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- 2026-10-07T1947 · [[Willy Brandt]]
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- 2026-10-07T1947 · [[Willy Brandt]]
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- 2026-10-07T1947 · [[_REVIEW_D1]]
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- 2026-10-07T1945 · [[Pentagon]]
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- 2026-10-07T1945 · [[Pentagon]]
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- 2026-10-07T1945 · [[_REVIEW_D4]]
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- 2026-10-07T1943 · [[U.S. Navy]]
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- 2026-10-07T1943 · [[U.S. Navy]]
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- 2026-10-07T1943 · [[_REVIEW_D5]]
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- 2026-10-07T1941 · [[_WAVE_C_REPORT]]
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- 2026-10-07T1941 · [[IBM]]
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- 2026-10-07T1941 · [[IBM]]
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- 2026-10-07T1940 · [[_REVIEW_D2]]
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- 2026-10-07T1939 · [[Olney House Investigation]]
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- 2026-10-07T1939 · [[Eugene Horsch]]
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- 2026-10-07T1939 · [[R.C. Horsch]]
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- 2026-10-07T1939 · [[Krista Killen]]
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- 2026-10-07T1939 · [[Krista Killen]]
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- 2026-10-07T1939 · [[_REVIEW_D7]]
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- 2026-10-07T1935 · [[_RULES]]
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- 2026-10-07T1934 · [[_NOTES_D3]]
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- 2026-10-07T1934 · [[_FOIA_D3]]
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- 2026-10-07T1933 · [[Nikita Khrushchev]]
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- 2026-10-07T1931 · [[_FOIA_D1]]
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- 2026-10-07T1931 · [[_FOIA_D7]]
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- 2026-10-07T1931 · [[_NOTES_D1]]
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- 2026-10-07T1931 · [[_NOTES_D7]]
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- 2026-10-07T1930 · [[_FOIA_D4]]
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- 2026-10-07T1929 · [[_NOTES_D4]]
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- 2026-10-07T1928 · [[_NOTES_D6]]
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- 2026-10-07T1928 · [[_FOIA_D6]]
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- 2026-10-07T1928 · [[_FOIA_D2]]
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- 2026-10-07T1928 · [[_NOTES_D2]]
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- 2026-10-07T1928 · [[Robert Kennedy]]
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- 2026-10-07T1926 · [[_FOIA_D5]]
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- 2026-10-07T1926 · [[_NOTES_D5]]
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- 2026-10-07T1911 · [[_QUEUE]]
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- 2026-10-07T1858 · [[Richard Babayan]]
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- 2026-10-07T1858 · [[Richard Babayan]]
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- 2026-10-07T1858 · [[Osirak bombing]]
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- 2026-10-07T1858 · [[Yom Kippur War]]
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- 2026-10-07T1857 · [[Saddam Hussein]]
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- 2026-10-07T1857 · [[Zafar Iqbal]]
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- 2026-10-07T1855 · [[_QUEUE]]
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- 2026-10-07T1855 · [[_WAVE_C_REPORT]]
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- 2026-10-07T1853 · [[_REVIEW_C5]]
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- 2026-10-07T1851 · [[_REVIEW_C6]]
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- 2026-10-07T1850 · [[Osirak bombing]]
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- 2026-10-07T1842 · [[_NOTES_C6]]
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- 2026-10-07T1839 · [[_FOIA_C4]]
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- 2026-10-07T1839 · [[_NOTES_C4]]
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- 2026-10-07T1838 · [[_RULES]]
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- 2026-10-07T1837 · [[_FOIA_C5]]
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- 2026-10-07T1837 · [[_NOTES_C5]]
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- 2026-10-07T1836 · [[_REVIEW_C1]]
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- 2026-10-07T1733 · [[draft_self]]
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- 2026-10-07T1733 · [[draft]]
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- 2026-10-07T1731 · [[draft_self]]
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- 2026-10-07T1731 · [[draft]]
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- 2026-10-07T1728 · [[draft_self]]
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- 2026-10-07T1728 · [[draft]]
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- 2026-10-07T1728 · [[_NOTES]]
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- 2026-10-07T1726 · [[draft_self]]
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- 2026-10-07T1726 · [[_NOTES]]
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- 2026-10-07T1726 · [[draft]]
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- 2026-10-07T1724 · [[_NOTES]]
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- 2026-10-07T1724 · [[_NOTES]]
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- 2026-10-07T1718 · [[draft_self]]
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- 2026-10-07T1706 · [[draft]]
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- 2026-10-07T1706 · [[_RULES_WRITE]]
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- 2026-10-07T1706 · [[draft]]
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- 2026-10-07T1701 · [[_RULES_RESEARCH]]
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- 2026-10-07T1700 · [[_NOTES]]
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- 2026-10-07T1651 · [[_GRADING]]
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- 2026-10-07T1649 · [[_NOTES]]
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- 2026-10-07T1623 · [[_LIVE_PAGE]]
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- 2026-10-05T2209 · [[Ciro Daniel Amorim Ferreira]]
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- 2026-10-05T2209 · [[Terrorgram Collective]]
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- 2026-10-05T2209 · [[United States v. Humber]]
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- 2026-10-05T2209 · [[Dallas Humber]]
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- 2026-10-05T2209 · [[Gabriel Rodrigues Castiglioni]]
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- 2026-10-05T2209 · [[2022 Aracruz School Shootings]]
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- 2026-10-05T2207 · [[Gabriel Rodrigues Castiglioni]]
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- 2026-10-05T2206 · [[_NOTES_K3]]
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- 2026-10-05T2206 · [[_DELTA_Dallas Humber_K3]]
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- 2026-10-05T2206 · [[_DELTA_2022 Aracruz School Shootings_K3]]
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- 2026-10-05T2149 · [[Kami Feld]]
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- 2026-10-05T2149 · [[United States v. Rane et al. (2-25-cr-00040)]]
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- 2026-10-05T2149 · [[Clint Borge]]
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- 2026-10-05T2149 · [[Rohan Rane]]
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- 2026-10-05T2149 · [[CVLT]]
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- 2026-10-05T2148 · [[Clint Borge]]
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@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
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---
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aliases:
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- Willy Brandt
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- Herbert Frahm
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- Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm
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category: "Political Figure"
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tags:
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- Person
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@ -8,47 +12,234 @@ tags:
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- Ostpolitik
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- ColdWar
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- Stasi
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- KGB
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- Intelligence
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- CIA
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- Guillaume
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- NobelPrize
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- 1950s
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- 1960s
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- 1970s
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summary: "Willy Brandt (1913-1992) was West German Chancellor from 1969 to 1974, architect of Ostpolitik and 1971 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, who resigned when his personal aide Günter Guillaume was exposed as a Stasi agent in one of the Cold War's most politically damaging espionage operations."
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summary: "Willy Brandt (1913-1992) was West German Chancellor from 1969 to 1974, architect of Ostpolitik and 1971 Nobel Peace laureate, whose chancellorship ended after his aide Günter Guillaume was exposed as a Stasi agent."
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born: 1913-12-18
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died: 1992-10-08
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location: "Unkel, Germany"
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relations:
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Social Democratic Party]]"
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role: "chairman"
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start: 1964
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end: 1987
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fn: 1
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[West Germany]]"
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role: "Chancellor"
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start: 1969
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end: 1974
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fn: 1
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[West Berlin]]"
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role: "Governing Mayor"
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start: 1957
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end: 1966
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fn: 1
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Socialist International]]"
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role: "president"
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start: 1976
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end: 1992
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fn: 1
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- type: director_of
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with: "[[Independent Commission on International Development Issues]]"
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role: "chairman"
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start: 1977
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fn: 1
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- type: member_of
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with: "[[Bundestag]]"
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fn: 1
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- type: informant_for
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with: "[[Counter Intelligence Corps]]"
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start: 1948
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end: 1952
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fn: 10
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- type: funded
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with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1950
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end: 1956
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fn: 11
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created: 2026-10-07
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updated: 2026-10-07
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---
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Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm) was born December 18, 1913, in Lübeck, [[Germany]]. He adopted the alias "Willy Brandt" during anti-Nazi underground activity in the 1930s and retained it as his legal name. He died October 8, 1992, in Unkel, Germany.[^1]
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Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in [[Lübeck]], [[Germany]], on December 18, 1913 and died in [[Unkel]] on October 8, 1992, was a leader of the [[Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) who served as Chancellor of [[West Germany]] from 1969 to 1974 and received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1971 "for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West."[^1][^2] He took the name "Willy Brandt" as a cover name in anti-Nazi activity in the 1930s and kept it as his legal name.[^3] His chancellorship ended after his personal aide [[Günter Guillaume]] was arrested as an agent of the [[Stasi]], the East German state security service.
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### Early Career and Exile
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### Youth and Exile
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Brandt joined the [[Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) youth movement as a teenager and was active in opposition to the Nazi takeover. After Hitler came to power in 1933, Brandt fled to Norway, where he continued political activity in exile. During the German occupation of [[Norway]] in World War II he went underground, eventually reaching neutral Sweden. His wartime record as an anti-Nazi resistance figure gave him legitimacy in postwar German politics that distinguished him from politicians whose relationship to the Nazi period was more ambiguous.[^1]
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Brandt became a member of the [[Sozialistische Arbeiterjugend]] in 1929 and a full member of the SPD in 1930, at the age of sixteen, although the minimum age was normally eighteen.[^3] The Reich government withdrew his German citizenship on September 5, 1938; Barbara Marshall writes that the authorities may have waited so long because the change of name concealed his identity and official documents still listed him as "Frahm."[^3] After [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power in 1933 he fled to [[Norway]], where he was educated in [[Oslo]], and in February 1937 he went to Spain as liaison between members of the [[Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands]] (SAP) and the [[POUM]] militia.[^1][^3] The Communist press denounced him in turn as "an agent of Franco" and "a spy of the Gestapo," according to [[Christopher Andrew]] and [[Vasili Mitrokhin]], who write that the earliest reference to Brandt in his [[KGB]] file is a description of 1936 listing him as a member of the Danzig Trotskyists.[^4]
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### Political Career
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During the German occupation of Norway in 1940 he was captured but not identified. Released as a Norwegian, he fled to [[Sweden]], and until 1945 he lived in [[Stockholm]].[^1] From autumn 1940 he was the Stockholm correspondent of the New York [[Overseas News Agency]]. On March 28, 1941 the Swedish authorities arrested him on suspicion of "Nachrichtentätigkeit für eine kriegführende Macht" ("intelligence activity for a belligerent power"); the Swedish security police ([[SÄPO]]) had followed him and opened his letters since his return from a trip to occupied Norway at the end of 1940.[^5]
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After returning to Germany following the war, Brandt rose through [[West Berlin]] municipal politics, serving as Governing Mayor of West [[Berlin]] from 1957 to 1966. In this role he was a central figure in the Berlin crises of the late 1950s and early 1960s, including the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] on August 13, 1961. He became Foreign Minister in the Grand Coalition government under Kurt Georg Kiesinger in 1966 and Chancellor following the SPD's election victory in 1969.[^1]
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The editor of the Berliner Ausgabe of Brandt's works, [[Einhart Lorenz]], records that Brandt's Stockholm circle, the International Group of Democratic Socialists, included [[Bruno Kreisky]], [[Alva Myrdal]] and [[Gunnar Myrdal]], and American trade unionists with close connections to the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS). His analyses of the German opposition reached the American intelligence service and the [[State Department]] in Washington by way of London, and the OSS rated them "very reliable"; his reports for the Overseas News Agency, which the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]] financed, contained nothing remarkable. Lorenz adds that Brandt also belonged to the informants of [[Toni Sender]], who passed her findings to Western intelligence services.[^6] Kreisky later recalled that Brandt was also well liked by the English and Americans in Stockholm.[^3]
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### Ostpolitik
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In September 1944 the American legation in Stockholm reported to Washington that an article on British contacts with the executed German resister [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]] had been written by Brandt, whom the legation called a "young anti-Nazi German" and described as "obviously well informed concerning opposition organizations and views."[^7]
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Brandt's chancellorship (1969-1974) was defined by Ostpolitik - a policy of engaging with and normalizing relations with East Germany and the broader Eastern bloc, reversing the [[West Germany|West German]] policy of refusing to recognize the legitimacy of the GDR or states that recognized it (the Hallstein Doctrine). The key instruments of Ostpolitik included:
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### The Soviet File, 1941 to 1962
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The 1970 [[Treaty of Moscow]], in which West Germany and the [[Soviet Union]] renounced the use of force and implicitly recognized existing European borders, including the Oder-Neisse line giving Polish territory that had been German before 1945; the 1970 Treaty of Warsaw, normalizing relations with Poland and formally renouncing claims to the eastern territories; and the 1972 Basic Treaty between the two German states, which established mutual recognition and the principle of two separate German states within one German nation.
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The KGB file on Brandt, codenamed POLYARNIK ("Polar"), was among the material Mitrokhin copied. Andrew and Mitrokhin write that after the German invasion of the [[Soviet Union]] in June 1941 the [[NKVD]] residency in Stockholm reported a split among "Norwegian Trotskyists" and named Brandt among those now willing to cooperate with the Soviet Union against Hitler. In autumn 1941 an operations officer of the residency, [[M. S. Okhunev]] (codenamed OLEG), called on Brandt, found him out and left his card; the next evening Brandt spent three hours at the Soviet embassy with Okhunev and the resident, [[Mikhail Sergeyevich Vetrov]]. According to the file, Brandt said he ran a news agency with American press clients, was ready to do anything to hasten the destruction of Nazism, and would send stories from "Soviet comrades" to the United States, disguising their source if necessary; Vetrov and Okhunev asked him instead for intelligence from his Norwegian friends on German forces in Norway. Over the following nine months he met officers of the residency about once a fortnight, and on one occasion was handed 500 kroner and gave a receipt. The file records information he passed on the battleship [[Tirpitz]] (which he told the NKVD he had also given to the British), on German pressure on Sweden to join the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]], and on plans to ban the Swedish Communist Party. In the summer of 1942, after the Swedish police arrested two Czech agents of the residency, TERENTY and VANYA, Brandt refused further secret meetings despite pressure from the residency, while agreeing to come openly to the Soviet embassy.[^4]
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Ostpolitik represented a departure from the Adenauer position that reunification must precede normalization with the East. Brandt accepted instead that the division of Germany was the political reality from which improvement of relations had to begin. The policy generated significant domestic opposition from the Christian Democratic Union, which argued that Brandt was legitimizing the GDR and abandoning reunification. The 1972 Bundestag vote on the ratification of the Eastern treaties was extremely close, with the CDU attempting to pass a constructive vote of no confidence that fell short.[^1]
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The same authors write that the Stockholm residency reported in 1943 that Brandt had also been in touch with British and American intelligence officers in Sweden and with [[Leon Trotsky]]'s former Norwegian secretary, and that the original documents of Brandt's wartime operational file, among them the receipt for 500 kroner, had been destroyed in 1959.[^4] Lorenz writes that Brandt's contacts with the Soviet legation, which included intelligence officers, began after June 1941; that the friendship between [[Martin Tranmæl]] and the Soviet envoy [[Alexandra Kollontai]] suggests the initiative did not come from Brandt; and that whether Brandt actually supplied information to the legation, and what it contained, could be settled only by further sources. Lorenz notes that the information he is said to have supplied until summer 1942 had in all probability been agreed in advance with the Norwegian legation, to which he was closely tied. In a letter to [[Jacob Walcher]] of August 26, 1944, Brandt wrote that he missed no opportunity for direct contact with "the local Soviet people."[^6]
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Brandt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 for Ostpolitik and its contribution to European detente.
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A report on the file reached the German press in 1998. The magazine [[Focus]] of June 15, 1998 and [[The Times]] of June 16, 1998 reported that a defector had said Brandt was a Soviet spy during the Second World War. [[Yuri Kobaladze]], head of the press bureau of the [[SVR]], called the story "completely absurd" on June 19, 1998 and said its source could only be [[Mikhail Butkov]], a former KGB major in the Oslo residency who had defected to Britain in 1991. Andrew and Mitrokhin write that Mitrokhin's notes show the KGB archives do contain a file on Brandt, that it records his passing information to the NKVD residency, that "none of this makes POLYARNIK a Soviet agent," and that Brandt's motive was to provide information to all three members of the Grand Alliance.[^8][^4]
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### Guillaume Affair and Resignation
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From the time Brandt became Governing Mayor of [[West Berlin]] in October 1957, the same authors write, the KGB and the [[Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung]] (HV A) of the Stasi ran active measures against him. A joint operation of 1958 to 1959 used tendentious versions of his wartime record to portray him as an agent of British and American intelligence; the file records that it "did not produce the desired result." [[Markus Wolf]] then proposed reviving a claim that Brandt had been a Gestapo agent in Norway, and the East German leadership ordered the plan aborted for lack of credible evidence. On November 16, 1962 the KGB chairman [[Vladimir Semichastny]] approved a plan proposed by the head of the First Chief Directorate, [[Aleksandr Sakharovsky]], under which a correspondent of [[Izvestia]], Polyanov, accompanied by an undercover officer, would tell Brandt that "we have sufficient means to cause you unpleasantness" unless he resumed "confidential relations." Andrew and Mitrokhin write that the threat was largely bluff because Sakharovsky had found the original documents of the wartime file destroyed, that Mitrokhin did not see a report on any meeting, and that in January 1963 [[Nikita Khrushchev]] invited Brandt to a meeting in East Berlin, which Brandt declined.[^4]
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In April 1974, the [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] (BfV, West Germany's domestic counterintelligence service) informed Brandt that [[Günter Guillaume]], his personal aide and close confidant, was a [[Stasi]] agent. Guillaume had emigrated from East Germany to West Germany in 1956 posing as a refugee, built a career in the SPD, and by 1972 had become part of Brandt's innermost circle, accompanying him on official travel and handling sensitive communications.
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The Ministry for State Security's own campaign against Brandt in 1959 rested on a 54-page statement written under interrogation by [[Georg Angerer]], a prisoner of the HV A. In mid-May 1959 the MfS's Hauptabteilung IX proposed a radio, television and press campaign built on the statement. The statement described Brandt as a Trotskyist who had fought with the POUM in Spain and said that during the war in Stockholm he had struck up relations with the Americans and supplied them with information. [[Daniela Münkel]], writing for the BStU, states that the claims were embellished with plausible details from the emigration years and that the quotations attributed to Brandt cannot be verified.[^9]
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Brandt initially continued to use Guillaume in his work while the BfV completed its investigation - a decision that was later criticized as having extended Guillaume's access. Guillaume was arrested on April 24, 1974. Brandt resigned as Chancellor on May 7, 1974, citing his personal responsibility for negligence in allowing the penetration to occur and the political damage the affair had caused.
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### Alleged Western Intelligence Ties, 1948 to 1961
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The Guillaume case was among the most significant Stasi intelligence successes of the Cold War, damaging not only Brandt personally but Ostpolitik's broader political momentum, since Brandt's resignation removed its principal architect from power.[^1]
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[[Der Spiegel]] reported on December 16, 2021, from research by the historian [[Thomas Boghardt]] in files of the US Army's [[Counter Intelligence Corps]] (CIC), that Brandt supplied information to the CIC from 1948 to 1952 and was registered as informant O-35-VIII. Payment began with cigarettes, sugar and coffee, which served as black market currency, and from 1950 the CIC paid him 250 Deutsche Mark a month. The magazine reported that the CIC's own assessment rated him "normally reliable," that he met CIC contacts more than 200 times, and that his reports on the [[Socialist Unity Party]] (SED), the [[Free German Youth]], political prisoners at [[Bautzen Prison|Bautzen]] and East German industry are missing. It wrote that the material probably came from the SPD's [[Ostbüro]] and that it is unclear whether the party leadership knew of it.[^10]
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On November 11, 1981, the syndicated columnist [[Jack Anderson]] wrote, with his associate [[Dale Van Atta]], that four intelligence sources had told them Brandt was on the payroll of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in the 1950s, that agency payments continued until at least 1956, and that he may have sold information to the KGB. The column said the CIA's interest had been encouraged by [[Eleanor Dulles]], the State Department's German expert, and placed Brandt's first contacts with American and Soviet intelligence in Stockholm, where "American embassy files of that period indicate that he was considered an astute, reliable source." A former CIA agent quoted in the column said, "We learned he was working for them," referring to the KGB. Brandt's aide [[Klaus-Henning Rosen]] denied that Brandt had taken money from either service.[^11] A syndicated column by [[Drew Pearson]] of March 14, 1961, written during Brandt's visit to the United States, had said that Eleanor Dulles, who had entered the State Department's German desk in December 1952, had recommended building Brandt up as leader of the SPD.[^12]
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A second Anderson column, published on November 12, 1981, said that [[William Donovan]], the former head of the OSS, arranged for two couriers to deliver German marks in a locked briefcase to Brandt in [[Berlin]] in February 1956, around a dinner of the [[International Rescue Committee]] (IRC) on February 27. The column said Donovan then headed a special IRC commission for defectors from Eastern Europe, and that the IRC had "always cooperated" with US and British intelligence. The same column said that an allegation of CIA payola to Brandt had been deleted from the 1974 book [[The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence]] by [[Victor Marchetti]] and [[John D. Marks]], and that [[Jimmy Carter]] in February 1977 said or seemed to say that reports of such payments were "groundless" and "reckless."[^13]
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The State Department responded on November 12, 1981, that the allegations "have no basis in truth," that "they repeat rumors, hearsay and pure fabrication," and that the unnamed sources "do not have the courage" to present their claims openly.[^14]
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The historian [[Scott Krause]] reported findings from the Berlin state archives that the Americans paid Brandt 200,000 marks in the 1950s, at a time when the Berlin SPD's annual membership dues came to about 600,000 marks. The payment was disguised as an inflated price for two special inserts of twelve pages in all promoting the [[Marshall Plan]] in the [[Berliner Stadtblatt]], which Brandt edited. Krause said further payments, for election campaigns, could not yet be proven but that there were indications of them. Krause argued that Brandt accepted the money because he shared a "common political project" with Washington, and that although US intelligence services considered Brandt an "asset," Brandt remained an independent actor.[^15]
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In 1961 the defense in the espionage trial of [[Robert Soblen]], convicted in August of that year as an agent of the Soviet Union, identified [[Hans Hirschfeld]] as an aide to Mayor Brandt, the [[New York Times]] reported. Johanna Koenen Beker had named Hirschfeld at the trial as one of two German employees of the Office of Strategic Services who supplied material of interest to Soblen. The government had told the court it did not know where Hirschfeld lived, and the defense motion said the government had located him without difficulty on at least three occasions between 1957 and 1960.[^16]
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In May 1961 the East German newspaper [[Neues Deutschland]] compared Brandt's "counterrevolutionary ambitions" with those of [[Allen Dulles]], whom it called the head of the American intelligence service. The editorial said Brandt had offered himself in the United States as a specialist in revolutions in the GDR.[^17] The paper had attacked Brandt earlier, in February 1950 and in May 1954, with the second headline reading "Willy Brandt. Geheimagent und Kriegshetzer" ("Willy Brandt: secret agent and warmonger").[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ostpolitik and the Back Channels
|
||||
|
||||
Brandt's chancellorship (1969 to 1974) was defined by Ostpolitik, a policy of engaging with and normalizing relations with East Germany and the broader Eastern bloc. It reversed the West German policy of refusing to recognize the legitimacy of the GDR or of states that recognized it (the [[Hallstein Doctrine]]).[^3] Its instruments included the 1970 [[Treaty of Moscow]], in which the two signatories declared the frontiers of all states in Europe inviolable, including the Oder-Neisse line, and West Germany undertook to conclude analogous treaties with Poland, Czechoslovakia and the GDR;[^3] the 1970 [[Treaty of Warsaw]], normalizing relations with [[Poland]]; and the [[Basic Treaty]] between the two German states, signed in East Berlin by [[Egon Bahr]] and [[Michael Kohl]] on December 21, 1972.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
Ostpolitik represented a departure from the position of [[Konrad Adenauer]] that reunification must precede normalization with the East. The policy generated significant domestic opposition from the [[Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU), which argued that Brandt was legitimizing the GDR and abandoning reunification.
|
||||
|
||||
On October 13, 1969, Brandt's emissary Egon Bahr held a two-hour session with [[Henry Kissinger]]. Kissinger's memorandum to [[Richard Nixon]] of October 20, 1969, records that the two sides "agreed on a confidential channel of communications which, together with the direct line from you to the Chancellor, can be used for strictly private exchanges or contact in moments of crisis." Kissinger added that Bahr "has unfortunately not had a reputation for discretion."[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
The historian [[Stephan Kieninger]] of the [[Wilson Center]] wrote in 2017 that Bahr met the Soviet journalist [[Valeri Lednev]] on December 24, 1969. Lednev, posing as a journalist for [[Sovetskaya Kultura]], referred to a secret letter Brandt had sent to Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] in November 1969 and signaled Moscow's willingness to begin confidential talks.[^20] [[Wolfgang Schmidt]] of the [[German Historical Institute Moscow]] gives the same date, writing that the channel had existed since Christmas Eve 1969, that the go-betweens were Bahr and the journalist Heinz Lathe on the West German side and [[Vyacheslav Kevorkov]] and Lednev on the Soviet side, and that [[Yuri Andropov]] was informed from the start because Kevorkov held the rank of colonel in the Soviet intelligence service, which Brandt and Bahr did not know.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
The Berlin meetings between Bahr and Soviet officials began in early June 1970. A memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence [[Richard Helms]] to Kissinger of November 30, 1970, identified Valeriy Vadimovich Lednev, an "international observer" (editor) of Izvestiya who had been engaged in German affairs since he came to West Germany with [[Aleksei Adzhubei]] in 1964, as the regular Soviet participant, and recorded that "Lednev himself has reportedly represented the KGB in some form, although the connection is not clear." The same memorandum said that some of the Soviets with whom Bahr had met in Berlin in the 1960s were known KGB officers, that [[Valentin Falin]] had been named by Bahr as his discussion partner on November 13, and that "we still have no reason to believe that the meetings were anything other than a form of secret and personalized diplomatic exchange on behalf of Willy Brandt, or that the KGB has played more than a support role in them." The volume editors' note to the memorandum names Falin, Lednev and Kevorkov as the Soviet officials, citing pages 90 to 91 of Kevorkov's Der geheime Kanal.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
A Kissinger memorandum of August 20, 1970, described Bahr as "the dynamo and, in most respects, the chief implementer of Brandt's Ostpolitik."[^23] A memorandum by Peter Rodman of April 13, 1972 summarized a report of a conversation of March 30 between Bahr and "Valery Lednev, an editor of Izvestia and personal emissary of Brezhnev," in which Bahr briefed the Russian on his talks with Kissinger and on the prospects of treaty ratification.[^24] A memorandum prepared for Kissinger on March 27, 1972, recorded West German press reports that Bahr had met secretly in Berlin about two weeks earlier with the Soviet ambassador to East Germany, [[Pyotr Yefremov]].[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
Kieninger states that Bahr and Lednev remained back channel partners for thirteen years, until the coalition's collapse in October 1982, when Bahr handed the channel to [[Helmut Kohl]] and [[Horst Teltschik]], that Andropov personally oversaw the work of Lednev and Kevorkov, and that from 1974, when [[Helmut Schmidt]] became Chancellor, Schmidt required written reports on the meetings, of which about 150 exist.[^20] Kevorkov published his account of the channel in German as Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik,[^26] and Bahr wrote of it in his memoir Zu meiner Zeit (1996). After Brandt's resignation, according to Kevorkov as cited by Schmidt, [[Leonid Brezhnev]] expressed incomprehension that Brandt had resigned over rumors about love affairs rather than fighting for his office and said: "One sees at once that Brandt was never in a war." More than twenty letters passed between Brezhnev and Brandt through the channel after 1974.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
Charges about Bahr's eastern contacts had been examined before the chancellorship. In November 1968 Foreign Minister Brandt asked Chancellor [[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]] to clear up reports in the [[Bayernkurier]] and [[Welt am Sonntag]], which cited intelligence material, about Bahr's contacts in the East; Kiesinger charged the head of the Chancellery, [[Karl Carstens]], with the inquiry, and the government spokesman, state secretary [[Günter Diehl]], told the press on February 3, 1969 that the material examined had given no support to the allegation and that Bahr had informed the Chancellor of his contacts with Eastern personalities. The second [[Bundestag]] inquiry committee recorded that Carstens had testified that Bahr could not give a plausible explanation for one of his Eastern contacts, that Kiesinger testified Bahr had given him a plausible explanation, that the committee did not confirm Carstens's suspicion, and that records on a related matter had passed from the [[Bundesnachrichtendienst]] (BND) to outside third parties in a way that remained unexplained.[^27] A CIA weekly special report of August 9, 1974, said that the Guillaume affair and Brandt's resignation came at a time when Bonn's Ostpolitik "was showing some signs of rejuvenation."[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1972 Confidence Vote and the Bribery Allegations
|
||||
|
||||
On April 27, 1972, the CDU/CSU opposition led by [[Rainer Barzel]] moved a constructive vote of no confidence under Article 67 of the Basic Law to replace Brandt with Barzel. The motion received 247 votes, two short of the 249 required.[^29] The vote came while the Bundestag was considering ratification of the Eastern treaties.
|
||||
|
||||
In June 1973 the magazine [[Quick]] published two articles by the CDU deputy [[Julius Steiner]], who had abstained in the vote. The first was headlined "Die DDR hat mich gekauft" ("The GDR bought me") and the second "Ich Julius Steiner gestehe" ("I, Julius Steiner, confess"). The second accused [[Karl Wienand]], the SPD parliamentary business manager, of paying him 50,000 DM for his conduct.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
The first inquiry committee of the Bundestag reported on March 13, 1974. Its majority held that it had not been proven that Wienand had influenced Steiner improperly, including by a payment of 50,000 DM. The minority found an urgent suspicion that Wienand had paid at least 50,000 DM to keep Steiner from voting for the motion, and a suspicion that [[Horst Ehmke]] had helped procure the money. The minority also found it proven that Wienand had offered Steiner about 250,000 DM on March 29, 1972, in Schelklingen, to vote for the Eastern treaties.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
Former East German intelligence chief Markus Wolf wrote in his memoirs that from the service's cash he had made 50,000 DM available to move Steiner to vote against the motion of no confidence.[^9] Andrew and Mitrokhin write that the HV A recruited Steiner shortly before the vote under the codename SIMSON, that Wolf paid him 50,000 marks to vote for Brandt, that in February 1973 Steiner agreed to a contract with the HV A at a retainer of 3,000 marks a month, and that Wolf later reported to Moscow that Steiner was in contact with the [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] (BfV). They add that Quick published a photograph of a bank deposit slip showing 50,000 marks paid into Steiner's account the day after the vote, that Steiner acknowledged being recruited by the HV A but said he had worked as a double agent with the approval of the BfV and that the money came from Wienand, and that Wienand denied it. Wolf, they write, concluded that it was impossible to establish whether Steiner had been paid twice, by Wienand as well as directly by the HV A.[^4] According to [[Brigitte Seebacher]], Brandt said when he heard the television report that Steiner had received 50,000 DM from the Stasi: "Then he collected twice."[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
Münkel writes that Steiner had contacts with HV A staff from 1970 or 1971, and that eight deliveries of information from him are documented for the spring of 1973, mostly on internal matters of the CDU and CSU.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
Stasi files analyzed in 2006 list [[Leo Wagner]], a CSU deputy, as an unofficial collaborator, which strengthened a long-standing suspicion, never proven, that he also received money for his vote.[^29] Münkel dates the public disclosure of the Wagner case to 2000 and writes that no direct connection to the Ministry for State Security could be established. She states that Wagner was probably approached through an intermediary, the journalist [[Georg Fleissmann]], who worked for the HV A as an informant (IM "Dürer").[^9] She notes that Wolf and [[Erich Honecker]] both later claimed credit for keeping the Brandt government in office; Honecker told [[Nicolae Ceausescu]] on May 11 or 12, 1972 that the GDR had taken measures "to support the Brandt government" shortly before the vote.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
In his memoirs Brandt wrote that the party treasurer, [[Alfred Nau]], had told him in passing that he believed everything would turn out well, and that he had "no reason to attach a mysterious meaning to it."[^9] The [[Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen]] (BStU) states that the Stasi had bribed two Bundestag deputies in 1972 whose votes kept Brandt in office.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
### Guillaume Affair, 1956 to 1981
|
||||
|
||||
Günter Guillaume and his wife [[Christel Guillaume]] emigrated to West Germany in 1956, posing as refugees, after training by the Stasi's foreign intelligence directorate, the HV A, to penetrate the SPD. For about ten years he was an SPD functionary in Hesse. He reached the Chancellery in 1970 and became Brandt's personal aide in 1972.[^31] He began work in the Chancellery in January 1970, first as a staff member for trade union questions and from 1972 as the Chancellor's aide for party affairs.[^32] Andrew and Mitrokhin give November 1969, three weeks after Brandt became Chancellor, say Guillaume was codenamed HANSEN and was an HV A officer, and write that Andropov personally forwarded his reports to the Soviet foreign minister [[Andrei Gromyko]].[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Security concerns were raised before he reached the Chancellor's office. The Chancellery asked the BND about Guillaume in December 1969, the BND answered on December 16, and the BND president, [[Gerhard Wessel]], sent a telex on December 23, 1969 with four recommendations for clearing up the security risks, including a personal interview of Guillaume and a background check. The telex was shown to state secretary Bahr, who stood in for the head of the Chancellery, and on December 30, 1969 Bahr wrote by hand on the file: "Even if you have a positive impression, a certain security risk remains precisely here." Ehmke initialled the note on January 4, 1970 and the ministerial director Schlichter on January 5, and Schlichter prepared briefing notes of January 6 for a meeting with Guillaume on January 7. The second inquiry committee found that Ehmke followed Wessel's recommendations apart from the third, to consider employing Guillaume in another agency, and that Ehmke decided on January 27, 1970 to hire him. The committee also recorded BND card entries of 1951 on Guillaume's work for the [[Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Sowjetische Freundschaft]] in East Berlin and an alleged engagement, and held that the failure to enter the publishing house [[Volk und Wissen]] under the heading "legal residency" in the BfV card index rested on an organizational deficiency, finding it incomprehensible that the BfV had not assigned staff in 1962 to complete its card index.[^27] In his notes of April 24, 1974 Brandt wrote that Bahr, who had not been told of the arrest, had, as Brandt only now learned, objected in writing to Guillaume's employment when he first heard of a possible security risk.[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
On May 29, 1973, at 10:30, the president of the BfV, [[Günther Nollau]], briefed Interior Minister [[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]], with the head of the minister's office, [[Klaus Kinkel]], present, that the BfV had grounds to suspect Guillaume of working for the GDR. Nollau at first wished to refrain from informing the Chancellor and urged that Guillaume be left in his post so that the BfV's measures would not be endangered. Genscher and Kinkel insisted that the Chancellor could not be kept uninformed. Genscher informed Brandt on May 29 after a coalition meeting and again on May 30, 1973. The committee recorded that the testimony of Genscher and Nollau conflicted on whether Nollau was asked by telephone on May 30 about the planned Norway holiday and answered that nothing should change, which Nollau denied, saying he first learned of the trip at its start in early July, and that the conflict could not be resolved. A BfV note of July 4, 1973 states that Guillaume was on vacation with the Chancellor.[^27] Brandt informed only his office head, [[Reinhard Wilke]], and, following Nollau's urgent advice, left Guillaume in his post.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
Guillaume was arrested on April 24, 1974.[^34] Andrew and Mitrokhin write that he was arrested at 6:30 a.m. and declared himself "an officer of the National People's Army," and that according to Wolf the HV A had ordered both Guillaumes to suspend their intelligence work after the BfV surveillance began, an account the authors call not wholly reliable. They quote Wolf: the penetration was "equivalent to kicking a football into our own goal," and the HV A "unwittingly helped to destroy the career of the most farsighted of modern German statesmen."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
On May 1, 1974 Kinkel handed Brandt a dossier of the [[Bundeskriminalamt]] containing records of the questioning of his bodyguards about alleged women brought to him by Guillaume. Brandt discussed resigning on May 4 at Bad Münstereifel and informed the SPD leadership on the morning of May 5.[^32] His notes of May 6, 1974 record a conversation with the Federal Prosecutor [[Siegfried Buback]] about the inquiries into his private life, a closing talk at 19:00 with Helmut Schmidt, [[Herbert Wehner]] and [[Heinz Kühn]], in which he said the conversation with Buback had not caused his decision, and a note, with [[Horst Grabert]] as the source, that there might be a second agent.[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
Brandt's letter of resignation to Federal President [[Gustav Heinemann]] is dated May 6, 1974; the editors of the Berliner Ausgabe note that Brandt had written it on the evening of May 5. It reads: "Ich übernehme die politische Verantwortung für Fahrlässigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Agentenaffaire Guillaume und erkläre meinen Rücktritt vom Amt des Bundeskanzlers" ("I take political responsibility for negligence in connection with the Guillaume agent affair and declare my resignation from the office of Chancellor"), and asks that the resignation take effect immediately and that Vice-Chancellor [[Walter Scheel]] be charged with carrying out the Chancellor's business until a successor is elected. Chancellery head Horst Grabert flew to Hamburg on the evening of May 6 to deliver the letter, together with a personal letter, to Heinemann.[^33][^32] On May 7, 1974, Heinemann handed the dismissal certificates to the members of the Brandt government and asked Scheel to carry on the business until a successor was elected; Scheel was acting Chancellor from May 7 to May 16, 1974, when the Bundestag elected Schmidt.[^35][^32] In his television statement of May 8 Brandt said he had told the Federal President on the evening of May 6 that he took political and personal responsibility for negligence in connection with the affair.[^33] The Stasi's analysis of the affair, dated May 14, 1974, concluded that the Guillaume case "was only the external occasion" for Brandt's resignation.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
The second inquiry committee heard Ehmke on September 12, 1974, and Brandt, as SPD chairman, on September 20, 1974. Brandt also testified on October 1, 1974, at the [[Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf]] in the treason trial of Guillaume.[^34] The Guillaumes were sentenced in 1975 to thirteen and eight years in prison.[^31] In October 1981 West Germany released Guillaume in an exchange with East Germany, which the New York Times reported would allow about 3,000 East Germans to join relatives in West Germany.[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later Career
|
||||
|
||||
After resigning as Chancellor, Brandt remained active in SPD politics and served as president of the Socialist International from 1976 to 1992. He chaired the Independent Commission on International Development Issues (the Brandt Commission), which produced the 1980 "North-South" report on global economic inequality. He remained a member of the Bundestag until shortly before his death.[^1]
|
||||
After returning to Germany following the war, Brandt rose through West Berlin municipal politics, serving as Governing Mayor of West Berlin from 1957 to 1966. In this role he was a central figure in the Berlin crises of the late 1950s and early 1960s, including the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] on August 13, 1961.[^1][^3] He became Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor in the Grand Coalition under Kiesinger in 1966. He was SPD chairman from 1964 to 1987 and honorary chairman from 1987 until his death.[^1] He was elected to the European Parliament in 1979 and resigned his seat in 1983.[^1] He was also a member of the Bundestag and remained one until shortly before his death.
|
||||
|
||||
In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held until his death.[^1] In 1977 he chaired the [[Independent Commission on International Development Issues]], known as the Brandt Commission, whose report "North-South: A Programme for Survival" appeared in 1980.[^37] He died of cancer in Unkel on October 8, 1992.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Brandt, Willy. *People and Politics: The Years 1960-1975.* Little, Brown and Company, 1978 (Brandt's own memoir of his political career, including Ostpolitik and the Guillaume affair). Marshall, Barbara. *Willy Brandt: A Political Biography.* Macmillan, 1997.
|
||||
[^1]: Nobel Media AB, "Willy Brandt: Biographical," NobelPrize.org, Nobel Peace Prize 1971 (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/brandt/biographical/). Covers the Lübeck and Oslo education, the 1940 capture and flight to Sweden, the Stockholm years, the Berlin, SPD, Chancellor, Socialist International and Commission offices, the 1979 to 1983 European Parliament seat, and the death at Unkel on October 8, 1992.
|
||||
|
||||
[^2]: Nobel Media AB, "Willy Brandt: Facts," NobelPrize.org, Nobel Peace Prize 1971 (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/brandt/facts/): born December 18, 1913, Lübeck; died October 8, 1992, Unkel; prize motivation "for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West."
|
||||
|
||||
[^3]: Barbara Marshall, *Willy Brandt: Eine politische Biographie* (Schriftenreihe Extremismus & Demokratie, vol. 6, Bonn: Bouvier, 1993), pp. 3-4 (Sozialistische Arbeiterjugend 1929, SPD full membership 1930 at sixteen), pp. 18-19 (the change of name, the withdrawal of German citizenship by the Reich government on September 5, 1938, official documents still listing him as "Frahm"), p. 20 (the recollection of Bruno Kreisky), p. 49 (August 13, 1961), p. 82 (the Hallstein Doctrine), p. 106 (Moscow Treaty), pp. 157-159 (Guillaume affair and resignation). The English edition is Macmillan, 1997.
|
||||
|
||||
[^4]: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), chapter "The Federal Republic of Germany," section on Brandt (endnotes 20 to 33, citing Mitrokhin's notes k-26, 88 and k-26, 86 on the file codenamed POLYARNIK, k-2, 52, and k-19, 248 and 250), and the discussion of Guillaume, HANSEN, Steiner and SIMSON that follows it (endnotes 34 to 50). The authors state that the codename is not evidence that Brandt was an agent and that Mitrokhin's notes on the file go only to 1962. Sole source for the contents of the KGB file as relayed by Mitrokhin.
|
||||
|
||||
[^5]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Demokratischer Sozialist und Journalist in Schweden 1940-1946," entries for autumn 1940 (Overseas News Agency correspondent, registration as a foreign journalist on December 11, 1940) and March 1941 (arrest on March 28, 1941 on suspicion of "Nachrichtentätigkeit für eine kriegführende Macht"; surveillance by the Swedish security police, the SÄPO) (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/demokratischer-sozialist-und-journalist-in-schweden-1940-1946/).
|
||||
|
||||
[^6]: Einhart Lorenz (ed.), Willy Brandt, *Zwei Vaterländer: Deutsch-Norweger im schwedischen Exil, Rückkehr nach Deutschland 1940-1947* (Berliner Ausgabe, vol. 2, Bonn: Dietz, 2000), editor's introduction, pp. 22-26 and notes 43, 52 to 56 (https://willy-brandt.de/wp-content/uploads/ba_02_gesamt.pdf). Note 55 cites Jürgen Heideking and Christof Mauch (eds.), *USA und deutscher Widerstand* (Göttingen, 1994), p. 154; note 56 cites the German edition of Andrew and Mitrokhin, *Das Schwarzbuch des KGB* (Berlin, 1999), pp. 541 f.; note 54 cites Brandt's letter to Jacob Walcher of August 26, 1944 (AdsD, WBA, A 5).
|
||||
|
||||
[^7]: Telegram from the Minister in Sweden (Johnson) to the Secretary of State, Stockholm, September 14, 1944, No. 3661, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, Volume I, Document 320 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v01/d320).
|
||||
|
||||
[^8]: Andrew and Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), Introduction and endnotes 44 to 47: *Focus* (Munich), June 15, 1998; Roger Boyes, "Defector Says Willy Brandt was KGB Agent," *The Times*, June 16, 1998; ITAR-TASS interview with Yuri Kobaladze, June 19, 1998; *Sunday Times*, April 26, 1998, on Butkov.
|
||||
|
||||
[^9]: Daniela Münkel, *Kampagnen, Spione, geheime Kanäle: Die Stasi und Willy Brandt* (BF informiert 32, 2nd ed., Berlin: BStU, 2015), PDF page 8 (Neues Deutschland headlines of February 5, 1950 and May 4, 1954, in her notes 2 and 3), PDF pages 14 to 15 (Angerer, the 54-page statement, the campaign plan of mid-May 1959; notes 18 to 20, BStU, MfS, AU 4000/65, Bd. 1, Bl. 275, 384), PDF pages 54 to 55 (Steiner, Wolf's *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, p. 261, in her note 110, Wagner, Fleissmann, Honecker's remarks to Ceausescu of May 11 and 12, 1972, Brandt's *Erinnerungen* (1994), p. 290, Seebacher, *Willy Brandt* (2006), p. 229) (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/assets/bundesarchiv/de/Publikationen/BFi32_Muenkel_Stasi_und_Brandt.pdf). Wolf's sentence is quoted in German in the publication and translated here. Sole source for the BStU account of the Angerer statement.
|
||||
|
||||
[^10]: Der Spiegel, December 16, 2021, report on CIC files and the research of Thomas Boghardt, as reported by ORF, "Spiegel: Willy Brandt war Informant für US-Geheimdienst" (https://orf.at/stories/3240609/).
|
||||
|
||||
[^11]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Brandt alleged agent for CIA, possibly KGB," Washington Post, November 11, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000100730004-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000100730004-8). Sole source for the CIA payroll and KGB allegations, which the column attributes to four unnamed intelligence sources.
|
||||
|
||||
[^12]: Drew Pearson, "Washington Merry-Go-Round: Distaff Dulles Serves U.S. Well," New York Mirror, March 14, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200150126-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200150126-4). Sole source for the attribution to Eleanor Dulles.
|
||||
|
||||
[^13]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Carter Tried To Deny Brandt Payola Report," Washington Post, November 12, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160021-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160021-4). Sole source for the 1956 IRC courier account, which the column attributes to knowledgeable intelligence sources.
|
||||
|
||||
[^14]: Associated Press, "U.S. Denies Report on Brandt-CIA Tie," Washington Post, November 13, 1981, reporting a State Department statement of the previous day, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160018-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160018-8).
|
||||
|
||||
[^15]: Telepolis, "USA sponsorten Willy Brandt," 2016, reporting Scott Krause's findings in the Landesarchiv Berlin as presented at the Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung in Berlin (https://www.telepolis.de/article/USA-sponsorten-Willy-Brandt-3380017.html); Gulf Daily News (AFP), "US covertly financed Germany's Willy Brandt: historian," June 10, 2016 (https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/93142/US-covertly-financed-Germanys-Willy-Brandt-historian); University of Erfurt, Brandt School, report of Krause's lecture of May 25, 2022, on his book *Bringing Cold War Democracy to West Berlin: A Shared German-American Project* (Routledge, 2019; German edition *Vorposten der Freiheit*, Campus, 2022) (https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university/current/news/news-detail/willy-brandt-on-the-frontlines-of-the-cold-war). Sole source for the 200,000 mark figure and the Stadtblatt mechanism.
|
||||
|
||||
[^16]: David Anderson, "Figure in Spy Trial of Soblen Linked to Brandt of West Berlin," New York Times, 1961, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP75-00149R000700320004-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000700320004-9). Sole source for the Hirschfeld identification, which the defense motion made.
|
||||
|
||||
[^17]: Kurt Krueger, "What Interests Are Represented by the Rightwing SPD Leadership?", Neues Deutschland, May 1, 1961, as translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Dulles and Brandt," May 15, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200140104-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200140104-9). Sole source for the editorial's claims.
|
||||
|
||||
[^18]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Außenminister und Bundeskanzler in Bonn 1967-1974" (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/aussenminister-und-bundeskanzler-in-bonn-1967-1974/): signing of the Basic Treaty by Egon Bahr and Michael Kohl in East Berlin on December 21, 1972.
|
||||
|
||||
[^19]: Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, October 20, 1969, subject "Visit by Willy Brandt's Emissary, Egon Bahr," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XL, Germany and Berlin, 1969-1972, Document 36 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v40/d36).
|
||||
|
||||
[^20]: Stephan Kieninger, "The Secret Side of Ostpolitik," Wilson Center, History and Public Policy Program blog, April 3, 2017 (https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-secret-side-ostpolitik). Kieninger cites the Archiv Helmut Schmidt, Hamburg, "Soviet Union" files, volumes 1 to 5, and the Archiv für soziale Demokratie, Bonn, "L(ednev)" files within Bahr's papers.
|
||||
|
||||
[^21]: Wolfgang Schmidt, "Persönliche Diplomatie in der Ostpolitik: Willy Brandts Beziehungen mit Leonid I. Breschnew und Michail S. Gorbatschow 1970-1992," Ausgewählte Vorträge des DHI Moskau 2021/2 (lecture of June 29, 2021), notes 21 to 24 and 52 to 54, citing Vjačeslav Keworkow, *Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik* (Berlin, 1995), pp. 47-57, 104-120, 151 and 176-177; Egon Bahr, *Zu meiner Zeit* (Munich, 1996), pp. 263-264, 293 and 382-383; and Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1970, pp. 1457-1468 (https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004610/schmidt_persoenliche_diplomatie_in_der_ostpolitik.pdf). Sole source for the Brezhnev remark, which the lecture attributes to Keworkow.
|
||||
|
||||
[^22]: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, November 30, 1970, subject "Background of Bahr-Soviet Talks," paragraphs 2 to 7 and notes 2 and 4, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XL, Document 138 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v40/d138). Note 2 of the volume editors cites Falin, *Politische Erinnerungen*, pp. 128-129, and Kevorkov, *Der geheime Kanal*, pp. 90-91.
|
||||
|
||||
[^23]: Memorandum from Kissinger to Nixon, Washington, August 20, 1970, subject "Conversation with Brandt's Foreign Policy Advisor, Egon Bahr," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XL, Document 108 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v40/d108).
|
||||
|
||||
[^24]: Memorandum from Peter Rodman to Kissinger, Washington, April 13, 1972, subject "Talk Between Bahr and Emissary of Brezhnev," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XL, Document 353 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v40/d353).
|
||||
|
||||
[^25]: Memorandum from Helmut Sonnenfeldt to Kissinger, March 27, 1972, subject "Your Meeting with Bahr: Additional Information," Henry A. Kissinger Papers, Library of Congress, LOC-HAK-270-6-5-0 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/loc-hak-270-6-5-0). The memorandum relays West German press accounts.
|
||||
|
||||
[^26]: B. M. de Jong, review of Vjačeslav E. Kevorkov, *Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik*, Nieuwsbrief/Newsletter, Netherlands Intelligence Studies Association, volume 4, issue 4 (1996), pages 15-16 (https://dare.uva.nl/id/f13a83ac-6d89-40dd-a538-e2d3e99e1b5a).
|
||||
|
||||
[^27]: Deutscher Bundestag, 7. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 7/3246, "Bericht und Antrag des 2. Untersuchungsausschusses" (February 19, 1975) (https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/07/032/0703246.pdf): the section on the security review after the BND telex of December 23, 1969 (Wessel, Bahr's note of December 30, 1969, Ehmke's initials of January 4, 1970, Schlichter's of January 5, the notes of January 6, the interview of January 7, the decision of January 27, 1970); section VI on the briefings of May 29 and 30, 1973 (Genscher, Nollau, Dr. Kinkel, the BfV note of July 4, 1973; testimony cited as 16/8, 93, 15/224, 16/9, 16/95, 27/11 f.); and the section "Die sogenannte Bahr-Akte" (testimony at 20/98 ff., 20/102 f., 22/121 ff., 19/102 f., 121).
|
||||
|
||||
[^28]: CIA, Weekly Summary Special Report, "Ostpolitik from Brandt to Schmidt," August 9, 1974, No. 0032/74A, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP85T00875R001500060014-1 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00875r001500060014-1).
|
||||
|
||||
[^29]: Deutscher Bundestag, "27. April 1972: Misstrauensvotum gegen Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt," Textarchiv (https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/1972-04-27-misstrauensvotum-brandt-890810). The page gives the vote count, the Article 67 motion by Barzel, the Steiner allegation that Markus Wolf repeated in his memoirs, and the Stasi files on Wagner analyzed in 2006.
|
||||
|
||||
[^30]: Deutscher Bundestag, 7. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 7/1803, "Bericht und Antrag des 1. Untersuchungsausschusses" (March 13, 1974), including the introduction's account of the Quick articles of June 7 and June 14, 1973 (https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/07/018/0701803.pdf). The majority and minority conclusions appear under "Ergebnis der Untersuchung."
|
||||
|
||||
[^31]: Stasi-Mediathek (BStU), "Bericht zur 'Entwicklung der Krise der Koalition und zum Verfall der Autorität Willy Brandts'," report of the Stasi's Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe, BArch, MfS, ZAIG, Nr. 5023, Bl. 3-17, dated May 14, 1974, with the editorial introduction on the Guillaume case, the 1956 emigration, the 1972 post, the 1972 bribery of two deputies and the 1975 sentences (https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/fileadmin/pdf/dok1534.pdf).
|
||||
|
||||
[^32]: Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung, "Die Guillaume-Affäre und der Rücktritt Willy Brandts im Frühjahr 1974" (https://willy-brandt.de/en/neuigkeiten/die-guillaume-affaere-und-der-ruecktritt-willy-brandts-im-fruehjahr-1974/) and "Der Rücktritt Willy Brandts" (https://willy-brandt.de/en/neuigkeiten/der-ruecktritt-willy-brandts/): Guillaume's post from January 1970, the briefing of May 29, 1973, the dossier of the Bundeskriminalamt handed over by Klaus Kinkel on May 1, 1974, the meeting at Bad Münstereifel on May 4, the announcement to the SPD leadership on the morning of May 5, and the letter received by Federal President Heinemann on the evening of May 6.
|
||||
|
||||
[^33]: Karsten Rudolph (ed.), Willy Brandt, *Mehr Demokratie wagen: Innen- und Gesellschaftspolitik 1966-1974* (Berliner Ausgabe, vol. 7, Bonn: Dietz, 2001), documents 104 ("Notizen zum Fall G[uillaume], 24.4.-6.5.1974," AdsD, WBA, A 9, 42), 105 (handwritten letter of Brandt to Heinemann, May 6, 1974, AdsD, WBA, B 25, 172, with the editor's note 1) and 106 (statement of May 8, 1974) (https://willy-brandt.de/wp-content/uploads/ba_07_gesamt.pdf).
|
||||
|
||||
[^34]: Bundesarchiv, "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte," Geschichtsgalerie, photo and document captions, including the arrest of April 24, 1974, Ehmke's testimony to the second committee on September 12, 1974, Brandt's testimony to the second committee on September 20, 1974, and Brandt's testimony before the 4th Strafsenat of the Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf on October 1, 1974 (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/geschichtsgalerien/guenter-guillaume-der-spion-den-niemand-stoppte/).
|
||||
|
||||
[^35]: Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages, "Zur Amtsbeendigung des Bundeskanzlers," WD 3 - 285/07, section 1 (https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/415144/5b09af6887d1349ca5200bd532983388/wd-3-285-07-pdf-data.pdf): the dismissal certificates handed over by Heinemann on May 7, 1974 and Scheel's request to carry on the business until a successor was elected.
|
||||
|
||||
[^36]: New York Times, Bonn dateline of October 1, 1981, reporting the exchange, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP90-00552R000202410005-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000202410005-9). The article also reports the 13-year sentence imposed in 1975.
|
||||
|
||||
[^37]: Independent Commission on International Development Issues, *North-South: A Programme for Survival* (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1980), catalogue record at https://archive.org/details/northsouthprogra00inde. Cited for the title and date.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Horsch was born in [[Timaru]], [[New Zealand]], where his father, a fugitive fro
|
|||
|
||||
In 2003, while a student at [[Drexel University]], Horsch caused a drunk-driving crash that left the other driver in a vegetative state; the man died sixteen years later. Horsch pleaded guilty in 2004 to driving under the influence and aggravated assault and was sentenced to two to four years. He was released in 2006. In 2013 police found about 1.9 million dollars' worth of marijuana in the house, and he was sentenced to four to eight years. He was in prison from 2013 to 2017. His father's former wife [[Amy McHale]] was last seen at the house in 2016. After a fire at the house in May 2025 he was charged with possession of marijuana and amphetamine and received three years of probation.[^1][^6][^12] Firefighters had answered a small fire on the second floor on May 18, 2025, and a fire marshal and a patrolman found a marijuana grow, an AR-15 pattern rifle modified to fire automatically, a sawed-off 12-gauge shotgun, and a 9mm pistol, all with destroyed serial numbers, and more than a hundred rounds of ammunition. According to a spokesperson for District Attorney [[Larry Krasner]], [[Jerome Brown]] told the court that the guns had belonged to his father, who had died three days before the raid, and that he had planned to dispose of them properly. The *Inquirer* reported that he pleaded guilty to manufacturing drugs and that prosecutors withdrew the gun charges.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Krista Killen]], who lived in the house and appeared in his father's films, told friends that Horsch broke down her bedroom door and threatened to kill her. She died of drug intoxication some months after his father's death in May 2025.[^14]
|
||||
[[Krista Killen]], who lived in the house and appeared in his father's films, told two friends that Horsch shattered her bedroom door and threatened to kill her; in another version of their account he broke the lock on her basement door armed with a gun.[^14][^1] She died in August 2025, some months after his father's death; the affidavit for the 2026 search gave the cause as "drug intoxication," and the city medical examiner found an overdose.[^20][^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Arrest and Federal Case
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -63,3 +63,4 @@ A federal grand jury indicted him on July 9, 2026. On August 6 Assistant Distric
|
|||
[^17]: *United States v. Horsch,* Nos. 2:26-mj-01270 and 2:26-cr-00296, and *United States v. Horsch,* No. 2:09-cr-00794 (E.D. Pa.), docket metadata and attorney listings via CourtListener search. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/73593607/united-states-v-horsch/
|
||||
[^18]: United States v. Horsch, No. 2:26-cr-00296 (E.D. Pa. filed July 8, 2026), docket via CourtListener / RECAP.
|
||||
[^19]: "Eugene Horsch Denies He's a Serial Killer as Philadelphia Cops Hunt for Missing Women," *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-obviously-serial-killer-former-fbi-agent-12457175
|
||||
[^20]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Barbara Laker. "A woman missing since 2016 had close ties to the Olney house that's now the target of a massive investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* June 27, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/olney-raid-missing-women-mystery-drugs-20260627.html
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,14 +2,19 @@
|
|||
aliases:
|
||||
- Krista Marie Killen
|
||||
- Krista M. Killen
|
||||
category: "Other"
|
||||
- Krista Killen
|
||||
category: "Victims & Witnesses"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- AbuseNetworks
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- RCHorsch
|
||||
- OlneyHouseInvestigation
|
||||
- Kensington
|
||||
summary: "Longtime companion of the Philadelphia pornographer R.C. Horsch who appeared in his films from 2003 and lived at the Olney house from 2016 until her death in 2025."
|
||||
- Philadelphia
|
||||
- Pornography
|
||||
- MissingWomen
|
||||
- Overdose
|
||||
summary: "Longtime companion of the Philadelphia pornographer R.C. Horsch who appeared in his films and lived at the Olney house from 2016 until her death in August 2025."
|
||||
born: 1978-06-15
|
||||
died: 2025-08-16
|
||||
location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
|
||||
|
|
@ -17,26 +22,40 @@ relations:
|
|||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[R.C. Horsch]]"
|
||||
role: "companion and film performer"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
created: 2026-09-23
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-23
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-07
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Krista Marie Killen (June 15, 1978, to August 16, 2025) was the longtime companion of the [[Philadelphia]] pornographer [[R.C. Horsch]], appeared in his films from 2003 to 2021, and lived off and on from 2016 at the Horsch house at 417 West Chew Avenue in the [[Olney, Philadelphia|Olney]] section of Philadelphia, which is the subject of the [[Olney House Investigation]].[^1][^2]
|
||||
Krista Marie Killen (June 15, 1978, to August 16, 2025) was a [[Philadelphia]] woman who was the longtime companion of the pornographic filmmaker [[R.C. Horsch]]. She appeared in his films, lived off and on from 2016 at the Horsch house on West Chew Avenue in the [[Olney, Philadelphia|Olney]] section of the city, and died at 47, about three months after Horsch. The house is the subject of the [[Olney House Investigation]].[^1][^2][^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Films
|
||||
|
||||
She first appeared in Horsch's film *Slaves* in 2003. She recalled wondering during the shoot, "Is he gonna [expletive] kill me?", and Horsch telling her, "This is a movie. I don't want you to be scared." He later filmed her using drugs for a 2017 documentary, *Whore!*, in which she called her own conduct "slow suicide." She is credited as Krista Marie Killen in his films as late as 2021 and at times gave the Chew Avenue house as her address. In 2014 Horsch self-published a novel, *Empathy: The Memoir of an Empathetic Serial Killer*, whose narrator strangles a woman named Krista and dissolves her body in a basement bathtub.[^2][^3]
|
||||
Killen first appeared in Horsch's 2003 film *Slaves*. She recalled wondering during the shoot, "Is he gonna [expletive] kill me?", and Horsch told her, "This is a movie. I don't want you to be scared."[^3] In 2017 he filmed her using drugs for the documentary *Whore!*, in which she described her own behavior as "slow suicide."[^3] She is credited as Krista Marie Killen in multiple films he directed, including one released as recently as 2021, and at times listed the Chew Avenue house as her residence.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Chew Avenue House
|
||||
Horsch's self-published novels include scenes of violence against women. In one of them the narrator dissolves a body with chemicals in a bathtub.[^2] The *[[New York Post]]* reported that in his 2014 self-published book *Empathy: The Memoir of an Empathetic Serial Killer* the narrator kills an addict named Krista whom he met in Kensington, and quoted the line "Krista will live longer than most because she will always exist in my [photographs]."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
Estranged from her family, she told friends that Horsch was never violent toward her and that she cared for him, but that she was afraid of his son, [[Eugene Horsch]]. She told two friends that one night Eugene broke the door of the basement room where she was sleeping, armed with a gun and threatening to kill her, and that Horsch, then about 80, pulled him away. "Krista was always fearful that if something happened to Ray or he passed away, Eugene would not know what to do and not know how to control himself," a friend, Danielle Wynne, said. A lawsuit filed in 2025 over a 2023 car crash near Adams Avenue and Montour Street named Horsch and Killen as defendants and described her occupation as caregiver.[^2]
|
||||
### The Olney House
|
||||
|
||||
In late 2024 part of her leg was amputated. Horsch died in May 2025, and three days later a cigarette started a fire in her second-floor bedroom that brought police back to the house, where they found guns and a marijuana grow. She died on August 16, 2025, at 47, of an overdose, according to the *Inquirer*. Eugene Horsch announced her death on her Facebook page, writing that they had been in love and planned to marry; her friends said neither was true.[^1][^2][^4]
|
||||
Killen was estranged from her family. She told friends that Horsch was never violent toward her and that she cared for him, and she viewed him as her protector.[^2][^3] Horsch provided her with housing and drugs, and she posed nude for his photographs and videos, some of which simulated brutality or death.[^3] She was addicted to fentanyl and crack cocaine and at times did sex work on [[Kensington, Philadelphia|Kensington]] Avenue to stave off withdrawal. Horsch's house stood about three miles north of Kensington.[^3] She continued to perform sex work while living off and on at the house.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
She ran errands for Horsch when his eyesight deteriorated, driving him in an aging Chrysler luxury sedan.[^3] In 2025 a motorist sued Horsch, Killen, and an unidentified man, claiming that the three had crashed a [[Chrysler]] 300 into her SUV near [[Adams Avenue, Philadelphia|Adams Avenue]] and [[Montour Street]] in 2023. Court papers list Killen's occupation as "caregiver" and as the "adult in charge of residence."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Friends described her fear of [[Eugene Horsch]], the son of R.C. Horsch, who she told friends was prone to drug-fueled bouts of rage and carried knives and guns.[^3] She told two friends that one night she was asleep when Eugene shattered her bedroom door and threatened to kill her, and that Raymond, then 80, pulled his son away.[^2] In a second version of the account, the incident took place about two years before mid-2026, in the basement of the house, where her cat BabyCat slept beside her, and says that she awoke to a crash as Eugene shattered the lock on her door, burst in armed with a gun, and screamed that he was going to kill her, according to two of her friends.[^3] She said she was afraid to enter the basement of the house because Eugene had told her he had hurt people there.[^3] [[Danielle Wynne]], a longtime friend, said: "Krista was always fearful that if something happened to Ray or he passed away, Eugene would not know what to do and not know how to control himself."[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Final Months
|
||||
|
||||
In late 2024, after a long infection in her leg, doctors amputated it above the knee. A month later her cat, BabyCat, died of a brain tumor.[^3] R.C. Horsch died of a lung condition in May 2025. Three days after his death, a lit cigarette started a fire in the second-floor bedroom where Killen had moved after losing part of her leg. The fire destroyed most of her belongings.[^3] The fire brought police to the house, where officers found a marijuana grow and guns.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
Killen died on August 16, 2025.[^1][^3] Investigators searching the house in 2026 found her death certificate, and the affidavit of probable cause for the search gave the cause of death as "drug intoxication."[^4] The city medical examiner found that she had overdosed at the age of 47; she was one of at least five women connected to Raymond Horsch who "ultimately died of accidental drug overdoses."[^3][^2] Eugene Horsch later told people close to Killen that she had died just outside the house, or shortly after he took her to the hospital.[^3] Investigators also found five urns in the house.[^3] A funeral home obituary gives her age as 47 and states that services and interment were private.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Eugene Horsch announced her death on her [[Facebook]] page. He wrote: "Please let everyone know we were in love and we were going to get married." Her friends said neither of those things was true.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: "Krista M. Killen," obituary, Philadelphia Cremations, Tribute Archive (June 15, 1978, to August 16, 2025). https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/45838508/krista-m.-killen
|
||||
[^2]: "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026, and "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html
|
||||
[^3]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html
|
||||
[^4]: Cuffe, Davis. "Philadelphia's 'house of horrors' investigation: All that we know," *Billy Penn,* September 18, 2026. https://billypenn.com/2026/09/18/philadelphia-house-of-horrors-police-investigation-olney-update/
|
||||
[^1]: "Krista M. Killen Obituary | 1978 - 2025 | Philadelphia, PA," Philadelphia Cremations, hosted on Tribute Archive. https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/45838508/krista-m.-killen
|
||||
[^2]: Laker, Barbara, Max Marin, Ryan W. Briggs, and Ellie Rushing. "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html Sole source for the account that Eugene shattered her bedroom door, which the Inquirer gives as told to two friends.
|
||||
[^3]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026 (the Dark Arts feature). https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html Sole source for the account of the basement room, the lock on the door, the basement warning, the Wynne quote, the amputation and fire details, and the medical examiner's statement.
|
||||
[^4]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Barbara Laker. "A woman missing since 2016 had close ties to the Olney house that's now the target of a massive investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* June 27, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/olney-raid-missing-women-mystery-drugs-20260627.html
|
||||
[^5]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Ellie Rushing. "A troubling photo of a missing woman appeared on Raymond Horsch's erotic website, years before police investigated," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 21, 2026. The article describes Killen as "Horsch's longtime companion, who died of an overdose last year." https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-missing-women-olney-blair-tonzelli-20260821.html
|
||||
[^6]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings Sole source for the passages so cited; the article spells the name "Krsita" once and "Krista" in the quotation, and attributes the book text to the *New York Post*.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ In 2009 a woman at the house called township police to report noises. Officers u
|
|||
|
||||
Eugene Horsch, then a [[Drexel University]] student, caused a drunk-driving crash in 2003 that left the other driver in a vegetative state until his death sixteen years later. He pleaded guilty to aggravated assault and was released in 2006. His great-aunt [[Helen M. Hoersch]], the last of Albert Hoersch's children, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and a senior editor at the [[American Society for Testing and Materials]], died on April 5, 2004, at 83, "at the home of her nephew," Ray Horsch.[^76] The *Inquirer* reported in 2026 that Horsch acquired the Chew Avenue house after her death and in 2007 used a power of attorney to transfer it to his son for one dollar; the city's deed index records a deed executed on October 1, 2007, with "Hoersch Helen M" as grantor and Eugene A. Horsch as grantee. Horsch moved into the house with his son.[^77][^78][^79] In 2013 police found about 1.9 million dollars' worth of marijuana in the house, and Eugene was sentenced to four to eight years.[^1][^80]
|
||||
|
||||
From about 2017 to 2021 Horsch's website, rchorsch.com, advertised an escort service whose client reviews describe visits to the Olney house. Its motto was "I fear what I love." In 2014 he self-published Empathy: The Memoir of an Empathetic Serial Killer, in which the narrator strangles a woman named Krista and dissolves her body with sodium hydroxide in a basement bathtub; the publisher's description calls the book fiction. In 2016 he released Deleted Scenes: A Serial Killer's Video Journal, filmed over twelve years under the name Ich Bin Niemand, about a man who selects victims among addicts, prostitutes, and runaways. A woman named [[Krista Killen]] lived in the house for years and appeared in his films. His online biography described him as an "artist, filmmaker, composer, writer, porn performer, drug smuggler, some-time political activist, art forger, counterfeiter, pot grower, air show pilot, army deserter, fugitive, sociopath, ex-convict and all-out villain." In 2014 a [[Wikipedia]] user named "S.E. Stokowski" created an article about him and made more than 150 edits to it over the following years. [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] sold his books until the third week of September 2026.[^1][^5][^37][^68][^81]
|
||||
From about 2017 to 2021 Horsch's website, rchorsch.com, advertised an escort service whose client reviews describe visits to the Olney house. Its motto was "I fear what I love." In 2014 he self-published Empathy: The Memoir of an Empathetic Serial Killer, in which the narrator strangles a woman named Krista and dissolves her body with sodium hydroxide in a basement bathtub; the publisher's description calls the book fiction.[^85] In 2016 he released Deleted Scenes: A Serial Killer's Video Journal, filmed over twelve years under the name Ich Bin Niemand, about a man who selects victims among addicts, prostitutes, and runaways. A woman named [[Krista Killen]] lived in the house for years and appeared in his films. His online biography described him as an "artist, filmmaker, composer, writer, porn performer, drug smuggler, some-time political activist, art forger, counterfeiter, pot grower, air show pilot, army deserter, fugitive, sociopath, ex-convict and all-out villain." In 2014 a [[Wikipedia]] user named "S.E. Stokowski" created an article about him and made more than 150 edits to it over the following years. [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] sold his books until the third week of September 2026.[^1][^5][^37][^68][^81]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Kensington Crematorium
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ A law enforcement official and people who knew Horsch in the period have said he
|
|||
|
||||
### The 2026 Investigation
|
||||
|
||||
In May 2025 a fire at the Chew Avenue house brought narcotics officers, who found marijuana plants, firearms, and containers of chemicals. Horsch died the same month and was cremated. Killen died of drug intoxication some months later.[^37][^81]
|
||||
In May 2025 a fire at the Chew Avenue house brought narcotics officers, who found marijuana plants, firearms, and containers of chemicals. Horsch died the same month and was cremated.[^37][^81] Killen died in August 2025; the affidavit for the 2026 search gave the cause as "drug intoxication," and the city medical examiner found that she had overdosed.[^77][^1]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 19, 2026, a federal park ranger stopped Eugene Horsch's car beside [[Independence National Historical Park]]. His passenger carried an identification card in the name of [[Blair Tonzelli]], who was reported missing in February 2023. A photograph of Tonzelli, nude, with an apparent black eye and blood near her mouth, had been in rotation as the lead image on Horsch's website from about 2020 until at least September 2023, seven months after the missing-person report. The search of the Olney house that followed, and its results, are set out under [[Olney House Investigation]].[^68][^80]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -256,3 +256,4 @@ On September 16, 2026, Deputy Police Commissioner [[Frank Vanore]] said that inv
|
|||
[^82]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html
|
||||
[^83]: "Philadelphia police identify 58 people in images from investigation into Olney house," *CBS News Philadelphia,* September 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/horsch-investigation-chew-avenue-olney-philadelphia/
|
||||
[^84]: "Eugene Horsch Denies He's a Serial Killer as Philadelphia Cops Hunt for Missing Women," *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-obviously-serial-killer-former-fbi-agent-12457175
|
||||
[^85]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings Sole source for the name Krista in *Empathy*.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,33 +1,137 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- The Pentagon
|
||||
- Pentagon Building
|
||||
- Pentagon building
|
||||
created: 2026-10-07
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-07
|
||||
title: Pentagon
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- Government
|
||||
- USA
|
||||
- Military
|
||||
- Dark_Alliance_Investigation
|
||||
description: Headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense, epicenter of UAP secrecy, and the location where Enrique Bermúdez was invited to discuss forming a Contra army.
|
||||
- UAP
|
||||
- RemoteViewing
|
||||
- DarkAllianceInvestigation
|
||||
- PentagonPapers
|
||||
description: Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Arlington, Virginia, and the site of programs and events that touch the remote viewing, UAP, Contra and protest clusters of this vault.
|
||||
category: "U.S. Government"
|
||||
summary: "The Pentagon is the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense, which administered the AATIP program and several classified research programs including STARGATE's successor activities and UAP investigation units."
|
||||
summary: "The Pentagon is the headquarters of the Department of Defense, built 1941 to 1943, and appears in the record of remote viewing tasking, the AAWSAP/AATIP dispute, and the offices that produced the Pentagon Papers."
|
||||
start: 1943
|
||||
location: "Arlington, Virginia"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: subject_of
|
||||
with: "[[September 11 attacks]]"
|
||||
start: 2001-09-11
|
||||
role: "struck by American Airlines Flight 77"
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Pentagon]] is the headquarters of the United States [[Department of Defense]] (DoD). It is the central location for the command and control of the U.S. armed forces and has been the epicenter of the government's long and complex history with the [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) issue.[^1]
|
||||
The Pentagon is the headquarters of the [[Department of Defense]] in Arlington, Virginia. Its rooms and offices appear in the record of a remote viewing tasking, a 1979 Army human subjects review of protocols from the [[Stanford Research Institute]], the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force that produced the [[Pentagon Papers]], and the dispute over the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Role in UAP Investigation and Secrecy
|
||||
### Construction, 1941 to 1944
|
||||
|
||||
The Pentagon has been the home of official government programs tasked with investigating UAP, including the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP), the [[UAP Task Force]], and the [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO). According to [[Luis Elizondo]], the Pentagon's culture of stigma around UAP made serious investigation nearly impossible.[^1]
|
||||
On July 17, 1941, [[Brehon Somervell]], then head of the Army's Construction Division, summoned [[Hugh Casey]] and the architect [[George Bergstrom]] and asked for plans for a War Department office building to house 40,000 people, to be on his desk by nine o'clock the following Monday. He first envisaged a four-story building on the site of the Washington-Hoover Airport; General [[Eugene Reybold]] concluded that construction there might not be feasible, and Somervell moved the location to a 67-acre tract at Arlington Farms, east of [[Arlington National Cemetery]], and reduced the height to three stories. The plan called for 5,100,000 square feet of floor space on a site bounded by five roads, and Somervell told a House appropriations subcommittee on July 22 that $35 million would cover everything except parking.[^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The building has been the site of numerous key events in the UAP disclosure movement, including the initial briefings of [[Christopher Mellon]] by Elizondo and the internal battles over AATIP's funding.[^1]
|
||||
Ground was broken on September 11, 1941, and the first employees moved in on April 30, 1942. The contractors were John McShain, Inc. of Philadelphia, the Wise Contracting Company and Doyle and Russell; Somervell named Captain Clarence Renshaw, one of [[Leslie Groves]]'s assistants, to direct the work. By late April 1942 the job had moved 2,500,000 cubic yards of earth, poured 225,000 cubic yards of concrete and driven over 40,000 piles. Employment at its peak was 13,000 in the Corps of Engineers history and upwards of 15,000 in the [[Defense Media Network]] account. The building was completed in February 1943, covering 29 acres.[^2][^3] The history of the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] calls the Pentagon "one bright spot in the program" in the winter of 1941 to 1942.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The Pentagon is also alleged to be the home of the "[[Collins Elite]]," a group of religious fundamentalists who believe the UAP phenomenon is demonic, and the "[[Legacy Program]]," a deeply hidden effort to reverse-engineer recovered UAP technology.[^1]
|
||||
Groves, then a colonel, was chief of operations for the project. In mid-September 1942, as Deputy Chief of Construction of the Corps of Engineers, he was told by Somervell that he was to take charge of the Army's atomic project (the [[Manhattan Project]]). Groves wrote that in a meeting that day at the office of Major General [[William Styer]] in the Pentagon they agreed that, because the Pentagon was so nearly finished and he had had so much to do with it, he would continue to control its construction, arranged informally, in part because of the interest in the building shown by a number of Congressmen.[^4] A few months after the building was finished, Groves recruited [[Robert Furman]], who had been the project's executive officer and had used a windowless apartment inside the building during construction; Furman was then assigned to discover what he could about the German atomic bomb effort.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Dark Alliance Investigation
|
||||
Cost figures differ by source and date. The Defense Media Network gives more than $83 million. In a House speech on February 29, 1944, Representative [[Albert J. Engel]] fixed the total outlay at roughly $86 million, $51 million more than originally appropriated; a War Department spokesman answered that the cost was $63 million, attributing the difference to highways planned in 1934, sewage and drainage systems used by other buildings, a fifth floor built as a war necessity, and 40,000 caissons required when the site was changed from high to low ground. The Corps of Engineers history records that Groves, from his headquarters on the fifth floor of the New War Building, helped plan the defense, and that Renshaw returned from the Philadelphia District to assist.[^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The Pentagon was where [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermúdez]] was invited by a U.S. Air Force official to discuss forming a Contra army. The official told Bermúdez he had a friend at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] who wanted to meet Nicaraguan exiles with military experience. The meeting was a key moment in the creation of the [[FDN]] Contra army, demonstrating that the U.S. military establishment was directly involved in forming the Contra force from its earliest days.[^2]
|
||||
### Remote viewing tasking and psi review inside the building
|
||||
|
||||
A session report from the CIA-RDP96 collection records a remote viewing session, designated CC4 and classified by the Director of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], that was conducted "in compliance with a request from SOD, J3, OJCS, Pentagon, Washington, D.C." The stated purpose was information relevant to the hostage situation in the U.S. Embassy compound in Teheran, Iran. The session was part of the program the report calls [[GRILL FLAME]].[^5] An Army Intelligence and Security Command memorandum dated April 23, 1980, written by the project manager (Lieutenant Colonel Murray) to the executive officer of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence's HUMINT office, reports that the Special Operations Division (SOD), JCS "requested we intensify our efforts and that we attempt to set up a situation wherein the possibilities for aborting the mission would be sharply reduced," and that the request was relayed to the command through Mr. Jackie Keith. The same memorandum records a planned April 25 meeting with a CIA representative to arrange a joint INSCOM/CIA effort suggested by the Deputy Director for Operations, and a proposed visit by officers to SRI contacts [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]].[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
On March 26, 1979, an ad hoc subcommittee of the Army's Human Subjects Research Review Board met at 1100 hours in Room 2E465 of the Pentagon under AR 70-25 to consider protocols from SRI and from the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (AMSAA). Targ and Puthoff presented the SRI protocol. The subcommittee's unanimous consensus was that the SRI protocol "was identified as technology transfer rather than research or testing," that the AMSAA protocol was judged to be phenomenological validation of the technology to be transferred by SRI, and that Federal guidelines and Army regulations on the use of human subjects did not apply. The minutes add that if follow-on work involved human subjects, the subcommittee felt the Army sponsors and action agencies were presently unprepared to address all anticipated problems.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
A briefing by the [[U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) on April 18, 1983 on its study "Beyond Excellence" was held in Room 2E687A of the Pentagon, primarily for Major General John H. Mitchell, Director of Human Resources Development in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, with other ODCSPER representatives, the Army Research Institute, the Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command and selected members of the Army Science Board present.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 21, 1985, a briefing on the CENTER LANE and DRAGOON ABSORB programs ran from 1640 to 1940 hours in the DIA Conference Room in the Pentagon, for staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. A memorandum for record by [[Brian Buzby]], who took part in the briefing, records a historical overview of the DOD psychoenergetic program by [[Jack Vorona]], the DRAGOON ABSORB program manager, followed by a review of successful remote viewing examples by Buzby; it states that the briefing and information received "seemed to be well received."[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Office of Net Assessment]] was founded in 1973, with [[Andrew Marshall]] as its first director. A 1999 profile of Marshall in [[The Nation]] describes him as running the office from a small office on the third floor of the Pentagon, with a staff of twelve.[^10] On March 13, 2025, Secretary of Defense [[Pete Hegseth]] signed a memo disestablishing the office, reassigning its civilian employees, returning military personnel to their services, terminating its contracts and directing the Deputy Secretary of Defense to provide within 30 days a plan to rebuild the office consistent with his priorities. Pentagon spokesman [[Sean Parnell]] announced the decision as one ensuring that the department's resources were focused on its most pressing national security challenges.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
### AAWSAP, AATIP and the 2017 disclosures
|
||||
|
||||
The Defense Appropriations Acts for fiscal years 2008 and 2010 appropriated $22 million for the DIA, at the direction of Senate Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]], to assess long-term foreign advanced aerospace threats. The [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO) reported in February 2024 that DIA established the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Application Program (AAWSAP) in 2009, which "was also known" as AATIP, and that the contract went to a private sector organization.[^12] The contract document released by DIA under FOIA, number HHM402-08-C-0072, carries an effective date of September 22, 2008, was issued by the Virginia Contracting Activity under solicitation HHM402-08-R-0211 of September 1, 2008, and names Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, LLC, whose proposal of September 3, 2008 it incorporates.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
AARO's report states that the names AAWSAP and AATIP "have been used interchangeably for the name of this program, including on official documentation," and that "Unlike AAWSAP, AATIP was never an official DoD program." It adds that after AAWSAP was cancelled, "the AATIP moniker was used by some individuals associated with an informal, unofficial UAP community of interest within DoD," and that this effort "was not a recognized, official program, and had no dedicated personnel or budget." AARO also states that DIA "did not seek, nor specifically authorize" the program's work at a Utah property, although a DIA employee set up and managed the contract, and that AAWSAP/AATIP was terminated in 2012 upon the completion of its deliverables because of DIA and DoD concerns about the project.[^12][^14]
|
||||
|
||||
Other records and statements on the same question follow in date order.
|
||||
|
||||
On June 24, 2009, Reid sent a letter to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]] requesting that AAWSAP/AATIP be made a DoD Special Access Program; AARO states that Lynn declined on the recommendation of [[James Clapper]], then Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, that such a designation was not justified.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Luis Elizondo]] resigned effective October 4, 2017. His resignation letter to Secretary of Defense [[James Mattis]], as quoted by The Washington Post, stated: "Despite overwhelming evidence at both the classified and unclassified levels, certain individuals in the [Defense] Department remain staunchly opposed to further research on what could be a tactical threat to our pilots, sailors and soldiers, and perhaps even an existential threat to our national security."[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[New York Times]], the [[Washington Post]] and [[Politico]] reported the program on December 16, 2017. Reid told the Times: "I'm not embarrassed or ashamed or sorry I got this thing going. I think it's one of the good things I did in my congressional service." In the GBH summary of those reports the program began in some form in 2007 and officially ended in 2012.[^15] Politico's Bryan Bender wrote that "Pentagon spokeswoman Dana White confirmed to Politico that the program existed and was run by Elizondo," as quoted by Keith Kloor in The Intercept in 2019.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
On April 27, 2020, the Department of Defense authorized the release of three unclassified Navy videos (one taken in November 2004, two in January 2015) that had circulated after unauthorized releases in 2007 and 2017, and stated that "the aerial phenomena observed in the videos remain characterized as 'unidentified.'"[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
In 2019 Pentagon spokesperson Christopher Sherwood told The Intercept that AATIP "did pursue research and investigation into unidentified aerial phenomena," that Elizondo "had no responsibilities with regard to the AATIP program while he worked in OUSDI, up until the time he resigned effective 10/4/2017," and that he "cannot confirm" White's statement.[^16] Pentagon public affairs spokesperson Susan Gough told the Black Vault on June 13, 2019 that a 2009 Reid memo then in circulation was authentic and that DoD "received it and responded to Sen. Reid," and that it "makes no change to previous statements. Mr. Elizondo had no assigned responsibilities for AATIP while he was in OUSD(I). DIA administered AATIP, and Elizondo was never assigned to DIA. Elizondo did interact with the DIA office managing the program while the program was still ongoing, but he did not lead it."[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
In May 2021 Elizondo filed a complaint with the DoD Inspector General alleging "malicious activities, coordinated disinformation, professional misconduct, whistleblower reprisal and explicit threats" by senior officials, among them Garry Reid, Susan Gough and Neill Tipton, with a chronology of his claimed involvement in AATIP. Inspector General records released under FOIA to [[John Greenewald]] show that the office assigned multiple case numbers to different aspects of the complaint.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
Elizondo describes absorbing the program's remnants into his own portfolio. He has also said that the Pentagon's stigma around UAP made serious investigation nearly impossible.[^20] He describes opposition from a group he calls the [[Collins Elite]], religious fundamentalists within the Pentagon who believed the phenomenon was demonic, and from the [[Legacy Program]], which he says controlled recovered [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) materials.[^21] Elizondo also describes the building as the site of his initial briefings of [[Christopher Mellon]].[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### UAP Task Force and AARO
|
||||
|
||||
On August 4, 2020, Deputy Secretary of Defense David L. Norquist approved the establishment of the [[UAP Task Force]], which the Department of the Navy leads under the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security.[^23] AARO's historical record report lists the DoD UAP Task Force, led by the U.S. Navy, among the programs that preceded it,[^24] and describes a 1949 period in which, according to one account, perceived pressure from the Pentagon's leadership led the remaining staff of [[Project Grudge]] who held the interplanetary view to change their minds.[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
The statute now codified at 50 U.S.C. 3373 directs the Secretary of Defense, with the Director of National Intelligence, to establish within 120 days of December 23, 2022 an office, to be known as AARO, to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force as in effect on December 26, 2021. The office's director reports directly to the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
### Contra recruitment
|
||||
|
||||
In [[Dark Alliance]], [[Gary Webb]] wrote that Major General [[Charles E. Boyd]], described as a top U.S. Air Force official, invited [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermúdez]] to the Pentagon to discuss ideas. There, after sounding out Bermúdez on the idea of running a rebel force to harass the Sandinistas, Boyd told him that he had a friend at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] who was interested in speaking with him. Webb wrote that by mid-1980 Bermúdez had moved to a rented house in [[Miami]] and that, according to one account, he was then on the CIA's payroll.[^27] The [[FDN]] was the Contra group that pursued resistance activities on the Northern Front from bases in Honduras, according to the CIA Inspector General's report on the Northern Front Contras.[^28] Charles Graham Boyd, who was Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division of the Air Staff's Directorate of Plans at the Pentagon in 1979 and 1980, gave an oral history in which that division is described as dealing with all the countries of Latin America and Canada.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1967 march, the Pentagon Papers and the 1972 bombing
|
||||
|
||||
On October 21, 1967, a [[March on the Pentagon]] was held against the Vietnam War. The National Archives estimates a crowd of 100,000 gathered at the Lincoln Memorial and gives two arrest figures: "nearly 700 protesters had been jailed" and, on a release sheet, "more than six-hundred persons arrested." NARA holds a Universal Newsreel reel covering the march.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
The Pentagon Papers, officially titled the "Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force," were commissioned by Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]] in 1967. Portions were leaked to the press in June 1971.[^1] The National Archives page links a 1973 interview with [[Daniel Ellsberg]] titled "Why I Did It."[^1] On the fortieth anniversary of the leak, the National Archives, with the Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon presidential libraries, released the complete report: 48 boxes and approximately 7,000 declassified pages, about 34 percent of it available for the first time.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Weather Underground]] claimed responsibility for a number of bombings from 1970 onward. An FBI appendix on the Weathermen, reproduced in the William Kunstler FBI files, lists the U.S. Capitol Building in March 1971 and "the Pentagon Building in May, 1972" among them.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
### September 11, 2001
|
||||
|
||||
On September 11, 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37:46 a.m., traveling at approximately 530 miles per hour. The [[9/11 Commission]] report states that all on board, and many civilian and military personnel in the building, were killed.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] gave the kickoff remarks for DoD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week, titled "Bureaucracy to Battlefield," and said: "Our financial systems are decades old. According to some estimates, we cannot track $2.3 trillion in transactions."[^33] A Department of Defense Inspector General report issued February 25, 2000 stated that of $6.9 trillion in accounting entries for fiscal year 1999, $2.3 trillion "was not supported by adequate audit trails or sufficient evidence to determine their validity," $2 trillion was not reviewed because of time constraints, and $2.6 trillion were supported. A follow-up report dated August 18, 2000 gave a total of $7.6 trillion in department-level entries after an additional $0.7 trillion was identified; $3.5 trillion were supported with proper research, reconciliation and audit trails, and another $1.8 trillion were identified but not reviewed. It described $2.3 trillion of entries as ones that "were made to force financial data to agree with various sources of financial data without adequate research and reconciliation, were made to force buyer and seller data to agree in preparation for eliminating entries, did not contain adequate documentation and audit trails, or did not follow accounting principles."[^34][^35]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
|
||||
[^1]: National Archives, "Pentagon Papers," Research Our Records, last reviewed July 29, 2019, https://www.archives.gov/research/pentagon-papers
|
||||
[^2]: Zimmerman, Dwight Jon. "Somervell's Folly: The Construction of the Pentagon." Defense Media Network, July 14, 2011, https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/somervells-folly/
|
||||
[^3]: Fine, Lenore, and Jesse A. Remington. *The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States.* United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services, CMH Pub 10-5. Washington: Center of Military History, 1972, pp. 431 to 433 (origin of the project), p. 512 (construction progress), pp. 609 to 610 (1944 cost dispute), https://archive.org/details/CMHPub10-5
|
||||
[^4]: Groves, Leslie R. *Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project.* New York: Harper, 1962, pp. 3 to 5.
|
||||
[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, CREST reading room, document CIA-RDP96-00788R000800010001-3, Remote Viewing (RV) session CC4 summary analysis, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r000800010001-3
|
||||
[^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, CREST reading room, document CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250034-7, United States Army Intelligence and Security Command memorandum BF-OPS-HU-SA, "BG Flynn Update Re: GRILL FLAME," April 23, 1980, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000250034-7
|
||||
[^7]: Surgeon General, Department of the Army, memorandum SGRD-HR, "Minutes of Ad Hoc Subcommittee of The Surgeon General's Human Use Review Committee Meeting, 26 March 1979," March 29, 1979, CIA CREST reading room, document CIA-RDP96-00788R001100110002-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100110002-7
|
||||
[^8]: CIA CREST reading room, document CIA-RDP96-00788R001800020001-1, Army report on the 1983 "Emerging Concepts" meetings (INSCOM briefing of April 18, 1983, "Beyond Excellence"), https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001800020001-1
|
||||
[^9]: Buzby, Brian, memorandum for record, "CENTER LANE/DRAGOON ABSORB Briefing to Congressional Intelligence Committee Staff Members," February 25, 1985, CIA CREST reading room, document CIA-RDP96-00788R001500020001-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001500020001-4
|
||||
[^10]: Silverstein, Ken, "The Man From ONA," The Nation, October 7, 1999, https://thenation.com/?p=67067
|
||||
[^11]: Mehta, Aaron, and Valerie Insinna, "Hegseth 'disestablishing' Office of Net Assessment, Pentagon's strategic analysis specialists," Breaking Defense, March 13, 2025, https://breakingdefense.com/2025/03/hegseth-orders-disestablishing-of-office-of-net-assesment/
|
||||
[^12]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, Department of Defense, "Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I," February 2024, cleared for open publication March 6, 2024, pp. 22 to 23, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
|
||||
[^13]: Defense Intelligence Agency, solicitation/contract for commercial items HHM402-08-C-0072 (solicitation HHM402-08-R-0211), award effective September 22, 2008, released in response to FOIA-00269-2018 on June 26, 2023, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/FOIA-00269-2018.pdf
|
||||
[^14]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 23, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
|
||||
[^15]: "Secret Pentagon Program Spent Millions to Research UFOs," GBH News, December 17, 2017 (summarizing reports of The New York Times, The Washington Post and Politico of December 16, 2017), https://wgbh.org/news/2017-12-17/secret-pentagon-program-spent-millions-to-research-ufos
|
||||
[^16]: Kloor, Keith, "The Media Loves This UFO Expert Who Says He Worked for an Obscure Pentagon Program. Did He?" The Intercept, June 1, 2019, https://theintercept.com/2019/06/01/ufo-unidentified-history-channel-luis-elizondo-pentagon/
|
||||
[^17]: Department of Defense, "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020, archived capture of https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (Wayback Machine, August 10, 2025)
|
||||
[^18]: Greenewald, John, Jr., "Pentagon Reinforces Mr. Luis Elizondo Had 'No Responsibilities' on AATIP; Senator Harry Reid's 2009 Memo Changes Nothing," The Black Vault, June 14, 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/pentagon-reinforces-mr-luis-elizondo-had-no-responsibilities-on-aatip-senator-harry-reids-2009-memo-changes-nothing
|
||||
[^19]: Greenewald, John, "The DoD Inspector General Complaint of Luis Elizondo: A Document Archive," The Black Vault, March 18, 2025, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-dod-inspector-general-complaint-of-luis-elizondo-a-document-archive/
|
||||
[^20]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^21]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024, pp. 80 to 84. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^22]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024. Sole source for the passage so cited.
|
||||
[^23]: Department of the Navy, "Establishment of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," press release, August 14, 2020, archived capture of https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2314280/establishment-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-task-force/
|
||||
[^24]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 13, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
|
||||
[^25]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 15, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF
|
||||
[^26]: 50 U.S.C. 3373, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3373
|
||||
[^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998, Chapter 2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^28]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Northern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html
|
||||
[^29]: Boyd, Charles Graham, oral history interview, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Boyd.Charles.Graham.pdf
|
||||
[^30]: "This Week in Universal News: The March on the Pentagon, 1967," National Archives, Unwritten Record blog, https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/?p=4211
|
||||
[^31]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Weathermen" appendix, reproduced in the William Kunstler FBI files (FBI Vault, William Kunstler), https://archive.pov.org/disturbingtheuniverse/fbi-files/6/
|
||||
[^32]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report*, 2004, p. 10 and note 61, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
|
||||
[^33]: Rumsfeld, Donald H., "Bureaucracy to Battlefield," remarks as delivered at the Pentagon, September 10, 2001, Department of Defense Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week kickoff, archived capture of http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2001/s20010910-secdef.html (September 15, 2001)
|
||||
[^34]: Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General, Report No. D-2000-179, "Department-Level Accounting Entries for FY 1999," August 18, 2000, https://media.defense.gov/2000/Aug/18/2001713967/-1/-1/1/00-179.pdf
|
||||
[^35]: Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General, Report No. D-2000-091, "Internal Controls and Compliance With Laws and Regulations for the DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements for FY 1999," February 25, 2000, https://media.defense.gov/2000/Feb/25/2001715708/-1/-1/1/00-091.pdf
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,22 +1,223 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- "United States Navy"
|
||||
created: 2025-07-22
|
||||
updated: 2025-07-22
|
||||
- "US Navy"
|
||||
- "U.S. Navy"
|
||||
- "USN"
|
||||
title: U.S. Navy
|
||||
created: 2025-07-22
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-07
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- organization
|
||||
- military
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- Military
|
||||
- USA
|
||||
- USNavy
|
||||
- OperationUnderworld
|
||||
- ProjectCHATTER
|
||||
- Parapsychology
|
||||
- UAP
|
||||
- IranContra
|
||||
- USSLiberty
|
||||
description: The U.S. Navy is the maritime warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.
|
||||
category: "U.S. Government"
|
||||
summary: "The U.S. Navy is the maritime warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces, connected to this vault through its small SRI psi research contracts, the fabricated USS Nautilus telepathy story, and the Navy A-6 crash successfully remote-viewed by Ken Bell."
|
||||
summary: "The U.S. Navy is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces, with records in the Luciano, truth drug, psi, UAP, patent, Iran-Contra and USS Liberty clusters."
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Charles R. Haffenden]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1942
|
||||
end: 1944
|
||||
role: "Reserve commander, District Intelligence Office, Third Naval District"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Project CHATTER]]"
|
||||
start: 1947
|
||||
end: 1953
|
||||
role: "sponsoring service of the truth drug program"
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[G. Richard Wendt]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1950
|
||||
end: 1952
|
||||
role: "University of Rochester psychologist under a $300,000 Navy contract on barbiturates, amphetamines, alcohol and heroin"
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Samuel Thompson]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1951
|
||||
end: 1953
|
||||
role: "Navy commander, head of psychiatric research at the Naval Medical Research Institute"
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
|
||||
start: 1976-02-04
|
||||
role: "Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research and Naval Electronics Systems Command, extending CIA-sponsored parapsychology investigations"
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Stargate Project]]"
|
||||
start: 1975
|
||||
end: 1979
|
||||
role: "one of the Defense Department service elements that supported psi research, per a CIA response to Senate Appropriations direction"
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Tic Tac]]"
|
||||
start: 2004
|
||||
role: "carrier air wing and squadron whose F/A-18 pilots intercepted the object"
|
||||
fn: 18
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Dave Fravor]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2004
|
||||
role: "commander, Strike Fighter Squadron 41 (Black Aces)"
|
||||
fn: 18
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Ryan Graves]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2014
|
||||
role: "F/A-18 pilot, Fighter Attack Squadron 11"
|
||||
fn: 19
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Salvatore Pais]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "aerospace engineer, Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, inventor on Navy-assigned patents"
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[John Poindexter]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "Navy vice admiral, national security adviser from December 4, 1985"
|
||||
fn: 31
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Paul B. Thompson]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1983-06
|
||||
role: "Navy commander detailed to the National Security Council staff"
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[USS Liberty Incident]]"
|
||||
start: 1967-06-08
|
||||
role: "operator of the Navy intelligence ship attacked in the incident and convening authority of the Navy Court of Inquiry"
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The [[U.S. Navy]] is the maritime warfare service branch of the [[United States]]. In the context of the *Remote Viewers* narrative, the Navy was involved in early rumors of a telepathy project with the USS Nautilus submarine, though this was later debunked as a fabrication or disinformation ploy.[^1]
|
||||
The [[U.S. Navy]] is the maritime warfare service branch of the [[United States]]. Its intelligence office, the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], has its own page. The Navy's records in this vault include a 1942 intelligence arrangement with the imprisoned [[Lucky Luciano]], a 1940s and 1950s truth drug program, psi and parapsychology contracts with the [[Office of Naval Research]] and [[Stanford Research Institute]], the UAP encounters of the 2000s and 2010s, patents assigned to the Navy, and a small number of officers in the Iran-Contra affair.
|
||||
|
||||
More directly, the Navy had small contracts with [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] for psi research. The book also mentions a U.S. Navy A-6 attack aircraft that crashed, which [[Ken Bell]] successfully remote-viewed. Additionally, the secret [[NSA]] facility at Sugar Grove, [[West Virginia]], which [[Pat Price]] accurately remote-viewed, was ostensibly a U.S. Navy communications base.[^1]
|
||||
### Naval Intelligence and Luciano, 1942 to 1954
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
In 1942, after the liner Normandie burned at her pier in the North River while being converted to the Navy auxiliary Lafayette, the Navy's intelligence authorities in the Third Naval District suspected sabotage and espionage on the New York waterfront. Commander [[Charles R. Haffenden]], one of the District Intelligence Officer's assistants, was in charge of the section that conducted investigations in the field of sabotage, espionage and counter-espionage, and was made head of the "F" section, which collected strategic intelligence about possible target and invasion areas, in 1943. [[William B. Herlands]], the New York State Commissioner of Investigation, later reported that the aid of [[Joseph Lanza]] was first enlisted through Gurfein, and that Lanza then suggested that Luciano be brought in. The matter was discussed by Haffenden and [[Murray Gurfein]] of the New York County District Attorney's office, and by Gurfein with District Attorney [[Frank Hogan]]. Contact was made with [[Moses Polakoff]], Luciano's attorney, who brought in [[Meyer Lansky]] as the chief intermediary between Luciano in prison and his outside associates. Haffenden asked in writing that State Commissioner of Correction [[John A. Lyons]] move Luciano from [[Clinton Correctional Facility]] at Dannemora to a more accessible prison, and on May 12, 1942, during the administration of Governor [[Herbert H. Lehman]], Luciano was transferred to [[Great Meadow Correctional Facility]] at Comstock.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
|
||||
For about two years Luciano's friends and their contacts were made available to Naval Intelligence. Herlands reported that the visitors to Great Meadow included Polakoff, Lansky, Lanza, Mike Lascari, [[Frank Costello]], [[Willie Moretti]] and Mike Miranda, and that [[Joe Adonis]], Jerry Sullivan, [[Johnny Dunn]] and Willie McCabe took part without visiting him. The network reported suspicious waterfront activity, acted as lookouts, obtained union books and cards so that Naval Intelligence agents could be placed in hotels, piers, docks, trucks and factories, and was used on the Brooklyn waterfront against trouble anticipated when [[Harry Bridges]] came to the East Coast. According to the Herlands report, numerous Italians of Sicilian birth or background and their relatives were enlisted to give Haffenden and his assistants information about the terrain and harbors of Sicily before the Allied invasion, and "friendly Sicilian natives and evn Sicilian underworld and Mafia personalities" were obtained and "actually used in the Sicilian campaign." The wartime head of the Naval counter-intelligence section told Herlands that the information "turned out to be correct."[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Luciano's name first appeared publicly in February 1943, when he moved to reduce his sentence before Justice [[Philip J. McCook]], who interviewed Haffenden and Gurfein privately and on February 10, 1943 denied the motion while writing that Luciano was probably aiding the war effort. Luciano petitioned for executive clemency on May 8, 1945. Haffenden's letter of May 17, 1945 to the Governor's counsel described Luciano's assistance to Naval Intelligence, and the Naval authorities declined to allow disclosure of details or to clear an affidavit Gurfein had executed in Paris in June 1945. Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] commuted the sentence on January 3, 1946, the Board of Parole granted parole solely for deportation in February 1946, and Luciano was deported to Italy on or about February 9, 1946 aboard the SS Laura Keane.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce (the [[Kefauver Committee]]) took testimony on the subject in March 1951. [[George H. White]], a supervising narcotics agent of the Treasury Department, testified that Haffenden, a Reserve officer attached to Naval Intelligence in New York, had interested himself in Luciano's case, that the Navy Department later denied it was interested, that part of the basis for the parole was Haffenden's letter to Governor Dewey, and that when he investigated at the time of the Cuban incident the Army, Navy, Marine Corps and the [[Office of Strategic Services]] all categorically denied that Luciano had furnished information or services of value. White also testified that Luciano was alleged to have been accompanied aboard the Laura Keane by Costello, Lansky and [[Albert Anastasia]] and that a bon voyage party was held on the ship.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
Haffenden himself testified before the committee that he had retired from the Navy in 1946, had been New York City Commissioner of Marine and Aviation under Mayor [[William O'Dwyer]] for five or six months before being fired, and that Gurfein had introduced him to Polakoff as the contact to Luciano and that Lanza, the second informant, came to him through the same channels. He said there was never talk of a trade for leniency, that Luciano's value was "hard to say," that there was "no celebrated case or major job," and that he had never met Luciano. Asked whether information about Sicily had been received, he answered that late in the war a new "F" department had sought information about probable targets, that informants identified by number were asked for anything about Sicily before the invasion, and that they supplied information from "men who lived there." He said he wrote the 1945 letter from a hospital bed after returning from the Pacific, that Polakoff was present, and that he probably overevaluated Luciano's services in using the word "great."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 17, 1954 Herlands reported to the State of New York on the commutation. Herlands wrote that the question whether Luciano's aid was sought by the armed services in inducing others to provide information about possible enemy attack, and whether he cooperated in such effort, was to be answered "yes" to both, though "the actual value of the information procured is not clear." A letter to Herlands from Rear Admiral [[Carl F. Espe]], Director of Naval Intelligence, dated July 26, 1954, stated that in the spring of 1942 the District Intelligence Officer of the Third Naval District "established many systems of confidential informants, including several having criminal records," that one project was "an approach to certain criminal elements through the District Attorney, New York County," that the District Intelligence Office requested Luciano's transfer from Clinton to Great Meadow, made on May 12, 1942, and that his "influence on other criminal sources resulted in their cooperation with Naval Intelligence which was considered useful to the Navy."[^1][^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Project CHATTER and the Navy truth drug program
|
||||
|
||||
The Navy ran [[Project CHATTER]], a classified program started in 1947 to develop a drug that would force people to reveal what they knew. [[Samuel Thompson]], a Navy commander, psychiatrist, physiologist and pharmacologist, inherited the program in 1951 when he became head of psychiatric research at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]]. He recalled that Naval Intelligence told him of the need for a truth drug in case "someone planted an A-bomb in one of our cities and we had twelve hours to find out from a person where it was."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
At the end of 1950 the Navy gave [[G. Richard Wendt]], chairman of the psychology department at the [[University of Rochester]] and a part-time Navy contractor, a $300,000 contract to study barbiturates, amphetamines, alcohol and heroin, with the money routed through the Secretary of Defense's contingency fund. Navy officials obtained drugs from the [[Federal Bureau of Narcotics]], which sent the Navy 30 grams of pure heroin and 11 pounds of Mexican marijuana, among other drugs. In the summer of 1952 Wendt announced a compound that he said would answer the truth drug problem. Thompson contacted the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], whose ARTICHOKE team agreed to furnish subjects in Germany under the codename [[Operation CASTIGATE]]. Wendt gave five selected subjects combinations that included Seconal, Dexedrine and marijuana, all well-known drugs. [[Morse Allen]], the ARTICHOKE team leader, wrote that he felt he had been the victim of "a fraud or at least a gross misinterpretation" and called the trip "a waste of time and money." Navy officials summoned Wendt to Bethesda, canceled his support and asked for refund of unspent money, and by the end of 1953 the Navy abandoned CHATTER.[^6][^7]
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (the [[Church Committee]]) reported that CHATTER "was a Navy program that began in the fall of 1947," that it responded to reports of "amazing results" achieved by the Soviets with truth drugs, that the research included laboratory experiments on animals and human subjects involving Anabasis aphylla, scopolamine and mescaline, that overseas experiments were conducted, and that it expanded during the Korean War and ended in 1953.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
Navy money also appears in the record of CIA subproject 54. At the August 3, 1977 joint hearing, [[Stansfield Turner]], the Director of Central Intelligence, testified that the brain concussion project "was canceled, and never carried out," and [[Richard Schweiker]] answered that the first year of the project, 1955, was carried out by the Office of Naval Research according to CIA's own backup material, that the ONR experimenter found out about CIA's role and discovered that it was a cover, and that the project was transferred to MKULTRA in 1956.[^9] At the September 20, 1977 hearing Schweiker read into the record the Defense Department's statement that the project "began in October, 1954 and was terminated, at least with respect to the Navy, in December, 1955," that it was performed by a contractor in California, that "the involvement of the Navy was primarily as a conduit of funds from the Central Intelligence Agency to the contractor," that "a small amount of Navy funds may also have been used for this contract," and that it "apparently became subproject 54 in the [[Project MKUltra]]" afterward. Schweiker recalled that CIA had earlier said the project "was handled by the Office of Naval Research; it was basically their project." [[Frank Laubinger]] of the CIA Office of Technical Service said he had overlooked a January 10, 1956 memorandum showing the proposal was based on prior work funded by the Agency, that "a year's work was done through Navy funding," and, asked whether the Navy had acted as a conduit for the CIA, answered "I think that is correct."[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Navy psi contracts: Stanford Research Institute, Naval Ocean Systems Center and the Star Gate review
|
||||
|
||||
In February 1960 the French magazine *Science et Vie* published "The Secret of the Nautilus" ([[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)]]), reporting that the U.S. government had used telepathy to communicate with the crew of the [[The Nautilus|USS Nautilus]] under the Arctic ice cap, in a project involving the Navy, the Air Force, [[Westinghouse]], [[General Electric]], [[Bell Laboratories]] and the [[RAND Corporation]]. Jim Schnabel writes that an Air Force officer named in the story denied it, that the skipper of the Nautilus insisted the submarine had been in dry dock during the period, that the article's author [[Gerard Messadie]] had been fed the story by [[Jacques Bergier]], and that Soviet researchers cited the story as justification for psi research.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1973 [[Ingo Swann]] and, to a far greater extent, [[Pat Price]] described details of a secret facility near Sugar Grove, [[West Virginia]], ostensibly a U.S. Navy communications base staffed by [[NSA]] cryptographers. Schnabel writes that the data was accurate enough to prompt a hostile security investigation of Richard Kennett, that [[Harold Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] were interrogated, and that agents of the [[Defense Investigative Service]] questioned their neighbors.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
A CIA memorandum of February 4, 1976, on the Stanford Research Institute investigation into parapsychology states that "the Department of the Navy, the Office of Naval Research and Naval Electronics System Command have also independently decided to support SRI in extensions of the CIA sponsored investigations."[^13] An undated SRI research summary in the CIA files lists tasks that include shielded rooms, an extra-low-frequency model and a "submarine tracking" effort. It states that "arrangements have also been made for use of special shielded rooms at the [[Naval Ocean Systems Center]], San Diego, California," that a "cooperative effort" with Naval Ocean Systems Center personnel was planned for submarine tracking experiments, and that "negotiation for access to a deeper diving submersible is underway between the sponsor and the CNO's office (OPS 23)."[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
In September 1978 the Commander of the [[Naval Intelligence Command]] replied to the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] about a proposed Defense Department remote viewing program, writing that he was "unable at this time to pledge a specific level of funding support."[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
An undated CIA response to a Senate Appropriations request for a retrospective review of the [[Stargate Project]] lists the Defense Department service elements that supported psi research between 1975 and 1979. Of the Navy it says: "The U.S. Navy program was to evaluate an individual's ability to perceive remote visual stimuli. This effort was to answer the question whether the phenomena exist. No additional information is on file regarding the Navy program."[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
At the [[Fort Meade]] remote viewing unit, [[Frederick Atwater]] received a tasking from the Pentagon, passed through Major Stone, saying only that a Navy A-6 attack aircraft had been lost somewhere in the world. [[Ken Bell]] described a wooded area, trees and bushes and the charred remains of plane and crew, and kept picking up the word "bald." Atwater later learned that the aircraft had crashed into a hill in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia named Bald Knob.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
### UAP encounters and Navy reporting
|
||||
|
||||
Commander [[Dave Fravor]] testified on July 26, 2023, before a House Oversight subcommittee that in 2004 he commanded Strike Fighter Squadron 41, the Black Aces, assigned to Carrier Air Wing 11 aboard the [[USS Nimitz]], which had begun a two-month workup cycle off California. He said controllers told the squadron that the objects had been observed for over two weeks, coming down from over 80,000 feet to 20,000 feet. He described a white object with a longitudinal axis, moving abruptly over the water, with no rotors, rotor wash or visible control surfaces, which shifted its axis to align with his aircraft and began to climb. He called it the "[[Tic Tac]]" in the testimony.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Ryan Graves]] testified at the same hearing that in 2014 he was an F-18 pilot in Fighter Attack Squadron 11, the Red Rippers, at NAS Oceana, Virginia, and that after radar upgrades the squadron began detecting unknown objects. He described a training mission in Warning Area W-72, ten miles off Virginia Beach, in which two Super Hornets were split by an object that came within 50 feet of the lead aircraft, a dark gray or black cube inside a clear sphere estimated at five to 15 feet across. He said the squadron submitted a safety report and received no official acknowledgement.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Luis Elizondo]] wrote that in 2015 [[Jay Stratton]] received emails from senior leaders of Navy Fleet Forces Command in Norfolk, Virginia, about encounters involving the aircraft carrier [[USS Roosevelt]], which had already embarked on a ten-month deployment to the Persian Gulf. According to Elizondo, during pre-deployment workups in late 2014, in the waters off Virginia and down to Florida, the aircrew had twenty-two separate encounters with unidentified aerial phenomena after radar upgrades to the Hornets, and Elizondo and Stratton later received from Fleet Forces Command two videos taken by pilots of the Roosevelt carrier strike group with the ATFLIR pod, one of which he identified as the video later known as GoFast.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
An internal Navy public affairs response-to-query document of April 2019 gives a statement attributed to [[Joseph Gradisher]], spokesperson for the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information Warfare: "There have been a number of reports of unauthorized and/or unidentified aircraft entering various military-controlled ranges and designated air space in recent years." It continues that the Navy "is updating and formalizing the process by which reports of any such suspected incursions can be made to the cognizant authorities," that "a message to the fleet details the steps for reporting each incident," and that Navy officials had given congressional members and staff "a series of briefings by senior Naval Intelligence officials as well as aviators who reported hazards to aviation safety." A statement updated at 1525 on April 24, 2019 cited the proliferation of inexpensive unmanned aerial systems, said that guidelines were being updated "to be more aircraft specific" and "to help better remove any stigmas from reporting anything unknown in the airspace," and said security considerations precluded disclosure of them. The question-and-answer section states that sightings "have increased in frequency from 2014 until now" and that the Navy constitutes "anything unknown or unidentified in the airspace as a sighting." The statement also refers to a number of lasing events near Naval Air Station Oceana in 2012 in which the Navy, working with law enforcement, "identified and prosecuted the individual responsible."[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
Gradisher told the [[Washington Post]] on April 24, 2019, "Since 2014, these intrusions have been happening on a regular basis." The Post reported that the Navy was drafting formal procedures for pilots to document encounters and that unidentified aircraft had recently entered military-designated airspace as often as multiple times per month.[^22] On September 18, 2019, the Navy told reporters that it considers the phenomena in the three videos that had circulated since 2017 to be unidentified, and that it had not released characterizations, hypotheses or conclusions about the objects.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
On April 27, 2020, a Department of Defense spokesperson, Susan Gough, announced the authorized release of three unclassified Navy videos, "one taken in November 2004 and the other two in January 2015," which had circulated after unauthorized releases in 2007 and 2017. The statement said the department had determined after review that the release "does not reveal any sensitive capabilities or systems." A Pentagon spokesperson added that "the aerial phenomena observed in the videos remain characterized as 'unidentified.'"[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
### Navy patents on propulsion and gravity
|
||||
|
||||
[[Salvatore Pais]], an aerospace engineer at the [[Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division]] at Patuxent River, Maryland, is named as inventor on patents and applications assigned to the Department of the Navy, including "Craft Using An Inertial Mass Reduction Device," a "High Frequency Gravitational Wave Generator," an electromagnetic field generator, and "Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor."[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
US 10,144,532 B2, "Craft using an inertial mass reduction device," was filed on April 28, 2016 (application 15/141,270) and granted on December 4, 2018, with the Department of the Navy as original assignee; Google Patents lists it as expired for failure to pay maintenance fees effective January 9, 2023.[^26] US 10,135,366 B2, "Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field," was filed on July 24, 2015 (application 14/807,943) and granted on November 20, 2018.[^27] US 10,322,827 B2, "High frequency gravitational wave generator," was filed on February 14, 2017 (application 15/431,823) and granted on June 18, 2019.[^28] Application 15/678,672, "Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor," was filed on August 16, 2017 and published on February 21, 2019 as US 2019/0058105 A1; Google Patents lists its status as abandoned.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
The War Zone reports that Dr. James Sheehy, Chief Technical Officer of the Naval Aviation Enterprise, wrote a letter dated December 15, 2017 supporting an appeal of the inertial mass reduction application and stating that "China is already investing significantly in this area."[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
### Early Navy UFO reporting
|
||||
|
||||
A Navy UFO fact sheet states that "there is no central office or activity in the Department of the Navy assigned the mission of collecting and maintaining information on UFO phenomenon." It records that from 1947 to 1969 the Air Force investigated reported sightings under [[Project Blue Book]].[^30] The same document set includes an Office of Naval Research information sheet, dated 03/29/99, on the "Philadelphia Experiment." That sheet traces the story to [[Morris K. Jessup]]'s 1955 book [[The Case for the UFO]] and to correspondence from [[Carlos Allende]], and says that in 1956 a copy of Jessup's book, with handwritten comments on UFOs, was mailed anonymously to ONR.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### Iran-Contra
|
||||
|
||||
Two Navy officers held National Security Council posts during the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]. Navy Vice Admiral [[John Poindexter]] was appointed President Reagan's national security adviser on December 4, 1985, succeeding [[Robert McFarlane]], and left the White House on November 25, 1986, when he was forced to resign after public disclosure of the diversion.[^31] Poindexter was indicted on March 16, 1988 on seven felony charges, was found guilty on April 7, 1990 on all five counts on which he was tried, and was sentenced on June 11, 1990 by Judge Harold H. Greene to six months in prison on each count. A three-judge appeals panel reversed the convictions on November 15, 1991 on the ground that his immunized testimony may have influenced the trial testimony of witnesses, and the indictment was dismissed in 1993 on the motion of the Independent Counsel.[^32] [[Lawrence Walsh]] concluded that the President's most senior advisers and the Cabinet members on the National Security Council participated in a strategy to make National Security Council staff members McFarlane, Poindexter and North the scapegoats whose sacrifice would protect the administration in its final two years.[^33] [[Paul B. Thompson]], a Navy commander, was detailed to the National Security Council staff in June 1983, became military assistant to McFarlane in January 1985 and also became NSC general counsel in June 1985, holding the dual post under Poindexter.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Oliver North]] was a Marine lieutenant colonel assigned to the National Security Council staff from 1981 until he was fired on November 25, 1986.[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
### USS Liberty
|
||||
|
||||
On June 8, 1967, Israeli aircraft and torpedo boats attacked the Navy intelligence ship [[USS Liberty Incident|USS Liberty]] in the Eastern Mediterranean, killing 34 crewmen and wounding 171. [[Seymour Hersh]] writes that [[Walworth Barbour]], the American ambassador to Israel, urged Washington to downplay the attack, and cites a declassified cable on file in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library]] in which Barbour, hours after the incident, reported that Israel did not intend to admit it and added: "Urge strongly that we too avoid publicity. [Liberty's] proximity to scene could feed Arab suspicions of U.S.-Israel collusion. . . . Israelis obviously shocked by error and tender sincere apologies." Hersh also reports that [[Clark Clifford]], at a National Security Council meeting the next day, said according to the NSC notes: "My concern is that we're not tough enough. Handle as if Arabs or USSR had done it."[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
Admiral [[John S. McCain Jr.]], Commander in Chief of U.S. Naval Forces Europe, ordered a Court of Inquiry on June 10, 1967 consisting of Rear Admiral [[Isaac C. Kidd Jr.]] as president and Captains [[Bernard J. Lauff]] and [[Bert M. Atkinson Jr.]] as members, with Captain [[Ward Boston Jr.]] and Lieutenant Commander Allen Feingersch as counsel and assistant counsel. The court met for the first time at 2314 on June 10 in closed session, and before closing on June 16 to deliberate it had taken the testimony of 19 witnesses and received 49 exhibits. McCain's first endorsement, dated June 18, 1967, described the attack as "an unprovoked attack by Israeli air and naval forces in international waters off the coast of the United Arab Republic," and stated: "The foregoing comments by the convening authority lead to an overall conclusion that the attack was in fact a mistake."[^37] The sixth endorsement, by the Commander, Naval Communications Command, dated January 5, 1968, concurred in the findings of fact pertaining to communications except finding number 40, stating that subsequent investigation had indicated that FBIS messages did not contribute to message delays.[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
The Joint Chiefs of Staff Fact Finding Team, headed by Major General Joseph R. Russ, USA, states in its report that "interference with the Naval Court of Inquiry was avoided," and that the team accepted the information the Navy Court of Inquiry had been able to deduce, as provided by the senior member of the court. The team's roster of persons visited lists Rear Admiral I. C. Kidd (Chairman, Board of Inquiry) and Captain B. M. Atkinson (Member) on June 15, 1967.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
The NSA released a 1981 cryptologic history report, "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the U.S.S. Liberty," in a less redacted version of a document first released in 1999, and on July 2, 2003 released three Hebrew-language recordings, English transcripts and three follow-up reports. The history states that within an hour of learning that the Liberty had been torpedoed, the Director of NSA sent a message to intercept sites requesting a special search for communications that might reflect the attack, and that one of the airborne platforms, a Navy EC-121, had collected voice conversations between Israeli helicopter pilots and the control tower at Hazor Airfield near Tel Aviv, in which the tower told helicopter 815 at 1431 hours that a warship "there which we attacked" had men in the water.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: William B. Herlands, Commissioner of Investigation, State of New York, report on the commutation of the sentence of Charles Luciano, September 17, 1954, introduction, "The Questions Answered," and "Synopsis of the Evidence," pp. 1 to 8, Thomas E. Dewey Papers, Series 13, University of Rochester Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
|
||||
[^2]: Herlands report, September 17, 1954, introduction and "Synopsis of the Evidence," pp. 1 and 8 to 9. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Senate, Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Hearings, 82nd Congress, 1st session, Part 7 (New York-New Jersey), testimony of George H. White, pp. 1182 to 1183. https://archive.org/details/investigationofo07unit
|
||||
[^4]: *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Part 7, testimony of Charles R. Haffenden, pp. 1187 to 1198 (taken at the March 1951 New York sessions). https://archive.org/details/investigationofo07unit
|
||||
[^5]: Rear Admiral Carl F. Espe, Director of Naval Intelligence, letter to William B. Herlands, Ser 9934P92, July 26, 1954, reproduced in the Herlands report, "Official Confirmation of the War-Aid Project," p. 11. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control*, Times Books, 1979, chapter 2, pp. 35 to 36 (pagination of the Allen Lane/Penguin printing).
|
||||
[^7]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 2, pp. 37 to 43 (same printing).
|
||||
[^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rept. 94-755, 94th Congress, 2nd session (1976), chapter XVII, p. 387. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
|
||||
[^9]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session, August 3, 1977, colloquy of Admiral Turner and Senator Schweiker on subproject 54 (PDF pp. 44 to 45). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: *Human Drug Testing by the CIA, 1977*, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session, on S. 1893, September 20 and 21, 1977, pp. 130 to 131 (running headers of the reprint). https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/human_drug_testing_by_the_cia_1977_hearings_before_us_senate.pdf
|
||||
[^11]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, Book Two (opening history of government psi research). Sole source for the Air Force and skipper denials and for the Bergier and Messadie account.
|
||||
[^12]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book Two (Pat Price and Ingo Swann at Sugar Grove, 1973). Sole source for the security investigation passages.
|
||||
[^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, OTS/CB Memo #76-18, memorandum for the record, "Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Investigation into Parapsychology," February 4, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090006-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200090006-7
|
||||
[^14]: Stanford Research Institute, undated research summary on psychoenergetic processes, with tasks including shielded rooms, submarine tracking and physical effects, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010004-6 (undated; its references run to 1977 publications). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000010004-6
|
||||
[^15]: Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, Ser 01/8116, memorandum to Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, "DoD Program on Remote Viewing," September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200410025-8
|
||||
[^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, response to Senate Appropriations Committee congressionally directed action on STAR GATE, undated, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900010001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900010001-9
|
||||
[^17]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book One (Fort Meade unit tasking). Sole source for the A-6 passage.
|
||||
[^18]: David Fravor, oral statement, in *Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency*, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, Committee on Oversight and Accountability, House of Representatives, July 26, 2023, Serial No. 118-53. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
|
||||
[^19]: Ryan Graves, oral statement, same hearing, July 26, 2023. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
|
||||
[^20]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*, William Morrow, 2024, chapter 15, "USS Roosevelt," pp. 139 to 145. Sole source for the twenty-two encounters and the videos' transmittal.
|
||||
[^21]: U.S. Navy Chief of Information and N2/N6 Public Affairs, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena RTQ," internal working document, statement attributed to Joseph Gradisher, April 2019 (updated April 24, 2019, 1525), released through The Black Vault. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/RTQ_Unidentified-Aerial-Phenomen.pdf
|
||||
[^22]: Deanna Paul, "How frustrated pilots got the Navy to stop dismissing their UFO sightings," *The Washington Post*, April 25, 2019, reprinted by the *Anchorage Daily News*: https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2019/04/25/how-frustrated-pilots-got-the-navy-to-stop-dismissing-ufo-sightings/
|
||||
[^23]: "Navy Confirms UFO Videos Posted by Blink 182 Rocker Are Real and Should Not Have Been Released," NBC San Diego, September 18, 2019, quoting Navy spokesman Joseph Gradisher. https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/national-international/navy-confirms-ufo-videos-are-real-and-should-not-have-been-released/1965555/
|
||||
[^24]: Susan Gough, Department of Defense spokesperson, statement on release of three Navy videos, April 27, 2020, as quoted in "Pentagon declassifies Navy videos that purportedly show UFOs," ABC News, April 28, 2020: https://abc7ny.com/navy-ufo-videos-aliens-alien-caught-on-video-sightings/6134626/
|
||||
[^25]: Brett Tingley and Tyler Rogoway, "Docs Show Navy Got 'UFO' Patent Granted By Warning Of Similar Chinese Tech Advances," *The War Zone*, updated June 28, 2019: https://twz.com/28729/docs-show-navy-got-ufo-patent-granted-by-warning-of-similar-chinese-tech-advances
|
||||
[^26]: US Patent 10,144,532 B2, "Craft using an inertial mass reduction device," inventor Salvatore Cezar Pais, original assignee US Department of Navy (assignment record: Department of the Navy, Maryland), application 15/141,270, filed April 28, 2016, granted December 4, 2018. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10144532B2/en
|
||||
[^27]: US Patent 10,135,366 B2, "Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field," inventor Salvatore Pais, assignee US Department of the Navy, application 14/807,943, filed July 24, 2015, granted November 20, 2018. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10135366B2/en
|
||||
[^28]: US Patent 10,322,827 B2, "High frequency gravitational wave generator," inventor Salvatore Cezar Pais, original assignee US Department of the Navy, application 15/431,823, filed February 14, 2017, granted June 18, 2019. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10322827B2/en
|
||||
[^29]: US Patent Application Publication 2019/0058105 A1, "Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor," inventor Salvatore Cezar Pais, original assignee US Department of the Navy, application 15/678,672, filed August 16, 2017, published February 21, 2019. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190058105A1/en
|
||||
[^30]: Department of the Navy, "UFO Fact Sheet," and Office of Naval Research Information Sheet, "Philadelphia Experiment; UFO's," dated 03/29/99, PDF mirrored at https://www.physics.smu.edu/pseudo/UFOs/dod174.pdf
|
||||
[^31]: Lawrence E. Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, chapter 3, "United States v. John M. Poindexter," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_03.htm
|
||||
[^32]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, summary of prosecutions, entry for Poindexter, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/summpros.htm
|
||||
[^33]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, executive summary, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
|
||||
[^34]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, chapter 4, "Paul B. Thompson," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_04.htm
|
||||
[^35]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, chapter 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
|
||||
[^36]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*, Random House, 1991, chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 167 to 168. Sole source for the Barbour passages; Hersh cites a declassified cable on file at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and, for Clifford, the Johnson Library's National Security Council notes.
|
||||
[^37]: U.S. Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5) on 8 June 1967, with endorsements, as released by the Judge Advocate General: summary of events (PDF pp. 8 to 10), CINCUSNAVEUR first endorsement of June 18, 1967 (PDF pp. 34 to 38, paragraphs 2 and 15), and Naval Communications Command sixth endorsement (PDF p. 3). https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf (the original is held by the U.S. Government; a photocopy is held as Liberty (Ship) Court of Inquiry records, Hoover Institution Library and Archives, collection 86041, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4p30341f).
|
||||
[^38]: Report of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Fact Finding Team, "USS Liberty Incident," June 1967, introduction and roster of persons visited. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/liberty/173.pdf
|
||||
[^39]: National Security Agency, "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the U.S.S. Liberty," U.S. Cryptologic History, Special Series, Crisis Collection, vol. 1, 1981, pp. 34 to 35 (declassified November 8, 2006, MDR 51712), copy at the National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/nsa10.pdf; release summary at https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-s-liberty-attack/
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,26 +1,195 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
created: 2024-05-11
|
||||
updated: 2024-05-11
|
||||
title: IBM
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- IBM
|
||||
- technology
|
||||
- history
|
||||
description: IBM, founded in 1911, is a multinational tech company specializing in computers and computing technologies. Known for inventing the relational database in 1969, it provided mainframe and minicomputers during the 1960s-70s, used by organizations and governments worldwide.
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- International Business Machines
|
||||
- International Business Machines Corporation
|
||||
- IBM Corporation
|
||||
- Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company
|
||||
category: "Private Organization"
|
||||
summary: "International Business Machines (IBM) is a multinational technology company founded in 1911 and headquartered in Armonk, New York, whose mainframe and minicomputer systems were used by the government agencies that became targets of the PROMIS software distribution network."
|
||||
start: 1911
|
||||
location: "Armonk, New York, USA"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- Private
|
||||
- Technology
|
||||
- Dehomag
|
||||
- NaziGermany
|
||||
- Holocaust
|
||||
- LosAlamos
|
||||
- SAGE
|
||||
- NationalSecurityAgency
|
||||
- Antitrust
|
||||
- Apartheid
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
- Inslaw
|
||||
- USA
|
||||
summary: "IBM is a computer company whose German subsidiary, by Edwin Black's account, supplied punch cards to Nazi Germany; it also built SAGE and NSA computers and was sued over South African identity records."
|
||||
created: 2024-05-11
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-07
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Thomas J. Watson Sr.]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "president and chief executive"
|
||||
start: 1924
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft]]"
|
||||
role: "majority shareholder after Watson acquired 90 percent of Dehomag in 1922, per the Grossman complaint and Edwin Black"
|
||||
start: 1922
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment]]"
|
||||
role: "AN/FSQ-7 combat direction computer designed with MIT Lincoln Laboratory"
|
||||
start: 1952
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[National Security Agency]]"
|
||||
role: "HARVEST computer system, a Stretch derivative delivered January 1962"
|
||||
start: 1958-04-30
|
||||
end: 1962-01-01
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[Los Alamos]]"
|
||||
role: "punch-card accounting machines for the critical-mass calculations, delivered April 4, 1944"
|
||||
start: 1944-04-04
|
||||
fn: 8
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[INSLAW]]"
|
||||
role: "co-marketing agreement for Enhanced PROMIS in the public sector, found by the bankruptcy court to have been entered between August and December 1982"
|
||||
start: 1982-08-01
|
||||
end: 1982-12-31
|
||||
fn: 15
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Department of Justice]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "Sherman Act monopolization defendant; complaint filed January 17, 1969, stipulation of dismissal filed January 8, 1982"
|
||||
start: 1969-01-17
|
||||
end: 1982-01-08
|
||||
fn: 17
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Grossman v. International Business Machines]]"
|
||||
role: "sole defendant in Holocaust-era class action, withdrawn March 2001"
|
||||
start: 2001-02-12
|
||||
end: 2001-03-29
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Khulumani v. Barclay National Bank]]"
|
||||
role: "defendant named in Alien Tort Claims Act suit over apartheid-era conduct"
|
||||
start: 2002-11-01
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Kenneth W. Dam]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "joined IBM after serving as deputy secretary of state"
|
||||
start: 1985-06-14
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Richard L. Garwin]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "IBM scientist associated with the Thomas J. Watson Research Center"
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
---
|
||||
> [!INFO] THIS IS NOT WIKIPEDIA
|
||||
> This page is not all encompassing. The company is obviously much larger and deserving more detail than the scope of this page. Consequently, only general information and details relevant to other research thrusts are included.
|
||||
International Business Machines Corporation, known as [[International Business Machines|IBM]], is a technology company headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]].[^1] It traces its origin to the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]], formed in 1911 by merger and renamed International Business Machines in 1924.[^2] [[Edgar F. Codd]] of the IBM Research Laboratory in San Jose, California, published his relational model of data in the June 1970 issue of the *Communications of the ACM*; the paper is marked as received in September 1969.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
International Business Machines, or IBM as it’s commonly known, is a multinational tech and research company headquartered in Armonk, New York. It was founded in 1911. The company specializes in computers and computing technologies and has close ties with governments around the world (most infamously with Nazi Germany as part of the Holocaust).
|
||||
### Dehomag and the Hollerith machines
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969, IBM invented the relational database. During the 1960’s and 70’s, IBM was a major provider of mainframe and later minicomputers. These large, powerful (for the time), and expensive machines were used by organizations like the [[LEAA]] or countries like [[Canada]] to run software including [[PROMIS]].
|
||||
[[Thomas J. Watson Sr.]] joined the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company as general manager in 1914 and became its president within a year.[^2] [[Herman Hollerith]] licensed his patents in 1910 to the German businessman [[Willy Heidinger]], who created [[Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft]], known as [[Dehomag]].[^4] According to the complaint in the 2001 suit described below, which cites a 1943 letter from Heidinger, Heidinger was forced by 1922 to relinquish 90 percent ownership of Dehomag to Watson, which reduced it to a subsidiary of the parent company.[^2] [[Edwin Black]] writes that Watson raised his demand from 51 percent to 90 percent, that Heidinger felt "cornered," and that Heidinger kept approximately 10 percent of the stock.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Richard L. Garwin, a prominent scientist, was associated with IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. He was a member of an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the VELA data related to a probable nuclear explosion in the South Indian Ocean in 1979. Garwin was known for his independence as a government consultant.[^1]
|
||||
Black writes that Hollerith decided that his systems would be leased, not sold, and that this decision "would dominate all major IBM business transactions for the next century."[^4] Black states that Dehomag computed the 1933 German census, which recorded about half a million Jews, and that the 1939 census was designed to identify the so-called "racial Jews."[^4] Black opens his account with a scene in which Watson's company "custom-designed and leased the Hollerith card sorting system to the Third Reich for use at Bergen-Belsen and most of the other concentration camps."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
The reviewer [[Terry W. Hartle]], writing in the [[Christian Science Monitor]] in March 2001, summarized Black's thesis as being that Nazi Germany leased several thousand punch-card machines from Dehomag, used them for the population censuses of 1933 and 1937, and so was able to identify Jews and target them for asset confiscation. Hartle wrote that Black "never convincingly demonstrates that IBM knew about the deadly uses to which its technology would be put," and that Black found no "smoking gun" showing that Watson knew how the machines were used. Hartle also wrote that Watson "was certainly naive and probably indifferent."[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
The complaint alleges that IBM Hollerith machines were located in concentration camps as early as 1940.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Order of the German Eagle
|
||||
|
||||
In 1937 Watson received the [[Order of the German Eagle|Merit Cross of the German Eagle]] with Star at the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] congress in [[Berlin]]. Hartle describes the award as ranked second in prestige only to the German Grand Cross, and as designed to honor foreign nationals who made themselves deserving to the Third Reich.[^5] Black writes that the medal was bestowed by [[Hjalmar Schacht]] as newsreel cameras whirred.[^4] [[Sam Jaffe]] wrote in [[Bloomberg]] in April 2001 that Hitler had personally draped the medal over Watson's chest in 1937.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
Black writes that on May 16, 1940, the day after Holland capitulated, Watson sent a note to Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] asking whether the government wanted him to return the medal, and that Hull replied that the decision rested entirely with Watson.[^4] On June 6, 1940, Watson returned the medal to [[Adolf Hitler]] with a letter castigating Hitler's Nazi policies.[^6] Black quotes the letter as stating that "the present policies of your government are contrary to the causes for which I have been working and for which I received the decoration," and writes that Watson released it to the newspapers. Black states that Hitler's newspaper, the *Volkischer Beobachter*, reviled Watson in response and that Dehomag's management in Berlin reacted with alarm.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 2001 class action
|
||||
|
||||
The complaint in a class action against IBM is dated February 2001 in its signature block, with the day left blank. A [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] report dates the filing to February 12, 2001.[^7] The suit was brought in the [[Eastern District of New York]] by Thomas Grossman, Fanny Aizenberg, Oldrich Stransky, Felix Kolmer and Anatoli Markowitsch Manitsh, on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated, with IBM as the only defendant. The complaint states that its claims rest on the conduct of IBM in the United States, distinct from the conduct of its German subsidiary, which it describes as the successor to Dehomag and which it states is not a defendant. Count I alleges violations of customary international law. Count II alleges unjust enrichment. The prayer for relief seeks class certification, an injunction against destruction of documents about IBM's role in the Holocaust, and an order that IBM open its archives and produce data derived from its Hollerith technology.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The lead attorney for the plaintiffs, [[Michael Hausfeld]], announced in March 2001 that the suit was being withdrawn so that Germany would have "no excuses whatsoever" to withhold payments. Hausfeld said the lawsuit could be refiled if IBM's archives remained closed. The [[United States Department of State]] reported that Germany had indicated the lawsuit endangered the "legal peace" condition attached to the German compensation arrangement, under which companies that paid into the fund, including IBM's German subsidiary, would not face further legal claims for their activities during the Holocaust.[^7]
|
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|
||||
### Punch-card computing at Los Alamos
|
||||
|
||||
[[Wallace Eckert]] persuaded IBM in 1937 to support the Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau at [[Columbia University]] with Punch Card Accounting Machines, and [[Dana Mitchell]], who had worked in Eckert's laboratory, recommended the machines to [[Hans Bethe]] in the fall of 1943 for the critical-mass calculations at [[Los Alamos]].[^8] The machines were delivered on April 4, 1944. Because of the classified nature of the site, IBM was not told where they were going and could not send a maintenance man.[^8] [[John von Neumann]] urged Los Alamos in September 1943 to pursue the implosion method and to use the machines for the calculations, and the first program on them solved a set of hydrodynamics equations.[^8] In May 1944 the machine operator John Johnston suggested a prototype multiplier he had seen at IBM; Los Alamos "decided to have IBM build triple-product multipliers and machines that could divide," three were ordered after a visit to an IBM vice president in early June 1944, and they were delivered in late 1944 and in use in November 1944.[^8]
|
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|
||||
### SAGE air defense computers
|
||||
|
||||
The AN/FSQ-7 computer of the [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment]] (SAGE) air defense system was designed by [[MIT Lincoln Laboratory]] and IBM, and was based on the earlier design of the Whirlwind computer at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. A 1959 [[MITRE Corporation]] report describes it as a binary, parallel machine with a 32-bit word, a 250,000-word core memory, an operating speed of 75,000 instructions per second and 60,000 vacuum tubes, consisting of two computers of which one was active while the other stood by, monitored by about 100 Air Force operators at each direction center.[^9] IBM states that it handled hardware development and manufacturing for SAGE while [[Burroughs]] oversaw inter-site communications, [[Western Electric]] contributed building construction and the System Development Corporation, part of the [[RAND Corporation]], delivered software, and that between 1952 and 1955 80 percent of the company's computing revenue came from SAGE.[^10]
|
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|
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### The HARVEST computer for the National Security Agency
|
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|
||||
IBM representatives contacted the [[National Security Agency]] in May and August 1955 about a high-performance system, the [[IBM 7030 Stretch|Stretch]] program, which they said would have one hundred to two hundred times the power of the best existing machine.[^11] IBM proposed that the first Stretch system be built and delivered for a fixed price of $3,500,000. The agency rejected the offer, and instead awarded two study contracts of eighteen months, SILO, for high-speed memory development at $821,203, and PLANTATION, later renamed RANCHO, at $828,340, which led to the agency-oriented system HARVEST.[^11] A third study contract, TRACTOR, for a high-performance tape system, began in January 1957 at $337,443.[^11] IBM delivered a preliminary HARVEST manual of operation on May 1, 1957. In April 1958 the agency presented the formal purchase description, and two letter contracts were ratified by IBM on April 30, 1958.[^11] The system was delivered in January 1962, about fifteen months after the original target date, and its cost exceeded the original estimate by about 32 percent.[^11] The NSA history also states that the agency's PLANTATION (RANCHO) contract for the HARVEST design, together with its support for memory and magnetic tape research, influenced IBM's 7030 (Stretch) machine, and that IBM based much of its early computer philosophy on the agency's experience with large data-processing problems.[^11]
|
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|
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### Export controls and the Soviet Union
|
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|
||||
In August 1984 the national security affairs assistant [[Robert McFarlane]] recommended that President [[Ronald Reagan]] approve the reexport of a used IBM central processing unit, which [[Austrian Airlines]] had applied to send to [[Hungary]]. The unit would increase the computing capacity of a Soviet computer at the [[University of Budapest]] used for teaching and research. McFarlane wrote that the unit "does not carry with it significant technology loss risks," though it conflicted with guidelines set out in a 1974 directive that he described as no longer relevant.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Kenneth W. Dam]], who had served as deputy to Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]] since October 1982, left the Department of State on June 14, 1985 for a job at IBM.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote in 1992 that [[TransCapital Corporation]] was allowed in 1986 and 1987 to export high-tech IBM computers to the [[Soviet Union]] despite a general ban on such equipment to the East Bloc, and that [[Robert Gates]] lifted the barriers. He wrote that when the Soviets wanted [[PROMIS]], [[Degem]] technicians fitted it to the IBM computers, complete with the trap door.[^14] Ben-Menashe also wrote that [[Medan Computers Ltd.]], the Israeli franchise of [[Honeywell]] whose technicians were military intelligence reservists, pointed out that its computers would not suit a PROMIS installation in [[Guatemala]], and was then arranged to broker IBM equipment there.[^14]
|
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|
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### PROMIS and Inslaw
|
||||
|
||||
The bankruptcy court that heard the case of [[INSLAW]] found that earlier versions of PROMIS ran on Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/70 computers and on computers sold by IBM, Wang, Honeywell and Burroughs, and that between August and December 1982 INSLAW entered a co-marketing agreement with IBM for the public sector, after IBM had asked for evidence that the Department of Justice consented to INSLAW's marketing plans for Enhanced PROMIS.[^15] An April 22, 1983 Justice Department memorandum by Jack Rugh, acting assistant director of the Executive Office for United States Attorneys' management systems office, quoted in the House Judiciary Committee's 1992 report, states that all four [[LEAA]] versions of PROMIS (DEC, IBM, Wang and Burroughs) were supplied to bidders for use in benchmarking their equipment.[^16] The same report records [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s allegation that modified PROMIS software was ported to systems at the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] and that [[Earl Brian]] brokered the sale to the government of [[Canada]]; the report does not state which computer hardware the Canadian agencies used.[^16] The bankruptcy court's judgments were reversed on May 7, 1991 by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] on primarily jurisdictional grounds.[^16]
|
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|
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### Antitrust case, 1969 to 1982
|
||||
|
||||
The Justice Department filed a complaint on January 17, 1969 alleging that IBM had monopolized the market for general purpose electronic digital computer systems in violation of section 2 of the Sherman Act.[^17] In 1974 Chief Judge [[David N. Edelstein]] of the [[Southern District of New York]] ruled on the privilege claims over documents generated by the so-called Cravath, Swaine & Moore task forces and IBM's Office of Business Practices, holding most of them privileged as work product or attorney-client communications unless their content showed otherwise.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
The case had been pending for thirteen years, at a cost of between $1 million and $2 million a year, when [[William Baxter]], assistant attorney general for antitrust, ended it in January 1982.[^19] Some career trial staff had wanted the case continued. Baxter argued that under Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, IBM could not be sued simply because it held a monopoly, and that the monopoly must have been obtained illegally. He said the government probably would lose the case, and that for it to stretch on another twenty years would be "the ultimate horror."[^19] The stipulation of dismissal, signed by Baxter and IBM's counsel and filed on January 8, 1982, recites that the Antitrust Division began a review of the case in June 1981 and concluded that the case was "without merit." Baxter's memorandum stated that continued litigation offered "little prospect of victory or meaningful recovery."[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
Edelstein criticized the dismissal in a [[Wall Street Journal]] article of January 26, 1982, and at a hearing on March 2, 1982 placed in the record letters indicating that Baxter had served as a consultant to IBM during the early stages of the private antitrust suit brought by [[Memorex]]. On August 13, 1982 the [[Second Circuit]] issued a writ of mandamus in the matter.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
### South African computer systems and apartheid litigation
|
||||
|
||||
A report by Thomas Conrad in the April 1982 *Multinational Monitor* states that IBM received its first order for an "electronic tabulator" in 1952 from Pretoria's Division of Economics, that the Interior Department ran its population registry on two IBM 370 computers storing details on seven million people classified as coloureds, Asians and whites, and that the passbook system for those classified as black was maintained on a different computer. Conrad wrote that IBM reportedly bid on the contract to run the pass system and lost to the British firm [[ICL]], that IBM officials said the Interior Department installation was not objectionable because it did not cover the black population, and that a 1980 South African software catalog listed an IBM "Law Enforcement System" which IBM at first did not deny and later said was not available in South Africa.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Khulumani Support Group]] filed a complaint in the Eastern District of New York in November 2002, according to a report of the filing. The complaint states that "for several years IBM knowingly rented a Model 370 computer system to the South African department of the interior which [was] used for the regime's national identity system," and that the machine stored files on seven million people the regime designated as coloureds, Asians and whites.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
On October 12, 2007 the Second Circuit, in an Alien Tort Claims Act case in which IBM appears among the defendants-appellees in the caption, held that a plaintiff may plead a theory of aiding and abetting liability under the statute. It vacated the district court's dismissal of the ATCA claims and remanded.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
On April 8, 2009 the Southern District of New York held that the Ntsebeza plaintiffs had adequately pleaded that IBM aided and abetted the South African government's denationalization of black South Africans, and the crime of apartheid. The plaintiffs alleged that IBM sold the South African government and the governments of the bantustans computers used to register individuals, strip them of South African citizenship and segregate them, that IBM employees assisted in developing software and support designed to produce identity documents, that IBM sold its South African subsidiary to local employees in 1987, and that it executed a buy-back provision in 1992. The court found a plausible inference that IBM understood the nature of the projects it assisted, and held that the plaintiffs had not pleaded a claim of aiding and abetting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment against IBM, because computers were not an essential element of that crime.[^1] The Khulumani plaintiffs' claims against IBM were dismissed with leave to amend.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
On July 27, 2015 the Second Circuit affirmed the August 28, 2014 order of the district court in the claims against [[Ford Motor Company]] and IBM, holding that the plaintiffs had not rebutted the presumption against extraterritoriality under the Alien Tort Statute.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
### Israel
|
||||
|
||||
In November 1994 the [[National Security Council]] approved a supercomputer sale to [[Israel]], after five federal agencies fought for months over whether to allow Cray Research to sell its machine to a network of Israeli universities. Approved IBM systems, by composite theoretical performance, went to [[Tel Aviv University]] (6,796.1), [[Hebrew University]] (1,421.0), [[Bar-Ilan University]] (1,421.0), the [[Technion]] (1,278.1) and the [[Weizmann Institute]] (1,278.1). The [[Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control]] reported that a 1987 Pentagon-sponsored study found the Technion to be helping design Israel's nuclear missile re-entry vehicle and that Hebrew University supplied physicists to the nuclear laboratory at Soreq.[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
### Richard Garwin and the Vela data
|
||||
|
||||
[[Richard L. Garwin]] was associated with IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. [[Seymour Hersh]] describes him as a member of an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite|Vela]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion in the South Indian Ocean in 1979, and as known for independence as a government consultant.[^25] The [[National Security Archive]] describes Garwin as then with IBM's James Watson Laboratory at Columbia University and the body as a White House panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], on which Garwin served. It states that Garwin, who had first read the Vela data as indicating a nuclear event, changed his view while on the panel, and quotes an October 19, 1979 letter in which Garwin wrote that "I would bet 2 to 1 in favor of the hypothesis" that the incident was a nuclear explosion.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 11.
|
||||
[^1]: *In re South African Apartheid Litigation* (*Ntsebeza v. Daimler AG*), 617 F. Supp. 2d 228 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 8, 2009) (headquarters of IBM in Armonk; aiding and abetting denationalization and apartheid pleaded against IBM; Khulumani claims against IBM dismissed with leave to amend, amended complaint due May 1, 2009). https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/617/cases/0228-01.json
|
||||
[^2]: Complaint, *Grossman v. International Business Machines Corp.* (E.D.N.Y., signature block dated "February __, 2001"), including footnote 3 of the complaint on the Dehomag and Watson history, paragraphs 19 and 22, and counts I and II. Copy from the Wayback Machine raw capture: https://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/https://www.asser.nl/upload/documents/DomCLIC/Docs/NLP/Switzerland/Grossman_v_IBM_US_10-02-2001.pdf. Sections citing this note state the plaintiffs' allegations as the complaint states them.
|
||||
[^3]: E. F. Codd, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," *Communications of the ACM* 13, no. 6 (June 1970), pp. 377-387 (author's affiliation: IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose; "Received September, 1969; revised February, 1970"). https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation* (Crown, 2001; page numbers here are those of the 2002 paperback printing with the new afterword): Hollerith leasing policy, pp. 26-27; Hollerith's 1910 license to Heidinger and the creation of Dehomag, p. 30; Watson's 90 percent demand and Heidinger's 10 percent, pp. 44 and 75; Dehomag and the 1933 census, p. 89; 1939 census, p. 169; Bergen-Belsen scene, p. 22; award of the Merit Cross, pp. 131-134; Watson's note to Hull of May 16, 1940, the reply (letter of Hull to Watson dated May 20, 1940, per Black's endnote, IBM files) and the June 6, 1940 letter, pp. 213-217; reaction in Germany and at Dehomag, p. 219. Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/ibmholocaustt00blac. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^5]: Terry W. Hartle, "An eager vendor in deadly computations," review of Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust*, *Christian Science Monitor*, March 2001. https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0301/p16s1.html
|
||||
[^6]: Sam Jaffe, Bloomberg, April 12, 2001. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-04-11/ibm-the-holocaust-and-my-grandfather. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^7]: "IBM Holocaust suit dropped," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency*, March 29, 2001 (dateline Washington). https://www.jta.org/2001/03/29/default/ibm-holocaust-suit-dropped. Sole source for the withdrawal quotations as reported.
|
||||
[^8]: [[B. J. Archer]], "The Los Alamos Computing Facility during the Manhattan Project," Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-UR-21-20164 (draft, February 17, 2021), pp. 1-4. Archer cites R. B. Lazarus et al., "Computing at LASL in the 1940s and 1950s," LA-6943-H, and L. Hoddeson et al., *Critical Assembly*, for the April 4, 1944 delivery date. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.05705
|
||||
[^9]: D. R. Israel, *The Integration of Air Traffic Control and Air Defense*, MITRE Corporation, SR-6, September 1959 (Defense Documentation Center copy), pp. 3-4. https://ftp.mirrorservice.org/sites/www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/mitre/charm/ESD-TDR-63-390_The_Integration_of_Air_Traffic_Control_and_Air_Defense_195909.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: IBM, "SAGE," IBM Heritage. https://www.ibm.com/history/sage. Sole source for the division of work and the 80 percent revenue figure, which are IBM's own statements.
|
||||
[^11]: [[Samuel S. Snyder]], *History of NSA General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers* (Department of Defense, 1964): IBM influence and early computer philosophy, p. 7; Stretch contacts of 1955 and fixed-price offer, pp. 40-41; SILO, PLANTATION and TRACTOR contracts, pp. 41-42; May 1, 1957 manual, p. 42; April 1958 purchase description and April 30, 1958 letter contracts, p. 45; January 1962 delivery and 32 percent cost overrun, pp. 45-46. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3121322/Document-02.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: Memorandum, Robert McFarlane to Ronald Reagan, August 1, 1984, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. X, Eastern Europe, doc. 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v10/d30
|
||||
[^13]: Memorandum, Kenneth W. Dam to George P. Shultz, June 12, 1985, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. V, Soviet Union, March 1985-October 1986, doc. 40, note 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v05/d40
|
||||
[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (TrineDay, 1992). Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^15]: *In re Inslaw, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988), findings of fact 34 (PROMIS versions on PDP 11/70, IBM, Wang, Honeywell and Burroughs computers) and 192 and 202 (IBM request for the Department of Justice letter; co-marketing agreement). https://static.case.law/br/83/cases/0089-01.json
|
||||
[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992): LEAA versions, p. 47; Riconosciuto's allegation on the Canadian agencies, p. 52; appeal of May 7, 1991, pp. 39-40. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Sole source for the Riconosciuto allegation as recorded by the committee.
|
||||
[^17]: *In re International Business Machines Corp.*, 687 F.2d 591 (2d Cir. Aug. 13, 1982), Background section (docket *United States v. International Business Machines Corp.*, 69 Civ. 200, S.D.N.Y., filed January 17, 1969). https://static.case.law/f2d/687/cases/0591-01.json
|
||||
[^18]: *United States v. International Business Machines Corp.*, 66 F.R.D. 154 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 1974), No. 69 Civ. 200 (DNE). https://static.case.law/frd/66/cases/0154-01.json
|
||||
[^19]: "Impact of AT&T, IBM decisions," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 11, 1982. https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0111/011144.html
|
||||
[^20]: Thomas Conrad, "U.S. Data Processing Corporations Are Supplying South Africa with the Brains of Its Military and Police Services," *Multinational Monitor* 3, no. 4 (April 1982). https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1982/04/conrad.html. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^21]: "South Africa: IBM, ICL Accused of Apartheid Collaboration," allAfrica, November 15, 2002, quoting the Khulumani complaint as filed in the Eastern District of New York. https://allafrica.com/stories/200211150560.html. Sole source for the quotation as reported.
|
||||
[^22]: *Khulumani v. Barclay National Bank Ltd.*, 504 F.3d 254 (2d Cir. Oct. 12, 2007) (per curiam). https://static.case.law/f3d/504/cases/0254-01.json
|
||||
[^23]: *Balintulo v. Ford Motor Co.*, 796 F.3d 160 (2d Cir. July 27, 2015). https://static.case.law/f3d/796/cases/0160-01.json
|
||||
[^24]: "Israel Gets High-Speed Computers," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, page dated January 1, 1995. https://wisconsinproject.org/israel-gets-high-speed-computers
|
||||
[^25]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 11. Sole source for the passages so cited.
|
||||
[^26]: National Security Archive, "Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash, September 1979," December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ At about eight in the morning on June 19, 2026, a federal park ranger approached
|
|||
|
||||
### The Search
|
||||
|
||||
About fifteen FBI agents, some in hazardous-materials suits, began searching the house on June 26. They found a third handgun, forged FBI credentials and the desktop computer used to make them, a marijuana grow, hidden compartments, five urns, vats of chemicals, and a 55-gallon drum plumbed into the basement sewer line. They also found handwritten pages that refer to [[Ted Bundy]] and describe the pleasure of hurting a woman with a zip tie. Raymond Horsch's self-published 2014 book Empathy describes strangling a woman and dissolving her body with sodium hydroxide in a basement bathtub. The liquids were sent to a laboratory in [[Chicago]]. [[Krista Killen]], who lived in the house for years, had died of drug intoxication some months after Raymond Horsch. Eugene Horsch was held on 500,000 dollars bail at the [[Curran-Fromhold Correctional Facility]].[^12][^13][^18][^22]
|
||||
About fifteen FBI agents, some in hazardous-materials suits, began searching the house on June 26. They found a third handgun, forged FBI credentials and the desktop computer used to make them, a marijuana grow, hidden compartments, five urns, vats of chemicals, and a 55-gallon drum plumbed into the basement sewer line. They also found handwritten pages that refer to [[Ted Bundy]] and describe the pleasure of hurting a woman with a zip tie. Raymond Horsch's self-published 2014 book Empathy describes strangling a woman and dissolving her body with sodium hydroxide in a basement bathtub. The liquids were sent to a laboratory in [[Chicago]]. [[Krista Killen]], who lived in the house for years, had died some months after Raymond Horsch; the search affidavit gave the cause as "drug intoxication," and the medical examiner found an overdose.[^7][^22] Eugene Horsch was held on 500,000 dollars bail at the [[Curran-Fromhold Correctional Facility]].[^12][^13][^18][^22]
|
||||
|
||||
The hard drives held more than 600,000 images, 70,000 videos, and 10,000 pages of documents. On August 28 the [[The Philadelphia Inquirer|Inquirer]] reported, citing unnamed sources, that investigators believed one video showed Raymond Horsch killing a woman.[^13][^23]
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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