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9
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Cuban Nationalist Movement.md
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@ -19,18 +19,21 @@ updated: 2026-09-21
The Cuban Nationalist Movement was an anti-Castro exile organization based in [[New Jersey]], whose leaders in the 1970s included [[Guillermo Novo]]. The Chilean secret police, [[DINA]], used it as the "Cuban group" in the assassination of [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt]] on September 21, 1976.[^1][^2]
In December 1964 Guillermo Novo fired a bazooka at the [[United Nations]] building while [[Che Guevara]] was speaking there. In December 1974 the movement's leader, [[Felipe Rivero]], sent Novo and [[Jose Dionisio Suarez]] to [[Chile]] "to pay homage to Pinochet," and they entered the country with [[Orlando Bosch]]. Suarez, a former officer of the revolutionary army, was called "Charco de Sangre," pool of blood, for his part in its executions. When [[Michael Townley]] first approached them at a [[Union City, New Jersey|Union City]] motel, Novo, Suarez, and Armando Santana "drew guns and ordered the couple to sit down," searched the luggage, and found an American passport in the name Kenneth Enyart and a Chilean identity card in the name Andres Wilson. "Finally, Novo put away his pistol and extended his hand."[^3]
### The Letelier Operation
[[Michael Townley]] testified that in the summer of 1976 DINA assigned him to go to the [[United States]] and arrange the murder, and told him to get in touch with the movement. The orders of Colonel [[Pedro Espinoza]], as Townley recorded them in 1978, were to "contact the Cuban group to eliminate him, or use SARIN gas, or orchestrate an accident." He arrived on September 9 and the next day met Novo, [[Alvin Ross Díaz|Alvin Ross]], [[Virgilio Paz]], [[José Dionisio Suárez]], and other members in a hotel room in New Jersey. Novo told him the following day that the movement would cooperate but insisted that Townley take part himself. Townley, Paz, and Suárez went to Washington and built the bomb, and Townley fixed it under the driver's seat at midnight on September 18. It was set off by remote control at [[Sheridan Circle]].[^1][^2]
Michael Townley testified that in the summer of 1976 DINA assigned him to go to the [[United States]] and arrange the murder, and told him to get in touch with the movement. The orders of Colonel [[Pedro Espinoza]], as Townley recorded them in 1978, were to "contact the Cuban group to eliminate him, or use SARIN gas, or orchestrate an accident." He arrived on September 9 and the next day met Novo, [[Alvin Ross Díaz|Alvin Ross]], [[Virgilio Paz]], [[José Dionisio Suárez]], and other members in a hotel room in New Jersey. Novo told him the following day that the movement would cooperate but insisted that Townley take part himself. Townley, Paz, and Suárez went to Washington and built the bomb, and Townley fixed it under the driver's seat at midnight on September 18. It was set off by remote control at [[Sheridan Circle]].[^1][^2]
### Trials
Novo and Ross were convicted in 1979 of murder, murder of a foreign official, and conspiracy, and Novo's brother [[Ignacio Novo]] of lying to the grand jury. Part of the evidence came from jailhouse informants working with the government. One of them, [[Sherman Kaminsky]], testified that Ross "told me that he was involved in the murder of Orlando Letelier together with generals in DINA, Sepulveda, Michael Townley, and other members of the Cuban Nationalist Movement in this country." In 1980 the Supreme Court held such testimony inadmissible in United States v. Henry, and the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|court of appeals]] reversed the convictions of Novo and Ross and ordered a new trial. It reversed Ignacio Novo's for the failure to try him separately.[^1]
At the retrial in May 1981 the defense undertook to prove "that Townley and DINA alone plotted to kill Letelier." Townley, the government's witness, admitted that he had lied to a Chilean military investigator and had given [[El Mercurio]] a false statement that he had nothing to do with the killing. Paz and Suárez were not tried with them.[^3]
At the retrial in May 1981 the defense undertook to prove "that Townley and DINA alone plotted to kill Letelier." Townley, the government's witness, admitted that he had lied to a Chilean military investigator and had given [[El Mercurio]] a false statement that he had nothing to do with the killing. Paz and Suárez were not tried with them.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: United States v. Novo Sampol, 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
[^2]: Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The Pinochet Dictatorship Declassified: Confessions of a DINA Hit Man," National Security Archive, November 22, 2023. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-11-22/pinochet-dictatorship-declassified-confessions-dina-hit-man
[^3]: Kiernan, Laura A. "Townley Admits Lying to Chilean Questioners," *The Washington Post,* May 17, 1981, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000606730006-5.
[^3]: Dinges, John, and Saul Landau. *Assassination on Embassy Row*. McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp. 147-151, 240.
[^4]: Kiernan, Laura A. "Townley Admits Lying to Chilean Questioners," *The Washington Post,* May 17, 1981, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000606730006-5.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Palestine Liberation Organization.md
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@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The Black September Organization, a clandestine PLO-affiliated group created aft
The PLO rebuilt its infrastructure in Lebanon, using the Palestinian refugee camps of southern Lebanon and Beirut as a base for guerrilla operations, diplomatic activity, and financial management. PLO institutions in Beirut included banks, hospitals, schools, and military headquarters. The PLO developed significant relationships with Lebanese leftist and Muslim political factions, contributing to the destabilization of Lebanon's fragile confessional political system and the onset of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975.[^1]
Israeli military operations against PLO positions in southern Lebanon escalated through the 1970s. The June 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon (Operation Peace for Galilee), directed by Defense Minister [[Ariel Sharon]], drove PLO forces out of their Lebanese positions and laid siege to Beirut. After negotiations mediated by American diplomat Philip Habib, the PLO agreed to evacuate Beirut in August 1982; Arafat and approximately 15,000 PLO fighters and personnel were transported by sea to Tunis and other countries.[^2]
Israeli military operations against PLO positions in southern Lebanon escalated through the 1970s. The June 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon (Operation Peace for Galilee), directed by Defense Minister [[Ariel Sharon]], drove PLO forces out of their Lebanese positions and laid siege to Beirut. After negotiations mediated by American diplomat [[Philip Habib]], the PLO agreed to evacuate Beirut in August 1982; Arafat and approximately 15,000 PLO fighters and personnel were transported by sea to Tunis and other countries.[^2]
The Sabra and Shatila massacres (September 16-18, 1982) were carried out by Lebanese Christian Phalangist militias in Palestinian refugee camps in Israeli-controlled Beirut after the PLO's evacuation, killing between 800 and 3,500 civilians. Israeli forces commanded by Sharon surrounded the camps and allowed the Phalangists access; the Israeli Kahan Commission found Sharon personally responsible, resulting in his resignation as Defense Minister.[^2]