two days with Vanunu for the Sunday Times and concluded that the account "is totally convincing." The vault's pages on [[Machon 1]], [[Machon 2]], [[Machon 3]], [[Machon 4]], [[Machon 5]], [[Machon 6]], [[Machon 8]], [[Machon 9]] and [[Machon 10]] carry the individual descriptions.
 
 ### The security apparatus
 
-Hersh wrote that [[Binyamin Blumberg]], a former military intelligence officer chosen by Peres, headed the Office of Special Tasks, later known as [[LAKAM]], placed in the Defense Ministry to protect the nuclear project, collect technical information abroad and set up front companies for restricted equipment.[^26] He wrote that Israeli forces watched for photography, that aircraft, "including those belonging to the Israeli Air Force," are forbidden to overfly the site, and that in 1967 an Israeli Mirage was shot down in its airspace.[^27]
+Hersh wrote that [[Binyamin Blumberg]], a former military intelligence officer chosen by Peres, headed the Office of Special Tasks, later known as [[LAKAM]], placed in the Defense Ministry to protect the nuclear project, collect technical information abroad and set up front companies for restricted equipment.[^39] He wrote that Israeli forces watched for photography, that aircraft, "including those belonging to the Israeli Air Force," are forbidden to overfly the site, and that in 1967 an Israeli Mirage was shot down in its airspace.[^40]
 
 ### Output and tests, as reported by Hersh
 
-Hersh wrote that "sometime early in 1968, Dimona finally was ordered into full-scale production and began turning out four or five warheads a year," and, in another chapter, that by 1973 "according to former Israeli government officials, the Israeli nuclear arsenal totaled at least twenty warheads"; his chapter on the Tunnel states a figure of more than twenty-five by the Yom Kippur War.[^28] He wrote that "well-placed Israeli sources" said that technicians conducted "at least one successful low-yield nuclear test sometime in the mid-1960s at an underground cavern" in the Negev.[^29]
+Hersh wrote that "sometime early in 1968, Dimona finally was ordered into full-scale production and began turning out four or five warheads a year," and, in another chapter, that by 1973 "according to former Israeli government officials, the Israeli nuclear arsenal totaled at least twenty warheads"; his chapter on the Tunnel states a figure of more than twenty-five by the Yom Kippur War.[^41] He wrote that "well-placed Israeli sources" said that technicians conducted "at least one successful low-yield nuclear test sometime in the mid-1960s at an underground cavern" in the Negev.[^42]
 
-On September 22, 1979 the Vela 6911 satellite recorded a double flash over the South Indian Ocean; the technicians of the [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] at [[Patrick Air Force Base]] had seen 41 earlier double flashes, each confirmed as a nuclear explosion.[^30] Hersh wrote that "former Israeli government officials, whose information on other aspects of Dimona's activities has been corroborated," said the event was a low-yield Israeli artillery shell tested with the South African Navy observing and was the third such test over the ocean; he wrote that the presidential science adviser [[Frank Press]] wanted the review panel to buy time and that an aide recalled Press "did not want that panel to conclude there had been a nuclear explosion."[^31] The panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], which included [[Richard Garwin]], [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Wolfgang Panofsky]], concluded in May 1980 that the signal was more likely a meteoroid striking the satellite and sunlight reflecting off the ejected particles, while reports from [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[SRI International]], [[Sandia National Laboratories]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Aerospace Corporation]] published in 2006 included several that held a nuclear test most probable.[^30] See [[VELA Satellite]] and [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]].
+On September 22, 1979 the Vela 6911 satellite recorded a double flash over the South Indian Ocean; the technicians of the [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] at [[Patrick Air Force Base]] had seen 41 earlier double flashes, each confirmed as a nuclear explosion.[^43] Hersh wrote that "former Israeli government officials, whose information on other aspects of Dimona's activities has been corroborated," said the event was a low-yield Israeli artillery shell tested with the South African Navy observing and was the third such test over the ocean; he wrote that the presidential science adviser [[Frank Press]] wanted the review panel to buy time and that an aide recalled Press "did not want that panel to conclude there had been a nuclear explosion."[^44] The panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], which included [[Richard Garwin]], [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Wolfgang Panofsky]], concluded in May 1980 that the signal was more likely a meteoroid striking the satellite and sunlight reflecting off the ejected particles, while reports from [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[SRI International]], [[Sandia National Laboratories]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Aerospace Corporation]] published in 2006 included several that held a nuclear test most probable.[^43] See [[VELA Satellite]] and [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]].
 
 ### Doctrine and deterrence
 
-Hersh's title phrase, [[The Samson Option (GFE)|the Samson Option]], is treated on its own page. The official Israeli formula quoted in the American record of 1969, that Israel "will not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the Near East," was, in the State Department paper, a position on which Ambassador [[Yitzhak Rabin]] "failed to go beyond this position, or to agree to any refinement of understanding of the word 'introduce,'" and Israel made no reply to the American interpretation, put in a letter of November 27, 1968 by Assistant Secretary of Defense [[Paul Warnke]], that it meant "possess."[^15]
+Hersh's title phrase, [[The Samson Option (GFE)|the Samson Option]], is treated on its own page. The official Israeli formula quoted in the American record of 1969, that Israel "will not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the Near East," was, in the State Department paper, a position on which Ambassador [[Yitzhak Rabin]] "failed to go beyond this position, or to agree to any refinement of understanding of the word 'introduce,'" and Israel made no reply to the American interpretation, put in a letter of November 27, 1968 by Assistant Secretary of Defense [[Paul Warnke]], that it meant "possess."[^26]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Cohen, Avner, and William Burr, "The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona: March 1958-January 1961," National Security Archive, Nuclear Proliferation International History Project and Center for Nonproliferation Studies, April 15, 2015 (National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510), with documents including SNIE 100-8-60 and the Eisenhower meeting record of December 19, 1960. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/
-[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 3, "The French Connection." Full text read at https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option
-[^3]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 5, "Internal Wars" (French residents) and chapter 9, "Years of Pressure" (criticality in 1962).
-[^4]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 5, "Internal Wars" (Committee of Thirty); chapter 8, "A Presidential Struggle" (Feinberg); chapter 10, "The Samson Option" (annual cost).
-[^5]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 5, "Internal Wars," interview with Ian Smart, New York, July 23, 1989.
-[^6]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 4, "First Knowledge."
-[^7]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 6, "Going Public."
-[^8]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 163-164.
-[^9]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 8, "A Presidential Struggle," pp. 110-111.
-[^10]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 8 (Culler's account of the first inspection in 1962).
-[^11]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 8 (false control room; Culler) and chapter 10, pp. 131-132 (sod; Brugioni's comment is in the footnote on p. 131).
-[^12]: Laird, Melvin R., memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Director of Central Intelligence, "Stopping the Introduction of Nuclear Weapons Into the Middle East," March 17, 1969, sanitized, in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 189, document 6. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-06.pdf
-[^13]: Munn, Robert H., to Sisco through Davies, "Scheduling of Visit to Dimona Reactor," June 12, 1970, EBB 189, document 29. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-29.pdf
-[^14]: Department of State, memorandum of conversation, "1969 Dimona Visit," August 13, 1969, EBB 189, document 16b. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-16b.pdf
-[^15]: Department of State, "Background: Israel's Nuclear Weapon and Missile Programs," enclosed in Executive Secretary Theodore L. Eliot to Henry Kissinger, September 19, 1969, EBB 189, document 21 (pp. 2 to 8, with drafting and clearance box). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-21.pdf ; Cohen, Avner, and William Burr, "Israel crosses the threshold," *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,* May/June 2006.
-[^16]: Kissinger, Henry A., to the President, "Discussions with the Israelis on Nuclear Matters," October 7, 1969, EBB 189, document 22 (title and date; the National Security Archive's index describes it as written "in the wake of the Nixon-Meir meeting"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-22.pdf
-[^17]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 16, "Prelude to War," on the end of the Culler inspections.
-[^18]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 305, Paper Submitted by the Control Group, undated (dated June 17, 1967 by the editors), with annex. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d305
-[^19]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326
-[^20]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 11, p. 156. Sole source for the passages so cited; the official is unnamed.
-[^21]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, p. 168. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^22]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." *Politico Magazine*, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Sole source for the passages so cited; Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov.
-[^23]: Wilson Center, "Wilson Center Archive Sheds New Light on 1967 Six-Day War," June 5, 2017. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/wilson-center-archive-sheds-new-light-1967-six-day-war
-[^24]: Ginor, Isabella, and Gideon Remez. *Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War*. Yale University Press, 2007; their report of the 2007 Russian Air Force statement, https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140. Sole source for the overflights.
-[^25]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 15, "The Tunnel."
-[^26]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 5, "Internal Wars," and chapter 10 (Office of Special Tasks).
-[^27]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 10, p. 131 and its footnote.
-[^28]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 13, "An Israeli Decision" (1968 production; more than twenty-five bombs), and chapter 16, "Prelude to War" (at least twenty warheads by 1973).
-[^29]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 10, p. 131.
-[^30]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm
-[^31]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 20, "An Israeli Test," pp. 271-273.
+[^2]: Fullerton, William M., memorandum, "Conversation of June 5, 1959," June 9, 1959, SECRET, pages 1 and 2 (National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, Document 2A). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%202A.pdf
+[^3]: Cohen and Burr, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510 (on the memorandum "forwarded" by "embassy political officer Richard Kerry" to "Philip J. Farley" on "15 June"; Kerry's letter to William Burdette, U.S. Embassy Oslo, December 30, 1960, Document 20). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/ ; https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2020.pdf
+[^4]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, draft for USIB approval, January 1961, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, Document 27A, paragraph 23 and paragraph 38 ("the Department of State and AEC had information in July 1959"); chronology table, item 28. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^5]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, Document 27A, paragraph 38 (request of December 12, 1960; embassy reports of December 22 and 30, 1960). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^6]: Cohen, Avner, and William Burr, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, introduction (the heavy water "was shipped directly from the UK to Israel, without safeguards"). Fullerton memorandum as in note D2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/
+[^7]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 3, "The French Connection." Full text read at https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option
+[^8]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 5, "Internal Wars" (French residents) and chapter 9, "Years of Pressure" (criticality in 1962).
+[^9]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 5, "Internal Wars" (Committee of Thirty); chapter 8, "A Presidential Struggle" (Feinberg); chapter 10, "The Samson Option" (annual cost).
+[^10]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 5, "Internal Wars," interview with Ian Smart, New York, July 23, 1989.
+[^11]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 4, "First Knowledge."
+[^12]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 6, "Going Public."
+[^13]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 163-164.
+[^14]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, Document 27A, chronology table, items 6 to 8 (item 6, "Transmittal of JIC (British) statement on AE site near Beersheba," document dated 27 Oct; item 7, "British information on photograph," 3 Nov; item 8, "British photograph received," source "UK," acquired 30 Aug, available to JAEIC 8 Nov), item 23 (7 Dec, "British detailed information on supply of heavy water") and item 30 (16 Dec, "British reported French sold Israel G-3 reactor blueprints in 1957"); paragraph 29 (CIA/London cables of October 27 and November 3, 1960; ground photography "received through PIC channels from the United Kingdom on 8 November"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^15]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, Document 27A, page 8 (unnumbered text preceding paragraph 18). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^16]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, Document 27A, paragraph 22 (report of May 25, 1959 by the U.S. naval attache in Tel Aviv on a British source's account of the Tolkowsky resignation). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^17]: Post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, Document 27A, paragraphs 30 and 31 (assistant air attache's reply of November 21, 1960; Army attache's photographs of August 9, 1960). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf
+[^18]: The National Archives, Discovery catalogue: FO 371/142379 (reference C2899837), FO 371/149586 (C2907053), FO 371/157284 to 157286 (C2914746 to C2914748), PREM 11/3399 (C2040226). Closure status open; digitised: no. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2907053 and https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2040226
+[^19]: Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book, 1959 (Tel Aviv embassy staff list: "3rd Secretary I. M. H. Smart") and 1960 (Statement of Services: transferred to Tel Aviv October 28, 1958); Diplomatic Service List 1966 ("Third Secretary Tel Aviv 1958-61"). https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1959 ; https://archive.org/details/foreign-office-list-1960 ; https://archive.org/details/diplomatic-service-list-1966
+[^20]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 8, "A Presidential Struggle," pp. 110-111.
+[^21]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 8 (Culler's account of the first inspection in 1962).
+[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 8 (false control room; Culler) and chapter 10, pp. 131-132 (sod; Brugioni's comment is in the footnote on p. 131).
+[^23]: Laird, Melvin R., memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Director of Central Intelligence, "Stopping the Introduction of Nuclear Weapons Into the Middle East," March 17, 1969, sanitized, in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 189, document 6. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-06.pdf
+[^24]: Munn, Robert H., to Sisco through Davies, "Scheduling of Visit to Dimona Reactor," June 12, 1970, EBB 189, document 29. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-29.pdf
+[^25]: Department of State, memorandum of conversation, "1969 Dimona Visit," August 13, 1969, EBB 189, document 16b. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-16b.pdf
+[^26]: Department of State, "Background: Israel's Nuclear Weapon and Missile Programs," enclosed in Executive Secretary Theodore L. Eliot to Henry Kissinger, September 19, 1969, EBB 189, document 21 (pp. 2 to 8, with drafting and clearance box). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-21.pdf ; Cohen, Avner, and William Burr, "Israel crosses the threshold," *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,* May/June 2006.
+[^27]: Kissinger, Henry A., to the President, "Discussions with the Israelis on Nuclear Matters," October 7, 1969, EBB 189, document 22 (title and date; the National Security Archive's index describes it as written "in the wake of the Nixon-Meir meeting"). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB189/IN-22.pdf
+[^28]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 16, "Prelude to War," on the end of the Culler inspections.
+[^29]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, chapter 10, p. 130.
+[^30]: Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, "The Battle of the Letters, 1963: John F. Kennedy, David Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol, and the U.S. Inspections of Dimona," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, May 2, 2019. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2019-05-02/battle-letters-1963-john-f-kennedy-david-ben-gurion-levi-eshkol-us-inspections-dimona
+[^31]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 305, Paper Submitted by the Control Group, undated (dated June 17, 1967 by the editors), with annex. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d305
+[^32]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326
+[^33]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 11, p. 156. The official is unnamed.
+[^34]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, p. 168.
+[^35]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." *Politico Magazine*, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov.
+[^36]: Wilson Center, "Wilson Center Archive Sheds New Light on 1967 Six-Day War," June 5, 2017. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/wilson-center-archive-sheds-new-light-1967-six-day-war
+[^37]: Ginor, Isabella, and Gideon Remez. *Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War*. Yale University Press, 2007; their report of the 2007 Russian Air Force statement, https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140.
+[^38]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 15, "The Tunnel."
+[^39]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 5, "Internal Wars," and chapter 10 (Office of Special Tasks).
+[^40]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 10, p. 131 and its footnote.
+[^41]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 13, "An Israeli Decision" (1968 production; more than twenty-five bombs), and chapter 16, "Prelude to War" (at least twenty warheads by 1973).
+[^42]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 10, p. 131.
+[^43]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm
+[^44]: Hersh, *The Samson Option,* chapter 20, "An Israeli Test," pp. 271-273.
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Marana.md b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Marana.md
index ea34d70e..37d75d10 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Marana.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Marana.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ summary: "Marana is a CIA airbase near Tucson, Arizona, that served as a collect
 The first batch of weapons from [[Marana]] was flown out in October 1981. In February 1987, 4,000 [[TOW missile]]s were flown out of [[Marana]] Base to [[Guatemala]] and then shipped through [[Australia]] as part of a large-scale arms supply operation to [[Iran]].[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/REGIONS/Cabazon Indian Reservation.md b/60 - PLACES/REGIONS/Cabazon Indian Reservation.md
index 5feba1d0..806d8889 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/REGIONS/Cabazon Indian Reservation.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/REGIONS/Cabazon Indian Reservation.md	
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
   - Cabazon Indian Reservation
   - Cabazon reservation
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-10-08
+updated: 2026-10-09
 tags:
   - Geography
   - Intelligence
@@ -29,7 +29,18 @@ On April 1, 1981, the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians formalized a joint venture
 [[Dr. John Nichols]], the Cabazon tribal administrator and a former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent who claimed involvement in the agency's Chilean destabilization program in the 1970s, was instrumental in this venture. He obtained a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance for the reservation to conduct various research projects. Nichols proposed to Wackenhut the production of a range of weapons systems, including 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, portable rocket systems, night-vision scopes, and battlefield communications systems. The joint venture also explored the development of biological weapons.[^1][^2]
 
 In May 1983, the Cabazons solicited San Diego arms manufacturer [[Tim LaFrance]] to build an arms factory on their reservation. Their letter to LaFrance Specialties stated: "We need the know-how from an organization engaged in the manufacturing of armaments of various types, all consisting of technology not currently found on the marketplace."[^2]
-The reservation casino's first manager was [[Rocco Zangari]], a former bookie later indicted on racketeering charges.[^1]
+
+The casino's first cardroom manager was [[Rocco Zangari]], who managed the cardroom from September 1980 until his discharge in November 1981.[^3] [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that he was a former bookie.[^1] In 1988 he pleaded guilty to federal racketeering charges in Los Angeles; the 1989 Press-Enterprise reports the plea, a sentence of five years' probation and a $2,000 fine, and an indictment that identified him as an associate of [[Peter Milano]].[^4]
+
+[[Wayne Reeder]], a real estate developer, told FBI agents on October 5, 1992 that he had built the casino for the Cabazon Indians and had received a percentage under an agreement made when he built it.[^5] The Bua report describes the casino building as the only building on the reservation in the early 1980s, with a mobile trailer behind it used as a small office for the Cabazons and the casino operation.[^6]
+
+### Casino Establishment and Bankruptcy
+
+In October 1980 the Cabazon Band established on the reservation the Cabazon Indian Casino, an unincorporated company consisting of a card parlor, restaurant and bar, employing about 75 people whose wages were paid from casino revenues.[^7] The casino was located on tribal trust land. On December 10, 1981, the casino filed a petition for reorganization under Chapter 11. The petition was signed by [[John Paul Nichols]] as "Project Manager," and it described the casino as a co-partnership whose listed members included the tribal chairman and other tribal members alongside Nichols, a non-Indian.[^3]
+
+A Ninth Circuit bankruptcy appellate panel reversed summary judgment in a suit brought by the discharged cardroom manager in 1983, finding a material question of fact about whether the casino was a partnership with members outside the protection of 25 U.S.C. § 81.[^3] In February 1986 a Ninth Circuit bankruptcy appellate panel affirmed a ruling that the casino was not exempt from federal unemployment and employment taxes, on an Internal Revenue Service proof of claim for 1981 employment taxes of $181,530.24 (FICA) and $5,614.11 (FUTA).[^7]
+
+A January 1988 article reports that the tribe then owed casino debts of $567,577 to 45 creditors against assets of $123,859, and that settlement of the case depended on a $200,000 loan from Southwest Gaming Inc.[^8]
 
 ### Contra Connection
 
@@ -37,7 +48,7 @@ Contra leader [[Eden Pastora]] visited a firing range near the reservation for a
 
 ### PROMIS Software Modification
 
-[[Michael Riconosciuto]] stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that he had served as the Director of Research for this joint venture; the report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture, which had no employees.[^3] He claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software at the Wackenhut facility on the reservation. This modified software, allegedly made available by [[Earl Brian]] through [[Peter Videnieks]] of the [[Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], was intended for worldwide implementation in law enforcement and intelligence agencies, leading to the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. Riconosciuto's affidavit detailed specific modifications for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]].[^1]
+[[Michael Riconosciuto]] stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that he had served as the Director of Research for this joint venture; the report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture, which had no employees.[^9] He claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software at the Wackenhut facility on the reservation. This modified software, allegedly made available by [[Earl Brian]] through [[Peter Videnieks]] of the [[Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], was intended for worldwide implementation in law enforcement and intelligence agencies, leading to the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. Riconosciuto's affidavit detailed specific modifications for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]].[^1]
 
 Frequent visitors to the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture included Peter Videnieks and Earl Brian. The venture maintained close liaison with elements of the [[United States]], including representatives of intelligence, military, and law enforcement agencies.[^1]
 
@@ -49,8 +60,18 @@ Investigative journalist [[Danny Casolaro]] was investigating the Cabazon/Wacken
 
 The Wackenhut/Cabazon Joint Venture was terminated on October 1, 1984. Following its termination, the activities conducted on the Cabazon Indian Reservation became the subject of numerous investigations by various governmental and law enforcement bodies, including the U.S. Department of Justice, the [[United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee on Inslaw]], [[U.S. Customs]], and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as police agencies and media worldwide.[^1]
 
+On February 8, 1989, the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, chaired by Senator [[Dennis DeConcini]], heard a witness listed under the fictitious name "Marty." The Press-Enterprise reported that he said the Cabazon reservation was involved with organized crime and gave no specifics on Cabazon.[^4] Robert Morehouse of the California Attorney General's office submitted a paper to the same hearing describing the casino's hiring of Zangari, the 1981 bankruptcy and John Philip Nichols's May 1985 plea of no contest to two charges of solicitation for murder.[^10] [[Arthur Welmas]] replied in writing that the testimony was unsubstantiated hearsay.[^11]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
 [^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty."
-[^3]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 and 55 to 58, footnote 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
+[^3]: *Zangari v. Cabazon Indian Casino (In re Cabazon Indian Casino)*, 35 B.R. 124 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. December 29, 1983), BAP No. CC-82-1578-GVAb. https://static.case.law/br/35/cases/0124-01.json
+[^4]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 9, 1989, p. A-1, "Cabazon bingo casino listed as Mafia-tied." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302 of the interview of Wayne Reeder, October 5, 1992, file 74-86438. https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt
+[^6]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua (1993), section "(i) The Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture." https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
+[^7]: *In re Cabazon Indian Casino*, 57 B.R. 398 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. February 5, 1986), BAP No. CC-85-1006-MVAb. https://static.case.law/br/57/cases/0398-01.json
+[^8]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), January 24, 1988, p. B-1, "Bingo profits rising as legal fight brews." Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
+[^9]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 and 55 to 58, footnote 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
+[^10]: *Federal Government's Relationship with American Indians*, Hearings before the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, S. Hrg. 101-126, Part 2 (February 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1989), Robert Morehouse, "High Stakes Bingo on Indian Reservations in California," pp. 417 to 419. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0182
+[^11]: *The Press-Enterprise* (Riverside, California), February 11, 1989, "Indians deny link to crime," by David Boyles. Reprinted in FBI Los Angeles file 183A-LA-1746, Section 1, https://archive.org/details/JohnPhilipNichols
diff --git a/60 - PLACES/REGIONS/Middle East.md b/60 - PLACES/REGIONS/Middle East.md
index 89932f89..b54ccdf2 100644
--- a/60 - PLACES/REGIONS/Middle East.md	
+++ b/60 - PLACES/REGIONS/Middle East.md	
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The [[Office of Strategic Services]] "conducted covert operations, resistance su
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: As cited on the linked pages: Hersh, Seymour M., *The Samson Option,* Random House, 1991; Ben-Menashe, Ari, *Profits of War,* TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: As cited on the linked pages: Hersh, Seymour M., *The Samson Option,* Random House, 1991; Ben-Menashe, Ari, *Profits of War,* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
 [^2]: Troy, Thomas F., *Donovan and the CIA,* CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence; Trento, Joseph, *Prelude to Terror,* Carroll and Graf, 2005; Risen, James, *State of War,* Free Press, 2006; NSAM 303 and discoverlbj.org; Beaty, Jonathan, and S. C. Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank,* Random House, 1993; CIA Domestic Contact Service case file 65805 (NARA 104-10291-10016/10017).
 [^3]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank;* Farah, Douglas, and Stephen Braun, *Merchant of Death,* Wiley, 2007; Henderson, Ian, *The Lockerbie Trial,* Palgrave, 2001; Seymour, Cheri, *The Last Circle,* TrineDay; House Judiciary Committee, *The INSLAW Affair,* H. Rept. 102-857; Webb, Gary, *Dark Alliance,* Seven Stories, 1998; Sick, Gary, *October Surprise,* Times Books, 1991; Unger, Craig, *Den of Spies,* Dutton, 2024; Barnes, Ben, interview, *New York Times,* March 18, 2023.
 [^4]: *Financial General Bankshares, Inc. v. Metzger,* 680 F.2d 768 (D.C. Cir. 1982); Truell, Peter, and Larry Gurwin, *False Profits,* Houghton Mifflin, 1992; Petzinger, Truell and Abramson, *Wall Street Journal,* December 6, 1991; "Kushner Disappoints Mideast Clients," *Bloomberg,* May 14, 2026; Senate Finance Committee inquiry into Affinity Partners; "Palantir, Israel Agree Strategic Partnership for Battle Tech," *Bloomberg,* January 12, 2024.
diff --git a/70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-08 Our Largest Funder.md b/70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-08 Our Largest Funder.md
index 173c043e..2e5df029 100644
--- a/70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-08 Our Largest Funder.md	
+++ b/70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-08 Our Largest Funder.md	
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ tags:
 
 [[Claire Zabel]] joined [[Open Philanthropy]] as a research analyst in August 2015 and, from December 2019 to January 2022, was described on its team page as leading "our grantmaking on effective altruism."[^1] On July 18, 2019, Companies House records, she became a director of the English company of the [[Centre for Effective Altruism]], later [[Effective Ventures]] Foundation (UK), and a person with significant control holding more than 25 percent of its votes. She remained a director until March 28, 2024.[^2]
 
-Open Philanthropy grant pages from 2018 to 2022 name her as investigator on twenty grants totalling about 12.6 million dollars, among them several to the Centre: 180,000 dollars in February 2020 for a longtermist project incubator, 500,000 dollars more for the incubator in September 2020, and 5,000,000 dollars to the [[Atlas Fellowship]], via the Centre, in March 2022. Of the September 2020 incubator grant, 451,264 dollars was returned to Open Philanthropy in March 2023.[^3] The largest general-support grant to the Centre, 7,500,000 dollars in February 2021, names a committee as its investigator.[^4]
+Open Philanthropy grant pages from 2017 to 2022 name her as investigator on at least 31 grants totalling about 21.2 million dollars, among them several to the Centre: 180,000 dollars in February 2020 for a longtermist project incubator, 500,000 dollars more for the incubator in September 2020, and 5,000,000 dollars to the [[Atlas Fellowship]], via the Centre, in March 2022. Of the September 2020 incubator grant, 451,264 dollars was returned to Open Philanthropy in March 2023.[^3] The largest general-support grant to the Centre, 7,500,000 dollars in February 2021, names a committee as its investigator.[^4]
 
 The charity's accounts for the year to June 30, 2023 describe her in a note on related parties as a program director at "Open Philanthropy, our largest funder," and state that "Claire has significant influence over some of the funding decisions made by Open Philanthropy in relation to several of the charity's projects." That year the charity took 39,037,949 pounds in grants from Open Philanthropy and 2,766,546 pounds in donations from the [[FTX Foundation]]. The same note states that one of its trustees had been the chief executive of the FTX Foundation during the year. The trustee list for that year includes [[Nick Beckstead]], who resigned in August 2023.[^5]
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The [[Charity Commission]] opened a statutory inquiry into the charity in Decemb
 
 [^1]: Open Philanthropy, "Claire Zabel," team biography, Wayback Machine captures of November 28, 2018, December 12, 2019 and January 19, 2022, https://web.archive.org/web/20191212003145/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/about/team/claire-zabel.
 [^2]: Companies House, Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), company number 07962181, officers and persons with significant control, viewed October 8, 2026, https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/persons-with-significant-control.
-[^3]: Open Philanthropy grant pages "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for Jade Leung" (February 2020), "Centre for Effective Altruism: Longtermist Project Incubator (September 2020)" (amount updated to 48,736 dollars after 451,264 dollars returned in March 2023) and "Atlas Fellowship: Scholarships and Summer Program for Students" (March 2022), Wayback Machine captures, https://web.archive.org/web/20251024104819/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-longtermist-incubator-september-2020/.
+[^3]: Open Philanthropy grant pages "Centre for Effective Altruism: Support for Jade Leung" (February 2020), "Centre for Effective Altruism: Longtermist Project Incubator (September 2020)" (amount updated to 48,736 dollars after 451,264 dollars returned in March 2023) and "Atlas Fellowship: Scholarships and Summer Program for Students" (March 2022), Wayback Machine captures, https://web.archive.org/web/20251024104819/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/centre-for-effective-altruism-longtermist-incubator-september-2020/. The count and total are the sum of the Open Philanthropy grant pages, April 2017 to March 2022, that name her in the "Grant investigator" field (29 alone, 2 with a second investigator), listed in the footnotes of the [[Claire Zabel]] page.
 [^4]: Open Philanthropy, "Centre for Effective Altruism: General Support (2021)," investigator "Committee for Effective Altruism Support," Wayback Machine capture of 2024, https://web.archive.org/web/2024id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/?p=1179.
 [^5]: Effective Ventures Foundation (UK), Trustees' Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, page 1 and note 27, page 48, filed at Companies House March 21, 2024, https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07962181/filing-history/MzQxNDkzNjQ2NGFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf.
 [^6]: Charity Commission for England and Wales, "Charity Inquiry: Effective Ventures Foundation UK," May 22, 2024, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk.
diff --git a/80 - SOURCES/Profits of War - Ari Ben-Menashe.md b/80 - SOURCES/Profits of War - Ari Ben-Menashe.md
index 59ee2901..21f780e4 100644
--- a/80 - SOURCES/Profits of War - Ari Ben-Menashe.md	
+++ b/80 - SOURCES/Profits of War - Ari Ben-Menashe.md	
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ date: 1992
 This book is a memoir by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], detailing his alleged career in [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence and his involvement in secret arms deals between the [[United States|U.S.]], [[Israel]], and [[Iran]], particularly concerning the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] and the release of the American hostages in Tehran. Ben-Menashe presents his first-person account of these events, often contradicting official narratives and other sources regarding his credibility and the nature of the operations he describes.
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
diff --git a/90 - MISC/SIMWA.md b/90 - MISC/SIMWA.md
index df17ca21..3b9d85d4 100644
--- a/90 - MISC/SIMWA.md	
+++ b/90 - MISC/SIMWA.md	
@@ -1,18 +1,47 @@
 ---
+aliases:
+  - SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement
+category: "Diplomacy"
 tags:
   - Agreement
   - Military
   - Israel
   - SouthAfrica
+  - AriBenMenashe
+summary: "Ari Ben-Menashe describes SIMWA as a wartime supply and consultation agreement between the South African Defense Force and the Israel Defense Forces, drafted over two years after Ezer Weizman's 1978 visit to Pretoria."
 start: 1978
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Shimon Lavee]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "prepared the Israeli version of the agreement (per Ben-Menashe)"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Ezer Weizman]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "agreed the wartime alliance with P.W. Botha in 1978 (per Ben-Menashe)"
+    fn: 1
 ---
-[[SIMWA]] (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement) was a military cooperation agreement drawn up between the [[South African Defense Force]] (SADF) and the [[Israel]] (IDF). It was created in 1978-1979, after [[Ezer Weizman]], then Israeli Defense Minister, agreed with [[P.W. Botha]], Prime Minister of [[South Africa]], on a wartime alliance as the price for continuing nuclear tests.[^1]
+SIMWA (SADF-IDF Mutual Wartime Agreement) was a military cooperation agreement drawn up between the [[South African Defense Force]] (SADF) and the [[Israel]] (IDF). According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], it took two years to work out after [[Ezer Weizman]], then Israeli Defense Minister, visited [[Pretoria]] in 1978 and agreed with [[P.W. Botha]], Prime Minister of [[South Africa]], on a wartime alliance as the price for continuing nuclear tests.[^1]
 
 The agreement stipulated that if either country faced a shortage of matériel during war or military operations, the other country would provide supplies from its own stockpiles. It also included a provision for an annual meeting of the deputy chiefs of general staff, alternating between Israel and South Africa.[^1]
 
 Under this agreement, Israel sold 175mm artillery that could carry small nuclear devices to South Africa. South Africa also agreed to invest in Israel's nuclear program and provide testing grounds in the [[Indian Ocean]] for Israeli nuclear tests.[^1]
 
+Ben-Menashe wrote that in 1979 Israel carried out a number of Indian Ocean tests, "one of which was detected by satellite because its big flash occurred during a break in the otherwise cloudy weather." He wrote that the South Africans denied the flash was theirs and that the Israeli government "has refused to comment on this test."[^2]
+
 Lieutenant Colonel [[Shimon Lavee]], head of the Special Assistance Branch (SIM) of the External Relations Department of Israeli Military Intelligence, prepared the Israeli version of the agreement.[^1]
 
+### The 1975 agreement
+
+A top secret agreement between the two defense ministers is dated March 30, 1975 in the South African record. The South African History Archive holds a copy released under South Africa's access-to-information law. It is signed by P.W. Botha and [[Shimon Peres]] and contains a clause stating that "the very existence of this agreement" is to remain secret.[^3] Press reporting on the same documents describes a covert agreement governing a military alliance known as Secment, signed some weeks before Peres's 1975 offer of nuclear warheads to Botha.[^4] The office of President Shimon Peres has denied that any such nuclear negotiation took place.[^5] Ben-Menashe dates the SIMWA negotiation to the two years after 1978.[^1]
+
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+
+[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
+[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War*, New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015, pp. 209-210 (index "SIMWA ... 209-10").
+[^3]: South African History Archive, "Declassified documents on apartheid South Africa-Israel talks on nuclear weapons," May 25, 2010. SAHA Collection AL2878 (Freedom of Information Programme Collection), item A3.2.1. https://www.saha.org.za/news/2010/May/declassified_documents_on_apartheid_south_africa_israel_talks_on_nuclear_weapons.htm
+[^4]: Chris McGreal, "Revealed: How Israel offered to sell SA nuclear weapons," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010 (the Guardian article under its headline). https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-revealed-how-israel-offered-to-sell-sa-nuclear-weapons
+[^5]: "Israel denies 'nuclear exchange' talks with SA," *Mail & Guardian*, May 24, 2010 (AFP), statement from the office of President Shimon Peres. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-05-24-israel-denies-nuclear-exchange-talks-with-sa/