vault backup: 2026-10-03 00:29:49

60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Skinwalker Ranch.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
----
+---
 tags:
   - Place
   - Landmark
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ tags:
   - Paranormal
 category: "Landmark"
 summary: "Skinwalker Ranch is a 480-acre property in Utah known for a long history of paranormal and Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena-related events."
+updated: 2026-10-02
 ---
-[[Skinwalker Ranch]] is a 480-acre property in Utah known for a long history of paranormal and [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena|UAP]]-related events. The ranch was a subject of investigation for the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AAWSAP), the precursor to the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP).[^1]
+[[Skinwalker Ranch]] is a 480-acre property in [[Utah]] known for a long history of paranormal and [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena|UAP]]-related events. The ranch was a subject of investigation for the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AAWSAP), the precursor to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP).[^1]
 
 ### Phenomena and Investigation
 
@@ -18,13 +19,19 @@ In the mid-1990s, the ranch was purchased by [[Robert Bigelow]], who established
 
 One of the most disturbing phenomena associated with the ranch is the "hitchhiker effect," a term coined by [[Jay Stratton]]. This refers to the tendency for the paranormal phenomena to "follow" investigators home, harassing them and their families long after they have left the property. [[Luis Elizondo]] notes that his own experiences with orbs in his home began after he started working with the program, and that other members of the team had similar experiences.[^1]
 
+### Press Report of April 1997
+
+The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]] wrote in April 1997 (reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* on April 29) that the 480-acre property near [[Randlett, Utah|Randlett]], in [[Uintah County, Utah|Uintah County]], had been bought the previous September by Robert Bigelow, "a [[Las Vegas]] real estate magnate who founded" the National Institute for Discovery Science, three months after its owners [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman first told their story publicly in that newspaper. The Shermans reported that three cattle were found dead and partly mutilated, that seven others "disappeared," and that three dogs vanished one night in the summer of 1996. The institute's spokesman said its researchers had not seen the flying craft, cattle mutilations or dog-killing "balls of light" the Shermans described; [[John B. Alexander]] said "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind." Sheriff's Sergeant [[Steve Hatzidakis]] said no reports had reached his office since Bigelow bought the ranch, and that two cattle mutilations had been reported the previous summer on a neighboring ranch. The story stated that Sherman signed a nondisclosure agreement with Bigelow after selling, and had given his account to the [[Colorado]] writer [[David Perkins]] for a story in *[[Spirit (magazine)|Spirit]]* magazine.[^2]
+
 ### The Blue Orbs
 
-One of the most dangerous phenomena reported at the ranch are the blue orbs. In one incident, two dogs owned by a rancher chased a blue orb into a field and were vaporized, leaving behind only grease spots on the sagebrush. [[Luis Elizondo]] wrote that the orbs emit a form of directed energy that can be harmful or even lethal to living tissue.[^1]
+One of the most dangerous phenomena reported at the ranch are the blue orbs. In one incident, two dogs owned by a rancher chased a blue orb into a field and were vaporized, leaving behind only grease spots on the sagebrush. Luis Elizondo wrote that the orbs emit a form of directed energy that can be harmful or even lethal to living tissue.[^1]
 
 ### Connection to AATIP
 
 The investigation of Skinwalker Ranch was a controversial aspect of the AATIP program. While program leader [[James Lacatski]] believed that the paranormal events at the ranch were inextricably linked to the UAP mystery, the focus on such phenomena drew criticism from within the [[Pentagon]] and contributed to the internal opposition that ultimately led to the program losing its official support.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
+[^2]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/.

60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Area 51.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ relations:
     role: "citizen suit against the Environmental Protection Agency over inspection and disclosure of reports on the site"
     fn: 2
 created: 2026-10-01
-updated: 2026-10-01
+updated: 2026-10-03
 ---
 
 Area 51 is the map designation, used in the Central Intelligence Agency's history of the U-2 and OXCART programs, of the strip at Groom Lake in [[Lincoln County, Nevada|Lincoln County]], Nevada. The government's own phrase in court and in presidential determinations is "the Air Force's operating location near Groom Lake."[^1][^2] The CIA's history of the program was released in a less redacted form in 2013.[^3]
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ The less redacted history released in 2013 was obtained under the [[Freedom of I
 
 ### Nuclear tests, EG&G and the radar range
 
-The CIA vacated the Nevada site in 1957 as a result of Atomic Energy Commission nuclear testing, and in the autumn of 1956 Area 51 was about to become the training site for Air Force pilots who would fly the 29 U-2s the Air Force bought.[^11][^12] The research results of the [[Scientific Engineering Institute]] on Project RAINBOW, which sought to mask the U-2's radar image, were tested by Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier (EG&G), a firm also composed of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] faculty members, which under an Air Force contract to evaluate radars operated a small testing facility at [[Indian Springs]], Nevada, not far from Area 51.[^12] OXCART was established as the codename for the A-12 at the end of August 1959. On September 10, 1959 EG&G agreed to move its radar test facility to the former U-2 testing site at Area 51 for radar cross section testing of the A-12 mockup, because Lockheed objected that the Indian Springs pylon could not support the full-scale mockup and that the facility was in full view of a highway. The mockup arrived by trailer truck from Burbank and was atop the pylon by November 18, 1959.[^13] A new 8,500-foot runway was completed by November 15, 1960, and the facilities were ready for the forecast delivery of the first A-12 on August 1, 1961.[^7]
+The CIA vacated the Nevada site in 1957 as a result of Atomic Energy Commission nuclear testing, and in the autumn of 1956 Area 51 was about to become the training site for Air Force pilots who would fly the 29 U-2s the Air Force bought.[^11][^12] The research results of the [[Scientific Engineering Institute]] on Project RAINBOW, which sought to mask the U-2's radar image, were tested by Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier ([[EG&G]]), a firm also composed of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] faculty members, which under an Air Force contract to evaluate radars operated a small testing facility at [[Indian Springs]], Nevada, not far from Area 51.[^12] OXCART was established as the codename for the A-12 at the end of August 1959. On September 10, 1959 EG&G agreed to move its radar test facility to the former U-2 testing site at Area 51 for radar cross section testing of the A-12 mockup, because Lockheed objected that the Indian Springs pylon could not support the full-scale mockup and that the facility was in full view of a highway. The mockup arrived by trailer truck from Burbank and was atop the pylon by November 18, 1959.[^13] A new 8,500-foot runway was completed by November 15, 1960, and the facilities were ready for the forecast delivery of the first A-12 on August 1, 1961.[^7]
 
 EG&G Inc., which later took the name PerkinElmer, listed "EG&G Special Projects, Inc.," incorporated in Nevada, among its subsidiaries in its annual report on Form 10-K filed April 1, 1994, and again in the report filed March 22, 1996. The 1994 report describes EG&G's contracts at the Nevada Test Site for the Department of Energy's underground nuclear weapons test program, which expired on December 31, 1995.[^14][^15] On August 20, 1999 a subsidiary of [[Carlyle-EG&G Holdings Corp.]] bought certain assets and liabilities of the EG&G Technical Services business from PerkinElmer, and on August 22, 2002 [[URS Corporation]] acquired it and a second company, Lear Siegler Services, for stock valued at $47.8 million, $175.9 million in cash and the assumption of $155.6 million in debt; affiliates of TCG Holdings, L.L.C. received shares representing about 16.46 percent of URS's common stock, and Joseph E. Lipscomb, a URS director, was a vice president of EG&G Technical Services Holdings, L.L.C.[^16] The filings and the proxy statement do not mention Groom Lake.[^14][^16]
 
@@ -99,19 +99,19 @@ Title XXX of Public Law 106-65, the Military Lands Withdrawal Act of 1999 (113 S
 
 ### Frost v. Perry and Kasza v. Browner
 
-Helen Frost, the widow of a former worker, and others proceeding as Does, who had worked at a classified operating location near Groom Lake, brought a citizen suit under the [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act]] against the Air Force, [[Frost v. Perry]]; Stella Kasza and Does sued the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] for failing to inspect, inventory and disclose, [[Kasza v. Browner]]. The Air Force refused nearly all discovery as privileged, and Secretary of the Air Force [[Sheila Widnall]] invoked the military and state secrets privilege over categories of information including "security sensitive environmental data," with an unclassified declaration and a classified declaration reviewed by the court in camera; the court also reviewed a classified declaration of Air Force Vice Chief of Staff General [[Thomas S. Moorman Jr.]] The district court entered summary judgment for the Air Force because the privilege barred evidence on whether hazardous waste had been generated, stored or disposed of at the location. Frost argued on appeal, among other things, that the Secretary could not have personally reviewed all the information withheld and suggested that the privilege was used to cover up environmental crimes at the location. The EPA inspected the location from December 6, 1994 to March 10, 1995, after Kasza was filed; the court ruled that the statute contained no exception for classified information but that the President could exempt a facility, and EPA then obtained a presidential exemption. The plaintiffs were represented by [[Jonathan Turley]] and [[Joan Manley]] of George Washington University; the government by lawyers of the [[Department of Justice]]; and KLAS, Inc. appeared as amicus. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit]] affirmed on January 8, 1998, remanding only attorney's fees and a sealing order, applying the privilege as defined in [[United States v. Reynolds]] (1953), and approved the "mosaic theory" under which seemingly innocuous information that is part of a classified mosaic may be withheld.[^2]
+Helen Frost, the widow of a former worker, and others proceeding as Does, who had worked at a classified operating location near Groom Lake, brought a citizen suit under the [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act]] against the Air Force, [[Frost v. Perry]]; Stella Kasza and Does sued the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] for failing to inspect, inventory and disclose, [[Kasza v. Browner]]. The Air Force refused nearly all discovery as privileged, and Secretary of the Air Force [[Sheila Widnall]] invoked the military and state secrets privilege over categories of information including "security sensitive environmental data," with an unclassified declaration and a classified declaration reviewed by the court in camera; the court also reviewed a classified declaration of Air Force Vice Chief of Staff General [[Thomas S. Moorman Jr.]] The district court entered summary judgment for the Air Force because the privilege barred evidence on whether hazardous waste had been generated, stored or disposed of at the location. Frost argued on appeal, among other things, that the Secretary could not have personally reviewed all the information withheld and suggested that the privilege was used to cover up environmental crimes at the location. The EPA inspected the location from December 6, 1994 to March 10, 1995, after Kasza was filed; the court ruled that the statute contained no exception for classified information but that the President could exempt a facility, and EPA then obtained a presidential exemption. Cox News Service reported on August 16, 1994, in the [[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]], that [[Jonathan Turley]], a law professor at the George Washington University National Law Center, had sued the Environmental Protection Agency for failing to enforce environmental laws at a secret air base in Nevada. According to the report, Turley said he represented unidentified current and former workers at "Area 51," and the suit alleged that the burning of hazardous and toxic wastes at the base caused serious injuries to employees and at least one death, and that employees who handled hazardous wastes were refused protective clothing. The report said Turley would ask the United States District Court in Washington to force the EPA to inspect and monitor the base, that the complaint was under seal pending a ruling on the use of fictitious names for complainants who feared retaliation, and that an EPA spokesman said he had no information. It described the base as also known as "Dreamland," on the edge of Groom Dry Lake about 90 miles north of Las Vegas inside a restricted Air Force range, and quoted Turley as saying, "We want to establish that workers at secret bases should not be forced to rely on the arbitrary protections of the military." The portion read does not mention EG&G.[^22] The plaintiffs were represented by Turley and [[Joan Manley]] of George Washington University; the government by lawyers of the [[Department of Justice]]; and KLAS, Inc. appeared as amicus. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit]] affirmed on January 8, 1998, remanding only attorney's fees and a sealing order, applying the privilege as defined in [[United States v. Reynolds]] (1953), and approved the "mosaic theory" under which seemingly innocuous information that is part of a classified mosaic may be withheld.[^2]
 
-President [[Bill Clinton]] signed Presidential Determination No. 95-45 on September 29, 1995: "I hereby exempt the Air Force's operating location near Groom Lake, Nevada from any Federal, State, interstate or local provision respecting control and abatement of solid waste or hazardous waste disposal that would require the disclosure of classified information concerning that operating location to any unauthorized person." It states that the exemption "shall be effective for the full one-year statutory period" and was published in the Federal Register on October 10, 1995.[^2][^22] The authorizing statute, 42 U.S.C. 6961(a), limits any such exemption to one year, and the Federal Register carries a renewal for each year from 1995 through 2003: Presidential Determination 96-54 of September 28, 1996 (published October 8, 1996), 97-35 of September 26, 1997 (October 8, 1997), a determination of September 25, 1998 reported in an Air Force notice of October 23, 1998, Presidential Determination 99-37 of September 20, 1999 (Air Force notice of October 26, 1999), 2000-30 of September 19, 2000 (October 5, 2000), 2001-27 of September 18, 2001 (October 4, 2001), 2002-30 of September 13, 2002 (Air Force notice of December 24, 2002) and 2003-39 of September 16, 2003 (October 21, 2003). Each text describes the location as the subject of litigation in Kasza v. Browner (D. Nev. CV-S-94-795-PMP) and Frost v. Perry (D. Nev. CV-S-94-714-PMP).[^23] The Federal Register's index returns no further document with the phrase "Groom Lake" after October 21, 2003.[^23]
+President [[Bill Clinton]] signed Presidential Determination No. 95-45 on September 29, 1995: "I hereby exempt the Air Force's operating location near Groom Lake, Nevada from any Federal, State, interstate or local provision respecting control and abatement of solid waste or hazardous waste disposal that would require the disclosure of classified information concerning that operating location to any unauthorized person." It states that the exemption "shall be effective for the full one-year statutory period" and was published in the Federal Register on October 10, 1995.[^2][^23] The authorizing statute, 42 U.S.C. 6961(a), limits any such exemption to one year, and the Federal Register carries a renewal for each year from 1995 through 2003: Presidential Determination 96-54 of September 28, 1996 (published October 8, 1996), 97-35 of September 26, 1997 (October 8, 1997), a determination of September 25, 1998 reported in an Air Force notice of October 23, 1998, Presidential Determination 99-37 of September 20, 1999 (Air Force notice of October 26, 1999), 2000-30 of September 19, 2000 (October 5, 2000), 2001-27 of September 18, 2001 (October 4, 2001), 2002-30 of September 13, 2002 (Air Force notice of December 24, 2002) and 2003-39 of September 16, 2003 (October 21, 2003). Each text describes the location as the subject of litigation in Kasza v. Browner (D. Nev. CV-S-94-795-PMP) and Frost v. Perry (D. Nev. CV-S-94-714-PMP).[^24] The Federal Register's index returns no further document with the phrase "Groom Lake" after October 21, 2003.[^24]
 
 ### Statements by Richard Doty
 
-[[Richard Doty]] wrote in 2000 that two alien spacecraft crashed in [[New Mexico]] in 1947 and that the government recovered bodies, and that "we don't have any UFOs at Area 51"; the publisher [[James W. Moseley]] reported that Doty told him he had visited Area 51, where he was told alien technology was kept but was not shown it because his clearance was not high enough.[^24][^25] [[Philip J. Klass]] wrote in 2000 that a manual among the [[Majestic-12]] papers, purportedly printed in April 1954, directed crashed craft to "Area 51 S-4," a name that he wrote the Nellis range portion was not given until several years after that date.[^26]
+[[Richard Doty]] wrote in 2000 that two alien spacecraft crashed in [[New Mexico]] in 1947 and that the government recovered bodies, and that "we don't have any UFOs at Area 51"; the publisher [[James W. Moseley]] reported that Doty told him he had visited Area 51, where he was told alien technology was kept but was not shown it because his clearance was not high enough.[^25][^26] [[Philip J. Klass]] wrote in 2000 that a manual among the [[Majestic-12]] papers, purportedly printed in April 1954, directed crashed craft to "Area 51 S-4," a name that he wrote the Nellis range portion was not given until several years after that date.[^27]
 
 ### Bob Lazar
 
-In 1989 [[Bob Lazar]] told the Las Vegas reporter [[George Knapp]] that he had worked at a facility called S4 near Area 51, where his job was to help reverse-engineer the propulsion system of a craft "not made by human hands." On a radio program on December 20, 1989 he said he had two master's degrees, one in physics and one in electronics, had worked at [[Los Alamos]] as a technician and then as a physicist in the Polarized Proton Section, and had been hired at S-4 as a senior staff physicist; asked which school, he said he preferred not to say because he was working with it under contract.[^27][^28]
+In 1989 [[Bob Lazar]] told the Las Vegas reporter [[George Knapp]] that he had worked at a facility called S4 near Area 51, where his job was to help reverse-engineer the propulsion system of a craft "not made by human hands." On a radio program on December 20, 1989 he said he had two master's degrees, one in physics and one in electronics, had worked at [[Los Alamos]] as a technician and then as a physicist in the Polarized Proton Section, and had been hired at S-4 as a senior staff physicist; asked which school, he said he preferred not to say because he was working with it under contract.[^28][^29]
 
-[[Tom Mahood]], in a series titled "The Lazar Flaws," collected the following. In a pre-sentence report dated July 27, 1990 for a pandering conviction, Lazar told the probation officer he held a bachelor's degree in physics and electronic technology from Pacifica University, a correspondence school, a master's in physics from MIT in 1982 and a master's in electronic technology from [[Caltech]] in 1985; the California agency that regulates vocational and correspondence schools had no listing for a Pacifica University. Lazar's attendance at [[Los Angeles Pierce College|Pierce College]] in Los Angeles was confirmed to [[Stanton Friedman]], and a Pierce instructor told Friedman Lazar took a class in the late 1970s; Friedman found no trace of Lazar at MIT. A marriage certificate of July 27, 1980 gives his occupation as electronics engineer and his highest grade as 12. A Los Alamos Monitor article of June 27, 1982 reported that the Lazars had moved to Los Alamos about a month earlier, and a bankruptcy filing of July 1986 listed his occupation for the previous six years as photo processor at his residence.[^28] An article in Skeptic in 2026 states that Lazar pleaded guilty in 1990 to a felony pandering charge in Nevada and that he has maintained that records connected to his work were altered or removed; the same article argues that a 1982 Monitor article identified him as a physicist at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility and that the CIA history's description of regular air shuttles to the site bears out part of the setting of his account.[^27] A site that defends Lazar states that no documents prove he obtained either degree and cites a friend's statement that Lazar worked at [[Fairchild Industries]] and attended Caltech.[^29]
+[[Tom Mahood]], in a series titled "The Lazar Flaws," collected the following. In a pre-sentence report dated July 27, 1990 for a pandering conviction, Lazar told the probation officer he held a bachelor's degree in physics and electronic technology from Pacifica University, a correspondence school, a master's in physics from MIT in 1982 and a master's in electronic technology from [[Caltech]] in 1985; the California agency that regulates vocational and correspondence schools had no listing for a Pacifica University. Lazar's attendance at [[Los Angeles Pierce College|Pierce College]] in Los Angeles was confirmed to [[Stanton Friedman]], and a Pierce instructor told Friedman Lazar took a class in the late 1970s; Friedman found no trace of Lazar at MIT. A marriage certificate of July 27, 1980 gives his occupation as electronics engineer and his highest grade as 12. A Los Alamos Monitor article of June 27, 1982 reported that the Lazars had moved to Los Alamos about a month earlier, and a bankruptcy filing of July 1986 listed his occupation for the previous six years as photo processor at his residence.[^29] An article in Skeptic in 2026 states that Lazar pleaded guilty in 1990 to a felony pandering charge in Nevada and that he has maintained that records connected to his work were altered or removed; the same article argues that a 1982 Monitor article identified him as a physicist at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility and that the CIA history's description of regular air shuttles to the site bears out part of the setting of his account.[^28] A site that defends Lazar states that no documents prove he obtained either degree and cites a friend's statement that Lazar worked at [[Fairchild Industries]] and attended Caltech.[^30]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -136,11 +136,12 @@ In 1989 [[Bob Lazar]] told the Las Vegas reporter [[George Knapp]] that he had w
 [^19]: Bureau of Land Management, Public Land Order 7131, "Withdrawal of Public Land to the United States Air Force; Nevada," 60 Fed. Reg. 18030 (Apr. 10, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-04-10/pdf/95-8756.pdf
 [^20]: Military Lands Withdrawal Act of 1999, title XXX of Pub. L. 106-65, 113 Stat. 885, sections 3011(b), 3012 and 3015, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ65/pdf/PLAW-106publ65.pdf
 [^21]: Bureau of Land Management, "Public Notice of Legal Land Description and Map Availability, Nevada Test and Training Range, Nevada," 86 Fed. Reg. 57687 (Oct. 18, 2021), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/10/18/2021-22587/public-notice-of-legal-land-description-and-map-availability-nevada-test-and-training-range-nevada
-[^22]: Presidential Determination No. 95-45, "Presidential Determination on Classified Information Concerning the Air Force's Operating Location Near Groom Lake, Nevada," 60 Fed. Reg. 52823 (Oct. 10, 1995), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1995/10/10/95-25244/presidential-determination-on-classified-information-concerning-the-air-forces-operating-location
-[^23]: Federal Register documents 96-25959 (61 FR 52679), 97-26988 (62 FR 52647), 98-28349 (63 FR 56921), 99-27866 (64 FR 57633), 00-25742 (65 FR 59339), 01-25180 (66 FR 50807), 02-32334 (67 FR 78425, with Presidential Determination No. 2002-30 of September 13, 2002) and 03-26704 (68 FR 60279, Presidential Determination No. 2003-39 of September 16, 2003), found through the Federal Register API search for "Groom Lake," https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2002/12/24/02-32334.txt
-[^24]: James W. Moseley, ed., Saucer Smear, vol. 47, July 15, 2000, "Missives from the Masses" (letter of Richard Doty), http://www.martiansgohome.com/smear/v47/ss000715.htm (printout of June 14, 2013), pp. 6 to 7.
-[^25]: James W. Moseley, "The Paul Bennewitz Case Revisited," Saucer Smear, vol. 47, June 15, 2000, http://www.martiansgohome.com/smear/v47/ss000615.htm (printout of June 7, 2013), p. 3.
-[^26]: Philip J. Klass, "The New Bogus Majestic-12 Documents," Skeptical Inquirer, May/June 2000, pp. 44 to 46, https://centerforinquiry.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2000/05/22164853/p44.pdf
-[^27]: Emile Kinley-Gauthier, "The Strange Case of Bob Lazar," Skeptic, April 23, 2026, https://www.skeptic.com/article/the-strange-case-of-bob-lazar/
-[^28]: Tom Mahood, "The Lazar Flaws: The Academic Background," https://dreamlandresort.com/area51/lazar/fl-edu.htm
-[^29]: "Lazar's Education III. Missing Records," Bob Lazar Vindicated, https://boblazarvindicated.com/articles/education-records/
+[^22]: "EPA Sued On Secret Air Base / Agency Didn't Shield Workers, Suit Says," Cox News Service, Dayton, Ohio dateline, St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis), August 16, 1994, p. 2B, https://www.newspapers.com/image/142561425/
+[^23]: Presidential Determination No. 95-45, "Presidential Determination on Classified Information Concerning the Air Force's Operating Location Near Groom Lake, Nevada," 60 Fed. Reg. 52823 (Oct. 10, 1995), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1995/10/10/95-25244/presidential-determination-on-classified-information-concerning-the-air-forces-operating-location
+[^24]: Federal Register documents 96-25959 (61 FR 52679), 97-26988 (62 FR 52647), 98-28349 (63 FR 56921), 99-27866 (64 FR 57633), 00-25742 (65 FR 59339), 01-25180 (66 FR 50807), 02-32334 (67 FR 78425, with Presidential Determination No. 2002-30 of September 13, 2002) and 03-26704 (68 FR 60279, Presidential Determination No. 2003-39 of September 16, 2003), found through the Federal Register API search for "Groom Lake," https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2002/12/24/02-32334.txt
+[^25]: James W. Moseley, ed., Saucer Smear, vol. 47, July 15, 2000, "Missives from the Masses" (letter of Richard Doty), http://www.martiansgohome.com/smear/v47/ss000715.htm (printout of June 14, 2013), pp. 6 to 7.
+[^26]: James W. Moseley, "The Paul Bennewitz Case Revisited," Saucer Smear, vol. 47, June 15, 2000, http://www.martiansgohome.com/smear/v47/ss000615.htm (printout of June 7, 2013), p. 3.
+[^27]: Philip J. Klass, "The New Bogus Majestic-12 Documents," Skeptical Inquirer, May/June 2000, pp. 44 to 46, https://centerforinquiry.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2000/05/22164853/p44.pdf
+[^28]: Emile Kinley-Gauthier, "The Strange Case of Bob Lazar," Skeptic, April 23, 2026, https://www.skeptic.com/article/the-strange-case-of-bob-lazar/
+[^29]: Tom Mahood, "The Lazar Flaws: The Academic Background," https://dreamlandresort.com/area51/lazar/fl-edu.htm
+[^30]: "Lazar's Education III. Missing Records," Bob Lazar Vindicated, https://boblazarvindicated.com/articles/education-records/

60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ summary: "Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio is a major U.S. aerospace rese
 
 [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] is a [[U.S. Air Force]] base located in Ohio. It is a key center for aerospace research and development, and has been involved in various classified projects, including those related to psychic phenomena.[^1]
 
-[[Dale Graff]], a civilian scientist who played a significant role in the [[Stargate Project|Stargate Project]], worked in the Foreign Technology Division at Wright-Patterson. The base served as a hub for his efforts to integrate psychic abilities into military applications, and it was from here that he managed the program's various phases and taskings.[^1]
+[[Dale Graff]], a civilian scientist who played a significant role in the [[Stargate Project|Stargate Project]], worked in the [[Foreign Technology Division]] at Wright-Patterson. The base served as a hub for his efforts to integrate psychic abilities into military applications, and it was from here that he managed the program's various phases and taskings.[^1]
 
 The base hosts the [[NAMRU-D|Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton]], whose directorates include the Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory ([[NAMRL]]).[^2]