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---
category: "Foreign Government"
tags:
- Organization
- PoliticalParty
- Pakistan
- BCCI
- BhuttoFamily
alias:
- PPP
- Pakistan Peoples Party
summary: "Pakistani political party of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto, which a 1978 government White Paper said had received two or three crores of rupees through Agha Hasan Abedi in 1977."
location: "Pakistan"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: funded
with: "[[Agha Hasan Abedi]]"
reverse: true
role: "two or three crores of rupees for the March 1977 election campaign, per the Zia government's July 1978 White Paper"
start: 1977
fn: 1
---
The Pakistan People's Party (PPP) was the political party of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], prime minister of [[Pakistan]] until his overthrow by [[Zia ul-Haq]] in 1977, and later of his daughter [[Benazir Bhutto]], its leader until her death in 2007. The military government's White Paper on the 1977 elections named the banker [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] as a source of the party's campaign money.[^1][^2]
### The 1978 White Paper
In July 1978 the Government of Pakistan issued a White Paper on "The Conduct of the General Elections in March 1977." According to the [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate report]], "in a section analyzing the illegal funding of campaign activities for the PPP, the party of Bhutto, the White Paper describes how 'the other large source of funds was the money brought in by Agha Hasan Abdi [sic]' amounting to 'two or three crores of rupees.'" A later passage described Abedi's "travels . . . loaded as he used to be with bagfuls of money." The White Paper was entered into the record of the Senate hearings on the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 3, pp. 314-317).[^1]
Abedi had by then founded BCCI outside Pakistan; the report described the Bhutto government's nationalization of Pakistani banking, which took his [[United Bank Limited|United Bank]], as the impetus for the new bank. The report stated that Abedi "swiftly changed allegiances" after the coup to Bhutto's successor, Zia, and that Zia "later executed Bhutto for financial crimes, in which Abedi, among others, was clearly involved, while forming close ties to Abedi, on whose financial skills he increasingly relied."[^1]
### Under Zia
Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan in April 1986 after two years of self-imposed exile, "vowing to oust Zia and restore democracy." After dismissing Prime Minister [[Mohammad Khan Junejo]] on May 29, 1988, Zia announced on July 20 that elections would be held on November 16, and declared the next day that they would be held on a non-party basis. On August 17, 1988, the day Zia was killed in the crash of his [[C-130]], Benazir Bhutto petitioned the Supreme Court to require the elections to be held on a party basis.[^3]
### Government and Dismissal
Benazir Bhutto was prime minister from 1988 to 1990 and from 1993 to 1996.[^2] President [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]], who had chaired the Pakistani BCCI Foundation through the 1980s, removed her first government, installing an interim government under a deal with [[Nawaz Sharif]] in 1990.[^4][^5]
On December 27, 2007, while campaigning for elections due on January 8, 2008, Benazir Bhutto was shot and killed as she left a rally in [[Rawalpindi]]. Her husband, [[Asif Ali Zardari]], flew in from [[Dubai]] to escort her coffin. Protests followed across the country, with eleven deaths reported in "the PPP's heartland province of Sindh."[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 3, "The Origin and Early Years of BCCI," section "Abedi As Pakistani Political Paymaster" (citing White Paper on the General Elections, Government of Pakistan, July 1978, S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 3, pp. 314-317). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/03hist.htm
[^2]: "Benazir Bhutto killed in attack," BBC News, December 27, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161590.stm
[^3]: Barnetson, Denholm. "President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel and...," United Press International, August 17, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/17/President-Mohammad-Zia-ul-Haq-US-Ambassador-Arnold-Raphel-and/3467587793600/
[^4]: Amir, Intikhab. "Ghulam Ishaq Khan passes away," *Dawn*, October 28, 2006. https://www.dawn.com/news/216492/ghulam-ishaq-khan-passes-away
[^5]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 5, "BCCI's Relationship with Foreign Governments, Central Banks, and International Organizations," section "Pakistan." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/05foreign.htm

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---
category: "U.S. Government"
aliases:
- "OSTP"
- "White House Office of Science and Technology Policy"
tags:
- Organization
- Government
- USA
- WhiteHouse
- AIPolicy
- RevolvingDoor
summary: "White House science and technology office whose directors under Biden and Trump shaped federal AI policy, from Eric Lander's 2022 resignation to Michael Kratsios's 2025 AI Action Plan."
location: "Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Eric Lander]]"
reverse: true
role: "director and presidential science adviser"
start: 2021
end: 2022-02
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Arati Prabhakar]]"
reverse: true
role: "director"
start: 2022-09
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Michael Kratsios]]"
reverse: true
role: "director; assistant to the president for science and technology"
start: 2025-03
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Rachel Wallace]]"
reverse: true
role: "general counsel, later deputy counsel and chief operating officer"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Jason Matheny]]"
reverse: true
role: "deputy director for national security"
start: 2021-03
fn: 9
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Tom Kalil]]"
reverse: true
role: "consultant while on the Schmidt Futures payroll"
start: 2021
fn: 6
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Marc Aidinoff]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief of staff"
fn: 6
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Daniel Correa]]"
reverse: true
role: "assistant director for innovation policy"
fn: 13
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) is an office of the [[White House]] whose director advises the president on science and technology. The director, who also carries the title of assistant to the president for science and technology, is confirmed by the Senate.[^1][^2][^3] It is distinct from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s former [[Office of Science and Technology]].
### Lander
[[Eric Lander]], the geneticist whom President [[Joe Biden]] made director and a member of the Cabinet, headed an office of about 140 people. On February 7, 2022, *[[Politico]]* reported that a two-month White House investigation had found "credible evidence" that Lander had bullied his general counsel, [[Rachel Wallace]], and "credible evidence of disrespectful interactions with staff by Dr. Lander and OSTP leadership." Fourteen current and former OSTP staff described "a toxic work environment." Wallace, a career civil servant who had worked at OSTP under both [[Barack Obama|Obama]] and [[Donald Trump|Trump]], had complained in September 2021. As discipline, the White House required Lander to hold more collaborative meetings, such as "brown bag sessions." After learning of the story, Lander wrote to staff: "It's my responsibility to set a respectful tone for our community. It's clear that I have not lived up to this responsibility." Wallace said the apology "did not come close to addressing the full extent of his egregious behavior."[^4]
That evening Biden accepted Lander's resignation. Press Secretary [[Jen Psaki]] said the president accepted it "with gratitude for his work at OSTP on the pandemic, the Cancer Moonshot, climate change, and other key priorities."[^5]
In March 2022 *Politico* reported that [[Schmidt Futures]], the philanthropy of the former [[Google]] chief executive [[Eric Schmidt]], had paid for staff working in the office: its chief innovation officer, [[Tom Kalil]], remained on the Schmidt Futures payroll for four months while serving as an unpaid consultant to OSTP, and the organization indirectly covered the salary of the office's chief of staff, [[Marc Aidinoff]], for about six weeks. Wallace raised ethical concerns about the arrangement. Schmidt called the report "largely false."[^6][^7]
### Prabhakar
The Senate confirmed [[Arati Prabhakar]] as director on September 22, 2022, by 56 to 40, after invoking cloture the day before by 58 to 38. Ten Republicans voted for her (Senators [[Roy Blunt|Blunt]], [[Richard Burr|Burr]], [[Bill Cassidy|Cassidy]], [[Susan Collins|Collins]], [[Cynthia Lummis|Lummis]], [[Jerry Moran|Moran]], [[Lisa Murkowski|Murkowski]], [[Rob Portman|Portman]], [[Mike Rounds|Rounds]] and [[Thom Tillis|Tillis]]), and one Democrat, [[Joe Manchin]], voted against.[^1] Under Biden the office also published a "Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights," which described the use of automated systems "in ways that threaten the rights of the American public" as "among the great challenges posed to democracy today."[^8] During the same period [[Jason Matheny]], founding director of the [[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]], served as OSTP's deputy director for national security,[^9] and [[Jeff Alstott]] of the [[Rand Corporation|RAND Corporation]] as its assistant director for technology competition and risks.[^10]
### Kratsios and the AI Action Plan
On March 25, 2025, the Senate confirmed [[Michael Kratsios]] of South Carolina as director by 74 to 25, after a cloture vote of 73 to 25; 53 Republicans voted in favor, and all 25 votes against came from Democrats and independents.[^2] The reporter [[Caleb Ecarma]] described Kratsios as a former board member of the [[Foundation for American Innovation]] (FAI), a former chief of staff and principal at [[Thiel Capital]], a former chief financial officer of [[Clarium Capital|Clarium Capital Management]] and a former employee of [[Scale AI]], and wrote that he had interviewed engineers for the [[Department of Government Efficiency]].[^11]
In March 2025 FAI's chief economist, [[Samuel Hammond]], answered OSTP's request for comment on the plan, asking the administration to "drive AI adoption within the Federal government," to review federal IT procurement rules and to exempt AI data centers from parts of the [[National Environmental Policy Act]].[^11]
On July 23, 2025, the White House released *America's AI Action Plan*, whose cover reads "Winning the Race" and which the White House announced as "Winning the AI Race: America's AI Action Plan." The release said it identified "over 90 Federal policy actions across three pillars." The plan's introduction is signed by three officials: Kratsios, as assistant to the president for science and technology; [[David Sacks|David O. Sacks]], special advisor for AI and crypto; and [[Marco Rubio|Marco A. Rubio]], assistant to the president for national security affairs.[^3][^12] It opens with a statement by Trump that it is "a national security imperative for the United States to achieve and maintain unquestioned and unchallenged global technological dominance," cites [[Executive Order 14179]] of January 23, 2025, "Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence," and states that "President Trump rescinded the Biden Administration's dangerous actions on day one." It quotes Vice President [[JD Vance]]'s remark at the Paris AI Action Summit that onerous regulation "would not only unfairly benefit incumbents... it would mean paralyzing one of the most promising technologies we have seen in generations." Among its recommendations is that the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] revise its AI Risk Management Framework "to eliminate references to misinformation, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, and climate change."[^3]
Kratsios said in the White House release that the plan "galvanizes Federal efforts to turbocharge our innovation capacity, build cutting-edge infrastructure, and lead globally." Sacks said "we must center American workers and avoid Orwellian uses of AI," and Rubio, then also acting national security adviser, said "Winning the AI Race is non-negotiable."[^12]
### Staff and Alumni
[[Daniel Correa]], chief executive of the [[Federation of American Scientists]], was OSTP's assistant director for innovation policy for four years under Obama.[^13]
### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Senate, roll call votes 117th Congress, 2nd session, No. 345 (cloture, September 21, 2022) and No. 348 (confirmation, September 22, 2022), PN2267, Arati Prabhakar. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1172/vote_117_2_00348.xml
[^2]: U.S. Senate, roll call votes 119th Congress, 1st session, No. 138 (cloture) and No. 139 (confirmation), March 25, 2025, PN13-8, Michael Kratsios. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1191/vote_119_1_00139.xml
[^3]: The White House, *America's AI Action Plan*, July 2025. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Americas-AI-Action-Plan.pdf
[^4]: Thompson, Alex. "Biden's top science adviser bullied and demeaned subordinates, according to White House investigation." *Politico,* February 7, 2022, archived October 20, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20251020183906/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/07/eric-lander-white-house-investigation-00006077
[^5]: "In town pool report #11: News -- Dr. Lander resignation," February 7, 2022, and "Digest of Other White House Announcements," February 7, 2022, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/pool-reports-february-7-2022 ; https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/digest-other-white-house-announcements-4884
[^6]: Thompson, Alex. "How Eric Schmidt built an expansive AI influence operation." *Politico,* March 28, 2022. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/28/google-eric-schmidt-white-house-00020712
[^7]: "Ex-Google CEO Eric Schmidt says story alleging his foundation indirectly paid White House science staffers is 'largely false.'" CNBC, March 29, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/29/ex-google-ceo-eric-schmidt-responds-to-white-house-related-allegations.html
[^8]: Office of Science and Technology Policy, "Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights," archived White House website. https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/ai-bill-of-rights/
[^9]: "Jason Matheny to serve Biden White House in national security and tech roles." *FedScoop,* March 9, 2021. https://fedscoop.com/white-house-announces-top-tech-adviser-jason-matheny-national-security/
[^10]: RAND Corporation, "Jeff Alstott," staff profile and publications list, archived September 17, 2026. http://web.archive.org/web/20260917062102/https://www.rand.org/about/people/a/alstott_jeffrey.html
[^11]: Ecarma, Caleb. "The little-known think tank pushing Trump to replace the federal workforce with AI." *Oligarch Watch*, September 10, 2025. https://oligarchwatch.substack.com/p/the-little-known-think-tank-pushing
[^12]: The White House, "White House Unveils America's AI Action Plan," July 23, 2025. https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2025/07/white-house-unveils-americas-ai-action-plan/
[^13]: Federation of American Scientists, "Daniel Correa," biography, accessed September 23, 2026. https://fas.org/expert/daniel-correa/

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---
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
tags:
- Organization
- MunicipalGovernment
- Philadelphia
- Censorship
- RCHorsch
alias:
- Licenses and Inspections
- Department of Licenses and Inspections
- L&I
summary: "Philadelphia's building-code and licensing department, whose deputy commissioner Leo Goldstein closed R.C. Horsch's Underground Cinema 16 in 1969, and which Mayor Cherelle Parker split under two commissioners in 2024."
location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Basil Merenda]]"
reverse: true
role: "commissioner for inspections, safety and compliance"
start: 2024-02-08
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Bridget Collins-Greenwald]]"
reverse: true
role: "commissioner for quality of life"
start: 2024-02-08
fn: 5
---
The Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspections enforces the building codes and business licensing laws of [[Philadelphia]]. In October 1969 its deputy commissioner, [[Leo Goldstein]], closed [[Underground Cinema 16]], the theater of Ray Hoersch, later [[R.C. Horsch]], in the week it planned to preview the [[Vietnam War]] documentary *[[In the Year of the Pig]]*.[^1][^2]
### Cinema 16 and the Tate Administration
On October 29, 1969, the department ordered Cinema 16, at 2021 Sansom Street, closed because it lacked the requisite licenses. Goldstein posted the theater, and "police were instructed to keep it empty." Hoersch, then 26, called the matter a "simple confusion" over the city's requirements.[^1] The alternative weekly *[[The Distant Drummer]]*, in an article on the administration of Mayor [[James H. J. Tate]], reported that the department had closed the theater for want of a statement of occupancy and five minor building-code violations, which were corrected within a day, and quoted Goldstein: "I first heard about the theatre (Cinema 16) when I read in the BULLETIN that they were going to play that Vietnam film (In the Year of the Pig)." In the same period the department closed the "Space" annex of the [[Theatre of the Living Arts]] and the Manning Street Theater. While Cinema 16 was shut, the film was shown at the [[Bandbox Theater]] in [[Germantown, Philadelphia|Germantown]].[^2]
### The Market Street Collapse
On June 5, 2013, during the demolition of a building at 22nd and Market Streets, a freestanding wall fell onto a [[Salvation Army]] thrift store. [[CBS News]] reported that the collapse killed six people and injured 14; *[[Billy Penn]]* reported six deaths, a seventh weeks later, and 13 people seriously injured. The contractor and a heavy equipment operator were arrested.[^3][^4] After a ten-month investigation, the Mayor's Special Independent Advisory Commission found that "the City's regulatory controls in place at the time were inadequate and there was a lack of effective action on the part of L & I personnel," and proposed "separating L & I into two separate departments," one of them a new Department of Buildings.[^3] The commission, appointed under Mayor [[Michael Nutter]], described the department as "fragmented by divergent mandates accumulated over decades of mission expansion, chronic underfunding."[^4]
### The 2024 Division
On February 8, 2024, Mayor [[Cherelle Parker]] named [[Basil Merenda]] L&I Commissioner for Inspections, Safety and Compliance, responsible for "enforcing the City's codes for the safe and lawful construction and use of buildings," and [[Bridget Collins-Greenwald]] L&I Commissioner for Quality of Life, responsible for nuisance businesses, the regulation of short-term rentals, bedbug infestations, and the city's plastic bag ban. Merenda had chaired the Joint Task Force on Regulatory Reform for Licenses and Inspections with Councilmember Mike Driscoll, who said that "the recommendation to split L&I was central to the report of the Joint Task Force."[^5] In December 2023 City Controller Christy Brady had announced a review of unlicensed properties.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Police to Inspect Building: Cinema 16 Shut Down In License Dispute; Owner Is 'Confused'," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* October 30, 1969, p. 19. https://www.newspapers.com/image/169186622/
[^2]: "Mayor Tate's War On [title cut off in the scan]," *The Distant Drummer,* no. 65, December 25, 1969, p. 8, Temple University Libraries, Special Collections Research Center. https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p16002coll34/id/473
[^3]: "Report Blames City For Failing To Heed Warnings Before Deadly Market St. Building Collapse," *CBS Philadelphia,* September 25, 2014. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/report-blames-city-for-failing-to-heed-warnings-before-deadly-market-st-building-collapse/
[^4]: Rinde, Meir. "Mayor Parker enacts long recommended split for L&I," *Billy Penn,* February 14, 2024. https://billypenn.com/2024/02/14/philly-licenses-and-inspections-department-reform/
[^5]: Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia, "Mayor Cherelle L. Parker Names Commissioners of Licenses and Inspections: One for Building Enforcement and Compliance, One for Quality of Life and Nuisances," February 8, 2024. https://www.phila.gov/2024-02-08-mayor-cherelle-l-parker-names-commissioners-of-licenses-and-inspections-one-for-building-enforcement-compliance-one-for-quality-of-life-and-nuisances-long-sought-reform-in-philadelphi/

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---
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
tags:
- Organization
- LawEnforcement
- Prosecution
- Philadelphia
- OlneyHouseInvestigation
- RCHorsch
alias:
- Office of the District Attorney of Philadelphia
- Philadelphia DA's office
- DAO
summary: "Prosecutor for the city and county of Philadelphia, led since 2018 by Larry Krasner, which charged and in August 2026 withdrew state gun and drug counts against Eugene Horsch."
location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[James C. Crumlish Jr.]]"
reverse: true
role: "district attorney"
start: 1962
end: 1966
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[R. Seth Williams]]"
reverse: true
role: "district attorney"
end: 2017
fn: 6
- type: head_of
with: "[[Larry Krasner]]"
reverse: true
role: "district attorney"
start: 2018
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Alyssa Amoroso]]"
reverse: true
role: "assistant district attorney"
fn: 3
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Eugene Horsch]]"
start: 2025
end: 2026-08-06
fn: 2
---
The Philadelphia District Attorney's Office is the prosecutor for the city and county of [[Philadelphia]]. It has been led since 2018 by [[Larry Krasner]]. In 2025 it prosecuted [[Eugene Horsch]] on drug counts, and after his arrest in June 2026 it charged him with illegal gun and drug possession; on August 6, 2026, it withdrew those charges in favor of the federal prosecution.[^1][^2][^3]
### District Attorneys
[[James C. Crumlish Jr.]] was district attorney from 1962 to 1966 and later sat as a judge of the [[Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania|Commonwealth Court]] until his death in 1992.[^4] On January 19, 2012, the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]], in an opinion by Chief Justice [[Ronald Castille]], held that the Philadelphia costs-of-prosecution statute did not permit the office to recover the salaries of its assistant district attorneys and county detectives from [[Gerald Garzone]] and [[Louis Garzone]], the funeral directors it had prosecuted in the body-parts case of 2008.[^5]
On March 21, 2017, a federal grand jury returned a 23-count indictment charging District Attorney [[R. Seth Williams|Rufus Seth Williams]] with bribery, extortion, and honest services wire fraud "in connection with tens of thousands of dollars' worth of concealed bribes that he received from two business owners in exchange for his agreement to perform official acts," and with defrauding a nursing home and family friends of money meant for a relative's care. The case was brought by the [[United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey|United States Attorney's Office for the District of New Jersey]] with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s Philadelphia Division, [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] Criminal Investigation, and [[Homeland Security Investigations]].[^6]
Krasner first ran for district attorney in 2017. On November 4, 2025, he won a third term against the Republican nominee, [[Patrick Dugan]], a former judge of the Philadelphia Municipal Court.[^1]
### The Horsch Prosecutions
[[R.C. Horsch]] said that staff of the office attended the 1973 premiere of his film [[The Erotic Memoirs of a Male Chauvinist Pig]] at the 1812 Theater on Chestnut Street.[^7] In March 2009 the office, through Assistant District Attorney [[Jill Fertel]], prosecuted him for approaching a nine-year-old girl in [[Kensington, Philadelphia|Kensington]].[^8]
Firefighters answered a small fire on the second floor of the house at 417 West Chew Avenue on May 18, 2025. A fire marshal and a police patrolman found a marijuana grow, a BCI Defense rifle of AR-15 pattern modified to fire automatically, a 12-gauge Stevens Model 67 shotgun with a sawed-off barrel, a 9mm Girsan MC28 pistol, and more than a hundred rounds of ammunition; the serial numbers had been destroyed on all three guns. According to a spokesperson for Krasner, the defense lawyer [[Jerome Brown]] told the court that the weapons had belonged to Eugene Horsch's father, who had died three days before the raid, and that Eugene Horsch had planned to dispose of them properly. He pleaded guilty to manufacturing drugs, prosecutors withdrew the gun charges, and he received three years of probation.[^2]
After his arrest near [[Independence Hall]] on June 19, 2026, the office charged him with illegal gun and drug possession. On the morning of August 6, 2026, Assistant District Attorney [[Alyssa Amoroso]] withdrew the charges, telling a city judge that the [[United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|United States Attorney's Office]] would handle the case. Neither Horsch nor Brown attended the hearing.[^3] Amoroso, a 2017 graduate of the [[Villanova University]] law school, had interned in the office's Municipal Court Unit in 2016.[^9]
### Referral of Krasner
On September 15, 2026, in the federal habeas proceeding over Dennis Johnson's 2009 conviction for second-degree murder, Judge [[Paul S. Diamond]] of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]] wrote: "I have thus reluctantly concluded that Philadelphia's highest law enforcement official and one of his top assistants may have violated the law." He referred "the DAO, Mr. Krasner, and Stiegler to this District's [[United States]] Attorney's Office for investigation and other appropriate action," writing that a possible threat by Krasner "could amount to obstruction of justice," that efforts to mislead the court "might amount to conspiracy," and that the supervisor Matthew Stiegler "may have committed perjury while on the stand." Krasner said: "I respectfully and vigorously disagree," and "I look forward to appealing to the higher court as soon as the law allows."[^10]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Orso, Anna, Ellie Rushing, and Jesse Bunch. "Larry Krasner reelected as Philadelphia District Attorney," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* November 4, 2025. https://www.inquirer.com/politics/philadelphia/district-attorney-election-results-winner-20251104.html
[^2]: Marin, Max, Ryan W. Briggs, Ellie Rushing, and Barbara Laker. "Police searched Olney home last summer, but drugs, not missing women, were the focus," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* July 1, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/eugene-raymond-horsch-olney-home-search-guns-drugs-20260701.html
[^3]: Rushing, Ellie. "Feds will take over gun case of Olney man at center of missing women investigation, as Philly DA withdraws charges," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 6, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/eugene-horsch-federal-charges-olney-missing-women-20260806.html
[^4]: "James Crumlish," Ballotpedia; "James C. Crumlish," Find a Grave memorial 117845657 (1920 to 1992). https://ballotpedia.org/James_Crumlish ; https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/117845657/james-c_-crumlish
[^5]: Commonwealth v. Garzone, 34 A.3d 67, 613 Pa. 481 (Pa. 2012), opinion of Castille, C.J., decided January 19, 2012. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13924150246787701071
[^6]: United States Attorney's Office, District of New Jersey, "Philadelphia District Attorney Rufus Seth Williams Indicted On Bribery And Extortion Charges," press release, March 21, 2017, archived. http://web.archive.org/web/20260524023339/https://www.justice.gov/usao-nj/pr/philadelphia-district-attorney-rufus-seth-williams-indicted-bribery-and-extortion-charges
[^7]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 2: Performance," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 172, September 20, 2026, audio, republishing interviews recorded in 2013. https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/20/ray-horsch-3/
[^8]: Rushing, Ellie, Barbara Laker, Ryan W. Briggs, and Max Marin. "Raymond Horsch was convicted of luring a 9-year-old girl to his car in 2009. Now those court records could be destroyed." *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 22, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/raymond-horsch-child-luring-kensington-records-expunged-20260922.html
[^9]: "Profiles in Justice: ADA Alyssa Amoroso," Philadelphia District Attorney's Office, *The Justice Wire* (Medium), about 2021. https://medium.com/philadelphia-justice/profiles-in-justice-ada-alyssa-amoroso-64b95bd178bb
[^10]: Palmer, Chris. "A federal judge said he believes DA Larry Krasner may have broken the law, and he referred the case to the U.S. Attorney's Office," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 15, 2026, updated September 16, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/paul-diamond-judge-larry-krasner-crimes-prosecution-20260915.html

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---
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
tags:
- Organization
- LawEnforcement
- Philadelphia
- Police
- OlneyHouseInvestigation
- RCHorsch
- MOVE
alias:
- PPD
- Philadelphia police
summary: "Municipal police force of Philadelphia, created by the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which with the FBI has led the 2026 Olney House Investigation into women connected to R.C. Horsch."
start: 1854
location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Frank Rizzo]]"
reverse: true
role: "police commissioner"
start: 1967
end: 1971
fn: 3
- type: head_of
with: "[[Gregore J. Sambor]]"
reverse: true
role: "police commissioner"
end: 1985
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Danielle Outlaw]]"
reverse: true
role: "police commissioner"
start: 2020-02
end: 2023-09-22
fn: 8
- type: head_of
with: "[[John M. Stanford Jr.]]"
reverse: true
role: "interim police commissioner"
start: 2023-09-22
end: 2024-01-02
fn: 9
- type: investigated
with: "[[Olney House Investigation]]"
start: 2026-06-19
fn: 2
- type: investigated
with: "[[Eugene Horsch]]"
start: 2013
fn: 12
---
The Philadelphia Police Department is the municipal police force of [[Philadelphia]]. It was created by the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which united the city and county under a single government. Since June 2026 it has conducted, with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the [[Olney House Investigation]] into women connected to the house of the pornographer [[R.C. Horsch]] and his son [[Eugene Horsch]] on West Chew Avenue.[^1][^2]
### Consolidation
In July 1700 the Common Council established a night watch. The Act of Consolidation of 1854 gave the new department a jurisdiction of 129 and a half square miles and roughly 500,000 inhabitants, raised the potential size of the force to 820 patrolmen, and set tiered salaries by rank. The department is the fourth largest police force in the [[United States]].[^1]
### Leary, Rizzo, and the 1974 Crime Commission
In the riot of 1964, which began when "a scuffle with police during a routine arrest touched off days of rioting," Commissioner Howard Leary instructed police to contain the area and use minimal force; [[Frank Rizzo|Frank L. Rizzo]] fought with Leary over his strict controls on the use of firearms.[^1] To win reelection in 1967, Mayor [[James H. J. Tate]] "figured he needed to send a law and order message" and named Rizzo commissioner.[^3] Rizzo was commissioner from 1967 to 1971 and mayor from 1972 to 1980. He "declared war on the city's dissident groups, especially Black Power militants," and his police raided the offices of the [[Black Panther Party]] and strip-searched members in front of news photographers.[^1] He resigned in 1971 to run for mayor.[^3]
A crime commission reported in 1974 that graft in the department was "ongoing, widespread, systematic, and occurring at all levels of the Police Department." Three times between 1974 and 1983 courts found that the department had violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and the resulting consent decrees set quotas for hiring women, African Americans, and Hispanics.[^1]
In the 1969 administration of Mayor Tate, when the [[Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspections]] closed Ray Hoersch's [[Underground Cinema 16]] on Sansom Street, "police were instructed to keep it empty."[^4]
### MOVE
In 1978 police surrounded the [[Powelton Village]] base of the group [[MOVE]] to enforce a court-ordered eviction; the shootout killed one police officer and injured several officers and MOVE members. On May 13, 1985, with the approval of Mayor [[W. Wilson Goode]], the department dropped a bomb on a fortified row house in West Philadelphia on Osage Avenue. The bombing killed eleven people, five of them children, and destroyed sixty-one homes. Goode later apologized and brought in Commissioner Kevin Tucker, who introduced foot patrols, neighborhood advisory councils, and ministations.[^1]
Commissioner [[Gregore J. Sambor]], a military veteran, had been ordered by Goode to prepare the tactical plan and delegated it to three officers. The plan called for tear gas to be fired into the house and for "a satchel of explosives" to be dropped on a rooftop bunker; Sambor admitted that he "had no backup plan if the tear gas didn't work." When the fire started he allowed it to burn. The MOVE Commission found that the three officers had prepared the plan "hastily and without sufficient information or adequate intelligence." Sambor retired six months later, and gave no interviews afterward except when compelled to testify in a federal case in 1996. "I was told any possibility for injury or death inside the bunker was minimal," he said.[^5]
In the [[39th District]] scandal, officers were accused of "systematically robbing, beating, and framing suspects in drug cases"; ten were imprisoned and about four million dollars was paid in settlements. In March 2015 the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] criticized the department for a "lack of transparency" in use-of-force cases.[^1]
### Commissioners Since 2008
[[Charles H. Ramsey]], a former chief of police of [[Washington, D.C.]], was appointed by Mayor [[Michael Nutter]] and was commissioner from January 2008 to January 2016; he promoted [[Kevin Bethel]] to deputy commissioner for patrol operations in 2009.[^6][^7] [[Danielle Outlaw]], who had become chief of police in [[Portland, Oregon]], in 2017, was sworn in in February 2020 as the first Black woman to lead the department. She left on September 22, 2023, to become a deputy security chief at the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], and her top deputy, [[John M. Stanford Jr.]], was named interim commissioner.[^8] Mayor [[Jim Kenney]] appointed Stanford on September 22, 2023, and named [[Frank Vanore]], who had joined the department in 1990, interim first deputy commissioner.[^9] Bethel, who had joined the force in 1986 and retired in 2016, was sworn in as commissioner on January 2, 2024.[^7]
### Narcotics Bureau and the Nordo Cases
An Internal Affairs report of August 2018 found that, from a meeting in May 2017 called by Inspector [[Raymond Evers]] and Chief Inspector Anthony Boyle, the Narcotics Bureau had developed a practice of running low-level arrestees as informants off the books, falsifying paperwork and withholding information from the [[Philadelphia District Attorney's Office]].[^10] The former homicide detective [[Philip Nordo]], dismissed in 2017, was convicted on June 1, 2022, of rape, sexual assault, stalking, and other offenses, and the district attorney's Conviction Integrity Unit reviewed about 62 homicide convictions in which he had been involved.[^11]
### The Horsch Cases
In 2013 the department found about 1.9 million dollars' worth of marijuana in the house on West Chew Avenue in [[Olney, Philadelphia|Olney]], and Eugene Horsch was sentenced to four to eight years. After a fire at the house on May 18, 2025, a fire marshal and a patrolman discovered a marijuana grow and three firearms with destroyed serial numbers.[^12][^13] In December 2014 an assistant United States attorney, [[Elizabeth F. Abrams]], prosecuted a felon-in-possession case investigated by the FBI and the department.[^14]
Commissioner Bethel, Deputy Commissioner Vanore, and Special Agent in Charge [[Wayne Jacobs]] of the FBI's Philadelphia Field Office said at a briefing on September 16, 2026, that five women shown in material recovered from the house appeared to be dead; on August 12 Inspector Evers had identified [[Gabrielle Amarando]] and [[Maribel Fresses]] as two of them.[^2][^10]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Elkins, Alex. "Police Department, Philadelphia," *The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia,* Rutgers University, 2016. https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/police-department-philadelphia/
[^2]: Sharber, Cory. "Police, FBI provide updates on Horsch missing women case," *WHYY,* September 16, 2026. https://whyy.org/articles/olney-home-investigation-abuse/
[^3]: Finkel, Ken. "The Rise of Rizzo," PhillyHistory Blog, City of Philadelphia Department of Records, September 10, 2018. https://blog.phillyhistory.org/index.php/2018/09/the-rise-of-rizzo/
[^4]: "Police to Inspect Building: Cinema 16 Shut Down In License Dispute; Owner Is 'Confused'," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* October 30, 1969, p. 19. https://www.newspapers.com/image/169186622/
[^5]: Gambacorta, David. "Gregore J. Sambor, police commissioner," *Philadelphia Daily News,* May 6, 2010. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/special_packages/dailynews/20100506_Gregore_J__Sambor__police_commissioner.html
[^6]: "Philadelphia Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey, Former D.C. Police Chief, Announces Retirement," *NBC4 Washington,* October 2015; Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University, "Charles H. Ramsey." https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/philadelphia-police-commissioner-charles-ramsey-announces-retirement/69043/ ; https://cebcp.org/hall-of-fame/charles-ramsey/
[^7]: "Kevin J. Bethel sworn in as Philadelphia's newest police commissioner," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* January 2, 2024, and "Kevin Bethel, Philly's new police commissioner, has a 'strong and direct' style," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* November 22, 2023. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/kevin-bethel-philadelphia-police-commissioner-sworn-in-20240102.html
[^8]: Palmer, Chris, Anna Orso, and Oona Goodin-Smith. "Danielle Outlaw, Philadelphia Police Commissioner, resigns for a job at Port Authority of New York and New Jersey," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 5, 2023. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/danielle-outlaw-philadephia-police-commissioner-resigns-replacement-20230905.html
[^9]: Office of the Mayor, City of Philadelphia, "Mayor Jim Kenney Appoints John M. Stanford, Jr. as Interim Police Commissioner for the Philadelphia Police Department, Frank Vanore as Interim 1st Deputy Commissioner," September 22, 2023. https://www.phila.gov/2023-09-22-mayor-jim-kenney-appoints-john-m-stanford-jr-as-interim-police-commissioner-for-the-philadelphia-police-department-frank-vanore-as-interim-1st-deputy-commissioner/
[^10]: "Report: Philly narcotics cops faked paperwork to hide informants. Hundreds of cases may be challenged," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* January 13, 2019; Rushing, Ellie, Barbara Laker, Max Marin, and Ryan W. Briggs. "'I knew she was gone': Police say at least two missing women likely killed inside Olney home linked to violent pornography," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 12, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia-police-narcotics-drugs-informants-practices-raymond-evers-anthony-boyle-20190113.html ; https://www.inquirer.com/news/eugene-horsch-murder-missing-women-20260812.html
[^11]: Office of the Philadelphia District Attorney, "Former Homicide Detective Philip Nordo Accused of Sexual Assault, Theft Found Guilty on All Counts," press release, June 1, 2022. https://phillyda.org/news/former-homicide-detective-philip-nordo-accused-of-sexual-assault-theft-found-guilty-on-all-counts/
[^12]: "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html
[^13]: Marin, Max, Ryan W. Briggs, Ellie Rushing, and Barbara Laker. "Police searched Olney home last summer, but drugs, not missing women, were the focus," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* July 1, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/eugene-raymond-horsch-olney-home-search-guns-drugs-20260701.html
[^14]: United States Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, "Man Charged With Possession Of A Firearm By A Convicted Felon," press release, December 16, 2014, archived. https://web.archive.org/web/20260524074237/https://www.justice.gov/usao-edpa/pr/man-charged-possession-firearm-convicted-felon

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---
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
tags:
- Organization
- StateJudiciary
- Court
- Pennsylvania
- Garzone
- RCHorsch
alias:
- Pennsylvania Superior Court
- Pa. Super. Ct.
summary: "Intermediate appellate court of Pennsylvania, established in 1895, which ruled on the Garzone and Mastromarino body-parts sentences in 2010 and on which Judge John B. Hannum sat before 1969."
start: 1895
location: "Pennsylvania"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Superior Court of Pennsylvania is one of the two statewide intermediate appellate courts of [[Pennsylvania]]; the other is the [[Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania|Commonwealth Court]]. It was established in 1895 to hear appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas and relieve the caseload of the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]]. It has fifteen judges, elected to ten-year terms.[^1][^2]
### Judges
[[John B. Hannum]], a former chairman of the Chester County Republican Committee, sat on the court by appointment before [[Richard Nixon]] named him to the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]] in 1969. The Federal Judicial Center dates his service on the court to 1968 and 1969, and his *[[The Philadelphia Inquirer|Inquirer]]* obituary gives his appointment as 1967.[^3]
### The Body-Parts Appeals
After [[Gerald Garzone]] and [[Louis Garzone]] of the [[Garzone Funeral Home]] in [[Kensington, Philadelphia|Kensington]] pleaded guilty in 2008 to selling corpses to the tissue-recovery company of [[Michael Mastromarino]], the trial court, on a motion by the [[Philadelphia District Attorney's Office|Commonwealth]], ordered each to pay about 90,000 dollars in costs, most of it the salaries of the assistant district attorneys and county detectives assigned to the case. On April 13, 2010, in an opinion by Judge Stevens, the court vacated the salary portion in Gerald Garzone's case and affirmed the rest: "although the crimes in this case are particularly heinous, if the General Assembly intended to permit such recovery of regularly paid salaries of assistant district attorneys and detectives to be costs associated with the prosecution, the Legislature would have expressly done so." It ruled in Louis Garzone's appeal the next day. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed on January 19, 2012.[^4][^5][^6]
Mastromarino had been sentenced in Philadelphia on October 22, 2008, to 25 to 58 years, concurrent with his sentence in [[New York City|New York]], including consecutive sentences on 32 of 244 theft counts and aggravated sentences for abuse of corpse. The court affirmed the sentence on July 21, 2010, again in an opinion by Judge Stevens.[^7]
In the [[Olney House Investigation]] of 2026, police examined the access of the pornographer [[R.C. Horsch]] to the Garzone crematorium in the years before 2007.[^8]
### Post-Conviction Appeals
The firm of the Philadelphia defense lawyer [[Jerome Brown]], counsel to R.C. Horsch in 2009 and to his son [[Eugene Horsch]] in 2026, advertises two post-conviction victories in the court resting on alleged detective misconduct, *Commonwealth v. Silverman* (2019) and *Commonwealth v. Ronald Thomas* (2020).[^9]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania, "Superior Court." https://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court
[^2]: "Pennsylvania Superior Court: Over 125 Years of Justice," Jenkins Law Library, December 1, 2023. https://www.jenkinslaw.org/blog/2023/12/01/pennsylvania-superior-court-over-125-years-justice
[^3]: Federal Judicial Center, Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, "Hannum, John Berne." https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/hannum-john-berne; Downey, Sally A. "John B. Hannum, 92, judge," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* April 25, 2007. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/20070425_John_B__Hannum__92__judge.html
[^4]: Commonwealth v. Garzone (Gerald Garzone), 993 A.2d 306, 2010 PA Super 57 (Pa. Super. Ct., filed April 13, 2010), opinion of Stevens, J. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12429640407209552656
[^5]: Commonwealth v. Garzone (Louis Garzone), 993 A.2d 1245 (Pa. Super. Ct., filed April 14, 2010), No. 780 EDA 2009.
[^6]: Commonwealth v. Garzone, 34 A.3d 67, 613 Pa. 481 (Pa. 2012), opinion of Castille, C.J., decided January 19, 2012. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13924150246787701071
[^7]: Commonwealth v. Mastromarino, 2 A.3d 581, 2010 PA Super 128 (Pa. Super. Ct., filed July 21, 2010), opinion of Stevens, J. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1483314488518887260
[^8]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html
[^9]: Law Offices of Jerome Michael Brown, firm website. https://jeromebrownlaw.com/

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---
category: "U.S. Government"
aliases:
- "US AI Safety Institute"
- "U.S. Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute"
- "AI Safety Institute"
- "AISI"
- "USAISI"
- "Center for AI Standards and Innovation"
- "CAISI"
tags:
- Organization
- Government
- NIST
- AISafety
- EffectiveAltruism
- DepartmentOfCommerce
summary: "Federal AI-evaluation body created inside NIST in November 2023, renamed the Center for AI Standards and Innovation in June 2025, with Paul Christiano as its first head of AI safety."
start: 2023-11
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Elizabeth Kelly]]"
reverse: true
role: "inaugural director"
start: 2024-02
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Elham Tabassi]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief technology officer"
start: 2024-02
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Paul Christiano]]"
reverse: true
role: "head of AI safety; later senior technical advisor"
start: 2024-04
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Adam Russell]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief vision officer"
start: 2024-04
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Mara Campbell]]"
reverse: true
role: "acting chief operating officer and chief of staff"
start: 2024-04
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Rob Reich]]"
reverse: true
role: "senior advisor"
start: 2024-04
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Mark Latonero]]"
reverse: true
role: "head of international engagement"
start: 2024-04
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Collin Burns]]"
reverse: true
role: "selected as director, removed April 2026"
start: 2026-04
end: 2026-04
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Chris Fall]]"
reverse: true
role: "director"
start: 2026-04
end: 2026-07
fn: 14
- type: head_of
with: "[[Arvind Raman]]"
reverse: true
role: "acting director"
start: 2026-07
fn: 14
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The U.S. AI Safety Institute (AISI) is a body within the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) of the [[Department of Commerce]], created in November 2023 at the direction of President [[Joe Biden]] to carry out the tasks his executive order on artificial intelligence assigned to Commerce.[^1][^2] In June 2025 the [[Donald Trump]] administration renamed it the Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI).[^2] NIST describes CAISI as "industry's primary point of contact within the U.S. government to facilitate testing and collaborative research related to harnessing and securing the potential of commercial AI systems."[^3]
### Leadership Under Raimondo
On February 7, 2024, Commerce Secretary [[Gina Raimondo]] named [[Elizabeth Kelly]], then special assistant to the president for economic policy, as the institute's inaugural director and [[Elham Tabassi]], NIST's chief AI advisor, as chief technology officer. Kelly said that "our first priority will be executing the tasks assigned to NIST in President Biden's executive order," and that she looked forward "to building the institute as a long-term asset for the country and the world."[^1]
On March 7, 2024, *[[VentureBeat]]* reported, citing unnamed sources, that NIST staff members were threatening to resign over the expected appointment of [[Paul Christiano]], whom it described as an "effective altruist," that the hire "was allegedly rushed through the hiring process without anyone knowing until today," and that it had come directly from Raimondo. The staff concern was that his ties to effective altruism and longtermism "could threaten the institute's objectivity." Divyansh Kaushik of the [[Federation of American Scientists]] defended him as qualified for the executive order's work on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear risks.[^4]
On April 16, 2024, Raimondo named Christiano head of AI safety, [[Adam Russell]] chief vision officer, [[Mara Campbell]] acting chief operating officer and chief of staff, [[Rob Reich]] senior advisor, and [[Mark Latonero]] head of international engagement, saying: "we need the top talent our nation has to offer."[^5] The Commerce Department's release stated that Christiano would "design and conduct tests of frontier AI models, focusing on model evaluations for capabilities of national security concern," and noted that he had "launched a leading initiative to conduct third-party evaluations of frontier models, now housed at Model Evaluation and Threat Research ([[METR]])." Russell came from the AI division of the [[University of Southern California]]'s Information Sciences Institute and had been a program manager at the [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] and at the [[Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity]] and had helped establish [[ARPA-H]]. Campbell had been deputy chief operating officer of the Commerce Department's [[Economic Development Administration]]. Latonero had been deputy director of the National AI Initiative Office at the White House [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]]. Reich, a professor of political science at [[Stanford University]] and associate director of its [[Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence|Institute for Human-Centered AI]], took public-service leave to advise the institute and "lead engagement with civil society organizations."[^6]
Christiano had founded the [[Alignment Research Center]], to which [[Open Philanthropy]] gave 1,515,000 dollars in 2022, and was one of the original trustees of [[Anthropic]]'s [[Long-Term Benefit Trust]], which he left that month to take the post.[^7][^8] Reich had been a director of the Clear Fund, the legal entity of [[GiveWell]], on its returns for 2013 through April 2019, on the same board as [[Holden Karnofsky]] and [[Cari Tuna]]; GiveWell's own board listing of 2018 identified him as "a Professor of Political Science at Stanford University."[^9][^10] The Action Fund of the [[Center for AI Safety]] stated that it had led a bipartisan congressional effort that "secured $10 million to establish" the institute.[^11]
### Renaming
The Daily Signal reported in April 2026 that Commerce Secretary [[Howard Lutnick]] had said at the time of the June 2025 renaming: "For far too long, censorship and regulations have been used under the guise of national security. Innovators will no longer be limited by these standards," and that "CAISI will evaluate and enhance U.S. innovation of these rapidly developing commercial AI systems while ensuring they remain secure to our national security standards."[^2] NIST's page for the center lists among its tasks unclassified evaluations of AI capabilities posing national-security risks, in which "CAISI will focus on demonstrable risks, such as cybersecurity, biosecurity, and chemical weapons," assessments of "U.S. and adversary AI systems," including "the possibility of backdoors and other covert, malicious behavior," coordination with the [[Department of Defense]], the [[Department of Energy]], the [[Department of Homeland Security]], the Office of Science and Technology Policy and "the Intelligence Community," and representing U.S. interests abroad "to guard against burdensome and unnecessary regulation of American technologies by foreign governments." Its published work in 2026 included evaluations of [[DeepSeek]] V4 Pro and of two models from the Chinese company [[Z.ai]], and a joint assessment with the British [[AI Security Institute]] of Moonshot AI's Kimi K3.[^3] In September 2026 the [[OpenAI Foundation]] described Christiano as a senior technical advisor at CAISI when it appointed him to its board.[^7]
### Leadership Turnover, 2026
[[Collin Burns]], the first-listed author of [[OpenAI]]'s 2023 "Weak-to-strong generalization" research, on which OpenAI's president [[Greg Brockman]] was listed as a contributor, was selected in April 2026 to direct CAISI.[^2][^12][^13] Accounts of his departure differ. The Daily Signal, citing sources familiar with the matter, reported on April 23, 2026 that Burns, "a former researcher at Anthropic and OpenAI, was tapped to lead" the center, "but while Burns was in the onboarding process, the Commerce Department selected a different person to lead the organization," [[Chris Fall]], who had directed the Department of Energy's [[Office of Science]] in the first Trump administration. It noted that Anthropic had declined the [[Pentagon]]'s request for unrestricted use of its technology and that Secretary of War [[Pete Hegseth]] had declared the company a "supply chain risk to national security."[^2] A letter of August 13, 2026 from Representative [[Ro Khanna]] to Lutnick, published by the Democratic side of the [[House Select Committee on the CCP]], stated instead that Burns "was ousted just four days into his tenure as CAISI's leader," adding: "Many believe this was driven by the administration's hostility toward his former employer."[^13]
On July 20, 2026, CNBC confirmed that Fall had resigned about three months after being picked; a Commerce spokesperson, Kristen Eichamer, said that NIST's director, [[Arvind Raman]], would serve as acting director and declined to say why Fall had left. The same report noted that [[David Sacks]] had stepped down as [[White House]] AI and crypto czar in March 2026 without being replaced.[^14] Khanna's letter stated that the Trump administration's AI Action Plan had directed CAISI to evaluate Chinese frontier models "for alignment with Chinese Communist Party talking points and censorship," and that CAISI had reportedly stopped publishing findings on content manipulation in its latest evaluations of Chinese models.[^13]
In September 2026 the publication *Effort*, founded by [[Brian Chau]], wrote, citing a former employee of the [[Foundation for American Innovation]], that [[Sophia Brown]], formerly strategy and partnerships director of the [[Horizon Institute for Public Service]], had been hired into CAISI under the Intergovernmental Personnel Act through that foundation.[^15]
### Footnotes
[^1]: National Institute of Standards and Technology, "U.S. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo Announces Key Executive Leadership at U.S. AI Safety Institute," February 7, 2024. https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/02/us-commerce-secretary-gina-raimondo-announces-key-executive-leadership-us
[^2]: Mitchell, Elizabeth Troutman. "Trump Admin Changes Plan to Tap Former Anthropic Researcher to Direct Federal AI Safety Org." *The Daily Signal,* April 23, 2026. https://www.dailysignal.com/2026/04/23/trump-anthropic-researcher/
[^3]: National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI)," retrieved September 23, 2026. https://www.nist.gov/caisi
[^4]: Goldman, Sharon. "NIST staffers revolt against expected appointment of 'effective altruist' AI researcher to US AI Safety Institute." *VentureBeat,* March 7, 2024. https://venturebeat.com/ai/nist-staffers-revolt-against-potential-appointment-of-effective-altruist-ai-researcher-to-us-ai-safety-institute
[^5]: National Institute of Standards and Technology, "U.S. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo Announces Expansion of U.S. AI Safety Institute Leadership Team," April 16, 2024. https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/04/us-commerce-secretary-gina-raimondo-announces-expansion-us-ai-safety
[^6]: U.S. Department of Commerce, "U.S. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo Announces Expansion of U.S. AI Safety Institute Leadership Team," April 16, 2024, archived December 31, 2024. http://web.archive.org/web/20241231010954/https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2024/04/us-commerce-secretary-gina-raimondo-announces-expansion-us-ai-safety
[^7]: OpenAI Foundation, "Paul Christiano joins OpenAI Foundation Board," September 9, 2026, https://openaifoundation.org/news/paul-christiano-joins-openai-foundation-board ; Open Philanthropy, "Alignment Research Center, General Support," March 2022, archived November 9, 2025, http://web.archive.org/web/20251109144648/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/alignment-research-center-general-support/ ; Open Philanthropy, "Alignment Research Center, General Support (November 2022)," archived October 5, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20251005184734/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/alignment-research-center-general-support-november-2022/
[^8]: Anthropic, "The Long-Term Benefit Trust," September 19, 2023, with later updates. https://www.anthropic.com/news/the-long-term-benefit-trust
[^9]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "The Clear Fund," EIN 20-8625442, Form 990 officer and director listings for fiscal years 2013 to 2024, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/208625442
[^10]: GiveWell, "People," archived December 21, 2018. http://web.archive.org/web/20181221001410/https://www.givewell.org/about/people
[^11]: Center for AI Safety Action Fund, "2024 Annual Impact Report." https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66438c042d15b14b53b83006/68012dcfec6880aba24f528a_CAIS-ActionFund-ImpactReport_05.pdf
[^12]: OpenAI, "Weak-to-strong generalization," December 14, 2023, archived September 17, 2026. http://web.archive.org/web/20260917090610/https://openai.com/index/weak-to-strong-generalization/
[^13]: Khanna, Ro. Letter to Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick on the Center for AI Standards and Innovation, August 13, 2026, published by the Democrats of the House Select Committee on the CCP. https://democrats-selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/8.13.26-khanna-letter-to-commerce-on-caisi.pdf
[^14]: Capoot, Ashley. "Trump administration's head of AI safety agency resigns after 3 months on job." *CNBC,* July 20, 2026. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/20/trumps-head-of-ai-safety-agency-caisi-resigns-after-months-on-job.html
[^15]: Effort. "Effective Altruism is Buying Political Staff." September 19, 2026. https://www.effort.news/aisi

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---
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
tags:
- Organization
- FederalJudiciary
- Court
- Philadelphia
- Pennsylvania
- RCHorsch
- OlneyHouseInvestigation
alias:
- Eastern District of Pennsylvania
- E.D. Pa.
- EDPA
summary: "Federal trial court for southeastern Pennsylvania, sitting in Philadelphia, created when Congress divided the District of Pennsylvania in 1818, which heard four federal cases against R.C. Horsch and his son Eugene."
start: 1818-04-20
location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Francis Hopkinson]]"
reverse: true
role: "judge of the District of Pennsylvania"
start: 1789-09-26
end: 1791-05-09
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Paul S. Diamond]]"
reverse: true
role: "district judge"
fn: 11
---
The [[United States]] District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania is the federal trial court for southeastern [[Pennsylvania]], sitting in [[Philadelphia]]. It descends from the District of Pennsylvania organized by the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] and was created when Congress divided that district in 1818. Between 1974 and 2026 its judges heard four federal cases involving [[R.C. Horsch]] and his son [[Eugene Horsch]].[^1][^2]
### The District of Pennsylvania
The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized Pennsylvania as one judicial district and authorized one judgeship.[^1] [[George Washington]] nominated [[Francis Hopkinson]], born in Philadelphia in 1737 and a delegate to the [[Continental Congress]] in 1776, on September 24, 1789; his commission issued on September 26, and his service ended with his death on May 9, 1791.[^3] The court sat in Philadelphia and in [[York, Pennsylvania|York]] until Congress limited its sessions to Philadelphia in 1796. Pennsylvania was assigned to the Third Circuit in 1801, and the Judiciary Act of 1802 again organized the federal courts into six circuits.[^1][^2] An act of April 20, 1818, divided the Commonwealth into two judicial districts, the Eastern and the Western, and in 1901 Congress established the Middle District of Pennsylvania.[^1][^2] Appeals lie to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]].[^2]
### The Horsch Cases
In October 1974 Judge [[John B. Hannum]], a former chairman of the Chester County Republican Committee appointed by [[Richard Nixon]] in 1969, decided *Hoersch v. Froehlke*, rejecting the claim of Raymond C. Hoersch Jr., later R.C. Horsch, that his involuntary call to active duty in 1970 had been invalid.[^4]
In April 1985 Hoersch, who had spent seven years as a fugitive, part of them in [[New Zealand]] under a stolen identity, was sentenced by Judge [[Joseph L. McGlynn Jr.]], a former assistant United States attorney in the district, to three years for manufacturing methamphetamine, and Judge [[Donald W. Van Artsdalen]], a former district attorney of [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]], added a year and a day for jumping bail. He was represented by [[Sally A. Kocher]] of the [[Defender Association of Philadelphia]].[^5][^6][^7]
*United States v. Horsch*, No. 2:09-cr-00794, filed on December 15, 2009, charged him with cultivating marijuana at his house in [[New Britain Township, Pennsylvania|New Britain Township]]. Assistant United States Attorney [[Elizabeth F. Abrams]] prosecuted, [[Jerome Brown]] defended, and Judge [[Richard Barclay Surrick]] sentenced him in 2012 to 54 months.[^8]
*United States v. Horsch*, No. 2:26-cr-00296, the prosecution of Eugene Horsch on counts of possessing a firearm as a felon and possessing a fraudulent federal identification document, followed a federal grand jury indictment of July 9, 2026, and is assigned to Judge [[John Milton Younge]], a former general counsel of the [[Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority]] and judge of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas appointed by [[Donald Trump]] in 2019. Brown again appears for the defense. The trial was postponed in September 2026 at the defense's request to begin no earlier than March 22.[^9][^10]
### Judge Diamond and the District Attorney
On September 15, 2026, in a habeas proceeding over a 2009 murder conviction, Judge [[Paul S. Diamond]] of the court referred District Attorney [[Larry Krasner]], his supervisor Matthew Stiegler, and the [[Philadelphia District Attorney's Office]] to the district's United States Attorney's Office "for investigation and other appropriate action."[^11]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Federal Judicial Center, "U.S. District Courts for the Districts of Pennsylvania: Legislative History." https://www.fjc.gov/history/courts/us-district-courts-districts-pennsylvania-legislative-history
[^2]: United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, "History of the Court." https://www.pawd.uscourts.gov/history
[^3]: Federal Judicial Center, Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, "Hopkinson, Francis." https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/hopkinson-francis
[^4]: Federal Judicial Center, Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, "Hannum, John Berne"; Hoersch v. Froehlke, 382 F. Supp. 1235 (E.D. Pa. 1974), Civ. A. No. 72-1759, decided October 11, 1974. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/hannum-john-berne ; https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2596970/hoersch-v-froehlke/
[^5]: Federal Judicial Center, Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, "McGlynn, Joseph Leo, Jr." https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/mcglynn-joseph-leo-jr
[^6]: Federal Judicial Center, Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, "VanArtsdalen, Donald West." https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/vanartsdalen-donald-west
[^7]: Smith, Jim. "Fugitive's Luck Runs Out With 4-Year Jail Sentence," *Philadelphia Daily News,* April 27, 1985, p. 8. https://www.newspapers.com/image/185948055/
[^8]: *United States v. Horsch,* No. 2:09-cr-00794-RBS (E.D. Pa.), filed December 15, 2009; judgments of June 28 and July 3, 2012, docket via CourtListener RECAP. https://www.courtlistener.com/?q=Horsch&type=r&court=paed
[^9]: Federal Judicial Center, Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, "Younge, John Milton"; Kramer, Jillian. "Eugene Horsch indicted in federal court on firearms, fake credentials charges," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* July 9, 2026. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/younge-john-milton ; https://www.inquirer.com/crime/eugene-horsch-olney-house-federal-indictment-20260709.html
[^10]: Charns, David. "Eugene Horsch trial delayed amid missing women investigations." *NBC10 Philadelphia,* September 22, 2026. https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/eugene-horsch-trial-delayed-amid-philadelphia-missing-women-investigations/4467226/
[^11]: Palmer, Chris. "A federal judge said he believes DA Larry Krasner may have broken the law, and he referred the case to the U.S. Attorney's Office," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 15, 2026, updated September 16, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/paul-diamond-judge-larry-krasner-crimes-prosecution-20260915.html

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---
category: "AI & Effective Altruism"
aliases:
- "ARC"
- "ARC Theory"
tags:
- Organization
- AISafety
- EffectiveAltruism
- OpenPhilanthropy
- FTX
summary: "AI-alignment nonprofit run by Paul Christiano, funded in 2022 by Open Philanthropy and the FTX Foundation, which incubated the evaluations team that became METR."
location: "Covina, California (mailing address)"
start: 2021
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Paul Christiano]]"
reverse: true
role: "executive director and president"
fn: 8
- type: director_of
with: "[[Buck Shlegeris]]"
reverse: true
role: "board member"
fn: 8
- type: director_of
with: "[[Ben Hoskin]]"
reverse: true
role: "board member"
fn: 8
- type: funded
with: "[[FTX Foundation]]"
reverse: true
role: "1.25 million dollars, later returned to the FTX bankruptcy estate"
start: 2022
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Beth Barnes]]"
reverse: true
role: "head of ARC Evals"
start: 2022
end: 2023-12
fn: 11
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Alignment Research Center (ARC) is a nonprofit that does theoretical research on aligning machine-learning systems with human interests. It was founded by [[Paul Christiano]], who had led alignment research at [[OpenAI]] from 2017 to 2021.[^1] [[Open Philanthropy]] described it in 2022 as focused on "developing strategies for AI alignment that can be adopted by industry today and scaled to future machine learning systems."[^2] Open Philanthropy's 2017 grant page for its 30-million-dollar grant to OpenAI had disclosed that Christiano and [[Dario Amodei]] were "technical advisors to Open Philanthropy" and lived "in the same house as Holden," meaning the grantmaker's chief executive, [[Holden Karnofsky]].[^3]
### Filings
The organization is registered with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] as Alignment Research Center, EIN 86-3605182, a 501(c)(3) whose exemption was ruled on March 1, 2022. It files from 440 North Barranca Avenue, box 9807, in [[Covina, California]].[^4] [[METR]], the evaluations group ARC incubated, files from box 3345 at the same Covina street address.[^5]
ARC reported revenue of 475,650 dollars and expenses of 153,352 dollars for 2021, ending the year with assets of 323,598 dollars. For 2022 it reported revenue of 4,466,022 dollars, expenses of 1,425,170 dollars and assets of 4,716,204 dollars, and paid its officers nothing. For 2023 revenue rose to 10,043,597 dollars and expenses to 6,272,135 dollars, with year-end assets of 7,411,763 dollars and compensation of current officers of 376,083 dollars.[^4]
### Funding
Open Philanthropy recommended 265,000 dollars to ARC for general support in March 2022, filed under its focus area "Navigating Transformative AI," and 1,250,000 dollars over two years in November 2022, which the grant page said "follows our March 2022 support."[^2][^6] No later Open Philanthropy grant page for ARC has been found.
Earlier in 2022 ARC also received 1.25 million dollars from the [[FTX Foundation]]. On November 15, 2022, amid the collapse of [[Sam Bankman-Fried]]'s exchange [[FTX]], ARC wrote: "We now believe that this money morally (if not legally) belongs to FTX customers or creditors, so we intend to return $1.25M to them." It added that the decision was "particularly straightforward" for ARC "because we haven't spent most of the money and have other supporters happy to fill our funding gap." A 2024 update to the same page stated that "ARC has now returned this grant (less legal and administrative expenses) to the FTX bankruptcy estate."[^7]
### Governance
ARC's team page, published April 30, 2024, lists Christiano, [[Jacob Hilton]], [[Victor Lecomte]], [[Wilson Wu]] and [[Mike Winer]] as full-time researchers and [[Harshita Khera]] in operations. Christiano is executive director and president; the board consists of Christiano, [[Buck Shlegeris]] and [[Ben Hoskin]]; [[Kyle Scott]] is treasurer and Khera secretary.[^8] Shlegeris is chief executive of [[Redwood Research]], whose board Christiano sat on from its founding in 2021 until June 2023, alongside Karnofsky.[^9] From September 2023 to April 2024 Christiano was also one of the five original trustees of [[Anthropic]]'s [[Long-Term Benefit Trust]], leaving it to become head of AI safety at the [[U.S. AI Safety Institute]].[^10]
### ARC Evals and METR
In 2022 ARC hired [[Beth Barnes]] to build an evaluations team, ARC Evals. Barnes wrote in September 2023 that Christiano "remained focused on theory, but spent a significant minority of his time overseeing and advising on evaluations work," and that the team had completed evaluations of OpenAI's GPT-4 and Anthropic's Claude in partnership with the two companies.[^11] On December 4, 2023, the team announced that it was "wrapping up our incubation period at ARC" and becoming a standalone 501(c)(3) named METR, with Barnes continuing to lead it and ARC Evals staff transferring to the new entity. The announcement added: "While we had initially planned for Paul Christiano to be a board member and advisor, he declined involvement in light of his new role as Head of Safety at the US AI Safety Institute."[^12]
### Footnotes
[^1]: OpenAI Foundation, "Paul Christiano joins OpenAI Foundation Board," September 9, 2026. https://openaifoundation.org/news/paul-christiano-joins-openai-foundation-board
[^2]: Open Philanthropy, "Alignment Research Center, General Support," March 2022, archived November 9, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20251109144648/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/alignment-research-center-general-support/
[^3]: Open Philanthropy, "OpenAI, General Support," grant of March 2017, archived January 1, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250101012608/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/openai-general-support/
[^4]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Alignment Research Center," EIN 86-3605182, organization record and Form 990 data for fiscal years 2021 to 2023, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/api/v2/organizations/863605182.json
[^5]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Model Evaluation And Threat Research," EIN 99-1219864, organization record, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/api/v2/organizations/991219864.json
[^6]: Open Philanthropy, "Alignment Research Center, General Support (November 2022)," archived October 5, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20251005184734/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/alignment-research-center-general-support-november-2022/
[^7]: Alignment Research Center, "Funding from FTX," November 15, 2022, with 2024 update. https://www.alignment.org/funding-from-ftx/
[^8]: Alignment Research Center, "Team," April 30, 2024, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://www.alignment.org/team/
[^9]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Redwood Research Group Inc," EIN 87-1702255, Form 990 Part VII officer listings for fiscal years 2021 to 2024, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/871702255
[^10]: Anthropic, "The Long-Term Benefit Trust," September 19, 2023, with later updates. https://www.anthropic.com/news/the-long-term-benefit-trust
[^11]: Barnes, Beth. "ARC Evals is spinning out from ARC." METR, September 19, 2023. https://metr.org/blog/2023-09-19-spin-out-announcement/
[^12]: METR, "ARC Evals is now METR," December 4, 2023. https://metr.org/blog/2023-12-04-metr-announcement/

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "Carnegie Endowment"
- "CEIP"
- "Carnegie"
tags:
- Organization
- ThinkTank
- ForeignPolicy
- AIGovernance
- OpenPhilanthropy
- Nonproliferation
summary: "Washington foreign-policy think tank founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1910, led by William Burns and then Tino Cuéllar, which hosted Holden Karnofsky and took Open Philanthropy money for AI-governance work."
location: "Washington, D.C."
start: 1910
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Andrew Carnegie]]"
reverse: true
role: "founding gift of 10 million dollars"
start: 1910
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[William Burns]]"
reverse: true
role: "president"
start: 2015
end: 2021
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Open Philanthropy]]"
reverse: true
role: "597,717 dollars over two years for AI governance research led by Matt Sheehan"
start: 2022-03
fn: 6
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Matt Sheehan]]"
reverse: true
role: "senior fellow, Asia Program; co-director, China AI Initiative"
fn: 7
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a foreign-policy research institution headquartered at 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW in [[Washington, D.C.]], which describes itself as the oldest international-affairs think tank in the [[United States]].[^1][^2] It was founded in 1910 with a gift of 10 million dollars from [[Andrew Carnegie]], then, in its words, "one of the richest people in the world after the sale of Carnegie Steel to J.P. Morgan," who sought to "hasten the abolition of war, the foulest blot upon our civilization."[^1]
### History
In 1945 the former Carnegie president [[James T. Shotwell]] led a delegation of advisers to the conference that drafted the [[United Nations]] charter and persuaded the U.S. delegation to add an amendment establishing the permanent UN Commission on Human Rights. From the 1970s the endowment built a program on reducing nuclear risks and became, in its own description, "the premier authoritative source of expertise on nonproliferation." Before the [[Iraq War]] it convened a working group on a weapons-inspection regime, several of whose recommendations were incorporated in UN Resolution 1441. A Middle Class Task Force launched in 2018 produced a report that, the endowment states, "helped form the basis of President [[Joe Biden]]'s reinvigorated foreign policy."[^1]
Besides its Washington and California offices it runs centers in Asia, [[Beirut]], [[Berlin]], [[Brussels]] and [[New Delhi]]: Carnegie China; Carnegie Europe, founded in 2007; Carnegie India, founded in April 2016; the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, founded in 2006; and the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center in Berlin. It lists "over 200 experts" and states that it conducts "strategic dialogues and back-channel diplomacy" and that its scholars "have served in nearly every administration since the endowment's founding." Its trustees have included [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]], [[Elihu Root]], [[John Foster Dulles]], [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], [[Bill Bradley]], [[Robert Zoellick]], [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]] and [[Penny Pritzker]].[^1]
### Presidents
[[William Burns]], who had retired from the Foreign Service in 2014 after serving as deputy secretary of state, was president from 2015 to 2021.[^2] [[Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar]], a former justice of the [[Supreme Court of California]] who had served on the [[President's Intelligence Advisory Board]], was president from November 2021 to June 2026. His Carnegie biography lists him as a director of [[Inflection AI]], [[Harvard University]] and [[LawZero]] and as a trustee of [[Anthropic]]'s [[Long-Term Benefit Trust]], which he joined in January 2026 while still president. On August 4, 2026, Anthropic announced that he would join it as its first chief global affairs officer.[^3][^4][^5]
### AI Governance
In March 2022 [[Open Philanthropy]] recommended 597,717 dollars over two years to the endowment "to support a research project on international AI governance led by Matt Sheehan," under its focus area "Potential Risks from Advanced AI." The same grant page listed another Open Philanthropy grant of 613,380 dollars over three years to the endowment for a project on "Chinese and Indian Perspectives on Biotech Security Risks."[^6] [[Matt Sheehan]], a senior fellow in the Asia Program and co-director of the China AI Initiative, lived and worked in China from 2010 to 2016 and was previously a fellow at MacroPolo, the think tank of the [[Paulson Institute]].[^7]
On April 29, 2024, [[Holden Karnofsky]] announced that he had left Open Philanthropy to join Carnegie as a visiting scholar and would "analyze and write about topics relevant to AI risk reduction," while continuing to serve on Open Philanthropy's board. He wrote that Cuéllar "has been an advocate for taking (what I see as) the biggest risks from AI seriously," that "Carnegie is looking to increase its attention to AI risk," and that its scholars on the subject included Sheehan, "who specializes in China's AI ecosystem." He cited among his reasons for leaving Open Philanthropy "the fact that I'm married to the President of a major AI company," [[Daniela Amodei]] of Anthropic.[^4] He joined Anthropic in January 2025.[^8]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Our Story," retrieved September 23, 2026. https://carnegieendowment.org/our-story
[^2]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "William J. Burns," former president (2015 to 2021), biography, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://carnegieendowment.org/people/william-j-burns
[^3]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar," former president (2021 to 2026), biography, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://carnegieendowment.org/people/mariano-florentino-tino-cuellar
[^4]: Karnofsky, Holden. "Joining the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace." EA Forum, April 29, 2024. https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/7gzgwgwefwBku2cnL/joining-the-carnegie-endowment-for-international-peace ; Anthropic, "The Long-Term Benefit Trust," September 19, 2023, with later updates. https://www.anthropic.com/news/the-long-term-benefit-trust
[^5]: Anthropic, "Mariano-Florentino (Tino) Cuéllar to join Anthropic as Chief Global Affairs Officer," August 4, 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/news/tino-cuellar
[^6]: Open Philanthropy, "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, AI Governance Research," March 2022, archived July 8, 2022. http://web.archive.org/web/20220708131413/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/carnegie-endowment-for-international-peace-ai-governance-research/
[^7]: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Matt Sheehan," biography, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://carnegieendowment.org/people/matt-sheehan
[^8]: Mathews, Jessica. "Anthropic hired president Daniela Amodei's husband to work on the company's AI safety strategy." *Fortune,* February 13, 2025. https://fortune.com/2025/02/13/anthropic-hired-president-daniela-amodei-husband-ai-safety-responsible-scaling/

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "CNAS"
- "Center For New American Security Inc"
tags:
- Organization
- ThinkTank
- NationalSecurity
- AIPolicy
- RevolvingDoor
- DefenseIndustry
summary: "Washington national-security think tank founded in 2007 by Kurt Campbell and Michèle Flournoy, funded by defense contractors, the Pentagon and Coefficient Giving, whose chief executive Richard Fontaine sits on Anthropic's Long-Term Benefit Trust."
start: 2007
location: "Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Kurt Campbell]]"
reverse: true
start: 2007
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Michèle Flournoy]]"
reverse: true
start: 2007
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Michèle Flournoy]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief executive officer"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Victoria Nuland]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief executive officer"
start: 2018
end: 2019
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Richard Fontaine]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief executive officer"
fn: 3
- type: director_of
with: "[[Kurt Campbell]]"
reverse: true
role: "board member"
end: 2021
fn: 5
- type: director_of
with: "[[Avril Haines]]"
reverse: true
role: "board member"
end: 2021
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ely Ratner]]"
reverse: true
role: "executive vice president and director of studies"
end: 2021
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[David S. Cohen]]"
reverse: true
role: "adjunct senior fellow"
end: 2021
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Peter Harrell]]"
reverse: true
role: "adjunct senior fellow"
end: 2021
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Susanna V. Blume]]"
reverse: true
role: "director, Defense Program"
end: 2021
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Elizabeth Rosenberg]]"
reverse: true
role: "director, Energy, Economics and Security Program"
end: 2021
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Paul Scharre]]"
reverse: true
role: "director, Technology and National Security Program, from 2017"
start: 2017
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ben FitzGerald]]"
reverse: true
role: "director, Technology and National Security Program"
end: 2017
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Gregory Allen]]"
reverse: true
role: "adjunct fellow, Technology and National Security Program"
start: 2017
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Vivek Chilukuri]]"
reverse: true
role: "senior fellow and director, Technology and National Security Program"
fn: 6
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Michael Sellitto]]"
reverse: true
role: "adjunct senior fellow; head of global affairs at Anthropic"
fn: 6
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Lynne E. Parker]]"
reverse: true
role: "adjunct senior fellow"
fn: 6
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Tim Fist]]"
reverse: true
role: "senior adjunct fellow"
fn: 6
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Jordan Schneider]]"
reverse: true
role: "adjunct fellow"
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[Open Philanthropy]]"
reverse: true
role: "500,000 dollars or more in fiscal 2025, as Coefficient Giving"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office]]"
reverse: true
role: "500,000 dollars or more in fiscal 2025"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Northrop Grumman]]"
reverse: true
role: "500,000 dollars or more in fiscal 2025"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Amazon]]"
reverse: true
role: "500,000 dollars or more in fiscal 2025"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Rand Corporation]]"
reverse: true
role: "250,000 to 499,999 dollars in fiscal 2025, conduit for DALHAP Investments Ltd."
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[DARPA]]"
reverse: true
role: "100,000 to 249,999 dollars in fiscal 2025"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Anduril Industries]]"
reverse: true
role: "100,000 to 249,999 dollars in fiscal 2025"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Founders Pledge]]"
reverse: true
role: "100,000 to 249,999 dollars in fiscal 2025"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Open Society Foundations]]"
reverse: true
role: "100,000 to 249,999 dollars in fiscal 2025"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Scale AI]]"
reverse: true
role: "50,000 to 99,999 dollars in fiscal 2025"
start: 2024-10
end: 2025-09
fn: 2
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Center for a New American Security (CNAS) is a [[Washington, D.C.]] national-security think tank established in 2007 by [[Kurt Campbell|Kurt M. Campbell]] and [[Michèle Flournoy|Michèle A. Flournoy]], its co-founders. It describes itself as "an independent, bipartisan, nonprofit organization" and states that "our board members, founders, leaders, scholars, and interns have held or gone on to prominent positions in the U.S. government, at the departments of Defense and State, the White House, and the Central Intelligence Agency as well as in Congress and the private sector." It "does not engage in lobbying activity" and states that, to the extent it accepts foreign funding, "its activities will be limited to bona fide scholastic, academic, and research-related activities."[^1] Its offices are at 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue NW.[^2]
### Leadership
The chief executive, [[Richard Fontaine]], is concurrently a member of the [[Long-Term Benefit Trust]] of [[Anthropic]] and executive director of the North America group of the [[Trilateral Commission]]. He was foreign-policy adviser to Senator [[John McCain]] and to McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, minority deputy staff director on the [[Senate Armed Services Committee]], associate director for Near Eastern affairs at the [[National Security Council]] in 2003 and 2004, and a staff member at the [[State Department]] and on the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]]. He served on the [[Defense Policy Board]] from 2021 to 2025.[^3]
Flournoy was chief executive in 2017.[^4] [[Victoria Nuland]] was chief executive from 2018 to 2019.[^5]
### Movement into Government
On January 21, 2021, CNAS congratulated "its experts and alumni selected for positions of responsibility in the Biden administration." Nuland was nominated as under secretary of state for political affairs; [[Ely Ratner]], CNAS's executive vice president and director of studies, was named special assistant to the secretary of defense; [[Susanna V. Blume]], director of the Defense Program, was named senior adviser to the secretary of defense performing the duties of director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation; [[Elizabeth Rosenberg]], director of the Energy, Economics and Security program, was named counselor to the deputy secretary of the Treasury; and [[Kayla M. Williams]] was named an assistant secretary of veterans affairs. Two adjunct senior fellows entered government: [[David S. Cohen]] as deputy director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and [[Peter Harrell]] as senior director for international economics and competitiveness on the National Security Council staff. The alumni [[Derek Chollet]] and [[Colin Kahl]] were named counselor of the State Department and under secretary of defense. The release stated that they entered government alongside two CNAS board members, Campbell and [[Avril Haines]]. Fontaine said: "We take great pride in knowing that they will bring their talents and expertise into government. The Center will remain the locus of national security policy development and dedicated to preparing other rising leaders for service."[^5]
### Technology and National Security Program
On July 17, 2017, CNAS named [[Paul Scharre]], who had led its Future of Warfare Initiative, director of its Technology and National Security Program, which would "focus on the policy implications of artificial intelligence, autonomy, cyber-physical systems, and other emerging technologies for national security." He replaced [[Ben FitzGerald]], "who left CNAS to become a professional staff member for the Majority Staff of the Senate Armed Services Committee." Flournoy described Scharre as "a former Army Ranger with experience in Iraq and Afghanistan, and ... a former force planner in the Pentagon." The same release announced that [[Melissa Flagg]], a former deputy assistant secretary of defense for research, had joined as an adjunct senior fellow, and that [[Gregory Allen]] would be an adjunct fellow working on "the implications of the artificial intelligence revolution for international security."[^4]
The program states that it produces research "to help U.S. and allied policymakers responsibly win and manage the great power competition with China over critical and emerging technologies." In 2026 its director was [[Vivek Chilukuri]] and its deputy director [[Janet Egan]]. Its adjunct fellows included [[Michael Sellitto]], listed as "Head of Global Affairs, Anthropic"; [[Lynne E. Parker]], listed with the [[University of Tennessee]]; [[Tim Fist]]; [[Keegan McBride]] of the [[Oxford Internet Institute]]; [[Elsa B. Kania]]; [[Jack Shanahan|John (Jack) N.T. Shanahan]]; [[Anthony Vinci]]; and [[Jordan Schneider]].[^6] Fist was also director of emerging technology policy at the [[Institute for Progress]].[^7] CNAS's wider roster of adjunct experts included [[Nathaniel Fick]], [[Markus Anderljung]] and [[Richard Danzig]].[^2]
### Funding
CNAS publishes an annual list of donors. For the year from October 1, 2024, to September 30, 2025, it listed four at 500,000 dollars and above: Amazon.com, Inc.; Coefficient Giving, the former [[Open Philanthropy]]; Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation; and the [[Department of Defense]]'s [[Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office]]. At 250,000 to 499,999 dollars were the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], the Embassy of Japan, the [[Smith Richardson Foundation|Smith and Richardson Foundation]], DALHAP Investments Ltd., routed through the [[Rand Corporation|RAND Corporation]], and the [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]].[^2]
At 100,000 to 249,999 dollars the list included Amazon Web Services, [[Anduril Industries]], [[Chevron]], [[Cisco Systems]], [[Google]], [[Intel]], [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[Leidos]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Meta]], [[Pfizer]], [[Qualcomm]], [[RTX Corporation]], the [[Semiconductor Industry Association]], the [[Business Roundtable]], the [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office]], [[Founders Pledge]], the [[Open Society Foundations]], the [[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]], [[DARPA]], the U.S. European Command's Russia Strategic Initiative, through [[Huntington Ingalls Industries]], and the [[Savannah River National Laboratory]] of the [[National Nuclear Security Administration]] through Longenecker & Associates. At 50,000 to 99,999 dollars were [[Microsoft]], [[NVIDIA]], [[Scale AI]], [[BAE Systems]], [[Boeing]], [[Humanity United]], the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], the German Federal Foreign Office, the Korea Foundation and the NATO Summit Consortium, through the [[Atlantic Council]]. Smaller donors included [[Neal Blue]], through [[General Atomics]], Epirus, [[ExxonMobil]], [[General Dynamics]], [[SoftBank Group]], the Lithuanian Ministry of Defence, Flournoy, Danzig, [[Robert O. Work]] and Peter Harrell.[^2]
Coefficient Giving is also a listed supporter of [[Americans for Responsible Innovation]] and of the [[Foundation for American Innovation]].[^8][^9]
CNAS files with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] as Center For New American Security Inc, EIN 20-8084828. Its returns show the following (in dollars):[^10]
| Year | Revenue | Expenses | Contributions | Assets |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 14,790,085 | 9,157,223 | 14,559,714 | 8,611,251 |
| 2017 | 12,531,802 | 9,751,151 | 12,166,810 | 11,555,217 |
| 2018 | 7,812,811 | 10,589,419 | 7,527,359 | 8,397,810 |
| 2019 | 13,571,524 | 11,638,724 | 13,238,323 | 10,283,116 |
| 2020 | 11,033,683 | 10,115,430 | 10,726,982 | 11,631,735 |
| 2021 | 11,475,266 | 8,650,458 | 11,111,724 | 13,596,395 |
| 2022 | 18,714,520 | 10,806,569 | 18,244,145 | 21,809,358 |
| 2023 | 14,400,563 | 11,784,293 | 13,321,466 | 25,669,934 |
### Footnotes
[^1]: Center for a New American Security, "About CNAS," accessed September 23, 2026. https://www.cnas.org/mission
[^2]: Center for a New American Security, "CNAS Supporters," contributions from October 1, 2024, to September 30, 2025, accessed September 23, 2026. https://www.cnas.org/support-cnas/cnas-supporters
[^3]: Center for a New American Security, "Richard Fontaine," biography, accessed September 23, 2026. https://www.cnas.org/people/richard-fontaine
[^4]: Urwitz, Neal. "Paul Scharre Named Director of CNAS Technology and National Security Program." Center for a New American Security, July 17, 2017. https://www.cnas.org/press/press-release/paul-scharre-named-director-of-cnas-technology-and-national-security-program
[^5]: Korman, Shai. "CNAS Experts and Alumni Selected for Senior Leadership Positions in the Biden Administration." Center for a New American Security, January 21, 2021. https://www.cnas.org/press/press-release/cnas-experts-and-alumni-selected-for-senior-leadership-positions-in-the-biden-administration
[^6]: Center for a New American Security, "Technology & National Security," research team listing, accessed September 23, 2026. https://www.cnas.org/research/technology-and-national-security
[^7]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Institute For Progress," EIN 87-2449729, Form 990 filings for fiscal years 2021 through 2024. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/872449729
[^8]: Foundation for American Innovation, "About Us," accessed September 23, 2026. https://www.thefai.org/about-us
[^9]: Americans for Responsible Innovation, "About Us," accessed September 23, 2026. https://ari.us/about-us/
[^10]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Center For New American Security Inc," EIN 20-8084828, Form 990 data for tax years 2016 through 2023. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/208084828

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---
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- China
- StateOwnedEnterprise
- HongKong
- LippoGroup
- CampaignFinance
- Intelligence
alias:
- China Resources (Holdings)
- China Resources (Holdings) Co., Ltd.
- China Resources Company
- CR
- Liow & Co.
summary: "Hong Kong trading company of the Chinese government, founded in 1938, which became the Lippo Group's principal partner in China and bought 15 percent of the Hong Kong Chinese Bank in 1992."
start: 1938
location: "Hong Kong"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Yang Lianan]]"
reverse: true
role: "founder and head of Liow & Co."
start: 1938
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Qian Zhiguang]]"
reverse: true
role: "first chairman"
start: 1948
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[China]]"
reverse: true
role: "wholly owned and operated by the government of the People's Republic of China"
fn: 3
- type: head_of
with: "[[Shen Jueren]]"
reverse: true
role: "chairman"
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Lippo Land]]"
role: "tens of millions of dollars"
fn: 2
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Lippo Group]]"
role: "joint ventures in the People's Republic of China"
start: 1993
fn: 2
---
China Resources is a company of the government of the [[China|People's Republic of China]], founded in [[Hong Kong]] in 1938 as Liow & Co. In the 1990s it became the principal mainland partner of the [[Riady family]]'s [[Lippo Group]], bought 15 percent of the Lippo-owned [[Hong Kong Chinese Bank]] in 1992, and put tens of millions of dollars into [[Lippo Land]]. Congressional committees investigating the 1996 federal election campaigns examined its chairman's meetings in Washington arranged by the Lippo executive [[John Huang]].[^1][^2][^3]
### Liow & Co.
According to the company, its predecessor, Liow & Co., was established in Hong Kong in 1938 "to unite democrats resisting the Japanese aggression in Hong Kong and overseas, to collect, store and manage contributions and materials donated in support anti-Japanese war effort, and to procure military supplies and medicines for anti-Japanese bases," "under the leadership of the previous generation of proletarian revolutionaries," [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Chen Yun]], and was headed by [[Yang Lianan]]. During the war it worked with the China Defense League of [[Soong Ching-ling]], carrying donated material to the anti-Japanese bases and buying military supplies and medicines for the [[Eighth Route Army]] and the [[New Fourth Army]]. In the civil war it ran the blockade to deliver supplies to the mainland, and in 1948 and 1949 it moved more than 350 democrats and more than 700 cultural figures and overseas Chinese from Hong Kong to the Northeast Liberated Areas for the first session of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]].[^1]
In 1948 Liow & Co. was restructured and renamed China Resources, the second character of the Chinese name being taken, according to the company, from the style name of [[Mao Zedong]], and [[Qian Zhiguang]] became the first chairman of the board. From 1953 to 1982, the company's "General Trading Agency Phase," it organized in 1956 the first Chinese Export Commodities Fair, precursor of the Canton Fair; its subsidiary Ng Fung Hong ran the "triple express trains" carrying fresh and frozen food to Hong Kong from 1962; and in the early 1970s it helped carry mainland oil to Hong Kong. In 1983, with the completion of the China Resources Building in Hong Kong, it was restructured as China Resources (Holdings) Co., Ltd. In 1992 it invested in Winland, a listed company, which was renamed China Resources Enterprise.[^1]
### Lippo
The House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight described China Resources as "a Chinese Government owned company which is a joint venture partner with the Lippo Group and partner in the Lippo controlled Hong Kong Chinese Bank." In late 1992 China Resources bought 15 percent of the bank, and it "subsequently infused the failing LippoLand with tens of millions of dollars, effectively bailing the Riady family out of a precarious financial situation. Since 1993, the Lippo Group and China Resources entered into dozens of joint venture projects in the People's Republic of China."[^2]
The Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs called it "a company wholly-owned and operated by the PRC government" and Lippo's "principal partner on the mainland." In the spring of 1997, according to the Senate committee, [[Stephen Riady]] announced that the Hong Kong Chinese Bank would be renamed the Lippo China Resources Bank "to reflect that China Resources is now an equal partner with Lippo in the bank," and when Lippo Land, the Indonesian company building two new cities outside [[Jakarta]], faced a cash flow crisis that threatened a run on Lippo Bank, China Resources "injected tens of millions of dollars into Lippo Land and became a substantial partner in that entity as well." The committee recorded the testimony of [[Thomas Hampson]], president of Search International, that China Resources "is widely reported to be a corporate agent of economic and political espionage serving the government of China." The committee added: "Intelligence officials have confirmed in the press that the Chinese intelligence establishment is heavily involved in the operation of China Resources, and that China Resources selects overseas business partners in part on the basis of their value as potential intelligence gatherers."[^3]
James Alexander, a former chief executive of [[LippoBank]], told the Senate committee that in 1991 Huang was sent to [[Beijing]] to negotiate with China Resources over a Lippo proposal to join forces to buy the Hong Kong branch of the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]].[^3]
### Shen Jueren in Washington
In 1993 Huang and [[Mochtar Riady]] asked Commerce Secretary [[Ron Brown]] to meet [[Shen Jueren]], chairman of China Resources and "a major partner of the Lippo Group." During the same visit Huang and Riady arranged a meeting between Shen and Vice President [[Al Gore]]. In a letter of October 7, 1993, Huang thanked Gore's chief of staff, [[Jack Quinn]], for meeting Shen at the [[White House]]; Quinn told the House committee he had no recollection of meeting Shen or of the letter. The Senate committee found that Gore "may have met with Shen Jueren in the White House and also exchanged words with him at a subsequent DNC event," a [[Democratic National Committee]] function in [[Los Angeles]] on September 27, 1993, recorded on a White House audio tape. On September 23, 1993, Huang had drawn two checks of 15,000 dollars each payable to the DNC on the accounts of the Riady companies [[Hip Hing Holdings]] and Toy Center Holdings, and a third on September 27 on San Jose Holdings; the Senate committee described them as overseas-funded contributions from companies that lost money that year.[^2][^3]
While Huang was at the [[United States Department of Commerce|Commerce Department]], his telephone records showed four calls to David Chan, president of the Hong Kong Chinese Bank, "an interest jointly owned by Lippo and China Resources."[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Our History," China Resources (Holdings) Co., Ltd. https://en.crc.com.hk/ourhistory/index.html
[^2]: House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, *Investigation of Political Fundraising Improprieties and Possible Violations of Law,* H. Rept. 105-829, 1998, vol. 2, text at notes 114-120 (citing letter from John Huang to Ronald H. Brown, September 10, 1993; testimony of Thomas R. Hampson before the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, 105th Cong., 1st sess., Part II, p. 29; and deposition of Jack Quinn, November 4, 1997). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt829/html/CRPT-105hrpt829-vol2.htm
[^3]: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, *Investigation of Illegal or Improper Activities in Connection with 1996 Federal Election Campaigns,* S. Rept. 105-167, 1998, ch. 13, "John Huang's Years at Lippo" (citing James Wood, "Article Details Chinese Intelligence Network in Hong Kong," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, March 9, 1995; letter from John Huang to Jack Quinn, October 7, 1993; and White House Communications Agency audio tape, September 27, 1993). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1998_rpt/sgo-sir/1-13.htm
[^4]: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, *Investigation of Illegal or Improper Activities in Connection with 1996 Federal Election Campaigns,* S. Rept. 105-167, 1998, ch. 14, "John Huang at Commerce," note 281. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1998_rpt/sgo-sir/1-14.htm

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "FAS"
- "Federation of Atomic Scientists"
tags:
- Organization
- SciencePolicy
- NuclearWeapons
- AIPolicy
- RevolvingDoor
summary: "Science-policy nonprofit founded in 1945 by atomic researchers as the Federation of Atomic Scientists, led by the former OSTP official Daniel Correa, whose AI program is funded by the Future of Life Institute."
location: "Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Daniel Correa]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief executive officer"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Divyansh Kaushik]]"
reverse: true
role: "fellow, then associate director for emerging technologies and national security"
start: 2022
end: 2024
fn: 8
- type: funded
with: "[[Future of Life Institute]]"
reverse: true
role: "1,500,000-dollar grant on AI and global risk"
start: 2025
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[MacArthur Foundation]]"
reverse: true
role: "30 grants totaling 11,510,500 dollars, 1984 to 2022"
start: 1984
end: 2022
fn: 2
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is a science-policy nonprofit. It states that after the atomic bombings of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] "a group of atomic researchers, deeply concerned about the use of science for malice," formed the Federation of Atomic Scientists, which "soon became the Federation of American Scientists in recognition of the hundreds of scientists across diverse disciplines who joined." It works on "nuclear weapons, biological and chemical agents, and climate change," and on "a broad suite of contemporary issues where science, technology, and innovation policy can deliver dramatic progress," and in 2025 extended its work to state and local governments. Through a Fiscal Sponsorship Program it provides "sponsorship and support for philanthropic endeavors" in science and technology policy.[^1] The [[MacArthur Foundation]] gives its founding year as 1945.[^2]
FAS hosts archives of government documents on intelligence and nuclear weapons, including the Senate report *[[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|The BCCI Affair]]*, with an editorial note by the archivist [[Steven Aftergood]].[^3]
### Leadership
[[Daniel Correa]] is chief executive. He founded FAS's Day One Project, "a nonpartisan initiative focused on developing new ideas across science and technology policy" and "supporting scientists and technologists to serve in government." Earlier he led the Technology and Public Policy Project at the [[Freeman Spogli Institute]] of [[Stanford University]]; in 2017 established the Federal Innovation Council as an initiative of the [[Partnership for Public Service]]; spent four years under President [[Barack Obama]] as assistant director for innovation policy at the [[White House]] [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]]; and was the first employee of the [[Information Technology and Innovation Foundation]]. He holds a law degree from [[Yale Law School]], a master's in economics from [[Yale University]] and a bachelor's degree from [[Dartmouth College]].[^4]
Correa sits on the external board of the [[Institute for Progress]], with [[Zach Graves|Zachary Graves]] of the [[Foundation for American Innovation]] and [[Tamara Winter]] of [[Stripe Press]].[^5]
### Artificial Intelligence
FAS states that it works "to ensure that government agencies have the technical assistance and talent needed to execute on AI priorities."[^6] In February 2025 the [[Future of Life Institute]] published a grant of 1,500,000 dollars to FAS "to investigate the implications of artificial intelligence on global risk," an 18-month project on "the nexus between AI and several global issues, including nuclear deterrence and security, bioengineering, autonomy and lethality, and cyber security-related issues."[^7]
[[Divyansh Kaushik]], who holds a doctorate from [[Carnegie Mellon University]], was an FAS fellow from 2022 to 2023 and then associate director for emerging technologies and national security; his FAS biography later described him as "a former Senior Fellow." He helped establish the Congressional Graduate Research and Development Caucus.[^8][^9] In February 2024 *Politico* quoted him on the AI-safety groups then lobbying Congress, which he said were "trying to build more mature efforts to get in front of more members, make arguments that at least sound reasonable."[^10] On June 6, 2024, [[Beacon Global Strategies]], which described itself as "a leading strategic advisory firm focusing on global public policy, government procurement, and geopolitical risk analysis," announced him as a vice president; its biography describes him as "a pivotal resource for Congress and the administration on emerging tech policy" and a non-resident senior fellow at American Policy Ventures and FAS.[^8]
### Finances
FAS files with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] under EIN 23-7185827. Its returns show the following (in dollars):[^11]
| Year | Revenue | Expenses | Contributions | Assets | Officer pay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 1,740,062 | 1,355,747 | 1,605,208 | 4,986,652 | 170,671 |
| 2017 | 1,486,251 | 1,441,697 | 629,988 | 4,669,624 | 171,171 |
| 2018 | 1,479,501 | 1,236,460 | 1,381,858 | 5,252,829 | 188,694 |
| 2019 | 2,190,213 | 1,638,629 | 1,855,531 | 6,083,790 | 151,250 |
| 2020 | 6,756,159 | 2,874,949 | 5,993,596 | 9,565,658 | 165,000 |
| 2021 | 3,626,877 | 4,910,525 | 3,405,342 | 8,204,575 | 230,848 |
| 2022 | 28,862,818 | 8,407,200 | 28,835,955 | 35,241,179 | 150,156 |
| 2023 | 11,455,084 | 18,307,032 | 11,271,212 | 28,887,502 | 739,821 |
The MacArthur Foundation lists 30 grants to FAS totaling 11,510,500 dollars from 1984 to 2022, under its Nuclear Challenges program and its Award for Creative and Effective Institutions, the most recent being 125,000 dollars in 2022, 300,000 dollars in 2021 and 1,870,000 dollars in 2017.[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Federation of American Scientists, "About FAS," accessed September 23, 2026. https://fas.org/about-fas/
[^2]: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, "Federation of American Scientists," grantee record, accessed September 23, 2026. https://www.macfound.org/grantee/federation-of-american-scientists-1487/
[^3]: Aftergood, Steven. Editorial note, "The BCCI Affair," Federation of American Scientists. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/
[^4]: Federation of American Scientists, "Daniel Correa," biography, accessed September 23, 2026. https://fas.org/expert/daniel-correa/
[^5]: Institute for Progress, "About," accessed September 2026. https://ifp.org/about/
[^6]: Federation of American Scientists, "Artificial Intelligence," accessed September 23, 2026. https://fas.org/initiative/artificial-intelligence/
[^7]: Future of Life Institute, "Federation of American Scientists (FAS)," grant record, published February 1, 2025. https://futureoflife.org/grant/federation-of-american-scientists-fas/
[^8]: Beacon Global Strategies, "Dr. Divyansh Kaushik," biography and press release of June 6, 2024, accessed September 23, 2026. https://bgsdc.com/team/dr-divyansh-kaushik/
[^9]: Federation of American Scientists, "Divyansh Kaushik," biography, accessed September 23, 2026. https://fas.org/expert/divyansh-kaushik/
[^10]: Bordelon, Brendan. "AI doomsayers funded by billionaires ramp up lobbying." *Politico,* February 23, 2024. http://web.archive.org/web/20240223123509id_/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/23/ai-safety-washington-lobbying-00142783
[^11]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Federation of American Scientists," EIN 23-7185827, Form 990 data for tax years 2016 through 2023. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/237185827

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "Forbes Media"
- "Forbes magazine"
tags:
- Organization
- Media
- Business
- HongKong
summary: "American business magazine whose owners sold a majority stake in 2014 to Integrated Whale Media Investments, a Hong Kong group, which in 2023 terminated a deal to sell it to Austin Russell."
location: "New York City, New York, USA"
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[Integrated Whale Media Investments]]"
reverse: true
start: 2014
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Elevation Partners]]"
reverse: true
end: 2014
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Steve Forbes]]"
reverse: true
role: "chairman and editor-in-chief"
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Forbes is an American business magazine and media company published by Forbes Media LLC. [[Steve Forbes]] is its chairman and editor-in-chief.[^1]
### Sale to Integrated Whale Media
On July 18, 2014 Forbes Media announced that a group of international investors would buy a majority stake, that the Forbes family would keep "a significant ownership stake," and that the private equity firm [[Elevation Partners]] would "fully exit its investment." Terms were not disclosed. The buyer, the newly formed [[Hong Kong]] group [[Integrated Whale Media Investments]] (IWM), was led by [[Integrated Asset Management]] (Asia) Limited, founded by [[Tak Cheung Yam]]; another significant investor was [[Wayne Hsieh]], co-founder of [[ASUSTeK Computer]], based in [[Singapore]]. Yam said: "As more market-based economies emerge globally, interest in the information that Forbes provides and the message it delivers resonates with a growing audience."[^1]
### Austin Russell bid
In May 2023 [[Austin Russell]], founder and chief executive of [[Luminar Technologies]], whom Forbes had named the "world's youngest self-made billionaire" in 2021, agreed to buy 82 percent of Forbes Global Media Holdings at a valuation of nearly 800 million dollars. He missed the November 1, 2023 closing deadline, and on November 21 IWM terminated the agreement. *[[TechCrunch]]* reported that investors including India's [[Sun Group]], whose vice chairman [[Shiv Khemka]] had "committed to invest $300 million," "didn't wire the money they were contractually obligated to."[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Forbes Corporate Communications. "Forbes Media Agrees To Sell Majority Stake To A Group Of International Investors To Accelerate The Company's Global Growth." *Forbes,* July 18, 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140718220248/http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/07/18/forbes-media-agrees-to-sell-majority-stake-to-a-group-of-international-investors-to-accelerate-the-companys-global-growth/
[^2]: "Tech CEO Austin Russell's bid to buy Forbes fails." *TechCrunch,* November 21, 2023. https://techcrunch.com/2023/11/21/tech-ceo-austin-russells-bid-to-buy-forbes-fails/

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---
category: "New Right"
aliases:
- "FAI"
- "Lincoln Network"
- "Lincoln Labs"
- "The Foundation for American Innovation"
tags:
- Organization
- ThinkTank
- AIPolicy
- TechRight
- Lobbying
- PeterThiel
summary: "Washington technology think tank founded in Silicon Valley in 2014 as Lincoln Labs, renamed in 2023, funded by conservative foundations, Coefficient Giving and AI companies, whose former board member Michael Kratsios became OSTP director."
start: 2014
location: "Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Garrett Johnson]]"
reverse: true
start: 2014
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[Garrett Johnson]]"
reverse: true
role: "chairman of the board"
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Zach Graves]]"
reverse: true
role: "executive director"
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[Michael Kratsios]]"
reverse: true
role: "former board member"
fn: 7
- type: director_of
with: "[[Mike Solana]]"
reverse: true
role: "board member"
fn: 7
- type: director_of
with: "[[Trae Stephens]]"
reverse: true
role: "former board member"
fn: 7
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Samuel Hammond]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief economist"
fn: 7
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Dean Ball]]"
reverse: true
role: "senior fellow"
start: 2025
fn: 7
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Alexei Bulazel]]"
reverse: true
role: "former senior fellow"
fn: 7
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Jon Askonas]]"
reverse: true
role: "former senior fellow"
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[Open Philanthropy]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed philanthropic supporter, as Coefficient Giving"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Survival and Flourishing Fund]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed philanthropic supporter"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed philanthropic supporter"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Sarah Scaife Foundation]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed philanthropic supporter"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Walton Family Foundation]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed philanthropic supporter"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed philanthropic supporter"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Stand Together]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed philanthropic supporter, as Stand Together Trust"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Anthropic]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed corporate supporter or event sponsor"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[OpenAI]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed corporate supporter or event sponsor"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Andreessen Horowitz]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed corporate supporter or event sponsor, as a16z"
fn: 1
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[Acorn Consulting]]"
reverse: true
role: "registered outside lobbying firm"
start: 2026
fn: 6
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Foundation for American Innovation (FAI) is a [[Washington, D.C.]] technology think tank. It describes itself as "a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, established in Silicon Valley in 2014 as Lincoln Labs/Lincoln Network, and refounded in 2023 as FAI," now "a national technology think tank headquartered steps from the U.S. Capitol Complex" at 408 C Street NE. It lists its fields as "technology and statecraft; frontier artificial intelligence; governance futurism; energy and infrastructure; and science and innovation," and states that it "does not adhere to a one-voice policy" and "generally does not take positions as an institution."[^1]
### Lincoln Network and the Rename
On April 25, 2023, Lincoln Network announced that it had become the Foundation for American Innovation. The letter, signed by [[Zach Graves]] as executive director and [[Garrett Johnson]] as "Co-Founder & Chairman of the Board," stated: "When we began in 2014, our goal was to host events bringing together D.C. and Silicon Valley, two worlds that often misunderstand each other. But today, thanks to our Labs (previously Studio) and Policy Research teams, we're not a network, but a central hub, or Foundation." It gave the organization's mission as developing "technology, talent, and ideas that support a better, freer, and more abundant future," and listed its research subjects as "government modernization, R&D in breakthrough technologies, and U.S.-China strategic competition."[^2]
Graves sat, with [[Tamara Winter]] of [[Stripe Press]] and [[Daniel Correa|Dan Correa]] of the [[Federation of American Scientists]], on the external board of the [[Institute for Progress]], another Washington think tank.[^3]
### Funding
FAI names as "major philanthropic supporters" [[Arnold Ventures]], the Arthur N. Rupe Foundation, the Beth and Ravenel Curry Foundation, Coefficient Giving, the [[David and Lucile Packard Foundation]], the Diana Davis Spencer Foundation, [[DonorsTrust]], the [[Doris Duke Foundation]], the [[Ethereum Foundation]], the Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, the [[John S. and James L. Knight Foundation]], the [[John Templeton Foundation]], the [[Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]], the Miles Foundation, the Proton Foundation, Recoding America Fund, Renaissance Philanthropy, the [[Sarah Scaife Foundation]], the [[Searle Freedom Trust]], the [[Silicon Valley Community Foundation]], [[Stand Together|Stand Together Trust]], the [[Survival and Flourishing Fund]], the [[Walton Family Foundation]] and the [[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]].[^1] Coefficient Giving, the name adopted in November 2025 by Open Philanthropy, the grantmaker of [[Dustin Moskovitz]] and [[Cari Tuna]], is also a listed supporter of [[Americans for Responsible Innovation]], a lobby for AI regulation.[^4]
Its "corporate supporters and event sponsors" include a16z ([[Andreessen Horowitz]]), [[Alphabet]], [[Amazon]], [[Anthropic]], Astro Mechanica, [[Boom Supersonic]], [[Cognition AI]], [[DuckDuckGo]], [[ExxonMobil]], [[First Solar]], Hadrian, [[Lightspeed Venture Partners]], [[Meta]], [[Microsoft]], [[Mozilla]], Narya Capital, New American Industrial Alliance, [[NRG Energy]], [[Oklo]], [[OpenAI]], Paradigm Capital, Playground Global, [[Qualcomm]], Rainmaker, Reflection AI, [[Shopify]], [[Southern Company]], [[T-Mobile]], [[Uber]], Ulysses, Variance, [[Waymo]], XYZ Venture Capital, [[Y Combinator|YCombinator]], [[Yelp]] and Zanskar Geothermal. Under a "National Interest Gift Policy" it refuses gifts from foreign governments and from "entities with substantial ties to any country listed as a U.S. foreign adversary under 15 CFR 791.4 (China, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Russia, Venezuela)."[^1]
The organization is registered with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] as The Foundation For American Innovation, EIN 47-2239840, with tax exemption issued in March 2015. Its returns show the following (in dollars):[^5]
| Year | Revenue | Expenses | Officer pay | Other wages | Assets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 566,305 | 461,716 | 0 | 0 | 374,933 |
| 2016 | 888,486 | 635,159 | 176,671 | 0 | 550,776 |
| 2017 | 1,684,910 | 1,530,645 | 394,058 | 55,703 | 748,387 |
| 2018 | 2,844,753 | 2,425,635 | 0 | 998,946 | 1,201,098 |
| 2019 | 2,573,058 | 2,369,119 | 193,446 | 941,626 | 1,388,565 |
| 2020 | 2,505,566 | 2,645,933 | 323,789 | 1,205,288 | 1,261,317 |
| 2021 | 4,377,840 | 3,278,966 | 210,941 | 1,538,338 | 2,320,528 |
| 2022 | 3,932,822 | 4,347,192 | 779,024 | 1,268,195 | 1,896,389 |
### FAI Action and Lobbying
For "legislative advocacy and policy lobbying," FAI partners with "our affiliated sister organization, FAI Action, a 501(c)(4) entity," which it calls "a separate legal entity."[^1] In the second quarter of 2026 two firms registered to lobby for the two organizations. Mission Strategies LLC registered FAI Action, Inc., described as "Advancing policies to drive effective energy and AI policy," reporting 40,000 dollars for the quarter on "Energy issues," with the lobbyist [[Yogin Kothari]], a former professional staff member of the [[Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee]]. [[Acorn Consulting]] registered the Foundation for American Innovation itself, reporting 10,000 dollars for "Permitting reform," with the lobbyist [[James Kungel]], former chief of staff to Senator [[Joe Manchin]].[^6]
### Staff in the Second Trump Administration
In September 2025 the reporter [[Caleb Ecarma]] wrote in *Oligarch Watch* that FAI had ties to [[Peter Thiel]], [[Elon Musk]] and [[Charles Koch]], whom he called "right-wing billionaires," and that "the Trump administration installed staffers from FAI in key positions." He identified [[Michael Kratsios]], a former FAI board member, as director of the [[White House]] [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]], "where he co-authored the administration's 'AI Action Plan,'" and wrote that Kratsios had helped staff the [[Department of Government Efficiency]] (DOGE), "interviewing the engineers who wanted to join the team." Ecarma reported that [[Dean Ball]], who had served with Kratsios in the White House on AI policy, was returning to FAI as a senior fellow; that [[Alexei Bulazel]], a former FAI senior fellow, was senior director for cyber at the [[National Security Council]]; and that [[Jon Askonas]], another former senior fellow, was on the Policy Planning Staff of the [[State Department]]. FAI did not respond to his request for comment.[^7]
Ecarma wrote that "one current and two former FAI board members have worked at Thiel's venture capital firms." He described Kratsios as a former chief of staff and principal at [[Thiel Capital]] and chief financial officer of [[Clarium Capital|Clarium Capital Management]], whose most recent employer, [[Scale AI]], counted Thiel's [[Founders Fund]] among its investors; the board member [[Mike Solana]] as a vice president at Founders Fund; and the former board member [[Trae Stephens]] as a Founders Fund partner, co-founder and executive chairman of [[Anduril Industries]], and an early employee of [[Palantir Technologies]]. He wrote that Thiel had spoken at FAI events at least twice, and that one of those events and several FAI podcast episodes featured [[David Sacks]], the White House AI and crypto adviser, with the event also featuring the [[PayPal]] co-founder [[Luke Nosek]].[^7]
### Policy Papers
In October 2024 FAI published "Efficiency Agenda for the Executive Branch," a roadmap for a future Trump administration calling for using "AI to streamline operations and reduce bureaucracy," including by "reducing the federal workforce for positions that can be automated." It stated that occupations "within the realm of administrative and knowledge labor," including accountants, auditors, legal secretaries and data managers, could be replaced by existing large language models, and that Biden-era restrictions on government use of AI were "much too risk-averse." A section on "eliminating waste" called for an executive order requiring agencies "to reduce improper payments and fraud" and to identify data-sharing needs and legal barriers. Ecarma wrote that Trump "implemented FAI's recommendation in his executive order creating DOGE," which granted DOGE "full and prompt access to all unclassified agency records, software systems, and IT systems."[^7]
In March 2025 FAI's chief economist, [[Samuel Hammond]], submitted a comment to OSTP's request for information on the AI Action Plan. According to Ecarma, Hammond asked the administration, "and DOGE in particular, 'to drive AI adoption within the Federal government'" by taking the "opposite approach" of the Biden administration's approval processes; urged a review of [[FedRAMP]] and "broader IT procurement guidelines" to "reduce compliance burdens" that he said "benefit Big Tech incumbents"; cited a federal recall of [[Tesla]]'s self-driving software for rolling through stop signs, "something drivers do every day," as an example of excessive enforcement; and recommended removing clean-energy goals from a Biden executive order on AI infrastructure and granting AI data centers categorical exclusions from the [[National Environmental Policy Act]]. Ecarma noted that about three months later the administration weakened NEPA regulations at several agencies.[^7] Hammond also sits on the board of advisors of Americans for Responsible Innovation.[^8]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Foundation for American Innovation, "About Us," accessed September 23, 2026. https://www.thefai.org/about-us
[^2]: Graves, Zach, and Garrett Johnson. "Lincoln Network Becomes the Foundation for American Innovation." Foundation for American Innovation, April 25, 2023. https://www.thefai.org/posts/lincoln-becomes-fai
[^3]: Institute for Progress, "About," accessed September 2026. https://ifp.org/about/
[^4]: Americans for Responsible Innovation, "About Us," accessed September 23, 2026. https://ari.us/about-us/
[^5]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "The Foundation For American Innovation," EIN 47-2239840, Form 990 data for tax years 2015 through 2022. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/472239840
[^6]: U.S. Senate, Lobbying Disclosure Act database, registrations and second-quarter 2026 reports of Mission Strategies LLC (Energy) for client FAI Action, Inc. (posted June 19 and July 16, 2026) and of Acorn Consulting for client The Foundation for American Innovation (posted July 17, 2026), retrieved September 23, 2026. https://lda.gov/api/v1/filings/?client_name=FAI+Action ; https://lda.gov/api/v1/filings/?client_name=Foundation+for+American+Innovation
[^7]: Ecarma, Caleb. "The little-known think tank pushing Trump to replace the federal workforce with AI." *Oligarch Watch*, September 10, 2025. https://oligarchwatch.substack.com/p/the-little-known-think-tank-pushing
[^8]: Americans for Responsible Innovation, "Our Team," accessed September 23, 2026. https://ari.us/team/

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---
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- LippoGroup
- RiadyFamily
- HongKong
- RealEstate
- Whitewater
alias:
- Hong Kong China Ltd.
- Hong Kong China Ltd
- HKCL
summary: "Hong Kong property subsidiary of the Riady family's Lippo Group, which wired 99,985 dollars to Webster Hubbell on June 27, 1994, the day he agreed to consult for it."
location: "Hong Kong"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: director_of
with: "[[David T. Yeh]]"
reverse: true
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Webster Hubbell]]"
role: "consulting retainer of 100,000 dollars a year; 99,985 dollars wired to his NationsBank account"
start: 1994-06-27
fn: 2
---
Hong Kong China Limited was a property investment and development company in [[Hong Kong]] controlled by the [[Riady family]] through the [[Lippo Group]]. On June 27, 1994, it paid the former Associate Attorney General [[Webster Hubbell]] 99,985 dollars under a consulting agreement for which, the Independent Counsel found, Hubbell produced no substantive work.[^1][^2]
### Ownership
A House committee, citing sources of 1995 and 1996, reported that Lippo owned 70 percent of Hong Kong China Ltd., "a property investment and development firm with $1.2 billion in assets," and 59 percent of the [[Hong Kong Chinese Bank]], "a banking and finance firm with $2.3 billion in assets." The Office of the Independent Counsel described it as "a Lippo/Riady controlled entity based in Hong Kong" and as a subsidiary of the Lippo Group, of which [[James Riady]] was head. Its directors included [[David T. Yeh]].[^1][^2]
### The Hubbell Retainer
Hubbell announced his resignation from the [[Department of Justice]] on March 14, 1994, and left on April 8. He had known James Riady since the mid-1980s, when Riady came to [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] to set up an investment group to gain control of [[Worthen Bank]]. After announcing his resignation, Hubbell sought work from Lippo through [[Douglas Buford]], a Little Rock lawyer, former law partner of the presidential adviser [[Bruce Lindsey]], and a new client of Lippo; Buford passed the message to Lippo's representative [[John Huang]]. Huang also received a call from Buford, [[Mark Grobmyer]] or [[C. Joseph Giroir|Joe Giroir]] explaining that Hubbell was in trouble and that his family needed help, and told Riady.[^2][^3]
Hubbell's calendar records a meeting with Riady at the [[Hay-Adams Hotel]] at 7:30 in the morning of June 23, 1994. That morning Riady, Huang and Grobmyer met President [[Bill Clinton]] in the [[White House|Oval Office]]. According to Hubbell, Riady wanted a one-year agreement with a retainer of 100,000 dollars, payable quarterly. In a letter dated June 27, 1994, to "David T. Yeh, Director of Hong Kong China Limited," Hubbell wrote: "I am pleased to provide my consultant services to your company. As you know, I provide a broad range of consultant services including extensive expertise in capital markets, U.S. placements, A.D.R. and investments." He confirmed "the full range of my services for a fee of $100,000.00 per year payable in quarterly installments beginning on July 1, 1994." That same day Hong Kong China Limited wired 99,985 dollars into Hubbell's account at NationsBank in [[Washington, D.C.]] Hubbell said he was surprised that Riady had sent the full amount so soon.[^2][^3]
The House committee reported that "the hiring occurred around the same time as John Huang finally was approved for a position at the Department of Commerce," and that "both Riady and Hubbell refuse to describe what services, if any, Hubbell performed." In September 1994 Hubbell and his wife traveled to Hong Kong, where he had several meetings in a large office building downtown "with the name Lippo prominently displayed," and then to [[Jakarta]], where he met [[Mochtar Riady]] and the U.S. ambassador. Hubbell pleaded guilty to mail fraud and tax evasion in December 1994. He said he did no work for Riady after the plea, and none of the Lippo-related documents he produced showed any substantive work for Lippo. Clinton testified that he had no recollection of encouraging Riady to help Hubbell. The Independent Counsel concluded that the evidence was insufficient to prove that the consulting payments Hubbell received from seventeen supporters of the President were intended to affect his cooperation with the investigation.[^1][^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, *Investigation of Political Fundraising Improprieties and Possible Violations of Law,* H. Rept. 105-829, 1998, vol. 2, section "Webster Hubbell" and note 6 (citing *Indonesian Enterprise,* Publication Secretariat for the Non Aligned Movement, 1995, vol. 3, pp. 261-274, and "Lippo, a Player in Asia, Seeks U.S. Empire," *Washington Times,* October 24, 1996). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt829/html/CRPT-105hrpt829-vol2.htm
[^2]: Office of the Independent Counsel, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel In Re: Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan Association,* vol. 3, part C, "Webster L. Hubbell's Billing Practices and Tax Filings," section "Hong Kong China Limited/Lippo Group (James Riady)" (citing letter from Webb Hubbell to David T. Yeh, June 27, 1994, Doc. No. HIC 016946, and NationsBank account summary for Webster and Suzanna Hubbell, June 17 to July 14, 1994). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-ICREPORT-MADISON/pdf/GPO-ICREPORT-MADISON-3-2.pdf
[^3]: House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, *Investigation of Political Fundraising Improprieties and Possible Violations of Law,* H. Rept. 105-829, 1998, vol. 2, notes 91-94. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt829/html/CRPT-105hrpt829-vol2.htm

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---
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- Media
- Newspaper
- Texas
- BCCI
summary: "Houston daily newspaper, the largest in Texas in 1987, when the Houston Endowment sold it to the Hearst Corporation for 400 million dollars."
location: "Houston, Texas, USA"
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[Hearst Corporation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1987
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Houston Endowment]]"
reverse: true
end: 1987
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Houston Chronicle is a daily newspaper in [[Houston]], [[Texas]]. On March 12, 1987, when it was the largest daily in Texas, with a paid circulation of 425,434 daily and 528,153 on Sunday, it was sold to the [[Hearst Corporation]] for 400 million dollars. Its owner, the nonprofit [[Houston Endowment]], had to give up its controlling interest in the paper by 1989 under federal law.[^1]
### BCCI and Bush reporting
On June 4, 1992 the Chronicle published Jerry Urban's "Bush Said Friend's Arbusto Investment Was His Own, Not Saudi Money," on the investment by [[James R. Bath]] in [[George W. Bush]]'s oil company [[Arbusto Energy]].[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Houston Chronicle Bought by Hearst for $400 Million." *The Washington Post,* March 13, 1987. http://web.archive.org/web/20251106213046/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1987/03/13/houston-chronicle-bought-by-hearst-for-400-million/7f0b6b51-2861-4938-88bd-0f43a32d6e88/
[^2]: Urban, Jerry. "Bush Said Friend's Arbusto Investment Was His Own, Not Saudi Money." *Houston Chronicle,* June 4, 1992. Reproduced at https://911timeline.s3.amazonaws.com/1990s/houstonchronicle060492.html

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---
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- FinancialInstitution
- Oman
- BCCI
- ParallelBank
- Afghanistan
alias:
- NBO
- National Bank of Oman SAOG
summary: "Oman's first incorporated bank, founded in 1973, in which BCCI bought Bank of America's stake in 1987 and which the Senate listed among BCCI's parallel banks."
start: 1973
location: "Muscat, Oman"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[W.J. Towell & Co.]]"
reverse: true
role: "51 percent at founding"
start: 1973
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Bank of America]]"
reverse: true
role: "39 percent at founding"
start: 1973
end: 1987
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]"
reverse: true
role: "39 percent bought from Bank of America, per the bank; 29 percent, per the Senate report quoting British journalists"
start: 1987
end: 1991
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Oman]]"
reverse: true
role: "recapitalisation by the Omani government after BCCI's suspension"
start: 1991
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Syed Ziauddin Ali Akbar]]"
reverse: true
end: 1981
fn: 5
---
The National Bank of Oman (NBO) was the first incorporated bank in [[Oman]], established in 1973. In 1987 the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (BCCI) bought the stake of [[Bank of America]], and the [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate report]] listed the bank among the "parallel banks" through which BCCI conducted its financial manipulations.[^1][^2]
### Founding and Ownership
The National Bank of Oman JSC was registered under number 1003704 with an initial capital of 500,000 Omani rials and opened with two branches in 1973. Its initial principal shareholders were [[W.J. Towell & Co.]], with 51 percent, and Bank of America, with 39 percent. "In 1987, Bank of Credit and Commerce International (Luxembourg) Holdings SA (BCCI) acquired Bank of America's 39 per cent stake." When BCCI's operations were suspended in 1991, the Omani government recapitalised the bank. The [[Suhail Bahwan Group]] took a 35 percent holding through a private issue of shares in 2003, and in 2005 it and other minority holders sold part of their holdings to the [[Commercial Bank of Qatar]], which held 34.9 percent of the issued capital. The bank's shares are listed on the Muscat Securities Market, and it was the only Omani bank licensed to operate in [[Dubai]].[^1] The Senate report put BCCI's share at 29 percent, quoting British journalists.[^3]
Bank of America had also supplied BCCI's founding capital. According to the Senate report, [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] obtained 2.5 million dollars for the new bank from Bank of America, supplemented by 500,000 dollars from [[Zayed bin Sultan AL-Nahayan|Sheikh Zayed]] of [[Abu Dhabi]].[^2]
### Parallel Bank
The Senate report described BCCI's two-part corporate structure in [[Luxembourg]] and [[Grand Cayman]] as "intentionally further complicated by the establishment of a series of additional entities, used as 'parallel banks' by BCCI as needed for financial manipulations." These included the [[Kuwait International Finance Company]] (KIFCO), the Geneva bank [[Banque de Commerce et de Placements]] (BCP), "the National Bank of Oman, again with BCCI formally holding only a minority interest," a wholly owned finance subsidiary, Credit & Finance Corporation Ltd., and the [[ICIC]] entities in Grand Cayman. Where BCCI's official interest was a minority, "its apparent lack of control was the consequence of local regulations prohibiting a foreign bank from owning a majority share. Each time, BCCI found ways to evade the regulations through the use of front-men or nominees." In its chapter on BCCI's criminality the report again named "ICIC in the Grand Caymans, the Banque de Commerce et Placements in Geneva, the National Bank of Oman, and the Kuwaiti Investment Finance Corporation (KIFCO)" as affiliated entities BCCI used as its losses grew.[^2][^4]
### Akbar and Capcom
[[Syed Ziauddin Ali Akbar|Z. A. Akbar]], a protege of BCCI's chief executive [[Swaleh Naqvi]], was "plucked from his job at National Bank of Oman in 1981 to manage BCCI's investments from its headquarters in London," and by 1984 was managing over 5.5 billion dollars at BCCI's treasury. When [[Capcom]] opened Capcom Futures in the [[United States]] in late 1984, "Mohammed Saghir, born in the same town in India as Abedi, and a former cohort of Akbar's at the National Bank of Oman, was brought in to run the Chicago operations." The Senate report also recorded that when Global Chemical and Maintenance Systems, a company owned by [[A. R. (Abdul Raouf) Khalil|A. R. Khalil]] and managed by one Powell, opened an office in Oman in 1976, Powell "met Z.A. Akbar who was then working at the National Bank of Oman, which was partially owned by BCCI."[^5]
### Oman and Afghanistan
In its chapter on BCCI and intelligence, where it also called the bank "the Bank of Oman," the Senate report stated that "BCCI may have been moving money through the National Bank of Oman to fund the war in Afghanistan." It quoted British journalists who cited *[[The Wall Street Journal]]* of October 23, 1991, and "a member of the late General Zia's cabinet" as saying, "It was Arab money that was pouring through BCCI," and who wrote: "The Bank which carried the money on from Oman to Pakistan and into Afghanistan was National Bank of Oman, where BCCI owned 29%."[^3]
The same chapter recorded dealings between the bank and [[Bruce Rappaport]]: "The National Bank of Oman and its CEO, Case Zawawi, also did business with Bruce Rappaport." [[Jerry Townsend]], president of Colonial Shipping in [[Atlanta]], who said he had worked as a Soviet analyst for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and was employed by Rappaport from 1981 to 1990, told the subcommittee that Rappaport had business relations in Oman with Zawawi at the bank, and that Rappaport once flew [[Zubin Mehta]] and the London Philharmonic to Oman to entertain the Sultan. The report cited a 1985 *[[New York Times]]* article on a [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] company, [[Tetra Tech]], "operated by a former CIA agent," which "helps manage several key Omani government agencies," and listed BCCI loans outstanding on March 3, 1991, to Omani borrowers, among them 8 million dollars to Oman Aviation Service, 13 million to Oman Flour Mills, 13 million to the Oman Development Bank, 16 million to Oman Building and Contracting Services, and 14 million to the Sultanate of Oman.[^3]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "About National Bank of Oman," National Bank of Oman SAOG. https://www.nbo.om/en/Pages/About-Us/About-National-Bank-of-Oman.aspx
[^2]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 3, "The Origin and Early Years of BCCI," section "Critical Elements of BCCI's Creation" (citing testimony of Masihur Rahman, S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 1, pp. 489-491). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/03hist.htm
[^3]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence," section "Oman." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
[^4]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 4, "BCCI's Criminality." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/04crime.htm
[^5]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 21, "Capcom: A Case Study of Money Laundering." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/21capcom.htm

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "Omidyar Network Fund"
- "Omidyar Network Fund Inc"
- "ON"
tags:
- Organization
- Philanthropy
- ImpactInvesting
- AIPolicy
- Anthropic
summary: "Philanthropic investment firm of The Omidyar Group, run through an LLC and a private foundation, which bought Anthropic shares from the FTX estate in 2024 and funds AI-policy groups including Americans for Responsible Innovation."
location: "San Francisco, California"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Pierre Omidyar]]"
reverse: true
fn: 5
- type: founded
with: "[[Pam Omidyar]]"
reverse: true
fn: 5
- type: director_of
with: "[[Pam Omidyar]]"
reverse: true
role: "board member"
fn: 5
- type: head_of
with: "[[Mike Kubzansky]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief executive officer"
start: 2018
end: 2026-03
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Michele Jawando]]"
reverse: true
role: "chief executive officer; earlier senior vice president of programs and president"
start: 2026-03
fn: 4
- type: director_of
with: "[[Pat Christen]]"
reverse: true
role: "board chair"
fn: 4
- type: owned
with: "[[Anthropic]]"
role: "shareholder; bought just under 50,000 shares from the FTX bankruptcy estate with the Ford and Nathan Cummings foundations"
start: 2024
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[Humane Intelligence]]"
role: "seed funding; partner in the 30-million-dollar generative-AI effort"
start: 2023
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[Collective Intelligence Project]]"
role: "partner in the 30-million-dollar generative-AI effort"
start: 2023
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[AI Now Institute]]"
role: "partner in the 30-million-dollar generative-AI effort"
start: 2023
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[Economic Security Project Action]]"
role: "partner in the 30-million-dollar generative-AI effort"
start: 2023
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[AFL-CIO Technology Institute]]"
role: "partner in the 30-million-dollar generative-AI effort"
start: 2023
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[Center for American Progress]]"
role: "governance-of-tech partner"
fn: 8
- type: funded
with: "[[Vanderbilt Policy Accelerator]]"
role: "governance-of-tech partner"
fn: 8
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
role: "co-purchaser of Anthropic shares"
start: 2024
fn: 7
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Nathan Cummings Foundation]]"
role: "co-purchaser of Anthropic shares"
start: 2024
fn: 7
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Omidyar Network is a [[San Francisco]] philanthropic organization that describes itself as "a venture of The Omidyar Group" and gives its mission as "to bend the arc of the digital revolution toward shared power, prosperity, and possibility." It states that it has "committed more than $1.9 billion to initiatives that share our vision."[^1] It operates "both a Limited Liability Company (LLC) and a 501(c)(3) foundation," a "dual checkbook structure." The LLC invests in startups and "also allows us to invest in not-for-profits beyond public charities, such as 501(c)(4) social welfare organizations," while "policy advocacy, ballot initiatives, and coalition building are critical ways Omidyar Network leverages our resources."[^2]
The foundation files with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] as Omidyar Network Fund Inc, EIN 20-1173866, at 535 Mission Street in San Francisco, in care of George E. Diener, under an IRS ruling dated February 1, 2005. It files as a private foundation (Form 990-PF). For the tax period ending December 2024 it reported assets of 382,487,320 dollars and income of 112,303,357 dollars. Earlier returns show the following (in dollars):[^3]
| Year | Revenue | Expenses | Assets |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 85,433,257 | 47,484,427 | 319,941,051 |
| 2014 | 63,219,899 | 45,316,923 | 321,874,224 |
| 2015 | 193,202,032 | 57,796,178 | 446,696,927 |
| 2019 | 63,634,282 | 107,667,084 | 490,860,479 |
| 2020 | 21,031,743 | 74,652,984 | 490,038,780 |
| 2021 | 45,099,453 | 52,643,847 | 495,201,056 |
| 2022 | 25,198,385 | 30,544,043 | 367,592,522 |
| 2023 | 5,560,652 | 28,555,210 | 392,593,149 |
### Leadership
[[Mike Kubzansky]] joined Omidyar Network in 2013 and was chief executive from 2018. On March 11, 2026, the organization announced that [[Michele Jawando]] would succeed him. Jawando had joined in 2021 as senior vice president of programs and become president in 2025; she had worked for Representative [[Gregory Meeks]] and Senator [[Kirsten Gillibrand]], had been a senior executive at [[Google]], and had led strategic initiatives at the [[Center for American Progress]]. The announcement said Kubzansky was "moving on to build and lead a new entity that will shape AI investment for the public good." The board chair is [[Pat Christen]].[^4] Its website lists [[Pierre Omidyar]] and [[Pam Omidyar]] as co-founders, Pam Omidyar also as a board member, [[Marta Tellado|Marta L. Tellado]] as a board member and [[Mona Sutphen]] as a board observer.[^5]
### Generative AI Fund
On December 5, 2023, Omidyar Network announced "an initial $30M investment across a diverse slate of organizations to support the responsible development of generative AI," describing it as "part of the new funders initiative on AI launched by the White House last month." The announcement said the investment came "on the heels of the recent Open AI saga," the November 2023 crisis on the board of [[OpenAI]], and that Omidyar aimed to ensure "that the future of this technology is not defined by market considerations of a few dominant players." Kubzansky said the investment would "help bridge the gap between private interests and the common good."[^6]
The named partners were [[Humane Intelligence]], whose co-founder [[Rumman Chowdhury]] thanked Omidyar "for our initial seed funding" for AI red-teaming exercises; the [[Collective Intelligence Project]], to run "AI Alignment Assemblies"; the [[AI Now Institute]]; [[Economic Security Project Action]], with the [[Vanderbilt Policy Accelerator]], to "develop proposals for AI governance structures including public options for generative AI"; and the [[AFL-CIO Technology Institute]], to "help working people tell their stories to policymakers in Congress and statehouses." Omidyar also said it would "invest in private venture capital funds" backing companies that use generative AI in healthcare diagnosis, chip design and batteries.[^6]
### Anthropic Shares
On April 1, 2024, Omidyar Network announced that it, with the [[Ford Foundation]] and the [[Nathan Cummings Foundation]], had bought "just under 50,000 shares" of [[Anthropic]] stock that had been offered for sale in the bankruptcy proceedings of [[FTX]]. Kubzansky said: "As a philanthropic leader who manages both our grants and our capital for social good, we are investing in generative AI that protects and promotes the public interest and prioritizes the long-term benefit of humanity." The statement cited Anthropic's "long-term benefit trust" (the [[Long-Term Benefit Trust]]), which "oversees some seats on its board, effectively creating a buffer against direct investor influence," and said that "following the governance failures at OpenAI, we are hopeful that having mission-aligned investors ... will help protect and reinforce the safety and other mission-driven priorities of Anthropic's work."[^7]
### AI Policy Grantmaking
Under its "Governance of Tech" program, Omidyar Network funds groups on online safety, including "social media warning labels" and the effect of "AI companions" on children; on tech competition and antitrust enforcement, working with smaller companies that "share a common interest in scaling American-led innovation and 'winning' the AI race"; on "public AI infrastructure"; and on AI-enabled worker surveillance and algorithmic management. The partners it lists as "people and organizations we're funding" are the AI Now Institute, the [[Young People's Alliance]], the Center for American Progress, the Responsible Technology Youth Power Fund, the Vanderbilt Policy Accelerator, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s Open Forum for AI, and [[Americans for Responsible Innovation]].[^8] Americans for Responsible Innovation is a 501(c)(4) that lobbies Congress on AI regulation and that also lists Coefficient Giving, the former [[Open Philanthropy]], as a supporter.[^9]
Before this public grantmaking, in April 2023, [[Jeff Alstott]] of the [[Rand Corporation]] emailed a proposal for licensing advanced AI to members of the Omidyar Network, asking recipients to keep the document "off the public internet."[^10]
On December 11, 2025, Kubzansky condemned the Trump administration's executive order "preempting essential state and local AI regulations." He wrote that "as a philanthropic investor in AI companies and funds, Omidyar Network is acutely aware of the risks to innovators and investors created by inconsistent or poorly drafted rules. But the solution is not to preempt state and local laws," and urged Congress "to reject any attempts to impose a national moratorium on new AI safeguards."[^11]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Omidyar Network, "Who We Are," accessed September 23, 2026. https://omidyar.com/who-we-are/
[^2]: Omidyar Network, "Our Approach," accessed September 23, 2026. https://omidyar.com/how-we-invest/our-approach/
[^3]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, "Omidyar Network Fund Inc," EIN 20-1173866, Form 990-PF data for tax years 2013 through 2024. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/201173866
[^4]: Omidyar Network, "Omidyar Network Appoints Michele L. Jawando as Chief Executive Officer," March 11, 2026. https://omidyar.com/update/omidyar-network-appoints-michele-l-jawando-ceo/
[^5]: Omidyar Network, "Our Team," staff, board and founders, accessed September 23, 2026. https://omidyar.com/who-we-are/our-team/
[^6]: Omidyar Network, "Omidyar Network launches a dedicated funding effort to promote inclusive and responsible development of generative AI," December 5, 2023. https://omidyar.com/update/omidyar-network-launches-a-dedicated-funding-effort-to-promote-inclusive-and-responsible-development-of-generative-ai/
[^7]: Omidyar Network, "Omidyar Network purchases shares of Anthropic," April 1, 2024. https://omidyar.com/update/omidyar-network-purchases-shares-of-anthropic/
[^8]: Omidyar Network, "Governance of Tech," accessed September 23, 2026. https://omidyar.com/priority/governance-of-tech/
[^9]: Americans for Responsible Innovation, "About Us," accessed September 23, 2026. https://ari.us/about-us/
[^10]: Bordelon, Brendan. "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington." *Politico,* October 13, 2023. http://web.archive.org/web/20250902172514/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362
[^11]: Omidyar Network, "Omidyar Network condemns Trump administration EO banning state AI regulations," December 11, 2025. https://omidyar.com/update/omidyar-network-statement-on-trump-eo/

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "The Politico"
- "POLITICO"
tags:
- Organization
- Media
- Journalism
- WashingtonDC
- AxelSpringer
summary: "Washington political news organization launched in January 2007 by John F. Harris and Jim VandeHei with Robert Allbritton's money, sold with Protocol and Politico Europe to Axel Springer in 2021."
start: 2007
location: "Washington, D.C., USA"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Robert Allbritton]]"
reverse: true
role: "owner of 100 percent of the stock at founding"
start: 2006
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[John F. Harris]]"
reverse: true
start: 2006
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Jim VandeHei]]"
reverse: true
start: 2006
end: 2016
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Axel Springer]]"
reverse: true
start: 2021
fn: 2
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Politico is a political news organization in [[Washington, D.C.]] Its founders, [[John F. Harris]] and [[Jim VandeHei]], left *[[Washington Post|The Washington Post]]* in November 2006 to build it for [[Robert Allbritton]] of [[Allbritton Communications]], whose planned Capitol Hill newspaper, the *Capitol Leader*, became the new publication; the website launched in January 2007.[^1] In 2021 Allbritton sold it to the German publisher [[Axel Springer]].[^2]
### Founding under Allbritton
Allbritton's company president, [[Frederick J. Ryan Jr.|Fred Ryan]], described the plan as an "ESPN of Politics." When the deal with Harris and VandeHei was signed in November 2006, Allbritton, who financed the company personally, "retained ownership of 100 percent of its stock." Its early growth rested on the Playbook newsletter of [[Mike Allen]].[^1]
### 2016 departures
In 2016 VandeHei pressed Allbritton to sell part of the company; the owner "refused to pursue it." Luke Mullins of *[[Washingtonian]]* wrote that the sources of tension "included...power, ambition, ego, glory. But they also included money." VandeHei, Mike Allen and [[Roy Schwartz]] left, VandeHei saying "I plan to start a new venture when I depart."[^1]
### Sale to Axel Springer
On August 26, 2021 Axel Springer announced that it had agreed to acquire Politico from Allbritton, together with the remaining 50 percent of their joint venture [[Politico Europe]], launched in 2014, and the technology news site [[Protocol (website)|Protocol]]. The parties did not disclose terms. Allbritton stayed on as publisher of Politico and Protocol. Axel Springer's chief executive, [[Mathias Döpfner]], said: "We mutually believe in the necessity of editorial independence and nonpartisan reporting." Allbritton said he "would only welcome a new investor that reflected my values and POLITICO's distinctive company values."[^2] [[CNBC]], citing "a person familiar with the matter," put the price at more than 1 billion dollars and reported that [[KKR]] owned about 48 percent of Axel Springer at the time.[^3]
### Coverage of Open Philanthropy
On October 13, 2023 the Politico reporter [[Brendan Bordelon]] published "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington," on the funding by [[Open Philanthropy]] of fellows placed in congressional offices and federal agencies through the [[Horizon Institute for Public Service]], followed on December 15, 2023 by "Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order," on the [[RAND Corporation]].[^4][^5] In December 2025 *[[Semafor]]* reported that Open Philanthropy had been "bothered by media coverage of it, in particular a series of critical stories from Politico," and had hired political communications staff.[^6]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Mullins, Luke. "What Really Happened at Politico." *Washingtonian,* July 17, 2016. https://washingtonian.com/2016/07/17/politico-breakup-vandehei-allbritton-allen/
[^2]: Axel Springer. "Axel Springer to Acquire POLITICO." Press release, *BusinessWire,* August 26, 2021. http://web.archive.org/web/20260504093436/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210826005451/en/Axel-Springer-to-Acquire-POLITICO
[^3]: "Politico sells to German publishing giant Axel Springer in deal worth about $1 billion." *CNBC,* August 26, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/26/axel-springer-to-buy-politico.html
[^4]: Bordelon, Brendan. "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington." *Politico,* October 13, 2023. http://web.archive.org/web/20250902172514/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362
[^5]: Bordelon, Brendan. "Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order." *Politico,* December 15, 2023, archived February 11, 2026. http://web.archive.org/web/20260211112614/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/15/billionaire-backed-think-tank-played-key-role-in-bidens-ai-order-00132128
[^6]: Tani, Max. "AI critics funded AI coverage at top newsrooms." *Semafor,* December 7, 2025. https://www.semafor.com/article/12/07/2025/ai-critics-funded-ai-coverage-at-top-newsrooms

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "Real Justice"
- "RJP"
tags:
- Organization
- PoliticalActionCommittee
- Prosecutors
- CampaignFinance
- OpenPhilanthropy
summary: "San Francisco hybrid PAC registered in 2017 to elect reform prosecutors, financed by Cari Tuna, the Open Philanthropy Action Fund and its affiliated Grassroots Law PAC, and fined by Philadelphia over Krasner's 2021 campaign."
start: 2017-02
location: "San Francisco, California"
relations:
- type: director_of
with: "[[Becky Bond]]"
reverse: true
role: "treasurer and custodian of records"
start: 2017
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[Shaun King]]"
reverse: true
role: "team member; led social media"
fn: 3
- type: member_of
with: "[[Michael Kieschnick]]"
reverse: true
role: "team member"
fn: 3
- type: member_of
with: "[[Zack Malitz]]"
reverse: true
role: "team member"
fn: 3
- type: member_of
with: "[[Hector Sigala]]"
reverse: true
role: "team member; co-founder of Middle Seat"
fn: 3
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[Middle Seat]]"
reverse: true
role: "digital consultant"
fn: 3
- type: funded
with: "[[Grassroots Law PAC]]"
reverse: true
role: "affiliated committee; 1,100,065.18 dollars, 2021 to 2023"
start: 2021
end: 2023
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[Grassroots Law PAC]]"
role: "transfer between affiliated committees, 125,000 dollars"
start: 2024-10
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[Sixteen Thirty Fund]]"
reverse: true
role: "100,000 dollars"
start: 2019-07
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[Larry Krasner]]"
role: "159,400 dollars to his campaign committee and litigation fund, 2018 to 2024"
start: 2018
end: 2024
fn: 7
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[Larry Krasner]]"
role: "supplied campaign staff to his 2021 reelection campaign under a prepaid agreement"
start: 2021-01
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[George Gascón]]"
role: "450,000 dollars to his 2020 Los Angeles district attorney committee"
start: 2020
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[Chesa Boudin]]"
role: "155,346 dollars against his recall"
start: 2021
end: 2022
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[Wesley Bell]]"
role: "57,500 dollars"
start: 2018
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[Lee Merritt]]"
role: "75,000 dollars to his Texas attorney general campaign"
start: 2021
fn: 7
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Brandon Evans]]"
reverse: true
role: "staff; embedded campaign manager for the 2021 Krasner campaign"
start: 2021
fn: 2
- type: investigated
with: "[[Philadelphia Board of Ethics]]"
reverse: true
role: "settlement, 30,000 dollars in penalties"
start: 2021-12
fn: 2
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Real Justice PAC is a [[San Francisco]] political action committee that works to elect county and municipal prosecutors. It registered with the [[Federal Election Commission]] on February 7, 2017, as committee C00632554, a hybrid PAC with a non-contribution account, unauthorized by any candidate. Its treasurer and custodian of records is [[Becky Bond|Rebecca (Becky) Bond]], at 3041 Mission Street, and the FEC lists "Grassroots Law PAC" as its affiliated committee.[^1] In early 2017 it also registered with the Pennsylvania Department of State to operate in Pennsylvania.[^2]
### Mission and Staff
Its 2018 website stated that it "works to elect reform-minded prosecutors at the county and municipal level who are committed to using the powers of their office to fight structural racism and defend our communities from abuse by state power," and that it would test "the 'big organizing' approach outlined in the book Becky Bond co-authored," *Rules for Revolutionaries*, developed on the 2016 [[Bernie Sanders]] presidential campaign. It cited "the 2017 success of Larry Krasner in Philadelphia" as having "raised the bar for what reformers could demand once in office." Digital work was to be run with the consultancy [[Middle Seat]], "a consulting firm created by former top Bernie Sanders campaign staffers," with an "email fundraising in a box" program "created by Middle Seat and supervised by Up PAC."[^3]
The site listed its team. Bond had been a senior adviser to the Sanders campaign, president of CREDO SuperPAC and political director of [[CREDO Mobile]]. [[Michael Kieschnick]] had been national campaign manager for [[NextGen Climate]]'s 60-million-dollar federal election programs in 2016 and was "the cofounder and former CEO of CREDO." [[Shaun King]], then writing for [[The Intercept]] and affiliated with the Justice Collaborative of [[Harvard Law School]], was described as a man who "has raised over $20 million for grassroots causes," and was to lead the PAC's social media. [[Zack Malitz]] had helped lead the Sanders campaign's digital organizing department, and [[Hector Sigala]], its national social media director, was "a principal and co-founder of Middle Seat."[^3] By 2022 the PAC stated that "18 prosecutors we supported have won elections."[^4]
### Receipts
FEC totals by two-year cycle are (in dollars):[^5]
| Cycle | Receipts | Disbursements | Itemized individual contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 3,597,456.42 | 2,464,806.86 | 1,104,582.50 |
| 2020 | 3,234,082.57 | 3,798,048.30 | 751,634.71 |
| 2022 | 1,664,374.63 | 2,145,056.83 | 420,143.95 |
| 2024 | 890,210.80 | 947,431.81 | 150,263.50 |
| 2026 (partial) | 75,052.38 | 105,833.00 | 38,842.00 |
Its largest itemized sources were [[Cari Tuna]], the wife of [[Dustin Moskovitz]], who gave 653,480 dollars on March 9, 2017, 350,000 dollars on May 22, 2018, and 850,000 dollars on August 27, 2018, listing herself as self-employed; the [[Open Philanthropy Action Fund]], which gave 750,000 dollars on October 29, 2019; and [[Grassroots Law PAC]], FEC committee C00712109, which gave 200,000 dollars five times between May 2021 and December 2023, plus 100,000 dollars on September 13, 2023, and 65.18 dollars in January 2021, for 1,100,065.18 dollars in all. Other large receipts were 200,000 dollars from The Action PAC (October 22, 2020), 100,000 dollars from the [[Sixteen Thirty Fund]] (July 31, 2019), 100,000 dollars from a Robert Smith who listed [[Vista Equity Partners]] as his employer (January 28, 2021) and 78,635 dollars from the Accountable Justice Action Fund (November 17, 2020).[^6]
A receipt of 86,229 dollars itemized as from [[Wells Fargo]] Bank on May 11, 2020, was a loan: the PAC's disbursements show a repayment of the same amount on April 11, 2024, described as a loan repayment from the non-contribution account, and a further 50,000 dollars to Wells Fargo on January 12, 2022, described as a "PPP LOAN PAYABLE" from the same account.[^7]
Grassroots Law PAC, the committee that became Real Justice's second-largest identified source, is also treasured by Bond. Money ran in both directions: Real Justice paid Grassroots Law PAC 125,000 dollars on October 18, 2024, recorded as a "TRANSFER BETWEEN AFFILIATED COMMITTEES," and paid 36,196.64 dollars to the Grassroots Law Project on June 22, 2021, recorded as "PAYROLL."[^1][^7]
### Candidates
Its FEC disbursements to candidate committees include 450,000 dollars to "Run George Run: George Gascon for LA DA 2020," for [[George Gascón]], in February and October 2020; 159,400 dollars in eight payments from 2018 to 2024 to committees of the Philadelphia district attorney [[Larry Krasner]], including 25,200 dollars in December 2023 and January 2024 to the "Lawrence Krasner for District Attorney Litigation Fund," one payment described as a "CONTRIBUTION TO LEGAL DEFENSE FUND"; 60,000 dollars in 2018 for [[Joe Gonzales]] in Bexar County, Texas; 57,500 dollars in four 2018 payments to Friends of Wesley Bell, for [[Wesley Bell]] in St. Louis County, Missouri; 11,675 dollars in 2018 for [[Diana Becton]] in Contra Costa County, California; and 75,000 dollars on June 30, 2021, to the civil-rights lawyer [[Lee Merritt]], whose Texas attorney general campaign the PAC promoted.[^4][^7] Against the recall of the San Francisco district attorney [[Chesa Boudin]], it paid 150,350.65 dollars in 2021 to "San Franciscans Against the Recall of Chesa Boudin, Sponsored by Real Justice PAC" and 4,995.35 dollars in December 2022 to "Friends of Chesa Boudin Opposing the Recall."[^7]
Its vendors included Top Political Action Committee (637,308.89 dollars in 2018), Bernal Alto LLC (287,943.68 dollars in 2018 for "non-federal organizing services & consulting"), [[The Movement Cooperative]] (77,000 dollars in 2019), Middle Seat Consulting for digital advertising, and [[SEIU]] Local 221 (30,000 dollars in 2018). Legal payments included 98,965.16 dollars to Levan Muhic Stapleton LLC in 2021, 46,346 dollars to [[Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders]] in 2021, and 134,000 dollars in 2023 and 2024 to The Beasley Firm, LLC, described as "settlement for disputed claim."[^7]
### Philadelphia Ethics Settlement
On January 20, 2021, Krasner's reelection campaign and the PAC entered an agreement "whereby Real Justice PAC staff would perform work for the Krasner Campaign, paid for in advance by the Krasner Campaign." Krasner announced his candidacy on February 21, 2021. Between March and May 2021 the PAC invoiced the campaign 48,165.59 dollars in staff time, "$31,492.40 of which was for the embedded campaign manager for the Krasner Campaign who is employed by the PAC," plus travel and a 1,000-dollar voter-file committee expense. The campaign reported its payments only as "Political Consulting," which the [[Philadelphia Board of Ethics]] found "insufficient to identify what the expenditures were for."[^8]
The PAC's own Philadelphia reports omitted these expenditures and 2,618 contributions. Its amended reports, filed in August 2021, listed payments for "Campaign management services provided to Krasner for District Attorney paid by campaign" to [[Brandon Evans]] and staff time for field organizing and social media. The PAC stated that it had relied on campaign-finance counsel who advised that spending prepaid by a candidate was not reportable. In a settlement approved on December 8, 2021, Real Justice PAC and Bond were held jointly liable for 30,000 dollars in penalties; the board's chair, Michael H. Reed, did not participate.[^2][^9] Krasner's campaign and its treasurer, [[Vernon Anastasio]], agreed in a separate settlement to pay 10,000 dollars, having also spent 1,000 dollars in excess pre-candidacy contributions.[^8][^9]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Federal Election Commission, committee C00632554, "Real Justice PAC," Form 1 statement of organization first filed February 7, 2017, and committee record; and committee C00712109, "Grassroots Law PAC," committee record, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00632554/ ; https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00712109/
[^2]: Board of Ethics of the City of Philadelphia, Settlement Agreement with Real Justice PAC and Rebecca Bond, approved December 8, 2021. https://www.phila.gov/ethicsboard/Settlement%20Agreements/sa_realjusticepac_approvedbyboard_12.8.21.pdf
[^3]: Real Justice PAC, home page, archived June 1, 2018. http://web.archive.org/web/20180601201659/https://realjusticepac.org/
[^4]: Real Justice PAC, "About," archived January 19, 2022. http://web.archive.org/web/20220119164443/https://realjusticepac.org/about/
[^5]: Federal Election Commission, financial totals for committee C00632554 by two-year period, 2018 to 2026, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00632554/?tab=summary
[^6]: Federal Election Commission, itemized receipts (Schedule A) for committee C00632554, all cycles, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://www.fec.gov/data/receipts/?committee_id=C00632554
[^7]: Federal Election Commission, itemized disbursements (Schedule B) for committee C00632554, all cycles, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://www.fec.gov/data/disbursements/?committee_id=C00632554
[^8]: Board of Ethics of the City of Philadelphia, Settlement Agreement with Lawrence Krasner for District Attorney, Lawrence Krasner and Vernon Anastasio, approved December 8, 2021. https://www.phila.gov/ethicsboard/settlement%20agreements/sa_krasnerforda_approvedbyboard_12.8.21.pdf
[^9]: City of Philadelphia, "Board of Ethics settlement agreements, December 9, 2021." https://www.phila.gov/2021-12-09-board-of-ethics-settlement-agreements-december-9-2021/

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---
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- Religion
- CatholicChurch
- Philadelphia
- Censorship
- RCHorsch
alias:
- Archdiocese of Philadelphia
- Philadelphia Archdiocese
- Diocese of Philadelphia
summary: "Roman Catholic see erected in 1808 and made an archdiocese in 1875, whose archbishop Cardinal John Krol led the 1975 condemnation of R.C. Horsch's film Black Mass."
start: 1808-04-08
location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Michael Egan (bishop)|Michael Egan]]"
reverse: true
role: "bishop"
start: 1810-10-28
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[James Frederick Wood]]"
reverse: true
role: "bishop, then archbishop"
end: 1883-06-20
fn: 1
---
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia is the see of the [[Catholic Church]] for southeastern [[Pennsylvania]], seated at [[Philadelphia]]. [[Pope Pius VII]] erected the Diocese of Philadelphia by bulls dated April 8, 1808, and it was made an archdiocese on February 12, 1875. Its tenth archbishop, Cardinal [[John Krol]], led the religious leaders who in 1975 condemned [[R.C. Horsch]]'s film [[Black Mass (1975 film)|Black Mass]].[^1][^2]
### The Diocese
The bulls of 1808 gave the diocese "the entire two States of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and the western and southern part of the State of [[New Jersey]]," and an accompanying brief named the Franciscan [[Michael Egan (bishop)|Michael Egan]], stationed at [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], its first bishop. Owing to the political conditions in Europe the briefs did not reach [[Baltimore]] until 1810, and in the interval Egan served in Philadelphia as vicar general to Bishop [[John Carroll (archbishop)|John Carroll]]. He was consecrated at Baltimore on October 28, 1810. His successors contended with the lay trustees of St. Mary's Church in the Hogan schism; after fruitless admonitions the administrator [[Francis Patrick Kenrick]] closed St. Mary's and its cemeteries on April 16, 1831, and the trustees surrendered on May 18. Kenrick opened in 1832 what became the diocesan seminary of St. Charles Borromeo.[^1]
The western part of Pennsylvania was separated as the Diocese of [[Pittsburgh]] on August 8, 1843, and the Dioceses of [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]] and [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] on March 3, 1868. At the death of Bishop [[John Neumann|John Nepomucene Neumann]] on January 5, 1860, the Catholic population of the diocese, which still included [[Delaware]], was estimated at 200,000, with 157 churches and 147 priests. His successor, [[James Frederick Wood]], born in Philadelphia in 1813 and baptized by a Unitarian minister, had been a bank clerk in [[Cincinnati]] before his conversion and "was acknowledged by the financial world as thoroughly acquainted with every phase of the banking" business. Wood became the first archbishop in 1875 and died on June 20, 1883.[^1] In 1911 the archdiocese comprised the city and county of Philadelphia and the counties of Berks, Bucks, Carbon, Chester, Delaware, Lehigh, Montgomery, Northampton, and Schuylkill, an area of 5,043 square miles with a 1910 population of 2,712,708.[^1]
### Cardinal Krol
John Krol, born in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in 1910, was appointed archbishop of Philadelphia on February 11, 1961, was made a cardinal by [[Pope Paul VI]] on June 26, 1967, and retired on February 11, 1988. He died at his home in Philadelphia on March 3, 1996.[^2][^3]
### Black Mass
In late February 1975 a midnight run of *Black Mass*, a film of a satanic mass by the Philadelphia filmmaker Ray Hoersch, later R.C. Horsch, was cancelled at the [[Arcadia Theatre (Philadelphia)|Arcadia]] "after reported pressure by the Philadelphia Archdiocese," according to [[Art Carduner]] of the [[Bandbox Theater]] in [[Germantown, Philadelphia|Germantown]], which screened it instead on March 1.[^4] Sixteen Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, and Jewish leaders of Philadelphia, led by Krol, signed a statement calling the film "a blasphemous attack on the religious rites held in sacred reverence by millions of Christian believers" and urging "believers of every religious conviction to use every moral force to discourage the showing of this film in the Philadelphia area."[^5] Horsch said in an interview recorded in 2013 that the archdiocese had the run cancelled after one screening.[^6]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Loughlin, James. "Archdiocese of Philadelphia," *The Catholic Encyclopedia,* vol. 11, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11793b.htm
[^2]: "Cardinal Krol laid to rest," United Press International, March 8, 1996. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/08/Cardinal-Krol-laid-to-rest/8760826261200/
[^3]: Weil, Martin. "Cardinal John Krol Dies; Philadelphia Archbishop," *The Washington Post,* March 4, 1996. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/03/04/cardinal-john-krol-dies/8d845f35-61a2-4b44-934a-0bdc39ca14df/
[^4]: [Society and nightlife column], *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* February 28, 1975, p. 21. https://www.newspapers.com/image/173366667/
[^5]: "Offensive Material: Leaders Condemn Black Mass Film," Religious News Service, *Lake Shore Visitor* (Erie), March 7, 1975, p. 3. https://www.newspapers.com/image/951794835/
[^6]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 2: Performance," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 172, September 20, 2026, audio at 30:51 to 32:04, republishing interviews recorded in 2013. https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/20/ray-horsch-3/

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---
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- Media
- Journalism
- FTX
- SamBankmanFried
summary: "News company launched October 18, 2022 by Ben Smith and Justin Smith with 25 million dollars from investors including Sam Bankman-Fried, whose roughly 10 million dollars it repurchased in 2023 for FTX creditors."
start: 2022
location: "New York City, New York, USA"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Ben Smith]]"
reverse: true
start: 2022
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Justin Smith]]"
reverse: true
start: 2022
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Sam Bankman-Fried]]"
reverse: true
role: "about 10 million dollars, repurchased 2023"
start: 2022
end: 2023
fn: 3
- type: funded
with: "[[Jorge Paulo Lemann]]"
reverse: true
start: 2022
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[David Bradley]]"
reverse: true
start: 2022
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Jessica Lessin]]"
reverse: true
start: 2022
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[John Thornton]]"
reverse: true
start: 2022
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[Stand Together]]"
reverse: true
start: 2023
fn: 3
- type: funded
with: "[[Henry Kravis]]"
reverse: true
start: 2023
fn: 3
- type: funded
with: "[[Jerry Yang]]"
reverse: true
start: 2023
fn: 3
- type: funded
with: "[[Jamal Daniel]]"
reverse: true
start: 2023
fn: 3
- type: funded
with: "[[Gallup]]"
reverse: true
start: 2023
fn: 3
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
Semafor is a news company founded by [[Justin Smith]], former chief executive of [[Bloomberg Media]], and [[Ben Smith]], former editor-in-chief of [[BuzzFeed News]] and columnist at the *[[New York Times]]*; the two are not related. It launched on October 18, 2022 with a staff of 60 and 25 million dollars in private capital.[^1]
### Launch investors
The first round came from the [[Atlantic Media|Atlantic]] chairman emeritus [[David Bradley]], [[The Information]] founder [[Jessica Lessin]], [[John Thornton]], founder of the [[American Journalism Project]], [[Sam Bankman-Fried]], founder of [[FTX]], and [[3G Capital]] co-founder [[Jorge Paulo Lemann]], as well as Justin Smith. [[Gina Chua]] was executive editor, [[Benjy Sarlin]] Washington bureau chief, [[Liz Hoffman]] business editor, [[Reed Albergotti]] technology editor and [[Steve Clemons]] editor at large. Justin Smith said the name meant "the bearer of a signal" and was "the same word in 35 different languages."[^1]
### Bankman-Fried stake
After the collapse of FTX, Justin Smith wrote to staff on December 2, 2022 that the company had "set up a series of firewalls to ensure independence from our investors" and that Bankman-Fried "has no influence over our editorial coverage or operations"; Semafor said it would let "government investigations determine what happens with Bankman-Fried's investment."[^2] On May 24, 2023 Semafor announced a 19-million-dollar round, bringing its total raised to 34 million dollars after "the repurchase of the approximately $10 million in funds from Sam Bankman-Fried," which Semafor said would be "returned to FTX creditors as directed by officials." The new investors were [[Gallup]]; [[Henry Kravis]], co-founder of [[KKR]]; [[Jamal Daniel]], founder of Crest Media and owner of [[Al-Monitor]]; [[Jerry Yang]] of [[Yahoo]] and AME Cloud Ventures; Lemann again; and [[Stand Together]], the philanthropic network founded by [[Charles Koch]].[^3]
### Coverage of effective altruism and technology
On December 7, 2025 Semafor's media reporter [[Max Tani]] reported that the [[Tarbell Center for AI Journalism]], mostly funded by [[Open Philanthropy]] as Coefficient Giving, had placed fellows at *[[Time]]*, [[Bloomberg]], *[[The Verge]]*, the *[[Los Angeles Times]]* and *The Information*, and that Semafor itself had briefly hosted a fellow, ending the agreement "after several weeks without publishing any of their work." Coefficient's communications director, [[Naina Bajekal]], said: "We have no involvement in coverage decisions."[^4] Semafor has also reported on [[Jaan Tallinn]]'s AI investments and donations (April 2023), a lawsuit against [[Charles C. Johnson]] (October 2024) and a private club founded by [[Peter Thiel]] and [[Auren Hoffman]] (August 2025).[^5][^6][^7] On September 3, 2026 Ben Smith published an interview with Coefficient Giving's chief executive, [[Alexander Berger]].[^8]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Johnson, Ted. "Semafor Launches With Aim Of Boosting Trust In Global News Amid A Busy Digital Marketplace." *Deadline,* October 18, 2022. http://web.archive.org/web/20250210093253/https://deadline.com/2022/10/semafor-ben-smith-justin-smith-1235147535/
[^2]: "Semafor Puts Its Sam Bankman-Fried Investment in the Feds' Hands." *The Daily Beast,* December 2, 2022. https://www.thedailybeast.com/semafor-puts-its-sam-bankman-fried-investment-in-the-feds-hands/
[^3]: Spangler, Todd. "Semafor Banks $19 Million in New Funding as News Startup Is Set to Relinquish $10 Million Investment From Sam Bankman-Fried." *Variety,* May 24, 2023. http://web.archive.org/web/20230601031949/https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/semafor-funding-ben-smith-justin-smith-1235623955/
[^4]: Tani, Max. "AI critics funded AI coverage at top newsrooms." *Semafor,* December 7, 2025. https://www.semafor.com/article/12/07/2025/ai-critics-funded-ai-coverage-at-top-newsrooms
[^5]: "Co-founder of Skype invested in hot AI startups but thinks he failed." *Semafor,* April 28, 2023. https://www.semafor.com/article/04/28/2023/co-founder-of-skype-invested-in-hot-ai-startups-but-thinks-he-failed
[^6]: "Business Partner Sues Chuck Johnson for Falsely Presenting as Intelligence Agent." *Semafor,* October 16, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/10/16/2024/business-partner-sues-chuck-johnson-for-falsely-presenting-as-intelligence-agent
[^7]: "Private club founded by Peter Thiel, Auren Hoffman eyes campus near DC." *Semafor,* August 8, 2025. https://www.semafor.com/article/08/08/2025/private-club-founded-by-peter-thiel-auren-hoffman-eyes-campus-near-dc
[^8]: Smith, Ben. "Coefficient Giving's CEO on Silicon Valley's $40 billion philanthropy boom." *Semafor,* September 3, 2026. https://www.semafor.com/article/09/03/2026/coefficient-givings-ceo-on-silicon-valley-40-billion-philanthropy-boom

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "SSIR"
tags:
- Organization
- Media
- Philanthropy
- StanfordUniversity
summary: "Quarterly on philanthropy and nonprofits launched in spring 2003 by the Center for Social Innovation at Stanford's Graduate School of Business, a Hewlett Foundation grantee."
start: 2003
location: "Stanford, California, USA"
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]"
reverse: true
start: 2003
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Stanford Social Innovation Review (SSIR) is a quarterly on philanthropy, nonprofits and social enterprise at [[Stanford University]]. According to the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]], its Center for Social Innovation, a grantee of the [[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]], launched the review in the spring of 2003.[^1]
### Coverage of Open Philanthropy
The review's Summer 2018 issue carried "Giving in the Light of Reason" by [[Marc Gunther]], a profile of [[Cari Tuna]] and [[Open Philanthropy]] that counted seven entities in which Tuna served as a director or major donor, among them [[Good Ventures]], the [[Open Philanthropy Action Fund]] and [[GiveWell]], and quoted [[Alexander Berger]] that "tax considerations are key."[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Stanford Graduate School of Business. "History of the Center for Social Innovation." https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/history/csi
[^2]: Gunther, Marc. "Giving in the Light of Reason." *Stanford Social Innovation Review,* Summer 2018. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/giving_in_the_light_of_reason

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---
category: "Media & Entertainment"
tags:
- Organization
- Media
- Newspaper
- Philadelphia
- Annenberg
- OlneyHouseInvestigation
- RCHorsch
alias:
- Philadelphia Inquirer
- Inquirer
- The Pennsylvania Inquirer
- Inquirer.com
summary: "Philadelphia daily founded in 1829, owned by the Annenbergs, Knight Ridder, local investors and H.F. Lenfest, and since 2016 by a nonprofit institute under the Philadelphia Foundation."
start: 1829-06-01
location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[Moses Annenberg]]"
reverse: true
start: 1936
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Walter Annenberg]]"
reverse: true
end: 1969
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Knight Ridder]]"
reverse: true
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Brian P. Tierney]]"
reverse: true
start: 2006
fn: 5
- type: owned
with: "[[Alden Global Capital]]"
reverse: true
start: 2010
fn: 5
- type: owned
with: "[[Lewis Katz]]"
reverse: true
start: 2012
fn: 5
- type: owned
with: "[[George E. Norcross III]]"
reverse: true
start: 2012
fn: 5
- type: owned
with: "[[H.F. Lenfest]]"
reverse: true
start: 2012
end: 2016
fn: 5
- type: owned
with: "[[Lenfest Institute for Journalism]]"
reverse: true
start: 2016-01-12
fn: 2
---
*The Philadelphia Inquirer* is a daily newspaper in [[Philadelphia]], founded on Monday, June 1, 1829, as the *Pennsylvania Inquirer*. Since 2016 it has been owned by a tax-exempt institute created at the request of [[H.F. Lenfest|H.F. "Gerry" Lenfest]] by the [[Philadelphia Foundation]]. Since June 2026 it has reported the [[Olney House Investigation]] into women connected to the pornographer [[R.C. Horsch]], and its files from 1969 to 1975 record the closing of his [[Underground Cinema 16]] and the cancellation of his film [[Black Mass (1975 film)|Black Mass]].[^1][^2][^3][^4]
### Annenberg
[[Moses Annenberg]] announced in 1936 that he had bought the paper for four million dollars, with the assumption of 6.8 million dollars in debt. His son [[Walter Annenberg]] inherited the business, and in 1957 bought the *[[Philadelphia Daily News]]* for three million dollars from the Philadelphia builder [[Matthew McCloskey|Matt McCloskey]]. In 1969 the two papers were sold for 55 million dollars to [[John S. Knight]]'s company, Knight Newspapers, which later merged with Ridder Publications to form [[Knight Ridder]].[^1]
### Tierney, the Hedge Funds, and the 2012 Group
Investors led by the public relations executive [[Brian P. Tierney]] bought the papers in 2006 for 515 million dollars. Hedge funds led by [[Alden Global Capital]] and Angelo, Gordon and Company bought the company out of bankruptcy in 2010 for 139 million dollars. In April 2012 a local group led by [[Lewis Katz]] and [[George E. Norcross III]], with Lenfest, [[Krishna P. Singh|Krishna P. "Kris" Singh]], [[William P. Hankowsky]], and Joseph Buckelew, agreed to pay 55 million dollars for the papers and their website, the same price Walter Annenberg had received in 1969.[^5] In May 2014 Lenfest and Katz won the company at auction for 88 million dollars, outbidding their co-owner Norcross and his associates.[^2]
### The Lenfest Institute
On January 12, 2016, Lenfest announced that he had donated the *Inquirer*, the *Daily News*, and philly.com to a newly created tax-exempt organization, the [[Lenfest Institute for Journalism|Institute for Journalism in New Media]], operating under the TPF Special Assets Fund of the Philadelphia Foundation, and would contribute 20 million dollars to its endowment. The operating company, Philadelphia Media Network, was converted to a public benefit corporation and remained a self-governing, for-profit company. "Of all the things I've done, this is the most important. Because of the journalism," Lenfest said. The foundation's president, [[Pedro Ramos]], said: "We're not getting into the newspaper business," and "In a democracy, great cities need and depend on quality journalism."[^2][^6]
### Coverage of the Horsch Cases
On October 30, 1969, the paper reported that the [[Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspections]] had ordered Cinema 16 closed.[^3] On February 28, 1975, it reported that *Black Mass* had been cancelled at the [[Arcadia Theatre (Philadelphia)|Arcadia]] "after reported pressure by the Philadelphia Archdiocese" and would be shown at the [[Bandbox Theater]].[^4] From June 2026 its reporters, among them Ellie Rushing, Barbara Laker, Max Marin, and Ryan W. Briggs, reported the search of the house on West Chew Avenue, the prosecutions of [[Eugene Horsch]], R.C. Horsch's access to the crematorium of the [[Garzone Funeral Home]], and his 2009 conviction for luring a child. On August 28, 2026, the paper reported, citing unnamed sources, that investigators believed a video showed Horsch killing a woman.[^7][^8]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "The History of the Philadelphia Inquirer," Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia. https://www.broadcastpioneers.com/inquirerhistory.html
[^2]: Gammage, Jeff. "Lenfest donates newspapers, website to new media institute," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* January 11, 2016. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/business/20160112_Lenfest_donates_newspapers__website_to_new_media_institute.html
[^3]: "Police to Inspect Building: Cinema 16 Shut Down In License Dispute; Owner Is 'Confused'," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* October 30, 1969, p. 19. https://www.newspapers.com/image/169186622/
[^4]: [Society and nightlife column], *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* February 28, 1975, p. 21. https://www.newspapers.com/image/173366667/
[^5]: Armstrong, Mike. "Local investors buy Inquirer, Daily News, website," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* April 2, 2012. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/business/20120402_Local_group_to_buy_Phila__Media_Network_for__55_million.html
[^6]: The Lenfest Institute for Journalism, "H.F. Lenfest Launches Institute for Journalism in New Media, Donates Philadelphia Inquirer, Daily News and Philly.com, Makes $20 Million Gift to New Endowment," press release, January 12, 2016. https://www.lenfestinstitute.org/solutions-resources/h-f-lenfest-launches-institute-journalism-new-media-donates-philadelphia-inquirer-daily-news-philly-com-makes-20-million-gift-new-endowment-ensure-future/
[^7]: Rushing, Ellie, Barbara Laker, Ryan W. Briggs, and Max Marin. "Raymond Horsch was convicted of luring a 9-year-old girl to his car in 2009. Now those court records could be destroyed." *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 22, 2026; Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/raymond-horsch-child-luring-kensington-records-expunged-20260922.html ; https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html
[^8]: "Police believe a new video shows violent pornographer Raymond 'R.C.' Horsch killing a woman on camera, sources say," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 28, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/raymond-horsch-woman-killed-snuff-film-olney-20260828.html

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Time.md
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@ -1,12 +1,26 @@
---
category: "Private Organization"
alias:
- "Time (magazine)"
- "TIME"
tags:
- organization
- media
- contra-war
summary: Time magazine covered the Dark Alliance story, calling it the hottest topic in black America during the height of the public reaction in 1996.
- Organization
- Media
- ContraWar
summary: "American news magazine, first published in 1923, which ran Beaty and Gwynne's 1991 BCCI exposé and was sold by Meredith to Marc and Lynne Benioff in 2018 for 190 million dollars."
start: 1923
location: "New York City, New York"
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[Marc Benioff]]"
reverse: true
start: 2018
fn: 3
- type: owned
with: "[[Lynne Benioff]]"
reverse: true
start: 2018
fn: 3
---
Time magazine covered the [[Dark Alliance]] story, calling it "the hottest topic in black America" during the height of the public reaction in 1996. The magazine's coverage was part of the initial wave of media attention that preceded the establishment media counterattack.[^1]
@ -14,7 +28,17 @@ Time magazine covered the [[Dark Alliance]] story, calling it "the hottest topic
Time's characterization of the Dark Alliance series reflected the genuine public interest and outrage that the story generated in African American communities across the [[United States]]. The magazine's coverage came during the brief window between the series' publication in August 1996 and the October 1996 counterattack by the [[New York Times]], [[Washington Post]], and [[Los Angeles Times]]. After the establishment papers attacked [[Gary Webb]]'s reporting, coverage of the story's substance largely disappeared from mainstream media outlets including Time.[^2]
### Ownership
On September 16, 2018, the [[Meredith Corporation]], which had acquired Time Inc., announced that it would sell the Time brand to [[Marc Benioff]] and [[Lynne Benioff]] for 190 million dollars in cash. The purchase was personal to the Benioffs and "unrelated to Salesforce.com," and the couple were not to be "involved in the day-to-day operations or journalistic decisions," which remained with the editor-in-chief, Edward Felsenthal. Citigroup and Cooley advised Meredith; BDT & Company and Goodwin Procter advised the Benioffs. Meredith applied the proceeds to reducing its debt. "TIME has always been a trusted reflection of the state of the world," the Benioffs said.[^3]
### BCCI Reporting
On July 29, 1991, Time published "B.C.C.I.: The Dirtiest Bank of All," by [[Jonathan Beaty]] and [[S. C. Gwynne]], which the two reporters later expanded into *The Outlaw Bank* (1993).[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 27.
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 27.
[^3]: Meredith Corporation, "Meredith Corporation To Sell TIME Media Brand To Marc And Lynne Benioff," PR Newswire, September 16, 2018. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/meredith-corporation-to-sell-time-media-brand-to-marc-and-lynne-benioff-300713440.html
[^4]: "B.C.C.I.: The Dirtiest Bank of All," *Time,* July 29, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718229/b-c-c-i-the-dirtiest-bank-of-all/

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---
category: "Private Organization"
aliases:
- "The Washington Examiner"
tags:
- Organization
- Media
- Journalism
- WashingtonDC
- Anschutz
summary: "Washington political publication built from suburban Journal Newspapers, which Philip Anschutz bought through his new Clarity Media Group in 2004 and relaunched as a free daily in 2005."
start: 2005
location: "Washington, D.C., USA"
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[Philip Anschutz]]"
reverse: true
start: 2004
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Clarity Media Group]]"
reverse: true
start: 2004
fn: 1
created: 2026-09-23
updated: 2026-09-23
---
The Washington Examiner is a political publication in [[Washington, D.C.]] owned by the Denver billionaire [[Philip Anschutz]]. It grew out of Journal Newspapers Inc., the [[Alexandria, Virginia]] publisher of the *Northern Virginia Journal*, the *Prince George's Journal* and the *Montgomery Journal*, which Anschutz bought in 2004.[^1] It launched as a free paper in 2005.[^2]
### Anschutz purchase
On September 30, 2004 Anschutz, a founder of [[Qwest Communications]] and an investor in [[D.C. United]], announced the purchase of Journal Newspapers through [[Clarity Media Group]], "a newly created investment arm" headed by the former [[Denver Post]] publisher [[Ryan McKibben]] and the paper's former chief financial officer Frederick Anderson. Clarity did not disclose financial terms. Anschutz also owned the *[[San Francisco Examiner]],* a majority stake in [[Regal Entertainment Group]] and four [[Major League Soccer]] teams. The three suburban dailies had a combined circulation of 115,000 and had passed through several owners and heavy layoffs; Clarity said it would add "regional, national, and world news" while keeping the free tabloid format. McKibben said: "I'm not going to say the Washington Times or The Washington Post is our competition."[^1]
### Examiner chain
Anschutz had bought the *San Francisco Examiner* for 11 million dollars in 2004 and extended its "Eagle" masthead to his other Examiner papers. By June 2009 the *Washington Examiner* distributed 260,000 copies on Thursdays, with advertisers including [[Macy's]], [[Southwest Airlines]] and [[Citibank]], and Clarity had closed its *Baltimore Examiner*. That month the sale of *[[The Weekly Standard]]* to Anschutz was announced; Dirk Smillie of *[[Forbes]]* wrote that the magazine lost an estimated 5 million dollars a year on a circulation of 80,000.[^2]
### Coverage of effective altruism
In November 2025 the Examiner reporter [[Robert Schmad]] published "Effective Altruism-linked nonprofit placed fellows in key government offices, secured influence," on the [[Horizon Institute for Public Service]], followed in April 2026 by "Documents show how a tech-connected nonprofit shaped Biden-era AI policy."[^3][^4] In December 2025 *[[Semafor]]* noted a critical Examiner piece on the donor ties of the [[Tarbell Center for AI Journalism]].[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Shin, Annys. "Anschutz Purchases Journal Newspapers." *The Washington Post,* October 1, 2004, p. E02. http://web.archive.org/web/20180128120921/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63529-2004Sep30.html
[^2]: Smillie, Dirk. "The Stealth Media Mogul." *Forbes,* June 29, 2009. https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/28/anschutz-weekly-standard-business-media-examiner.html
[^3]: Schmad, Robert. "Effective Altruism-linked nonprofit placed fellows in key government offices, secured influence." *Washington Examiner,* November 6, 2025. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/3874805/effective-altruism-linked-nonprofit-placed-fellows-in-key-government-offices-secured-influence/
[^4]: Schmad, Robert. "Documents show how a tech-connected nonprofit shaped Biden-era AI policy." *Washington Examiner,* April 17, 2026. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/investigations/4532389/
[^5]: Tani, Max. "AI critics funded AI coverage at top newsrooms." *Semafor,* December 7, 2025. https://www.semafor.com/article/12/07/2025/ai-critics-funded-ai-coverage-at-top-newsrooms