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2
40 - EVENTS/CONTRA_WAR/Bay of Pigs.md
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@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ aliases:
- Operation Zapata
- Operation Pluto
- Bahia de Cochinos
- "Bay of Pigs Invasion"
- "Bay of Pigs invasion"
tags:
- Event
- CIA

39
40 - EVENTS/CRIME_INVESTIGATIONS/Olney House Investigation.md
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ summary: "Philadelphia police and FBI investigation, opened in June 2026, into s
start: 2026-06-19
location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
created: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-09-21
updated: 2026-09-22
---
The Olney House Investigation is a joint inquiry by the [[Philadelphia Police Department]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] into the disappearance of at least seven women connected to 417 West Chew Avenue in the [[Olney, Philadelphia|Olney]] section of [[Philadelphia]], the home of the pornographic filmmaker [[R.C. Horsch]], who died in May 2025, and of his son [[Eugene Horsch]]. It began with a parking stop on June 19, 2026. Police have said that video and photographs taken from the house show five women who appear to be dead. No body has been recovered and no one has been charged with a homicide.[^1][^2]
@ -25,31 +25,31 @@ The Olney House Investigation is a joint inquiry by the [[Philadelphia Police De
Police entered Horsch properties three times before 2026. In 2009 officers in [[New Britain Township, Pennsylvania]], searching Raymond Horsch's house after a woman there reported noises, found 455 marijuana plants, firearms, pornography showing women who appeared to be bleeding, and identification cards belonging to several women. The former chief, [[Robert Scafidi]], said the district attorney's office took the cards. "I really don't know what happened after that," he said. In 2013 Philadelphia police found about 1.9 million dollars' worth of marijuana in the Chew Avenue house, and Eugene Horsch was sentenced to four to eight years. In May 2025, the month Raymond Horsch died, a fire at the house brought narcotics officers, who recorded marijuana plants, firearms, and containers of chemicals. Eugene Horsch received three years of probation on drug counts.[^3][^4][^5][^6]
[[Gabrielle Amarando]] disappeared in 2012 at 22. [[Amy McHale]], Raymond Horsch's fourth wife, was last seen at the house in 2016. [[Nicole Fusaro]], 27, was last seen in [[Kensington, Philadelphia|Kensington]] on July 19, 2018, and [[Maribel Fresses]] disappeared the same year. [[Blair Tonzelli]], 35, was reported missing in February 2023. A photograph of Tonzelli, nude, with an apparent black eye and blood near her mouth, ran as a lead image on Raymond Horsch's website from about 2020 until at least September 2023. From about 2017 to 2021 the same website advertised an escort service whose client reviews describe visits to the house.[^1][^6][^7][^8]
[[Gabrielle Amarando]] disappeared in 2012 at 22. [[Amy McHale]], Raymond Horsch's fourth wife, was last seen at the house in 2016, at 44, according to her family.[^7] [[Nicole Fusaro]], 27, was last seen in [[Kensington, Philadelphia|Kensington]] on July 19, 2018, and [[Maribel Fresses]] disappeared the same year. [[Blair Tonzelli]], 35, was reported missing in February 2023. A photograph of Tonzelli, nude, with an apparent black eye and blood near her mouth, ran as a lead image on Raymond Horsch's website from about 2020 until at least September 2023. From about 2017 to 2021 the same website advertised an escort service whose client reviews describe visits to the house.[^1][^6][^8][^9]
### The Stop at Independence Mall
At about eight in the morning on June 19, 2026, a federal park ranger approached a black BMW parked at a fire hydrant beside [[Independence National Historical Park]]. The woman in the passenger seat said the driver was going to hurt her. She carried an identification card bearing her own photograph and Tonzelli's name. She told officers that she did not know Tonzelli. Officers found scissors, a switchblade, a second knife, a baton, a cattle prod, a glass pipe, crack cocaine in a dashboard compartment, a .38 revolver and a .40 caliber Taurus pistol with obliterated serial numbers hidden in the car, and [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] credentials in the name Eugene Frederick Steiner carrying Horsch's photograph. Both occupants were treated at a hospital for hyperventilation and then taken to the agency's Philadelphia headquarters. The criminal complaint filed on June 26 was sworn by DEA Special Agent Curtis A. McRoy.[^4][^9][^10][^11]
At about eight in the morning on June 19, 2026, a federal park ranger approached a black BMW parked at a fire hydrant beside [[Independence National Historical Park]]. The woman in the passenger seat said the driver was going to hurt her. She carried an identification card bearing her own photograph and Tonzelli's name. She told officers that she did not know Tonzelli. Officers found scissors, a switchblade, a second knife, a baton, a cattle prod, a glass pipe, crack cocaine in a dashboard compartment, a .38 revolver and a .40 caliber Taurus pistol with obliterated serial numbers hidden in the car, and [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] credentials in the name Eugene Frederick Steiner carrying Horsch's photograph. Both occupants were treated at a hospital for hyperventilation and then taken to the agency's Philadelphia headquarters. The criminal complaint filed on June 26 was sworn by DEA Special Agent Curtis A. McRoy.[^4][^10][^11][^12]
### The Search
About fifteen FBI agents, some in hazardous-materials suits, began searching the house on June 26. They found a third handgun, forged FBI credentials and the desktop computer used to make them, a marijuana grow, hidden compartments, five urns, vats of chemicals, and a 55-gallon drum plumbed into the basement sewer line. They also found handwritten pages that refer to [[Ted Bundy]] and describe the pleasure of hurting a woman with a zip tie. Raymond Horsch's self-published 2014 book Empathy describes strangling a woman and dissolving her body with sodium hydroxide in a basement bathtub. The liquids were sent to a laboratory in [[Chicago]]. [[Krista Killen]], who lived in the house for years, had died of drug intoxication some months after Raymond Horsch. Eugene Horsch was held on 500,000 dollars bail at the [[Curran-Fromhold Correctional Facility]].[^4][^5][^8][^12]
About fifteen FBI agents, some in hazardous-materials suits, began searching the house on June 26. They found a third handgun, forged FBI credentials and the desktop computer used to make them, a marijuana grow, hidden compartments, five urns, vats of chemicals, and a 55-gallon drum plumbed into the basement sewer line. They also found handwritten pages that refer to [[Ted Bundy]] and describe the pleasure of hurting a woman with a zip tie. Raymond Horsch's self-published 2014 book Empathy describes strangling a woman and dissolving her body with sodium hydroxide in a basement bathtub. The liquids were sent to a laboratory in [[Chicago]]. [[Krista Killen]], who lived in the house for years, had died of drug intoxication some months after Raymond Horsch. Eugene Horsch was held on 500,000 dollars bail at the [[Curran-Fromhold Correctional Facility]].[^4][^5][^9][^13]
The hard drives held more than 600,000 images, 70,000 videos, and 10,000 pages of documents. On August 28 the [[The Philadelphia Inquirer|Inquirer]] reported, citing unnamed sources, that investigators believed one video showed Raymond Horsch killing a woman.[^5][^13]
The hard drives held more than 600,000 images, 70,000 videos, and 10,000 pages of documents. On August 28 the [[The Philadelphia Inquirer|Inquirer]] reported, citing unnamed sources, that investigators believed one video showed Raymond Horsch killing a woman.[^5][^14]
### The September 16 Briefing
Police Commissioner [[Kevin Bethel]], Deputy Commissioner [[Frank Vanore]], and FBI Special Agent [[Wayne Jacobs]] said on September 16 that about 30 percent of the files had been reviewed and 58 people identified in them. Five women shown appear to be dead, they said, including Amarando and Fresses. Vanore described a video in which Raymond Horsch, naked and holding a camera with a second camera fixed in a corner of the room, gives a woman drugs and money, handcuffs her to a bed, and tightens a zip tie around her neck with pliers until she stops moving. The department withheld her name. Her cousin, Jonathan Halloran-Koren, identified her as Nicole Fusaro and wrote to Mayor [[Cherelle Parker]] and the City Council that the department had described her death to reporters in detail it had not given the family. A department spokesman, Sergeant Eric Gripp, said detectives had traveled to northern [[New Jersey]] to brief the family before the announcement.[^1][^2][^14] Ten people seen in the material had since died of overdoses elsewhere, sixteen living people had been interviewed and twenty-five were still being sought; Ryan Gallagher, the department's assistant director of forensics, also spoke.[^16]
Police Commissioner [[Kevin Bethel]], Deputy Commissioner [[Frank Vanore]], and FBI Special Agent [[Wayne Jacobs]] said on September 16 that about 30 percent of the files had been reviewed and 58 people identified in them. Five women shown appear to be dead, they said, including Amarando and Fresses. Vanore described a video in which Raymond Horsch, naked and holding a camera with a second camera fixed in a corner of the room, gives a woman drugs and money, handcuffs her to a bed, and tightens a zip tie around her neck with pliers until she stops moving. The department withheld her name. Her cousin, Jonathan Halloran-Koren, identified her as Nicole Fusaro and wrote to Mayor [[Cherelle Parker]] and the City Council that the department had described her death to reporters in detail it had not given the family. A department spokesman, Sergeant Eric Gripp, said detectives had traveled to northern [[New Jersey]] to brief the family before the announcement.[^1][^2][^15] Ten people seen in the material had since died of overdoses elsewhere, sixteen living people had been interviewed and twenty-five were still being sought; Ryan Gallagher, the department's assistant director of forensics, also spoke.[^16]
Three of the five urns are believed to hold the ashes of Raymond Horsch, his sister, and a friend. Two are unidentified. "We did never recover a body here," Vanore said. Bethel said: "We're going to dictate the pace." Jacobs said further search warrants were planned.[^1]
Police said they believed three of the five urns held the ashes of Raymond Horsch, his sister, and a friend. Two are unidentified. "We did never recover a body here," Vanore said. Bethel said: "We're going to dictate the pace." Jacobs said further search warrants were planned.[^1]
### The Crematorium
Police are examining Raymond Horsch's access, in the years before 2007, to the Kensington crematorium of the [[Garzone Funeral Home]], whose operators pleaded guilty in 2008 to selling more than 240 corpses to a [[New York City|New York]] tissue-recovery company. The man identified as his contact there, [[George Newsome]], died in 2014. The five women believed dead disappeared between 2012 and 2023. The [[Philadelphia Medical Examiner's Office]] has declined to say whether the city sent unclaimed bodies to the crematorium.[^7]
Police are examining Raymond Horsch's access, in the years before 2007, to the Kensington crematorium of the [[Garzone Funeral Home]], whose operators pleaded guilty in 2008 to selling more than 240 corpses to a [[New York City|New York]] tissue-recovery company. The man identified as his contact there, [[George Newsome]], died in 2014. The five women believed dead disappeared between 2012 and 2023. The [[Philadelphia Medical Examiner's Office]] has declined to say whether the city sent unclaimed bodies to the crematorium.[^8]
### Charges
State prosecutors withdrew all five state counts against Eugene Horsch at a preliminary hearing on August 6, 2026. A federal grand jury had indicted him on July 9 on two counts, possession of a firearm by a felon and possession of a fraudulent federal identification document. [[United States]] v. Horsch, No. 2:26-cr-00296, is assigned to Judge [[John Milton Younge]] of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|Eastern District of Pennsylvania]]. The government moved for pretrial detention on June 30, and the defense has obtained three extensions of the motions deadline, the latest filed September 18. He has not been accused of any offense against the missing women. His lawyer, [[Jerome Brown]], called the search "much ado about nothing" and said: "We categorically deny that Eugene Horsch is a serial killer."[^2][^10][^11][^12][^15] In September 2026 the trial was postponed at the defense's request to begin no earlier than March 22.[^17]
State prosecutors withdrew all five state counts against Eugene Horsch at a preliminary hearing on August 6, 2026. A federal grand jury had indicted him on July 9 on two counts, possession of a firearm by a felon and possession of a fraudulent federal identification document. [[United States]] v. Horsch, No. 2:26-cr-00296, is assigned to Judge [[John Milton Younge]] of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|Eastern District of Pennsylvania]]. The government moved for pretrial detention on June 30, and the defense has obtained three extensions of the motions deadline, the latest filed September 18. He has not been accused of any offense against the missing women. His lawyer, [[Jerome Brown]], called the search "much ado about nothing" and said: "We categorically deny that Eugene Horsch is a serial killer."[^2][^11][^12][^13][^17] In September 2026 the trial was postponed at the defense's request to begin no earlier than March 22.[^18]
### Footnotes
@ -59,14 +59,15 @@ State prosecutors withdrew all five state counts against Eugene Horsch at a prel
[^4]: "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html
[^5]: Cuffe, Davis. "Philadelphia's 'house of horrors' investigation: All that we know," *Billy Penn,* September 18, 2026. https://billypenn.com/2026/09/18/philadelphia-house-of-horrors-police-investigation-olney-update/
[^6]: "Who is Eugene Horsch? Man at Center of Philadelphia 'House of Horrors,'" *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/who-is-eugene-horsch-man-at-center-of-philadelphia-house-of-horrors-12459693
[^7]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html
[^8]: "A troubling photo of a missing woman appeared on Raymond Horsch's erotic website, years before police investigated," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-missing-women-olney-blair-tonzelli-20260821.html
[^9]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 1: Youth," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 171, September 13, 2026, audio at 00:15 to 01:37. https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/13/ray-horsch-2/
[^10]: Kramer, Jillian. "Eugene Horsch indicted in federal court on firearms, fake credentials charges," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* July 9, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/eugene-horsch-olney-house-federal-indictment-20260709.html
[^11]: United States v. Horsch, No. 2:26-cr-00296 (E.D. Pa.), criminal complaint and affidavit, June 26, 2026; motion for pretrial detention, June 30, 2026; third motion for extension, September 18, 2026. Docket via CourtListener / RECAP.
[^12]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html
[^13]: "Police believe a new video shows violent pornographer Raymond 'R.C.' Horsch killing a woman on camera, sources say," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 28, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/raymond-horsch-woman-killed-snuff-film-olney-20260828.html
[^14]: "Cousin of a Raymond Horsch victim criticizes police for sharing graphic details at news conference before telling family," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 17, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/nicole-fusaro-family-complaint-horsch-olney-house-investigation-20260917.html
[^15]: "Eugene Horsch Denies He's a Serial Killer as Philadelphia Cops Hunt for Missing Women," *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-obviously-serial-killer-former-fbi-agent-12457175
[^7]: Gallagher, Bryanna. "Ex-police chief recalls 2009 arrest of man linked to Philadelphia so-called house of horrors investigation." WPVI/6abc, syndicated by ABC11, September 17, 2026. https://abc11.com/story/west-chew-avenue-crime-news-ex-police-chief-recalls-2009-arrest-rc-horsch-linked-olney-philadelphia-pennsylvania-called-house-horrors-investigation/19843864/
[^8]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html
[^9]: "A troubling photo of a missing woman appeared on Raymond Horsch's erotic website, years before police investigated," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-missing-women-olney-blair-tonzelli-20260821.html
[^10]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 1: Youth," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 171, September 13, 2026, audio at 00:15 to 01:37. https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/13/ray-horsch-2/
[^11]: Kramer, Jillian. "Eugene Horsch indicted in federal court on firearms, fake credentials charges," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* July 9, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/eugene-horsch-olney-house-federal-indictment-20260709.html
[^12]: United States v. Horsch, No. 2:26-cr-00296 (E.D. Pa.), criminal complaint and affidavit, June 26, 2026; motion for pretrial detention, June 30, 2026; third motion for extension, September 18, 2026. Docket via CourtListener / RECAP.
[^13]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html
[^14]: "Police believe a new video shows violent pornographer Raymond 'R.C.' Horsch killing a woman on camera, sources say," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 28, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/raymond-horsch-woman-killed-snuff-film-olney-20260828.html
[^15]: "Cousin of a Raymond Horsch victim criticizes police for sharing graphic details at news conference before telling family," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 17, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/nicole-fusaro-family-complaint-horsch-olney-house-investigation-20260917.html
[^16]: Rushing, Ellie, Max Marin, and Ryan W. Briggs. *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 16, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-philadelphia-missing-women-dead-20260916.html
[^17]: Charns, David. "Eugene Horsch trial delayed amid missing women investigations." *NBC10 Philadelphia,* September 22, 2026. https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/eugene-horsch-trial-delayed-amid-philadelphia-missing-women-investigations/4467226/
[^17]: "Eugene Horsch Denies He's a Serial Killer as Philadelphia Cops Hunt for Missing Women," *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-obviously-serial-killer-former-fbi-agent-12457175
[^18]: Charns, David. "Eugene Horsch trial delayed amid missing women investigations." *NBC10 Philadelphia,* September 22, 2026. https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/eugene-horsch-trial-delayed-amid-philadelphia-missing-women-investigations/4467226/

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40 - EVENTS/CRIME_INVESTIGATIONS/X-Dossier.md
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The X-Dossier is the name given to the "related files" (dossiers connexes) opene
### The Testimony
The statements of the X witnesses led to the reopening of the unsolved murders of [[Christine Van Hees]], [[Carine Dellaert]], [[Veronique Dubrulle]], [[Katrien de Cuyper]] and Hanim Ayse Mazibas.[^1] X1 described childhood prostitution at a villa in [[Knokke-Heist]] run by her grandmother, [[Cecile Beernaert]], and parties at which she said children were abused and killed, naming among others [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]], members of the Lippens family, [[Melchior Wathelet]], [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]], the lawyer [[Jean-Paul Dumont]] and Nihoul. X2 was described as the mistress of a magistrate and named Nihoul, Dumont and de Bonvoisin; X3 alleged royal involvement; X4 identified friends of X1 in pornographic films. X1 led investigators to a factory site at Zaventem connected with [[ASCO Industries NV]], where no physical evidence of films was found.[^2] The testimonies were published in 1999 by the journalists Annemie Bulté, Douglas De Coninck and Marie-Jeanne Van Heeswyck as *De X-dossiers: wat België niet mocht weten over de zaak-Dutroux*.[^2]
The statements of the X witnesses led to the reopening of the unsolved murders of [[Christine Van Hees]], [[Carine Dellaert]], [[Veronique Dubrulle]], [[Katrien de Cuyper]] and Hanim Ayse Mazibas.[^1] X1 described childhood prostitution at a villa in [[Knokke-Heist]] run by her grandmother, [[Cecile Beernaert]], and parties at which she said children were abused and killed, naming among others [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]], members of the Lippens family, [[Melchior Wathelet]], [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]], the lawyer [[Jean-Paul Dumont]] and Nihoul. The writer S. Dovey wrote that X2 had been the mistress of a magistrate and named Nihoul, Dumont and de Bonvoisin, that X3 alleged royal involvement, and that X4 identified friends of X1 in pornographic films. X1 led investigators to a factory site at Zaventem connected with [[ASCO Industries NV]], where no physical evidence of films was found.[^2] The testimonies were published in 1999 by the journalists Annemie Bulté, Douglas De Coninck and Marie-Jeanne Van Heeswyck as *De X-dossiers: wat België niet mocht weten over de zaak-Dutroux*.[^2]
### Removal of the Investigators

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@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ The [[Colares Incidents]] refer to a wave of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena|
For several months in 1977, the residents of Colares and the surrounding region were terrorized by a series of intense UAP sightings. The objects varied greatly in shape and size, from small, luminous orbs to massive, city-sized craft. Witnesses reported flying discs, spheres, triangles, and cylinders. These craft would often buzz small towns and villages at night, bathing the area in bright light.[^1]
What distinguished the Colares events was the aggressive nature of the phenomena. Witnesses reported being chased by yellow orbs that would turn blue before firing a laser-like beam, causing burns and sometimes rendering the victim unconscious. These lights were known by the locals as "chupa-chupa," meaning "suck-suck," due to the belief that they were extracting blood from their victims. The beams were reported to be able to penetrate the tiled roofs of houses, intelligently searching for occupants inside. Some witnesses also claimed that larger craft attempted to abduct them using nets and hooks.[^1]
What distinguished the Colares events was the aggressive nature of the phenomena. Witnesses reported being chased by yellow orbs that would turn blue before firing a laser-like beam, causing burns and sometimes rendering the victim unconscious. These lights were known by the locals as "chupa-chupa," meaning "suck-suck," due to the belief that they were extracting blood from their victims. [[Luis Elizondo]] wrote that the beams could penetrate the tiled roofs of houses, intelligently searching for occupants inside. Some witnesses also claimed that larger craft attempted to abduct them using nets and hooks.[^1]
### The Investigation and Biological Effects
The Brazilian Air Force launched an official investigation into the incidents, codenamed Operation Saucer (Operação Prato). A team of twenty investigators and physicians, led by Lieutenant Colonel Uyrange Hollanda, was dispatched to the region. The team interviewed hundreds of witnesses, treated the wounded, and documented the events with photographs and film footage, capturing images of mysterious objects, including one estimated to be three hundred feet long.[^1]
Dr. Wellaide Cecim Carvalho, a physician treating the local population, documented the medical effects of the encounters. She treated approximately forty people with burns consistent with thermal or directed energy exposure. In twenty-three cases, she noted two puncture wounds at the center of the burns. Blood tests of the victims revealed low hemoglobin levels, lending credence to the "chupa-chupa" nickname. Other reported symptoms included chronic headaches, nausea, temporary blindness, and long-term illnesses. Tragically, ten people are reported to have died as a result of their encounters.[^1]
Dr. Wellaide Cecim Carvalho, a physician treating the local population, documented the medical effects of the encounters. She treated approximately forty people with burns consistent with thermal or directed energy exposure. In twenty-three cases, she noted two puncture wounds at the center of the burns. Blood tests of the victims revealed low hemoglobin levels, lending credence to the "chupa-chupa" nickname. Other reported symptoms included chronic headaches, nausea, temporary blindness, and long-term illnesses. Elizondo wrote that ten people died as a result of their encounters.[^1]
Witnesses who claimed to have seen the occupants of the craft described two types of beings: tall, pale humanoids (often referred to as "Nordics") and small, frail beings with large heads (often referred to as "Grays").[^1]

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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The survivors of the three agents sued Mariposa County and Sinclair and settled
### Drug and Cover-up Allegations
Sinclair was said to have been receiving large daily doses of Demerol prescribed by [[Dr. Arthur Dahlem]], as nurses at Fremont Hospital and former deputies were said to have confirmed. Assistant U.S. Attorney [[James White]] in Fresno was said to have ordered Dahlem's files seized, and Judge [[Robert E. Coyle]] to have ordered him to drop the criminal investigation on the ground that no blood tests had been taken, although tests had been taken and later disappeared. The CHP report was said to have been sent to the office of Attorney General [[John Van de Kamp]], who told an assistant to "discard" it; Eckerson was said to have held stock in [[Music Corporation of America|MCA]], and the CHP officers on the original investigation and White himself to have resigned or been transferred or fired. Deputy [[Rod Cusic]] told the Fresno office of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] that Sinclair had told him "to lie to a Grand Jury," and said he had seen a booby-trapped incendiary device explode at Sinclair's home; a 1984 civil trial was said to have heard that Sinclair's car carried automatic weapons and a booby-trapped bomb. Sinclair was later promoted to commander. A Secret Service agent, [[Ron Williams]], whose friend was killed, and a CBS executive asked [[Cheri Seymour]] to investigate, and [[Don Thrasher]] of ABC's *20/20* examined Sinclair's background. The case figured in the reporting of [[Jerry Goldberg]] for *Capitol News Service* and the work of [[D.I.G. (Decency in Government)|D.I.G.]][^1]
The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Sinclair had been receiving large daily doses of Demerol prescribed by [[Dr. Arthur Dahlem]], as nurses at Fremont Hospital and former deputies confirmed; that Assistant U.S. Attorney [[James White]] in Fresno ordered Dahlem's files seized and Judge [[Robert E. Coyle]] ordered him to drop the criminal investigation on the ground that no blood tests had been taken, although tests had been taken and later disappeared; that the CHP report went to the office of Attorney General [[John Van de Kamp]], who told an assistant to "discard" it; that Eckerson held stock in [[Music Corporation of America|MCA]]; and that the CHP officers on the original investigation and White himself resigned or were transferred or fired. Deputy [[Rod Cusic]] told the Fresno office of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] that Sinclair had told him "to lie to a Grand Jury," and said he had seen a booby-trapped incendiary device explode at Sinclair's home; Seymour wrote that a 1984 civil trial heard that Sinclair's car carried automatic weapons and a booby-trapped bomb. Sinclair was later promoted to commander. A Secret Service agent, [[Ron Williams]], whose friend was killed, and a CBS executive asked Seymour to investigate, and [[Don Thrasher]] of ABC's *20/20* examined Sinclair's background. The case figured in the reporting of [[Jerry Goldberg]] for *Capitol News Service* and the work of [[D.I.G. (Decency in Government)|D.I.G.]][^1]
### Footnotes

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40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Iran-Contra Affair.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases:
- Iran-Contra
- Irangate
created: 2024-04-25
updated: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-09-22
tags:
- Event
- Political
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Between 1982 and 1986, Congress passed a series of amendments (known as the Bola
### Oliver North and the Enterprise
[[Oliver North]], a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[United States Marine Corps]] serving on the National Security Council staff, ran an illegal Contra resupply operation from the White House. He was alleged to have received drug profits from [[Monzer Al-Kassar]], a Syrian kingpin and arms dealer, which were then used to purchase arms for the Contras. The United States Tower Commission probe into Iran-gate specifically revealed that Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by North's co-conspirator, General [[Richard Secord]], to facilitate the movement of weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras.[^1][^3]
[[Oliver North]], a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[United States Marine Corps]] serving on the National Security Council staff, ran an illegal Contra resupply operation from the White House. The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that he received drug profits from [[Monzer Al-Kassar]], a Syrian kingpin and arms dealer, which were then used to purchase arms for the Contras. The United States Tower Commission probe into Iran-gate specifically revealed that Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by North's co-conspirator, General [[Richard Secord]], to facilitate the movement of weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras.[^1][^3]
North's "Enterprise" used [[Ilopango Airbase]] in [[El Salvador]] to funnel weapons to the Contras and reportedly brought [[Cocaine]] back on return flights.[^4]

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@ -56,31 +56,33 @@ The commission's findings on Operation CHAOS were among the most specific it pro
On the CIA's mail-opening program, the commission found that HTLINGUAL, which intercepted mail between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1952 to 1973, had resulted in the examination of more than 215,000 pieces of correspondence. The program operated through CIA facilities in New York City and Los Angeles. The commission characterized this as unlawful.[^14]
The report did not use the cryptonym MKULTRA. Under "The Testing of Behavior-Influencing Drugs on Unsuspecting Subjects Within the United States," it found that the CIA had begun studying drugs such as [[LSD]] in the late 1940s as part of "a much larger CIA program to study possible means for controlling human behavior," including radiation and electric shock; that tests on unsuspecting subjects "in normal social situations" began in 1955 under "an informal arrangement with the Federal Bureau of Drug Abuse Control," on the West Coast and from 1961 on the East Coast; that all records of the program, 152 files, had been ordered destroyed in 1973; and that in 1953 an unnamed employee of the Department of the Army, given LSD without his knowledge at a meeting with CIA personnel, jumped from a tenth-floor window in New York several days later. It called the testing "clearly illegal" and recorded that drug projects ended in 1967.[^24] The 1977 Senate hearing on MKULTRA, which identified the man as [[Frank Olson]], found that the notes the commission had called reprimands were, in the words of the Deputy Director's covering instruction, "not reprimands."[^25]
The report did not use the cryptonym MKULTRA. Under "The Testing of Behavior-Influencing Drugs on Unsuspecting Subjects Within the United States," it found that the CIA had begun studying drugs such as [[LSD]] in the late 1940s as part of "a much larger CIA program to study possible means for controlling human behavior," including radiation and electric shock; that tests on unsuspecting subjects "in normal social situations" began in 1955 under "an informal arrangement with the Federal Bureau of Drug Abuse Control," on the West Coast and from 1961 on the East Coast; that all records of the program, 152 files, had been ordered destroyed in 1973; and that in 1953 an unnamed employee of the Department of the Army, given LSD without his knowledge at a meeting with CIA personnel, jumped from a tenth-floor window in New York several days later. It called the testing "clearly illegal" and recorded that drug projects ended in 1967.[^15] The 1977 Senate hearing on MKULTRA, which identified the man as [[Frank Olson]], found that the notes the commission had called reprimands were, in the words of the Deputy Director's covering instruction, "not reprimands."[^16]
### Suppression of Assassination Findings
The commission's most consequential suppression was of its own investigation into CIA assassination plots. In January 1975, Ford inadvertently revealed to press editors that the CIA had been involved in assassination plotting against foreign leaders. On March 31, 1975, the White House authorized the commission to investigate the matter, with a caveat about whether findings would appear in the final report. Belin, as executive director, pressed for the investigation over the objections of Rockefeller himself, using favorable press coverage to compel the commission to continue.[^15]
The commission's most consequential suppression was of its own investigation into CIA assassination plots. In January 1975, Ford inadvertently revealed to press editors that the CIA had been involved in assassination plotting against foreign leaders. On March 31, 1975, the White House authorized the commission to investigate the matter, with a caveat about whether findings would appear in the final report. Belin, as executive director, pressed for the investigation over the objections of Rockefeller himself, using favorable press coverage to compel the commission to continue.[^17]
By June 5, 1975, commission staff had completed an 86-page section documenting CIA plots against [[Fidel Castro]], [[Rafael Trujillo]] of the [[Dominican Republic]], and briefer references to plots against Lumumba and [[Sukarno]] of Indonesia. Commission staff members including public affairs director [[Peter Clapper]] warned in a May 2, 1975 memorandum that suppressing the assassination findings would appear as a cover-up and damage the commission's credibility.[^16]
By June 5, 1975, commission staff had completed an 86-page section documenting CIA plots against [[Fidel Castro]], [[Rafael Trujillo]] of the [[Dominican Republic]], and briefer references to plots against Lumumba and [[Sukarno]] of Indonesia. Commission staff members including public affairs director [[Peter Clapper]] warned in a May 2, 1975 memorandum that suppressing the assassination findings would appear as a cover-up and damage the commission's credibility.[^18]
The White House removed the entire 86-page section before publication. [[Richard Cheney]], then serving as deputy assistant to the president and deputy to [[Donald Rumsfeld]] as chief of staff, made handwritten edits to the commission's draft report. Cheney's edits removed the section on "Alleged Plans to Assassinate Certain Foreign Leaders," eliminated a provision that would have allowed CIA employees to report improper activities to the CIA's Inspector General, and changed the commission's characterization of several CIA activities from "unlawful" to having "exceeded statutory authority." The White House also suppressed Griswold's footnote recommending public disclosure of the CIA budget.[^17]
The White House removed the entire 86-page section before publication. [[Richard Cheney]], then serving as deputy assistant to the president and deputy to [[Donald Rumsfeld]] as chief of staff, made handwritten edits to the commission's draft report. Cheney's edits removed the section on "Alleged Plans to Assassinate Certain Foreign Leaders," eliminated a provision that would have allowed CIA employees to report improper activities to the CIA's Inspector General, and changed the commission's characterization of several CIA activities from "unlawful" to having "exceeded statutory authority." The White House also suppressed Griswold's footnote recommending public disclosure of the CIA budget.[^19]
On October 31, 1975, Ford wrote to [[Frank Church]] urging him to suppress the Church Committee's parallel assassination report. On November 4, 1975, Church rejected Ford's request. The Senate voted to release the Church Committee's "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders" report on November 20, 1975, revealing publicly what the Rockefeller Commission had withheld.[^18]
On October 31, 1975, Ford wrote to [[Frank Church]] urging him to suppress the Church Committee's parallel assassination report. On November 4, 1975, Church rejected Ford's request. The Senate voted to release the Church Committee's "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders" report on November 20, 1975, revealing publicly what the Rockefeller Commission had withheld.[^20]
The commission had also encountered obstruction in its attempts to investigate CIA records. CIA denied commission staff access to NSC records. [[Henry Kissinger]] withheld State Department cooperation. The commission was denied access to minutes of the [[40 Committee]] and its predecessor bodies, meaning it could not document the full chain of authorization for covert operations.[^19]
The commission had also encountered obstruction in its attempts to investigate CIA records. CIA denied commission staff access to NSC records. [[Henry Kissinger]] withheld State Department cooperation. The commission was denied access to minutes of the [[40 Committee]] and its predecessor bodies, meaning it could not document the full chain of authorization for covert operations.[^21]
### Rockefeller's Position
In 1955, as special assistant to the president, Nelson Rockefeller chaired the [[Planning Coordination Group]], set up under [[NSC 5412]] as the channel for policy approval of CIA covert operations. In May 1955 [[Charles Geschickter]] asked the CIA to contribute $375,000 toward a research building at Georgetown University Hospital, one-sixth of whose beds were to be reserved for the CIA along with cover for three CIA scientists and "human patients and volunteers for experimental use." [[Allen Dulles]] was said to have put the project to Rockefeller as chairman, who asked only whether Geschickter could offer "a reasonable expectation" of the promised space and gave his approval. The 1977 Senate hearing took testimony on the CIA's use of hospital construction money without naming him. Rockefeller initially opposed even permitting the commission to investigate assassination plots, and it was only Belin's persistence and the threat of adverse publicity that extended the commission's mandate into that territory.[^20]
In 1955, as special assistant to the president, Nelson Rockefeller chaired the [[Planning Coordination Group]], set up under [[NSC 5412]] as the channel for policy approval of CIA covert operations. In May 1955 [[Charles Geschickter]] asked the CIA to contribute $375,000 toward a research building at Georgetown University Hospital, one-sixth of whose beds were to be reserved for the CIA along with cover for three CIA scientists and "human patients and volunteers for experimental use." The journalist John Marks, working from CIA documents released in 1977, wrote that Allen Dulles personally approved the contribution and then took it to "President Eisenhower's special committee to review covert operations," which assented on the understanding that Geschickter could provide "a reasonable expectation" that the agency would have the space.[^22] The historians Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett identified the committee's chairman as Rockefeller and wrote that he gave the approval. The 1977 Senate hearing took testimony on the CIA's use of hospital construction money without naming him. Rockefeller initially opposed even permitting the commission to investigate assassination plots, and it was only Belin's persistence and the threat of adverse publicity that extended the commission's mandate into that territory.[^23]
### Report Structure and Outcome
The commission's final report, submitted to President Ford on June 10, 1975, comprised four main parts with 19 chapters plus seven appendices. The chapters covered CIA legal authority, supervision and control mechanisms, mail intercept programs, Operation CHAOS, domestic surveillance of political activists, CIA files on American citizens, and an examination of allegations regarding the assassination of President Kennedy (where the commission upheld the Warren Commission's single-assassin finding). The report contained 27 recommendations, of which 20 were agency-level reforms recommended for immediate implementation and 7 addressed CIA structure, function, and presidential oversight.[^21]
The commission's final report, submitted to President Ford on June 10, 1975, comprised four main parts with 19 chapters plus seven appendices. The chapters covered CIA legal authority, supervision and control mechanisms, mail intercept programs, Operation CHAOS, domestic surveillance of political activists, CIA files on American citizens, and an examination of allegations regarding the assassination of President Kennedy (where the commission upheld the Warren Commission's single-assassin finding). The report contained 27 recommendations, of which 20 were agency-level reforms recommended for immediate implementation and 7 addressed CIA structure, function, and presidential oversight.[^24]
The Ford administration's response to the report was coordinated by a memorandum dated August 9, 1975, from Kissinger, White House counsel [[Philip Buchen]], and [[Office of Management and Budget]] director [[James Lynn]], which argued for prompt action on the domestic-improprieties recommendations while deferring broader intelligence restructuring questions, explicitly noting that congressional committees were simultaneously investigating related matters and that delay risked losing "the initiative entirely."[^22]
The Ford administration's response to the report was coordinated by a memorandum dated August 9, 1975, from Kissinger, White House counsel [[Philip Buchen]], and [[Office of Management and Budget]] director [[James Lynn]], which argued for prompt action on the domestic-improprieties recommendations while deferring broader intelligence restructuring questions, explicitly noting that congressional committees were simultaneously investigating related matters and that delay risked losing "the initiative entirely."[^25]
The commission's records, totaling approximately 41 cubic feet (82,000 pages), are held at the [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]] in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Materials related to Kennedy assassination allegations and anti-Castro activities from 1960 to 1964 were processed for research access following the [[JFK Records Act]]; significant portions of the collection remain classified.[^23]
The commission's records, totaling approximately 41 cubic feet (82,000 pages), are held at the [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]] in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Materials related to Kennedy assassination allegations and anti-Castro activities from 1960 to 1964 were processed for research access following the [[JFK Records Act]]; significant portions of the collection remain classified.[^26]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Executive Order 11828, January 4, 1975. American Presidency Project, UCSB. The order established the commission under 50 U.S.C. 403 with a three-month reporting deadline.
[^2]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Finding Aid, "U.S. President's Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States Files."
@ -96,14 +98,15 @@ The commission's records, totaling approximately 41 cubic feet (82,000 pages), a
[^12]: Edgar F. Shannon Jr., University of Virginia President 1959-1974. Washington Post obituary, August 25, 1997.
[^13]: Operation CHAOS statistics from the Rockefeller Commission report, June 10, 1975, confirmed in subsequent Church Committee findings.
[^14]: HTLINGUAL program details from the Rockefeller Commission report, June 10, 1975. The program ran 1952-1973 and processed more than 215,000 pieces of mail through facilities in New York City and Los Angeles.
[^15]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB, "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975." Document 3: David W. Belin Memorandum to Members of the Commission, "Scope of Commission Investigation - Assassinations," March 10, 1975.
[^16]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB Document 11: Peter Clapper to David Belin, "Public Affairs Considerations in Report," May 2, 1975.
[^17]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB Document 4: Richard Cheney, handwritten comments on draft Rockefeller Commission report, circa June 1975. Cheney served as deputy assistant to the president under Rumsfeld at the time of these edits.
[^18]: Church Committee, "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders," Senate Report 94-465, released November 20, 1975. Ford's suppression request sent October 31, 1975; Church's rejection November 4, 1975; Senate vote November 20, 1975.
[^19]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB Document 10: Mason Cargill to File, "CIA denial of access to records of Special Group Augmented re Cuba," April 30, 1975.
[^20]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18, 44, and Ch. 18 n. 32, citing MKULTRA Subproject 35-10, May 16, 1955. Sole source for Rockefeller's approval of the Georgetown project; the book calls the body he chaired the "Special Group." For the Planning Coordination Group, its membership and its role as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" to covert operations: Rowland Hughes memorandum to Eisenhower, March 3, 1955, *FRUS 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community,* Document 210, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d210. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of Adm. Stansfield Turner and exchange with Sen. Richard Schweiker, https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification
[^21]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Topic Guide, "Rockefeller Commission Report, June 1975." FRUS 1969-76, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 2, Document 46, Memorandum on implementation of Rockefeller Commission recommendations, August 9, 1975.
[^22]: FRUS 1969-76, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 2, Document 46, August 9, 1975, Kissinger, Buchen, and Lynn to Ford on implementation of Rockefeller Commission recommendations.
[^23]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Finding Aid, "U.S. President's Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States Files," collection extent approximately 41 cubic feet.
[^24]: Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States. *Report to the President.* Government Printing Office, June 1975, summary of findings and pp. 226-228. https://archive.org/details/reporttopresiden01unit
[^25]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing, August 3, 1977, appendix, on the death of Dr. Olson. https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification
[^15]: Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States. *Report to the President.* Government Printing Office, June 1975, summary of findings and pp. 226-228. https://archive.org/details/reporttopresiden01unit
[^16]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing, August 3, 1977, appendix, on the death of Dr. Olson. https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification
[^17]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB, "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975." Document 3: David W. Belin Memorandum to Members of the Commission, "Scope of Commission Investigation - Assassinations," March 10, 1975.
[^18]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB Document 11: Peter Clapper to David Belin, "Public Affairs Considerations in Report," May 2, 1975.
[^19]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB Document 4: Richard Cheney, handwritten comments on draft Rockefeller Commission report, circa June 1975. Cheney served as deputy assistant to the president under Rumsfeld at the time of these edits.
[^20]: Church Committee, "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders," Senate Report 94-465, released November 20, 1975. Ford's suppression request sent October 31, 1975; Church's rejection November 4, 1975; Senate vote November 20, 1975.
[^21]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB Document 10: Mason Cargill to File, "CIA denial of access to records of Special Group Augmented re Cuba," April 30, 1975.
[^22]: Marks, John. *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control.* Times Books, 1979, ch. 12, n. 6, as transcribed at https://cryptome.org/mkultra-0005.htm. The Subproject 35 memorandum of November 15, 1954, does not mention the committee: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/32726-document-11-memorandum-director-central-intelligence-project-mkultra-subproject-35
[^23]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18, 44, and Ch. 18 n. 32, citing MKULTRA Subproject 35-10, May 16, 1955. Sole source for Rockefeller's approval of the Georgetown project; the book calls the body he chaired the "Special Group." For the Planning Coordination Group, its membership and its role as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" to covert operations: Rowland Hughes memorandum to Eisenhower, March 3, 1955, *FRUS 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community,* Document 210, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d210. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of Adm. Stansfield Turner and exchange with Sen. Richard Schweiker, https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification
[^24]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Topic Guide, "Rockefeller Commission Report, June 1975." FRUS 1969-76, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 2, Document 46, Memorandum on implementation of Rockefeller Commission recommendations, August 9, 1975.
[^25]: FRUS 1969-76, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 2, Document 46, August 9, 1975, Kissinger, Buchen, and Lynn to Ford on implementation of Rockefeller Commission recommendations.
[^26]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Finding Aid, "U.S. President's Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States Files," collection extent approximately 41 cubic feet.