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10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gertrude Schmeidler.md
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---
aliases:
- Gertrude Schmeidler
- Gertrude Schmeidler
- Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler
category: "Skeptics & Critics"
tags:
- Person
- Psychologist
- Parapsychologist
- Skeptic
summary: "Gertrude Schmeidler was an experimental psychologist with a PhD from Harvard University."
---
Gertrude Schmeidler was an experimental psychologist with a PhD from [[Harvard University]]. In 1942, she conducted an experiment on anomalous mental phenomena with psychology students at [[City University of New York]]. Her analysis of the data led her to coin the terms "sheep" and "goats" to categorize individuals based on their beliefs about [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]][^1].
"Sheep" referred to individuals who were confident about the possible reality of ESP and PK, while "goats" referred to those who doubted the existence of any so-called anomalous mental phenomena. This explicit difference between believers and disbelievers has existed in the upper echelons of the U.S. military and intelligence communities since [[World War II]][^1].