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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Independence Bank of Encino.md
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---
tags: ["Organization", "Bank", "BCCI"]
category: "Private Organization"
summary: "Independence Bank of Encino was a financial institution illegally acquired by the Bank of Credit and Commerce International.[^1]"
---
Independence Bank of Encino was a financial institution illegally acquired by the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]].[^1]
### Acquisition by BCCI
BCCI illegally acquired Independence Bank of Encino in October 1985 for close to $23 million, using [[Ghaith Pharaon]] as a front man.[^1] The true nature of the transaction was concealed when [[Swaleh Naqvi]] secretly funneled money to Pharaon through the Parisian [[Bancque Arabe et Investissement]].[^2]
BCCI illegally acquired Independence Bank of Encino in October 1985 for close to $23 million, using [[Ghaith R. Pharaon]] as a front man.[^1] The true nature of the transaction was concealed when [[Swaleh Naqvi]] secretly funneled money to Pharaon through the Parisian [[Bancque Arabe et Investissement]].[^2]
Pharaon quickly installed BCCI personnel, including [[Kemal Shoaih]], as president.[^2] Independence Bank of Encino shortly ran out of capital and had to be rescued in 1991 with funds seized from BCCI.[^2]
@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ Pharaon quickly installed BCCI personnel, including [[Kemal Shoaih]], as preside
Independence Bank of Encino was one of the three prominent U.S. banking institutions that the [[Federal Reserve Board]] fined BCCI $200 million for illegally acquiring control.[^1] It was also part of the indictment against BCCI and [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] in November 1991.[^3]
## Footnotes
### Footnotes
[^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12-14
[^2]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 211-212