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---
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category: "UFO & Anomalous Phenomena"
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tags:
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- Person
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- UFO
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- Parapsychology
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- NavalIntelligence
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- SenateStaff
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- HumanPotentialFoundation
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- RockefellerInitiative
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alias:
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- C. B. Scott Jones
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- C.B. Scott Jones
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- CB Scott Jones
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- Scott Jones
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- Cecil B. Jones
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- Cecil B. Scott Jones
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- Cecil Beam Jones Jr.
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- Dr. Scott Jones
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summary: "Navy fighter pilot and intelligence officer who served as Senator Claiborne Pell's special assistant for psychic and UFO matters from 1985 to 1991, then ran the Human Potential Foundation, financed by Laurance Rockefeller."
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born: 1928-02-19
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died: 2023-01-16
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location: "Falls Church, Virginia"
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relations:
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[United States Navy]]"
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start: 1946
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end: 1976
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role: "fighter pilot, then naval intelligence officer, including assistant naval attache in New Delhi and Kathmandu"
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fn: 3
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[CACI]]"
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role: "managed intelligence contact with the Defense Intelligence Agency for two years after leaving the University of Wyoming in 1978"
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fn: 2
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Kaman Tempo]]"
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role: "research scientist; editor of the 1983 seminar proceedings on parapsychological applications"
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fn: 3
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Claiborne Pell]]"
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start: 1985-01
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end: 1991-03
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role: "special assistant, Senate office"
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fn: 2
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- type: founded
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with: "[[Center for Applied Anomalous Phenomena]]"
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start: 1985
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fn: 2
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- type: founded
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with: "[[Human Potential Foundation]]"
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start: 1989
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role: "with Pell; president"
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fn: 2
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[American Society for Psychical Research]]"
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role: "trustee from 1985 and president, per the 1992 white paper"
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fn: 3
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[Mutual UFO Network]]"
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start: 1989
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role: "special consultant in international relations, per the 1992 white paper"
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fn: 3
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- type: founded
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with: "[[Peace and Emergency Action Coalition for Earth]]"
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start: 1998
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fn: 2
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created: 2026-10-02
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updated: 2026-10-02
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---
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Cecil B. "Scott" Jones (February 19, 1928, at [[Emporia, Kansas]], to January 16, 2023) was a Navy fighter pilot and intelligence officer who worked from 1985 to 1991 on the staff of Senator [[Claiborne Pell]] of [[Rhode Island]], then as president of the [[Human Potential Foundation]].[^1] His birth year is also recorded as 1924, in the register of his papers at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]].[^2]
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### Navy and Intelligence Career
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Jones joined the [[United States Navy]] about 1946, was commissioned in 1950 after the [[Aviation Midshipman Program]], flew two combat tours in [[VF-191]] in the [[Korean War]] in the [[F9F-2 Panther]] from the [[USS Princeton]], and served about fifteen years in naval intelligence, including with [[Carrier Division 14]] and as assistant naval attache in [[New Delhi]] and [[Kathmandu]] in the 1960s. He held an A.B. in government from [[George Washington University]] (1961), an M.A. from the [[University of Maryland]] (1963) and a Ph.D. in international studies from [[American University]] (1975), with a dissertation on how the Indian [[Lok Sabha]] handles defense matters, and taught at [[Casper College]] and the [[University of Wyoming]].[^3] By another account he spent twenty years in naval intelligence, then taught at Army colleges from 1970 to 1972, at the [[University of Kansas]] for the Navy in 1973 to 1975 and as a professor at the University of Wyoming from 1975 to 1978, then two years at the contractor [[CACI]] managing intelligence contact with the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], "during which spent 10% of his time on applied anomalous phenomena," then work for [[Kaman Tempo]] on reporting on oceanic nuclear tests for the [[Defense Nuclear Agency]]; he met Pell during this period and organized two symposia on applied anomalous phenomena and on consciousness and survival.[^2] [[Grant Cameron]] gives a contractual consultancy to the Defense Nuclear Agency from 1981 to 1985.[^4] His papers include correspondence with [[Laurance Rockefeller]], [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein]], [[Rima Laibow]], [[Uri Geller]] and [[Dick Cheney]], and drafts of letters to Presidents [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]].[^2]
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In the 1992 white paper's account, Kaman Tempo organized a seminar on parapsychological applications in 1983 for federal employees, with Jones as editor of the proceedings, and Jones's MUFON biographical sketch says he worked on government-sponsored projects for the Defense Nuclear Agency, the DIA and the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]].[^3]
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### Pell's Office, 1985 to 1991
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Jones served as Special Assistant to Pell from January 1985 until March 1991 "with the purpose of investigating consciousness research being conducted in other countries, primarily the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]."[^2] The [[Washington Times]] reported in 1989 that Pell "has a full-time staff member, C.B. Scott Jones, whose exclusive job is to monitor reports of psychic activities."[^5] The [[United Press International]], summarizing the [[Providence Journal|Providence Sunday Journal]] of July 17, 1988, reported that Jones "retains a top secret security clearance and earns nearly $50,000 a year on the public payroll," and that Jones said the senator wanted scientists to have a fair chance at funding for the research.[^6] The two reports give the figures differently. The UPI summary says "nearly $50,000 a year"; the version of [[C. Eugene Emery Jr.]]'s Providence Journal story printed in *The [[San Francisco Examiner]]* of August 13, 1988 states the amount as $48,853 a year, describes Jones as "Pell's point man" in the effort to make the government more receptive to paranormal research, and says that in his spare time he was a UFO enthusiast who ran a psychic-research center out of his home. Both give the clearance as top secret (the Examiner prints "top-secret security clearance").[^7] The *[[Winston-Salem Journal]]* of July 18, 1988, also summarizing the Providence Journal, described Jones as a former naval intelligence officer and one of Pell's "government-paid researchers" who researched telepathy, unconventional healing and near-death experiences.[^8] Jones used a Senate office and stationery; [[U.S. News and World Report]] of December 5, 1988 mentioned Pell and Jones, and in 1991 a personal letter from Jones to "Dear Dick" Dick Cheney was published in [[Harper's Magazine]] (January 1991, p. 25).[^3] The [[University of Rhode Island]]'s register of the [[Pell Senatorial Papers]] lists three files titled "Human Potential Foundation: Scott Jones File" (1987; 1987 to 1994; 1988 to 1991) in the subject file series.[^9]
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### The White Paper of 1992
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"Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," dated February 20, 1992 and credited to [[Robert J. Durant]], appears in the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] reading room as CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7; a note at its end states that [[George P. Hansen]] co-authored it without his name appearing.[^3] It opens by describing Jones as "the Renaissance Man of the Paranormal." Its claims, attributed to Durant, include that Jones chaired a panel and acted as liaison to "the Prince of Liechtenstein who was the major benefactor of the conference," at the [[TREAT II]] abduction conference at [[Virginia Tech]] in January 1990 organized by Rima Laibow; that [[MUFON]] appointed him Special Consultant in International Relations in 1989; that in 1991 he told the Chinese officials he visited about UFOs, in a story he later told at the Omega conference, that his questions were taken for pretense, and that metal given to him there proved to be debris from an electrical transmission tower; that he delivered "Government UFO Connections" at the 1991 MUFON symposium and there said he "honestly did not know of any activity of the [[U.S. government]]" on UFOs; and that he spoke approvingly of [[William L. Moore]] and met Moore and [[Richard Doty]] while on Pell's payroll.[^3]
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The paper also relates a story that [[Lee Graham]], an [[Aerojet]] technician, told [[Don Ecker]] and Durant: after an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent and an unidentified man visited Graham in 1987 and discussed the [[Majestic-12|MJ-12]] papers, Jones telephoned Graham, said they had "a mutual acquaintance," and sent on Senate letterhead the Air Force biography of Major General [[Michael Kerby]], the Air Force legislative liaison director, whom Graham recognized as the visitor. In the paper's account Jones explained that Kerby had called on Pell, noticed Jones, and told him of the visit because "Kerby knew of my interest in these matters"; Jones declined to elaborate. Durant also wrote that an unnamed informant learned that [[Jaime Shandera]] and Moore were in contact with Jones, and listed rumors, which the paper attributes to unnamed "Scott watchers," that Jones had asked parapsychologists about recruiting psychics for military intelligence, had been involved for years in classified research on electronic mind control, and had approached media representatives in 1986 about a UFO program offering secret government information. The paper also describes dolphin telepathy experiments by Jones with Colonel [[John B. Alexander]] and [[Theodore Rockwell]]. The paper states of Jones's organizations that the Human Potential Foundation was established in 1989, was housed in the [[Vienna, Virginia]], offices of the law firm [[Sandground Barondess and West]] with [[Mark Sandground]] and Pell on its board, and was "reportedly funded by Laurance Rockefeller."[^3]
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### Human Potential Foundation, 1989 to 1998
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Jones left Pell's staff in March 1991 and ran the Foundation until its dissolution in 1998.[^2] The Foundation's primary donor in its first two and a half years was Laurance Rockefeller, "whose support was conditional with a program designed to get the [[United States]] government to acknowledge the existence of alien life."[^2] Jones wrote as its president to [[John Gibbons]] at the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] from 1993 to 1995, to Representative [[Steven Schiff]], and in August 1995 to the congressional leadership; the letters are described under the [[Rockefeller Initiative]].[^10] [[Dinah Eng]]'s wire story of May 1995 on the Foundation's conference "[[When Cosmic Cultures Meet]]" (May 27 to 29, Washington) identified Jones as the Foundation's president and as a former naval intelligence officer who served on Pell's staff; it reported that the program would examine contact with extraterrestrials rather than debate whether intelligent life exists elsewhere, and quoted Jones as saying he had "no doubt that intelligent life exists elsewhere" and that there was "an extraordinary amount of fear associated with this phenomena."[^11] In a letter of February 17, 1994 he wrote to Gibbons: "My mention of mind-control technology at the February 4 meeting was quite deliberate. Please be careful about this. There are reasons to believe that some government group has interwoven research about this technology with alleged UFO phenomena."[^12] In his letter of August 11, 1994, after describing a conference of the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]] in [[Chicago]] and Pell's seat on its board, he advised Gibbons to speak with [[James Woolsey]]; the passage that follows (the scan is torn) reports that Woolsey had a document search under way in his agency that had found nothing of significance, and quotes the statement: "If I had the responsibility to run a super safe black program on this subject, I would take it completely out of the government's [...] and run it from the private sector, probably somewhere within [the] aerospace community, or perhaps [[General Motors]]."[^13] A handwritten note signed "JHG" and dated 3/29/94 on the same letter reads: "Scott Jones used to be associated with Senator Pell. He was formerly a Navy pilot. The Human Potential Foundation is funded in part, I believe, by L.R."[^12]
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Jones presented a talk on exopolitics in [[Hawaii]] in June 2006.[^14] He founded the [[Peace and Emergency Action Coalition for Earth]] in 1998, which received its [[Internal Revenue Service]] ruling in October 1998.[^2][^15]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Archives for the Unexplained, "Jones, C. B. Scott" (reproducing the obituary in the *Kerrville Daily Times*: born February 19, 1928, Emporia, Kansas, to Cecil Beam Jones Sr.; died January 16, 2023), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/jones-c-b-scott/.
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[^2]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, "C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers," COU:4004, biographical note, scope note, and Series 1 and 4 descriptions, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, read in the Wayback Machine capture of June 2024 (the live site blocks automated downloads).
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[^3]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635; text read at http://www.tricksterbook.com/ArticlesOnline/ScottJonesWhitePaper.pdf. Hostile to Jones; sole source for the passages so cited (the Graham and Kerby episode rests on Graham's and Jones's statements as relayed by Durant; the "rumors" are unattributed).
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[^4]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html.
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[^5]: Tom Kelly, "In search of modern Merlins: Psychics gain wider credibility," *Washington Times*, June 26, 1989 (date per archive metadata), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080027-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000200080027-5.
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[^6]: United Press International, "Pell keen on psychic research," July 17, 1988, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/07/17/Pell-keen-on-psychic-research/3613585115200/.
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[^7]: C. Eugene Emery Jr., "Sen. Pell flirts with phenomena on the fringe, UFOs, psychics," *The San Francisco Examiner* (from the Providence Journal), August 13, 1988, p. B-12 (newspapers.com p. 22), https://www.newspapers.com/image/461248717/.
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[^8]: "Pell Probing Psychic Phenomena," *Winston-Salem Journal*, July 18, 1988, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/939997164/.
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[^9]: University of Rhode Island Library Special Collections, "Register to the Senatorial Papers of Claiborne Pell: Subject File," Mss. Gr. 71.4, box 42, folders 464 to 466, https://webarchives.apps.uri.edu/Pell%20XML%20Files/pell/Mss.%20Gr.%2071.4b.html.
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[^10]: Letters of Jones to Gibbons, February 17, 1994, May 26, 1994, June 13, 1994, August 11, 1994, December 2 and 13, 1994, March 31, 1995 and August 23, 1995, and Jones to Schiff, August 17, 1995, at http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller_Initiative_Documents.htm.
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[^11]: Dinah Eng, "The day that cosmic cultures meet," *Pensacola News Journal*, May 17, 1995, p. 7, https://www.newspapers.com/image/267898730/; the same text appeared as "Conferees seek plan for dealing with 'Them'," *The News-Star* (Monroe, La.), May 19, 1995, p. 13, https://www.newspapers.com/image/1245983088/.
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[^12]: Jones to Gibbons, February 17, 1994, with Gibbons's note signed JHG and dated 3/29/94, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/RID-2-17-94.htm.
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[^13]: Jones to Gibbons, August 11, 1994, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/RID-8-11-94.htm. The speaker of the "super safe black program" sentence is not named on the surviving scan; the context (the letter's next sentence begins "Apparently Woolsey believes") indicates Woolsey as the person quoted by Jones.
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[^14]: Archives for the Unexplained, "Jones, C. B. Scott," as in note 1 (list of further resources, including a Hawaii presentation of June 2006).
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[^15]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, Peace and Emergency Action Coalition for Earth (EIN 74-2888837), https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/api/v2/organizations/742888837.json.
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@ -15,28 +15,28 @@ tags:
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- CRV
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- 1980s
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- 1990s
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summary: "David Morehouse was a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel and Ranger officer who joined the Fort Meade remote viewing unit after surviving a head wound in Jordan in 1987, was trained in CRV, faced a court-martial for personal conduct, and after retirement published Psychic Warrior (1996), a memoir that was commercially successful but disputed by other unit members for accuracy."
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summary: "David Morehouse was a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel who joined the Fort Meade remote viewing unit after a 1987 head wound in Jordan, faced a court-martial, and published Psychic Warrior (1996)."
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born: 1954-01-01
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location: "Virginia"
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---
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David Morehouse was a [[U.S. Army]] Lieutenant Colonel and Ranger-qualified airborne officer who joined the classified remote viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]], Maryland, in the later phase of the program during the late 1980s. Unlike most of the unit's earlier members, who were intelligence specialists or photo-interpreters, Morehouse was a combat arms officer whose path to the program began with an unusual incident: in 1987, while participating in a combined training exercise in Jordan, he was struck in the helmet by a stray round fired by Jordanian soldiers. He survived without serious physical injury but subsequently reported vivid visions and altered states that led him to seek assignment to the remote viewing unit.[^1]
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David Morehouse was a [[U.S. Army]] Lieutenant Colonel and Ranger-qualified airborne officer who joined the classified remote viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]], [[Maryland]], in the later phase of the program during the late 1980s. Unlike most of the unit's earlier members, who were intelligence specialists or photo-interpreters, Morehouse was a combat arms officer whose path to the program began with an unusual incident: in 1987, while participating in a combined training exercise in [[Jordan]], he was struck in the helmet by a stray round fired by Jordanian soldiers. He survived without serious physical injury but subsequently reported vivid visions and altered states that led him to seek assignment to the remote viewing unit.[^1]
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### Remote Viewing Training and Service
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Morehouse underwent [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV) training and served in the unit during the [[Stargate Project|Sun Streak]] and STAR GATE phases. He was one of the viewers working with a more formal administrative structure than the unit's early years, when the program was operating under [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] sponsorship through the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory direction of [[Edwin May]].
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Morehouse underwent [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV) training and served in the unit during the [[Stargate Project|Sun Streak]] and STAR GATE phases. He was one of the viewers working with a more formal administrative structure than the unit's early years, when the program was operating under [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] sponsorship through the [[Cognitive Sciences Laboratory]] direction of [[Edwin May]].
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His service in the unit was complicated by personal conduct issues. Fellow viewer [[Lyn Buchanan]] and others in the unit noticed Morehouse operating a construction business on the side while on active duty and observed what they characterized as erratic behavior. A formal military investigation led to a court-martial proceeding. The case attracted some attention because of its connection to the remote viewing program; [[Angela Dellafiora]] served as a witness in the proceeding. Morehouse received a discharge that was later characterized as a general discharge under honorable conditions after plea arrangements.[^1]
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### Psychic Warrior and Public Career
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In 1996, Morehouse published *Psychic Warrior: Inside the CIA's Stargate Program, the True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening* (St. Martin's Press), which became the first commercially successful account by a former Fort Meade program participant. The book combined Morehouse's account of his remote viewing training and operational sessions with a spiritual awakening narrative centered on his Jordan head wound experience and its aftereffects.
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In 1996, Morehouse published *[[Psychic Warrior]]: Inside the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s Stargate Program, the True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening* ([[St. Martin's Press]]), which became the first commercially successful account by a former Fort Meade program participant. The book combined Morehouse's account of his remote viewing training and operational sessions with a spiritual awakening narrative centered on his Jordan head wound experience and its aftereffects.
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The reception among former unit colleagues was largely negative. [[Joe McMoneagle]], who had participated in the program from its earliest days, was particularly critical, arguing that Morehouse had embellished both his experiences and his role in the program and that the book's sensationalized framing undermined the program's legitimate history. The book was also criticized for exaggerating the CIA connection - the unit was primarily an Army program under DIA sponsorship, not a CIA operation.
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Despite these criticisms, *Psychic Warrior* introduced the Fort Meade program to a large popular audience and helped establish the commercial remote viewing training market that emerged after STAR GATE's 1995 declassification. Morehouse subsequently built a civilian career offering remote viewing training seminars.[^1]
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An undated memorandum in the CIA's Star Gate files, headed "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," records: "[[Ed Dames|Edward A. Dames]] serves as President of [[Psi Tech]], and David A. Morehouse is Vice President. They are based in [[Jessup, Maryland]], but there are rumors that they are planning to move to [[New Mexico]]." No other legible mention of him appears in the released collection.[^900]
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An undated memorandum in the CIA's Star Gate files, headed "Will the Real [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]] Please Stand Up?," records: "[[Ed Dames|Edward A. Dames]] serves as President of [[Psi Tech]], and David A. Morehouse is Vice President. They are based in [[Jessup, Maryland]], but there are rumors that they are planning to move to [[New Mexico]]." No other legible mention of him appears in the released collection.[^900]
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### Footnotes
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106
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---
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category: "UFO & Anomalous Phenomena"
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tags:
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- Person
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- UFO
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- AtmosphericPhysics
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- UniversityOfArizona
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- Congress
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- SST
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- RobertsonPanel
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alias:
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- James E. McDonald
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- James Edward McDonald
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- James McDonald
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- Dr. James E. McDonald
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- Dr. McDonald
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- Jim McDonald
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summary: "University of Arizona atmospheric physicist who from 1966 pressed for scientific study of UFOs, testified to a House committee on July 29, 1968, and died on June 13, 1971."
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location: "Tucson, Arizona"
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relations:
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[University of Arizona]]"
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start: 1954
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end: 1971-06-13
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role: "associate director, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, 1954 to 1957; professor of meteorology and senior physicist from 1958"
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fn: 1
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[National Academy of Sciences]]"
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start: 1965
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role: "member, Panel on Weather and Climate Modification (start year as printed in the 1968 hearing biography)"
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fn: 1
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[House Committee on Science and Astronautics]]"
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start: 1968-07-29
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role: "Symposium on Unidentified Flying Objects, chaired by Rep. J. Edward Roush"
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fn: 1
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[House Appropriations Committee]]"
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start: 1971-03-02
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role: "witness on the supersonic transport before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Related Agencies, at the request of Rep. Sidney R. Yates"
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fn: 6
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- type: funded
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with: "[[James E. McDonald]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1966-05
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role: "atmospheric research monitored by Jim Hughes of ONR, who said ONR would pay for his May 1966 Wright-Patterson trip"
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fn: 3
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- type: investigated
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with: "[[Robertson Panel]]"
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start: 1966-06-06
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role: "read the 1953 panel report at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; the CIA decided to reclassify it by July 1966"
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fn: 3
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created: 2026-10-02
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updated: 2026-10-03
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---
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James Edward McDonald (May 7, 1920 to June 13, 1971) was a professor of meteorology and senior physicist at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the [[University of Arizona]] in [[Tucson]].[^1][^2] After about two years of study he told the [[House Committee on Science and Astronautics]] on July 29, 1968 that he had interviewed "several hundred witnesses" and regarded the UFO problem as "a matter of extraordinary scientific importance."[^1] In 1966 he read the 1953 [[Robertson Panel]] report at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] and afterward charged publicly that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] had influenced Air Force policy.[^3]
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### Career before the UFO work
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His biography, entered in the 1968 hearing record, lists a B.A. in chemistry from the [[University of Omaha]] (1942), a meteorology degree from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (1945) and a Ph.D. in physics from [[Iowa State University]] (1951); service in the [[U.S. Navy]] from 1942 to 1945 in "naval intelligence and aerology"; a research position on the cloud physics project at the [[University of Chicago]] (1953 to 1954); and appointments at Arizona from 1954. It lists membership on the [[National Academy of Sciences]] Panel on Weather and Climate Modification from 1965, the ESSA-Navy Project Stormfury Advisory Panel from 1966 and a [[National Science Foundation]] weather modification panel from 1967, and records that he married Betsy Hunt in 1945 and had six children.[^1] His obituary in the Bulletin of the [[American Meteorological Society]] by [[Louis J. Battan]] describes his 1954 paper on raindrop shapes, his 1958 article "The physics of cloud modification," and his work on the Academy panel, whose 1966 report expressed optimism about cloud seeding after his review of commercial operators' data.[^2]
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### 1966 and the Robertson Panel report
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|
||||
[[Paul E. McCarthy]], whose 1975 [[University of Hawaii]] dissertation used McDonald's correspondence, wrote that McDonald's atmospheric research was monitored by [[Jim Hughes (Office of Naval Research)|Jim Hughes]] of the [[Office of Naval Research]]. On April 30, 1966 McDonald wrote to Hughes about UFOs; later in May Hughes told him that [[Jim Kearney]] at Pasadena Naval Research did work on laser detection of clouds that might account for some high-speed radar tracks, suggested that he go to [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] to examine the [[Project Blue Book]] files, and said that because the work was for ONR it would pay the trip expenses. McCarthy asked whether it was coincidence that Hughes suggested the trip "at the exact time McDonald wanted to make it," and wrote that this was "the beginning of what would become a controversy within a controversy" over McDonald's use of ONR atmospheric research funds for what appears to be UFO research. On May 26 McDonald thanked Hughes for the trip, and McCarthy wrote that in the same letter McDonald said he wished a briefing, when in Washington, on "the rumored Navy studies of UFOs" and asked whether ONR might fund his travel for UFO research.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
McCarthy wrote that McDonald made his first visit to Wright-Patterson on June 6, 1966; that there he viewed the Robertson Panel report, which Major [[Hector Quintanilla]] had given routine declassification after twelve years; that on June 30 Colonel [[Louis DeGoes]] told him a photocopy needed authorization; and that on his third visit, July 20 to 22, DeGoes told him the CIA had decided to reclassify it. McCarthy wrote that neither DeGoes nor Dr. [[Cacciopo]], chief scientist at the [[Foreign Technology Division]], showed interest in the CIA involvement, that McDonald began to discuss the report in his lectures in October 1966, and that "for McDonald this was probably the beginning of his concern for a cover-up."[^3] McCarthy also wrote that the [[Los Angeles Times]] story on his Tucson talks said he believed in "persons from outer space," that the [[Associated Press]] story said he believed in current CIA involvement, and that McDonald told [[Richard Hall]] of [[NICAP]] to leave the arrangements for the Washington talk to Hall, who should "tone down the CIA angle."[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Condon Committee
|
||||
|
||||
McCarthy wrote that McDonald's letter of January 31, 1968 to [[Robert Low]] of the [[Condon Committee]] at the [[University of Colorado]] set out his criticisms of the project, including Condon's press statements, the lack of investigation of cases in which McDonald believed the Air Force had inhibited inquiry, and a $50,000 radar study contract with the [[Stanford Research Institute]]; that on February 8 [[Edward Condon]] dismissed [[David Saunders]] and [[Norman Levine]] from the project; and that McDonald sent copies of the Low memo and National Academy correspondence to Hughes at ONR, asking that they be held in confidence and sent to his home address, "in light of the day when he would apply to the ONR for funding to do UFO work."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### The July 29, 1968 symposium
|
||||
|
||||
The Symposium on Unidentified Flying Objects before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Ninetieth Congress, second session, was held on July 29, 1968 as hearing No. 7. McDonald followed [[J. Allen Hynek]] on the program. He told the committee that he had visited Wright-Patterson and seen the files, contacted the [[National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena]] and the [[Aerial Phenomena Research Organization]], and found NICAP had "on the order of 10,000 or 12,000 cases," and he said the problem had been "swept under the rug." His prepared statement lists eight hypotheses (hoaxes; hallucination and rumor; misinterpreted natural phenomena; semi-secret technology; poorly understood physical phenomena; poorly understood psychological phenomena; extraterrestrial devices of a surveillance nature; and spaceships bringing messengers) and states that his present opinion, "based on two years of careful study, is that UFOs are probably extraterrestrial devices engaged in something that might very tentatively be termed 'surveillance.'" It cites a 1960 remark by Vice Admiral [[Roscoe Hillenkoetter]], former CIA director, that "it is imperative that we learn where the UFOs come from and what their purpose is," and recounts numbered cases beginning with [[Boise, Idaho]], July 4, 1947 and [[Montgomery, Alabama]], July 24, 1948. He said that before 1966 he had interviewed about 150 to 200 witnesses and since then about 200 to 250 more, including about 80 in [[Australia]].[^1] [[Physics Today]]'s obituary of September 1971 said he accused the Air Force, which had commissioned the Condon study, of being "blissfully unaware" of the seriousness of the situation and later challenged the [[Condon Report]].[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### The SST testimony
|
||||
|
||||
McDonald studied the effect of supersonic transport exhaust on the stratospheric ozone layer. Battan wrote that McDonald "spent hundreds of hours" on the printed material, concluded SST emissions could reduce ozone, increase ultraviolet radiation and increase skin cancer, and "did his utmost to convince other scientists, laymen and politicians that the SST represented a danger to society."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Physics Today wrote that he testified at a private [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]] hearing in 1970 and "again this year at a House Appropriations Committee hearing," and that "although some members of the House Committee doubted his report, a [[National Cancer Institute]] specialist later concurred with McDonald, saying that McDonald's estimate of the impact of supersonic planes on skin cancer was, if anything, too modest."[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
The printed hearing, Civil Supersonic Aircraft Development (SST), House Appropriations Subcommittee on Department of Transportation and Related Agencies (chaired by Rep. [[John J. McFall]]), records that McDonald was the first witness of the afternoon session of Tuesday, March 2, 1971. He told the subcommittee that he spoke "as an individual scientist" and not for the Academy or its panel, and that he had begun looking at SST effects when the panel's chairman asked him to update his 1966 work on ice crystals and after the panel's August briefings from the SCEP ([[Study of Critical Environmental Problems]]) summer study at MIT. His prepared statement estimated that SST operations at the fleet levels projected for 1980 to 1985 could cause "something of the order of 5-10,000 additional skin cancer cases per year in just the [[United States]] alone," through water vapor in the exhaust reducing stratospheric ozone; he gave "a round-number estimate near 10,000 new cases per year," against about 120,000 annual cases then, and said that the 4 percent ozone reduction figure from a [[Boeing]] researcher would imply about 30,000. Rep. [[Sidney R. Yates]] stated that McDonald testified at his request, that the statement was prepared with the help of Yates's office, that he had checked McDonald's credentials with National Academy scientists and "without exception they all said he was a very fine scientist," and that he had at first shrunk from the skin cancer theory because "most people would think that this is one of those mad scientists." McFall replied "we are very appreciative for your very fine testimony."[^6] In questioning later in the session Rep. [[Silvio O. Conte]] said he had been told McDonald was "an expert on unidentified flying objects, or flying saucers," asked whether McDonald had testified to Congress that New York power failures of the mid-sixties were caused by them, and said "if you come up with a theory, and assuming I oppose the SST and I use you as an expert, it would be thrown against me on the floor of the House." McDonald answered that he had been asked by Rep. [[William Fitts Ryan|Ryan]] whether there was enough correlation between UFO sightings and power failures to raise a major investigation and had answered "essentially negative but enough of a correlation to be a little bit disturbing"; that after three weeks in the [[Maxwell Air Force Base]] archives in Montgomery, Alabama, the contents were "simply astonishing"; and that "the problem of unidentified flying objects is, in my opinion, indeed a very significant and serious scientific problem, the nature of which is very different from what the public and the Congress have been given to believe." Rep. [[George Mahon]] asked whether his UFO views had opened a credibility gap in the scientific community, and McDonald said he thought not. Rep. [[William E. Minshall]] said that Defense Department witnesses before the [[House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee]] had "absolutely discounted any possibility, of actual incursion into airspace by people from the outer planets," and McDonald referred to the 1966 hearing before the House Armed Services Committee chaired by [[L. Mendel Rivers]]. The words "little green men" attributed to Conte by other writers do not appear in the printed text.[^6] The [[Joint Economic Committee]] later reported that the [[United States Senate|Senate]] voted on March 24, 1971 to discontinue federal funding for construction of the SST.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Death
|
||||
|
||||
McDonald died on June 13, 1971, at the age of 51, according to the American Meteorological Society and Physics Today.[^2][^5] Battan wrote that his UFO investigation "brought him into conflict with certain scientists and engineers," that "he found few allies in this scientific quest," and that he "was a man of integrity and great courage."[^2] Neither obituary states a cause of death. The [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima County]] record was not available for this draft.
|
||||
|
||||
The Tucson Daily Citizen of Monday, June 14, 1971 reported under the headline "UA Physicist Found Dead In Desert" that McDonald, 51, was found dead on Sunday, June 13, in a desert area north of [[Tucson]], and that the death was "apparently a suicide, according to sheriff's deputies." According to the paper, an autopsy had been performed and no report was immediately available. It quoted Sheriff Waldon V. Burr as saying a note and a .38 revolver were found beside the body and that there was a bullet wound in the head. The paper reported that Frank Flores, of 127 E. Lee Street, said he and his children were hiking about noon on Sunday when they found the body at Canyon del Oro near Ina Road and Interstate 10, and that McDonald reportedly took a cab from a downtown motel to the area. It gave his address as 3461 E. 3rd Street, and stated that he was blinded when he shot himself in the head on April 9, according to police reports, and had begun going to his office for several hours a day only the previous week. University of Arizona president [[Richard A. Harvill]] was quoted as calling him an "exceptionally able teacher" and "well-known throughout the United States as a brilliant scholar," and Louis J. Battan, associate director of the Institute, credited him with contributions to cloud physics and weather modification research. The article also summarized his Condon Report opposition and his SST campaign, and described him as a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a statement the 1968 hearing biography does not support.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Papers
|
||||
|
||||
[[Michael Swords]] wrote in 1999 that the James McDonald papers at the [[University of Arizona Libraries Special Collections|University of Arizona Special Collections]], then designated MS 328, filled 26 linear feet of case and correspondence files, notes, books and audiotapes, and advised notifying the archivist [[Roger Myers]] in advance.[^9] The library's current collection list gives the designation MS 412.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Astronautics, Symposium on Unidentified Flying Objects, hearings, 90th Cong., 2d sess., July 29, 1968, No. 7, biography (p. 18) and statement of Dr. James E. McDonald (pp. 18 to 20 and prepared statement from p. 32), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-90hhrg97818/pdf/CHRG-90hhrg97818.pdf (read 2026-10-03; the hearing OCR prints the Academy panel start year as 1905, read as 1965).
|
||||
[^2]: Louis J. Battan, obituary of James Edward McDonald, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (1971), p. 735, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/obit.html
|
||||
[^3]: Paul E. McCarthy, "Politicking and Paradigm Shifting: James E. McDonald and the UFO Case Study," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, December 1975, chapter 2, pp. 36 to 42 and the October 1966 sections, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/chap02.html (reread 2026-10-03).
|
||||
[^4]: Paul E. McCarthy, "Politicking and Paradigm Shifting," chapter 3, "The Low Memorandum: Confrontation," pp. 141 to 144, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/chap03.html
|
||||
[^5]: "James E. McDonald," Physics Today, vol. 24, no. 9 (September 1971), p. 71, https://aip.brightspotcdn.com/PTO.v24.i9.71_2.online.pdf (the notice's statement that he was a member of the National Academy of Sciences is not supported by the 1968 hearing biography, which lists membership on an Academy panel).
|
||||
[^6]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Department of Transportation and Related Agencies, Civil Supersonic Aircraft Development (SST), hearings, 92d Cong., 1st sess., March 1 to 4, 1971, testimony of Dr. James E. McDonald, Tuesday, March 2, 1971, pp. 299 to 337, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-92hhrg57453O/pdf/CHRG-92hhrg57453O.pdf (text extracted 2026-10-03; page numbers per the printed running heads).
|
||||
[^7]: U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Federal Transportation Policy: The SST Again (1973), https://jec.senate.gov/reports/92nd%20Congress/Federal%20Transportation%20Policy%20-%20The%20SST%20Again%20(594).pdf
|
||||
[^8]: "UA Physicist Found Dead In Desert," Tucson Daily Citizen (Tucson), June 14, 1971, p. 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/23335490/ (no byline; Arizona Republic copies of June 15 to 16, 1971 listed in search results were not read).
|
||||
[^9]: Michael Swords, "James McDonald Collection," Sign Historical Group, 1999, https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.project1947.com/shg/articles/jemcollection.html
|
||||
[^10]: University of Arizona Libraries Special Collections, collections list, "James E. McDonald papers, MS 412," https://lib.arizona.edu/special-collections/collections/all/a-z/M?page=3 (as returned by a search summary; listing page not opened directly).
|
||||
76
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John E. Mack.md
Normal file
76
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John E. Mack.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "UFO & Anomalous Phenomena"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- Psychiatry
|
||||
- Harvard
|
||||
- UFO
|
||||
- Abduction
|
||||
- Pulitzer
|
||||
- Rockefeller
|
||||
alias:
|
||||
- John E. Mack
|
||||
- John Mack
|
||||
- John Edward Mack
|
||||
- Dr. John Mack
|
||||
- Dr. John E. Mack
|
||||
summary: "Harvard psychiatrist and Pulitzer Prize biographer of T. E. Lawrence who from 1990 studied abduction reports, founded PEER in 1993, and was reviewed by a Harvard committee in 1994 and 1995."
|
||||
died: 2004-09-27
|
||||
location: "Cambridge, Massachusetts"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Harvard Medical School]]"
|
||||
start: 1972
|
||||
role: "professor of psychiatry; founding chairman of the psychiatry department at Cambridge Hospital"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Center for Psychology and Social Change]]"
|
||||
start: 1982
|
||||
role: "with Robert J. Lifton, as the Center for the Study of Human Continuity and later the Center for Psychological Studies in the Nuclear Age"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Program for Extraordinary Experience Research]]"
|
||||
start: 1993
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
- type: subject_of
|
||||
with: "[[Harvard Medical School]]"
|
||||
start: 1994
|
||||
end: 1995-08
|
||||
role: "faculty committee review chaired by Arnold Relman"
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Rockefeller Initiative]]"
|
||||
start: 1993-09
|
||||
role: "invited to the JY Ranch roundtable"
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
created: 2026-10-02
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-02
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
John E. Mack was born in [[New York City]], took an undergraduate degree at [[Oberlin College]] in 1951 and a medical degree at [[Harvard Medical School]] in 1955, served in the [[United States Air Force]] from 1959 to 1961, became chief of psychiatry at [[Cambridge Hospital]] in 1969 and professor at [[Harvard University|Harvard]] in 1972, and won the 1977 [[Pulitzer Prize]] for the biography *[[A Prince of Our Disorder]]: The Life of [[T. E. Lawrence]]*. He was killed by a car in [[London]] on September 27, 2004.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Center
|
||||
|
||||
The [[John E. Mack Institute]]'s history states that the organization began in 1982 in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], founded by Mack and [[Robert J. Lifton]] as an affiliate of Harvard Medical School studying "the psychological, historical and political complexities that maintain and perpetuate nuclear weapons"; it became an independent nonprofit in 1986 as the [[Center for Psychological Studies in the Nuclear Age]], took consultative status with the [[United Nations]] Economic and Social Council in 1988, and in 1992 became the [[Center for Psychology and Social Change]].[^2] Its newsletters of 1993 to 1995 carry the line "An affiliate of Harvard Medical School at The Cambridge Hospital."[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Abduction Research and Rockefeller
|
||||
|
||||
In 1993 the Center formed the [[Program for Extraordinary Experience Research]]; its newsletter of September 1993 states that the project was "Funded by a grant from the Human Potential Foundation," and the Institute states that it was formed "with funding from Laurence Rockefeller."[^2][^4] [[Laurance Rockefeller]] invited Mack to the roundtable he hosted at the [[JY Ranch]] in September 1993, and the photograph published by [[Paradigm Research Group]] names Mack beside Rockefeller.[^5] Mack's book *[[Abduction: Human Encounters with Aliens]]* was published in 1994; the Rockefeller correspondence of April 26, 1994 mentions it.[^6] *PEER Perspectives* of Winter 1998/99 reports a panel of scientists "funded by the Laurance S. Rockefeller Fund."[^7] [[Ben MacIntyre]] of the London *[[The Times|Times]]* wrote in May 1995, while Harvard's review was under way, that "His Center for Psychology and Social Change is supported by an annual grant of $250,000 from Laurance S. Rockefeller," and quoted Mack's lawyer Roderick McLeish in the same article.[^8] The [[Valley News]] of May 20, 1995 stated that Mack's work "has received generous subsidies from Laurance Rockefeller, patriarch of [[Woodstock, Vermont|Woodstock]], who reportedly donates a quarter million dollars a year" to the Center, and that a spokesman for Rockefeller "said his policy is not to comment publicly on Mack's projects."[^9] Neither article names a source for the figure.
|
||||
|
||||
### Harvard Review
|
||||
|
||||
Dean [[Daniel C. Tosteson]] convened a "Special Faculty Committee" in the summer of 1994 under the chairmanship of [[Arnold Relman]]. In the [[Baltimore Sun]]'s account of August 4, 1995, Tosteson had told Mack the previous Friday that the review had ended; Harvard counsel [[Anne Taylor]], a member of the committee, said that Mack remained a full member of the faculty "with no adverse action taken," and Relman said the committee never considered revoking his tenure. The same report states that the committee's preliminary report, drafted earlier in 1995, "chastised Dr. Mack for 'affirming the delusions' of his many patients" and found him "in violation of the standards of conduct expected of a member of the faculty of Harvard University," and that Mack's lawyer, [[Eric MacLeish]], contested the findings.[^10] [[Alan Dershowitz]] criticized the inquiry in the [[The Harvard Crimson|Harvard Crimson]] on June 30, 1995; Relman replied there on September 13, 1995 that the committee's work was confidential, that Mack's right to research abduction was never challenged, and that the committee was critical because Mack "wasn't doing any scientific research on the problem."[^11] Whether Rockefeller or the [[Human Potential Foundation]] intervened with Harvard is not documented in any record opened.
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: "Professor of psychiatry at HMS Mack dies at 74," *Harvard Gazette*, September 30, 2004, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2004/09/professor-of-psychiatry-at-hms-mack-dies-at-74.
|
||||
[^2]: John E. Mack Institute, "History," https://johnemackinstitute.org/history/.
|
||||
[^3]: *CenterPiece*, February 1994, June 1994 and 1995 mastheads, https://johnemackinstitute.org/CenterPiece_1994_0600.pdf and https://johnemackinstitute.org/CenterPiece_1995_0600.pdf.
|
||||
[^4]: Center for Psychology and Social Change, *CenterPiece*, September 1993, p. 2, https://johnemackinstitute.org/CenterPiece_1993_0900.pdf; John E. Mack Institute, "History," as above.
|
||||
[^5]: Rockefeller to John H. Gibbons, August 4, 1993, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/RID-8-4-93.htm; Paradigm Research Group photograph caption, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/9-14-93_Meeting.htm.
|
||||
[^6]: Rockefeller to Gibbons, April 26, 1994, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/2-26-94%20LR%20Letter%20to%20JG/Letter.jpg; *CenterPiece*, February 1994, https://johnemackinstitute.org/CenterPiece_1994_0200.pdf.
|
||||
[^7]: *PEER Perspectives* no. 2 (Winter 1998/99), p. 1, https://johnemackinstitute.org/PEER_Perspectives_2.pdf.
|
||||
[^8]: Ben MacIntyre, "Harvard professor's stories of close encounters, other-world sex, embarrass university," *The San Francisco Examiner* (London *Times* credit), May 5, 1995, p. 16, https://www.newspapers.com/image/461595501/.
|
||||
[^9]: "Harvard's Mack: The Subject Is Aliens," *Valley News* (West Lebanon, N.H.), May 20, 1995, p. 23, https://www.newspapers.com/image/833962083/. Byline not read.
|
||||
[^10]: "'Kooky' or not, Harvard won't censure its 'UFO professor'," Baltimore Sun, August 4, 1995, https://www.baltimoresun.com/1995/08/04/kooky-or-not-harvard-wont-censure-its-ufo-professor/.
|
||||
[^11]: Arnold S. Relman, "The Motivation for the Mack Inquiry," Harvard Crimson, September 13, 1995, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1995/9/13/the-motivation-for-the-mack-inquiry/.
|
||||
|
|
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ John Winston Kramar was born in [[Chicago]] and moved with his parents to Edgewo
|
|||
|
||||
### Grill Flame
|
||||
|
||||
Kramar and Colonel Albert De Prospero of AMSAA were named as discussants, with [[Dale Graff]] of the Foreign Technology Division, in the "Sensory Technology Assessment" of November 14, 1978.[^2] AMSAA's interim note of July 1979 on its [[Stargate Project|Grill Flame]] phase I efforts listed "Mr. John Kramar" among its participants, with [[Evan Harris Walker]] and [[Lewis Walt]].[^3]
|
||||
Kramar and Colonel Albert De Prospero of AMSAA were named as discussants, with [[Dale Graff]] of the [[Foreign Technology Division]], in the "Sensory Technology Assessment" of November 14, 1978.[^2] AMSAA's interim note of July 1979 on its [[Stargate Project|Grill Flame]] phase I efforts listed "Mr. John Kramar" among its participants, with [[Evan Harris Walker]] and [[Lewis Walt]].[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
As AMSAA's Grill Flame project officer, Kramar wrote for the record on February 13, 1980, that the report of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]], "transmitted to AMSAA January 1980, was found to be somewhat ambiguous and confusing," and took "exception" to its recommendation to "Terminate all AMSAA GRILL FLAME efforts": "This recommendation, as best as can be determined, is based only on a partial understanding of AMSAA's initial effort, which was terminated before the SEC came into being. There is an apparent mistake by the SEC in considering the AMSAA challenge/validation efforts to be an integral part of the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] contract." He copied [[Manfred Gale]] and DARCOM.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
72
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Linda Moulton Howe.md
Normal file
72
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Linda Moulton Howe.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "UFO & Anomalous Phenomena"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- UFO
|
||||
- Documentary
|
||||
- CattleMutilation
|
||||
- AFOSI
|
||||
- Disinformation
|
||||
- KirtlandAFB
|
||||
alias:
|
||||
- Linda Moulton Howe
|
||||
- Linda Howe
|
||||
- Linda M. Howe
|
||||
- Linda Moulton
|
||||
- Ms. Howe
|
||||
summary: "Denver television producer of A Strange Harvest (1980) who, under a March 1983 HBO development contract, said AFOSI agent Richard Doty showed her a 'Briefing Paper for the President' at Kirtland on April 9, 1983."
|
||||
location: "Denver, Colorado"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[KMGH-TV]]"
|
||||
start: 1979
|
||||
role: "Director of Special Projects; producer of A Strange Harvest (first broadcast May 25, 1980)"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[Home Box Office]]"
|
||||
start: 1983-03
|
||||
end: 1983-09
|
||||
role: "development contract for a documentary titled UFOs: The E.T. Factor; by her account HBO declined production funds without government confirmation"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: subject_of
|
||||
with: "[[Richard Doty]]"
|
||||
start: 1983-04-09
|
||||
role: "named by Doty on Coast to Coast AM in 2005 as the target of one of four UFO disinformation operations he described, which he said he carried out on official orders; Moore said in 1989 that Doty was involved in a team aimed at severing her ties to HBO; Doty denied in 1988 that any operation involved her"
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
created: 2026-10-03
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-03
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Linda Moulton Howe is a television documentary producer who, as Director of Special Projects at [[KMGH-TV]], the [[CBS]] affiliate in [[Denver]], began in September 1979 to research animal mutilations and produced *[[A Strange Harvest]]*, first broadcast on May 25, 1980.[^1] In March 1983 she signed a development contract with [[Home Box Office]] (HBO) and on April 9, 1983 [[Richard Doty]] of the [[Air Force Office of Special Investigations]] (AFOSI) showed her at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]] a document she described as a "Briefing Paper for the President of the [[United States]]."[^2] The account is Howe's own, published in *[[An Alien Harvest]]* (first edition 1989); Doty denied it in 1988, and others have attributed to it a role in a counterintelligence operation.
|
||||
|
||||
### A Strange Harvest and the HBO contract
|
||||
|
||||
Howe wrote that the research began on September 1, 1979 as an environmental story and became an accumulation of testimony that "implicated the presence of extraterrestrial mutilators," and that after the program she received hundreds of calls and letters.[^1] During the fall of 1982, she wrote, an HBO executive who had screened the documentary asked for a proposal that "went beyond the mutilation investigation and focused primarily on evidence for extraterrestrial interactions." On March 20, 1983, in [[New York]], she had dinner with the attorney [[Peter Gersten]] of [[Citizens Against UFO Secrecy]] (CAUS), who told her he had an Air Force contact, Richard Doty, who might discuss a 1977 landing at [[Ellsworth Air Force Base]]; Gersten had met Doty in [[Albuquerque]] on January 10, 1983. The next afternoon [[Jean Abounader]], director of HBO's documentary unit and previously with CBS, with an assistant, accepted a proposal titled *UFOS: The E.T. Factor* and asked her to sign a development contract to deliver a shooting script.[^2] Gersten then called Doty, who in a telephone call was "cordial" and agreed to meet on April 9.[^2] On March 26, 1983 Howe and [[Larry Fawcett]] visited [[Robert Emenegger]] in [[Los Angeles]] about the 1964 [[Holloman Air Force Base|Holloman]] landing; two weeks later, she wrote, Emenegger told her that his [[Department of Defense]] sources had told him not to take part.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### April 9, 1983
|
||||
|
||||
Howe wrote that Doty did not meet her at the Albuquerque airport; she telephoned [[Jerry Miller]], chief of reality weapons testing at Kirtland, whom she had spoken to earlier about [[Paul Bennewitz]], and Miller drove her to his house and called Doty, who arrived in a small white car. She asked Miller on the way whether he was the "Miller" of the "AQUARIUS Cable" that referred to [[Majestic-12|MJ-12]], and he did not answer. At the Kirtland gate Doty waved to the guard and drove through; he took her to what he called his boss's office in a small white and gray building, told her that *A Strange Harvest* "came too close to something we don't want the public to know about," and said he knew she had telephoned the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] while making it. Asked about Ellsworth, he said there had been a UFO intrusion at a missile site and that the inner-zone alert had sounded beneath the 150-ton concrete block over the silo.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Doty took a brown manila envelope from a drawer and said "My superiors have asked me to show this to you. You can read these and you can ask me questions, but you can't take any notes." He moved her from a chair backed against the windows to a chair in the middle of the room, saying "Eyes can see through windows." Howe wrote that the title was "Briefing Paper for the President of the United States of America" on "unidentified aerial craft (UACs)," that she remembered no president's name or date, and that it listed crashes in the Southwest including two at [[Roswell Incident|Roswell]], in 1947 and 1949, [[Aztec UFO Incident|Aztec]], [[Magdalena, New Mexico|Magdalena]], [[Kingman, Arizona|Kingman]] and one in northern [[Mexico]], with recovered bodies and craft sent to [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base|Wright-Patterson]]. It described "extraterrestrial biological entities" or "EBEs," a live one called Ebe held at [[Los Alamos]] "until June 18, 1952, when it died of unknown causes," and paragraphs on Projects Sigma, Snowbird and Aquarius and on extraterrestrial manipulation of human DNA at intervals of 25,000, 15,000, 5,000 and 2,500 years.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Howe asked why she was shown it rather than the *[[New York Times]]*, the *[[Washington Post]]* or *[[60 Minutes]]*. Doty answered that those institutions were "problem makers" to his superiors and that "any independent writer, producer or other individual media person is much easier to manipulate, control or discredit than a major organization with a staff of lawyers." He told her that she would be given several thousand feet of film of crashed discs, bodies, Ebe, and a Holloman landing on April 25, 1964, and that he would call using the code name "Falcon," followed by calls from others, including a "Tom." At a Mexican restaurant that night she asked whether it was dangerous for him to speak; he said "I have been told to tell you. We want you to do the film."[^2] She wrote that MJ stood for "MAJORITY" according to Doty.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### The HBO outcome
|
||||
|
||||
Howe wrote that at a meeting in New York on May 18, 1983 Abounader and her superior [[Bridgett Potter]] would not authorize production funds without the film and without confirmation by "the President, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of State and [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]," while urging her to continue; that Doty said his superiors "did not work for HBO and had their own timetable," that release was delayed for "political reasons," and that an interview with the retired colonel who had lived with Ebe had been approved but was repeatedly set and canceled; that Doty asked for photographs of her crew for security clearances; that in June Doty said he was officially out of the project; and that a man in Washington telephoned her office three times in March 1984 to say there would be further delays until after the November 1984 election. The HBO contract, she wrote, was active through September 1983 and expired without any film being released.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Disputes over the meeting
|
||||
|
||||
On October 17, 1987 Howe wrote a letter at the request of Fawcett, publisher of *[[Just Cause]]*, to put the meeting on record, and her account was published in the December 1987 issue.[^2][^3] Doty wrote on March 5, 1988 to [[Larry W. Bryant]], who had sought Doty's records under the [[Freedom of Information Act]], that he met Howe in April 1983 at AFOSI District 17 after she telephoned him in early 1983 to ask about the 1980 Kirtland incident; that the meeting lasted about an hour and "was monitored by two of my supervisors"; that her questions "were centered around MJ-12, extraterrestrial beings, [[Project Aquarius]]," on which he said he had no knowledge; that "I can say, without a doubt, I never showed her any such document"; that she herself mentioned "a so-called 'Project Aquarius' briefing paper for [[Jimmy Carter|President Carter]]"; that the government investigated him over the alleged briefing paper and "I was totally cleared"; that he had further telephone calls or short meetings with her over eighteen months, none after August 1984; that he made only a "Memo for Record" of the April 1983 meeting, destroyed after a year; and that "I know of no Government operation past or present that involved Ms. Howe or her research about UFOs."[^2] The same letter states "I know of no secret Government investigation of UFOs. I have never heard of MJ-12 or any secret Government agency that investigates UFOs"; [[Philip J. Klass]] reported the sentence as part of Doty's letter of March 3, 1988 to [[Barry Greenwood]], published in the June 1988 *Just Cause*.[^2][^3] Howe made a sworn statement and produced her correspondence with Doty and HBO; Doty did not swear a statement, according to [[Robert Hastings]], who reported on March 1, 1989 that Howe told him Doty identified himself as Falcon and said Moore had given him that name.[^3][^4] In her book Howe wrote only that he said he would call using that code name.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Moore said in his speech of July 1, 1989 that in early 1983 "I became aware that Rick was involved with a team of several others, including one fellow from Denver that I knew of and at least one who was working out of [[Washington, D.C.]]," in "an elaborate disinformation game against a prominent cattle mutilation researcher who at the time had close connections with a major television film company interested in doing a UFO documentary"; that "the government seemed hell bent on severing the ties that existed between the researcher and the film company"; that elements of the intelligence community feared the Bennewitz story about interception of electromagnetic emissions from the Kirtland-Sandia area "would end up as part of the script of a feature film"; that the researcher was shown purportedly sensitive documents at a meeting with Doty and others at the AFOSI office at Kirtland, including material on an alleged crash retrieval at Aztec, [[New Mexico]]; and that "the information which changed hands on that day was directly descended from the discussion" Doty and Moore had had a few months earlier, adding "there was no UFO crash at Aztec."[^7] The spoken text does not name Howe; the [[UFO BBS]] text of 1991, quoting a printed Moore text, gives the same passages with "[Howe]" and "[HBO]" in brackets and says Doty added the Aztec crash after learning of Moore's investigation of it.[^5] On [[Coast to Coast AM]] on February 27, 2005 Doty named operations against Bennewitz and Howe among four he described, and said of the one against Howe: "Linda was invited to Kirtland Air Force Base, and I was the primary agent, there were two other agents involved," "we showed her a document and tried to bring her in and hook her on a hook," and, asked whether it was on official orders, "Oh yes, for sure, absolutely"; he also said the television special "was never aired" and that the operation "somewhat backfired on us."[^6] [[Robert M. Collins]] was reported by Hastings to have sought Howe out in November 1987; Howe's book does not mention him.[^4][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), author's biography, photograph caption (p. xvi) and Author's Preface (pp. xvi to xviii), https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014
|
||||
[^2]: Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, Chapter 7, "Government Knowledge," pp. 137 to 162 and Appendix 4, same URL. First-person account; sole source for the passages so cited except where another note is given.
|
||||
[^3]: Philip J. Klass, *Skeptics UFO Newsletter* no. 44, March 1997, p. 3 (Howe's account "published in the December 1987 issue of Just Cause"; Doty's letter of March 3, 1988 published in the June 1988 issue), https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/docs/SUN/SUN44.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. Howe's statements reach the page through Hastings's telephone conversation with her.
|
||||
[^5]: William L. Moore, 1989b, as quoted in "E B E's," part 11, UFO BBS file UFO1030, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1030.ufo (author not identified in the copy consulted).
|
||||
[^6]: "Greg Bishop and Richard Doty, Coast to Coast AM with host Art Bell," transcript of the broadcast of February 27, 2005, http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/S5-Greg-Bishop-and-Richard-Doty-Coast-to-Coast-AM-with-host-Art-Bell-Interview-Transcript.pdf, (transcript read; Doty's statements on Howe at the passages beginning "Linda was going to air" and "Paul Bennewitz, Linda Howe, and two other groups of people that we had an operation against").
|
||||
[^7]: William L. Moore, address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, from the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po (video of the Ron Regehr recording, Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon); names corrected from mis-rendered captions.
|
||||
70
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morris K. Jessup.md
Normal file
70
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morris K. Jessup.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "UFO & Anomalous Phenomena"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- UFO
|
||||
- Astronomer
|
||||
- ONR
|
||||
- PhiladelphiaExperiment
|
||||
- VaroEdition
|
||||
alias:
|
||||
- Morris K. Jessup
|
||||
- Morris Ketchum Jessup
|
||||
- M. K. Jessup
|
||||
- Dr. M. K. Jessup
|
||||
- Dr. Jessup
|
||||
- Jessup
|
||||
summary: "Author of The Case for the UFO (1955), whose annotated paperback reached the Office of Naval Research and was retyped by Varo; he died in Dade County, Florida, on April 20, 1959."
|
||||
location: "Miami, Florida"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: subject_of
|
||||
with: "[[Office of Naval Research]]"
|
||||
start: 1955
|
||||
role: "annotated copy of his paperback received at ONR and passed to Special Projects officers (Varo Edition introduction dates the postmark 1955, Barker dates it April 1956)"
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: subject_of
|
||||
with: "[[Varo Manufacturing Company]]"
|
||||
role: "Varo retyped the annotated paperback; Barker wrote that Jessup was called in by Varo, shown the book and given several copies"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
created: 2026-10-02
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-03
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Morris Ketchum Jessup (born March 2, 1900) wrote four books on unidentified flying objects, the first of which, [[The Case for the UFO]], was published in 1955.[^1][^2] A copy of the paperback reprint carrying handwritten annotations in three inks reached the [[Office of Naval Research]] (ONR), and the [[Varo Manufacturing Company]] of [[Garland, Texas]] retyped it with the annotations in red type for a small number of copies, now called the Varo Edition or Annotated Edition.[^3] [[Gray Barker]] wrote that on the evening of April 20, 1959, Jessup died in his station wagon in a [[Dade County, Florida]] park from automobile exhaust piped in by hose, and described the death as a suicide; he added that after the death ufologists began delving into it and into its connection with the book.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Education and early work
|
||||
|
||||
The jacket of The Case for the UFO describes Jessup as a former instructor in astronomy and mathematics at the [[University of Michigan]] and [[Drake University]] who completed a doctoral thesis in astrophysics at Michigan. Barker wrote in 1973 that the jacket does not say whether the degree was awarded, that Jessup never used the title "Doctor" on his covers or in correspondence, and that "very likely Jessup was never actually awarded the degree."[^2] The jacket credits him with discovering several thousand physical double stars catalogued in the Memoirs of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]], a [[United States Department of Agriculture]] assignment to study sources of crude rubber in the headwaters of the [[Amazon River]], Maya archaeological work for the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], and exploration of Inca ruins in [[Peru]], where he concluded the stonework had been "erected by the levitating power of space ships in antediluvian times." A final jacket paragraph describes a group of craters on the [[Mexico|Mexican]] plateau he believed to have been made by objects from space. According to [[James W. Moseley]], former publisher of [[Saucer News]], Jessup sought university, foundation and private sponsorship for the crater study and did not obtain it.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Case for the UFO
|
||||
|
||||
The first edition appeared from [[Citadel Press]] in 1955.[^1] Barker wrote that the book "came and went with relatively few sales" and that its publisher sold the remainder to second-hand bookstores at one dollar each; he also wrote that it was a paperback edition "published in 1955 by Bantam Books" that "enmeshed Jessup in one of the most bizarre mysteries in UFO history," and that permission to reproduce the text was obtained "both from the author and the publisher, Citadel Press."[^2] Barker counted four Jessup books on the subject in all.[^2] The Varo transcription reproduces the text of the paperback that carried the annotations.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Allende letters
|
||||
|
||||
Jessup received the first of two letters from a man who signed himself [[Carlos Allende|Carlos Miguel Allende]] on Friday, January 13, 1956, in [[Miami]]. It was postmarked [[Gainesville, Texas]], in an envelope of the [[Turner Hotel (Gainesville, Texas)|Turner Hotel]], Gainesville. It is addressed from "R. D. #1 Box 223, New Kensington, Penn." and signed "Carl M. Allen." The letter says that "the result was complete invisibility of a ship, Destroyer type, and all of its crew While at Sea. (Oct. 1943)," that half the officers and crew were afterward "Mad as Hatters," that two men "Froze" and "caught fire" while carrying small-boat compasses and "BURNED FOR 18 DAYS," and that another walked through his quarters wall in sight of his wife and child and was never seen again. It tells Jessup to check [[Philadelphia]] newspapers of 1944 to 1946 for a paragraph on sailors raiding a bar near the [[Philadelphia Navy Yard]], and to check the crew of a [[Matson Navigation Company]] Liberty ship out of [[Norfolk, Virginia]], transcribed as the S.S. "Andrew Furnseth," naming a chief mate "Mowsely" and a crewman Richard "Splicey" Price of [[Roanoke, Virginia]], who "Were Witnesses." A postscript gives a number, "Z416175." A second part, "Days Later," advises him to "contact Rear Admiral Ransom Bennett for verification of info herein. Navy Chief of research. He may offer you a job, ultimately."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
The introduction to the Varo Edition states that a second Allende letter was postmarked [[Du Bois, Pennsylvania]], on May 25, 1956, and that Jessup said he "had felt from the first that this man was the one who mailed the book to the Navy."[^3] The unsigned introduction reasons from handwriting, spelling and phrasing that the writer of the letters was the annotator it calls Mr. A.[^3] Barker wrote that his own interest began after he heard of Jessup's death and that his findings became the 1963 book The Strange Case of Dr. M. K. Jessup, published by [[Saucerian Books]] and reprinted in 1965 and 1967.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### The annotated copy and the Navy
|
||||
|
||||
The introduction to the Varo Edition gives the following sequence. The annotated paperback, addressed to "Admiral N. [[Frederick R. Furth|Furth]], Chief, Office of Naval Research, Washington 25, D.C.," arrived in a manila envelope postmarked [[Seminole, Texas]], 1955, bearing the words "Happy Easter." In July or August of that year it appeared in the incoming correspondence of Major [[Darrell L. Ritter]], USMC, of the Aeronautical Project Office at ONR. When Captain [[Sidney Sherby]] "reported aboard at ONR" he obtained the book from Ritter, and Sherby and Commander [[George W. Hoover]], Special Projects Officer at ONR, "indicated direct interest in some of the material therein." The introduction opens with the sentence "Because of the importance which we attach to the possibility of discovering clues to the nature of gravity, no possible item, however disreputable from the point of view of classical science, should be overlooked." The Varo Manufacturing Company, Garland, Texas, "offered to re-publish the book together with all notations in a very limited edition as a prelude to consideration of further pursuit of this unconventional material," and its president's secretary, Miss Michael Ann Dunn, retyped it, preserving the three ink colors by type and footnotes.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
Barker's preface to the 1973 facsimile gives a different sequence. He wrote that Varo's involvement "began a few months after February 1956," that "in April of that year" Admiral N. Furth, Chief of the Office of Naval Research, received the envelope, and that the history "from a confidential source" next surfaces in July or August of the same year, when the paperback was passed to Major Darrel L. Ritter, USMC, Aeronautical Project Officer of ONR; he wrote that Captain Sherby then joined ONR and, with Hoover, "indicated interest in the book," and that Sherby and Hoover "were deeply involved in satellite development." The January 1956 issue of [[Naval Research Reviews]], ONR's house publication, reports that Rear Admiral [[Rawson Bennett II]] relieved Rear Admiral Frederick R. Furth as Chief of Naval Research on December 31, 1955; that Furth, "piped ashore" after two years as Chief, requested retirement from the Navy after thirty years' service; that his duties had included the "Vanguard" satellite project; and that he was to join the [[ITT Corporation|International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation]] as a civilian.[^5] Barker added that Furth's reactions were unknown. He offered two theories, that senior officers had arranged the printing through a contractor to avoid publicity, or that Sherby and Hoover personally asked Varo as a favor; he wrote that the second was "the writer's best guess," and that Jessup was "called in by Varo and shown the book" and "given several copies." He stated that Varo said its personnel records failed to show Dunn's employment. Barker did not give the number of copies printed; he described the printing as "a very small run" and the volume as spiral bound, more than 200 pages, with each page run twice through an office duplicator, black ink for the text and red for the annotations.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The annotations are in three hands, identified in the introduction as Mr. A, Mr. B and "Jemi," and are said there to refer to two kinds of space people, "L-M's" and "S-M's," the first described as peaceful and the second as not, as well as undersea cities and a "stasis neutral." The introduction proposes that the writers were Gypsies and that two of them may have been twins.[^3] Barker wrote that a copy had been given to the late [[Bryant H. Reeves]], an author published by [[Ray Palmer]]; that [[Riley H. Crabb]], director of [[Borderland Sciences Research Foundation]], told him he saw it while visiting Reeves in [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]], that Crabb said he and Reeves felt "under surveillance," and that a loaned copy Crabb posted to himself in [[California]] was lost in the mail.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Death
|
||||
|
||||
Barker's 1973 preface opens with the statement that "on the evening of April 20, 1959, an astronomer committed suicide in Dade County Park, Florida," that he inhaled automobile exhaust which he had run by hose from the tail pipe into his station wagon, and that he died "unheralded and almost unrecognized in his discipline."[^2] The coroner's file was not available for this draft. The [[Miami Herald]] of April 22, 1959 reported under the headline "Author A Suicide, Police Say" that Metro detectives said on Tuesday, April 21, that Morris K. Jessup, 59, an astronomer and author of several books on flying space objects, had committed suicide by asphyxiating himself; that his body was found on Monday, April 20, in his parked car at [[Matheson Hammock Park|Matheson Hammock]]; and that investigators said a hose ran from the car's exhaust pipe to the inside of the automobile. The item states that he was survived by his wife, Ruby, that he lived at 1531 Saragossa Avenue in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], having moved there six months earlier, and that he was a onetime instructor at the University of Michigan and Drake University and the author of The Case for the UFO, a 1955 publication, with another book on outer space flight before his publishers at his death. It gives no time of death and does not mention Varo or Allende. The Herald calls the vehicle a car and gives Monday as the day of discovery; Barker calls it a station wagon and gives the evening of April 20 as the time of death.[^6] Barker added that a "tradition of bad luck or strange circumstances" attached to owners of the Varo Edition: a house destroyed by fire, the heart attack of Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]], former head of [[Project Blue Book]], "allegedly shortly after he read a borrowed copy," and the early death of the author [[Robert Loftin]]. He wrote that "except for the deaths, this is purely hearsay."[^2] Barker also wrote that "at least two national magazine articles explored Jessup's death and his connection with the book," and that [[Brad Steiger]] published reduced reproductions of three pages in [[Saga]] magazine for November 1967, in the article "Fantastic Key to the Flying Saucer Mystery," from a microfilm copy owned by [[Stephen Yankee]].[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Barker acquired an original copy in 1971 from a friend of Jessup to whom Jessup had given one, decided in July 1972 to publish, and issued a facsimile through [[Saucerian Press]] in 1973, stating the run would be no more than 500 copies.[^2] The transcription at the [[Internet Archive]] was prepared by the [[Quantum Future Group]] of Castelnau-Barbarens, [[France]], in 2003.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Morris K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO (New York: Citadel Press, 1955), catalog record, Internet Archive item caseforufo0000mkje (metadata: publisher Citadel, date 1955), https://archive.org/details/caseforufo0000mkje (lending copy, not read).
|
||||
[^2]: Gray Barker, preface dated July 1973, in the same volume, pp. 2 to 6. Barker identified a "confidential source" for the ONR routing and did not name it.
|
||||
[^3]: Unsigned "Introduction" to the Annotated Edition, in the same volume, pp. 7 to 9; Barker's preface states that the original gives no information on its authorship. Sole source for the passages so cited as to the routing of the book through ONR and the identity of the officers named.
|
||||
[^4]: "Appendix: The first letter received by Mr. Jessup from Carlos Allende," and "Days Later," in M. K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO, Varo Edition, transcribed by the Quantum Future Group, Castelnau-Barbarens, 2003, from the Saucerian Press facsimile of 1973, pp. 15 to 18, https://archive.org/details/THECASEFORTHEUFOVaroEditionM.K.Jessup (djvu text, reread 2026-10-03).
|
||||
[^5]: Naval Research Reviews, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1956), cover caption and "New Chief of Naval Research" and "Admiral Furth Goes Ashore," pp. 22 to 23, Office of Naval Research, https://www.onr.navy.mil/media/document/naval-research-reviews-vol-9-no-1-january-1956 (reopened 2026-10-03).
|
||||
[^6]: "Author A Suicide, Police Say," Miami Herald (Miami), April 22, 1959, p. 9, https://www.newspapers.com/image/619508003/
|
||||
111
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William L. Moore.md
Normal file
111
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William L. Moore.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "UFO & Anomalous Phenomena"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- UFO
|
||||
- Roswell
|
||||
- MJ12
|
||||
- AFOSI
|
||||
- Disinformation
|
||||
- Counterintelligence
|
||||
- Author
|
||||
alias:
|
||||
- William L. Moore
|
||||
- William Moore
|
||||
- Bill Moore
|
||||
- Moore
|
||||
summary: "Co-author of The Roswell Incident (1980) who told the July 1, 1989 MUFON symposium that from 1980 to 1984 he supplied AFOSI, through Richard Doty, information on Paul Bennewitz, APRO and others."
|
||||
location: "Los Angeles, California"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: reported_to
|
||||
with: "[[Air Force Office of Special Investigations]]"
|
||||
start: 1980-09
|
||||
end: 1984
|
||||
role: "by his own account of July 1, 1989, supplied information through AFOSI agent Richard Doty on Paul Bennewitz, APRO and others, as 'a freelancer'; denied ever being on the payroll of any agency; said he had no such involvement after 1984"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Aerial Phenomena Research Organization]]"
|
||||
start: 1979
|
||||
role: "board member; said in 1989 that the Lorenzens invited him to the board after he moved to Arizona in 1979, and in the 1990 report that he was in charge of Special Investigations"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Jaime Shandera]]"
|
||||
start: 1982-06
|
||||
role: "co-investigator of the MJ-12 documents; Moore said in 1989 that he brought Shandera into the project in June 1982; co-author of The MJ-12 Documents: An Analytical Report (1990)"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[UFO Cover-Up Live]]"
|
||||
start: 1988-10-14
|
||||
role: "consultant; said in 1989 that he arranged for the sources code-named Falcon and Condor to appear"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
created: 2026-10-03
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-03
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
William L. Moore is the co-author, with [[Charles Berlitz]], of *[[Philadelphia Experiment|The Philadelphia Experiment]]: Project Invisibility* (1979) and *[[Roswell Incident|The Roswell Incident]]* (1980), both published by [[Grosset & Dunlap]].[^1] With [[Jaime Shandera]] he released the [[Majestic-12]] papers to the press in 1987. On July 1, 1989 he told the [[Mutual UFO Network]] symposium in [[Las Vegas]] that from September 1980 he had been in contact with a source he called Falcon and with [[Air Force Office of Special Investigations]] (AFOSI) agent [[Richard Doty]], that through Doty he had supplied information about [[Paul Bennewitz]], the [[Aerial Phenomena Research Organization]] (APRO) and other researchers until 1984, and that the Aquarius teletype and the Weitzel letter were products of AFOSI counterintelligence work.[^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Books and Arizona
|
||||
|
||||
Moore said in 1989 that he had been a high school teacher for fourteen years in [[Minnesota]] and, concurrently for ten years, a part-time labor relations expert with the [[Minnesota Education Association]]; that in 1979, after publishing *The Philadelphia Experiment* with Berlitz, he resigned his teaching position and moved with his family to [[Arizona]] to write full time; and that he came away from a divorce in 1983 with virtually nothing and went through bankruptcy soon afterward.[^2] A text circulated on the [[UFO BBS]] in 1991, an encyclopedia-style account whose author is not identified in the copy consulted, places the teaching post in a small Minnesota town.[^4] From about August 1979 to mid-1987 Moore kept post office box 189 in [[Dewey, Arizona]], as a correspondence address, and moved to [[California]] in early 1983.[^6] A promotional biography prepared for the 1988 television program [[UFO Cover-Up Live]] describes him as the author of two international bestsellers, with investigations that had taken him 200,000 miles to 38 states, [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]], and living in [[Los Angeles]].[^7] Moore said in 1989 that the APRO directors [[Coral Lorenzen]] and [[James Lorenzen]] of [[Tucson]] invited him to the APRO board after his move, and wrote in 1990 that in 1980 he was the board member in charge of Special Investigations.[^2][^5] He told the audience in 1989 that he lived in a rented house, drove a 1977 car and a 1979 motorcycle, had dropped his health insurance, and that "as for my being on the government's payroll, I can only say that I wish I was."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Falcon, 1980
|
||||
|
||||
Moore told the July 1, 1989 symposium that in early September 1980 he was approached by "a well-placed individual within the intelligence community" who claimed to be directly connected to a high-level government project on UFOs, who said he spoke for a small group uncomfortable with the continuing cover-up, and who told him that a liaison man would arrange later meetings; the liaison was Doty, "a man who has since become quite controversial in his own right and who many people have mistakenly assumed is the Falcon himself." Moore said, "I knew I was being recruited, but at that point I had no idea for what."[^2]
|
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|
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Moore also said that the name Falcon was invented by himself and Shandera in 1984 "strictly as a way of facilitating our talking to each other about this person, particularly on the telephone"; that Doty was referred to between them as "the Sparrow"; that neither man was aware of the labels, nor anyone else to Moore's knowledge, before about mid-1985; and that in mid-1987, after the MJ-12 papers were released, "at Falcon's suggestion and with the concurrence of Richard Doty" they began "dropping subtle hints that Falcon might in fact be Doty," which Moore called "an excellent diversion, particularly with respect to the effect it had following the UFO coverup live show." He described Doty as "much better at following orders and implementing the schemes of others than he is at coming up with ideas of his own," said "Rick is not the man you're after," and said that no one outside his project knew who the person in the control position was.[^2] [[Mark Pilkington]] wrote that Moore named his contact Falcon after [[Robert Lindsey]]'s book *[[The Falcon and the Snowman]]*.[^8] Doty said in March 1989 that he was not the Falcon mentioned on the television program and that government investigative agencies had exonerated him.[^9]
|
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|
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A narrative that does not appear in the caption transcript of the speech is given by the UFO BBS text, which describes an account Moore gave in 1987, and by Pilkington, writing from a videotape of the 1989 speech and from [[Greg Bishop]]'s *[[Project Beta]]* (2005). In early September 1980, after a radio appearance for *The Roswell Incident*, a caller said "We think you're the only one we've heard that seems to know what he's talking about." The BBS text adds that the first such call reached Moore at an [[Omaha]] radio station from a man who said he was a colonel at [[Offutt Air Force Base]], and that the second, on September 8, 1980 after a radio show in [[Albuquerque]], came from a man who said he was at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]]; the caller said he would wear a red tie at a local restaurant.[^8][^4] Pilkington wrote that Falcon offered Moore evidence of a government cover-up in exchange for information, handed him a document referring to "[[Project Silver Sky]]" that Moore found, after checking the witness names, to be fabricated, and at a second meeting on September 30, accompanied by Doty, told Moore that he worked for the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and spoke for a group within the intelligence community that wished to tell the public the truth about UFOs.[^8] Moore and Shandera wrote in 1990 that "Falcon" designated Doty as middle man in October 1980.[^5] Moore also said in the speech that the anonymous Weitzel letter sent to APRO in July 1980 was written by Doty, that "essentially, it was bait" meant to recruit someone inside APRO who could report on Bennewitz's activities and communications, that it was passed to him for action as an APRO board member, and that "it was not long thereafter that I came to know Richard Doty and began to provide him with information about Bennewitz and his case."[^2]
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### The Bennewitz period
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|
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The AFOSI interview of Bennewitz on October 26, 1980, the November 17, 1980 teletype and the delivery of its retyped version to Bennewitz in June 1981 are set out on the pages for Paul Bennewitz, Richard Doty and [[Project Aquarius]]. Moore said in 1989 that he first met Bennewitz in early 1981 and was in fairly regular contact with him through mid-1985; that his own role "was largely that of a freelancer providing information on Paul's then current thinking and activities"; that he "had nothing whatsoever to do with the counter intelligence and the disinformation, although I either knew or was aware of a number of people directly involved with that end of things," Doty among them; and that "I was providing regular reports on its effectiveness to some of the very people who were doing it to Paul."[^2] He described watching Bennewitz grow more paranoid and physically worn, eating no lunch while smoking 28 cigarettes in 45 minutes on one visit, and said he had discussed Bennewitz's decoding program with [[J. Allen Hynek]], who had independently examined it.[^2] Pilkington wrote that internal Kirtland documents on August and September 1980 sightings reached Moore on February 1, 1982 from a man who gave a password, and that Moore, visiting Bennewitz, saw a yellow ball of light about twelve centimetres across in the laboratory; Pilkington wrote that Doty told Bishop that he and two [[National Security Agency]] men saw a similar orange light at the house.[^8] Moore said on the radio program *[[UFOs Tonite]]!* on June 11, 1994 that J. Allen Hynek "was part of this operation" and "under contract to the Air Force," and wrote to [[James W. Moseley]] on August 10, 2000 that Hynek's role had been to provide Bennewitz with "a carefully crafted means" of decoding the signals he received, a claim that [[Curt Collins]] reproduced.[^10] Pilkington wrote that when Moore last visited Bennewitz, in 1987, Bennewitz was barely sleeping or eating.[^8]
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Doty said in 2005 that Moore "had several sources within the U.S. Government," that he himself never met Moore with anyone but "official personnel," that on one occasion he met Moore with an [[NSA]] investigator, and that "during the Bennewitz affair, I met Moore with FBI agents."[^11] Doty wrote in 2000 that Moore "was a coded source for OSI," "was paid for his information" and "was used to provide disinformation to Ufologists," and that he was "not involved in any conspiracy with Moore to create any documents"; in the same issue of *[[Saucer Smear]]* Moore wrote that he could "confirm Rick Doty's comments about Bennewitz and those strange 'energy balls'" and that he had seen one.[^12] Pilkington wrote that Moore has always denied receiving payment and that he had seen no evidence to the contrary.[^8] Pilkington also reported Moore's account that cards mailed to him from the [[Soviet Union]] by what he took to be American assets contained encoded information, which Moore read by telephone to an untraceable government number and then forwarded to a post office box in [[Washington, D.C.]]; Moore said he never learned what he passed.[^8]
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### Meetings with Gersten and the Pratt manuscript
|
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|
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On January 10 and 11, 1983 Moore attended the first of two meetings in [[New Mexico]] between Doty and the attorney [[Peter Gersten]] of [[Citizens Against UFO Secrecy]] (CAUS), with the [[San Francisco]] television producer [[Ron Lakis]]; the second meeting, at which Doty spoke of Project Aquarius, Ellsworth and extraterrestrial contact, was attended by Gersten alone.[^4][^13] Moore consulted for the San Francisco station [[KPIX-TV]] in 1982 and gave its program producer a copy of the November 1980 teletype, according to [[Philip J. Klass]].[^14]
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|
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Pilkington wrote that in late 1981 and early 1982 Moore and the [[National Enquirer]] writer [[Bob Pratt]] planned a book on the material Doty was supplying, with Doty credited as "Ronald L. Davis," and that Pratt's recorded telephone calls show Moore at first insisting it be non-fiction before agreeing to a novel, first titled *Majik 12* and then *The Aquarius Project*. Pilkington cites [[Barry Greenwood]] and [[Brad Sparks]], "The Secret Pratt Tapes and the Origins of MJ-12" (MUFON Symposium Proceedings, 2007), for this; that paper was not obtained for this page.[^8][^15] Collins wrote in 2005 that the book *[[Exempt from Disclosure]]* "has the same title as the book Bill Moore and Jaime Shandera intended to publish."[^16]
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### The Graham badge, 1986 and 1987
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[[Robert Hastings]] wrote on March 1, 1989 that in March 1986 [[Lee Graham]], a holder of a "Q" clearance, gave him copies of the "[[Project Snowbird]]" paper and the "Project Aquarius" teletype, saying only that the source worked for the government. In a call in early June 1987, shortly before the [[Burbank, California]] press conference, Graham told Hastings the source had been Moore, who had shown him a government identification card bearing Moore's photograph and an alias, said to be identical to the badges of two agents of the [[Defense Investigative Service]] who had interviewed Graham about the documents, and had said he was "flagged" in intelligence computers; Graham said he had been introduced to Moore's "superior," known only as "Richard." Hastings wrote that he later heard Moore had "vehemently denied" being a government operative and claimed he had been playing a joke on Graham, the card being, according to Moore, a laminated MUFON card; Moore said in 1989 that the story "stems from nothing more than a practical joke." Hastings reproduced Graham's letters to the DIS of May 8 and October 19, 1986 asking why Moore had not been questioned.[^17]
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### July 1, 1989
|
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|
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Moore declined to submit the paper, titled "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," for the symposium proceedings, said he would take no questions from the audience, and instead built seventeen questions and answers into the text.[^4][^2] Pilkington wrote that about a thousand people attended at the [[Aladdin]] hotel while a rival conference met nearby and that the address ran about two hours.[^8] Moore opened by saying he had "wanted to come here tonight and kick ass," and said later: "I have known precisely what I was doing all along. It's just that very few other people knew what I was doing"; Pilkington, reading the videotape, gives the sentence as "I have known exactly what I was doing all along, it was just that nobody else knew what I was doing."[^2][^8]
|
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|
||||
In the question section Moore said that he had had no involvement in providing information to any government agency about UFOs or the people involved since 1984; that the only conscious involvement he had had with a disinformation operation was the one connected with Bennewitz; and that he had never been on the payroll of any agency of the government. He said Lee Graham was among the "several other individuals" on whom he supplied information, beginning in 1983, that counterintelligence interest in Graham concerned his inquiries into the then classified stealth aircraft program, and that the identification card story "stems from nothing more than a practical joke which has simply gotten out of hand," adding "I do not hold a government ID card." He said that the videotaped interviews with the source code-named Falcon, some made in the presence of news media members, had not been confiscated and remained in his possession; that the [[Ellsworth Air Force Base]] humanoid case of 1977 "was a special counterintelligence training exercise in the creation and dissemination of this information," in which Doty, stationed at Ellsworth Air Force Base at the time, was involved but not as the creator of documents; and that the AFOSI documents on a 1980 landing near a nuclear storage facility at Kirtland were, to the best of his knowledge, authentic.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Moore said that after the broadcast of UFO Cover-Up Live "the FBI showed up and began asking questions about it," arranged a private showing in the office of the producer [[Michael Seligman]], and interviewed ufologists on both coasts including Shandera, while avoiding him; and that a [[Freedom of Information Act]] response of July 1988 admitted that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] held nearly sixty pages of material on him, all classified for reasons of national security. Of the program he said: "I'm convinced that at least some of that information falls under the category of disinformation. I'm equally convinced that some of it is true," and that the sources knew they would be identified on the show as confidential government informants.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Moore's closing positions, as spoken, were that a highly advanced extraterrestrial civilization is visiting Earth and "actively manipulating our awareness of their presence"; that elements of at least two government intelligence agencies know this and run classified projects; that counterintelligence personnel have conducted "an on-again off-again campaign of deception and disinformation about the UFO phenomenon for more than 40 years," including phony documents and informants, for five possible reasons, among them use of the phenomenon by "trilateralists" seeking world unity against an unknown threat from space; that a group designated MJ-12 operates at the [[White House]] [[National Security Council]] level; that there was a Project Aquarius, "possibly two of them," one in 1971 to 1973 and one in 1976 to 1985, with contract and report numbers obtained; that the Cutler-Twining memorandum was, in his view, "reasonable certainty" authentic and had been planted among the papers of Record Group 341 for them to find; that there was "no compelling reason to believe" the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] briefing document was other than authentic, though its authenticity was not proved; and that "our group is euphemistically called the aviary and each individual uses a code name of a bird." He closed that there is "an extraterrestrial presence here on planet Earth" and that a small number of government people know it. Pilkington called the closing section Moore's "Estimate of the Situation."[^2][^8] The UFO BBS text, citing a printed Moore text of 1989 that was not obtained, adds that Moore named as subjects of intelligence interest between 1980 and 1984 [[Len Stringfield]], [[Pete Mazzola]], Gersten, [[Larry Fawcett]], James and Coral Lorenzen, and [[Larry W. Bryant]], and said four other prominent ufologists had been doing "the same thing," two of them still active.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Citizens Against UFO Secrecy devoted most of its September 1989 *[[Just Cause]]* to the speech. Barry Greenwood wrote that Moore "reported the effects of the false information regularly to some of the very same people who were 'doing it' to Paul," and, of the television program, that "here we have a fair portion of the last hour wasted in presenting what Moore admits to be false data."[^4]
|
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|
||||
### After 1989
|
||||
|
||||
Moore told a syndicated reporter in August 1990 that AFOSI had approached him and given him what he called "disinformation," and that "certain agencies stir the UFO pot, for some reason."[^18] Collins wrote that Moore left ufology around 1994, according to [[Brian Parks]], and that Moore gave Bishop in 2005 a name for the "real Falcon" that Collins, citing Bishop and Parks, gave as [[Harry Rositzke]], a former [[Central Intelligence Agency]] officer who died in [[Warrenton, Virginia]], on November 4, 2002; the name is Collins's report of what Moore said to others, and Moore did not publish it.[^19] Pilkington wrote that Bishop remembered Moore "lying prone on his back in a state of near panic as he told Greg that the aliens were here on Earth." Moore declined to be interviewed by Pilkington for *[[Mirage Men]]* (2010).[^8]
|
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|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Open Library catalogue records, *The Roswell Incident* (Grosset & Dunlap, 1980; Berkley, 1988) and *The Philadelphia Experiment* (Grosset & Dunlap, 1979), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3384724W
|
||||
[^2]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, video recorded by Ron Regehr (Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon, https://archive.org/details/bill-moore-1989-mufon) and read here from the automatic caption transcript of a YouTube upload titled "Full, infamous 1989 disinformation confession speech by Bill Moore," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po. The captions mis-render names ("Dodie," "Chandere," "Benowitz," "Muon"), which are corrected here; quotations follow the caption wording and could differ in small details from the printed version in the MUFON UFO Journal of November and December 1989, which was not obtained. The text of the speech is the sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^3]: William L. Moore and Jaime H. Shandera, *The MJ-12 Documents: An Analytical Report* (Fund for UFO Research, 1990), pp. 7 to 9, quoting Moore in FOCUS, June 30, 1989, p. 13, and September 30, 1989, p. 8, http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/The-MJ-12-Documents-An-Analytical-Report-Excerpts.pdf (scanned excerpt, read as page images).
|
||||
[^4]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1023 to UFO1036, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo (part 5), .../1027.ufo (part 8), .../1030.ufo (part 11), .../1036.ufo (part 17). The files were distributed through ParaNet in January 1991 and carry no author line; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Howe 1989. Sole source for the Offutt call, the Minnesota teaching post and the speech logistics.
|
||||
[^5]: Moore and Shandera, *MJ-12 Documents*, "The Weitzel Letter (July, 1980)," pp. 6 to 7, quoting Moore's paper of July 1, 1989, same excerpt as note 3.
|
||||
[^6]: Moore and Shandera, *MJ-12 Documents*, "The Cutler-Twining Memo (Jul. 1985)," pp. 61 to 62, same excerpt.
|
||||
[^7]: "Background on Moore/Shandera/Friedman," UFO BBS file UFO1876, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1876.ufo (promotional material for *UFO Cover-Up? Live!*).
|
||||
[^8]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs* (Constable, 2010), chapters "Aviary" and "The ET Factor" and chapter notes (Moore's speech taken "from the MUFON video, and from Greg Bishop's *Project Beta* (Paraview, 2005)"; Moore "declined to speak to John and myself"), read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Pilkington's account is the sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^9]: Richard C. Doty, letter of March 3, 1989 to an unnamed correspondent, http://textfiles.com/ufo/doty.ufo
|
||||
[^10]: Curt Collins, "Bill Moore on Hynek and Vallee," Blue Blurry Lines, https://www.blueblurrylines.com/2019/12/bill-moore-on-hynek-and-vallee.html, quoting Moore on *UFOs Tonite!* (Don Ecker), June 11, 1994, and in *Saucer Smear*, August 10, 2000. The blog was read, the radio program and the issue were not.
|
||||
[^11]: Richard C. Doty, statement of February 21, 2005, quoted in Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, reference 4 to the introduction, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure
|
||||
[^12]: James W. Moseley, ed., *Saucer Smear*, vol. 47, July 15, 2000, letter of Richard Doty, https://web.archive.org/web/2008id_/http://www.martiansgohome.com/smear/v47/ss000715.htm (Wayback Machine capture; the live domain no longer serves the issue)
|
||||
[^13]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), pp. 137 to 139 (Gersten's report of January 10 and 11, 1983), https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014
|
||||
[^14]: Philip J. Klass, *Skeptics UFO Newsletter* no. 44, March 1997, p. 2, https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/docs/SUN/SUN44.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: Barry Greenwood and Brad Sparks, "The Secret Pratt Tapes and the Origins of MJ-12," MUFON Symposium Proceedings 2007, as cited in Pilkington, *Mirage Men*, chapter notes. Not obtained.
|
||||
[^16]: Collins and Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure*, introduction, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure
|
||||
[^17]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, "Moore Questions," Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. Graham's account reaches the page through Hastings only; Graham's letters were not obtained.
|
||||
[^18]: Kate MacGregor, "Government's Battle with New Mexico UFO Witnesses," *Lincoln County News* (Carrizozo, New Mexico), August 30, 1990 (Sunmount Syndicate), reposted as UFO BBS file UFO1943, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1943.ufo
|
||||
[^19]: Collins and Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure*, Section 2, Chapter 4 addendum and reference 4a (Rositzke named "according to Bill Moore and known by Rick Doty"; Parks statement of July 20, 2012), https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure. The archive copy is dated 2010 in its metadata but cites 2012 material.
|
||||
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