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30
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Central Intelligence Agency.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
- Central Intelligence Agency
- CIA
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-10-08
tags:
- Organization
- Intelligence
@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ The CIA sent the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
In 1980, Jimmy Carter signed a presidential "finding" authorizing the CIA to aid the Afghan rebels in "harassment" of the Soviet occupying forces through secret supplies of light weapons and limited funds.[^13] This became the largest covert-action program since [[World War Two]].[^13]
### Senior Review Panel
The Senior Review Panel was an advisory body within the Director's area that reviewed draft national intelligence estimates and commented on them to the Director of Central Intelligence, the Chairman of the National Intelligence Council and the relevant National Intelligence Officer. In a 1991 letter printed in the Senate report on the nomination of [[Robert Gates]], Gates wrote that "The SRP's sole function was to review draft national estimates and offer comments as a group to the DCI, the Chairman/NIC and the relevant NIO."[^14] The Senate report records that [[James D. Theberge]] served on the panel from January 1986 until his death in January 1988, and that he had been hired on a three-days-per-week basis.[^14] Panel memoranda in the CIA reading room carry his name among the signers of comments dated September 1, September 8, September 24, October 22 and December 1, 1987, alongside [[William Leonhart]], B. McPherson and, on some, [[Richard L. Walker]] or [[Courtland D. Perkins]].[^15]
### UAP Research and Secrecy
The CIA has a long and complex history with the [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) issue. The agency has been a key player in the government's long-standing policy of secrecy and denial on the UAP topic. The Robertson Panel, a CIA-sponsored committee in 1953, recommended a policy of debunking UAP reports and using the mass media to ridicule the topic. This policy was highly effective in creating the stigma that has surrounded the UAP issue for decades.[^3]
@ -75,29 +79,29 @@ In recent years, the CIA has been more involved in the official UAP investigatio
### Dark Alliance Investigation
The CIA's covert action division, the Directorate of Operations, created and managed the Contra project during the 1980s, with its Latin American Division headed by [[Dewey Clarridge]] from 1981 to 1984. The agency recruited Contra leaders including [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermúdez]] in 1980 and [[Eden Pastora]] in 1981. The CIA maintained station chiefs in [[Costa Rica]], notably [[Joseph Fernandez|Joseph Fernández]] from 1984 to 1986, who were integral to Oliver North's illegal Contra resupply operation.[^14]
The CIA's covert action division, the Directorate of Operations, created and managed the Contra project during the 1980s, with its Latin American Division headed by [[Dewey Clarridge]] from 1981 to 1984. The agency recruited Contra leaders including [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermúdez]] in 1980 and [[Eden Pastora]] in 1981. The CIA maintained station chiefs in [[Costa Rica]], notably [[Joseph Fernandez|Joseph Fernández]] from 1984 to 1986, who were integral to Oliver North's illegal Contra resupply operation.[^16]
### Contra Drug Trafficking and the Frogman Case
Federal law enforcement records and congressional testimony established that the CIA had reports of [[Cocaine]] being transshipped through Contra-linked facilities, including [[Ilopango Airbase]] in [[El Salvador]]. When defense attorneys in the [[Frogman Case]] obtained letters from CIA assets claiming seized drug money belonged to the Contras, the CIA's Costa Rican station cabled Langley that both men were assets of an organization that had "unwittingly received CIA support." CIA lawyer Lee Strickland flew to [[San Francisco]] and asked the prosecutor to ensure depositions did not go forward. The government returned $36,020 in seized drug money and a CIA cable declared: "CIA equities are fully protected."[^15]
Federal law enforcement records and congressional testimony established that the CIA had reports of [[Cocaine]] being transshipped through Contra-linked facilities, including [[Ilopango Airbase]] in [[El Salvador]]. When defense attorneys in the [[Frogman Case]] obtained letters from CIA assets claiming seized drug money belonged to the Contras, the CIA's Costa Rican station cabled Langley that both men were assets of an organization that had "unwittingly received CIA support." CIA lawyer Lee Strickland flew to [[San Francisco]] and asked the prosecutor to ensure depositions did not go forward. The government returned $36,020 in seized drug money and a CIA cable declared: "CIA equities are fully protected."[^17]
The pseudonymous agent [[Ivan Gomez|Iván Gómez]], assigned to Costa Rica in 1982 as the CIA's liaison to the Contra armies, admitted during polygraph tests that he had laundered drug money. He was fired in 1989 for repeated polygraph failures concerning drug dealing.[^15]
The pseudonymous agent [[Ivan Gomez|Iván Gómez]], assigned to Costa Rica in 1982 as the CIA's liaison to the Contra armies, admitted during polygraph tests that he had laundered drug money. He was fired in 1989 for repeated polygraph failures concerning drug dealing.[^17]
### The Secret 1982 Agreement with the Justice Department
In early 1982, CIA director William J. Casey and Attorney General [[William French Smith]] signed a formal Memorandum of Understanding that exempted the CIA from reporting drug crimes committed by its non-employees - a category including agents, assets, and non-staff employees. Drug offenses were specifically removed from the list of crimes the CIA was required to report. The agreement remained in effect from 1982 to 1995.[^16]
In early 1982, CIA director William J. Casey and Attorney General [[William French Smith]] signed a formal Memorandum of Understanding that exempted the CIA from reporting drug crimes committed by its non-employees - a category including agents, assets, and non-staff employees. Drug offenses were specifically removed from the list of crimes the CIA was required to report. The agreement remained in effect from 1982 to 1995.[^18]
### Ilopango Obstruction
When [[DEA]] agent [[Celerino Castillo]] began investigating Contra drug trafficking at Ilopango, the CIA intervened directly. In April 1986 the El Salvador station sent a cable asking the Costa Rica station to persuade the DEA to back off: "El Salvador Station would appreciate Costa Rica Station advising DEA not to make any inquiries into anyone re: Hangar No. 4 at Ilopango since only legitimate CIA supported operations were conducted from this facility."[^17]
When [[DEA]] agent [[Celerino Castillo]] began investigating Contra drug trafficking at Ilopango, the CIA intervened directly. In April 1986 the El Salvador station sent a cable asking the Costa Rica station to persuade the DEA to back off: "El Salvador Station would appreciate Costa Rica Station advising DEA not to make any inquiries into anyone re: Hangar No. 4 at Ilopango since only legitimate CIA supported operations were conducted from this facility."[^19]
### Inspector General Investigation
CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified before the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]] in March 1998 that the CIA "did not, in an expeditious or consistent fashion, cut off relationships with individuals supporting the Contra program who were alleged to have engaged in drug trafficking activity," including trafficking within the United States. His 400-page report documented CIA relationships with more than 50 suspected drug traffickers during the Contra war.[^16]
CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified before the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]] in March 1998 that the CIA "did not, in an expeditious or consistent fashion, cut off relationships with individuals supporting the Contra program who were alleged to have engaged in drug trafficking activity," including trafficking within the United States. His 400-page report documented CIA relationships with more than 50 suspected drug traffickers during the Contra war.[^18]
### Iran-Contra Indictments
Multiple CIA officials were indicted during the Iran-Contra investigation. Clarridge was indicted on seven counts of perjury. Fernández was indicted on four counts. [[Alan Fiers]] pleaded guilty to withholding information from Congress. All were pardoned by former CIA director [[George H.W. Bush]].[^14]
Multiple CIA officials were indicted during the Iran-Contra investigation. Clarridge was indicted on seven counts of perjury. Fernández was indicted on four counts. [[Alan Fiers]] pleaded guilty to withholding information from Congress. All were pardoned by former CIA director [[George H.W. Bush]].[^16]
### Footnotes
@ -114,7 +118,9 @@ Multiple CIA officials were indicted during the Iran-Contra investigation. Clarr
[^11]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
[^12]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 334.
[^13]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 341.
[^14]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue and Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
[^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Epilogue: "The damage that has been done"
[^17]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
[^14]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess., October 24, 1991, section 5, PDF pages 186 to 188. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf
[^15]: CREST Senior Review Panel memoranda CIA-RDP93T00837R000400110005-3 (NIC-03024-87, September 1, 1987), CIA-RDP93T01222R000100010013-9 (NIC-03595-87, September 8, 1987), CIA-RDP92T00306R000300090020-0 (September 24, 1987), CIA-RDP93T00451R000300080006-5 (NIC-04228-87, October 22, 1987) and CIA-RDP93T00451R000400110014-1 (December 1, 1987). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00837r000400110005-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t01222r000100010013-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp92t00306r000300090020-0, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00451r000300080006-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00451r000400110014-1
[^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue and Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
[^17]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Epilogue: "The damage that has been done"
[^19]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Defense Intelligence Agency.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2025-07-22
updated: 2025-07-22
updated: 2026-10-08
title: Defense Intelligence Agency
tags:
- Organization
@ -19,23 +19,31 @@ The [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) is a major intelligence agency of the
In March 1979, when [[Jimmy Carter]] decided to provide [[Israel]] with KH-11 satellite photographs, the images were picked up by Israeli military attachés at a special Pentagon office controlled by the DIA. Following the Israeli bombing of [[Osirak bombing]] in June 1981, a review found that Israel had significantly expanded the agreement, leading to anger within the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and DIA over the "very lax" management of the liaison agreement.[^2]
### Director Daniel O. Graham
[[Daniel O. Graham]] directed the agency from September 1974. He declared his intention to retire on November 3, 1975, when the dismissal of Secretary of Defense [[James R. Schlesinger]] and Director of Central Intelligence [[William Colby|William E. Colby]] was announced, and retired on January 1, 1976.[^3] He told the Senate Select Committee in 1987 that the DIA "coordinates all military intelligence activities."[^4] On June 23, 1975 he submitted a written statement to the House Appropriations Military Construction Subcommittee asking for $86.1 million in the fiscal 1976 budget for a new DIA building.[^5] The DIA report "Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research" was issued in September 1975, during his directorship, under the task number PT-1810-12-75.[^6]
### Involvement in Psi Research
The DIA's interest in psi research was driven by concerns over perceived Soviet advancements. A 1972 DIA report, *Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR*, highlighted the potential threat of Soviet psi capabilities.[^1] [[Jack Vorona]], head of the DIA's Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate, was the overall manager of the Grill Flame program. The DIA continued to oversee the program even after the Army's funding was initially terminated in 1985.[^1]
### Dark Alliance Investigation
Historian [[Roger Morris]] wrote that [[Barry Seal]] worked for the DIA "where coded records reportedly showed him on the payroll beginning in 1982." Arms manufacturer [[Tim LaFrance]] told journalist [[Nick Schou]] that the DIA was involved in [[Ronald Lister]]'s weapons manufacturing plant in [[El Salvador]], and that meetings Lister had with death squad commander [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]] "happened because the DIA wanted them to happen." Records found in Lister's house in the 1986 raid disclosed connections between Lister and "a DIA subcontractor."[^3]
Historian [[Roger Morris]] wrote that [[Barry Seal]] worked for the DIA "where coded records reportedly showed him on the payroll beginning in 1982." Arms manufacturer [[Tim LaFrance]] told journalist [[Nick Schou]] that the DIA was involved in [[Ronald Lister]]'s weapons manufacturing plant in [[El Salvador]], and that meetings Lister had with death squad commander [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]] "happened because the DIA wanted them to happen." Records found in Lister's house in the 1986 raid disclosed connections between Lister and "a DIA subcontractor."[^7]
### Role in Modern UAP Investigation
The DIA was the original home of the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AAWSAP), the precursor to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP). The program was led by [[James Lacatski]] and initially enjoyed the support of DIA leadership. According to [[Luis Elizondo]], new leadership was hostile to the investigation of paranormal aspects of the UAP phenomenon.[^4]
The DIA was the original home of the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AAWSAP), the precursor to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP). The program was led by [[James Lacatski]] and initially enjoyed the support of DIA leadership. According to [[Luis Elizondo]], new leadership was hostile to the investigation of paranormal aspects of the UAP phenomenon.[^8]
The DIA is also central to the events described in the [[Wilson-Davis Memo]], in which Admiral Thomas R. Wilson, then Director of the DIA, described his discovery of and subsequent denial of access to a secret UAP reverse-engineering program.[^4]
The DIA is also central to the events described in the [[Wilson-Davis Memo]], in which Admiral Thomas R. Wilson, then Director of the DIA, described his discovery of and subsequent denial of access to a secret UAP reverse-engineering program.[^8]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty"
[^4]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
[^3]: Daniel O. Graham, "U.S. Intelligence at the Crossroads," United States Strategic Institute, USSI Report 76-1 (1976), author note, CIA-RDP91M00696R000900060007-5.
[^4]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234), pp. 976-978.
[^5]: Statement of Lieutenant General Daniel O. Graham, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, before the Military Construction Subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations, June 1975, CIA-RDP80B01495R000300020008-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80b01495r000300020008-2
[^6]: Louis F. Maire III and J. D. LaMothe, "Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research," Defense Intelligence Agency, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3, cover page.
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty"
[^8]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Department of Defense.md
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
aliases:
- "United States Department of Defense"
created: 2025-07-23
updated: 2025-07-23
updated: 2026-10-08
title: Department of Defense
tags:
- Organization
@ -23,18 +23,26 @@ In the context of psychic research, the DoD played a significant role, particula
The DoD's interest in [[Psi|psi]] phenomena was often driven by concerns about perceived advancements in [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[China|Chinese]] psychic research, leading to programs aimed at understanding and potentially weaponizing these abilities. This included research into [[Psychotronic Weapons]] and the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation, as seen in [[Project Pandora]] and the work of scientists like [[Allan H. Frey]] and [[Robert O. Becker]].[^1]
### Intelligence Panel Appointments, 1972
A letter of July 26, 1972, from Assistant Secretary of Defense [[Albert C. Hall]] to Director of Central Intelligence [[Richard Helms]] states that Hall had appointed "my Deputy, Dr. M. S. Malkin, to represent ASD (I)" on an ad hoc panel that would study [[SIGINT_COMINT|SIGINT]] issues before the September [[EXCOM]] meeting. The letter names [[Dale Hamilton]] as Malkin's alternate.[^2] The Final Report of the COINS Review Group (February 1, 1973) lists "OASD(I), Chairman Dr. Myron S. Malkin Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Technical Evaluation)" as head of its working group.[^3] The obituary of [[Myron S. Malkin]] states that in 1972 he was named the first Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Technical Evaluation, a post he held until he joined [[NASA]].[^4]
### Role in UAP Investigation and Modern Programs
The DoD has been the primary government entity responsible for the investigation of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) for over seventy years. The DoD's involvement with the UAP issue dates back to at least the [[Roswell Incident]] in 1947. Since then, it has been responsible for a series of official and unofficial programs to investigate the phenomenon, including [[Project Blue Book]], the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP), the [[UAP Task Force]], and the current [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO).[^2]
The DoD has been the primary government entity responsible for the investigation of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) for over seventy years. The DoD's involvement with the UAP issue dates back to at least the [[Roswell Incident]] in 1947. Since then, it has been responsible for a series of official and unofficial programs to investigate the phenomenon, including [[Project Blue Book]], the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP), the [[UAP Task Force]], and the current [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO).[^5]
However, the DoD has also been the primary source of the official secrecy and denial that has surrounded the UAP topic for decades. According to [[Luis Elizondo]] and other whistleblowers, the DoD has actively worked to suppress information about UAP, create a stigma around the topic, and mislead the public and Congress. This has been driven by a desire to protect national security, to prevent public panic, and to allow for the secret reverse-engineering of recovered UAP technology by the "Legacy Program."[^2]
However, the DoD has also been the primary source of the official secrecy and denial that has surrounded the UAP topic for decades. According to [[Luis Elizondo]] and other whistleblowers, the DoD has actively worked to suppress information about UAP, create a stigma around the topic, and mislead the public and Congress. This has been driven by a desire to protect national security, to prevent public panic, and to allow for the secret reverse-engineering of recovered UAP technology by the "Legacy Program."[^5]
### Internal Conflict and Recent Developments
The DoD has been the site of significant internal conflict over the UAP issue. The efforts of individuals like Luis Elizondo, [[Christopher Mellon]], and [[Jay Stratton]] to bring the issue to the attention of senior leadership have been met with resistance from within the department, including from the alleged "[[Collins Elite]]" and the powerful forces behind the "Legacy Program."[^2]
The DoD has been the site of significant internal conflict over the UAP issue. The efforts of individuals like Luis Elizondo, [[Christopher Mellon]], and [[Jay Stratton]] to bring the issue to the attention of senior leadership have been met with resistance from within the department, including from the alleged "[[Collins Elite]]" and the powerful forces behind the "Legacy Program."[^5]
In recent years, however, the DoD has been forced to take the UAP issue more seriously due to pressure from Congress and the public. The department has officially released UAP videos, produced public reports on the phenomenon, and established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) to standardize the collection and analysis of UAP data. Despite these steps towards transparency, the DoD continues to be criticized for its lack of openness and its failure to provide a full accounting of its historical involvement with the UAP issue.[^2]
In recent years, however, the DoD has been forced to take the UAP issue more seriously due to pressure from Congress and the public. The department has officially released UAP videos, produced public reports on the phenomenon, and established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) to standardize the collection and analysis of UAP data. Despite these steps towards transparency, the DoD continues to be criticized for its lack of openness and its failure to provide a full accounting of its historical involvement with the UAP issue.[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
[^2]: Letter, Albert C. Hall to Honorable Richard Helms, July 26, 1972 (DD/S&T# 2 6 JUL 1972). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP75B00514R000200220004-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75b00514r000200220004-7
[^3]: "Final Report of the COINS Review Group," February 1, 1973, CIA-RDP79M00096A000300010003-7. CIA CREST. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp79m00096a000300010003-7
[^4]: Warren E. Leary, "Myron S. Malkin Is Dead at 70; Designed Space Shuttle Program," *New York Times*, October 26, 1994, Section B, page 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/obituaries/myron-s-malkin-is-dead-at-70-designed-space-shuttle-program.html
[^5]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NASA.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-07
updated: 2026-10-08
title: NASA
aliases:
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
@ -110,21 +110,25 @@ On January 16, 2013, NASA announced a $17.8 million contract to [[Bigelow Aerosp
In 1989 Rudolph applied at the U.S. Consulate in Hamburg for a visa to reenter the United States, and was denied. In 1990 he flew to Canada, where the Canadian authorities, alerted by OSI, briefly detained him and released him on bond pending deportation proceedings; Ohio Congressman James Traficant championed his cause. The Canadian court concluded that Rudolph "called for, made use of and directed" slave laborers at Mittelwerk. He was sent back to Germany in 1992, and then sued the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State and four OSI attorneys, claiming that the government had misled him into believing it had sufficient evidence to file a denaturalization suit when a key witness had exculpated him in a sworn declaration. The OSI report states that the suit was dismissed on the ground that it was barred by sovereign immunity, and that he died in Germany in 1996.[^29] A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report carried by the Detroit Jewish News on February 26, 1993 dates the agreement to 1983 and reports that a federal judge in San Jose dismissed Rudolph's suit, in which he argued that the agreement was made under duress and contained elements of fraud, and that a Canadian court had found that he directed forced labor by foreign prisoners at Mittelwerk during 1943 to 1945.[^31]
### Space Shuttle Program Leadership, 1973 to 1980
"Myron (Mike) Malkin was the Headquarters Shuttle Program Director from 1973 to 1980," according to NASA's biography of the STS-1 program personnel.[^32] The New York Times obituary of [[Myron S. Malkin]] describes him as the first director of the shuttle program, a physicist who led the effort to bring the orbiter, external tank and solid rocket boosters together as one system, and who left the agency before the first flight in April 1981.[^33] A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Office of Training schedule for a nine-week Senior Seminar (forwarded August 4, 1978) lists "Dr. Myron S. Malkin Space Shuttle Program Director, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)" as the speaker on the shuttle program.[^34] Under the author name "Malkin, M. S.," NASA's Technical Reports Server holds his papers on the program from 1974 to 1979, among them "The Space Shuttle - Key considerations" (1975) and "Planning Space Shuttle's maiden voyage" (1979, with R. F. Freitag).[^35]
### Jack Parsons and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in Pasadena. The FBI's file on [[Jack Parsons]] records a letter of December 29, 1950 from the laboratory on the classification of seven Jet Propulsion Laboratory reports under GALCIT Project No. 1 that were in Parsons' possession at the end of his employment at Hughes Aircraft.[^32]
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in Pasadena. The FBI's file on [[Jack Parsons]] records a letter of December 29, 1950 from the laboratory on the classification of seven Jet Propulsion Laboratory reports under GALCIT Project No. 1 that were in Parsons' possession at the end of his employment at Hughes Aircraft.[^36]
### Brookings Institution 1960 Report
The report "Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs," prepared by [[Donald N. Michael]] with the collaboration of Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright for NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, was issued by the [[Brookings Institution]] in December 1960. It states that "the discovery of intelligent life in other parts of the universe is not likely in the immediate future, it could nevertheless happen at any time," and that "Whenever it does occur its consequences for earth attitudes and values may be profound." It then recommends that a long-term research effort begin with "A continuing determination of emotional and intellectual understanding and attitudes regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life."[^33]
The report "Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs," prepared by [[Donald N. Michael]] with the collaboration of Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright for NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, was issued by the [[Brookings Institution]] in December 1960. It states that "the discovery of intelligent life in other parts of the universe is not likely in the immediate future, it could nevertheless happen at any time," and that "Whenever it does occur its consequences for earth attitudes and values may be profound." It then recommends that a long-term research effort begin with "A continuing determination of emotional and intellectual understanding and attitudes regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life."[^37]
A later section of the report on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life states that "face-to-face meetings with it will not occur within the next twenty years (unless its technology is more advanced than ours, qualifying it to visit earth)," that "artifacts left at some point in time by these life forms might possibly be discovered through our space activities on the Moon, Mars, or Venus," and that if there is any contact in the next twenty years "it would most likely be by radio."[^33]
A later section of the report on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life states that "face-to-face meetings with it will not occur within the next twenty years (unless its technology is more advanced than ours, qualifying it to visit earth)," that "artifacts left at some point in time by these life forms might possibly be discovered through our space activities on the Moon, Mars, or Venus," and that if there is any contact in the next twenty years "it would most likely be by radio."[^37]
### NASA Response to the 1977 White House UFO Inquiry
In July 1977, [[Frank Press]], the director of science and technology policy in the [[Executive Office of the President]], wrote to NASA Administrator [[Robert Frosch]] suggesting that NASA answer UFO-related mail and consider whether it should conduct an active research program on UFOs. In a letter dated December 21, 1977, Frosch agreed that NASA would continue to answer UFO mail, and he wrote that "I would therefore propose that NASA take no steps to establish research in this area or to convene a symposium on this subject."[^34] Frosch wrote that "There is an absence of tangible or physical evidence available for thorough laboratory analysis," that "we stand ready to respond to any bona fide physical evidence from credible sources," and that "institutionally, we retain an open mind, a keen sense of scientific curiosity and a willingness to analyze technical problems within our competence."[^34]
In July 1977, [[Frank Press]], the director of science and technology policy in the [[Executive Office of the President]], wrote to NASA Administrator [[Robert Frosch]] suggesting that NASA answer UFO-related mail and consider whether it should conduct an active research program on UFOs. In a letter dated December 21, 1977, Frosch agreed that NASA would continue to answer UFO mail, and he wrote that "I would therefore propose that NASA take no steps to establish research in this area or to convene a symposium on this subject."[^38] Frosch wrote that "There is an absence of tangible or physical evidence available for thorough laboratory analysis," that "we stand ready to respond to any bona fide physical evidence from credible sources," and that "institutionally, we retain an open mind, a keen sense of scientific curiosity and a willingness to analyze technical problems within our competence."[^38]
NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA is not engaged in a research program involving these phenomena, nor is any other government agency."[^34]
NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA is not engaged in a research program involving these phenomena, nor is any other government agency."[^38]
[^1]: NASA, "NASA History" (nasa.gov/history/: "Since October 1, 1958, when NASA opened for business"; NASA "was built on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)"); National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed by the President July 29, 1958, NASA History Office, history.nasa.gov/spaceact.html (National Archives Record Group 255).
[^2]: Targ, Russell, Phyllis Cole and Harold Puthoff, "Development of Techniques to Enhance Man/Machine Communication," Final Report, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, August 1974, NASA CR-157886, contract 953653 under NAS7-100, SRI project 2613; foreword by NASA and JPL; abstract on the NASA Technical Reports Server, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790003559 (accession N79-11730; full text at ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19790003559/downloads/19790003559.pdf).
@ -132,8 +136,8 @@ NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA i
[^4]: Puthoff, H. E., and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1976, NTRS 19760042112 (funding NAS7-100), ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19760042112.
[^5]: NASA, "Edgar Dean Mitchell (Captain, USN, Ret.) NASA Astronaut (Former)," biographical data, nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/mitchell_edgar.pdf (Group 5, April 1966; lunar module pilot, launch January 31, 1971, return February 9, 1971; "founded the Institute of Noetic Sciences in 1973, one year after retiring from government service").
[^6]: Mitchell, Edgar D., "Introduction: From Outer Space to Inner Space," in Mitchell, ed. John White, *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974, pp. 32-34 (archive.org lending copy psychicexplorati0000unse).
[^8]: Mitchell, Edgar, with Dwight Williams, *The Way of the Explorer: An Apollo Astronaut's Journey Through the Material and Mystical Worlds*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996, pp. 48-49 and 60-61, with a footnote on p. 61 stating that "The results of the experiment were published in the June 1971 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology" (archive.org lending copy wayofexplorer00mitc).
[^7]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," article catalogued March 4, 1974, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700030001-3 (a second copy is CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8).
[^8]: Mitchell, Edgar, with Dwight Williams, *The Way of the Explorer: An Apollo Astronaut's Journey Through the Material and Mystical Worlds*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996, pp. 48-49 and 60-61, with a footnote on p. 61 stating that "The results of the experiment were published in the June 1971 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology" (archive.org lending copy wayofexplorer00mitc).
[^9]: Mitchell, Edgar D., "An ESP Test From Apollo 14," Journal of Parapsychology, vol. 35, no. 2 (June 1971), pp. 89-107; the page range is confirmed in the journal's 1971 index, archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1971_35_index.
[^10]: Puharich, Andrija, ed., proposal on "direct brain action" based on a submission by Captain Edgar D. Mitchell, undated (c. 1972), CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, section on the Apollo 14 experiment.
[^11]: Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, report with date of publication July 1972, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300010001-7, footnote 82 citing "An ESP Test from Appollo 14, Journal of Parapsychology, Volume 35, Number 2, June 1971." Sole source for the 150 attempts figure.
@ -157,6 +161,10 @@ NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA i
[^29]: U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division, *Striving for Accountability in the Aftermath of the Holocaust: The Office of Special Investigations*, chapter "Arthur Rudolph - An Honored Rocket Scientist," pp. 331-340 and notes 4-6, 10, 13-15 (note 6: von Braun, "first Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, serving from 1960 to 1970"; note 13: "Dec. 2, 1983 memo to DAAG Richard from Director Sher re 'Agreement in Rudolph Case'"; note 15: "NASA Refuses to Rescind Award," Washington Post, February 12, 1985), justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2011/03/14/12-2008osu-accountability.pdf.
[^30]: Filreis, Alan, "NASA's Nazis," Literature of the Holocaust, writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nasa-nazis.html (the essay's date is not on the page; it refers to a CNN documentary broadcast "in March of last year"). Sole source for the von Braun reception and the Rosenbaum statement.
[^31]: "U.S. Court Dismisses Ex-Nazi's Suit," Jewish Telegraphic Agency report, Detroit Jewish News, February 26, 1993, Bentley Historical Library copy, digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1993.02.26.001/52/download_text (retrieved from the Wayback Machine). Sole source for the San Jose dismissal.
[^32]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2, report on a December 29, 1950 letter from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
[^33]: Michael, Donald N., with Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright, *Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs*, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., December 1960, NASA NTRS 19640053196, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19640053196 (PDF page 58 for the summary passage; PDF pages 242-243, printed pp. 182-183, for the section on the discovery of extraterrestrial life).
[^34]: NASA Headquarters, Office of External Relations, Information Sheet 78-1, "Unidentified Flying Objects," 1978, quoting Frosch's letter of December 21, 1977 to Frank Press; copy from the Department of Defense reading room as archived by the Wayback Machine (snapshot 2022-11-13) of www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/nasa_u1.pdf.
[^32]: NASA, biographies page for the STS-1 flight of April 12-14, 1981, entry for Myron (Mike) Malkin. https://www.nasa.gov/history/sts1/pages/bios.html
[^33]: Warren E. Leary, "Myron S. Malkin Is Dead at 70; Designed Space Shuttle Program," *New York Times*, October 26, 1994, Section B, page 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/obituaries/myron-s-malkin-is-dead-at-70-designed-space-shuttle-program.html
[^34]: Memorandum, OTR 78-8495, August 4, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001000050045-7. CIA CREST. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81m00980r001000050045-7
[^35]: NASA Technical Reports Server, citations 75A13711 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19750029639) and 79A44248 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790060235), author "Malkin, M. S."
[^36]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2, report on a December 29, 1950 letter from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, archive.org/details/JohnParsons.
[^37]: Michael, Donald N., with Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright, *Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs*, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., December 1960, NASA NTRS 19640053196, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19640053196 (PDF page 58 for the summary passage; PDF pages 242-243, printed pp. 182-183, for the section on the discovery of extraterrestrial life).
[^38]: NASA Headquarters, Office of External Relations, Information Sheet 78-1, "Unidentified Flying Objects," 1978, quoting Frosch's letter of December 21, 1977 to Frank Press; copy from the Department of Defense reading room as archived by the Wayback Machine (snapshot 2022-11-13) of www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/nasa_u1.pdf.

14
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2025-03-05
updated: 2026-10-05
updated: 2026-10-08
title: NSA
aliases:
- NSA
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The Church Committee's statement of November 6, 1975 described SHAMROCK as a mes
SRI's final report for the period January 1974 through February 1975 describes experiments "under the control of the sponsor," in which an SRI experimenter requested geographical coordinates of a site unknown to the experimenters and subjects from "the sponsor's group responsible for threat analysis." The coordinates received were 38 degrees 23 minutes 45 seconds to 48 seconds north, 79 degrees 25 minutes west, described only as being in West Virginia. On May 29, 1973 [[Puthoff]] relayed them by telephone to a first subject, designated S3 in the final report and named as [[Ingo Swann]] in SRI's October 1, 1973 proposal, whose sessions of May 29 and 30 described rolling hills, lawns like those around a military base, and "either some old bunkers around, or maybe this is a covered reservoir." On June 1, 1973 Puthoff gave the coordinates to a second subject, designated S1 and named as [[Pat Price]] in the proposal, whose written response of June 2 reported a peak in a mountain chain, a concealed road, a "former missile site" where underground rooms held records, microfilm and file cabinets under "Army 5th Corps Engineers," and, beyond them, bays "with computers, communication equipment, large maps" staffed by the Army Signal Corps. The report states that both West Virginia reports and the report on a Urals site that Price volunteered were "verified by personnel in the sponsor organization as being substantially correct."[^3]
On a later date, the report says, S1 was asked to return to the site "with the goal of obtaining information on code words," and supplied the following: top of desk with papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Minerva"; a file cabinet labeled "Operation Pool"; folders labeled "Cueball," "14 Ball," "4 Ball," "8 Ball" and "Rackup"; a site name that "vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack"; and the personnel "Col. R. J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C. Calhoun (??)."[^3] The name Sugar Grove does not appear in the SRI report. An article by the former [[Time]] science correspondent John L. Wilhelm in [[The Washington Post]] (c. 1977) wrote that the coordinates were encoded and passed through an NSA monitor in the Washington area to a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] scientist at [[Menlo Park]], that the site was a satellite interrogation station which "eavesdrops on Soviet space vehicles," that an officer exclaimed "Hell, there's no security left," and that a security investigation was launched to determine whether the information had leaked to Price. Wilhelm, who also names Sugar Grove in listing the explanations later offered, quoted a source as saying the security men "wouldn't buy the idea of remote viewing."[^4] An Army briefing script on the Grill Flame program, describing the same episode without naming the site, states that the viewer "actually entered the place, calling out names of people who were working there," that he "read" classified codewords on folders, some locked inside security containers, and that "the CIA later confirmed with NSA the validity of much of the subject's information."[^5]
On a later date, the report says, S1 was asked to return to the site "with the goal of obtaining information on code words," and supplied the following: top of desk with papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Minerva"; a file cabinet labeled "Operation Pool"; folders labeled "Cueball," "14 Ball," "4 Ball," "8 Ball" and "Rackup"; a site name that "vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack"; and the personnel "Col. R. J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C. Calhoun (??)."[^3] The name Sugar Grove does not appear in the SRI report. An article by the former [[Time]] science correspondent John L. Wilhelm in [[The Washington Post]] (c. 1977) wrote that the coordinates were encoded and passed through an NSA monitor in the Washington area to a CIA scientist at [[Menlo Park]], that the site was a satellite interrogation station which "eavesdrops on Soviet space vehicles," that an officer exclaimed "Hell, there's no security left," and that a security investigation was launched to determine whether the information had leaked to Price. Wilhelm, who also names Sugar Grove in listing the explanations later offered, quoted a source as saying the security men "wouldn't buy the idea of remote viewing."[^4] An Army briefing script on the Grill Flame program, describing the same episode without naming the site, states that the viewer "actually entered the place, calling out names of people who were working there," that he "read" classified codewords on folders, some locked inside security containers, and that "the CIA later confirmed with NSA the validity of much of the subject's information."[^5]
### NSA and the Army remote viewing program
@ -78,7 +78,12 @@ In [[Ground Saucer Watch]] v. CIA (D.D.C., Civil Action 78-859) the Central Inte
[[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that a former NSA official told him the KH-11 satellite, launched in December 1976, was considered the most important advance of its time in reconnaissance photography, that every military and civilian intelligence agency had an urgent requirement for its imagery, and that the NSA, responsible for all communications intelligence, had a role in scheduling the satellite to maximize collection. Hersh wrote that [[Jimmy Carter]]'s decision in March 1979 to give [[Israel]] direct access to KH-11 photographs disrupted that scheduling and was unpopular within the NSA and other agencies, and that during the [[Ronald Reagan]] administration it was learned that Israeli military officers were permitted to attend Pentagon meetings where future KH-11 missions and orbital paths were discussed, which dismayed some NSA officials.[^13]
### USS Liberty intercepts, 2003 to 2007
The NSA released transcripts of intercepts made after the June 8, 1967, attack on the [[USS Liberty Incident|USS Liberty]] in July 2003, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by [[A. Jay Cristol]] filed April 26, 2001. The letter of July 2, 2003, enclosed three recordings of Israeli communications in Hebrew, three transcripts and two summary reports, and states that "No communications of the attacking aircraft or torpedo boats were available" and that an EC-121 aircraft had collected conversations between two Israeli helicopter pilots and the control tower at Hazor Airfield; it states that portions were withheld under Executive Order 12958 and under statutes including 18 U.S.C. 798 and Section 6 of Public Law 86-36.[^14] In January 2004 the agency's historian, [[David Hatch]], said the new material "doesn't settle much," according to the Financial Times, and that his reading of the air controller's conversations with two helicopter pilots "suggested strongly" that the Israelis did not know at first that the ship was American.[^15] On June 8, 2007, the NSA announced that it had finished its review of all material relating to the attack and had posted additional documents, stating: "It is not NSA's intention to prove or disprove any one set of conclusions, many of which can be drawn from a thorough review of this material."[^16] [[Oliver Kirby]], the NSA deputy director for operations/production in 1967, said in an interview of February 14, 2003 that within weeks of the attack he read transcripts of the Israeli pilots' conversations that made it "absolutely certain" the Israelis knew the ship was American.[^17] The Chicago Tribune reported on October 2, 2007 that the NSA's position was that it never intercepted the communications of the attacking Israeli pilots; quoted Kirby as saying "I'm willing to swear on a stack of Bibles that we knew they knew"; quoted Michael Prostinak, a Hebrew linguist aboard the EC-121, as saying "there were more tapes than just the three on the Internet"; and reported that the posted tape designated A1104/A-02 begins at 2:29 p.m. local time and that a preceding tape designated A1104/A-01 is absent. An NSA media adviser did not respond to the Tribune's question about the difference.[^18]
### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Intelligence Activities, Senate Resolution 21*, Hearings, vol. 5, "The National Security Agency and Fourth Amendment Rights," 94th Cong., 1st sess., October 29 and November 6, 1975 (testimony of Lt. Gen. Lew Allen, Jr.; committee statement on SHAMROCK read November 6), https://archive.org/details/Church-Committee-Hearings-Volume5-National-Security-Agency (text at https://archive.org/download/Church-Committee-Hearings-Volume5-National-Security-Agency/Vol5-NSA_djvu.txt).
[^2]: "Proposed Grill Flame Protocol: Proposed SRI International Applied Remote Viewing Protocol," SRI 9-4107, March 23, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300070001-1, biography of Harold E. Puthoff, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300070001-1.
[^3]: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part Two: Research Report," final report covering January 1974 through February 1975, SRI International, December 1, 1975, section on "West Virginia Site (S3)," "West Virginia Site (S1)" and "Urals Site," CIA-RDP96-00788R001300030001-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300030001-5; and SRI Proposal for Research ISH 73-146, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part One," October 1, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100001-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000700100001-5, which names Price in the same passage.
@ -92,3 +97,8 @@ In [[Ground Saucer Watch]] v. CIA (D.D.C., Civil Action 78-859) the Central Inte
[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, pp. 67 to 68, https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Aviv is the sole source for these statements, which the report records as his account to committee investigators.
[^12]: Affidavit of Eugene F. Yeates, Chief, Office of Policy, National Security Agency, *Citizens Against Unidentified Flying Objects Secrecy v. National Security Agency*, Civil Action No. 80-1562 (D.D.C. 1980), https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/assets/files/affadavit_yeates.pdf (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/assets/files/affadavit_yeates.pdf).
[^13]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991). Hersh attributes the account of the KH-11 scheduling to an unnamed former NSA official.
[^14]: National Security Agency, letter from Louis F. Giles, Director of Policy, to A. Jay Cristol, FOIA Case 40039A, July 2, 2003. https://irp.fas.org/nsa/liberty.html
[^15]: Guy Dinmore, *Financial Times*, January 13, 2004, reprinted by the History News Network. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/3027
[^16]: National Security Agency, "U.S.S. Liberty," release page (Wayback Machine 2007 capture). http://web.archive.org/web/2007/http://www.nsa.gov/liberty
[^17]: David C. Walsh, "Former NSA Officials Agree," *U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings*, June 2003. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/june/former-nsa-officials-agree
[^18]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/