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@ -17,9 +17,17 @@ The [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]] was a research unit founded in
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Rhine's work at Duke helped transform psychical research into "parapsychology," emphasizing dry statistics and experimental rigor. While his methods were blessed by statisticians and gained some public interest, the laboratory's work ultimately failed to firmly establish psi within mainstream science. Critics argued that parapsychologists never seemed to have anything to show for their work beyond marginal statistical evidence, leading to the ghettoization of the field.[^1]
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The laboratory also conducted classified research for the U.S. government. In the early 1950s, the Army initiated a secret program with the Duke lab to test whether dogs could locate buried landmines underwater. The lab also conducted experiments on the homing abilities of pigeons for the Army Signal Corps, and on telepathic communication with cats.[^2]
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### Establishment and move
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The laboratory's early work began at [[Duke University]] in 1930, after [[William McDougall]] invited Rhine and [[Louisa Rhine]] to Durham.[^2] It left the psychology department in 1950 and became a separate entity at Duke.[^3] When Rhine retired from the Duke faculty in 1965, the laboratory moved to the [[Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man]] as the Institute for Parapsychology.[^2][^3]
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The laboratory also conducted classified research for the U.S. government. In the early 1950s, the Army initiated a secret program with the Duke lab to test whether dogs could locate buried landmines underwater. The lab also conducted experiments on the homing abilities of pigeons for the Army Signal Corps, and on telepathic communication with cats.[^4]
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---
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
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[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
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[^2]: "Early Studies in Parapsychology at Duke," Rubenstein Library, Duke University. https://exhibits.library.duke.edu/exhibits/show/parapsychology/about-the-exhibit
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[^3]: "Rhine Research Center," NCpedia. https://www.ncpedia.org/rhine-research-center
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[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
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