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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/Order of Nine Angles.md
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ tags:
- Proscription
- BritishIntelligence
created: 2026-05-21
updated: 2026-05-22
updated: 2026-09-22
summary: "The Order of Nine Angles is a British neo-Nazi occultist organization whose Insight Roles doctrine of committing crimes as spiritual initiation made it a foundational influence on Atomwaffen Division, Tempel ov Blood, and the broader accelerationist ecosystem, and which has never been proscribed in the UK despite eight terrorism convictions linked to it in two years."
start: 1980
location: "United Kingdom"
@ -80,33 +80,33 @@ Denton made Sutter's books (*Iron Gates*, *Liber 333*, and *Bluebird*) required
Between April 2019 and April 2021, [[HOPE not hate]] documented eight individuals linked to O9A who were convicted of terrorism offences in the United Kingdom. The majority were teenagers. The full named record from 2019 to early 2025 is as follows, incorporating those eight plus subsequent cases.[^8]
[[Michael Szewczuk]], 19, of Leeds (Sonnenkrieg Division co-founder), and [[Oskar Dunn-Koczorowski]], 18, of West London (Sonnenkrieg Division member), were sentenced at the [[Old Bailey]] on 18 June 2019 by Judge [[Rebecca Poulet QC]]. Szewczuk pleaded guilty to two counts of encouraging terrorism under section 1 of the [[Terrorism Act 2006]] and five counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the [[Terrorism Act 2000]], including the White Resistance Manual and the Al Qaeda Manual. He was sentenced to four years and three months in a Young Offenders' Institute. Dunn-Koczorowski pleaded guilty to two counts of encouraging terrorism and received an 18-month Detention and Training Order. Both operated personal accounts on the [[Gab]] social media platform under pseudonyms and shared control of the Sonnenkrieg Division's Gab page, posting propaganda encouraging lone-actor terrorism including imagery targeting Prince Harry as a "race traitor." The sentencing remarks were delivered by Judge Poulet QC.[^23]
[[Michael Szewczuk]], 19, of Leeds (Sonnenkrieg Division co-founder), and [[Oskar Dunn-Koczorowski]], 18, of West London (Sonnenkrieg Division member), were sentenced at the [[Old Bailey]] on 18 June 2019 by Judge [[Rebecca Poulet QC]]. Szewczuk pleaded guilty to two counts of encouraging terrorism under section 1 of the [[Terrorism Act 2006]] and five counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the [[Terrorism Act 2000]], including the White Resistance Manual and the Al Qaeda Manual. He was sentenced to four years and three months in a Young Offenders' Institute. Dunn-Koczorowski pleaded guilty to two counts of encouraging terrorism and received an 18-month Detention and Training Order. Both operated personal accounts on the [[Gab]] social media platform under pseudonyms and shared control of the Sonnenkrieg Division's Gab page, posting propaganda encouraging lone-actor terrorism including imagery targeting Prince Harry as a "race traitor." The sentencing remarks were delivered by Judge Poulet QC.[^9]
[[Jacek Tchorzewski]], 18, a Polish national residing in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, was stopped at [[Luton Airport]] on 20 February 2019 under Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 by officers from the [[Eastern Region Specialist Operation Unit Counter Terrorism Policing]] (ERSOU CTP) before he could board a flight to Poland. Phone analysis uncovered a cache of terrorist manuals and bomb-making guides. He pleaded guilty at the Old Bailey on 21 June 2019 to 10 counts of possession of information likely useful to a person preparing an act of terrorism under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000, and was sentenced on 20 September 2019 to four years' imprisonment. A subsequent prosecution at [[Harrow Crown Court]] on 23 July 2020 for indecent images offences resulted in a concurrent 8-month sentence. Tchorzewski was described as holding deep neo-Nazi and Satanist beliefs; he was linked to Sonnenkrieg Division and had expressed a "dream" of carrying out a mass-casualty attack. He was also subject to a deportation order.[^24]
[[Jacek Tchorzewski]], 18, a Polish national residing in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, was stopped at [[Luton Airport]] on 20 February 2019 under Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 by officers from the [[Eastern Region Specialist Operation Unit Counter Terrorism Policing]] (ERSOU CTP) before he could board a flight to Poland. Phone analysis uncovered a cache of terrorist manuals and bomb-making guides. He pleaded guilty at the Old Bailey on 21 June 2019 to 10 counts of possession of information likely useful to a person preparing an act of terrorism under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000, and was sentenced on 20 September 2019 to four years' imprisonment. A subsequent prosecution at [[Harrow Crown Court]] on 23 July 2020 for indecent images offences resulted in a concurrent 8-month sentence. Tchorzewski was described as holding deep neo-Nazi and Satanist beliefs; he was linked to Sonnenkrieg Division and had expressed a "dream" of carrying out a mass-casualty attack. He was also subject to a deportation order.[^10]
[[Jack Reed]], 16, of New Brancepeth, County Durham, was convicted at [[Manchester Crown Court]] in November 2019 of six terrorism offences: preparation of terrorist acts under section 5 of the Terrorism Act 2006, disseminating a terrorist publication, possessing an article for a terrorist purpose, and three counts of possessing a document useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000. An O9A symbol was hand-drawn on his handwritten manifesto, which he titled "Storm 88 - A Manual For Practical And Sensible Guerrilla Warfare Against The Kike System In The Durham City Area, Sieg Heil" and which listed schools, pubs, council buildings, and post offices as targets, alongside planned arson attacks on local synagogues. The prosecution described his ideology as "occult neo-Nazism." Judge [[David Stockdale QC]] sentenced Reed in January 2020 to six years and eight months' detention in a Young Offenders' Institute with a five-year extended licence, ordering that he serve two-thirds before Parole Board consideration. A separate concurrent sentence of 18 months' Detention Training Order was imposed on 23 December 2020 for five sexual assaults against a schoolgirl. Reed's anonymity order was later lifted following a successful application by journalists, and he was publicly named in January 2021.[^25]
[[Jack Reed]], 16, of New Brancepeth, County Durham, was convicted at [[Manchester Crown Court]] in November 2019 of six terrorism offences: preparation of terrorist acts under section 5 of the Terrorism Act 2006, disseminating a terrorist publication, possessing an article for a terrorist purpose, and three counts of possessing a document useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000. An O9A symbol was hand-drawn on his handwritten manifesto, which he titled "Storm 88 - A Manual For Practical And Sensible Guerrilla Warfare Against The Kike System In The Durham City Area, Sieg Heil" and which listed schools, pubs, council buildings, and post offices as targets, alongside planned arson attacks on local synagogues. The prosecution described his ideology as "occult neo-Nazism." Judge [[David Stockdale QC]] sentenced Reed in January 2020 to six years and eight months' detention in a Young Offenders' Institute with a five-year extended licence, ordering that he serve two-thirds before Parole Board consideration. A separate concurrent sentence of 18 months' Detention Training Order was imposed on 23 December 2020 for five sexual assaults against a schoolgirl. Reed's anonymity order was later lifted following a successful application by journalists, and he was publicly named in January 2021.[^11]
[[Harry Vaughan]], 18, of Kingston-upon-Thames, a grammar school student at [[Tiffin School]] who had achieved A-grade A-levels in maths, further maths, physics, and history, was arrested on 19 June 2019 in a Counter Terrorism Policing investigation into [[Fascist Forge]], an online extremist forum. He was charged with one count of encouraging terrorism (section 1, Terrorism Act 2006), one count of disseminating a terrorist publication (section 2, Terrorism Act 2006), 12 counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist (section 58, Terrorism Act 2000), and two counts of possessing indecent images. He pleaded guilty on all counts. The documents on his devices included Sonnenkrieg Division propaganda of his own creation, bomb-making manuals, and a guide to killing people. Sentenced at the Old Bailey in November 2020 by Mr Justice Sweeney, who described him as "a dangerous offender," he received a two-year detention sentence suspended for two years, a result that drew criticism from counter-extremism researchers.[^26]
[[Harry Vaughan]], 18, of Kingston-upon-Thames, a grammar school student at [[Tiffin School]] who had achieved A-grade A-levels in maths, further maths, physics, and history, was arrested on 19 June 2019 in a Counter Terrorism Policing investigation into [[Fascist Forge]], an online extremist forum. He was charged with one count of encouraging terrorism (section 1, Terrorism Act 2006), one count of disseminating a terrorist publication (section 2, Terrorism Act 2006), 12 counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist (section 58, Terrorism Act 2000), and two counts of possessing indecent images. He pleaded guilty on all counts. The documents on his devices included Sonnenkrieg Division propaganda of his own creation, bomb-making manuals, and a guide to killing people. Sentenced at the Old Bailey in November 2020 by Mr Justice Sweeney, who described him as "a dangerous offender," he received a two-year detention sentence suspended for two years, a result that drew criticism from counter-extremism researchers.[^12]
The cases of the unnamed Cornish teenager ([[Feuerkrieg Division]] UK leader, sentenced February 2021) and [[Benjamin Hannam]] (Metropolitan Police constable, sentenced May 2021) are documented in the existing page and in the [[National Action]] vault entry respectively. The unnamed Cornish defendant received a 24-month youth rehabilitation order; the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] press release confirmed that a copy of Iron Gates, the O9A-affiliated novel published by Martinet Press, was found during the 2019 police search of his home.[^27]
The cases of the unnamed Cornish teenager ([[Feuerkrieg Division]] UK leader, sentenced February 2021) and [[Benjamin Hannam]] (Metropolitan Police constable, sentenced May 2021) are documented in the existing page and in the [[National Action]] vault entry respectively. The unnamed Cornish defendant received a 24-month youth rehabilitation order; the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] press release confirmed that a copy of Iron Gates, the O9A-affiliated novel published by Martinet Press, was found during the 2019 police search of his home.[^13]
[[Danyal Hussein]], an 18-year-old Iraqi Kurd from [[Wembley]], was convicted on 6 July 2021 at the Old Bailey of the murders of sisters [[Bibaa Henry]] (46) and [[Nicole Smallman]] (27) in [[Fryent Country Park]], London, on 6 June 2020. Hussein had signed a handwritten contract in his own blood addressed to the demon [[Lucifuge Rofocale]], pledging to kill six women every six months in exchange for lottery winnings. He was sentenced to life with a minimum term of 35 years. Investigators found that he had been in contact with an individual closely associated with the Order of Nine Angles. The case was cited by [[Stephanie Peacock MP]] in October 2021 in renewed calls for O9A's proscription.[^11]
[[Danyal Hussein]], an 18-year-old Iraqi Kurd from [[Wembley]], was convicted on 6 July 2021 at the Old Bailey of the murders of sisters [[Bibaa Henry]] (46) and [[Nicole Smallman]] (27) in [[Fryent Country Park]], London, on 6 June 2020. Hussein had signed a handwritten contract in his own blood addressed to the demon [[Lucifuge Rofocale]], pledging to kill six women every six months in exchange for lottery winnings. He was sentenced to life with a minimum term of 35 years. Investigators found that he had been in contact with an individual closely associated with the Order of Nine Angles. The case was cited by [[Stephanie Peacock MP]] in October 2021 in renewed calls for O9A's proscription.[^14]
[[Ben John]], 21, of Lincoln, a criminology student at [[De Montfort University]] Leicester, was convicted at Leicester Crown Court on 12 August 2021 of one count of possessing a document useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000. Officers from Counter Terrorism Policing's East Midlands unit found a hard drive containing the Anarchy Cookbook, alongside white supremacist and antisemitic literature and material relating to O9A. Judge [[Timothy Spencer QC]] sentenced John on 31 August 2021 to two years' imprisonment suspended for two years, ordering him to read works of classic literature including Dickens and Austen, a direction that attracted widespread press criticism. Solicitor General [[Alex Chalk QC MP]] referred the sentence to the Court of Appeal under section 36 of the [[Criminal Justice Act 1988]] as unduly lenient. On 19 January 2022, the Court of Appeal increased the sentence to two years' immediate custody plus one year on licence.[^28]
[[Ben John]], 21, of Lincoln, a criminology student at [[De Montfort University]] Leicester, was convicted at Leicester Crown Court on 12 August 2021 of one count of possessing a document useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000. Officers from Counter Terrorism Policing's East Midlands unit found a hard drive containing the Anarchy Cookbook, alongside white supremacist and antisemitic literature and material relating to O9A. Judge [[Timothy Spencer QC]] sentenced John on 31 August 2021 to two years' imprisonment suspended for two years, ordering him to read works of classic literature including Dickens and Austen, a direction that attracted widespread press criticism. Solicitor General [[Alex Chalk QC MP]] referred the sentence to the Court of Appeal under section 36 of the [[Criminal Justice Act 1988]] as unduly lenient. On 19 January 2022, the Court of Appeal increased the sentence to two years' immediate custody plus one year on licence.[^15]
[[Luca Benincasa]], 20, of Cardiff, was sentenced at Winchester Crown Court on 26 January 2023 by Judge [[Jane Miller KC]] to five years and seven months for terrorism charges and an additional consecutive eight months for child images offences, with a three-year extended licence on the terrorism counts, for a total custodial term of approximately nine years and three months. He had pleaded guilty at Winchester Crown Court on 15 July 2022 to one count of membership of the proscribed organisation Feuerkrieg Division under section 11 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and four counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist under section 58, including improvised explosive device and pipe-bomb manuals. Benincasa was the first person convicted of FKD membership since that group's proscription in July 2020. He had described himself as the "UK cell leader" of FKD and one of its key recruiters; Judge Miller KC found him to be "a prominent member." Press coverage described him as a "prominent ONA member," though the published sentencing remarks' specific language on O9A has not been independently verified and constitutes an open thread.[^29]
[[Luca Benincasa]], 20, of Cardiff, was sentenced at Winchester Crown Court on 26 January 2023 by Judge [[Jane Miller KC]] to five years and seven months for terrorism charges and an additional consecutive eight months for child images offences, with a three-year extended licence on the terrorism counts, for a total custodial term of approximately nine years and three months. He had pleaded guilty at Winchester Crown Court on 15 July 2022 to one count of membership of the proscribed organisation Feuerkrieg Division under section 11 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and four counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist under section 58, including improvised explosive device and pipe-bomb manuals. Benincasa was the first person convicted of FKD membership since that group's proscription in July 2020. He had described himself as the "UK cell leader" of FKD and one of its key recruiters; Judge Miller KC found him to be "a prominent member." Press coverage described him as a "prominent ONA member," though the published sentencing remarks' specific language on O9A has not been independently verified and constitutes an open thread.[^16]
[[Ashley Podsiad-Sharp]], 42, a prison officer at [[HMP Armley]] in Leeds, was convicted at Sheffield Crown Court of one count of possessing terrorist material under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (acquitted of a second count of dissemination). He was sentenced on 31 August 2023 by Judge [[Jeremy Richardson KC]] to eight years' imprisonment plus five years' extended licence. His devices contained the White Resistance Manual, a 200-page publication containing sections on arson, poisoning, infrastructure sabotage, bomb-making, and evading police capture. He had been a former member of National Action before its proscription and had subsequently founded the [[White Stag Athletics Club]], which required members to hold white-supremacist and antisemitic views. Podsiad-Sharp showed, in the judge's assessment, "not one iota of remorse." The sentencing remarks are published on the Courts and Tribunals Judiciary website.[^30]
[[Ashley Podsiad-Sharp]], 42, a prison officer at [[HMP Armley]] in Leeds, was convicted at Sheffield Crown Court of one count of possessing terrorist material under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (acquitted of a second count of dissemination). He was sentenced on 31 August 2023 by Judge [[Jeremy Richardson KC]] to eight years' imprisonment plus five years' extended licence. His devices contained the White Resistance Manual, a 200-page publication containing sections on arson, poisoning, infrastructure sabotage, bomb-making, and evading police capture. He had been a former member of National Action before its proscription and had subsequently founded the [[White Stag Athletics Club]], which required members to hold white-supremacist and antisemitic views. Podsiad-Sharp showed, in the judge's assessment, "not one iota of remorse." The sentencing remarks are published on the Courts and Tribunals Judiciary website.[^17]
[[Declan George-Candiani]], 26, of Streatham, was stopped at [[Stansted Airport]] on 13 August 2024 by Counter Terrorism Command officers using Schedule 7 powers. His phone was analysed and he was arrested; an iPad was also seized from his home. He was convicted at the Old Bailey on 3 October 2024 of two counts of collecting material likely useful to a terrorist under section 58(1) of the Terrorism Act 2000 (acquitted of two further counts), and sentenced on 28 November 2024 to 23 months' imprisonment plus one year on licence, plus a 10-year terrorism notification requirement. Devices contained extreme right-wing manifestos, mass killer writings, and lone-wolf attack guides. In police interview, George-Candiani told officers he had developed an interest in O9A's "traditional Satanism," attributing his downloading of the material to that interest.[^31]
[[Declan George-Candiani]], 26, of Streatham, was stopped at [[Stansted Airport]] on 13 August 2024 by Counter Terrorism Command officers using Schedule 7 powers. His phone was analysed and he was arrested; an iPad was also seized from his home. He was convicted at the Old Bailey on 3 October 2024 of two counts of collecting material likely useful to a terrorist under section 58(1) of the Terrorism Act 2000 (acquitted of two further counts), and sentenced on 28 November 2024 to 23 months' imprisonment plus one year on licence, plus a 10-year terrorism notification requirement. Devices contained extreme right-wing manifestos, mass killer writings, and lone-wolf attack guides. In police interview, George-Candiani told officers he had developed an interest in O9A's "traditional Satanism," attributing his downloading of the material to that interest.[^18]
[[Cameron Finnigan]], 19, of Horsham, West Sussex, joined the 764 online extremist group in late 2023. Counter Terrorism Policing became aware of him in March 2024. He pleaded guilty on 4 October 2024 to five counts: one count of possessing a document for terrorist purposes under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (an 11-page PDF outlining truck, knife, and firearm mass-casualty attack planning), one count of doing an act capable of encouraging or assisting suicide under section 2 of the [[Suicide Act 1961]] as amended (encouraging a young woman to livestream her suicide to his Telegram group), two counts of criminal damage, and one count of possessing indecent images. He was sentenced at the Central Criminal Court on 16 January 2025 by Mr Justice Jay to six years' imprisonment plus three years' extended licence. The judge assessed him as posing a high risk of serious harm to the public, including children, and applied a 25% reduction for youth and mental health. The sentencing remarks are published on the judiciary.uk website.[^32]
[[Cameron Finnigan]], 19, of Horsham, West Sussex, joined the 764 online extremist group in late 2023. Counter Terrorism Policing became aware of him in March 2024. He pleaded guilty on 4 October 2024 to five counts: one count of possessing a document for terrorist purposes under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (an 11-page PDF outlining truck, knife, and firearm mass-casualty attack planning), one count of doing an act capable of encouraging or assisting suicide under section 2 of the [[Suicide Act 1961]] as amended (encouraging a young woman to livestream her suicide to his Telegram group), two counts of criminal damage, and one count of possessing indecent images. He was sentenced at the Central Criminal Court on 16 January 2025 by Mr Justice Jay to six years' imprisonment plus three years' extended licence. The judge assessed him as posing a high risk of serious harm to the public, including children, and applied a 25% reduction for youth and mental health. The sentencing remarks are published on the judiciary.uk website.[^19]
### Criminal Cases Linked to O9A: International
Documented individuals who committed or planned violence while affiliated with or influenced by O9A include:
[[Ethan Phelan Melzer]], a U.S. Army Private in the 173rd Airborne Brigade who, under the alias "Etil Reggad," transmitted classified information about his unit's planned deployment to Turkey to O9A members on [[Telegram]], conspiring to facilitate a mass-casualty attack on his own soldiers. Arrested May 2020 in Vicenza, Italy; convicted in the Southern District of New York; sentenced March 2023 to 45 years in prison.[^12]
[[Ethan Phelan Melzer]], a U.S. Army Private in the 173rd Airborne Brigade who, under the alias "Etil Reggad," transmitted classified information about his unit's planned deployment to Turkey to O9A members on [[Telegram]], conspiring to facilitate a mass-casualty attack on his own soldiers. Arrested May 2020 in Vicenza, Italy; convicted in the Southern District of New York; sentenced March 2023 to 45 years in prison.[^20]
[[Guilherme Von Neutegem]], a Canadian O9A adherent charged with murder for killing a victim outside a mosque in Toronto in 2020.
@ -118,27 +118,27 @@ Documented individuals who committed or planned violence while affiliated with o
### The Proscription Non-Decision
O9A has not been proscribed in the United Kingdom as of mid-2026. The [[Home Office]] proscription criteria under Section 3 of the Terrorism Act 2000 require the Home Secretary to believe that an organisation is "concerned in terrorism," meaning it: (a) commits or participates in acts of terrorism; (b) prepares for terrorism; (c) promotes or encourages terrorism; or (d) is otherwise concerned in terrorism. If the statutory test is met, the Home Secretary then applies discretionary factors including the nature and scale of the organisation's activities and the need to support the international counter-terrorism community.[^13]
O9A has not been proscribed in the United Kingdom as of mid-2026. The [[Home Office]] proscription criteria under Section 3 of the Terrorism Act 2000 require the Home Secretary to believe that an organisation is "concerned in terrorism," meaning it: (a) commits or participates in acts of terrorism; (b) prepares for terrorism; (c) promotes or encourages terrorism; or (d) is otherwise concerned in terrorism. If the statutory test is met, the Home Secretary then applies discretionary factors including the nature and scale of the organisation's activities and the need to support the international counter-terrorism community.[^21]
The legal and structural problem O9A presents for proscription is its deliberate decentralisation. O9A has no formal membership rolls, no governing body, no public leadership structure, and no legal entity. Its basic unit is the autonomous nexion, connected by shared texts rather than hierarchy. Proscription under the Terrorism Act 2000 operates on the premise that there is an "organisation" whose members can then be charged with membership offences under Section 11. If the Home Office concludes that O9A's structure is too diffuse to constitute an "organisation" in the statutory sense, the proscription mechanism becomes legally uncertain even if the substantive test of concern in terrorism is met. This structural problem does not appear to have been definitively addressed in any published government document, but it is widely cited by counter-extremism researchers as the most likely non-political reason for the non-decision.[^14]
The legal and structural problem O9A presents for proscription is its deliberate decentralisation. O9A has no formal membership rolls, no governing body, no public leadership structure, and no legal entity. Its basic unit is the autonomous nexion, connected by shared texts rather than hierarchy. Proscription under the Terrorism Act 2000 operates on the premise that there is an "organisation" whose members can then be charged with membership offences under Section 11. If the Home Office concludes that O9A's structure is too diffuse to constitute an "organisation" in the statutory sense, the proscription mechanism becomes legally uncertain even if the substantive test of concern in terrorism is met. This structural problem does not appear to have been definitively addressed in any published government document, but it is widely cited by counter-extremism researchers as the most likely non-political reason for the non-decision.[^22]
### Parliamentary Campaign for Proscription: Timeline
March 2020: HOPE not hate formally called for O9A proscription in its *State of Hate 2020* report, characterising O9A as "an incubator of terrorism."[^15]
March 2020: HOPE not hate formally called for O9A proscription in its *State of Hate 2020* report, characterising O9A as "an incubator of terrorism."[^23]
March 2020: [[Yvette Cooper]], chair of the [[Home Affairs Select Committee]], called on the Home Secretary to "immediately" refer O9A to the proscription review group, following the New Statesman investigation that documented O9A materials being held under restricted access at the [[British Library]].[^16]
March 2020: [[Yvette Cooper]], chair of the [[Home Affairs Select Committee]], called on the Home Secretary to "immediately" refer O9A to the proscription review group, following the New Statesman investigation that documented O9A materials being held under restricted access at the [[British Library]].[^24]
19 April 2021: HOPE not hate published "Government misses opportunity to proscribe Order of Nine Angles" on the same day the Home Office announced the proscription of Atomwaffen Division and [[The Base]] under the Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2021. Hope not Hate CEO [[Nick Lowles]] stated: "The government's counter-terrorism strategy against the far-right threat remains deeply troubling." The statement argued that O9A had been recommended for proscription over a year earlier and that its influence on proscribed groups including Atomwaffen Division made the omission incoherent.[^17]
19 April 2021: HOPE not hate published "Government misses opportunity to proscribe Order of Nine Angles" on the same day the Home Office announced the proscription of Atomwaffen Division; [[The Base]] followed in July 2021.[^25] Hope not Hate CEO [[Nick Lowles]] stated: "The government's counter-terrorism strategy against the far-right threat remains deeply troubling." The statement argued that O9A had been recommended for proscription over a year earlier and that its influence on proscribed groups including Atomwaffen Division made the omission incoherent.[^26]
13 July 2021: Parliamentary debate, "Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism" (HC Deb), featuring extended discussion of O9A. [[Stephanie Peacock]] (Labour, Barnsley East) and [[Stephen Doughty]] (Labour, Cardiff South and Penarth) both called on the Home Secretary to proscribe O9A. The minister's response was the standard formula: the government "will not provide any commentary on which groups are or are not being considered for proscription by the review group" and that "the proscription review process is robust and working as it should."[^18]
13 July 2021: Parliamentary debate, "Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism" (HC Deb), featuring extended discussion of O9A. [[Stephanie Peacock]] (Labour, Barnsley East) and [[Stephen Doughty]] (Labour, Cardiff South and Penarth) both called on the Home Secretary to proscribe O9A. The minister's response was the standard formula: the government "will not provide any commentary on which groups are or are not being considered for proscription by the review group" and that "the proscription review process is robust and working as it should."[^27]
October 2021: Peacock renewed her call for proscription in response to the Danyal Hussein conviction, citing his contact with an O9A-associated individual as evidence that O9A's influence was translating into direct harm on British streets.[^11]
October 2021: Peacock renewed her call for proscription in response to the Danyal Hussein conviction, citing his contact with an O9A-associated individual as evidence that O9A's influence was translating into direct harm on British streets.[^14]
18 July 2023: CONTEST 2023, the fourth iteration of the UK counter-terrorism strategy, identified extreme right-wing terrorism as accounting for approximately 22 per cent of UK attacks since 2018 and approximately 25 per cent of MI5's caseload. It listed proscribed far-right organisations including Feuerkrieg Division, Atomwaffen Division, [[Sonnenkrieg Division]], and The Base, but did not name O9A in accessible sections as either proscribed or under active review.[^33]
18 July 2023: CONTEST 2023, the fourth iteration of the UK counter-terrorism strategy, identified extreme right-wing terrorism as accounting for approximately 22 per cent of UK attacks since 2018 and approximately 25 per cent of MI5's caseload. It listed proscribed far-right organisations including Feuerkrieg Division, Atomwaffen Division, [[Sonnenkrieg Division]], and The Base, but did not name O9A in accessible sections as either proscribed or under active review.[^28]
15 September 2023: The Home Office Proscription Factsheet described the proscription review process and criteria in general terms but made no reference to O9A.[^34]
15 September 2023: The Home Office Proscription Factsheet described the proscription review process and criteria in general terms but made no reference to O9A.[^29]
2 July 2025: The [[House of Commons]] debated the draft Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2025, which proscribed three new organisations: [[Maniac Murder Cult]] (a US-based accelerationist group with documented O9A and 764 connections), [[Palestine Action]], and the [[Russian Imperial Movement]]. The Order was approved by 385 votes to 26 after a division. O9A was not included. During the debate, the parliamentary chair of HOPE not hate again urged the government to consider O9A proscription; the minister's response was the standard formula that the government does not comment on groups under or not under consideration. The Order bears SI number 9780348273373.[^35]
2 July 2025: The [[House of Commons]] debated the draft Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2025, which proscribed three new organisations: [[Maniac Murder Cult]] (a US-based accelerationist group with documented O9A and 764 connections), [[Palestine Action]], and the [[Russian Imperial Movement]]. The Order was approved by 385 votes to 26 after a division. O9A was not included. During the debate, the parliamentary chair of HOPE not hate again urged the government to consider O9A proscription; the minister's response was the standard formula that the government does not comment on groups under or not under consideration. The Order bears SI number 9780348273373.[^30]
No proscription of O9A has been announced as of mid-2026. The government's consistent refusal to explain the non-decision stands in contrast to the public reasoning given for other proscriptions. When National Action was proscribed in December 2016, [[Amber Rudd]] made a public statement characterising it as "a racist, antisemitic and homophobic organisation which stirs up hatred, glorifies violence and promotes a vile ideology." No equivalent statement characterising O9A as below the threshold, or as failing the statutory test on structural grounds, has been published.
@ -146,25 +146,25 @@ No proscription of O9A has been announced as of mid-2026. The government's consi
The gap between O9A's legal status and that of its downstream networks is substantial. The following proscribed organisations have documented O9A connections:
Sonnenkrieg Division (proscribed February 2020): explicitly modelled on O9A philosophy and Atomwaffen Division; five members convicted of terrorism charges in the UK.[^19]
Sonnenkrieg Division (proscribed February 2020): explicitly modelled on O9A philosophy and Atomwaffen Division; five members convicted of terrorism charges in the UK.[^31]
Atomwaffen Division (proscribed April 2021): ideologically shaped by O9A through Tempel ov Blood and Joshua Caleb Sutter; considered O9A texts required reading.[^17]
Atomwaffen Division (proscribed April 2021): ideologically shaped by O9A through Tempel ov Blood and Joshua Caleb Sutter; considered O9A texts required reading.[^26]
The Base (proscribed April 2021): structurally influenced by O9A's nexion model; [[Rinaldo Nazzaro]] incorporated O9A aesthetics and doctrine.[^17]
The Base (proscribed July 2021): structurally influenced by O9A's nexion model; [[Rinaldo Nazzaro]] incorporated O9A aesthetics and doctrine.[^26]
[[Combat 18]] (proscribed February 2020, S.I. 2020/200): the organisation in which David Myatt, O9A's attributed founder, served as "ideological heavyweight." Proscribed while O9A itself is not.[^20]
[[Combat 18]] (banned in Germany in January 2020; not proscribed in the United Kingdom): the organisation in which David Myatt, O9A's attributed founder, served as "ideological heavyweight."[^32] The Order of 2020, S.I. 2020/200, added only the Sonnenkrieg Division among far-right groups.[^25]
### New Zealand Designation
[[New Zealand]] designated O9A as a terrorist organisation in 2025, making it one of the few countries to have taken formal legal action against the organisation itself rather than merely prosecuting individual adherents. The OpenSanctions database records the NZ listing; the specific New Zealand Gazette reference and enabling legislation have not been retrieved in this research run and constitute an open thread.[^21]
[[New Zealand]] designated O9A as a terrorist organisation in 2025, making it one of the few countries to have taken formal legal action against the organisation itself rather than merely prosecuting individual adherents. The OpenSanctions database records the NZ listing; the specific New Zealand Gazette reference and enabling legislation have not been retrieved in this research run and constitute an open thread.[^33]
### O9A Texts and the British Library
A specific detail from the March 2020 New Statesman investigation: O9A materials were being held in a secure, supervised section of the British Library, accessible only under controlled conditions. This is a standard British Library procedure for materials assessed as potentially harmful rather than a formal legal restriction, but it was cited in the Yvette Cooper proscription call as evidence of the state's implicit recognition of O9A's dangerous character while formal proscription remained absent.[^16]
A specific detail from the March 2020 New Statesman investigation: O9A materials were being held in a secure, supervised section of the British Library, accessible only under controlled conditions. This is a standard British Library procedure for materials assessed as potentially harmful rather than a formal legal restriction, but it was cited in the Yvette Cooper proscription call as evidence of the state's implicit recognition of O9A's dangerous character while formal proscription remained absent.[^24]
### O9A and the 764 Ecosystem
O9A's influence on 764 is documented but operates at one remove. 764 is not an O9A nexion and its members do not generally identify as O9A adherents. The connection works through three channels: first, aesthetic adoption, as 764 groups took on O9A visual symbolism and nomenclature; second, structural parallel, as the insight roles doctrine of committing crimes as spiritual progression mirrors 764's content economy in which criminal acts are required for advancement; third, distribution pipeline, as *Iron Gates* and other O9A texts circulated through Terrorgram channels that overlapped with the 764 radicalization environment. The ISD characterized O9A materials as having "directly influenced the operational practices of 764."[^22]
O9A's influence on 764 is documented but operates at one remove. 764 is not an O9A nexion and its members do not generally identify as O9A adherents. The connection works through three channels: first, aesthetic adoption, as 764 groups took on O9A visual symbolism and nomenclature; second, structural parallel, as the insight roles doctrine of committing crimes as spiritual progression mirrors 764's content economy in which criminal acts are required for advancement; third, distribution pipeline, as *Iron Gates* and other O9A texts circulated through Terrorgram channels that overlapped with the 764 radicalization environment. The ISD characterized O9A materials as having "directly influenced the operational practices of 764."[^34]
### Footnotes
@ -176,43 +176,29 @@ O9A's influence on 764 is documented but operates at one remove. 764 is not an O
[^6]: Vice. "FBI Bankrolled Publisher of Occult Neo-Nazi Books, Feds Claim." 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/fbi-bankrolled-publisher-of-occult-neo-nazi-books-feds-claim/
[^7]: Internet Archive. *Iron Gates* (Tempel ov Blood). https://archive.org/details/tempel-ov-blood-iron-gates-text
[^8]: ISD Global. "The Order of Nine Angles." Explainer, August 2022. https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-explainer/the-order-of-nine-angles/ Full report: https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/O9A-ISD-External-August2022.pdf
[^9]: Pirate FM / planetradio.co.uk. "Teenager from Cornwall becomes one of Britain's youngest convicted terrorists." February 2021; Washington Examiner, "Neo-Nazi teenager becomes UK's youngest person to be convicted of terrorism charges," 2021.
[^10]: Crown Prosecution Service / National Action case records. See National Action vault entry for full Hannam prosecution details.
[^11]: GB News. "Campaigners renew call to ban Nazi-occultist group following Satanist murders of two sisters." 2021. https://www.gbnews.com/news/campaigners-renew-call-to-ban-nazi-occultist-group-following-satanist-murders-of-two-sisters/149664; Stephanie Peacock MP website. https://www.stephaniepeacock.org.uk/stephanie_calls_on_home_secretary_to_proscribe_murderous_nazi_occultist_group/
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, USAO-SDNY. "Former U.S. Army Soldier Sentenced To 45 Years In Prison For Attempting To Murder Fellow Service Members In Deadly Ambush." Press Release, March 2023. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/former-us-army-soldier-sentenced-45-years-prison-attempting-murder-fellow-service
[^13]: Section 3, Terrorism Act 2000. https://www.lawglobalhub.com/section-3-terrorism-act-2000-uk/; Home Office Factsheet: Proscription, September 15, 2023. https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/2023/09/15/factsheet-proscription/
[^14]: Northumbria Journal of Law and Practice. "The law relating to Proscription of terrorist organisations." https://www.northumbriajournals.co.uk/index.php/sjppar/article/download/873/1276/2703
[^15]: HOPE not hate. "Order of Nine Angles: An Incubator of Terrorism. State of Hate 2020." https://hopenothate.org.uk/chapter/order-of-nine-angles-an-incubator-of-terrorism/
[^16]: New Statesman. "A Nazi-satanist cult is fuelling far-right groups — overlooked by the UK authorities," March 2020. https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2020/03/nazi-satanist-cult-fuelling-far-right-terrorist-groups-overlooked-uk-authorities-order-nine-angles
[^17]: HOPE not hate. "Government misses opportunity to proscribe Order of Nine Angles," April 19, 2021. https://hopenothate.org.uk/2021/04/19/atomwaffen-order-nine-angles/; Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2021, UK Statutory Instrument 2021/9780348229288.
[^18]: Hansard, HC Deb, 13 July 2021, "Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism." https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2021-07-13/debates/673D4D8F-D90C-450B-B7E8-26B63018E5D3/PreventionAndSuppressionOfTerrorism
[^19]: Counter Terrorism Policing. "Neo-Nazi Group Sonnenkrieg Division Proscribed." https://www.counterterrorism.police.uk/news/neo-nazi-group-sonnenkrieg-division-proscribed-counter-terrorism-police/; Middlebury CTEC. "Dangerous Organizations and Bad Actors: Sonnenkrieg Division." https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/dangerous-organizations-and-bad-actors-2
[^20]: The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2020, S.I. 2020/200. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/200/contents/made
[^21]: OpenSanctions. "Order of Nine Angles (O9A)." https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/nz-terr-order-of-nine-angles-o9a/
[^22]: Rise to Peace. "The 764 Network and the Architecture of Digital Nihilism." February 2026. https://www.risetopeace.org/2026/02/11/the-764-network-and-the-architecture-of-digital-nihilism/fellows/
[^23]: Washington Post. "Two British teens just convicted for promoting far-right terrorism online." June 18, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/06/18/two-british-teens-just-convicted-promoting-far-right-terrorism-online/; HOPE not hate. "Jailed neo-Nazi Satanists were a legacy of National Action." June 18, 2019. https://hopenothate.org.uk/2019/06/18/jailed-neo-nazi-satanists-legacy-national-action/
[^24]: Campaign Against Antisemitism. "Hitler-loving neo-Nazi who said it was his 'dream' to create a bloodbath arrested at Luton Airport and sentenced to four years." September 2019. https://antisemitism.org/hitler-loving-neo-nazi-who-said-it-was-his-dream-to-create-a-bloodbath-arrested-at-luton-airport-and-sentenced-to-four-years-in-prison; HS Today. "Police Find Sexual Abuse Images on Phone of Convicted Right-Wing Extremist." 2020. https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/counterterrorism/police-find-sexual-abuse-images-on-phone-of-convicted-right-wing-extremist/
[^25]: ITV News Tyne Tees. "Neo-Nazi teenager convicted of preparing to commit terrorist acts." November 20, 2019. https://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/2019-11-20/neo-nazi-teenager-convicted-of-preparing-to-commit-terrorist-acts; Enfield Independent (PA). "Nazi terrorist named after judge rejects anonymity bid." 2021. https://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/national/19002125.nazi-terrorist-named-judge-rejects-anonymity-bid/
[^26]: ITV News London. "Teenage Satanist neo-Nazi avoids jail after admitting 14 terror offences." November 2, 2020. https://www.itv.com/news/london/2020-11-02/teenage-satanist-neo-nazi-harry-vaughan-sentenced-for-terror-offences; Far-Right Criminals. "Harry Vaughan: Neo-Nazi teenager sentenced." November 2, 2020. https://far-rightcriminals.com/2020/11/02/harry-vaughan-neo-nazi-teenager-sentenced/
[^27]: Crown Prosecution Service. "Youngest British terrorist sentenced for neo-Nazi manuals stash." February 2021. https://www.cps.gov.uk/cps/news/youngest-british-terrorist-sentenced-neo-nazi-manuals-stash
[^28]: GOV.UK. "Ben John's sentence increased following personal intervention by the Solicitor General." January 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ben-johns-sentence-increased-following-personal-intervention-by-the-solicitor-general--3; ITV News Central. "White supremacist Ben John told to read books by Judge who spared him jail imprisoned upon appeal." January 19, 2022. https://www.itv.com/news/central/2022-01-19/white-supremacist-ben-john-told-to-read-books-by-judge-who-spared-him-jail-imprisoned-upon-appeal
[^29]: ITV News Wales. "Neo-Nazi, 20, from Cardiff jailed for being member of far-right terror group." January 26, 2023. https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2023-01-26/dangerous-neo-nazi-jailed-for-being-a-member-of-far-right-terror-group; Tell MAMA. "Neo-Nazi Luca Benincasa jailed for terrorism offences and child abuse images." 2023. https://tellmamauk.org/neo-nazi-luca-benincasa-jailed-for-terrorism-offences-and-child-abuse-images/
[^30]: R v Ashley Podsiad Sharp, Sentencing Remarks, Sheffield Crown Court, 31 August 2023. Judge Jeremy Richardson KC. https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/R-v-Ashley-Podsiad-Sharp.pdf; ITV News Calendar. "Leeds Prison officer Ashley Podsiad-Sharp jailed over 'white supremacist murder manual'." August 31, 2023. https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2023-08-31/prison-officer-had-white-supremacist-murder-manual
[^31]: Metropolitan Police. "Man convicted of terrorism offences after schedule 7 stop." https://news.met.police.uk/news/man-convicted-of-terrorism-offences-after-schedule-7-stop-501766; Metropolitan Police. "Man jailed for offences under the Terrorism Act." https://news.met.police.uk/news/man-jailed-for-offences-under-the-terrorism-act-503818; Counter Terrorism Policing. "Man convicted of terrorism offences after schedule 7 stop." https://www.counterterrorism.police.uk/man-convicted-of-terrorism-offences-after-schedule-7-stop/
[^32]: R v Cameron Finnigan, Sentencing Remarks, Central Criminal Court, 16 January 2025. Mr Justice Jay. https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/R-v-Finnigan.pdf; Sussex Police. "Man sentenced for terror offences." January 2025. https://www.sussex.police.uk/news/sussex/news/court-results/man-sentenced-for-terror-offences/
[^33]: Counter-Terrorism Strategy (CONTEST) 2023. Home Office / GOV.UK, 18 July 2023. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1186413/CONTEST_2023_English_updated.pdf
[^34]: Home Office. "Factsheet: Proscription." 15 September 2023. https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/2023/09/15/factsheet-proscription/
[^35]: Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2025. SI 9780348273373. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2025/9780348273373; Hansard, HC Deb, 2 July 2025, "Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism." https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2025-07-02/debates/6C9338E8-E516-494A-81A2-B3FEF549DD48/PreventionAndSuppressionOfTerrorism
[^9]: Washington Post. "Two British teens just convicted for promoting far-right terrorism online." June 18, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/06/18/two-british-teens-just-convicted-promoting-far-right-terrorism-online/; HOPE not hate. "Jailed neo-Nazi Satanists were a legacy of National Action." June 18, 2019. https://hopenothate.org.uk/2019/06/18/jailed-neo-nazi-satanists-legacy-national-action/
[^10]: Campaign Against Antisemitism. "Hitler-loving neo-Nazi who said it was his 'dream' to create a bloodbath arrested at Luton Airport and sentenced to four years." September 2019. https://antisemitism.org/hitler-loving-neo-nazi-who-said-it-was-his-dream-to-create-a-bloodbath-arrested-at-luton-airport-and-sentenced-to-four-years-in-prison; HS Today. "Police Find Sexual Abuse Images on Phone of Convicted Right-Wing Extremist." 2020. https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/counterterrorism/police-find-sexual-abuse-images-on-phone-of-convicted-right-wing-extremist/
[^11]: ITV News Tyne Tees. "Neo-Nazi teenager convicted of preparing to commit terrorist acts." November 20, 2019. https://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/2019-11-20/neo-nazi-teenager-convicted-of-preparing-to-commit-terrorist-acts; Enfield Independent (PA). "Nazi terrorist named after judge rejects anonymity bid." 2021. https://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/national/19002125.nazi-terrorist-named-judge-rejects-anonymity-bid/
[^12]: ITV News London. "Teenage Satanist neo-Nazi avoids jail after admitting 14 terror offences." November 2, 2020. https://www.itv.com/news/london/2020-11-02/teenage-satanist-neo-nazi-harry-vaughan-sentenced-for-terror-offences; Far-Right Criminals. "Harry Vaughan: Neo-Nazi teenager sentenced." November 2, 2020. https://far-rightcriminals.com/2020/11/02/harry-vaughan-neo-nazi-teenager-sentenced/
[^13]: Crown Prosecution Service. "Youngest British terrorist sentenced for neo-Nazi manuals stash." February 2021. https://www.cps.gov.uk/cps/news/youngest-british-terrorist-sentenced-neo-nazi-manuals-stash
[^14]: GB News. "Campaigners renew call to ban Nazi-occultist group following Satanist murders of two sisters." 2021. https://www.gbnews.com/news/campaigners-renew-call-to-ban-nazi-occultist-group-following-satanist-murders-of-two-sisters/149664; Stephanie Peacock MP website. https://www.stephaniepeacock.org.uk/stephanie_calls_on_home_secretary_to_proscribe_murderous_nazi_occultist_group/
[^15]: GOV.UK. "Ben John's sentence increased following personal intervention by the Solicitor General." January 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ben-johns-sentence-increased-following-personal-intervention-by-the-solicitor-general--3; ITV News Central. "White supremacist Ben John told to read books by Judge who spared him jail imprisoned upon appeal." January 19, 2022. https://www.itv.com/news/central/2022-01-19/white-supremacist-ben-john-told-to-read-books-by-judge-who-spared-him-jail-imprisoned-upon-appeal
[^16]: ITV News Wales. "Neo-Nazi, 20, from Cardiff jailed for being member of far-right terror group." January 26, 2023. https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2023-01-26/dangerous-neo-nazi-jailed-for-being-a-member-of-far-right-terror-group; Tell MAMA. "Neo-Nazi Luca Benincasa jailed for terrorism offences and child abuse images." 2023. https://tellmamauk.org/neo-nazi-luca-benincasa-jailed-for-terrorism-offences-and-child-abuse-images/
[^17]: R v Ashley Podsiad Sharp, Sentencing Remarks, Sheffield Crown Court, 31 August 2023. Judge Jeremy Richardson KC. https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/R-v-Ashley-Podsiad-Sharp.pdf; ITV News Calendar. "Leeds Prison officer Ashley Podsiad-Sharp jailed over 'white supremacist murder manual'." August 31, 2023. https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2023-08-31/prison-officer-had-white-supremacist-murder-manual
[^18]: Metropolitan Police. "Man convicted of terrorism offences after schedule 7 stop." https://news.met.police.uk/news/man-convicted-of-terrorism-offences-after-schedule-7-stop-501766; Metropolitan Police. "Man jailed for offences under the Terrorism Act." https://news.met.police.uk/news/man-jailed-for-offences-under-the-terrorism-act-503818; Counter Terrorism Policing. "Man convicted of terrorism offences after schedule 7 stop." https://www.counterterrorism.police.uk/man-convicted-of-terrorism-offences-after-schedule-7-stop/
[^19]: R v Cameron Finnigan, Sentencing Remarks, Central Criminal Court, 16 January 2025. Mr Justice Jay. https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/R-v-Finnigan.pdf; Sussex Police. "Man sentenced for terror offences." January 2025. https://www.sussex.police.uk/news/sussex/news/court-results/man-sentenced-for-terror-offences/
[^20]: U.S. Department of Justice, USAO-SDNY. "Former U.S. Army Soldier Sentenced To 45 Years In Prison For Attempting To Murder Fellow Service Members In Deadly Ambush." Press Release, March 2023. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/former-us-army-soldier-sentenced-45-years-prison-attempting-murder-fellow-service
[^21]: Section 3, Terrorism Act 2000. https://www.lawglobalhub.com/section-3-terrorism-act-2000-uk/; Home Office Factsheet: Proscription, September 15, 2023. https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/2023/09/15/factsheet-proscription/
[^22]: Northumbria Journal of Law and Practice. "The law relating to Proscription of terrorist organisations." https://www.northumbriajournals.co.uk/index.php/sjppar/article/download/873/1276/2703
[^23]: HOPE not hate. "Order of Nine Angles: An Incubator of Terrorism. State of Hate 2020." https://hopenothate.org.uk/chapter/order-of-nine-angles-an-incubator-of-terrorism/
[^24]: New Statesman. "A Nazi-satanist cult is fuelling far-right groups — overlooked by the UK authorities," March 2020. https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2020/03/nazi-satanist-cult-fuelling-far-right-terrorist-groups-overlooked-uk-authorities-order-nine-angles
[^25]: The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2020, S.I. 2020/200, art. 2, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/200/made; Home Office, "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations," updated July 7, 2026, GOV.UK.
[^26]: HOPE not hate. "Government misses opportunity to proscribe Order of Nine Angles," April 19, 2021. https://hopenothate.org.uk/2021/04/19/atomwaffen-order-nine-angles/; Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2021, UK Statutory Instrument 2021/9780348229288.
[^27]: Hansard, HC Deb, 13 July 2021, "Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism." https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2021-07-13/debates/673D4D8F-D90C-450B-B7E8-26B63018E5D3/PreventionAndSuppressionOfTerrorism
[^28]: Counter-Terrorism Strategy (CONTEST) 2023. Home Office / GOV.UK, 18 July 2023. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1186413/CONTEST_2023_English_updated.pdf
[^29]: Home Office. "Factsheet: Proscription." 15 September 2023. https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/2023/09/15/factsheet-proscription/
[^30]: Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2025. SI 9780348273373. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2025/9780348273373; Hansard, HC Deb, 2 July 2025, "Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism." https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2025-07-02/debates/6C9338E8-E516-494A-81A2-B3FEF549DD48/PreventionAndSuppressionOfTerrorism
[^31]: Counter Terrorism Policing. "Neo-Nazi Group Sonnenkrieg Division Proscribed." https://www.counterterrorism.police.uk/news/neo-nazi-group-sonnenkrieg-division-proscribed-counter-terrorism-police/; Middlebury CTEC. "Dangerous Organizations and Bad Actors: Sonnenkrieg Division." https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/dangerous-organizations-and-bad-actors-2
[^32]: The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2020, S.I. 2020/200. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/200/contents/made
[^33]: OpenSanctions. "Order of Nine Angles (O9A)." https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/nz-terr-order-of-nine-angles-o9a/
[^34]: Rise to Peace. "The 764 Network and the Architecture of Digital Nihilism." February 2026. https://www.risetopeace.org/2026/02/11/the-764-network-and-the-architecture-of-digital-nihilism/fellows/