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@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ The Horizon Institute for Public Service was founded as a 501(c)(3) public chari
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Horizon's advisory board in 2023 comprised [[Kari Bingen]], former deputy under secretary of defense for intelligence and security; [[Beth Cameron]], former senior director for global health security and biodefense at the [[National Security Council]]; [[Richard Danzig]], former Secretary of the Navy; [[Michael Kratsios]], then managing director at [[Scale AI]] and former chief technology officer of the [[United States]]; [[Jason Matheny]], chief executive of the [[RAND Corporation]] and former director of IARPA; [[Nadia Schadlow]], former deputy national security adviser for strategy; Lieutenant General (ret.) [[Jack Shanahan]], inaugural director of the [[Pentagon]]'s [[Joint Artificial Intelligence Center]]; and [[Andrew Weber]], former assistant secretary of defense for nuclear, chemical and biological defense programs.[^1] Its later adviser list described Shanahan as "former inaugural Director of [[Project Maven]] and the Joint AI Center."[^2]
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Horizon says it takes no government or corporate money and that "no foundation or donor provides a majority of our funding." It lists as funders [[Helena]], [[Renaissance Philanthropy]], the [[Maurice Amado Foundation]], the [[Policy Entrepreneurs Network]], the [[Lonsdale Family Philanthropic Fund]] of the [[Palantir Technologies|Palantir]] co-founder [[Joe Lonsdale]], [[Coefficient Giving]] (the renamed Open Philanthropy), the [[Navigation Fund]], the[[ David and Lucile Packard Foundation]], [[Fulcrum Science]], the [[John Quincy Adams Society]] and [[Sentinel Bio]].[^2]
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Horizon says it takes no government or corporate money and that "no foundation or donor provides a majority of our funding." It lists as funders [[Helena]], [[Renaissance Philanthropy]], the [[Maurice Amado Foundation]], the [[Policy Entrepreneurs Network]], the [[Lonsdale Family Philanthropic Fund]] of the [[Palantir Technologies|Palantir]] co-founder [[Joe Lonsdale]], [[Coefficient Giving]] (the renamed Open Philanthropy), the [[Navigation Fund]], the [[David and Lucile Packard Foundation]], [[Fulcrum Science]], the [[John Quincy Adams Society]] and [[Sentinel Bio]].[^2]
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### The Politico Report
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@ -3,33 +3,113 @@ title: Southern Air Transport
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aliases:
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- Southern Air Transport
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- SAT
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- Southern Air Transport Inc.
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- Southern Air
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- Southern Air Holdings
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created: 2026-05-17
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updated: 2026-05-17
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updated: 2026-10-05
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category: "Private Organization"
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tags:
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- Organization
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- Intelligence
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- CIA
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- 1980s
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- CIAProprietary
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- AirAmerica
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- IranContra
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- ContraWar
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summary: "Southern Air Transport was a CIA-owned airline used for Contra resupply flights that was repeatedly linked to drug trafficking investigations by the DEA, U.S. Customs, and congressional investigators."
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start: 1947-01-01
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- CIADrugTrafficking
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- 1980s
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- Aviation
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start: 1949-10-31
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location: "Miami, Florida"
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summary: "Miami air carrier the CIA owned from August 5, 1960 to December 31, 1973, which in 1985 and 1986 serviced and supplied the Enterprise's Contra flights; later military cargo carrier."
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relations:
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- type: owned
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with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1960-08-05
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end: 1973-12-31
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role: "CIA proprietary operated under the Air America management team; sold back to a former owner"
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fn: 1
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
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start: 1960
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end: 1973
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role: "supplemental air carrier flying Military Air Transport Service contracts with equipment leased from Air America"
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fn: 1
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[The Enterprise (Iran-Contra)]]"
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start: 1985-01
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end: 1986-12
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role: "subcontracted Phase II arms flights, serviced and supplied the resupply aircraft, supplied cash advances, and was paid $1,935,596 for contra-related services including the purchase of a C-123"
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fn: 6
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[NHAO|Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office]]"
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start: 1986
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role: "State Department contractor for deliveries of nonlethal aid to the contras"
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fn: 9
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[U.S. Department of Defense]]"
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start: 1986
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end: 2012
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role: "Military Airlift Command contracts, about half of contracts in 1986; later Civil Reserve Air Fleet participant"
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fn: 9
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- type: owned
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with: "[[Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2016-04-07
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role: "acquired Southern Air Holdings for about $110 million in cash"
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fn: 20
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---
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Southern Air Transport was once owned by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and continued to serve as a CIA contractor airline during the [[Contras|Contra]] war. Based at [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango Air Force Base]] in [[El Salvador]], Southern Air Transport aircraft were used for Contra supply runs. The airline was "of record" in the [[DEA]]'s databases from 1985 through 1990 "for alleged involvement in cocaine trafficking...several of the firm's pilots and executives were suspected of smuggling narcotics currency," the DEA reported. The CIA and DEA records show the airline was under investigation for drug trafficking by [[U.S. Customs]] in 1987.[^1]
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### Barry Seal's C-123K
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Southern Air Transport was incorporated in [[Florida]] on October 31, 1949, as an air carrier flying under a supplemental certificate, and was bought by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] on August 5, 1960. The company says its own history goes back to 1947 in [[Miami]].[^1][^2]
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The CIA took [[Barry Seal]]'s C-123K cargo plane to Rickenbacker Air Force Base in Ohio, outfitted it with hidden cameras, and used it in a joint CIA-DEA sting operation against the [[Sandinistas]] in 1984. After Seal flew his missions, the plane was parked at [[Mena, Arkansas|Mena airport]] for a year, then sold back to its original owner. In early 1986 it wound up with Southern Air Transport, where it was used for Contra supply runs and based at Ilopango until the Sandinistas shot it down over Nicaragua in October 1986.[^1]
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### CIA ownership, 1960 to 1973
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### Drug Trafficking Allegations
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The Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (the [[Church Committee]]) reported that the CIA bought Southern Air Transport because in June 1960 the [[U.S. Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and the [[Civil Aeronautics Board]] changed the rules for [[Military Air Transport Service]] contracts, requiring a supplemental certificate and participation in the [[Civil Reserve Air Fleet]], which [[Air America]] could not obtain. Director of Central Intelligence [[Allen Dulles]] approved the purchase on July 15, 1960. Air America management surveyed the 18 remaining supplemental carriers and chose Southern Air Transport, which operated two C-46s; the ownership was kept completely separate from Air America to avoid public hearings, but the new company was to fly on equipment under conditional sale from Air America and with transferred personnel, and the Committee wrote that it "was actually an integral part of the complex from a management perspective," its management decisions made by the same CIA consultant and advisory team that set Air America policy. The Agency later acquired [[Boeing]] 727s that Boeing modified to enlarge the ventral exit for airdrops.[^1]
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Miami FBI informant [[Wanda Palacios]] reported in 1986 that she witnessed Southern Air Transport planes being loaded with cocaine and unloading guns in Barranquilla, [[Colombia]], in 1983 and October 1985. She said she accompanied [[Medellin Cartel|Medellín cartel]] boss [[Pablo Escobar]] to the landing site and spoke with [[Jorge Ochoa]], who bragged about working with the CIA. When the downed C-123K's flight logs were recovered in October 1986, they revealed flights to Barranquilla during October 1985 - exactly as Palacios had claimed. Southern Air said the planes carried drilling equipment, not drugs.[^1]
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By 1972 the Agency decided to sell. The DCI on May 5, 1972 approved selling the equity to current management; the Committee wrote that "none of the employees of SAT had ever been an employee of the Agency." An accounting firm valued the company, the asking price was set at $2.7 million for stock plus $3.2 million to pay off a note to Air America, and a former owner, who is not named in the report, made offers in December 1972 and January 1973. The DCI approved a sale at $5.605 million on January 19, 1973 ($2.145 million for stock, $3.125 million in debt and a $335,000 credit). Competing supplemental carriers lobbied [[Congress]], the [[General Accounting Office]] and the General Services Administration against the sale and one offered about $2 million more; on July 31, 1973 the DCI ordered the company dissolved, then on October 1 agreed to entertain a sale if the buyer obtained prompt financing. The sale closed on December 31, 1973 after a $4.5 million loan commitment from the [[First National Bank of Chicago]] on November 29. In early 1974 Southern Air Transport exercised its option on a [[Lockheed]] L-100-30 Hercules for $3.15 million and resold it to [[Saturn Airways]] for $4.35 million; the CIA read this as a breach of the agreement against windfall profit, an arbitrator ruled for Air America on September 5, 1974, and the Agency received an additional $1,304,243. Employees filed a class action in March 1974 alleging the sale was illegal; the federal court dismissed it with prejudice on July 17, 1974. The Agency received $6.47 million in total.[^1] *The [[The Christian Science Monitor]]* reported in 1986 that the buyer was [[Stanley Williams]], who had run the company for the CIA for 11 years, and that [[Lawrence Houston]], the CIA's general counsel at the time of the sale, said that as far as he knew there was no continuing relationship; a company spokesman, [[William Kress]], said Southern had "no contracts with the CIA, nor have we since they owned the airline prior to 1973."[^3]
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Former Meneses aide [[Enrique Miranda]] testified that on occasion, cocaine from Ilopango was loaded onto aircraft owned by the Salvadoran Air Force and Miami-based Southern Air Transport for shipment to the United States. Miranda said [[Marcos Aguado]] and [[Norwin Meneses]] supervised the loading at Ilopango Air Force Base. Southern Air officials vehemently denied involvement with drug smuggling and sued news organizations that aired such allegations.[^1]
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### Contra resupply and the Enterprise, 1983 to 1986
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Colombian informant [[Allen Raul Rudd]] reported that Escobar claimed planes similar to C-130s were flying guns to the cartel in Colombia, off-loading guns, loading cocaine, and flying it to U.S. military bases - an arms-for-drugs swap coordinated between the Medellín cartel and elements of the U.S. government.[^1]
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[[CBS News]] reported in 1984 that a CIA-sponsored Southern Air flight landed in [[Honduras]] with 22 tons of small arms on April 9, 1983.[^3] The independent counsel's report states that in the second phase of the Contra arms sales, in January and March 1985, [[Richard Secord]] arranged air transport with the help of [[Richard Gadd]], a former Air Force subordinate who enlisted Southern Air Transport, and that the company subcontracted those flights to a second carrier.[^4][^5] In late 1985 the company set up a [[Panama]]nian corporation, [[Amalgamated Commercial Enterprises]], at Gadd's request as a "financial cut-out," which received $1,540,956 in Enterprise funds and paid for two C-7 and one C-123 aircraft.[^6] The Enterprise paid Southern Air Transport $1,935,596 in 1985 and 1986 for contra-related services "including the purchase of a C-123 cargo plane, repair and maintenance of aircraft, sale of spare parts and the supply of cash advances," and $200,000 for a Jetstar used by Secord.[^6] The company disbursed about $467,000 in cash from petty-cash funds for the resupply operation, carried to Central America in amounts up to $50,000.[^7] [[Robert Dutton]]'s mid-1986 inventory of the operation lists "Maintenance Support Miami," where a crew worked closely with Southern Air for procurement and delivery.[^6] On April 11, 1986 a Southern Air L-100 under contract to the private benefactors, which had delivered [[Department of State|State Department]] aid to [[Ilopango Airbase]], dropped arms and supplies to contra forces in southern [[Nicaragua]].[^8]
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Southern Air Transport also held the State Department's [[NHAO|Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office]] contract for $27 million of nonlethal aid, so that the two flows used the same aircraft and sometimes legs of the same trip; *The Christian Science Monitor* wrote in December 1986 that "the two operations are woven so closely together they are sometimes difficult to separate," that the fleet had grown to seven times the three Hercules the company operated in 1983, and that about half its contracts were with the [[Military Airlift Command]].[^9] In early 1986 [[Alan Fiers]], chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, saw a Southern Air C-130 being loaded at Ilopango on [[Felix Rodriguez]]'s authority, and persuaded North to have Rodriguez cancel the flight.[^10] The notes of [[Donald Gregg]] on an August 8, 1986 meeting with Rodriguez record, concerning a C-123 sitting in Miami, "Southern Air Transport said plane OK to go. Called Jim Steele," the U.S. Military Group commander [[James Steele]].[^11]
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### The Hasenfus aircraft and crew
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The independent counsel's report records that after the October 5, 1986 shootdown of the aircraft carrying [[Eugene Hasenfus]], news reports linked it to Southern Air Transport, which had in fact contracted to service the resupply network's airplanes, and that Fiers was concerned because the company had been used for NHAO deliveries.[^12] A CIA memorandum of October 10, 1986 on a [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] briefing states that the co-pilot [[Wallace Sawyer]] "later worked for Southern Air Transport" and at one point asked to become a CIA staff employee, and that the [[U.S. Customs|Customs Service]] would investigate the company's activity.[^13] *The Christian Science Monitor* reported that the company had serviced the downed plane, that Sawyer had worked for it until April 1986, that it reportedly said it did not own the plane, and that news reports said the plane was bought six months earlier by a California company, [[Four Aces Inc.]], and leased to Southern Air.[^3][^9] *The [[The Washington Post]]* reported that a Southern Air credential issued to the pilot [[William Cooper]] was found in the wreckage, that Kress said it let Cooper onto the facility to supervise maintenance, and that a second camouflaged C-123 serviced at Southern Air flew from Miami toward Honduras in the days after the shootdown; the only FAA record of that aircraft was a July 3 reservation by a mechanic for "Corporate Air Service," with a Miami address that was Southern Air's.[^14] In December 1986 an air-support manager carried $6,000 in cash from Southern Air in Miami to [[Sally Hasenfus]].[^15]
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On the aircraft identity, the CIA Inspector General's December 24, 1996 review of [[Iran]]-Contra files, Southern Air files from the 1960s and 1970s, and other records found no document indicating a CIA link with N4410F and no document that Southern Air Transport owned, operated or leased a C-123K, and listed review of further Southern Air files as an action remaining.[^16] The Enterprise paid Southern Air for the purchase of a C-123, per the independent counsel; the report does not identify the airframe.[^6]
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### Drug-trafficking records
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The CIA Inspector General's 1998 report recorded that on January 21, 1987 Deputy Director [[Robert Gates]] sent Assistant Secretary of State [[Morton Abramowitz]] a memorandum stating that the Customs office in New Orleans was investigating an allegation of drug trafficking by Southern Air Transport crew members, that the source was a senior official of the FDN, and that the official feared the scandal "could redound badly on FDN interests"; Gates's transmittal letter attributes the allegations to [[Mario Calero]]. A February 23, 1991 [[DEA]] cable stated that Southern Air Transport was "of record" in the DEA's database from January 1985 to September 1990 for alleged involvement in cocaine trafficking, and that an August 1990 entry alleged that $2 million was delivered to the company's business sites and that several pilots and executives were suspected of smuggling "narcotics currency."[^17]
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[[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that the Miami [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] informant [[Wanda Palacios]] reported in 1986 that she saw Southern Air planes loaded with cocaine and unloading guns in [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]], in 1983 and October 1985, that she accompanied [[Pablo Escobar]] to the landing site and spoke with [[Jorge Ochoa]], who said he worked with the CIA, and that the recovered flight logs showed flights to Barranquilla in October 1985; Southern Air said the planes carried drilling equipment. Webb wrote that [[Enrique Miranda]] testified cocaine from Ilopango was loaded onto Salvadoran Air Force aircraft and Southern Air planes under the supervision of [[Marcos Aguado]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], that Southern Air officials denied involvement and sued news organizations, and that the informant [[Allen Raul Rudd]] reported Escobar's statement that planes like C-130s flew guns to Colombia and cocaine to U.S. military bases. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^18]
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### Later operations
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Southern Air Transport's operations continued under the Southern Air name after 1999. Southern Air Holdings filed Chapter 11 petitions in the Bankruptcy Court for the District of [[Delaware]] on September 28, 2012, describing itself as a long-haul wide-body air cargo provider for governments and commercial users, a participant in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet with contracts with the Department of Defense and the [[United Kingdom Ministry of Defence]], and [[DHL]] as its largest commercial customer; it attributed the filing to reduced Department of Defense air cargo spending as [[Afghanistan]] deployments wound down.[^19] [[Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings]] completed its acquisition of Southern Air Holdings, including Southern Air and [[Florida West International Airways]], for about $110 million in cash on April 7, 2016.[^20]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
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[^1]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, Book I, Final Report, S. Rept. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (April 26, 1976), section on CIA proprietaries (pp. 239-247), including "The Sale of Southern Air Transport, Inc." https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
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[^2]: Amended Declaration in Support of Chapter 11 Petitions, as summarized in American Bankruptcy Institute, "Southern Air Holdings" case summary (company began in Miami in 1947; incorporated in Delaware in 1999). https://www.abi.org/node/24777
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[^3]: Warren Richey and George D. Moffett III, "Credibility crisis over downed plane," *The Christian Science Monitor*, October 10, 1986 (citing the Church Committee report, Lawrence Houston, William Kress and CBS News, 1984). https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1010/ashot.html
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[^4]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters (Lawrence E. Walsh, August 4, 1993), chapter 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm
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[^5]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Phase II of the Contra Arms Sales, January to March 1985).
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[^6]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Amalgamated Commercial Enterprises; Southern Air Transport; Dutton's description of the resupply operation).
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[^7]: Walsh, chapter 14, "Other Money Matters." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_14.htm
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[^8]: Walsh, chapter 19, "United States v. Alan D. Fiers, Jr." (April 11, 1986 L-100 drop). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_19.htm
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[^9]: Marshall Ingwerson, "Contra aid shadow dance," *The Christian Science Monitor*, December 15, 1986. https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1215/atrans.html
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[^10]: Walsh, chapter 19 and chapter 21, "CIA Subject #1." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_21.htm
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[^11]: Walsh, chapter 29, "Donald P. Gregg" (Gregg notes, August 8, 1986, AKW 029885-87). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_29.htm
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[^12]: Walsh, chapter 25, "United States v. Elliott Abrams" (RIG meeting of October 8, 1986). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_25.htm
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[^13]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "Briefing on the C-123 Crash in Nicaragua: Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 10 October," OCA 86-3575, paragraph 14. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00788192
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[^14]: Joe Pichirallo, "C123 Pilot Flew Aid Mission for U.S.," *The Washington Post*, October 11, 1986 (CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605070050-2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605070050-2
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[^15]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Piowaty, FBI 302, June 22, 1987).
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[^16]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the record, "C-123K - Review of Additional Records," December 24, 1996, case Mena 96-0036-IG (CIA Reading Room 0001289850). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289850
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[^17]: CIA Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States* (96-0143-IG), Volume II: The Contra Story (October 8, 1998), "Allegations Involving Other Companies Associated With the Contras" and the Gates transmittal letter. https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/pilots.html
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[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the Palacios, Miranda and Rudd passages as carried here.
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[^19]: American Bankruptcy Institute case summary, cited in footnote 2.
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[^20]: Ivan Nadalet, "Atlas Air completes acquisition of Southern Air," ch-aviation, April 8, 2016. https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/45363-atlas-air-completes-acquisition-of-southern-air
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