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+++ b/META/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,3 +1,85 @@
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Igor Smirnov]]
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Louis Andre]]
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Amnon Rubinstein]]
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Walter Levy]]
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Stefan Kanfer]]
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[John L. Wilhelm]]
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Steven Shaw]]
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[James Randi]]
+- 2026-10-05T1502 · [[Ray Hyman]]
+- 2026-10-05T1501 · [[George Otis]]
+- 2026-10-05T1501 · [[Ricky Ross]]
+- 2026-10-05T1501 · [[Matthew Livelsberger]]
+- 2026-10-05T1500 · [[Mike Russo]]
+- 2026-10-05T1500 · [[Mike Russo]]
+- 2026-10-05T1500 · [[Louis Andre]]
+- 2026-10-05T1500 · [[Stefan Kanfer]]
+- 2026-10-05T1500 · [[John L. Wilhelm]]
+- 2026-10-05T1500 · [[Steven Shaw]]
+- 2026-10-05T1500 · [[James Randi]]
+- 2026-10-05T1500 · [[Ray Hyman]]
+- 2026-10-05T1459 · [[_FOIA_P6_b]]
+- 2026-10-05T1459 · [[_NOTES_P6_b]]
+- 2026-10-05T1459 · [[Amnon Rubinstein]]
+- 2026-10-05T1459 · [[_FOIA_P6_a]]
+- 2026-10-05T1459 · [[_NOTES_P6_a]]
+- 2026-10-05T1459 · [[Walter Levy]]
+- 2026-10-05T1458 · [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]
+- 2026-10-05T1458 · [[Don Curtis]]
+- 2026-10-05T1458 · [[Peter Crane]]
+- 2026-10-05T1458 · [[Ron Robertson]]
+- 2026-10-05T1458 · [[R. S. Hawke]]
+- 2026-10-05T1458 · [[_DELTA_Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory_P3]]
+- 2026-10-05T1458 · [[Don Curtis]]
+- 2026-10-05T1457 · [[Peter Crane]]
+- 2026-10-05T1457 · [[Ron Robertson]]
+- 2026-10-05T1457 · [[R. S. Hawke]]
+- 2026-10-05T1456 · [[_FOIA_P3]]
+- 2026-10-05T1456 · [[_NOTES_P3]]
+- 2026-10-05T1454 · [[_FNFIX_Shimon Peres]]
+- 2026-10-05T1454 · [[_FNFIX_Ricky Ross]]
+- 2026-10-05T1454 · [[_FNFIX_George Otis]]
+- 2026-10-05T1454 · [[_FNFIX_Matthew Livelsberger]]
+- 2026-10-05T1452 · [[CLAUDE]]
+- 2026-10-05T1452 · [[THE INFO WEB]]
+- 2026-10-05T1451 · [[_FOIA_P6_c]]
+- 2026-10-05T1451 · [[_NOTES_P6_c]]
+- 2026-10-05T1448 · [[Griffin Bell]]
+- 2026-10-05T1445 · [[_RULES]]
+- 2026-10-05T1444 · [[Wilson-Davis Memo]]
+- 2026-10-05T1444 · [[Laurance Rockefeller]]
+- 2026-10-05T1444 · [[Morris K. Jessup]]
+- 2026-10-05T1444 · [[Jack Vorona]]
+- 2026-10-05T1444 · [[Dale Graff]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Honduras]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Colombia]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Remote Viewing]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Psychoenergetics]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[New Orleans Truck Attack]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Stargate Project]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Project Aquarius]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Cali Drug Cartel]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Russell Targ]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Murray Watt]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Edmund Thompson]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Pat Price]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Ingo Swann]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Genady Sergeyev]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Garrison Rapmund]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Bill Ray]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Tom McNear]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Ronald Lister]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Ninel Kulagina]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Hella Hammid]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Edwin May]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[David Morehouse]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Charles Manson]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Robert M. Collins]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Marcus Foster]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Manfred Gale]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[Lyn Buchanan]]
+- 2026-10-05T1443 · [[James Fox (filmmaker)]]
 - 2026-10-05T1437 · [[Black Mass (1975 film)]]
 - 2026-10-05T1437 · [[In the Year of the Pig]]
 - 2026-10-05T1437 · [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]
@ -9,14 +91,6 @@
 - 2026-10-05T1437 · [[Leo Goldstein]]
 - 2026-10-05T1437 · [[Art Carduner]]
 - 2026-10-05T1435 · [[James Forrestal]]
- 2026-10-05T1435 · [[MOC - Psychics & Remote Viewers]]
- 2026-10-05T1435 · [[MOC - Key Figures]]
- 2026-10-05T1435 · [[KEY INDIVIDUALS]]
- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]
- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Mike Russo]]
- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Don Curtis]]
- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Peter Crane]]
- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Wilson-Davis Memo]]
 - 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Area 51]]
 - 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act]]
 - 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Walker's Flying W Ranch]]
@ -24,77 +98,3 @@
 - 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Sol Foundation]]
 - 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Galileo Project]]
 - 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
- 2026-10-05T1434 · [[Jesse Michels]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Sky Watcher]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Counter Extremism Project]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[The Aviary]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[SALT Fund Management LLC]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Radiance Ignite Technologies]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[NCITE]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Mellon Family]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Mega Group]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Jane Street Capital]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Human Potential Foundation]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Associated Press]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Order of Nine Angles]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Regina Louf]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Linda Moulton Howe]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[John E. Mack]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[James E. McDonald]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Count Maurice Auguste Lippens]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Count Leopold Lippens]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Christine Van Hees]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Bryan Johnson]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Alex Klokus]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Avi Loeb]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Tim Gallaudet]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Ron Blackburn]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Robert M. Collins]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Richard Doty]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Richard D'Amato]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Paul Bennewitz]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Christopher Mellon]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Masha Drokova]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Luis Elizondo]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Leopold Aschenbrenner]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[James R. Bath]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Jake Barber]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Earl Brian]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[David Marks]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Dave Fravor]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Angela Dellafiora]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Foreign Technology Division]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Department of Government Efficiency]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Russell Targ]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Ben Wagner]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Ronald Pandolfi]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Pat Price]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Lee Rawls]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Karl Nell]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Jay Stratton]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Jaime Shandera]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Peter Skafish]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Harry Reid]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Garry Nolan]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Diana Walsh Pasulka]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Ben Rich]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Anthony Scaramucci]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[William L. Moore]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Remote Viewing]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[December 2017 New York Times AATIP Report]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Dark Enlightenment]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[UFO Cover-Up Live]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Majestic-12]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[X-Dossier]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[PROMIS]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Project Aquarius]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science]]
- 2026-10-05T1433 · [[Russian Imperial Movement]]
- 2026-10-05T1426 · [[Kit Green]]
- 2026-10-05T1425 · [[Stargate Project]]
- 2026-10-05T1425 · [[MOC - Skeptics & Critics]]
- 2026-10-05T1425 · [[West Virginia]]
--- a/META/THE
+++ b/META/THE
@ -9,14 +9,6 @@ Welcome to The Info Web, a living, growing research garden where the threads of

 Our effort is to illuminate hidden connections and illegal activities, building an interconnected web of knowledge to better understand the forces shaping our world. We invite you to explore the depths of this vault.

-**Where to begin your journey:**
-
- [[KEY INDIVIDUALS]] - Discover the pioneers, psychics, and power players who shaped these hidden histories.
- [[KEY ORGANIZATIONS]] - Uncover the government agencies, private entities, and shadowy groups involved in the pursuit of the unknown.
- [[KEY PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS]] - Delve into the secret initiatives, from psychic spying to mind control, that pushed the boundaries of human understanding.
- [[KEY EVENTS]] - Witness the pivotal moments, from Cold War experiments to modern incidents, that reveal the unfolding narrative.
- [[KEY CONCEPTS AND TECH]] - Grasp the scientific theories, esoteric ideas, and advanced technologies that underpin these extraordinary claims.
-
 For those with a more open perspective of our world and our place within it, try exploring [[The Phenomenon]] or [[Stargate Project]]. For the conspiracy-minded, you may find your starting point with [[SOFTWARE_PROJECTS/PROMIS|PROMIS]].

 Or you can always check the [[CHANGELOG]] to see where research is happening.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dale
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dale
@ -27,19 +27,19 @@ Graff attended the first meeting of the Defense Department's Grill Flame committ

 On *Nightline* in November 1995, identified as the physicist who had directed the DIA's project for five years, Graff said of the Dozier kidnapping, "we had one viewer come up with the name of the city, Padua. We had another one come up with the name of the building he was in," and of the Jordan search, "we like to count it as a success."[^3]

-Graff attended the Defense Department's Grill Flame committee meeting of November 27, 1979, listed from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, at which the working group moved to demand sight of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]]'s report "prior to it being given to any other party or group."[^900]
+Graff attended the Defense Department's Grill Flame committee meeting of November 27, 1979, listed from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, at which the working group moved to demand sight of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]]'s report "prior to it being given to any other party or group."[^4]

-Graff attended the meeting of the DoD Committee on Remote Viewing Activities in Vorona's conference room on August 24, 1978, as "Mr. Dale Graff, Air Force/FTD," with Vorona, Colonel Jack Capps of the Army staff and Charlie Carter of the Missile Intelligence Agency.[^901]
+Graff attended the meeting of the DoD Committee on Remote Viewing Activities in Vorona's conference room on August 24, 1978, as "Mr. Dale Graff, Air Force/FTD," with Vorona, Colonel Jack Capps of the Army staff and Charlie Carter of the Missile Intelligence Agency.[^5]

 ### The Documents

-A cable from the Foreign Technology Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to the CIA's Office of Technical Service, "Request for OTS Report," held in two copies, one dated April 13, 1976, stated that "in recent discussion with OTS regarding Stanford Research Institute (SRI) investigations on remote sensing, we were informed of an OTS published study related to this effort. Our office is investigating intelligence estimates regarding possible USSR applications of such a technique," and named "the OPR within FTD for this subject" as "Mr. Dale E. Graff/XRQ"; the undated copy is filed with [[David Brandwein]]'s memorandum of February 20, 1976, terminating OTS support. A request of May 15, 1978, asked that "Mr. Dale Graff of your organization be made available to assist DIA in their presentation by conducting an informal discussion/briefing on your most recent publication," the FTD report "Paraphysics R&D - Warsaw Pact." He sat at the meeting of August 24, 1978, and on the DoD Grill Flame committee as "Dale Graff FTD/TQTR," where in May 1979 he "briefed the Committee on the FTD Special Search project," in July "volunteered that he had already produced an ICR," and at the committee's meeting of November 28, 1978, "suggested that a cover story be developed for the program." A meeting at SRI on September 13 and 14, 1978, "to discuss experiments to test tactical applications of the remote viewing phenomenon" listed him with John W. Kramar and Colonel Albert De Prospero of AMSAA, Marion Bryson of CDEC, Major [[William Stoner]], and SRI's Puthoff, Targ, [[Edwin May]], [[Charles Tart]] and [[Ingo Swann]]. A tasking record of December 1984 notes a "follow-up interview conducted (date unknown) by D. Graff at RVer's location."[^900]
+A cable from the Foreign Technology Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to the CIA's Office of Technical Service, "Request for OTS Report," held in two copies, one dated April 13, 1976, stated that "in recent discussion with OTS regarding Stanford Research Institute (SRI) investigations on remote sensing, we were informed of an OTS published study related to this effort. Our office is investigating intelligence estimates regarding possible USSR applications of such a technique," and named "the OPR within FTD for this subject" as "Mr. Dale E. Graff/XRQ"; the undated copy is filed with [[David Brandwein]]'s memorandum of February 20, 1976, terminating OTS support. A request of May 15, 1978, asked that "Mr. Dale Graff of your organization be made available to assist DIA in their presentation by conducting an informal discussion/briefing on your most recent publication," the FTD report "Paraphysics R&D - Warsaw Pact." He sat at the meeting of August 24, 1978, and on the DoD Grill Flame committee as "Dale Graff FTD/TQTR," where in May 1979 he "briefed the Committee on the FTD Special Search project," in July "volunteered that he had already produced an ICR," and at the committee's meeting of November 28, 1978, "suggested that a cover story be developed for the program." A meeting at SRI on September 13 and 14, 1978, "to discuss experiments to test tactical applications of the remote viewing phenomenon" listed him with John W. Kramar and Colonel Albert De Prospero of AMSAA, Marion Bryson of CDEC, Major [[William Stoner]], and SRI's Puthoff, Targ, [[Edwin May]], [[Charles Tart]] and [[Ingo Swann]]. A tasking record of December 1984 notes a "follow-up interview conducted (date unknown) by D. Graff at RVer's location."[^6]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
 [^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^3]: "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room.
-[^900]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979," S-1168/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, and "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 10 January 1980," S-1008/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1, both signed Jack Vorona, chairman. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^901]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the Meeting of the DoD Committee on Remote Viewing Activities," August 24, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140009-7; Vorona to the Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence, S-1862/DT-1, September 6, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410015-9; Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, to DIA, September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8; DIA to the 902d Military Intelligence Group, September 22, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140015-0; James L. Brown, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF, to Vorona, September 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410026-7; Army ACSI (DAMI-ISH) to Vorona, October 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410024-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^900]: Foreign Technology Division (XRQ) to CIA/OTS, "Request for OTS Report," cable of April 13, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020005-5 and R000200020001-9; "Sensory Technology Assessment," November 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500120001-5; DoD Grill Flame Committee minutes of May 3, July 12 and September 25, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130022-3, R002000130020-5, R002000130009-8; "Paraphysics R&D - Warsaw Pact," May 15, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160008-6; minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2; "QRT Tasking," December 4, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979," S-1168/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, and "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 10 January 1980," S-1008/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1, both signed Jack Vorona, chairman. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the Meeting of the DoD Committee on Remote Viewing Activities," August 24, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140009-7; Vorona to the Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence, S-1862/DT-1, September 6, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410015-9; Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, to DIA, September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8; DIA to the 902d Military Intelligence Group, September 22, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140015-0; James L. Brown, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF, to Vorona, September 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410026-7; Army ACSI (DAMI-ISH) to Vorona, October 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410024-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^6]: Foreign Technology Division (XRQ) to CIA/OTS, "Request for OTS Report," cable of April 13, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020005-5 and R000200020001-9; "Sensory Technology Assessment," November 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500120001-5; DoD Grill Flame Committee minutes of May 3, July 12 and September 25, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130022-3, R002000130020-5, R002000130009-8; "Paraphysics R&D - Warsaw Pact," May 15, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160008-6; minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2; "QRT Tasking," December 4, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don
@ -1,18 +1,43 @@
 ---
-category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
+aliases:
+  - Don Curtis
+  - Don Kurtis
+category: "Scientists & Researchers"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Pseudonym
-  - Stargate
  - Physicist
-  - RemoteViewer
-summary: "Don Curtis is the pseudonym Jim Schnabel gave a Lawrence Livermore physicist who, with his wife, saw a hovering one-armed man in a gray suit after the group's Geller tests."
+  - LawrenceLivermore
+  - UriGeller
+  - KitGreen
+summary: "Pseudonym (spelled Don Kurtis in the Grey Lodge Occult Review) used by Jim Schnabel for a Livermore physicist who, with his wife, saw a hovering one-armed figure with a hook for a hand."
+location: "Livermore, California"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]"
+    start: 1974
+    role: "physicist; pseudonym of an unnamed person in Schnabel (1997)"
+    fn: 2
+created: 2026-05-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

+Don Curtis is the name [[Jim Schnabel]] gave to a physicist at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) in *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (1997); the *Grey Lodge Occult Review* spelled it "Don Kurtis" in stating that "the names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis... are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel."[^1]

-Don Curtis is the pseudonym [[Jim Schnabel]] gave a physicist at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] in *[[Remote Viewers]]* (1997); the *Grey Lodge Occult Review* spelled it Don Kurtis.[^2] In Schnabel's account he was part of the group that investigated [[Uri Geller]]'s psychokinetic abilities. After the group ceased its research activities with Geller, Curtis and his wife experienced one of the last bizarre apparitions: a hovering, holographic, one-armed man in a gray suit with a hook for a hand. This unsettling experience prompted [[Kit Green]] to demand a meeting with [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] to understand the phenomena.[^1]
+### The hooked arm

---
+In Schnabel's account, the Livermore group that had tested [[Uri Geller]] stopped its work after [[Mike Russo]] complained of a telephone call from a metallic voice. "One of the last such apparitions sprang itself upon a Livermore physicist named Don Curtis and his wife. They were sitting in their living room one evening, soberly, uneventfully, not talking about Geller or the paranormal, when suddenly there was this... arm... hovering holographically in the middle of the room." The arm was clothed as if in a plain gray suit, with no stump at the shoulder, and ended "where a hand should have been" in a hook; it twisted around for a few seconds and disappeared.[^2]

-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997.
-[^2]: Havenstein, Rudy. "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley." Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel."
+Curtis related the story to the CIA analyst Schnabel calls Richard Kennett (identified by the *Grey Lodge Occult Review* as [[Kit Green]]), and "for some reason, it seemed to push the CIA officer over the edge." Kennett telephoned [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] of the [[Stanford Research Institute]] and demanded a meeting on their next trip to Washington. Schnabel writes that Kennett did not quite believe they could have produced the apparitions with SRI lasers as holograms, but expected their experience of Geller to bear on it.[^2]
+
+Puthoff and Targ met Kennett at their hotel close to midnight. As Kennett described the arm ("It was a false arm," he said), Schnabel writes, there was a sharp, heavy pounding at the door; Targ hid behind the curtains and Puthoff stood in the bathroom. Kennett opened the door to a nondescript middle-aged man who walked slowly and stiffly to the middle of the room and said, in "an oddly stilted voice," "Oh! I guess... I must... be... in... the wrong... room," then left, "giving all of them time to see that one sleeve of his gray suit, pinned to his side, was empty."[^2]
+
+### Other accounts
+
+The review of Jonathan Margolis's *The Secret Life of Uri Geller* in *Lobster* states, naming the CIA officer Kit Green as the source, that at Livermore "one man, Don Gregory, was visited by a disembodied arm with a hook instead of a hand," and describes a meeting with two CIA officers interrupted by a middle-aged man with one arm who apologized and wandered out. The reviewer's "Don Gregory" differs from Schnabel's pseudonym.[^3]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5.
+[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^3]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf. Sole source for the "Don Gregory" rendering.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Griffin
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Griffin
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ created: 2026-10-01
 updated: 2026-10-01
 ---

-Griffin Boyette Bell (October 31, 1918 to January 5, 2009) was a Georgia lawyer, a partner of the [[Atlanta]] firm [[King & Spalding]], a judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit]] from 1961 to 1976, and [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] of the [[United States]] under President [[Jimmy Carter]] from January 26, 1977 to August 16, 1979.[^1] As Attorney General he testified in support of the bill that became the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]], countersigned the commutation of [[G. Gordon Liddy]]'s sentence, and headed the Department of Justice when former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] officials [[W. Mark Felt]] and [[Edward S. Miller]] and two [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] executives were charged. After leaving office he conducted an internal investigation for the brokerage [[E.F. Hutton]] and in 1992 was asked by President [[George H.W. Bush]] to assist in seeking release of Bush's [[MOC - Iran-Contra|Iran-Contra]] deposition.
+Griffin Boyette Bell (October 31, 1918 to January 5, 2009) was a Georgia lawyer, a partner of the [[Atlanta]] firm [[King & Spalding]], a judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit]] from 1961 to 1976, and [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] of the [[United States]] under President [[Jimmy Carter]] from January 26, 1977 to August 16, 1979.[^1] As Attorney General he testified in support of the bill that became the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]], countersigned the commutation of [[G. Gordon Liddy]]'s sentence, and headed the Department of Justice when former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] officials [[W. Mark Felt]] and [[Edward S. Miller]] and two [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] executives were charged. After leaving office he conducted an internal investigation for the brokerage [[E.F. Hutton]] and in 1992 was asked by President [[George H.W. Bush]] to assist in seeking release of Bush's [[Iran-Contra Affair|Iran-Contra]] deposition.

 ### Georgia Practice, the Vandiver Administration and the Fifth Circuit

--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/James
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/James
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ relations:
    with: "[[The Phenomenon (2020 film)]]"
    role: "director and producer; studio listed as CE3 LLC; released October 6, 2020"
    start: 2020
-    fn: 1
+    fn: 3
  - type: director_of
    with: "[[The Program (2024 film)]]"
    role: "director and producer with Lance Mungia; executive producers Jim Martin and Henry Marx of Lab 9 Films; sales by Verve Ventures"
@ -26,27 +26,27 @@ created: 2026-10-03
 updated: 2026-10-03
 ---

-James Fox is an American documentary filmmaker whose features on unidentified flying objects include "Out of the Blue," broadcast on the [[Sci-Fi Channel]], "I Know What I Saw," broadcast on the [[History (TV channel)|History channel]], and "UFOs: 50 Years of Denial?"; an October 19, 2020 item on [[Open Minds]] by [[Alejandro Rojas]] describes him as executive producer and director of those films and calls "[[The Phenomenon]]" his "fourth UFO documentary."[^4] In a 2024 statement he said "I've been making films on the topic of UFOs (now referred to as UAP) since the early 1990s."[^2]
+James Fox is an American documentary filmmaker whose features on unidentified flying objects include "Out of the Blue," broadcast on the [[Sci-Fi Channel]], "I Know What I Saw," broadcast on the [[History (TV channel)|History channel]], and "UFOs: 50 Years of Denial?"; an October 19, 2020 item on [[Open Minds]] by [[Alejandro Rojas]] describes him as executive producer and director of those films and calls "[[The Phenomenon]]" his "fourth UFO documentary."[^1] In a 2024 statement he said "I've been making films on the topic of UFOs (now referred to as UAP) since the early 1990s."[^2]

 ### The Phenomenon, 2020

-[[Apple TV]] lists "The Phenomenon" (2020, 1 hour 40 minutes, narrated by [[Peter Coyote]], studio "CE3 LLC") with Fox as director and producer, [[Dan Farah]], [[Marc Barasch]], [[Hanson Tse]] and [[Tony Cataldo]] as producers, and appearances by [[Christopher Mellon]], [[Kim Arnold]] and [[George Knapp]].[^1] The Open Minds item quotes [[Harry Reid]] as saying "The Phenomenon makes the incredible credible."[^4]
+[[Apple TV]] lists "The Phenomenon" (2020, 1 hour 40 minutes, narrated by [[Peter Coyote]], studio "CE3 LLC") with Fox as director and producer, [[Dan Farah]], [[Marc Barasch]], [[Hanson Tse]] and [[Tony Cataldo]] as producers, and appearances by [[Christopher Mellon]], [[Kim Arnold]] and [[George Knapp]].[^3] The Open Minds item quotes [[Harry Reid]] as saying "The Phenomenon makes the incredible credible."[^1]

 ### Moment of Contact, 2022

-Apple TV lists "Moment of Contact" (2022, 1 hour 47 minutes), on the 1996 events at [[Varginha UFO incident|Varginha]], [[Brazil]], with Fox as director and interviews with [[Stanton Friedman]], [[Brazilian Air Force]] general José Carlos Pereira and the Brazilian researcher [[Ademar José Gevaerd]].[^5] A 2025 follow-up, "Moment of Contact: New Revelations of Alien Encounters," is listed in the same catalog.[^5]
+Apple TV lists "Moment of Contact" (2022, 1 hour 47 minutes), on the 1996 events at [[Varginha UFO incident|Varginha]], [[Brazil]], with Fox as director and interviews with [[Stanton Friedman]], [[Brazilian Air Force]] general José Carlos Pereira and the Brazilian researcher [[Ademar José Gevaerd]].[^4] A 2025 follow-up, "Moment of Contact: New Revelations of Alien Encounters," is listed in the same catalog.[^4]

 ### The Program, 2024

-[[The Hollywood Reporter]] reported on September 25, 2024 that Fox directed "The Program," "exploring the unprecedented bipartisan congressional effort to uncover what intelligence agencies really know about UFOs, now referred to as UAP," narrated by Coyote, produced by Fox and [[Lance Mungia]], with [[Jim Martin]] and [[Henry Marx]] of [[Lab 9 Films]] as executive producers, and [[Verve Ventures]] "handling sales," with the film "set to screen for buyers."[^2] Interviewees named in that report were Christopher Mellon (described as the former deputy assistant secretary of defense for intelligence), [[Garry Nolan]] of [[Stanford University]], [[Jason Sands]] ("a master sergeant in the [[U.S. Air Force|United States Air Force]]"), [[Craig Lindsay]], [[Nick Pope]], Representatives [[Andre Carson]] and [[Tim Burchett]], Senator Harry Reid and [[Kirk McConnell]], formerly of the [[Senate Armed Services Committee]].[^2] [[The Oxford Eagle]] reported on December 10, 2024 that "The Program" would be released on December 16, 2024 on Apple TV, [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]], [[Hulu]] and [[Vimeo]], with [[Percy Townes]], an [[University of Mississippi|Ole Miss]] alumnus, as associate producer.[^6]
+[[The Hollywood Reporter]] reported on September 25, 2024 that Fox directed "The Program," "exploring the unprecedented bipartisan congressional effort to uncover what intelligence agencies really know about UFOs, now referred to as UAP," narrated by Coyote, produced by Fox and [[Lance Mungia]], with [[Jim Martin]] and [[Henry Marx]] of [[Lab 9 Films]] as executive producers, and [[Verve Ventures]] "handling sales," with the film "set to screen for buyers."[^2] Interviewees named in that report were Christopher Mellon (described as the former deputy assistant secretary of defense for intelligence), [[Garry Nolan]] of [[Stanford University]], [[Jason Sands]] ("a master sergeant in the [[U.S. Air Force|United States Air Force]]"), [[Craig Lindsay]], [[Nick Pope]], Representatives [[Andre Carson]] and [[Tim Burchett]], Senator Harry Reid and [[Kirk McConnell]], formerly of the [[Senate Armed Services Committee]].[^2] [[The Oxford Eagle]] reported on December 10, 2024 that "The Program" would be released on December 16, 2024 on Apple TV, [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]], [[Hulu]] and [[Vimeo]], with [[Percy Townes]], an [[University of Mississippi|Ole Miss]] alumnus, as associate producer.[^5]

-In a December 18, 2024 interview Fox described attending a congressional hearing weeks earlier at which Rear Admiral [[Tim Gallaudet]] testified, said he had been "told" the plan "is to at least disclose the fact that we have definitive proof that we're not alone by 2030," and, in the interviewer's paraphrase, said his research indicated the Department of Energy oversees many unacknowledged special access programs.[^7] He also recounted a conversation with a general who said "we have overwhelming data" of "structured craft of unknown origin."[^7]
+In a December 18, 2024 interview Fox described attending a congressional hearing weeks earlier at which Rear Admiral [[Tim Gallaudet]] testified, said he had been "told" the plan "is to at least disclose the fact that we have definitive proof that we're not alone by 2030," and, in the interviewer's paraphrase, said his research indicated the Department of Energy oversees many unacknowledged special access programs.[^6] He also recounted a conversation with a general who said "we have overwhelming data" of "structured craft of unknown origin."[^6]

 ### Footnotes

-[^1]: Apple TV, "The Phenomenon," credits and studio listing. https://tv.apple.com/gb/movie/the-phenomenon/umc.cmc.e8djkr1rhg7vubj9zgnv7b0a
+[^1]: Alejandro Rojas, "Rojas Report: Filmmaker James Fox on new documentary The Phenomenon," Open Minds, October 19, 2020. https://openminds.tv/rojas-report-filmmaker-james-fox-on-new-documentary-the-phenomenon/
 [^2]: Mia Galuppo, "UFO Doc 'The Program' From James Fox (Exclusive)," The Hollywood Reporter, September 25, 2024. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ufo-doc-the-program-james-fox-1236011733/
-[^4]: Alejandro Rojas, "Rojas Report: Filmmaker James Fox on new documentary The Phenomenon," Open Minds, October 19, 2020. https://openminds.tv/rojas-report-filmmaker-james-fox-on-new-documentary-the-phenomenon/
-[^5]: Apple TV, "Moment of Contact." https://tv.apple.com/movie/umc.cmc.eq4hi5uneea0v3a7e1sqrq9f
-[^6]: Staff report, "Director James Fox, Ole Miss alumnus Percy Townes to release UFO documentary," The Oxford Eagle, December 10, 2024. https://oxfordeagle.com/?p=162243
-[^7]: Higgypop, "Interview: James Fox's New Documentary 'The Program' Explores The 'Unprecedented' Push For Disclosure," December 18, 2024. https://www.higgypop.com/news/james-fox-interview/
+[^3]: Apple TV, "The Phenomenon," credits and studio listing. https://tv.apple.com/gb/movie/the-phenomenon/umc.cmc.e8djkr1rhg7vubj9zgnv7b0a
+[^4]: Apple TV, "Moment of Contact." https://tv.apple.com/movie/umc.cmc.eq4hi5uneea0v3a7e1sqrq9f
+[^5]: Staff report, "Director James Fox, Ole Miss alumnus Percy Townes to release UFO documentary," The Oxford Eagle, December 10, 2024. https://oxfordeagle.com/?p=162243
+[^6]: Higgypop, "Interview: James Fox's New Documentary 'The Program' Explores The 'Unprecedented' Push For Disclosure," December 18, 2024. https://www.higgypop.com/news/james-fox-interview/
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis
@ -1,18 +1,59 @@
 ---
-aliases:
- Louis Andre
-category: "Skeptics & Critics"
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
  - Person
-  - Skeptic
-summary: "Louis Andre was an analyst with the DIA who worked on the case of William Richard Higgins, a Marine Lieutenant Colonel abducted in Lebanon in 1988."
+  - DIA
+  - Analyst
+  - SunStreak
+  - Stargate
+  - Lebanon
+  - Hostages
+alias:
+  - Louis Andre
+  - Lou Andre
+summary: "Defense Intelligence Agency analyst who told Annie Jacobsen that remote-viewing sessions by Angela Dellafiora were useful in the search for Marine Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins, abducted in Lebanon in 1988."
+location: "Washington, D.C."
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]"
+    start: 1988
+    role: "analyst on the William Higgins abduction case; the Sun Streak sessions on the case were reported to the DIA customer at the DIA Analysis Center, Bolling Air Force Base"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[William Richard Higgins]]"
+    start: 1988-02-17
+    role: "analyst working the abduction case that Sun Streak project 8808 was tasked against"
+    fn: 2
+created: 2026-05-14
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

-Louis Andre was an analyst with the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] who worked on the case of [[William Richard Higgins]], a Marine Lieutenant Colonel abducted in [[Lebanon]] in 1988. Andre had never spoken to a reporter before, and noted that many aspects of the operation remained classified due to its sensitive nature[^1].
+Louis Andre was an analyst with the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) assigned to the case of [[William Richard Higgins]], the [[United States Marine Corps]] lieutenant colonel who headed a [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization]] observer group and was abducted near [[Tyre]], [[Lebanon]], on February 17, 1988.[^1][^2] He told [[Annie Jacobsen]] that he had never before spoken to a reporter, and that much of the operation remained classified.[^1]

-Andre was initially highly skeptical of [[Remote Viewing]], but he came to accept that the information provided by [[Angela Dellafiora]], one of the DIA's remote viewers, was valuable to the overall mission. Dellafiora identified where she thought Higgins was being held and perceived him to be alive. She also produced phonetically the name of one of the Amal Militia commanders involved in the Higgins case, providing accurate details about his role and family members[^1].
+### The Higgins case

-Andre found Dellafiora's ability to access such sensitive information astonishing. He observed that her talents continued to be applied throughout the 113 sessions dedicated to the search for Higgins[^1].
+On February 24, 1988, the DIA's Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence (office symbol DT-S) sent its deputy director an interim "SUN STREAK Operational Report - 8808" covering results obtained by three remote viewers between February 22 and 24, 1988, on the question of who was involved in the abduction. The memorandum states that information on the target's identity was shielded from the viewers and that the data were maintained by the customer at the DIA Analysis Center at [[Bolling Air Force Base]].[^2] [[Sun Streak]] was the designation of the DIA remote-viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]] in this period, and project number 8808 was the Higgins tasking.[^2][^3]
+
+In that memorandum, Viewer 079 described a 47-to-50-year-old Lebanese Christian who until about early December 1987 had served with [[Amal]] forces as a "District Manager" with the rank of major, knew of the abduction, and had no direct role in planning or carrying it out. The viewer described him as short, dark, olive-complected and bearded, married with three children whose family was not with him in [[Beirut]], and recorded attempts to obtain his name as phonetics in an enclosure.[^2] The project 8808 session reports for Viewer 079 are headed "WRV" (written remote viewing), the method of [[Angela Dellafiora]].[^3][^4] Andre told Jacobsen that Dellafiora gave a phonetic rendering of the name of an Amal commander involved in the Higgins case, together with accurate details of his role and family, and that she identified where she believed Higgins was held and perceived him to be alive.[^1]
+
+Andre described himself as initially highly skeptical of [[Remote Viewing]]. He told Jacobsen that he came to regard Dellafiora's information as valuable to the overall mission, called her access to such sensitive information astonishing, and said her sessions continued through 113 sessions dedicated to the search for Higgins.[^1]
+
+### The Sun Streak session record
+
+The mirror of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] STARGATE collection holds several hundred project 8808 items. The first Viewer 079 session in the series is dated February 18, 1988, the day after the abduction.[^3] The session sheets carry a standard header ("PROJECT SUN STREAK," "PROJECT NUMBER: 8808," "CLASSIFIED BY: DIA (DT)," "DECLASSIFY: OADR") and a mission line. A February 28, 1988 session by Viewer 011, conducted at the DIA on Bolling Air Force Base, took as its mission to determine the present location of Higgins and to describe his state and experiences; the session comments record that the viewer worked in unfamiliar surroundings, felt pressure because of the importance of the target, and was disturbed by aircraft noise from [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]].[^5]
+
+A July 1988 Viewer 079 session (reported July 7, 1988) was tasked to "determine the projected date and describe the circumstances related to the release" of Higgins, the eight other American hostages, the West German [[Rudolf Cordes]] and [[Terry Waite]], taking into account the shooting down of an Iranian airliner by the [[USS Vincennes]] on July 4, 1988, the trial of [[Mohammed Ali Hamadei]] in West Germany, and Lebanese broadcasts threatening retaliatory killings of [[Edward Tracy]], [[Joseph Cicippio]] and [[Terry Anderson]]. The viewer's summary placed Higgins near [[Anan]] and two reservoirs north of "Hill 1006," described the captors as "tired and drained" and "somewhat disgruntled with instructions being received from Iran," and proposed that Israeli voice-intercept direction finding could locate him in transit.[^6]
+
+The series continued into 1989. A Viewer 079 session of August 3, 1989 (project number 8925, session 64) carried the mission to determine whether Higgins was dead or alive; its summary placed him at two locations, stated that it could not be determined whether he was alive, located Cicippio, Waite, [[Alan Steen]] and Tracy near Qaytulah, and described [[Abdul Karim Obeid]] as a "planner" in the kidnapping of Higgins.[^7]
+
+The session sheets identify the customer only as the DIA Analysis Center.[^2]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited (Andre's statements, his initial skepticism, the 113 sessions).
+[^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., memorandum DT-S for Deputy Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "SUN STREAK Operational Report - 8808 (U)," February 24, 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7/CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7_djvu.txt
+[^3]: "8808 WRV Session 1 - 18 Feb 88, Source 079, Summary, Notes & Drawings," CIA-RDP96-00789R003400750002-1; "8808 WRV Session 18 Report - 7 Jul 88, Source 079, Summary & Maps," CIA-RDP96-00789R003400640002-3. Titles as catalogued in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Dellafiora's use of written remote viewing: see the [[Angela Dellafiora]] page, citing the same collection.
+[^5]: "PROJECT SUN STREAK," project 8808, date of session February 28, 1988, Viewer 011, CIA-RDP96-00789R003401110001-1. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00789R003401110001-1/CIA-RDP96-00789R003401110001-1_djvu.txt
+[^6]: "PROJECT SUN STREAK," project 8808, session of July 1988, report of July 7, 1988, with summary of information, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100100005-3 and CIA-RDP96-00789R002100100006-2. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00789R002100100005-3/CIA-RDP96-00789R002100100005-3_djvu.txt
+[^7]: "8808-B Solo Session 64 Report, 3 Aug 89, Source 079, Summary & Notes," CIA-RDP96-00789R000400960001-2. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00789R000400960001-2/CIA-RDP96-00789R000400960001-2_djvu.txt
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lyn
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Lyn
@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ After retiring from the Army, Buchanan founded Problems - Solutions - Innovation

 In 2003, Buchanan published *The Seventh Sense: The Secrets of Remote Viewing as Told by a "Psychic Spy" for the U.S. Military* (Hampton Roads Publishing), an account of his Army remote viewing experience and his understanding of the CRV process. The book drew on his experience as both viewer and unit data manager and provided one of the more technically detailed accounts of operational military remote viewing from the Fort Meade period.[^1]

-[[Edwin May]] wrote from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory on September 21, 1995, that he had obtained a tape of "an hour program that aired a few weeks ago in England," Channel 4's version of [[Jim Schnabel]]'s Independent article, which "features [[Mel Riley]] and [[Ed Dames]] but includes interviews with MG (ret) [[Edmund Thompson|Ed Thompson]] (former ARMY ACSI), Adm. [[Stansfield Turner|Turner]], Dr. [[Hal Puthoff|Puthoff]], Lyn Buchanan, and [[John B. Alexander|John Alexander]]"; "in my opinion, the show is sensational and makes no attempt to separate fact from fiction. By implication it attempts (and perhaps accomplishes) to raise the credibility of Dames, Riley, and Alexander by association with generals, admirals and the Intelligence community."[^900]
+[[Edwin May]] wrote from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory on September 21, 1995, that he had obtained a tape of "an hour program that aired a few weeks ago in England," Channel 4's version of [[Jim Schnabel]]'s Independent article, which "features [[Mel Riley]] and [[Ed Dames]] but includes interviews with MG (ret) [[Edmund Thompson|Ed Thompson]] (former ARMY ACSI), Adm. [[Stansfield Turner|Turner]], Dr. [[Hal Puthoff|Puthoff]], Lyn Buchanan, and [[John B. Alexander|John Alexander]]"; "in my opinion, the show is sensational and makes no attempt to separate fact from fiction. By implication it attempts (and perhaps accomplishes) to raise the credibility of Dames, Riley, and Alexander by association with generals, admirals and the Intelligence community."[^2]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997.
-[^900]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Manfred
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Manfred
@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ Manfred Gale, of the Army staff at the Pentagon (office symbol DAMA-ZD, under th

 The Defense Department's Grill Flame committee under [[Jack Vorona]] of [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] heard on November 27, 1979, that the report "had not been completed," one member "questioned the substantive expertise of the Gale Committee," and the group asked to see it "prior to it being given to any other party or group." Gale briefed it on January 10, 1980: "Mr. Gale's briefing was not received favorably by the Grill Flame group. There were many substantive reservations based upon errors in both facts and analysis. The report was, in the view of the group, misleading and inadequate." Major [[William Stoner]], the committee's own coordinator, wrote after Gale's briefing of January 14 that Gale "has, in briefing the report here and elsewhere, done a great deal of verbalizing (shading) issues, personal opinion, 'faction,' and general guesswork not contained anywhere in the report. Some of it is just plain misleading"; that his claim of having "rejected two people who had pronounced tendencies to be nonobjective" was false as to [[Ray Hyman]], "rejected not because of any action by Gale, but because of a protest memo from MG [[Edmund Thompson|Thompson]] to Dr LaBerge"; that "the Gale report is big, but weak"; and that Gale, "selling the report around the Pentagon," "should be thanked by the DoD Steering Committee and allowed or told to quietly go his way." On January 25, 1980, Gale asked Stoner to distribute 27 copies of the report, with LaBerge's "official copy by Monday, 28 Jan."[^2]

-Gale's Army title was "Advisor for RDA Analysis, ODCSRDA." On August 8, 1979, the Under Secretary's military assistant wrote that "the Under Secretary would like you to brief" [[Ruth Davis]] and a Mr. Nealsen "with the same informal briefing that you gave him," that Nealsen "will also ask that you brief Admiral Murphy in the same way," and that "Dr. LaBerge discussed your proposed change in test design with USAMSAA. They are taking action to implement the proposal at this time." A month earlier his office had been told that [[Harry Snyder]] "has been asked in place of Dr. Hyman." Lieutenant Colonel [[Murray Watt]]'s message of November 1979 from Fort Meade recorded that "Mr Manfred Gale (Team Chief) assured LTC Watt that INSCOM would be provided with a copy of the team's report when it was finalized," and that his office was "anxious to see their recommendations concerning our program in particular and the DoD program as a whole."[^903]
+Gale's Army title was "Advisor for RDA Analysis, ODCSRDA." On August 8, 1979, the Under Secretary's military assistant wrote that "the Under Secretary would like you to brief" [[Ruth Davis]] and a Mr. Nealsen "with the same informal briefing that you gave him," that Nealsen "will also ask that you brief Admiral Murphy in the same way," and that "Dr. LaBerge discussed your proposed change in test design with USAMSAA. They are taking action to implement the proposal at this time." A month earlier his office had been told that [[Harry Snyder]] "has been asked in place of Dr. Hyman." Lieutenant Colonel [[Murray Watt]]'s message of November 1979 from Fort Meade recorded that "Mr Manfred Gale (Team Chief) assured LTC Watt that INSCOM would be provided with a copy of the team's report when it was finalized," and that his office was "anxious to see their recommendations concerning our program in particular and the DoD program as a whole."[^3]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979," S-1168/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, and "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 10 January 1980," S-1008/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1, both signed Jack Vorona, chairman. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Gale, M., "Distribution of GRILL FLAME Reports," memorandum for Major Stoner, ACSI, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development and Acquisition, January 25, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230023-0; three CIA Reading Room items of February 13, 1980, are titled "Scientific Evaluation Committee (SEC) Grill Flame Report, Dated November 1979" (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250025-7, R001100080007-6, R001200230026-7). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^903]: "Grill Flame Review Panel Members," undated roster, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230008-7; Office of the Under Secretary of the Army, memorandum for Mr. Manny Gale, July 17, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230004-1; K. Lytle, Major, Military Assistant, memorandum for Mr. Gale, Advisor for RDA Analysis, ODCSRDA, "Briefing for Dr. Ruth Davis and Mr. Nealsen," August 8, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230013-1; Snyder to Gale, undated (catalogued May 11, 1979, but referring to October and a visit of September 28), CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230038-4, and November 19, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230042-9; "Findings," "Recommendations," "Estimated Costs," unsigned, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230043-8; SSO Meade to SSO ACSI DA, "Grill Flame DoD Science Evaluation Team Report," LTC Watt, November 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230047-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: "Grill Flame Review Panel Members," undated roster, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230008-7; Office of the Under Secretary of the Army, memorandum for Mr. Manny Gale, July 17, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230004-1; K. Lytle, Major, Military Assistant, memorandum for Mr. Gale, Advisor for RDA Analysis, ODCSRDA, "Briefing for Dr. Ruth Davis and Mr. Nealsen," August 8, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230013-1; Snyder to Gale, undated (catalogued May 11, 1979, but referring to October and a visit of September 28), CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230038-4, and November 19, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230042-9; "Findings," "Recommendations," "Estimated Costs," unsigned, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230043-8; SSO Meade to SSO ACSI DA, "Grill Flame DoD Science Evaluation Team Report," LTC Watt, November 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230047-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marcus
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marcus
@ -12,25 +12,25 @@ location: Oakland, California
 created: 2026-06-03
 updated: 2026-06-03
 ---
-Marcus Albert Foster was born March 31, 1923, in [[Athens]], [[Georgia]], and moved to [[Philadelphia]] at age three as part of the Great Migration. He earned a doctorate in education from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and built a distinguished career in the Philadelphia public school system from 1957 to 1970, rising from teacher to principal to Associate Superintendent for Community Relations.[^3]
+Marcus Albert Foster was born March 31, 1923, in [[Athens]], [[Georgia]], and moved to [[Philadelphia]] at age three as part of the Great Migration. He earned a doctorate in education from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and built a distinguished career in the Philadelphia public school system from 1957 to 1970, rising from teacher to principal to Associate Superintendent for Community Relations.[^1]

 ### Oakland Superintendency

-In 1970, Foster was appointed the first African-American superintendent of [[Oakland]], [[California]]'s public school system, a district serving predominantly minority students in communities facing poverty and underinvestment. He was known for raising academic expectations, negotiating with diverse political factions, and working to improve educational outcomes in underserved schools. He developed a proposed student identification card system designed to reduce vagrancy and keep non-student drug dealers off campus, though the program was already being modified in response to community concerns.[^3]
+In 1970, Foster was appointed the first African-American superintendent of [[Oakland]], [[California]]'s public school system, a district serving predominantly minority students in communities facing poverty and underinvestment. He was known for raising academic expectations, negotiating with diverse political factions, and working to improve educational outcomes in underserved schools. He developed a proposed student identification card system designed to reduce vagrancy and keep non-student drug dealers off campus, though the program was already being modified in response to community concerns.[^1]

 ### Assassination

-On November 6, 1973, Foster was shot eight times with hollow-point bullets packed with cyanide as he left a school board meeting. His deputy superintendent, [[Robert Blackburn]], was critically wounded but survived. The [[Symbionese Liberation Army]], led by [[Donald DeFreeze]], claimed responsibility. According to later accounts, SLA member [[Patricia Soltysik]] fired the fatal shots while [[DeFreeze]] wounded [[Blackburn]] with a shotgun. The SLA justified the killing by citing Foster's student ID proposal, characterizing it as "fascist."[^1][^3]
+On November 6, 1973, Foster was shot eight times with hollow-point bullets packed with cyanide as he left a school board meeting. His deputy superintendent, [[Robert Blackburn]], was critically wounded but survived. The [[Symbionese Liberation Army]], led by [[Donald DeFreeze]], claimed responsibility. According to later accounts, SLA member [[Patricia Soltysik]] fired the fatal shots while [[DeFreeze]] wounded [[Blackburn]] with a shotgun. The SLA justified the killing by citing Foster's student ID proposal, characterizing it as "fascist."[^1][^2]

 ### The Intelligence Dimension

-Two weeks before the assassination, a neo-Nazi group had distributed a flyer predicting Foster's death. Witnesses described "Black men" fleeing the scene, but the arrested suspects were white. Blackface makeup was discovered in their apartments. The SLA at the time of the murder was led by Donald DeFreeze, a career criminal and [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] informant who had been recruited at [[Vacaville]] prison by [[CIA]] psychological warfare specialist [[Colston Westbrook]], an employee of CIA proprietary [[Pacific Architects and Engineers]]. The assassination of a prominent Black educator by a manufactured radical group led by an informant and mentored by a CIA operative raised questions about whether the killing served broader counterintelligence objectives.[^1]
+Two weeks before the assassination, a neo-Nazi group had distributed a flyer predicting Foster's death. Witnesses described "Black men" fleeing the scene, but the arrested suspects were white. Blackface makeup was discovered in their apartments. The SLA at the time of the murder was led by Donald DeFreeze, a career criminal and [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] informant who had been recruited at [[Vacaville]] prison by [[CIA]] psychological warfare specialist [[Colston Westbrook]], an employee of CIA proprietary [[Pacific Architects and Engineers]]. The assassination of a prominent Black educator by a manufactured radical group led by an informant and mentored by a CIA operative raised questions about whether the killing served broader counterintelligence objectives.[^2]

 ### Memorials and Convictions

-The Oakland Education Institute was renamed the [[Marcus A. Foster Education Institute]] in his honor. Fellowships and scholarships were established at the University of Pennsylvania and [[UC Berkeley]]. [[Joe Remiro]] was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, serving 47 years before receiving parole. [[Russ Little]] was released after serving five years.[^3]
+The Oakland Education Institute was renamed the [[Marcus A. Foster Education Institute]] in his honor. Fellowships and scholarships were established at the University of Pennsylvania and [[UC Berkeley]]. [[Joe Remiro]] was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, serving 47 years before receiving parole. [[Russ Little]] was released after serving five years.[^1]

 ### Footnotes

-[^1]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.
-[^3]: "50 Years After He Was Assassinated, Why Marcus Foster Is More Relevant Than Ever," *EdSource*, November 2023. https://edsource.org/2023/50-years-after-he-was-assassinated-why-marcus-foster-is-more-relevant-than-ever/688423; "Marcus A. Foster (1923-1973)," BlackPast.org. https://blackpast.org/african-american-history/marcus-foster-1923-1973/; "The Assassination of Oakland Schools Chief Marcus Foster by Members of the SLA," Local News Matters, November 27, 2018. https://localnewsmatters.org/2018/11/27/the-assassination-of-oakland-schools-chief-marcus-foster-by-members-of-the-sla/
+[^1]: "50 Years After He Was Assassinated, Why Marcus Foster Is More Relevant Than Ever," *EdSource*, November 2023. https://edsource.org/2023/50-years-after-he-was-assassinated-why-marcus-foster-is-more-relevant-than-ever/688423; "Marcus A. Foster (1923-1973)," BlackPast.org. https://blackpast.org/african-american-history/marcus-foster-1923-1973/; "The Assassination of Oakland Schools Chief Marcus Foster by Members of the SLA," Local News Matters, November 27, 2018. https://localnewsmatters.org/2018/11/27/the-assassination-of-oakland-schools-chief-marcus-foster-by-members-of-the-sla/
+[^2]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Peter
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Peter
@ -1,19 +1,53 @@
 ---
-category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
+aliases:
+  - Peter Crane
+category: "Scientists & Researchers"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Pseudonym
-  - RemoteViewer
-summary: "Peter Crane is the pseudonym Jim Schnabel gave a Lawrence Livermore physicist who ran off-hours tests of Uri Geller in late 1974 and called the CIA's Kit Green about the apparitions that followed."
+  - Physicist
+  - LawrenceLivermore
+  - UriGeller
+  - KitGreen
+  - Psychokinesis
+summary: "Pseudonym used by Jim Schnabel in Remote Viewers (1997) for the Livermore physicist who led unofficial Geller tests in late 1974 and telephoned the CIA analyst called Richard Kennett."
+location: "Livermore, California"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]"
+    start: 1974
+    role: "physicist; pseudonym of an unnamed person in Schnabel (1997)"
+    fn: 3
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Uri Geller]]"
+    start: 1974
+    role: "organized after-hours metal-bending and laser tests with colleagues, per Schnabel"
+    fn: 3
+created: 2026-05-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

-Peter Crane is the pseudonym [[Jim Schnabel]] gave a physicist at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) in *[[Remote Viewers]]* (1997).[^2] In Schnabel's account, in late 1974, concerned about the potential security threat posed by psychic abilities, Crane, along with security officer [[Ron Robertson]] and others, began conducting their own experiments with [[Uri Geller]] outside of work hours.[^1]
+Peter Crane is the name [[Jim Schnabel]] gave to a physicist at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) in *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997). The *Grey Lodge Occult Review*, quoted by Rudy Havenstein, stated that "the names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis... are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel," and identified "Kennett" as [[Kit Green]].[^1] [[Uri Geller]] and [[Charles Panati]] name the engineer [[R. S. Hawke]] as Geller's 1974 host at the laboratory.[^2]

-Crane and his group tested Geller's psychokinetic abilities, including metal-bending and attempts to deflect laser beams. While their tests concluded that Geller's abilities were not effective over long distances, Crane was one of the Livermore personnel who experienced a series of bizarre, hallucination-inducing phenomena after their involvement with Geller. These included visions of hovering, monochrome flying saucers and strange animals.[^1]
+### Schnabel's account

-Overwhelmed by these experiences, Crane contacted [[Kit Green]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for help. Green investigated the situation, which included a strange metallic voice on an audiotape that pronounced the code name of a highly classified government project unknown to Crane or his colleagues. The apparitions eventually ceased after the Livermore group stopped their research activities with Geller.[^1]
+In Schnabel's narrative, in late 1974 a group at Livermore, concerned that psychokinesis might threaten nuclear weapons, ran its own off-hours experiments with Geller; the group included the security officer [[Ron Robertson]].[^3] Crane's group recorded a Geller metal-bending session on audiotape, videotape and still film, including an infrared camera. According to Schnabel, the developed film showed "two diffuse patches of radiation" on an upper laboratory wall that grew for a few frames and faded, and the audiotape held "a distinctive, metallic-sounding voice, unheard during the actual experiment," speaking "a few apparently random words strung together."[^3]

---
+In the following days and weeks, Schnabel writes, "Peter Crane and some of the others in the Livermore group quickly found themselves involved in more strangeness than they could handle." Members of the group, in the laboratory together or at home with their wives and children, saw a hovering, gray monochrome flying saucer about eight inches across, "almost comically stereotypical"; a physicist he calls [[Mike Russo]] and his wife saw a giant raven-like bird at the foot of their bed. After a few weeks, Schnabel writes, "Peter Crane decided to call for help," and telephoned Richard Kennett.[^3]

-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997.
-[^2]: Havenstein, Rudy. "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley." Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel."
+Schnabel's Kennett had already visited Livermore as a CIA analyst to ask Crane and the others about their Geller results. On a Saturday morning "at the end of an otherwise unrelated trip to the San Francisco Bay Area" he met Crane in a coffee shop in the town of Livermore, and then held long meetings with Russo and the others. Schnabel gives Kennett's reasoning that Crane, Russo and the rest "had no history of involvement in the occult" and held top-secret clearances that had required psychological screening.[^3] The two or three intelligible words on the audiotape, Schnabel writes, were recognized by Kennett as "the code name of a very closely held government project" unconnected to psychic research and unknown to the Livermore group; Kennett reported the incident to CIA security, which "filed it away, and wondered if Dr. Kennett might be getting a little too close to his subject matter."[^3]
+
+Schnabel states that the matter ended after Russo complained of a telephone call from the metallic voice demanding that the group stop its Geller work; the group stopped and "within a month, the bizarre apparitions faded away."[^3] The last apparition, to a physicist he calls [[Don Curtis]], led Kennett to demand a meeting with [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] in Washington, during which a one-armed man in a gray suit knocked on the hotel room door.[^3]
+
+### Other accounts
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]]'s *Phenomena* (2017) places the Livermore tests in the winter of 1975, in a wooden World War II barracks, with the AEC officer Ron Robertson, not a physicist, telephoning Kit Green after the second day.[^4] A CIA staff report records a telephone call of October 23, 1974 in which an AEC security officer at Livermore reported two days of testing Geller with forty AEC scientists.[^5] The review of Jonathan Margolis's *The Secret Life of Uri Geller* in *Lobster* summarizes the episode as a "group of scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory... working on 'the Geller effect'," and gives Kit Green as the source of the story.[^6]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel."
+[^2]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers* (Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/; Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (Jonathan Cape, 1986).
+[^3]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (New York: Dell, 1997), chapter on Kennett and Livermore, as excerpted at https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley. Sole source for the passages so cited; Schnabel uses pseudonyms for the Livermore physicists.
+[^4]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown, 2017).
+[^5]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt.
+[^6]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert
@ -30,40 +30,40 @@ relations:
    with: "[[UFO Cover-Up Live]]"
    start: 1988-10-14
    role: "shadowed interviewee code-named Condor, as alleged by Collins; identified to Robert Hastings in December 1988 by a member of the production team, per Hastings"
-    fn: 3
+    fn: 2
 created: 2026-10-03
 updated: 2026-10-03
 ---

-Robert M. Collins wrote that he came to the UFO subject in the summer of 1985 as an analyst in theoretical and applied physics at the [[Foreign Technology Division]] (FTD) of [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]], [[Ohio]], now the [[National Air and Space Intelligence Center]], and that in the group around [[William L. Moore]] he was given the bird name Condor.[^1] [[Robert Hastings]] reported on March 1, 1989 that a member of the production team of [[UFO Cover-Up Live]] had identified the second source on the program, Condor, as Collins, then recently a captain in the [[U.S. Air Force]] at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]], and that "both Doty and Collins deny any involvement in the [[Majestic-12|MJ-12]] affair."[^3] The copyright page of *[[Exempt from Disclosure]]: The Black World of UFOs* ([[Peregrine Communications]], 2010) names Collins as author, with [[Richard Doty]] and [[Timothy S. Cooper]] as "contributors and writers."[^1]
+Robert M. Collins wrote that he came to the UFO subject in the summer of 1985 as an analyst in theoretical and applied physics at the [[Foreign Technology Division]] (FTD) of [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]], [[Ohio]], now the [[National Air and Space Intelligence Center]], and that in the group around [[William L. Moore]] he was given the bird name Condor.[^1] [[Robert Hastings]] reported on March 1, 1989 that a member of the production team of [[UFO Cover-Up Live]] had identified the second source on the program, Condor, as Collins, then recently a captain in the [[U.S. Air Force]] at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]], and that "both Doty and Collins deny any involvement in the [[Majestic-12|MJ-12]] affair."[^2] The copyright page of *[[Exempt from Disclosure]]: The Black World of UFOs* ([[Peregrine Communications]], 2010) names Collins as author, with [[Richard Doty]] and [[Timothy S. Cooper]] as "contributors and writers."[^1]

 ### Service, as described by Collins

-Collins wrote that his FTD assignment began in the summer of 1985 and that he had "18 years" in the subject by the time of writing, against Doty's "20 + years."[^1] He described himself as an FTD analyst in the areas of theoretical and applied physics, and in the account of his meetings in 1988 as "stationed at Kirtland AFB, [[Air Force Weapons Laboratory|Air Force Weapons Lab]]."[^1] Hastings, who wrote that he knew "very little" about Collins, reported that at his departure from the Air Force, in late 1988, Collins was a captain assigned to a plasma physics group at [[Sandia National Laboratories]] on Kirtland.[^3] [[Mark Pilkington]] called Collins "a former Air Force physicist."[^4] Collins wrote that he once had a "[[Detachment 22|DET 22]]" escort on a mission in [[Germany]] and [[France]]; that detachment, he wrote, accompanies personnel in technical intelligence capacities on risky travel.[^1]
+Collins wrote that his FTD assignment began in the summer of 1985 and that he had "18 years" in the subject by the time of writing, against Doty's "20 + years."[^1] He described himself as an FTD analyst in the areas of theoretical and applied physics, and in the account of his meetings in 1988 as "stationed at Kirtland AFB, [[Air Force Weapons Laboratory|Air Force Weapons Lab]]."[^1] Hastings, who wrote that he knew "very little" about Collins, reported that at his departure from the Air Force, in late 1988, Collins was a captain assigned to a plasma physics group at [[Sandia National Laboratories]] on Kirtland.[^2] [[Mark Pilkington]] called Collins "a former Air Force physicist."[^3] Collins wrote that he once had a "[[Detachment 22|DET 22]]" escort on a mission in [[Germany]] and [[France]]; that detachment, he wrote, accompanies personnel in technical intelligence capacities on risky travel.[^1]

 ### The group around Moore

 Collins wrote that FTD led him to ask about stories of bodies stored at Wright-Patterson, and so to retired Lieutenant Colonel [[Ernie Kellerstrauss|Ernie Kellerstrass]], whose last assignment had been FTD and who in 1985 worked for [[Systems Research Laboratories]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]. According to Collins, Kellerstrass named [[Anthony J. Cacioppo]], then chief FTD scientist, and [[Dale Graff]], reassigned from FTD to the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], as informed, and described a meeting at a ski lodge north of [[Albuquerque]] in 1968 about a wave of sightings.[^1] In the spring of 1986, on a temporary duty trip to consult the technical staff of [[TRW]] in [[Los Angeles]], Collins met Moore in his motel room for about an hour; Moore mentioned a "Mr. X" who had contacted him in 1980.[^1] Collins wrote that from 1986 onward Moore, [[Jaime Shandera]], Kellerstrass, Doty, [[Hal Puthoff]] (from 1987), [[Kit Green]] (from 1989) and he held a series of meetings, referring to MJ-12 as "the Committee," while the introduction to the same book dates the group's coming together to 1985.[^1]

-In the fall of 1987, he wrote, Kellerstrass hosted Moore, Shandera, Puthoff, Colonel [[John B. Alexander]], "Scott Jones (assistant for Senator Pell)" ([[C.B. Scott Jones]], aide to [[Claiborne Pell]]) and Collins at dinner at his house in [[Beavercreek, Ohio]].[^1] The bird names, by his account, were Doty "the surrogate 'Falcon' when the real Falcon (DIA's, Dale Graff?) couldn't be found," Kellerstrass "Hawk," Puthoff "Partridge," Jones "Hummingbird," Green "Blue Jay," Alexander "Chickadee," and himself "Condor."[^1] He also wrote of "Heron ([[Jerry Miller]])."[^1] In the references he wrote that "in June/July 2012 the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Falcon was disclosed as none other than" [[Harry Rositzke]], who died on November 4, 2002 in [[Warrenton, Virginia]]; that "very few people were in a position to know who the real Falcon was," the two he knew of being Moore and Doty; that Moore "provided a name to his friend [[Greg Bishop]] in 2005"; that [[Brian Parks]], who had known Moore closely from the early 1980s until he left UFO research around 1994, "gave Brian the very same name as Bishop had"; and, in another reference, that "according to Bill Moore and known by Rick Doty it's Harry August Rositzke, born in [[New York]], 1910." He added a redacted 1961 [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] memorandum on Rositzke supplied by Parks and Parks's statement of "07-20-012." The name is Collins's report of what Moore said to others; Moore did not publish it.[^1] Moore had said in 1989 that he and Jaime Shandera invented the name Falcon in 1984 and that hints in 1987 that Doty was Falcon were a diversion.[^7] Pilkington asked whether Colonel [[Barry Hennessey]], who ran the AFOSI special projects unit at the [[Pentagon]] during the MJ-12 release and the Bennewitz affair and later directed Air Force counterintelligence and special program security, was Falcon, and wrote that Hennessey and Moore had both denied it.[^4]
+In the fall of 1987, he wrote, Kellerstrass hosted Moore, Shandera, Puthoff, Colonel [[John B. Alexander]], "Scott Jones (assistant for Senator Pell)" ([[C.B. Scott Jones]], aide to [[Claiborne Pell]]) and Collins at dinner at his house in [[Beavercreek, Ohio]].[^1] The bird names, by his account, were Doty "the surrogate 'Falcon' when the real Falcon (DIA's, Dale Graff?) couldn't be found," Kellerstrass "Hawk," Puthoff "Partridge," Jones "Hummingbird," Green "Blue Jay," Alexander "Chickadee," and himself "Condor."[^1] He also wrote of "Heron ([[Jerry Miller]])."[^1] In the references he wrote that "in June/July 2012 the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Falcon was disclosed as none other than" [[Harry Rositzke]], who died on November 4, 2002 in [[Warrenton, Virginia]]; that "very few people were in a position to know who the real Falcon was," the two he knew of being Moore and Doty; that Moore "provided a name to his friend [[Greg Bishop]] in 2005"; that [[Brian Parks]], who had known Moore closely from the early 1980s until he left UFO research around 1994, "gave Brian the very same name as Bishop had"; and, in another reference, that "according to Bill Moore and known by Rick Doty it's Harry August Rositzke, born in [[New York]], 1910." He added a redacted 1961 [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] memorandum on Rositzke supplied by Parks and Parks's statement of "07-20-012." The name is Collins's report of what Moore said to others; Moore did not publish it.[^1] Moore had said in 1989 that he and Jaime Shandera invented the name Falcon in 1984 and that hints in 1987 that Doty was Falcon were a diversion.[^4] Pilkington asked whether Colonel [[Barry Hennessey]], who ran the AFOSI special projects unit at the [[Pentagon]] during the MJ-12 release and the Bennewitz affair and later directed Air Force counterintelligence and special program security, was Falcon, and wrote that Hennessey and Moore had both denied it.[^3]

 ### Howe and Lear, November 1987

-Hastings wrote that [[Linda Moulton Howe]] told him that in November 1987 Collins was "frantically" trying to meet her in Albuquerque; that at the meeting, also attended by [[John Lear]], Collins showed them MJ-12 documents "primarily relating to a live alien allegedly held captive by the U.S. Government"; and that Collins said he had worked "behind the scenes" with Moore for years.[^3] Howe's own book does not name Collins.[^5]
+Hastings wrote that [[Linda Moulton Howe]] told him that in November 1987 Collins was "frantically" trying to meet her in Albuquerque; that at the meeting, also attended by [[John Lear]], Collins showed them MJ-12 documents "primarily relating to a live alien allegedly held captive by the U.S. Government"; and that Collins said he had worked "behind the scenes" with Moore for years.[^2] Howe's own book does not name Collins.[^5]

 ### The program, 1988

-Collins wrote that in August 1988 he, Moore, Shandera, Doty and Kellerstrass met at a state park near Dayton under arrangements Kellerstrass drew up, with the executive producer [[Michael Seligman]] present; that Seligman wanted to see picture identification and engaged a congressional investigator, and that the men "all checked out."[^1] In September 1988, in Albuquerque, Moore and Shandera filmed him as Condor.[^1] He wrote that after the broadcast of October 14 two high-level contacts approached Moore and Shandera, and that in April 1989 he attended a "mini-summit" at an Albuquerque motel with Puthoff, Green, Doty, Moore and Shandera on "the aftershocks" and "disclosure strategies" proposed by Green.[^1] Howe quoted Condor on the program as saying that an agreement had been signed with the extraterrestrials under which "we won't disclose your (ET) existence if you do not interfere in our (Earth human) society," and that the base was at [[Area 51]], "Dreamland."[^5] Moore said on July 1, 1989 that he was "convinced that at least some of that information falls under the category of disinformation" and "equally convinced that some of it is true."[^7] [[Barry Greenwood]] wrote in *[[Just Cause]]* in September 1989 that "a fair portion of the last hour [was] wasted in presenting what Moore admits to be false data."[^6]
+Collins wrote that in August 1988 he, Moore, Shandera, Doty and Kellerstrass met at a state park near Dayton under arrangements Kellerstrass drew up, with the executive producer [[Michael Seligman]] present; that Seligman wanted to see picture identification and engaged a congressional investigator, and that the men "all checked out."[^1] In September 1988, in Albuquerque, Moore and Shandera filmed him as Condor.[^1] He wrote that after the broadcast of October 14 two high-level contacts approached Moore and Shandera, and that in April 1989 he attended a "mini-summit" at an Albuquerque motel with Puthoff, Green, Doty, Moore and Shandera on "the aftershocks" and "disclosure strategies" proposed by Green.[^1] Howe quoted Condor on the program as saying that an agreement had been signed with the extraterrestrials under which "we won't disclose your (ET) existence if you do not interfere in our (Earth human) society," and that the base was at [[Area 51]], "Dreamland."[^5] Moore said on July 1, 1989 that he was "convinced that at least some of that information falls under the category of disinformation" and "equally convinced that some of it is true."[^4] [[Barry Greenwood]] wrote in *[[Just Cause]]* in September 1989 that "a fair portion of the last hour [was] wasted in presenting what Moore admits to be false data."[^6]

 ### Later publications

-Pilkington wrote that Collins and Doty "would reunite in 2005 as the authors of *Exempt from Disclosure*," cited the book as published by Peregrine Communications in 2006, and described Collins as one of the people who might be reached by telephone during the 2005 [[Serpo]] episode alongside Doty.[^4] Collins signed the book's introduction "Author: http://www.ufoconspiracy.com/."[^1] The archive.org copy carries a copyright notice of 2010 and refers to events of June and July 2012, so the passages on Rositzke come from a later revision than the editions Pilkington cited.[^1] Among the "Bird Code" samples the book prints, dated "87/88," one reads that "the Eagle mated with the Blue Jay," that "the new breed and rarest bird is called the Condor," and that "the Condor must open the apartment."[^1]
+Pilkington wrote that Collins and Doty "would reunite in 2005 as the authors of *Exempt from Disclosure*," cited the book as published by Peregrine Communications in 2006, and described Collins as one of the people who might be reached by telephone during the 2005 [[Serpo]] episode alongside Doty.[^3] Collins signed the book's introduction "Author: http://www.ufoconspiracy.com/."[^1] The archive.org copy carries a copyright notice of 2010 and refers to events of June and July 2012, so the passages on Rositzke come from a later revision than the editions Pilkington cited.[^1] Among the "Bird Code" samples the book prints, dated "87/88," one reads that "the Eagle mated with the Blue Jay," that "the new breed and rarest bird is called the Condor," and that "the Condor must open the apartment."[^1]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, introduction, Section 1 (Chapter 1, "FTD Is Not a Florist," with the sections "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: The Aviary," "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989") and Section 2, Chapter 4 with references; Internet Archive copy, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (copyright notice 2010, Peregrine Communications; text cites material of June and July 2012; ISBN printed as 09766426-2-/ and 978-0976642626). Collins's account is the sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^3]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. The production-team member who named Collins is not identified in the text. Howe's account of November 1987 reaches the page through Hastings only.
-[^4]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men* (Constable, 2010), chapters on Doty and on Serpo and chapter notes, https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf
+[^2]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. The production-team member who named Collins is not identified in the text. Howe's account of November 1987 reaches the page through Hastings only.
+[^3]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men* (Constable, 2010), chapters on Doty and on Serpo and chapter notes, https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf
+[^4]: William L. Moore, address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, from the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po (video of the Ron Regehr recording, Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon); names corrected from mis-rendered captions.
 [^5]: Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed., pp. 195 to 196 (statements of "Falcon" and "Condor" in the broadcast of October 14, 1988); the book's index lists "Condor" at p. 196 and has no entry for Collins.
 [^6]: "E B E's," part 17, UFO BBS file UFO1036, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1036.ufo, quoting Barry Greenwood, *Just Cause*, September 1989.
-[^7]: William L. Moore, address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, from the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po (video of the Ron Regehr recording, Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon); names corrected from mis-rendered captions.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Charles
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Charles
@ -13,23 +13,23 @@ location: Corcoran, California
 created: 2026-06-03
 updated: 2026-06-03
 ---
-Charles Milles Manson was born November 12, 1934, in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], and spent his childhood in and out of institutions. By the time he arrived in [[San Francisco]]'s [[Haight-Ashbury]] district in 1967, following his release from the federal penitentiary at [[Terminal Island]], Manson had spent more than half his life in correctional facilities. What happened next, the transformation of a petty criminal into a cult leader who ordered the murders of seven people over two August nights in 1969, has remained one of the most scrutinized criminal cases in American history.[^1][^3]
+Charles Milles Manson was born November 12, 1934, in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], and spent his childhood in and out of institutions. By the time he arrived in [[San Francisco]]'s [[Haight-Ashbury]] district in 1967, following his release from the federal penitentiary at [[Terminal Island]], Manson had spent more than half his life in correctional facilities. What happened next, the transformation of a petty criminal into a cult leader who ordered the murders of seven people over two August nights in 1969, has remained one of the most scrutinized criminal cases in American history.[^1][^2]

 ### The Haight-Ashbury Period

-Manson was released from prison on March 21, 1967, the same year the [[CIA]] launched [[Operation CHAOS]], a domestic surveillance program targeting anti-war and counterculture movements under Director of Central Intelligence [[Richard Helms]]. In San Francisco, Manson's parole officer was [[Roger Smith]], based at the [[Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic]] founded by Dr. [[David E. Smith|David Smith]]. The clinic was a nexus for counterculture health services, but it also sat directly adjacent to a facility operated by [[Louis Jolyon West|Dr. Louis Jolyon West]], the [[UCLA]] psychiatrist who headed [[MKULTRA]] Subproject 43 and had been cleared at Top Secret level by the CIA. Manson attended weekly meetings with his parole officer at the clinic, and members of the Manson Family used the clinic for medical treatment.[^3]
+Manson was released from prison on March 21, 1967, the same year the [[CIA]] launched [[Operation CHAOS]], a domestic surveillance program targeting anti-war and counterculture movements under Director of Central Intelligence [[Richard Helms]]. In San Francisco, Manson's parole officer was [[Roger Smith]], based at the [[Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic]] founded by Dr. [[David E. Smith|David Smith]]. The clinic was a nexus for counterculture health services, but it also sat directly adjacent to a facility operated by [[Louis Jolyon West|Dr. Louis Jolyon West]], the [[UCLA]] psychiatrist who headed [[MKULTRA]] Subproject 43 and had been cleared at Top Secret level by the CIA. Manson attended weekly meetings with his parole officer at the clinic, and members of the Manson Family used the clinic for medical treatment.[^2]

 ### The Parole Question

-Research into the case found that parole officer Roger Smith should have recommended Manson's return to prison for repeated drug violations but instead tried to arrange for Manson to live in [[Mexico]], which would have made supervision impossible. A retired deputy district attorney involved in the investigation stated that "somebody wanted him out there."[^3] Manson's criminal record, drug use, and probation violations provided ample grounds for revocation, yet authorities at every level permitted him to continue operating freely in the Haight-Ashbury and later in [[Los Angeles]].[^3]
+Research into the case found that parole officer Roger Smith should have recommended Manson's return to prison for repeated drug violations but instead tried to arrange for Manson to live in [[Mexico]], which would have made supervision impossible. A retired deputy district attorney involved in the investigation stated that "somebody wanted him out there."[^2] Manson's criminal record, drug use, and probation violations provided ample grounds for revocation, yet authorities at every level permitted him to continue operating freely in the Haight-Ashbury and later in [[Los Angeles]].[^2]

 ### LSD, Conditioning, and the Family's Programming Methods

-Manson's methods for controlling his followers paralleled documented MKULTRA techniques with striking precision. He used massive doses of [[LSD]] to break down personality structures, employed sleep deprivation, sensory overload, and repeated psychological conditioning to rewrite his followers' identities. The [[Process Church of the Final Judgment]], founded in [[London]] in 1966 by [[Robert DeGrimston]] and [[Mary Ann MacLean]], had documented contacts with Manson. Manson reportedly claimed "Moor and I are one and the same," referencing DeGrimston's birth name. The group published an essay by Manson in their 1971 Death issue. While a direct intelligence connection to the Process Church has never been established, the FBI maintained files on the organization.[^3]
+Manson's methods for controlling his followers paralleled documented MKULTRA techniques with striking precision. He used massive doses of [[LSD]] to break down personality structures, employed sleep deprivation, sensory overload, and repeated psychological conditioning to rewrite his followers' identities. The [[Process Church of the Final Judgment]], founded in [[London]] in 1966 by [[Robert DeGrimston]] and [[Mary Ann MacLean]], had documented contacts with Manson. Manson reportedly claimed "Moor and I are one and the same," referencing DeGrimston's birth name. The group published an essay by Manson in their 1971 Death issue. While a direct intelligence connection to the Process Church has never been established, the FBI maintained files on the organization.[^2]

 ### The Helter Skelter Narrative

-The official prosecution theory, advanced by Los Angeles District Attorney [[Vincent Bugliosi]], held that Manson ordered the Tate-LaBianca murders to ignite a race war he called "Helter Skelter," framing the [[Black Panthers]] for the crimes. This narrative conveniently served Operation CHAOS objectives, which included discrediting the counterculture and Black radical organizations. Subsequent investigation found that the prosecution's case contained deliberate misrepresentations: "The facts that were presented to the public are not true. And, in the case of the prosecution of Charles Manson and the Manson Family, many things were, in fact, deliberately lied about."[^3]
+The official prosecution theory, advanced by Los Angeles District Attorney [[Vincent Bugliosi]], held that Manson ordered the Tate-LaBianca murders to ignite a race war he called "Helter Skelter," framing the [[Black Panthers]] for the crimes. This narrative conveniently served Operation CHAOS objectives, which included discrediting the counterculture and Black radical organizations. Subsequent investigation found that the prosecution's case contained deliberate misrepresentations: "The facts that were presented to the public are not true. And, in the case of the prosecution of Charles Manson and the Manson Family, many things were, in fact, deliberately lied about."[^2]

 ### Manson at Vacaville and the DeFreeze Network

@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ After his conviction, Manson was incarcerated at [[Vacaville]] Medical Facility

 ### Assessment of CIA Connections

-Independent investigators stopped short of claiming definitive proof that Manson was a witting CIA asset, but concluded there was a "good likelihood that Manson is a product of MKULTRA, whether he was knowledgeable about it or not." The circumstantial evidence cited includes the failure to revoke Manson's parole, the proximity to Dr. West's operations, the alignment of the murders with Operation CHAOS objectives, and the deliberate distortions in the official prosecution narrative. West's files from the Haight-Ashbury period have reportedly gone missing.[^3]
+Independent investigators stopped short of claiming definitive proof that Manson was a witting CIA asset, but concluded there was a "good likelihood that Manson is a product of MKULTRA, whether he was knowledgeable about it or not." The circumstantial evidence cited includes the failure to revoke Manson's parole, the proximity to Dr. West's operations, the alignment of the murders with Operation CHAOS objectives, and the deliberate distortions in the official prosecution narrative. West's files from the Haight-Ashbury period have reportedly gone missing.[^2]

 ### Death

-Manson died of natural causes at [[Corcoran State Prison]] in California on November 19, 2017, at age 83.[^3]
+Manson died of natural causes at [[Corcoran State Prison]] in California on November 19, 2017, at age 83.[^2]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.
-[^3]: O'Neill, Tom, and Dan Piepenbring. *Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties*. Little, Brown and Company, 2019.
+[^2]: O'Neill, Tom, and Dan Piepenbring. *Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties*. Little, Brown and Company, 2019.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/David
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/David
@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ The reception among former unit colleagues was largely negative. [[Joe McMoneagl

 Despite these criticisms, *Psychic Warrior* introduced the Fort Meade program to a large popular audience and helped establish the commercial remote viewing training market that emerged after STAR GATE's 1995 declassification. Morehouse subsequently built a civilian career offering remote viewing training seminars.[^1]

-An undated memorandum in the CIA's Star Gate files, headed "Will the Real [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]] Please Stand Up?," records: "[[Ed Dames|Edward A. Dames]] serves as President of [[Psi Tech]], and David A. Morehouse is Vice President. They are based in [[Jessup, Maryland]], but there are rumors that they are planning to move to [[New Mexico]]." No other legible mention of him appears in the released collection.[^900]
+An undated memorandum in the CIA's Star Gate files, headed "Will the Real [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]] Please Stand Up?," records: "[[Ed Dames|Edward A. Dames]] serves as President of [[Psi Tech]], and David A. Morehouse is Vice President. They are based in [[Jessup, Maryland]], but there are rumors that they are planning to move to [[New Mexico]]." No other legible mention of him appears in the released collection.[^2]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Morehouse, David. *Psychic Warrior: Inside the CIA's Stargate Program, the True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening.* St. Martin's Press, 1996.
-[^900]: "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," undated memorandum, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," undated memorandum, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Edwin
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Edwin
@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ In 1991, SRI withdrew from the remote viewing research contract. May negotiated

 When the CIA, which had taken custody of the program from the DIA in 1995 at the direction of Congress, contracted the American Institutes for Research in June 1995 to evaluate it ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), May, as principal investigator, was asked "to list those studies which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 [[National Research Council]] report. His memorandum of July 25, 1995, listed ten SAIC experiments, among them "Entropy II" (90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8), "ERD AC Behavior" (70 trials, 0.303), "Remote observation" (48 trials, 0.361), and "AC with binary coding" (40 trials, −0.067). [[Jessica Utts]] took them, with the 1988 analysis of the SRI database, as establishing that "psychic functioning has been well established"; [[Ray Hyman]] agreed the effects were "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes" but held that ten experiments from one laboratory could not establish a phenomenon. May told the panel that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," and AIR noted that throughout the experiments "only one judge, apparently the Principal Investigator, was used in assessing matches." The report of September 29, 1995, recommended against continuing the operational program. May's commentary in the *Journal of Parapsychology* the next year described the review as the result of "a Congressionally Directed Activity" and gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^1]

-The CIA's chronology of the transfer records for February 28, 1995: "CIA met with DIA principal investigator at SAIC, Dr. Ed May. All-day technical exchange." An ORD memorandum for the record of April 20, 1995, its author redacted, states that "Ed May of SAIC called this morning and volunteered to send me unsolicited information he had obtained from a 'remote viewer' named 'Joe' relating to the [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City Bombing]]," that ORD had no means of "tasking or disseminating this type of information," that May asked for a law-enforcement contact and, told to send it to his former contracting officer's representative at DIA, "said they didn't get along"; given an FBI number that evening, "he asked if this would be a 'cold call' because he didn't want to sound like a 'lunatic,'" and "agreed reluctantly" to call. The Director of Research and Development's covering memorandum to the [[Counterterrorist Center]] the same day: "We attach no credibility to this information, and currently have no way to evaluate it. We have asked Dr. Ed May of SAIC to forward this information to you directly. Please direct any questions regarding how the information was acquired to Dr. May. He has been the primary contract investigator in this area, and we have not completed our evaluation of his past efforts."[^900]
+The CIA's chronology of the transfer records for February 28, 1995: "CIA met with DIA principal investigator at SAIC, Dr. Ed May. All-day technical exchange." An ORD memorandum for the record of April 20, 1995, its author redacted, states that "Ed May of SAIC called this morning and volunteered to send me unsolicited information he had obtained from a 'remote viewer' named 'Joe' relating to the [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City Bombing]]," that ORD had no means of "tasking or disseminating this type of information," that May asked for a law-enforcement contact and, told to send it to his former contracting officer's representative at DIA, "said they didn't get along"; given an FBI number that evening, "he asked if this would be a 'cold call' because he didn't want to sound like a 'lunatic,'" and "agreed reluctantly" to call. The Director of Research and Development's covering memorandum to the [[Counterterrorist Center]] the same day: "We attach no credibility to this information, and currently have no way to evaluate it. We have asked Dr. Ed May of SAIC to forward this information to you directly. Please direct any questions regarding how the information was acquired to Dr. May. He has been the primary contract investigator in this area, and we have not completed our evaluation of his past efforts."[^2]

 ### The 1996 Commentary

-May "was asked by the CIA to provide administrative support, technical documents, and briefings on an as-needed basis for the review," under a small contract to SAIC, from which he resigned on November 28, 1995, the day the report was released. His commentary in the *Journal of Parapsychology* argued that "there is compelling evidence that the CIA set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," by "limiting the research and operations data sets to exclude positive findings, by purposefully not interviewing historically significant participants, by ignoring previous extensive Department of Defense program reviews, and by using the questionable National Research Council's investigation of parapsychology as the starting point." He noted that AIR's president, [[David Goslin]], had also overseen the NRC's 1988 report; that of the seventeen members of the SRI and SAIC oversight committees and review board "only one was contacted by the CIA"; that his memorandum of June 6, 1995, "the existence of anomalous mental phenomena cannot be statistically determined from the results of a single laboratory," was "ignored by fiat"; and that a Senate staff member told him the CIA's briefing to Congress gave eight bullet points to Hyman's conclusions and four to Utts's. He quoted Jessica Utts's letter of December 19, 1995: "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work"; and [[Robert Rosenthal]] on the NRC's 1988 request that he omit his ganzfeld section, "censorship did not occur." He quoted [[Joe McMoneagle]]'s 1984 Legion of Merit citation, "more than 200 missions, addressing over 150 essential elements of information," reported "at the highest echelons," and traced a line from ARPA's George Lawrence and Hyman being refused access at SRI in 1974, through Lawrence's commissioning of the NRC study in 1985, to Goslin's AIR review. Of the program's last years: a 1993 attempt to move it to the CIA "found no willing recipient," the last DIA officer "had little knowledge of the program," and "the program was in shambles." "I am forced to conclude that either the AIR investigators were not competent to conduct a proper review of such a complex program, a view to which I do not subscribe, or they knew exactly what they were doing: They wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis." On *Nightline* that November he said: "I think about 15% of our data, over 1500 separate remote viewing trials, are of such a quality that you might think they were sketched," and, after [[Robert Gates]] said the work was "better done on the outside": "I couldn't agree with Director Gates more."[^2]
+May "was asked by the CIA to provide administrative support, technical documents, and briefings on an as-needed basis for the review," under a small contract to SAIC, from which he resigned on November 28, 1995, the day the report was released. His commentary in the *Journal of Parapsychology* argued that "there is compelling evidence that the CIA set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," by "limiting the research and operations data sets to exclude positive findings, by purposefully not interviewing historically significant participants, by ignoring previous extensive Department of Defense program reviews, and by using the questionable National Research Council's investigation of parapsychology as the starting point." He noted that AIR's president, [[David Goslin]], had also overseen the NRC's 1988 report; that of the seventeen members of the SRI and SAIC oversight committees and review board "only one was contacted by the CIA"; that his memorandum of June 6, 1995, "the existence of anomalous mental phenomena cannot be statistically determined from the results of a single laboratory," was "ignored by fiat"; and that a Senate staff member told him the CIA's briefing to Congress gave eight bullet points to Hyman's conclusions and four to Utts's. He quoted Jessica Utts's letter of December 19, 1995: "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work"; and [[Robert Rosenthal]] on the NRC's 1988 request that he omit his ganzfeld section, "censorship did not occur." He quoted [[Joe McMoneagle]]'s 1984 Legion of Merit citation, "more than 200 missions, addressing over 150 essential elements of information," reported "at the highest echelons," and traced a line from ARPA's George Lawrence and Hyman being refused access at SRI in 1974, through Lawrence's commissioning of the NRC study in 1985, to Goslin's AIR review. Of the program's last years: a 1993 attempt to move it to the CIA "found no willing recipient," the last DIA officer "had little knowledge of the program," and "the program was in shambles." "I am forced to conclude that either the AIR investigators were not competent to conduct a proper review of such a complex program, a view to which I do not subscribe, or they knew exactly what they were doing: They wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis." On *Nightline* that November he said: "I think about 15% of our data, over 1500 separate remote viewing trials, are of such a quality that you might think they were sketched," and, after [[Robert Gates]] said the work was "better done on the outside": "I couldn't agree with Director Gates more."[^3]

 ### Post-STARGATE Research

@ -51,5 +51,5 @@ May continued to serve as a consultant on anomalous cognition research for acade
 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract only.
-[^2]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room.
-[^900]: "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Memorandum for the record and memorandum for CTC from the Director, Research and Development, "Star Gate Program Issues," April 20, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030036-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Memorandum for the record and memorandum for CTC from the Director, Research and Development, "Star Gate Program Issues," April 20, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030036-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hella
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Hella
@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ Hammid was a subject in the formal SRI remote viewing experiments described in P

 The SRI protocol for Hammid and other subjects involved an outbound experimenter who traveled to a randomly selected location within thirty minutes' driving distance. The subject remained at SRI with Puthoff or Targ and attempted to describe the target location through spontaneous description and drawing. Independent judges matched the descriptions to the target locations blind, without knowing which description came from which trial.[^1]

-[[David Marks]] wrote in 1982 that of the six transcripts of her series shown to him by the SRI judge [[Arthur Hastings]], "four of the six Hammid transcripts actually carried dates" and "one transcript even carried the name of the associated target"; he listed twenty-four cues ("This is the 18th of September," "Russell Targ has gone to the remote site," "Hal has gone to a second target," "Hella has made a drawing of Hal's first location") from which a judge in [[New Zealand]], using no descriptive material, matched the transcripts better than Hastings had, and reported that Hastings had received three target lists, one randomized and two not. Targ and Puthoff's own account of her had been that she was "a friend: 'I (R.T.) had known Hella for more than a dozen years.'"[^901]
+[[David Marks]] wrote in 1982 that of the six transcripts of her series shown to him by the SRI judge [[Arthur Hastings]], "four of the six Hammid transcripts actually carried dates" and "one transcript even carried the name of the associated target"; he listed twenty-four cues ("This is the 18th of September," "Russell Targ has gone to the remote site," "Hal has gone to a second target," "Hella has made a drawing of Hal's first location") from which a judge in [[New Zealand]], using no descriptive material, matched the transcripts better than Hastings had, and reported that Hastings had received three target lists, one randomized and two not. Targ and Puthoff's own account of her had been that she was "a friend: 'I (R.T.) had known Hella for more than a dozen years.'"[^2]

 ### The 1974 Record

-SRI's first progress report of March 1974 records "a preliminary remote viewing pilot experiment" with "a subject (H.H.) previously screened by the EEG correlates experiment": "The target chosen at random was a small red clapboard schoolhouse structure with a bell steeple on top in a miniature golf course. The subject's response was that she saw a red clapboard structure with a steeple that seemed to be artificial as in a movie set." An outside reviewer noted that of six subjects in the EEG work, "one of the six subjects, HH, showed a consistent alpha blocking effort. Therefore, this subject was studied further and most of the data recorded is based on HH's performance." A CIA officer who observed her in 1974 wrote: "Hella is very alert and outgoing; although not insightful. She is very concerned with her performance. Her aim seems to be pleasing the experimenters rather than proving anything to herself." "She does very badly on absolute size estimates. She does very well on indicating lighting conditions, including the presence of steady or pulsing lights. She does not often describe colors, but is very accurate when she does." "There can be no question that Hella can repeatably, although not reliably, produce information not available through normal means." Set to describe an electric typewriter on which the officer had typed for ten minutes, she missed, while [[Russell Targ]], who had been questioning her throughout, "gave a nearly perfect account of the target." Called in by a police lieutenant named Konar, who "had exhausted all available leads" in the murder of a young woman in the [[Stanford University|Stanford]] chapel, she "gave details of the crime location, described the victim and her assailant, indicated the exact location of the fatal wound, alluded to the ritualistic tone of the crime, and traced the victim's movements before the crime as well as the relocation of the body afterwards," the only known error being earrings; Konar wrote SRI a letter and followed her leads; but "none of the data that Hella generated, that has been verified, was unknown to Lt. Konar at the time of this experiment. Therefore, it is possible that Hella received all of her information from the Lt., by some unknown means." The same officer warned that if funding lapsed Puthoff and Targ "will publish everything they have generated," including "their association with unreliable subjects." A cassette of September 19, 1974, is catalogued "Tape 'N' Text Editor and Drill Press, Beacon Russell Targ, Viewer Hella Hammid."[^2]
+SRI's first progress report of March 1974 records "a preliminary remote viewing pilot experiment" with "a subject (H.H.) previously screened by the EEG correlates experiment": "The target chosen at random was a small red clapboard schoolhouse structure with a bell steeple on top in a miniature golf course. The subject's response was that she saw a red clapboard structure with a steeple that seemed to be artificial as in a movie set." An outside reviewer noted that of six subjects in the EEG work, "one of the six subjects, HH, showed a consistent alpha blocking effort. Therefore, this subject was studied further and most of the data recorded is based on HH's performance." A CIA officer who observed her in 1974 wrote: "Hella is very alert and outgoing; although not insightful. She is very concerned with her performance. Her aim seems to be pleasing the experimenters rather than proving anything to herself." "She does very badly on absolute size estimates. She does very well on indicating lighting conditions, including the presence of steady or pulsing lights. She does not often describe colors, but is very accurate when she does." "There can be no question that Hella can repeatably, although not reliably, produce information not available through normal means." Set to describe an electric typewriter on which the officer had typed for ten minutes, she missed, while [[Russell Targ]], who had been questioning her throughout, "gave a nearly perfect account of the target." Called in by a police lieutenant named Konar, who "had exhausted all available leads" in the murder of a young woman in the [[Stanford University|Stanford]] chapel, she "gave details of the crime location, described the victim and her assailant, indicated the exact location of the fatal wound, alluded to the ritualistic tone of the crime, and traced the victim's movements before the crime as well as the relocation of the body afterwards," the only known error being earrings; Konar wrote SRI a letter and followed her leads; but "none of the data that Hella generated, that has been verified, was unknown to Lt. Konar at the time of this experiment. Therefore, it is possible that Hella received all of her information from the Lt., by some unknown means." The same officer warned that if funding lapsed Puthoff and Targ "will publish everything they have generated," including "their association with unreliable subjects." A cassette of September 19, 1974, is catalogued "Tape 'N' Text Editor and Drill Press, Beacon Russell Targ, Viewer Hella Hammid."[^3]

 ### Project Deep Quest

@ -52,5 +52,5 @@ Hammid was not herself a CIA employee or contractor; she was a civilian research
 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research." *Proceedings of the IEEE* 64, no. 3 (March 1976): 329-354 (the primary published SRI remote viewing experimental results).
-[^2]: Puthoff, Harold E. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* progress report no. 1, March 12, 1974, SRI Project 3183, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100010001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Review of Perceptual Augmentation Techniques," unsigned review of SRI progress reports 1 to 3, c. August 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200230001-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Experiments with Hella Hammid," CIA memoranda of 1974 with an officer's trip report of November 1974, author's name redacted, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200070006-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000200070002-3; cassette catalogue card of September 19, 1974, CIA-RDP79-00999A000400040013-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^901]: Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: Puthoff, Harold E. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* progress report no. 1, March 12, 1974, SRI Project 3183, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100010001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Review of Perceptual Augmentation Techniques," unsigned review of SRI progress reports 1 to 3, c. August 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200230001-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Experiments with Hella Hammid," CIA memoranda of 1974 with an officer's trip report of November 1974, author's name redacted, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200070006-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000200070002-3; cassette catalogue card of September 19, 1974, CIA-RDP79-00999A000400040013-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Matthew
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Matthew
@ -11,30 +11,33 @@ Matthew Alan Livelsberger was born July 22, 1987 in Arizona. He was raised in Bu

 He attended Norwich University from 2016-2019 and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Strategic Studies and Defense Analysis (Summa Cum Laude).
 ### Army Service
-In January 2006, he joined the [[U.S. Army]] where he served actively until March 2011. He then joined the [[National Guard]] from March 2011 to July 2012. During this period he briefly worked for [[General Dynamics]] (July 2011-May 2012) as a hyperspectral Imaging Integrator on the “Lightguard Minotaur system.”[^7] This was followed by rejoining the [[Army Reserve]] from July 2012 to December 2012. He then reenlisted into active duty in the [[U.S. Army]] as part of the [[Special Operations Group|Special Operations]] where he served in active duty until his death January 1, 2025 in the [[Cybertruck Trump Hotel Bombing]] as a potential [[act of terrorism]].[^5]
+In January 2006, he joined the [[U.S. Army]] where he served actively until March 2011. He then joined the [[National Guard]] from March 2011 to July 2012. During this period he briefly worked for [[General Dynamics]] (July 2011-May 2012) as a hyperspectral Imaging Integrator on the “Lightguard Minotaur system.”[^1] This was followed by rejoining the [[Army Reserve]] from July 2012 to December 2012. He then reenlisted into active duty in the [[U.S. Army]] as part of the [[Special Operations Group|Special Operations]] where he served in active duty until his death January 1, 2025 in the [[Cybertruck Trump Hotel Bombing]] as a potential [[act of terrorism]].[^2]

-He served in Afghanistan (2017-2019), Ukraine (2016), the Republic of Congo (2014), Tajikistan (2016), and Georgia as a [[Green Berets]].[^1] He was awarded two Bronze stars and an Army Commendation Medal. In Dec 2016 he received the Department of State Meritorious Honor Award (DMSHA) for work in Central Asian States. At one point he was stationed at [[Fort Bragg]], but most of his career he was stationed at [[Fort Carson]][^3]. His last assignment as a Master Sargent was to the 10th group in Germany as a "systems manager” and involved building drones. He was on leave in the days preceding the bombing and his death.
+He served in Afghanistan (2017-2019), Ukraine (2016), the Republic of Congo (2014), Tajikistan (2016), and Georgia as a [[Green Berets]].[^3] He was awarded two Bronze stars and an Army Commendation Medal. In Dec 2016 he received the Department of State Meritorious Honor Award (DMSHA) for work in Central Asian States. At one point he was stationed at [[Fort Bragg]], but most of his career he was stationed at [[Fort Carson]][^4]. His last assignment as a Master Sargent was to the 10th group in Germany as a "systems manager” and involved building drones. He was on leave in the days preceding the bombing and his death.

 There were social media posts made that suggested he was helping to connect soldiers to recruiters for Ukraine.
 ### Personal Life
-Livelsberger was married twice (first divorced in 2018) and had a young daughter from his most recent merger. His latest wife allegedly broke up with him in the days preceding the explosion over Matthew’s adultery.[^2]
+Livelsberger was married twice (first divorced in 2018) and had a young daughter from his most recent merger. His latest wife allegedly broke up with him in the days preceding the explosion over Matthew’s adultery.[^5]

 On the drive to [[Las Vegas]], he was texting [[Alicia Arritt]], an old girlfriend, about the cyber truck.
 > “I rented a Tesla Cybertruck. It’s the shit”
 > "I feel like Batman or halo”
-> “I'm building drones in my new position”[^3]
+> “I'm building drones in my new position”[^4]

 He was on a history channel reality show at one point.[^6]
 ### Medical History
-Matthew had back surgery twice from his time as a paratrooper[^3]. In 2019, following his service in Afghanistan, he suffered a traumatic brain injury causing behavior change. He did not seek treatment.
+Matthew had back surgery twice from his time as a paratrooper[^4]. In 2019, following his service in Afghanistan, he suffered a traumatic brain injury causing behavior change. He did not seek treatment.
 ### Politics
 Livelsberger was allegedly a supporter of Donald Trump and voted for him in Novemeber 2024.
 ### Manifesto
-The day prior to his death, Livelsberger allegedly sent a manifesto ([[Cybertruck Trump Hotel Bombing#^5630d3|manifesto text]]) to [[Sam Shoemate]] (@samosaur) on December 31, 2024[^4] alleging, among other things, that the [[New Jersey Drones|NJ Drones]] are Chinese [[anti-gravitic]] devices, that the United States also possesses this technology, that he is aware of war crimes committed in 2019 by the United States, and that he has TSSCI with [[UAP Task Force]] [[Special Access Programs|USAP]] access. He indicated that these craft were controlled from a building at Groom Lake.
+The day prior to his death, Livelsberger allegedly sent a manifesto ([[Cybertruck Trump Hotel Bombing#^5630d3|manifesto text]]) to [[Sam Shoemate]] (@samosaur) on December 31, 2024 alleging, among other things, that the [[New Jersey Drones|NJ Drones]] are Chinese [[anti-gravitic]] devices, that the United States also possesses this technology, that he is aware of war crimes committed in 2019 by the United States, and that he held "an active TSSCI with UAP [[Special Access Programs|USAP]] access."[^7] He wrote that "our OPCEN location for this activity in the box is below"; the map pin that accompanied the text was at 37.2475372, -115.8155235 in Lincoln County, Nevada, at [[Groom Lake]].[^8]
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: [Man who rented Cybertruck that exploded in Las Vegas a Green Beret, official says](https://archive.is/RKsXC)
-[^2]: [Cybertruck bomber Matthew Livelsberger’s wife broke up with him days before explosion outside Trump hotel in Las Vegas: sources](https://archive.is/V3mds)
-[^3]: [ What Matthew Livelsberger texted ex days before Cybertruck explosion at Trump hotel in Las Vegas](https://archive.is/L0NjZ)
-[^5]: [US Army statement](https://archive.is/Sebb4)
+
+[^1]: [Livelsberger LinkedIn Page Archive](https://archive.is/ylhFG)
+[^2]: [US Army statement](https://archive.is/Sebb4)
+[^3]: [Man who rented Cybertruck that exploded in Las Vegas a Green Beret, official says](https://archive.is/RKsXC)
+[^4]: [ What Matthew Livelsberger texted ex days before Cybertruck explosion at Trump hotel in Las Vegas](https://archive.is/L0NjZ)
+[^5]: [Cybertruck bomber Matthew Livelsberger’s wife broke up with him days before explosion outside Trump hotel in Las Vegas: sources](https://archive.is/V3mds)
 [^6]: [History channel show](https://x.com/InsideEdition/status/1875312049443758517) ([archive](https://archive.is/T0L86))
-[^7]: [Livelsberger LinkedIn Page Archive](https://archive.is/ylhFG)
+[^7]: Sam Shoemate, a retired U.S. Army intelligence officer posting as @samosaur, stated that Livelsberger emailed him the text on December 31, 2024 with the request "Please do not release until 1JAN and keep my identity private until then." "Livelsberger Reportedly Sent 'Manifesto' Before Vegas Hotel Blast," Casino.org, January 3, 2025, https://www.casino.org/news/matthew-livelsberger-reportedly-sent-manifesto-before-trump-hotel-explosion/; Collin Woodard, Jalopnik, January 6, 2025, https://jalopnik.com/las-vegas-cybertruck-bomber-claimed-nj-drones-are-ultra-1851733106; [Tweet by @samosaur](https://archive.is/BLh0q).
+[^8]: [coordinates](https://archive.is/6iV4v)
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morris
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morris
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The annotations are in three hands, identified in the introduction as Mr. A, Mr.

 ### Death

-Barker's 1973 preface opens with the statement that "on the evening of April 20, 1959, an astronomer committed suicide in Dade County Park, Florida," that he inhaled automobile exhaust which he had run by hose from the tail pipe into his station wagon, and that he died "unheralded and almost unrecognized in his discipline."[^2] The coroner's file was not available for this draft. The [[Miami Herald]] of April 22, 1959 reported under the headline "Author A Suicide, Police Say" that Metro detectives said on Tuesday, April 21, that Morris K. Jessup, 59, an astronomer and author of several books on flying space objects, had committed suicide by asphyxiating himself; that his body was found on Monday, April 20, in his parked car at [[Matheson Hammock Park|Matheson Hammock]]; and that investigators said a hose ran from the car's exhaust pipe to the inside of the automobile. The item states that he was survived by his wife, Ruby, that he lived at 1531 Saragossa Avenue in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], having moved there six months earlier, and that he was a onetime instructor at the University of Michigan and Drake University and the author of The Case for the UFO, a 1955 publication, with another book on outer space flight before his publishers at his death. It gives no time of death and does not mention Varo or Allende. The Herald calls the vehicle a car and gives Monday as the day of discovery; Barker calls it a station wagon and gives the evening of April 20 as the time of death.[^6] Barker added that a "tradition of bad luck or strange circumstances" attached to owners of the Varo Edition: a house destroyed by fire, the heart attack of Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]], former head of [[Project Blue Book]], "allegedly shortly after he read a borrowed copy," and the early death of the author [[Robert Loftin]]. He wrote that "except for the deaths, this is purely hearsay."[^2] Barker also wrote that "at least two national magazine articles explored Jessup's death and his connection with the book," and that [[Brad Steiger]] published reduced reproductions of three pages in [[Saga]] magazine for November 1967, in the article "Fantastic Key to the Flying Saucer Mystery," from a microfilm copy owned by [[Stephen Yankee]].[^2]
+Barker's 1973 preface opens with the statement that "on the evening of April 20, 1959, an astronomer committed suicide in Dade County Park, Florida," that he inhaled automobile exhaust which he had run by hose from the tail pipe into his station wagon, and that he died "unheralded and almost unrecognized in his discipline."[^2] The [[Miami Herald]] of April 22, 1959 reported under the headline "Author A Suicide, Police Say" that Metro detectives said on Tuesday, April 21, that Morris K. Jessup, 59, an astronomer and author of several books on flying space objects, had committed suicide by asphyxiating himself; that his body was found on Monday, April 20, in his parked car at [[Matheson Hammock Park|Matheson Hammock]]; and that investigators said a hose ran from the car's exhaust pipe to the inside of the automobile. The item states that he was survived by his wife, Ruby, that he lived at 1531 Saragossa Avenue in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], having moved there six months earlier, and that he was a onetime instructor at the University of Michigan and Drake University and the author of The Case for the UFO, a 1955 publication, with another book on outer space flight before his publishers at his death. It gives no time of death and does not mention Varo or Allende. The Herald calls the vehicle a car and gives Monday as the day of discovery; Barker calls it a station wagon and gives the evening of April 20 as the time of death.[^6] Barker added that a "tradition of bad luck or strange circumstances" attached to owners of the Varo Edition: a house destroyed by fire, the heart attack of Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]], former head of [[Project Blue Book]], "allegedly shortly after he read a borrowed copy," and the early death of the author [[Robert Loftin]]. He wrote that "except for the deaths, this is purely hearsay."[^2] Barker also wrote that "at least two national magazine articles explored Jessup's death and his connection with the book," and that [[Brad Steiger]] published reduced reproductions of three pages in [[Saga]] magazine for November 1967, in the article "Fantastic Key to the Flying Saucer Mystery," from a microfilm copy owned by [[Stephen Yankee]].[^2]

 Barker acquired an original copy in 1971 from a friend of Jessup to whom Jessup had given one, decided in July 1972 to publish, and issued a facsimile through [[Saucerian Press]] in 1973, stating the run would be no more than 500 copies.[^2] The transcription at the [[Internet Archive]] was prepared by the [[Quantum Future Group]] of Castelnau-Barbarens, [[France]], in 2003.[^2]

--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ninel
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ninel
@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ Another experiment involved Kulagina attempting to increase the heart rate of a

 Kulagina's alleged abilities contributed to the [[Pentagon]]'s decision to launch a joint intelligence assessment of the "Soviet psychoenergetic threat," a term coined to encompass Soviet research into anomalous mental phenomena and [[Electromagnetic Weapons|electromagnetic weapons]] programs[^1]. Her work, along with that of [[Qian Xuesen|H. S. Tsien]] in [[China]], highlighted the perceived need for the U.S. to invest in its own psychic research programs.

-A DIA briefing on Soviet psychoenergetics given to the Air Force in 1987 quoted [[Yuri Kobzarev|Yu. B. Kobzerev]], "radar pioneer, member USSR Academy of Science": "I am persuaded that the phenomena demonstrated by N. Kulagina (psychokinesis), and by L. Korabelnikova (extrasensory perception), are by no means tricks but rather the existence of the manifestation of unusual capabilities in man. My conviction is shared by many people including a group of professors and academicians," and [[Vladimir Kotelnikov|V. A. Kotel'nikov]], vice president of the Academy: "Psychokinetic abilities of N. Kulagina are real."[^900]
+A DIA briefing on Soviet psychoenergetics given to the Air Force in 1987 quoted [[Yuri Kobzarev|Yu. B. Kobzerev]], "radar pioneer, member USSR Academy of Science": "I am persuaded that the phenomena demonstrated by N. Kulagina (psychokinesis), and by L. Korabelnikova (extrasensory perception), are by no means tricks but rather the existence of the manifestation of unusual capabilities in man. My conviction is shared by many people including a group of professors and academicians," and [[Vladimir Kotelnikov|V. A. Kotel'nikov]], vice president of the Academy: "Psychokinetic abilities of N. Kulagina are real."[^2]

 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^900]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/R.
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/R.
@ -1,20 +1,96 @@
 ---
 aliases:
- R. S. Hawke
-category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
+  - R. S. Hawke
+  - Ronald S. Hawke
+  - Ronald Hawke
+  - Ron Hawke
+  - Dr. Hawke
+category: "Scientists & Researchers"
 tags:
  - Person
-  - RemoteViewer
-summary: "Hawke documented the results of one of these tests, stating that 'The magnetic pattern stored in the iron oxide layer of a magnetic program card was erased.' He concluded that 'Further experiments are warranted,' indicating a measurable effect from Geller's alleged abilities."
-updated: 2026-09-22
+  - Physicist
+  - Engineer
+  - LawrenceLivermore
+  - Psychokinesis
+  - UriGeller
+  - AcousticEmission
+  - Railgun
+  - Stargate
+  - GrillFlame
+summary: "Livermore electronics engineer who tested Uri Geller on magnetic program cards in 1974, built an acoustic emission experiment for metal bending, and was visited in 1979 by the Army's Grill Flame committee."
+location: "Livermore, California"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]"
+    role: "research physicist, Engineering Research Division, Electronics Engineering Department"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Uri Geller]]"
+    start: 1974
+    role: "invited Geller to Livermore in 1974 to alter magnetic program cards; wrote 'Magnetic Pattern Erasure'"
+    fn: 3
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Psychokinesis]]"
+    start: 1978
+    role: "acoustic emission experiments with two subjects reputed to bend metal paranormally, outlined January 11, 1979"
+    fn: 7
+  - type: subject_of
+    with: "[[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]]"
+    start: 1979
+    end: 1979-12
+    role: "laboratory visited by committee members; Annex 7 of the December 1979 report evaluates his experiments"
+    fn: 11
+created: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

-R. S. Hawke was one of the scientists at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] who conducted classified [[Psychokinesis|psychokinesis]] tests with [[Uri Geller]] in the winter of 1975. These tests aimed to determine if Geller could interfere with high-quality lasers and affect magnetic computer program cards[^1].
+Ronald S. Hawke, who signed his technical writing "R. S. Hawke," was a research physicist in the Engineering Research Division of the Electronics Engineering Department at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (then Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California) in the 1970s.[^1] His published and patented work at the laboratory concerned electromagnetic railguns and hypervelocity launchers: the May 8, 1979 preprint UCRL-82677, "Magnetic Propulsion Railguns: Their Design and Capabilities," written with Jonathan K. Scudder for the Second International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation, concluded that projectiles could be accelerated to more than 20 kilometers per second; a July 1979 companion paper (UCRL-82296) examined railgun impactors for generating pressures of 1 to 10 terapascals; and United States Patent 4,343,223, "Multiple stage railgun," was filed May 23, 1980 by Hawke, Scudder and Kristian Aaland and issued August 10, 1982.[^1][^2] The laboratory's report series carries his name on railgun and plasma armature papers through 1991, among them "Results of Railgun Experiments" (UCRL-88703, 1983, with [[Los Alamos]] authors) and a 1991 progress report on a transition armature technology project.[^2]

-Hawke documented the results of one of these tests, stating that "The magnetic pattern stored in the iron oxide layer of a magnetic program card was erased." He concluded that "Further experiments are warranted," indicating a measurable effect from Geller's alleged abilities[^1].
+### Geller at Livermore, 1974

-The Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] visited "Dr. Hawke" at Lawrence Livermore in November 1979 and wrote that "Committee members who visited Dr. Hawke's laboratory were very impressed by the scientific approach used in his investigations." Its annex on his work: "Highly specific physical phenomena are recovered by instruments while PK 'intent' is being 'exerted' by a Subject. Thus a definite 'result' is measured in terms of a physical phenomenon (e.g., grain fracture measured by physical measuring apparatus commonly used for such metallurgical experiments)." "Hawke's experiments are the most objective and scientific of the investigations we have reviewed... His type of PK experiments are, in my view, vastly more valuable than the PK effects on random number generators." "A means exists for conduct of these experiments on a compartmentalized basis: Since the experiments utilize measuring equipment commonly used in weapons development, 'cover' and access restrictions are relatively straightforward. As an example, NWC China Lake is just now initiating development of contact fuzing utilizing (for the first time in the fuzing community) acoustic emission of materials transitioning the plastic deformation regime. A small development project on 'AE applications to guided missile fuzing' would provide easily administered and controlled PK experiments by Hawke."[^900]
+In his 1976 anthology *The Geller Papers*, [[Charles Panati]] wrote that during one of his West Coast trips [[Uri Geller]] visited "Ronald Hawke, an engineer working at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory" in late 1974, and that "no formal testing with Geller was undertaken," although Hawke and his colleagues "did observe events in their laboratory that they feel call for further scientific investigation."[^3] Panati's account of Hawke's contribution, titled "Magnetic Pattern Erasure: A Proposed Method of Scientific Study," says the targets were four computer cards carrying magnetic programs under a plastic coating, and that Geller's goal was to alter or erase them. Twice he failed, once when a card was sealed in a glass bottle and once when he was not allowed to touch a card. Two other cards were handed to him and he rubbed his fingers across their surfaces; Hawke stated that rubbing alone cannot alter the magnetic programs, yet when the cards were fed to a computer they were rejected as "ambiguous," and Hawke wrote that "subsequent inspection with a magnetic viewer after the meeting with Geller revealed that the magnetic patterns had been altered."[^3]
+
+Geller's own account (1986, with Guy Lyon Playfair) names Hawke as "the physicist who invited me there," says Hawke "had published several articles in his highly specialized fields," and describes two successes in four attempts, the cards being "fed into a Hewlett Packard 65 calculator" and rejected by it although accepted before he touched them. Geller thanked "Ron Hawke and family" in the book's acknowledgements and listed Hawke among the 1974 investigators "all of whom produced positive reports."[^4]
+
+A CIA staff report released in 2014, filed with a Reuters item of November 4, 1974 about a Geller prediction of war in the Middle East, records a telephone call received "on 23 October" from a "Security Officer" of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, who said "they had just spent two days in the laboratory testing Geller." The document states that forty AEC scientists took part in a month-long program designing the experiments, that the equipment cost $20,069, that Geller showed "unequivical evidence" of paranormal ability under conditions the Livermore project team "certified" fraud and cheat-proof, and that he was monitored by four kinds of magnetometers, neutron counters, active and passive infrared, low-light video and motion picture film, in part covertly. It also records that "predetermined portions of HP" program cards were erased, that a second series was planned at Livermore for the second week of December, and that arrangements had been made for testing at [[NASA Ames Research Center]] (Moffett Field). The writer adds that the information "was received anecdotally" from a security officer who had not been one of the experimenters. The document names neither Hawke nor the security officer. Other paragraphs of the same report concern "LSD personnel" and a career development course for "LSD."[^5]
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]]'s *Phenomena* (2017) describes classified [[Psychokinesis]] tests of Geller by Livermore scientists in the winter of 1975, with high-quality lasers and magnetic computer program cards, and attributes to Hawke the written result "The magnetic pattern stored in the iron oxide layer of a magnetic program card was erased."[^6]
+
+### Acoustic emission experiments, 1978 to 1979
+
+Hawke's later work with metal-bending subjects is documented in a paper titled "Outline of Acoustic Emission Experiments Performed with a Person Reputed to Have Paranormal Metal Bending Abilities," dated January 11, 1979 and stamped "In Strict Confidence." Its cover letter, on Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Electronics Engineering Department letterhead (reference WT 79-0027A), was addressed to an office designated DT-1A at 1735 North Lynn Street in Arlington, Virginia, and said the outline was the one "you requested during our meeting on December 4, 1978." Copies went to A. E. Brown, H. C. McDonald, E. K. Miller, A. J. Poggio and C. A. Tatro, and the outline's reference note thanked A. E. Brown and C. A. Tatro for help with design, implementation and interpretation.[^7]
+
+The outline gives the reasoning for the method. Acoustic emission responds to "a single intragranular or intergranular fracture or grain boundary slip," its "high sensitivity requires non-contact, hence decreases possibility of deception," and the signals "are very distinct from all forms of touching, rubbing and other noise." The sensor was a lead zirconate titanate element resonant at 140 kilohertz, epoxied to the bowl of a standard stainless steel spoon clamped in a vise; other instruments included a logic probe recording electric field on the spoon, an air-core coil for magnetic field, an AM radio tuned to 1600 kilohertz, a video recorder that stored the acoustic signal on the video channel, and a helium-neon laser reflected from the underside of the spoon bowl onto a target to register any bending. Sessions lasted about an hour with the subject and two or three observers present; the subject was told that touching the spoon spoiled the record.[^7]
+
+Results: during one session, with one subject, "at least 4 clear instances of A.E. events occurred" while the spoon and vise were untouched, typical of single-grain or grain-boundary fracture; "no anomalous A.E. events were recorded during dry runs"; no elastic or plastic deformation large enough to shift the laser beam was observed; "fewer but similar results were obtained with one other subject." The abstract said the results were "consistent with those of Crussard" (C. Crussard and J. Bouvaist, *Mémoires Scientifiques Revue de Métallurgie*, February 1978) and that "further experiments are warranted."[^7] The Stargate collection holds the same outline in several copies; the abstract in the copy filed under CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5 reads "no significant bending was observed," where the copy filed under CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9 reads "large amounts of bending were not observed."[^7][^8]
+
+A routing note in the same file, unsigned, reads: "This piece may offer us excellent opportunity to bring in some other (than SRI) minds to work the problem. There is absolutely no reason to believe that the scientist, Hawke, might have manipulated the data/experiment. Might be a good idea to invite him to brief his work to the Science Monitoring Team when they visit California in late July 79."[^9] The file also contains a Hawke envelope addressed to Major Bill Stoner at DAMI 2E453 in the Pentagon (the Army's Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence) and an Army routing slip forwarding a visit request form that was "retained on file in DAMI-RMA."[^10]
+
+### Grill Flame visit and the Department of Energy briefing, 1979
+
+The Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]], chaired by [[Manfred Gale]], listed Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and "Dr. Hawke" among the places and individuals contacted in the autumn of 1979 (Annex 2). Its December 1979 report states that "Committee members who visited Dr. Hawke's laboratory were very impressed by the scientific approach used in his investigations," and that his experiments were "considerably more valuable than PK effects on random number generators." Annex 7 records that "highly specific physical phenomena are recovered by instruments while PK 'intent' is being 'exerted' by a Subject," with control experiments performed and no mechanisms adduced; "Hawke's experiments are the most objective and scientific of the investigations we have reviewed... vastly more valuable than the PK effects on random number generators." The annex adds: "A means exists for conduct of these experiments on a compartmentalized basis: Since the experiments utilize measuring equipment commonly used in weapons development, 'cover' and access restrictions are relatively straightforward," proposing as an example that Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, which "is just now initiating development of contact fuzing utilizing... acoustic emission of materials transitioning the plastic deformation regime," could host "a small development project on 'AE applications to guided missile fuzing'" that "would provide easily administered and controlled PK experiments by Hawke." Elsewhere in the report, the committee's discussion of the Army MICOM random-number experiment says that an experiment using "the modification of the physical aspect of a structure" might be more convincing, and that "the acoustic emission experiment by Hawke might be an example of an attempt to do this."[^11][^12]
+
+On November 28, 1979, Hawke met Dr. Ruth M. Davis, Assistant for Research Applications at the [[Department of Energy]], and Dr. W. LaBerge of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. In a letter of December 26, 1979 (EMS79-0117) he wrote that, after talking to the laboratory's acoustic emission, metallurgy and ceramics staff, "the equivalent of 5-7 full employees would be the optimum," with tasks distributed "among 10-15 researchers, technicians and other consultants and advisors," enough in a one-year program "to obtain reliable data or nearly exhaust the possibility of obtaining such data." He had sounded out Henry McDonald (Associate Director for Engineering) and Dale Nielsen (Associate Director for Administration), who said "such types of multidisciplinary and discrete research are within the capability of LLL," and reported that director Roger Batzel "has been informed that such a project might be suggested by DOE and/or DOD"; Batzel was named as the person to contact. Copies went to Batzel, McDonald, Nielsen and LaBerge.[^13]
+
+### After 1979
+
+After the December 1979 letter, the laboratory's published record under Hawke's name consists of the railgun and launcher papers listed above.[^2]
+
+Accounts of a Livermore group that experienced apparitions after its Geller sessions come from [[Jim Schnabel]], who gives the physicists the pseudonyms [[Peter Crane]], [[Mike Russo]] and [[Don Curtis]]; Schnabel's account does not name Hawke.[^14]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^900]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+
+[^1]: R. S. Hawke, "Outline of Acoustic Emission Experiments Performed with a Person Reputed to Have Paranormal Metal Bending Abilities," January 11, 1979, cover letter signed "R. S. Hawke, Engineering Research Division, Electronics Engineering Department," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9 (archive.org mirror of the CIA STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9_djvu.txt) and CIA-RDP96-00787R000500110001-6.
+[^2]: R. S. Hawke and J. K. Scudder, "Magnetic Propulsion Railguns: Their Design and Capabilities," UCRL-82677, May 8, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6255454; Hawke and Scudder, "Prospects for Generating 1-10 TPa Pressures with a Railgun," UCRL-82296, July 13, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5974977; Hawke, Brooks, Fowler and Peterson, "Results of Railgun Experiments," UCRL-88703, 1983, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6263329; Hawke, "Transition Armature Technology Project, Progress Report No. 1, June 1-July 31, 1991," UCRL-ID-114847, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10107228; U.S. Patent 4,343,223, "Multiple stage railgun," inventors Ronald S. Hawke, Jonathan K. Scudder and Kristian Aaland, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4343223A/en.
+[^3]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers: Scientific Observations on the Paranormal Powers of Uri Geller* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, as reproduced at https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/.
+[^4]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapters on 1974 investigators and on computers; acknowledgements; index entry "Hawke, Ronald S." http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. Geller is the sole source for his account of two successes in four attempts.
+[^5]: CIA document CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, "Declassified in Part, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09," archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the passages so cited; the writer and the caller are not named.
+[^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017). Sole source for the passages so cited; Hawke's own wording in *The Geller Papers* differs (note 3).
+[^7]: Hawke, outline of January 11, 1979, as in note 1; cover letter, reference WT 79-0027A.
+[^8]: Hawke outline, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5_djvu.txt.
+[^9]: Unsigned note, "101-06 Lawrence Livermore Lab. Metal Bending - R.S. Hawke," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8_djvu.txt.
+[^10]: Envelope addressed to Maj. Bill Stoner, DAMI 2E453, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100005-5; Army routing slip, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100008-2.
+[^11]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee*, December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5, Chapter 2 paragraph 4b, Annex 2 (places visited, p. 43) and Annex 7 (pp. 66-67). https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5/CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5_djvu.txt.
+[^12]: Same report, critique of the Army [[MICOM]] random-number experiment.
+[^13]: R. S. Hawke to Dr. Ruth M. Davis, December 26, 1979, EMS79-0117, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100003-7, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100003-7/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100003-7_djvu.txt.
+[^14]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted in Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ray
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ray
@ -1,47 +1,135 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 title: Ray Hyman
 aliases:
  - Ray Hyman
+  - Raymond Hyman
+  - Dr. Hyman
+  - Hyman
 category: "Skeptics & Critics"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Skeptic
-  - PSI
+  - Psychologist
+  - Magician
+  - CSICOP
+  - UriGeller
+  - SRI
  - Stargate
  - AIR
-  - SRI
-  - 1970s
-  - 1990s
-summary: "University of Oregon psychologist and skeptic who evaluated Uri Geller for DARPA in 1973 and, for the 1995 AIR review, judged ten SAIC experiments too few to establish remote viewing."
+  - NationalResearchCouncil
+  - GrillFlame
+  - Parapsychology
+summary: "University of Oregon psychologist who observed Uri Geller at SRI for the Defense Department in 1972, sat on CSICOP's Executive Council, and wrote the skeptical half of the 1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate."
 born: 1928-06-23
-location: "Chelsea, Massachusetts"
+location: "Eugene, Oregon"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Harvard University]]"
+    start: 1953-07
+    end: 1961-06
+    role: "assistant professor of social psychology"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[University of Oregon]]"
+    start: 1961-09
+    role: "associate professor of psychology, professor from September 1964"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Stanford University]]"
+    start: 1982-09
+    end: 1983-06
+    role: "visiting professor of psychology, Thomas Welton Stanford Chair for Psychical Research"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Uri Geller]]"
+    start: 1972-11
+    end: 1972-12
+    role: "observed a day of tests at SRI as consultant to the Department of Defense; wrote that the tests were performed with 'incredible sloppiness'"
+    fn: 3
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]]"
+    role: "Executive Council member"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Skeptical Inquirer]]"
+    role: "editorial board, 1994"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[National Research Council]]"
+    start: 1985
+    end: 1991
+    role: "Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance; led the parapsychology section"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: contractor_to
+    with: "[[American Institutes for Research]]"
+    start: 1995-06
+    end: 1995-09-11
+    role: "reviewer of the SRI/SAIC anomalous mental phenomena program for the CIA, with Jessica Utts"
+    fn: 12
 ---

-Ray Hyman is a psychologist and a prominent figure in the scientific skepticism movement. He was contracted by [[DARPA]] in 1973 to evaluate [[Uri Geller]]'s purported psychic abilities at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]]. Along with [[George Lawrence]] and [[Robert Van de Castle]], Hyman concluded that anyone who believed in Geller's powers was falling for the "ridiculous"[^1].
+Raymond Hyman was born on June 23, 1928 in Chelsea, Massachusetts. He took a bachelor's degree with honors in psychology from Boston University in 1950, a master's degree in 1952 and a doctorate in February 1953 from [[Johns Hopkins University]], and was an assistant professor of social psychology at [[Harvard University]] from July 1953 to June 1961. From 1958 to 1961 he was a consultant in behavioral research to the General Electric Company, and in January to July 1953 a consultant to the Systems Coordination Division of the [[Naval Research Laboratory]]. He joined the [[University of Oregon]] as associate professor of psychology in September 1961 and has been professor there since September 1964. From September 1982 to June 1983 he was visiting professor of psychology at [[Stanford University]], holding the Thomas Welton Stanford Chair for Psychical Research. His 1994 vita lists him on the Executive Council of the [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]] and on the editorial board of the *[[Skeptical Inquirer]]*, and states that he earned his way through college "performing mentalism and reading palms" and has published articles in magic journals.[^1]

-Hyman, along with [[Martin Gardner]], joined forces in an anti-Geller crusade. He was critical of [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]]'s methodology, echoing Gardner's criticisms of [[J. B. Rhine]]'s research, citing loose laboratory controls, skewing of data, and the influence of experimenter bias[^1].
+His vita states that "since 1953, I have been called upon by various governmental agencies to investigate or evaluate paranormal claims," and lists among examples "the evaluation of a lady who allegedly could read with her fingertips; the evaluation of the claim by a group of engineers that they could teach psychics to gather information from photographs; the assessment of parapsychological research by American and foreign investigators; and the observation of metal bending and other alleged miracles by Uri Geller."[^1]

-In 1983, Hyman weighed in on the [[James Randi]] hoax against the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research, stating that Randi was "very upset by Geller’s using trickery to deceive scientists. He thought it was very immoral. And he felt that it was a prostitution of his beloved magic"[^1].
+### SRI and Uri Geller, 1972 and 1973

-Hyman was considered for the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] in 1979. Its coordinator, Major [[William Stoner]], wrote in January 1980, against the chairman's claim to have "rejected two people who had pronounced tendencies to be nonobjective," that "one person himself declined the offer to participate, claiming potential flak from his corporation. The other, Dr Ray Hyman, was rejected not because of any action by Gale, but because of a protest memo from MG [[Edmund Thompson|Thompson]] to Dr [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]]."[^900]
+*[[Time]]* of March 12, 1973 described Hyman as "a psychology professor from the University of Oregon who is used frequently by DOD as a consultant." According to the magazine, news of the work at the [[Stanford Research Institute]] "reached the Department of Defense, and investigators were soon on the scene": Hyman, [[George Lawrence]], the [[DARPA]] projects manager, and Lawrence's companion [[Robert Van de Castle]], a University of Virginia psychologist. Van de Castle "decided that Geller was 'an interesting subject for further study,'" while "neither Lawrence nor Hyman was impressed." After a day with [[Uri Geller]], [[Russell Targ]] and [[Hal Puthoff]], Hyman said he "was able to spot the 'loopholes and inconclusiveness' of each feat." *Time* reported two episodes. In the first, Geller asked Lawrence to write a number between one and ten on a pad as large as possible while Geller covered his eyes with his hands, and Hyman saw Geller's open eyes through his fingers and the arm motions that identified the number. In the second, Geller turned a compass needle about five degrees, Lawrence moved his body and made the needle deflect further, Geller accused Lawrence of trickery, and Targ examined Lawrence for hidden magnets, while Hyman noted that Targ did not feel it necessary to search Geller. Hyman wrote in a letter to a friend that the SRI tests were conducted with "incredible sloppiness" and that the earlier records Targ and Puthoff offered were "the most uncontrolled and poorly recorded data I have ever encountered." The magazine added that his impressions were "admittedly based on observations made on a day when normal testing routine was not in effect."[^2]

-A memorandum from the Under Secretary of the Army's office to Gale of July 17, 1979, reads: "Reference the 'few additional experts,' Dr. Orlansky has accepted. Dr. [[Harry Snyder|Snyder]] of VPI has been asked in place of Dr. Hyman - at this time he has not accepted the invitation." Snyder's own evaluation of remote-viewing research, delivered that June, cited "R. Hyman, personal communication" for its statement that [[Arthur Hastings]], the SRI judge, "is a professional magician."[^901]
+*New Scientist*, in an issue of October 17, 1974 on the Geller research, places the visit in two ways. One passage says Hyman was "called in to see Geller at SRI by a government agency to whom Russell Targ and Dr Hal Puthoff had applied for funding," and that one of Geller's demonstrations for him "at SRI in December 1972" was to guess a number written by another person, where Hyman could "see his eyes through his hands" and the number 10 from "George's arm motions." Another passage says Hyman "observed a day of SRI tests on Geller in November 1972" and concluded that "they don't know how to observe. Targ and Puthoff recounted incidents we just saw in completely the reverse order, making them miracles." The same article records a story Hyman told, confirmed by another person present who asked not to be identified, about a Geller "premonition" of a plane crash in Washington during a half hour in which a newspaper report could have reached him.[^3]
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote that Hyman, Lawrence and Van de Castle concluded that anyone who believed in Geller's powers was falling for the "ridiculous," and that Hyman and [[Martin Gardner]] joined in what she called an anti-Geller crusade, criticizing Puthoff and Targ for loose laboratory controls, skewed data and experimenter bias, the charges Gardner had made against [[J. B. Rhine]]. She also wrote that Hyman, in 1983, said of [[James Randi]]'s campaign against Geller that Randi was "very upset by Geller's using trickery to deceive scientists. He thought it was very immoral. And he felt that it was a prostitution of his beloved magic."[^4] [[Edwin May]], in a 1996 commentary, wrote of the visit that Hyman, Lawrence and Van de Castle were refused access to an experiment in progress, and gave the date as 1973 or 1974.[^5]
+
+In a 1985 paper Hyman wrote that "parapsychologists blamed me, rather than Geller, for the fact that Geller cheated in my presence because, as they put it, I did not impose sufficiently stringent conditions to prevent him from cheating."[^6]
+
+### CSICOP
+
+[[Paul Kurtz]] recorded that CSICOP was established on April 30 and May 1, 1976 at a conference at the State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst campus. The call announcing the committee was signed by, among others, [[George Abell]], [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Antony Flew]], Gardner, [[Sidney Hook]], [[Philip Klass]], [[Ernest Nagel]], [[W. V. Quine]], [[B. F. Skinner]], Randi and [[Marcello Truzzi]]. In 1996 Kurtz listed Hyman, [[James Alcock]] and [[Susan Blackmore]] among the Executive Council members who had examined "in cooperation with parapsychologists, claims of psychic phenomena," set beside Gardner and Randi in "fearlessly debunking" popular claims, and named among efforts to discredit the committee "Hyman's tangle with parapsychologists."[^7]
+
+### Grill Flame, 1979
+
+Hyman was considered for the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] in 1979. Its coordinator, Major [[William Stoner]], wrote in January 1980, against the chairman's claim to have "rejected two people who had pronounced tendencies to be nonobjective," that "one person himself declined the offer to participate, claiming potential flak from his corporation. The other, Dr Ray Hyman, was rejected not because of any action by Gale, but because of a protest memo from MG [[Edmund Thompson|Thompson]] to Dr [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]]."[^8]
+
+A memorandum from the Under Secretary of the Army's office to [[Manfred Gale]] of July 17, 1979, reads: "Reference the 'few additional experts,' Dr. Orlansky has accepted. Dr. [[Harry Snyder|Snyder]] of VPI has been asked in place of Dr. Hyman - at this time he has not accepted the invitation." Snyder's own evaluation of remote-viewing research, delivered that June, cited "R. Hyman, personal communication" for its statement that [[Arthur Hastings]], the SRI judge, "is a professional magician."[^9]
+
+### Project Alpha, 1979 to 1983
+
+Hyman held the Stanford psychical research chair during the academic year in which [[James Randi]] ended Project Alpha. Randi's account is that he placed two young magicians, [[Steven Shaw]] and [[Michael Edwards]], as subjects in the [[McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research]] at [[Washington University]] beginning in 1979, and revealed the arrangement at a press conference on January 28, 1983. Hyman is named in the August 1987 *Zetetic Scholar* among those who gave Truzzi critical commentary on the preliminary draft of his essay about Alpha, and is listed on its masthead as an associate editor. In it Truzzi recorded that Hyman had pointed out that even a psychic who performed a feat could not repeat it under exactly the same conditions, so a test of a conjuror against a psychic would require both to attempt the same feat under conditions agreed to by proponents, critics and agnostics.[^10]
+
+### Research criticism, 1985 to 1994
+
+Hyman's "Parapsychological Research: A Tutorial Review and Critical Appraisal" appeared in the *Proceedings of the IEEE* in June 1985 and is held in the CIA's STARGATE collection. Its abstract states that "each generation of parapsychologists has set aside the work of earlier generations and offered up as sufficient scientific evidence the best work of its own day," and that "two systematic evaluations of the best contemporary research programs in parapsychology revealed that the experiments departed from the minimal standards of adequate randomization of targets, appropriate use of statistical inference, and controls against sensory leakage."[^6] He was a member of the [[National Research Council]]'s Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance from 1985 to 1991, and Edwin May's 1996 commentary describes [[George Lawrence]] as commissioning that study in 1985 with Hyman leading its parapsychology section.[^1][^5]
+
+In *Psychological Bulletin* in 1994, in "Anomaly or Artifact? Comments on Bem and Honorton," Hyman wrote that although the autoganzfeld experiments of [[Charles Honorton]] were "methodologically superior to previous parapsychological experiments, the tests of their randomization procedures were inadequate," and that "we have to wait for independent replications of these experiments before we can conclude that a replicable anomaly or psi has been demonstrated." The paper is in the same STARGATE files.[^11]

 ### The 1995 Evaluation

-In 1995 the [[American Institutes for Research]], under contract to the CIA, engaged Hyman and the statistician [[Jessica Utts]] to review the research of the [[Stargate Project|Star Gate program]] ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]). His report of September 11, 1995, took the ten [[Science Applications International Corporation|SAIC]] experiments as "the only ones for which we have adequate documentation," agreed with Utts that they "were free of the methodological weaknesses that plagued the early SRI research" and that "the effect sizes reported in the SAIC experiments are too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes," and then answered no to three questions: whether the effects established anomalous cognition, whether "the possibility of methodological flaws" had been "completely eliminated," and whether the results were consistent with other laboratories. "Ten experiments, especially from one laboratory," he wrote, "is far too few to establish reliable relationships in almost any area of inquiry." He compared the field's negatively defined anomaly with the discovery of Neptune from the perturbations of Uranus, and told anyone relying on operational hits to read [[David Marks]] and [[Richard Kammann]] on subjective validation. Of operations he recorded [[Edwin May]]'s estimate that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate": "If May is correct, then 80% of all the information supplied by this talented viewer will be erroneous."[^2]
+On June 12, 1995 Hyman faxed his curriculum vitae from the University of Oregon psychology department to "Mike" with a handwritten cover note, a document filed in the CIA's "Misc. Stargate Notes/Memos - 1995 Chrono."[^1] In 1995 the [[American Institutes for Research]], under contract to the CIA, engaged Hyman and the statistician [[Jessica Utts]] to review the research of the [[Stargate Project|Star Gate program]] ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]). The panel convened at AIR's Palo Alto office; AIR's Michael Mumford and Andrew Rose served as panel members and staff, [[Lincoln Moses]] of Stanford as statistical resource, and [[David Goslin]], AIR's president, as reviewer and coordinator. Utts and Hyman wrote independent reports, took part in conference calls to identify points of agreement and disagreement, and Utts wrote a reply to Hyman's statement of those points.[^12]

-Writing in the *[[Skeptical Inquirer]]* in 1996, he said the CIA "abandoned this program in the late 1970s because it showed no promise," that under the DIA it "consisted of three components," one tracking foreign work, an operations program of "six, and later three, psychics on the government payroll," and the laboratory research at SRI and SAIC; that "because of some controversies within the program, a Senate committee decided to transfer the program from the DIA back to the CIA"; that "May helped identify the ten best studies for Utts and me to evaluate"; and that the panel "all agreed that any scientifically meaningful evaluation of these operational psychic intelligence uses was impossible." He ended: "It is premature to draw any conclusions. We will simply have to wait and see. If history is a guide, then this will be a long wait, indeed."[^3]
+A preliminary draft by Hyman, titled "Preliminary Evaluation of SRI/SAIC Anomalous Mental Phenomena Program" and dated August 29, 1995, was faxed from his office to AIR on August 30, 1995. It opens with a passage from William James of 1909, calls the investigators' conclusion that anomalous cognition was "clearly demonstrated" "premature," and describes his work as "the tentative outcome of a quick first pass." It records that he was "unimpressed by the results of meta-analysis on the psychoenergetic research conducted at SRI International from 1973-1988," which covered 25,449 trials, and describes a "fatal flaw" in the original Targ and Puthoff judging protocol: because a subject learned each target after a session, successive trials were not independent, and a subject might avoid describing anything resembling earlier targets, which he illustrated with the Hoover Tower and the Palo Alto train station. It credits [[David Marks]] with discovering that transcripts given to judges contained clues, and recommends that the project, if continued, contract with several independent laboratories and "some non-parapsychological, neutral investigators" to replicate its key findings. The Hoover Tower illustration does not appear in his report of September 11 as reproduced in the AIR report.[^13][^12]

-On *Nightline* on November 28, 1995, he said: "My considered judgment, if someone pushed me hard right now, I'd have to say the odds are 99 to 1 that there's nothing to remote viewing." Edwin May's commentary of 1996 traced "a thread of bias" from the visit to SRI (1973 or 1974, the accounts differ) at which Hyman, George Lawrence of ARPA, and Robert Van de Castle were refused access to an experiment in progress, and *Time* quoted Hyman on the tests' "incredible sloppiness," through Lawrence's commissioning of the [[National Research Council]] study in 1985 with Hyman leading its parapsychology section, to the AIR review under [[David Goslin]], who had administered the NRC report.[^4]
+His report of September 11, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report at pp. 3-41 to 3-75, took the ten [[Science Applications International Corporation|SAIC]] experiments as "the only ones for which we have adequate documentation," agreed with Utts that they "were free of the methodological weaknesses that plagued the early SRI research" and that "the effect sizes reported in the SAIC experiments are too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes," and then answered no to three questions: whether the effects established anomalous cognition, whether "the possibility of methodological flaws" had been "completely eliminated," and whether the results were consistent with other laboratories. "Ten experiments, especially from one laboratory," he wrote, "is far too few to establish reliable relationships in almost any area of inquiry." He compared the field's negatively defined anomaly with the discovery of Neptune from the perturbations of Uranus, and told anyone relying on operational hits to read Marks and [[Richard Kammann]] on subjective validation. Of operations he recorded Edwin May's estimate that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate": "If May is correct, then 80% of all the information supplied by this talented viewer will be erroneous."[^12]
+
+Writing in the *Skeptical Inquirer* in 1996, he said the CIA "abandoned this program in the late 1970s because it showed no promise," that under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] it "consisted of three components," one tracking foreign work, an operations program of "six, and later three, psychics on the government payroll," and the laboratory research at SRI and SAIC; that "because of some controversies within the program, a Senate committee decided to transfer the program from the DIA back to the CIA"; that "May helped identify the ten best studies for Utts and me to evaluate"; and that the panel "all agreed that any scientifically meaningful evaluation of these operational psychic intelligence uses was impossible." He ended: "It is premature to draw any conclusions. We will simply have to wait and see. If history is a guide, then this will be a long wait, indeed."[^14]
+
+On *Nightline* of [[ABC News]] on November 28, 1995, he said: "My considered judgment, if someone pushed me hard right now, I'd have to say the odds are 99 to 1 that there's nothing to remote viewing." May's commentary of 1996 traced "a thread of bias" from the visit to SRI, at which Hyman, George Lawrence and Robert Van de Castle were refused access to an experiment in progress, and *Time* quoting Hyman on the tests' "incredible sloppiness," through Lawrence's commissioning of the National Research Council study in 1985 with Hyman leading its parapsychology section, to the AIR review under David Goslin, who had administered the NRC report.[^15]

 ### Footnotes

-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^2]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena," September 11, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-41 to 3-75, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 31-58. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf
-[^3]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.
-[^4]: "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room. May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23.
-[^900]: Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^901]: "Grill Flame Review Panel Members," undated roster, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230008-7; Office of the Under Secretary of the Army, memorandum for Mr. Manny Gale, July 17, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230004-1; K. Lytle, Major, Military Assistant, memorandum for Mr. Gale, Advisor for RDA Analysis, ODCSRDA, "Briefing for Dr. Ruth Davis and Mr. Nealsen," August 8, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230013-1; Snyder to Gale, undated (catalogued May 11, 1979, but referring to October and a visit of September 28), CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230038-4, and November 19, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230042-9; "Findings," "Recommendations," "Estimated Costs," unsigned, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230043-8; SSO Meade to SSO ACSI DA, "Grill Flame DoD Science Evaluation Team Report," LTC Watt, November 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230047-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^1]: Hyman, Ray, "Curriculum Vitae," September 1994, faxed from the University of Oregon Department of Psychology June 12, 1995, in "Misc. Stargate Notes/Memos - 1995 Chrono," CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030044-7; Hyman's vita as reproduced in Appendix A of *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications,* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: "The Magician and the Think Tank," *Time,* March 12, 1973, pp. 111-112, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100023-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: Hanlon, Joseph, "Uri Geller and science," *New Scientist,* vol. 64, no. 919, October 17, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110020-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^5]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23.
+[^6]: Hyman, Ray, "Parapsychological Research: A Tutorial Review and Critical Appraisal," *Proceedings of the IEEE,* June 1985, CIA-RDP96-00789R003800330001-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^7]: Kurtz, Paul, "CSICOP at Twenty," *Skeptical Inquirer,* July/August 1996, pp. 5-8, https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1996/07/22165034/p05.pdf
+[^8]: Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^9]: "Grill Flame Review Panel Members," undated roster, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230008-7; Office of the Under Secretary of the Army, memorandum for Mr. Manny Gale, July 17, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230004-1; K. Lytle, Major, Military Assistant, memorandum for Mr. Gale, Advisor for RDA Analysis, ODCSRDA, "Briefing for Dr. Ruth Davis and Mr. Nealsen," August 8, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230013-1; Snyder to Gale, undated (catalogued May 11, 1979, but referring to October and a visit of September 28), CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230038-4, and November 19, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230042-9; "Findings," "Recommendations," "Estimated Costs," unsigned, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230043-8; SSO Meade to SSO ACSI DA, "Grill Flame DoD Science Evaluation Team Report," LTC Watt, November 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230047-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^10]: Truzzi, Marcello, "Reflections on 'Project Alpha': Scientific Experiment or Conjuror's Illusion?," *Zetetic Scholar,* nos. 12 and 13 (issue numbers printed 11 and 12), August 1987, https://archive.org/details/alpha-project-zetetic-scholar-nos-12-13; Randi, James, "The Project Alpha Experiment: Part 1. The First Two Years," *Skeptical Inquirer,* Summer 1983, https://archive.org/details/JamesRandiTheProjectAlpha
+[^11]: Hyman, Ray, "Anomaly or Artifact? Comments on Bem and Honorton," *Psychological Bulletin,* vol. 115, no. 1, 1994, pp. 19-24, CIA-RDP96-00789R003200100001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^12]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena," September 11, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-41 to 3-75, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 31-58; panel composition and procedure at AIR report pp. 2-2 to 2-5. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf
+[^13]: Hyman, Ray, "Preliminary Evaluation of SRI/SAIC Anomalous Mental Phenomena Program," August 29, 1995, fax transmittal to American Institutes for Research, August 30, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00789R003200290001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^14]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.
+[^15]: "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room. May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ronald
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ronald
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Ronald Jay Lister was a former southern California police officer who became [[D

 Before his criminal career, Lister spent nearly fifteen years as a police officer. He started as a military policeman for the U.S. Army and U.S. Army Reserve, stationed in Orange County with the 414th Military Police company. His service records show he held a degree in political science and was trained in processing prisoners of war captured during the Vietnam conflict. He regularly received excellent fitness reports. While an army reservist, Lister hired on as an officer with the police department of Maywood, a small suburb of [[Los Angeles]] that employed only a handful of uniformed patrolmen. He was also a reserve deputy for the [[Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office|L.A. County Sheriff's Office]] at the same time.[^1]

-Lister was called to active duty in the army for a few months in 1969, and later, when his enlistment ended, he volunteered for the U.S. Coast Guard, serving as a reserve port security officer at Terminal Island in San Pedro, California. In late 1973 he found a home with the [[Laguna Beach Police Department]], which patrols a posh Orange County suburb south of Los Angeles. There he rose through the ranks to become a detective in the burglary division.[^1] Lister's own account to the Justice Department's inspector general was about thirteen years in law enforcement: the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department from 1967, the Maywood police from 1969 to 1973 and the Laguna Beach police from 1973 to 1980. On leaving, he told the inspector general, he became owner of Terman International Security Consultants of Newport Beach, later Mundy's Security Group.[^7]
+Lister was called to active duty in the army for a few months in 1969, and later, when his enlistment ended, he volunteered for the U.S. Coast Guard, serving as a reserve port security officer at Terminal Island in San Pedro, California. In late 1973 he found a home with the [[Laguna Beach Police Department]], which patrols a posh Orange County suburb south of Los Angeles. There he rose through the ranks to become a detective in the burglary division.[^1] Lister's own account to the Justice Department's inspector general was about thirteen years in law enforcement: the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department from 1967, the Maywood police from 1969 to 1973 and the Laguna Beach police from 1973 to 1980. On leaving, he told the inspector general, he became owner of Terman International Security Consultants of Newport Beach, later Mundy's Security Group.[^2]

 Lieutenant Danielle Adams, who served with Lister, recalled him as "always very successful, very tenacious and got the job done." His former chief, [[Neil Purcell]], who was on the hiring board that gave Lister his job, offered a starkly different assessment: "The man, in my opinion, is a lying, conniving, manipulative person who likes to play with people's minds. He's very evasive and loves living on the edge. He's the biggest bullshitter that has ever been placed on this earth." Both agreed on one point: "Don't ever underestimate him. He's very, very bright and very tenacious," Adams warned.[^1]

@ -64,33 +64,33 @@ Between 1983 and 1986, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] opened five separ

 ### CIA Denials

-When defense attorneys tried in 1996 to quiz Blandón about Lister's alleged relationship with the CIA, a federal prosecutor immediately objected, and the jury was ordered out of the courtroom. During a whispered conversation with the judge, the prosecutor said that while it was true that "Lister made a claim... that he was an employee of the CIA," the government believed it was false, made only to "impress [his] illegal business partners," and was an attempt "to deter prosecution." Nevertheless the prosecutor asked the judge to halt that line of inquiry because it was "muddying the waters." The judge decided that since Blandón had denied that Lister worked for the government, there was no need for any more questions. An internal CIA investigation in 1997 declared that Lister had no relationship with the agency.[^1] The Justice Department's inspector general concluded that "we have found no credible evidence that Lister ever had a relationship with the CIA. The evidence does indicate, however, that Lister frequently told people that he had an association with the CIA in order to impress them and to hide his illegal activities." The FBI had closed a 1984 investigation of his attempt to sell equipment to foreign nationals because he could not supply it, concluding that he "clearly had intentions of violating U.S. export laws" but lacked the ability, and its [[San Francisco]] office called him the "quintessential con man." The CIA's inspector general confirmed that William Nelson, the retired security consultant Lister named as a contact, had once been the agency's Deputy Director for Operations.[^7]
+When defense attorneys tried in 1996 to quiz Blandón about Lister's alleged relationship with the CIA, a federal prosecutor immediately objected, and the jury was ordered out of the courtroom. During a whispered conversation with the judge, the prosecutor said that while it was true that "Lister made a claim... that he was an employee of the CIA," the government believed it was false, made only to "impress [his] illegal business partners," and was an attempt "to deter prosecution." Nevertheless the prosecutor asked the judge to halt that line of inquiry because it was "muddying the waters." The judge decided that since Blandón had denied that Lister worked for the government, there was no need for any more questions. An internal CIA investigation in 1997 declared that Lister had no relationship with the agency.[^1] The Justice Department's inspector general concluded that "we have found no credible evidence that Lister ever had a relationship with the CIA. The evidence does indicate, however, that Lister frequently told people that he had an association with the CIA in order to impress them and to hide his illegal activities." The FBI had closed a 1984 investigation of his attempt to sell equipment to foreign nationals because he could not supply it, concluding that he "clearly had intentions of violating U.S. export laws" but lacked the ability, and its [[San Francisco]] office called him the "quintessential con man." The CIA's inspector general confirmed that William Nelson, the retired security consultant Lister named as a contact, had once been the agency's Deputy Director for Operations.[^2]

 Lister dismissed any suggestion that he was "knowingly" working for the CIA. In an interview with police in 1996, he claimed "that if he were affiliated with an organization like the CIA, he wouldn't talk about it." The detectives noted that "Lister did display some knowledge of the U.S. intelligence community during our interview." Blandón's attorney [[Brad Brunon]] described Lister as "one of these guys who would boast about having bugging capabilities, would boast about having wiretap capabilities, you could get any information any time, one of those... I-can-uplink-to-the-satellite sort of guy." Brunon said of Lister: "I never knew what his true role was. I mean, he covertly insinuated that he was CIA. At least, if not a sworn member, whatever the hell they do to get to become employees - some sort of operative." Brunon "really didn't have much communication with the guy because he scared me."[^1]

 ### Mundy Security Group

-In mid-1983, Lister incorporated [[Mundy Security Group]] Inc. in Laguna Beach. Named as directors and officers were Lister, attorney Maurice Green, attorney Gary Shapiro, and reserve police officer Christopher W. Moore. A business card found in a 1986 drug raid identified Danilo Blandón as a vice president. The company was licensed with the U.S. State Department in 1983 to export U.S. Munitions List items to other countries, receiving three temporary export licenses (DSP-73s) for laser components and spare parts. Aside from burglar alarm installations, the company's main business activity was marketing a laser sighting device for AR-15 assault rifles designed by Lister's partner [[William Downing]].[^2]
+In mid-1983, Lister incorporated [[Mundy Security Group]] Inc. in Laguna Beach. Named as directors and officers were Lister, attorney Maurice Green, attorney Gary Shapiro, and reserve police officer Christopher W. Moore. A business card found in a 1986 drug raid identified Danilo Blandón as a vice president. The company was licensed with the U.S. State Department in 1983 to export U.S. Munitions List items to other countries, receiving three temporary export licenses (DSP-73s) for laser components and spare parts. Aside from burglar alarm installations, the company's main business activity was marketing a laser sighting device for AR-15 assault rifles designed by Lister's partner [[William Downing]].[^3]

-Moore described director Maurice Green as a self-proclaimed legal genius with a severe drug and alcohol problem who had a hollow wall built behind his desk for emergency escape. Green was prosecuted and disbarred in 1987 for forging prescriptions and sentenced to two years in prison in 1992 for grand theft and practicing law without a license. Director Gary Shapiro described an incident where angry doctors besieged the office over Green's financial mismanagement.[^2]
+Moore described director Maurice Green as a self-proclaimed legal genius with a severe drug and alcohol problem who had a hollow wall built behind his desk for emergency escape. Green was prosecuted and disbarred in 1987 for forging prescriptions and sentenced to two years in prison in 1992 for grand theft and practicing law without a license. Director Gary Shapiro described an incident where angry doctors besieged the office over Green's financial mismanagement.[^3]

 ### Connection to William Nelson

-Lister's most significant intelligence connection was [[William Nelson|Bill Nelson]], the CIA's former deputy director of operations from 1973 to 1976, who later became vice president for security at Fluor Corporation. During 1982 and 1983, Lister met with Nelson at Fluor's headquarters - described by Chris Moore as "Ron's big CIA contact." Former CIA officer John Vandewerker confirmed that Nelson and Lister knew each other. Nelson's name appeared at the top of a handwritten list of seven names that Lister prepared for his 1985 grand jury appearance, alongside Roberto D'Aubuisson and Ray Prendes.[^2]
+Lister's most significant intelligence connection was [[William Nelson|Bill Nelson]], the CIA's former deputy director of operations from 1973 to 1976, who later became vice president for security at Fluor Corporation. During 1982 and 1983, Lister met with Nelson at Fluor's headquarters - described by Chris Moore as "Ron's big CIA contact." Former CIA officer John Vandewerker confirmed that Nelson and Lister knew each other. Nelson's name appeared at the top of a handwritten list of seven names that Lister prepared for his 1985 grand jury appearance, alongside Roberto D'Aubuisson and Ray Prendes.[^3]

 ### FBI KGB Investigation and Grand Jury

-On April 3, 1985, two FBI agents, Richard Smith and David Cook, delivered a grand jury subpoena to Lister's home in Mission Viejo. They questioned him about contacts with Soviet bloc countries. Lister confirmed to police in 1996 that he had been the subject of a "grand jury investigation on my relationship with Soviet agents." He said he had sold an FBI "scrambler system" to someone overseas, and the FBI investigated only to find the equipment was declassified and available commercially.[^2]
+On April 3, 1985, two FBI agents, Richard Smith and David Cook, delivered a grand jury subpoena to Lister's home in Mission Viejo. They questioned him about contacts with Soviet bloc countries. Lister confirmed to police in 1996 that he had been the subject of a "grand jury investigation on my relationship with Soviet agents." He said he had sold an FBI "scrambler system" to someone overseas, and the FBI investigated only to find the equipment was declassified and available commercially.[^3]

-FBI agent Smith recalled that Lister was attempting to sell classified electronic equipment to Soviet [[KGB]] agents. The FBI conducted a sting operation with agents posing as KGB agents. Smith said Lister's activities were "completely illegal and clearly in violation of United States national security." Chief Purcell recalled the FBI was "absolutely convinced he was selling this stuff to the Russians" and showed him photographs of Lister meeting with Russians in San Francisco, New York, and the Embassy in Washington. But Purcell told the FBI: "Pardon me for laughing, but he's taking you guys for a ride." The FBI discovered Lister was overcharging the Russians four to five times retail for camera equipment. Smith claimed Lister was never prosecuted because he was "full of hot air" and lacked "present capability" to produce the equipment, though the case went to a grand jury.[^2]
+FBI agent Smith recalled that Lister was attempting to sell classified electronic equipment to Soviet [[KGB]] agents. The FBI conducted a sting operation with agents posing as KGB agents. Smith said Lister's activities were "completely illegal and clearly in violation of United States national security." Chief Purcell recalled the FBI was "absolutely convinced he was selling this stuff to the Russians" and showed him photographs of Lister meeting with Russians in San Francisco, New York, and the Embassy in Washington. But Purcell told the FBI: "Pardon me for laughing, but he's taking you guys for a ride." The FBI discovered Lister was overcharging the Russians four to five times retail for camera equipment. Smith claimed Lister was never prosecuted because he was "full of hot air" and lacked "present capability" to produce the equipment, though the case went to a grand jury.[^3]

 ### Seized Documents and National Security Classification

-When L.A. detectives tried to obtain FBI files on the Lister investigation in 1996, FBI Special Agent Tim Bezick stated that "the FBI reports and the transcripts of Lister's grand jury testimony were protected by the National Security Act." Joel Levin, chief of the Criminal Division of the San Francisco [[U.S. Attorney's office]], confirmed a court order would be required. The personnel files from Lister's old employers were also inaccessible: Maywood Police Department files were "sealed by the City of Maywood," and Laguna Beach Police Department files had been purged entirely.[^2]
+When L.A. detectives tried to obtain FBI files on the Lister investigation in 1996, FBI Special Agent Tim Bezick stated that "the FBI reports and the transcripts of Lister's grand jury testimony were protected by the National Security Act." Joel Levin, chief of the Criminal Division of the San Francisco [[U.S. Attorney's office]], confirmed a court order would be required. The personnel files from Lister's old employers were also inaccessible: Maywood Police Department files were "sealed by the City of Maywood," and Laguna Beach Police Department files had been purged entirely.[^3]

-Documents seized during a 1986 narcotics raid on Lister's house included a ten-page handwritten document chronicling weapons and equipment deals, including meetings with a customer named "Ivan" at the Fairmont Hotel in [[San Jose]] and a visit to the Russian embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]] Lister's monthly calendars for 1985 contained "frequent references to the Contras," including notations reading "SF Contras," "LA Contras," "D-Contra" and at least one reference to the DIA. Agents seized weapons code sheets and a handwritten note bearing the names of several CIA operatives working with [[Eden Pastora]]'s [[ARDE]] group.[^2]
+Documents seized during a 1986 narcotics raid on Lister's house included a ten-page handwritten document chronicling weapons and equipment deals, including meetings with a customer named "Ivan" at the Fairmont Hotel in [[San Jose]] and a visit to the Russian embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]] Lister's monthly calendars for 1985 contained "frequent references to the Contras," including notations reading "SF Contras," "LA Contras," "D-Contra" and at least one reference to the DIA. Agents seized weapons code sheets and a handwritten note bearing the names of several CIA operatives working with [[Eden Pastora]]'s [[ARDE]] group.[^3]

-A flow chart found in Lister's notes contained boxes labeled "Swiss Bank," "U.S. State Department," "H.K.," "X Country," and "Factory USA." [[U.S. Customs]] Service analysis concluded it diagrammed a scheme to illegally divert American-made weapons using fraudulent end-user certificates - precisely the method [[Oliver North]] used to arm the Contras after the congressional funding cutoff. The Justice Department's inspector general concluded that "whatever the legality of the transactions depicted in the flow chart, nothing indicates that it shows the sale of arms to the Contras, and certainly nothing suggests that it depicts the use of drug money in any of the deals," and that "the documents seized from Lister in 1986 largely corroborate his account of his relationship with Blandon and the Contras. Lister would have liked to sell military and security weaponry and equipment to the Contras and to factions in El Salvador but we found no evidence showing that he did."[^2][^7]
+A flow chart found in Lister's notes contained boxes labeled "Swiss Bank," "U.S. State Department," "H.K.," "X Country," and "Factory USA." [[U.S. Customs]] Service analysis concluded it diagrammed a scheme to illegally divert American-made weapons using fraudulent end-user certificates - precisely the method [[Oliver North]] used to arm the Contras after the congressional funding cutoff. The Justice Department's inspector general concluded that "whatever the legality of the transactions depicted in the flow chart, nothing indicates that it shows the sale of arms to the Contras, and certainly nothing suggests that it depicts the use of drug money in any of the deals," and that "the documents seized from Lister in 1986 largely corroborate his account of his relationship with Blandon and the Contras. Lister would have liked to sell military and security weaponry and equipment to the Contras and to factions in El Salvador but we found no evidence showing that he did."[^2][^3]

 ### Drug Trafficking Expertise

@ -100,18 +100,18 @@ Lister told CIA inspectors that he had been to Colombia with Blandón and observ

 ### Cocaine Distribution Operations

-As 1982 drew to a close, Blandón's cocaine trafficking business in Los Angeles expanded dramatically. Lister described the logistics to police: "I'd go over to D's [Blandón's] house, take my Mercedes over there, put three U-Haul boxes which will cover about 100 keys, about 33 per box plus one you'd squeeze in, in the trunk, go over to south L.A. It was the slickest deal you've ever seen."[^1] The Torres brothers told investigators that "Blandón is working with an ex-Laguna Beach police officer by the name of Ronnie, who lives in an expensive house in Mission Viejo and drives a new Mercedes automobile. Ronnie transported 100 kilos of [[Cocaine]] to the Black market and has transported millions of dollars to [[Miami]] for Danilo Blandón.".[^5]
+As 1982 drew to a close, Blandón's cocaine trafficking business in Los Angeles expanded dramatically. Lister described the logistics to police: "I'd go over to D's [Blandón's] house, take my Mercedes over there, put three U-Haul boxes which will cover about 100 keys, about 33 per box plus one you'd squeeze in, in the trunk, go over to south L.A. It was the slickest deal you've ever seen."[^1] The Torres brothers told investigators that "Blandón is working with an ex-Laguna Beach police officer by the name of Ronnie, who lives in an expensive house in Mission Viejo and drives a new Mercedes automobile. Ronnie transported 100 kilos of [[Cocaine]] to the Black market and has transported millions of dollars to [[Miami]] for Danilo Blandón.".[^4]

 ### October 1986 Raids

-On October 27, 1986, the [[LASD Major Violators]] raided Lister's former Mission Viejo house - where [[Aparicio Moreno]] was now living - and his new residence. At the new house, Deputy Bobby Juarez explained they were executing a drug warrant. Lister responded: "I know why you're here, but why are you here? Mr. Weekly knows what I'm doing and you're not supposed to be here." Lister told deputies he "had dealings in [[South America]] and worked with the CIA and added that his friends in Washington weren't going to like what was going on." Deputy Richard Love said Lister warned: "You don't know what you are doing. There's a bigger picture here. I'm working for the CIA. The government is allowing drug sales to go on in the United States." Lister also had "intimate details about a plane loaded with guns that crashed in Nicaragua" and "alluded to the fact that he had been on one of those planes before." No drugs were found. Seized evidence was logged as "miscellaneous CIA info" and included "a lot of Contra rebel correspondence."[^3]
+On October 27, 1986, the [[LASD Major Violators]] raided Lister's former Mission Viejo house - where [[Aparicio Moreno]] was now living - and his new residence. At the new house, Deputy Bobby Juarez explained they were executing a drug warrant. Lister responded: "I know why you're here, but why are you here? Mr. Weekly knows what I'm doing and you're not supposed to be here." Lister told deputies he "had dealings in [[South America]] and worked with the CIA and added that his friends in Washington weren't going to like what was going on." Deputy Richard Love said Lister warned: "You don't know what you are doing. There's a bigger picture here. I'm working for the CIA. The government is allowing drug sales to go on in the United States." Lister also had "intimate details about a plane loaded with guns that crashed in Nicaragua" and "alluded to the fact that he had been on one of those planes before." No drugs were found. Seized evidence was logged as "miscellaneous CIA info" and included "a lot of Contra rebel correspondence."[^5]

-Deputies found papers showing Lister had "regular meeting with DIA subcontractor [[Scott Weekly]]," handwritten weapons lists including antiaircraft weapons, 1,000 AR-15 rifles, and napalm bombs, and a list of names including William Nelson, Roberto D'Aubuisson, and Scott Weekly. Federal agents copied over 1,000 pages of seized documents, then nearly all copies disappeared. The CIA's Los Angeles office sent an "Immediate Director" cable asking for traces on Lister, Blandón, and Meneses. Lister denied the CIA claims, but Sergeant Art Fransen said Lister erupted in a "tirade": "You guys don't know what you are doing. I deal with the CIA. I got power!"[^3]
+Deputies found papers showing Lister had "regular meeting with DIA subcontractor [[Scott Weekly]]," handwritten weapons lists including antiaircraft weapons, 1,000 AR-15 rifles, and napalm bombs, and a list of names including William Nelson, Roberto D'Aubuisson, and Scott Weekly. Federal agents copied over 1,000 pages of seized documents, then nearly all copies disappeared. The CIA's Los Angeles office sent an "Immediate Director" cable asking for traces on Lister, Blandón, and Meneses. Lister denied the CIA claims, but Sergeant Art Fransen said Lister erupted in a "tirade": "You guys don't know what you are doing. I deal with the CIA. I got power!"[^5]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty"
-[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it"
-[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 18: "We bust our ass and the government's involved"
-[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 9, Ch. 8.
-[^7]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General. *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions.* December 1997, chapter V. https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/
+[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General. *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions.* December 1997, chapter V. https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/
+[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it"
+[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 9, Ch. 8.
+[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 18: "We bust our ass and the government's involved"
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Stefan
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Stefan
@ -1,17 +1,59 @@
 ---
-aliases:
- Stefan Kanfer
-category: "Skeptics & Critics"
+category: "Authors & Journalists"
 tags:
  - Person
-  - Skeptic
-summary: "Stefan Kanfer was a reporter for *Time* magazine."
+  - Journalist
+  - Time
+  - Critic
+  - Magician
+  - UriGeller
+  - SRI
+  - Parapsychology
+alias:
+  - Stefan Kanfer
+  - Steve Kanfer
+  - Kanfer
+summary: "Time associate editor who wrote the March 4, 1974 cover story on psychic phenomena, an amateur magician who treated Uri Geller and the SRI research as unproven and called for examiners with no prior belief."
 born: 1933-05-17
 died: 2018-06-19
 location: "New York City, New York, USA"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Time]]"
+    end: 1987
+    role: "writer, critic, associate editor and senior editor; wrote the March 4, 1974 cover story 'Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier'; resigned his staff position in 1987"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[City Journal]]"
+    start: 1995
+    role: "contributing writer, at the request of editor Myron Magnet"
+    fn: 3
+created: 2026-05-15
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

-Stefan Kanfer was a reporter for *Time* magazine. He was a vocal critic of the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]]'s involvement in [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] research, particularly its work with [[Uri Geller]]. Kanfer targeted SRI for blame, stating, "SRI should be destroyed" for carrying out this kind of research, and that "That’s the way fascism began"[^1].
+Stefan Kanfer was born on May 17, 1933 and died on June 19, 2018, a month after his eighty-fifth birthday. He worked at [[Time]] for about three decades, edited its book review section, and wrote novels and biographies; he resigned his staff position in 1987 and stopped freelancing for the magazine about five years later. In a tribute in *[[City Journal]]*, [[Myron Magnet]] called him "by a long measure the best book and movie critic that *Time* magazine could boast, excepting only James Agee." Kanfer's other occupations, in that account, included playing the musical saw in Greenwich Village clubs, work in advertising, service as a military interrogator, and writing cartoon captions and television gags. He began writing for *City Journal* in 1995.[^1]
+
+### The March 4, 1974 cover story
+
+In the issue of *Time* dated March 4, 1974, the Publisher's Letter states that "Associate Editor Stefan Kanfer, who wrote the cover story, managed to remain free of psychic interruption last week," and quotes him: "I got into this topic through the back door, some would say front door, of magic and mentalism. There are many tricks with which one can duplicate paranormal phenomena." The letter describes Kanfer as an amateur magician who "astounded numerous TIME staffers" by guessing over the telephone cards drawn from a deck in the office of Senior Editor [[Leon Jaroff]], one floor above, and records that Jaroff, who brought "an admitted predisposition to skepticism" to the story, said that "belief in these matters is less a function of intelligence than of psychological need." The letter adds that Los Angeles Correspondent Richard Duncan had himself photographed by the Kirlian process at [[University of California, Los Angeles]], and that on closing night the magazine's computerized copy-processing system failed at about the moment the story was entered.[^2]
+
+The cover story, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," opens with the assertion that the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] "assigns a team to investigate seemingly authentic psychic phenomena at the Stanford Research Institute." It describes [[Uri Geller]]'s work at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) as a film in which he picked a can containing an object from identical empty cans, influenced laboratory scales, reproduced drawings sealed in envelopes, deflected a magnetometer, and called the upper face of a die in a closed box eight times in eight tries. It reports that [[Ray Hyman]] of the [[University of Oregon]], assigned by the Department of Defense to report on the SRI work and accompanied by [[George Lawrence]], the DOD projects manager for ARPA, "caught Geller in some outright deceptions," and that Hyman called the SRI controls "incredible sloppiness."[^2]
+
+The story gives [[James Randi]] a paragraph, describing him as a television performer who "duplicates many of Uri Geller's achievements with a combination of sleight of hand, misdirected attention and patented paraphernalia." It records that on the *[[Tonight Show]]* [[Johnny Carson]] imposed controls at Randi's suggestion and that nothing Geller attempted during twenty minutes succeeded, and that Geller cancelled a British tour citing "death threats" after English magicians planned to observe him. It reviews [[Andrija Puharich]]'s forthcoming book *Uri* (Doubleday), quoting the passage in which [[Russell Targ]] told Geller that his account of outer-space intelligences agreed "very well with things that Hal [[Harold Puthoff]] and I believe but we can't prove," and asking why the SRI scientists had not mentioned Geller's claimed contacts with outer space.[^2]
+
+The same article lists connections it calls "questionable": that Puthoff is "a promoter of the bizarre and controversial cult of Scientology," which [[Ingo Swann]] also practices; that Putnam executive [[William Targ]] had contracted to publish astronaut [[Edgar Mitchell]]'s *Psychic Exploration* and said at the signing that "the real race now between the Russians and us is in the area of sciences like ESP"; and that Mitchell's [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]] "helped to fund S.R.I.'s Geller research, which was conducted largely by Puthoff and Russell Targ, who happens to be Editor Targ's son." It closes that "there is only one way to tell: by a thorough examination of the phenomena by those who do not express an a priori belief," and that "until such examiners are allowed to play the psychic game, it is unlikely that the paranormal will escape" the prohibition of Leviticus on mediums and wizards.[^2]
+
+The story was reproduced in the CIA's STARGATE collection (CIA-RDP96-00787R000700030001-3, with a second copy at CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8). The April 16, 1974 CIA memorandum on a request by Time's former reporter [[John L. Wilhelm]] to interview Puthoff and Targ was written six weeks after its publication.[^4]
+
+### Statement attributed to Kanfer on SRI
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]] reports that Kanfer blamed SRI for the psychic research and said "SRI should be destroyed" for carrying it out, adding "that's the way fascism began."[^5]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: Magnet, Myron. "Irreplaceable Steve," *City Journal,* 2018. https://www.city-journal.org/article/irreplaceable-steve (birth date May 17, 1933 and death date June 19, 2018 as carried on the prior vault page; the tribute gives his eighty-fifth birthday as May 17, 2018).
+[^2]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time,* March 4, 1974, cover story and Publisher's Letter, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700030001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000700030001-3
+[^3]: Magnet, Myron. "Irreplaceable Steve," *City Journal,* 2018. https://www.city-journal.org/article/irreplaceable-steve
+[^4]: Memorandum for the Record, "Request for Information about Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Paranormal Research Project by Mr. Wilhelm former Time Reporter," April 16, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200200023-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tom
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tom
@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ Despite his proficiency, McNear did not want to remain part of the viewer unit a

 In 1985, the [[Department of Defense]] published a forty-one-page how-to manual, "Coordinate Remote Viewing, Stages I–VI and Beyond." The author of this manual, declassified in 2000, was Tom McNear[^1].

-The released CIA collection on the program carries no legible mention of McNear.[^900]
+The released CIA collection on the program carries no legible mention of McNear.[^2]

 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^900]: The archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, about 13,000 items under the identifiers cia-rdp96-*, searched by title and OCR text.
+[^2]: The archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, about 13,000 items under the identifiers cia-rdp96-*, searched by title and OCR text.
--- a/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Walter
+++ b/PEOPLE/(H-M)/Walter
@ -1,16 +1,78 @@
 ---
-aliases:
- Walter Levy
-category: "Skeptics & Critics"
+category: "Scientists & Researchers"
 tags:
  - Person
-  - Skeptic
-summary: "Walter Levy was an assistant to J."
+  - Parapsychologist
+  - Fraud
+  - Durham
+  - InstituteForParapsychology
+  - Rhine
+  - AnimalPsi
+  - 1970s
+alias:
+  - Walter Levy
+  - Walter J. Levy
+  - Walter J. Levy Jr.
+  - Walter Jay Levy
+  - W. J. Levy
+  - W. Jay Levy
+  - Jay Levy
+  - Levy
+summary: "Director of J. B. Rhine's Institute for Parapsychology in Durham who resigned in June 1974 after colleagues recorded him altering the output of rat and gerbil psi experiments."
+location: "Durham, North Carolina"
+relations:
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Institute for Parapsychology]]"
+    start: 1973
+    end: 1974-06
+    role: "laboratory director at the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man, Durham; resigned after the June 11, 1974 observation"
+    fn: 3
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[J. B. Rhine]]"
+    start: 1973
+    end: 1974
+    role: "full-time researcher after graduating from the Medical College of Georgia in 1973; summer worker from 1969"
+    fn: 3
+  - type: subject_of
+    with: "[[James Kennedy]]"
+    start: 1974-05-10
+    end: 1974-06-11
+    role: "observed and recorded by Jerry Levin, Jim Davis and James Kennedy; chart recorder installed June 9, 1974"
+    fn: 5
+created: 2026-05-15
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

-Walter Levy was an assistant to [[J. B. Rhine]] at the [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]]. In 1974, he was caught cheating in an experiment involving rats. The experiment was designed to test whether rats could use [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] to increase the number of pleasurable brain stimulations delivered by an apparatus[^1].
+Walter J. Levy Jr. (known as W. Jay Levy) was a medical student who began working at J. B. Rhine's parapsychology institute in Durham, North Carolina during his summer vacation in 1969. In March 1971 the *[[Journal of Parapsychology]]* published "Repetition of the French Precognition Experiments with Mice" by Levy, L. Allen Mayo Jr., Eve Andre and Anita McRae; the editors' note describes Levy as a second-year medical student at the [[Medical College of Georgia]], Mayo as a [[Duke University]] zoology graduate student, Andre as a librarian in Victoria, Australia, and McRae as a research assistant at the [[Institute for Parapsychology]]. The copy of that paper is in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] STARGATE collection.[^1]

-Levy's research assistants discovered him tampering with the lab equipment and recorded him on videotape. When confronted with the evidence, Levy confessed and resigned. This scandal became fodder for skeptics of Rhine and his [[Parapsychology|parapsychology]] research[^1].
+### Directorship
+
+The Institute for Parapsychology, in Durham, was the successor to the Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory that [[J. B. Rhine]] had moved off campus on his retirement from Duke in 1965, and was part of the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man.[^2] [[Time]] reported on August 26, 1974 that after Levy graduated from the Medical College of Georgia in 1973 Rhine "hired him as a full-time researcher; soon he was promoted to director," that he had "showed an unusual talent for automating experiments and recording data," and that his experiments tested the ability of rodents to anticipate events (extrasensory perception) or to affect physical changes by will (psychokinesis). In the rat experiments, electrodes implanted in a pleasure zone of the brain delivered stimuli at random intervals from a computer keyed to the decay of atoms in a strontium 90 sample; the expected rate without influence was 50 percent, and by early May 1974 Levy was reporting 54 percent.[^3] [[James Kennedy]] later wrote that the Levy case came shortly after Rhine's 1974 article on researcher fraud.[^4]
+
+### The 1974 exposure
+
+The chronology written in 1974 by James Kennedy, J. W. Davis and Jerry Levin records the sequence. On Friday, May 10, 1974, Levin observed Levy at the indicator panel of the small-rodent precognition work holding wires from the random generator "in a position where he could control the target chosen"; Levin did not witness a clear-cut manipulation, and taped the wires. About a week later he told Kennedy. On Saturday, June 8, Kennedy set up a rat implantation experiment (the effect of valium on psychokinesis scoring) with the wires to the rat left disconnected without Levy's knowledge, saw Levy with his hand in the equipment several times, and on entering the room after Levy left found "a long string of hits had just been recorded on paper tape punch, which was the official record." Levy had commented several times that positive results with valium "might lead to some financial support." On Sunday, June 9, Kennedy, Levin and Davis installed an Esterline Angus chart recorder in the basement to record the output of the random generator, and decided that Davis would watch from the porch off the experimenter room.[^5]
+
+On Tuesday, June 11, in an isolation experiment officially Kennedy's, Davis noticed that the mechanical counter sounded on every trial (every four seconds) but the paper punch, the official record, did not register on every trial while Levy was in the room. Comparing the punch record with the chart record afterward, "it was apparent that when a long string of hits occurred on the paper punch record, the misses were simply not recorded." From the porch Davis saw Levy enter the room and put his hand among the wires, and from the window saw that the plug carrying the channel that recorded misses had been removed; Levy returned twice more, and the plug was reinserted before Davis went back in. The three recorded that "for at least the past few months it has been Dr. Levy's practice to spend an excessive amount of time in close proximity to the equipment during studies involving his lines of research." Kennedy added in 2005 that he had left the rat's wires disconnected because he wished to test whether the experimenter or the animal produced the apparent effects, and had initially rejected Levin's suspicions because he "could not comprehend how someone would work so hard and be so devoted to a topic that he was fraudulently producing."[^5]
+
+The three reported to Rhine, who confronted Levy. Time wrote that Levy "confessed and resigned, later telling friends that he had been under great pressure to produce positive results and had been overburdened by administrative duties," insisted that this was the only time he had falsified data, and said that after failing to reproduce earlier positive tests he felt a need to force the data to reflect the results he expected; Rhine "set other staff members to work, checking the more important of Levy's earlier findings, and cautioned other psychic researchers not to rely on these data until they can be verified." The magazine called the case "the parapsychological equivalent of the famous case of the painted mice at Manhattan's Sloan-Kettering Institute."[^3]
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]] writes that Levy was a Rhine assistant who was caught in 1974 cheating in an experiment in which rats were thought to use ESP to increase the number of pleasurable brain stimulations, that his research assistants found him tampering with the equipment and recorded him on videotape, and that he confessed and resigned when confronted.[^6] Kennedy's contemporaneous chronology describes a chart recorder and a human observer, and does not mention videotape.[^5]
+
+### Rhine's reports and later accounts
+
+Rhine published "A New Case of Experimenter Unreliability" in the *Journal of Parapsychology* in 1974 (volume 38, pages 215 to 225) and "A Second Report on a Case of Experimenter Fraud" in 1975 (volume 39, pages 306 to 325); the volume 38 index lists a comment on the first by Jule Eisenbud.[^7] Kennedy wrote that the extent of the fraud took about a year to investigate, that the investigation found evidence of fraud in all of Levy's lines of research (including a fully fabricated computerized game experiment with human subjects), and that he later posted the original summaries of three of Levy's four lines of work (maze, rat implantation and egg).[^8] Kennedy also disputed accounts by [[D. Scott Rogo]], [[Chris Roe]] and [[John Palmer]] of who first became suspicious, whether Rhine and others suppressed reporting, and whether the fraud was confined to a single experiment.[^8]
+
+The Levy case appears in the STARGATE collection in an abstract of Werner Eeman's article "Fraud" in *Psi-Forum* (1985), in *Parapsychology Abstracts International*, which states that "we should not dramatize these uncovered frauds, such as those of Soal and Levy."[^9]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: Levy, Walter J., Jr., L. Allen Mayo, Jr., Eve Andre and Anita McRae. "Repetition of the French Precognition Experiments with Mice," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 35, no. 1, March 1971, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100021-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Time (note 3) states Levy began working at the institute in the summer of 1969.
+[^2]: "Rhine Research Center," Psi Encyclopedia, Society for Psychical Research, https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/rhine-research-center/ (states that testing continued at Duke until Rhine's retirement in 1965, when the laboratory moved off campus and was renamed the Foundation for the Research on the Nature of Man, which included the Institute for Parapsychology).
+[^3]: "Science: The Psychic Scandal," *Time,* August 26, 1974. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,944971,00.html
+[^4]: Kennedy, J. E. "Researcher Fraud in Experimental Parapsychology," Psi Encyclopedia, https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/researcher-fraud-in-experimental-parapsychology/ (gives Rhine's 1974 article on fraud as published shortly before the Levy case and records Rhine making Levy director in 1973).
+[^5]: Kennedy, J. E., J. W. Davis and J. Levin. "Chronology of Events in Exposing W.J. Levy," 1974, with additional information added by Kennedy in March 2005. https://www.jeksite.org/psi/fchron.pdf, linked from https://www.jeksite.org/psi/fraud.htm
+[^6]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^7]: *The Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 38 (1974) index, listing "a new case of experimenter unreliability, 215-25," https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1974_38_index; Kennedy, "Notes on a Case of Scientific Fraud in Parapsychology," https://www.jeksite.org/psi/fraud.htm (gives the 1975 report as J. B. Rhine, "A Second Report on a Case of Experimenter Fraud," *Journal of Parapsychology,* 1975, pp. 306-325, and notes a "surprisingly accurate article" in Time on August 26, 1974).
+[^8]: Kennedy, J. E. "Notes on a Case of Scientific Fraud in Parapsychology," https://www.jeksite.org/psi/fraud.htm; Kennedy, "Researcher Fraud in Experimental Parapsychology," Psi Encyclopedia, https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/researcher-fraud-in-experimental-parapsychology/
+[^9]: *Parapsychology Abstracts International,* abstract 02965, Eeman, Werner, "Fraud [Part 1]," *Psi-Forum,* 1985, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 82-94, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400040001-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amnon
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amnon
@ -1,22 +1,94 @@
 ---
-aliases:
- Amnon Rubinstein
-category: "Skeptics & Critics"
+category: "Political Figure"
 tags:
  - Person
-  - Skeptic
-summary: "Amnon Rubinstein was a prominent Israeli legal scholar, politician, and television talk show host."
+  - Israel
+  - Knesset
+  - Shinui
+  - Meretz
+  - ConstitutionalLaw
+  - UriGeller
+  - TelAvivUniversity
+alias:
+  - Amnon Rubinstein
+  - Prof. Amnon Rubinstein
+  - Dr. Amnon Rubinstein
+  - Rubinstein
+summary: "Israeli law professor and Knesset member (1977 to 2001), founder of Shinui and minister of communications and of education, whom Uri Geller named as the confidant to whom he confessed faking a trick in 1970."
 born: 1931-09-05
 died: 2024-01-18
 location: "Tel Aviv, Israel"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Tel Aviv University]]"
+    start: 1961
+    end: 1975
+    role: "professor of law; dean of the Faculty of Law, 1968 to 1973"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: founded
+    with: "[[Shinui]]"
+    start: 1974
+    role: "founded the Shinui (Change) movement after the Yom Kippur War"
+    fn: 3
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Knesset]]"
+    start: 1977
+    end: 2001
+    role: "Democratic Movement for Change (9th Knesset), Shinui (9th to 12th), Meretz (12th to 15th)"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Government of Israel]]"
+    start: 1984
+    end: 1987-05-26
+    role: "Minister of Communication, 21st and 22nd governments"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Government of Israel]]"
+    start: 1992
+    end: 1993-06-07
+    role: "Minister of Science and Technology until December 31, 1992, then Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, 25th government"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Government of Israel]]"
+    start: 1994-05-30
+    role: "Minister of Education, Culture and Sport, 25th and 26th governments"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya]]"
+    role: "dean of the Radzyner School of Law, provost, and president for a year"
+    fn: 4
+created: 2026-05-15
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---
-Amnon Rubinstein was a prominent [[Israel|Israeli]] legal scholar, politician, and television talk show host. Known as the founding father of Israeli constitutional law, he served in various ministerial roles, including Minister of Communications, Minister of Science and Technology and Space, and Minister of Energy and Infrastructure[^1].

-Rubinstein became a notable supporter of [[Uri Geller]]'s [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] abilities since 1969. He first encountered Geller at a party, where Geller allegedly demonstrated a remarkable ability to influence Rubinstein's thoughts, making him choose a specific number that Geller had already written down. Rubinstein, initially skeptical, was astonished by this demonstration[^1].
+Amnon Rubinstein was born in [[Tel Aviv]] on September 5, 1931 and died there on January 18, 2024. He served as an officer in the [[Israel Defense Forces]], studied economics, international relations and law at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], was called to the Israel bar in 1963, and received a doctorate in law from the [[London School of Economics]] in 1966.[^1][^2]

-He conducted numerous informal tests with Geller in his own home, where Geller consistently demonstrated the ability to "plant a thought right in our mind," such as writing down a number or a capital city that Rubinstein or his family would then choose. Rubinstein considered this ability far more significant than spoon bending, stating, "This is a single phenomenon that casts doubt on many of the foundations of our rational world." He remained a staunch defender of Geller's powers against critics[^1].
+### Academic and journalistic career

-Rubinstein advised Geller to go to America to be tested at a serious research institute like [[Stanford Research Institute|Stanford]], which ultimately led to Geller's testing by the CIA[^1].
+Rubinstein was professor of law at [[Tel Aviv University]] from 1961 to 1975 and dean of its law faculty from 1968 to 1973; the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya (IDC) tribute of June 1, 2009 says he "laid the foundations of the faculty" as dean.[^1][^3] During the same period he wrote for *[[Haaretz]]* and held debates on Israeli television "during its first years."[^3] His curriculum vitae lists him later as political commentator for *Haaretz* and *[[Maariv]]*, and as the author of *Jurisdiction and Illegality* (Clarendon Press, Oxford), *Israel's Constitutional Law* (Hebrew, 6th edition, Schocken, 2005), *The Zionist Dream Revisited* (Schocken, New York, 1984) and *From Herzl to Rabin* (Holmes and Meier, 2000).[^2]
+
+### Uri Geller, 1969 to 1970
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]] reports that Rubinstein became a supporter of [[Uri Geller]]'s extrasensory perception and psychokinesis from 1969, after meeting Geller at a party where Geller appeared to influence Rubinstein's thoughts, making him choose a number that Geller had already written down; that Rubinstein, "initially skeptical," was astonished; that Geller repeatedly "planted a thought right in our mind," such as a number or a capital city chosen by Rubinstein or his family, during informal tests at Rubinstein's home; that Rubinstein regarded this as more significant than spoon bending ("This is a single phenomenon that casts doubt on many of the foundations of our rational world"); and that he remained a defender of Geller against critics. Jacobsen further reports that Rubinstein advised Geller to go to the United States to be tested at a serious research institute such as [[Stanford Research Institute]], which led to Geller's testing by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].[^5]
+
+Geller gives a different account on his own website. He writes that in 1970 a promoter at the Beit Hachayal auditorium in Tel Aviv asked him to fake a "clairvoyant" reveal of a car license plate number for a guest the promoter wished to impress, that he did so for "four or five performances," and that he then "confessed what I had done against my better judgment to a trusted and respected friend, Dr Amnon Rubinstein, who was then the dean of the Law School" (Geller places the school at the Hebrew University). Geller writes: "Amnon was horrified, and made me promise never to cheapen my talents again," and that Rubinstein told him he "should be co-operating with scientists and trying to find out" more about how the mind works.[^6]
+
+### Political career
+
+After the Yom Kippur War of 1973, according to the Jewish Virtual Library, Rubinstein concluded that he "could not rest only on his academic and journalistic laurels" and founded Shinui in 1974, a movement for free enterprise, electoral reform and a written constitution. It ran in the 1977 elections as part of the Democratic Movement for Change and became an independent Knesset faction in 1978, which Rubinstein chaired; in 1992 Shinui merged with Ratz and Mapam in [[Meretz]].[^3][^7] His curriculum vitae gives his Knesset service as 1977 to 2001 (the IDC tribute says 25 years), as a member of the Democratic Movement for Change in the Ninth Knesset, of Shinui in the Ninth to Twelfth and of Meretz in the Twelfth to Fifteenth.[^2][^3]
+
+His curriculum vitae lists these government posts: Minister of Communication in the 21st government (1984 to 1985) and the 22nd government (until May 26, 1987); in the 25th government Minister of Science and Technology until December 31, 1992, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure until June 7, 1993, and from May 30, 1994 Minister of Education, Culture and Sport, a post he also held in the 26th government. His committee posts included chairman of the Economics Committee (Fourteenth Knesset) and chairman of both the State Control Committee and the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee (Fifteenth).[^2] The IDC tribute credits him with passing the two Basic Laws on human rights and liberty and on free enterprise, and with opening academia to the public through colleges as education minister.[^3]
+
+### Later positions and honors
+
+After leaving the Knesset he was dean of the Radzyner School of Law at [[Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya]], then provost and, for a year, president. He was a board member and vice president of [[Liberal International]] and a member of the Israeli delegation to the [[Council of Europe]]'s [[Venice Commission]]. He received the [[Israel Prize]] in 2006, when the judges described him as the "father of constitutional law in Israel."[^3][^4]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: "Amnon Rubinstein," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/amnon-rubinstein (education, bar admission 1963, doctorate 1966, professor 1961 to 1975, dean 1968 to 1973).
+[^2]: Rubinstein, Amnon. Curriculum Vitae, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, https://runi.ac.il/media/te4psgeq/profilecv-he-il.pdf (born 05/09/1931 in Tel Aviv; Knesset membership; government roles and dates; publications).
+[^3]: "The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya Pays Tribute to Amnon Rubinstein," Honorary Fellow citation signed by Prof. Uriel Reichman, June 1, 2009, https://runi.ac.il/media/fpvpfvlt/amnon-rubinstein.pdf
+[^4]: "Amnon Rubinstein," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/amnon-rubinstein (Israel Prize 2006, Liberal International, Venice Commission, death on January 18, 2024); "In Memoriam: LI Patron Professor Amnon Rubinstein," Liberal International, https://liberal-international.org/news-articles/in-memoriam-li-patron-professor-amnon-rubinstein/
+[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^6]: Geller, Uri. "Straightening the Record," https://urigeller.com/the-geller-effect/straightening-the-record/ (Geller's own account; sole source for the passages so cited).
+[^7]: "Amnon Rubinstein," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/amnon-rubinstein (Shinui founded 1974, Democratic Movement for Change 1977, independent faction 1978, Meretz merger 1992).
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bill
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bill
@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ Bill Ray was one of the five remote viewers from [[United States Army Intelligen

 ### The Documents

-"CPT William G. Ray, presently G-2, 11th Signal Bde, Ft Huachuca, AZ, and currently on orders for assignment to HQ INSCOM, Ft Meade, effective 1 January 1984," was listed for [[Center Lane]]'s personnel spaces on August 2, 1983. On May 17, 1984, the project office recorded that "William G. Ray of this office reported that Congressman [[Charlie Rose|Rose]] had called Ingo Swann at SRI-I New York, 16 May 1984," and that Rose had told Swann that Dale Van Atta, "associate of [[Jack Anderson]]," had said "that although they had recently been under the influence of McRae, that this is no longer the case," and that "there would be a series of articles" in "a favorable vain, i.e., 'Why hasn't more been done?'" By December 10, 1985, he signed a memorandum on a telephone conversation with [[Hal Puthoff]] as "MAJ, MI, Ch, SSPD."[^900]
+"CPT William G. Ray, presently G-2, 11th Signal Bde, Ft Huachuca, AZ, and currently on orders for assignment to HQ INSCOM, Ft Meade, effective 1 January 1984," was listed for [[Center Lane]]'s personnel spaces on August 2, 1983. On May 17, 1984, the project office recorded that "William G. Ray of this office reported that Congressman [[Charlie Rose|Rose]] had called Ingo Swann at SRI-I New York, 16 May 1984," and that Rose had told Swann that Dale Van Atta, "associate of [[Jack Anderson]]," had said "that although they had recently been under the influence of McRae, that this is no longer the case," and that "there would be a series of articles" in "a favorable vain, i.e., 'Why hasn't more been done?'" By December 10, 1985, he signed a memorandum on a telephone conversation with [[Hal Puthoff]] as "MAJ, MI, Ch, SSPD."[^2]

 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^900]: "Center Lane Personnel Spaces," August 2, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700300001-1; "Recent Jack Anderson 'Grill Flame' Articles," May 17, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6; "Conversation via Telephone with Puthoff," December 10, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030002-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: "Center Lane Personnel Spaces," August 2, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700300001-1; "Recent Jack Anderson 'Grill Flame' Articles," May 17, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6; "Conversation via Telephone with Puthoff," December 10, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030002-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Garrison
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Garrison
@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ Garrison Rapmund was a Major General and the Assistant Surgeon General of the [[

 His intention was to emphasize testing the physiology of the viewers. However, after several rounds of negotiations, the Office of the Surgeon General ultimately declined to take over the program[^1].

-On August 27, 1981, "at DIA, Pomponio Plaza," Rapmund, then "BG(P), CDR, USAMRDC, Ft Detrick," met [[Jack Vorona]] "to discuss the issue of human use and the need for a DoD research and development effort in the GRILL FLAME area"; he "stated that as long as the Perry letter... remained as DoD policy, R&D funds could not be spent in the field of parapsychology. However, in his opinion there was a need to begin a serious effort in this field." Vorona told the Center Lane office on August 31, 1984, that he and "MG Rapmund of the Army Medical R&D Command" had signed a memorandum of understanding under which Rapmund "will provide one million dollars during FY85, two million during FY86, and four million during FY87."[^900]
+On August 27, 1981, "at DIA, Pomponio Plaza," Rapmund, then "BG(P), CDR, USAMRDC, Ft Detrick," met [[Jack Vorona]] "to discuss the issue of human use and the need for a DoD research and development effort in the GRILL FLAME area"; he "stated that as long as the Perry letter... remained as DoD policy, R&D funds could not be spent in the field of parapsychology. However, in his opinion there was a need to begin a serious effort in this field." Vorona told the Center Lane office on August 31, 1984, that he and "MG Rapmund of the Army Medical R&D Command" had signed a memorandum of understanding under which Rapmund "will provide one million dollars during FY85, two million during FY86, and four million during FY87."[^2]

 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^900]: "Project Contacts," August 1, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190048-5; "Key Players," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270002-9; "Scientific Oversight Committee," CIA-RDP96-00789R003200130001-2; bibliography citing Vorona's testimony to the House Appropriations Committee defense subcommittee of April 12, 1983, in "RV Reliability Enhancement and Evaluation," 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800150001-7; "OACSI Meeting About Grill Flame," April 13, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060003-1; "Recent Actions Concerning Project Grill Flame," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2; "Center Lane Briefing 3-7 October 1983," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270013-2; "Discussion with Dr. Jack Vorona," August 31, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090055-8; "Meeting With Dr. Vorona, 11 March 1985," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700290007-7; "Sun Streak Oversight Panel, Minutes of First Meeting," January 1986, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100200001-6; "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG Dozier," December 22, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600180016-8; "Grill Flame Briefing for Director, NSA," June and July 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230004-6; May, Edwin C., memorandum "Contacts," February 23, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190073-7; Jachim, R. J., "Meeting Between BG Rapmund and Dr. Jack Vorona," September 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440071-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: "Project Contacts," August 1, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190048-5; "Key Players," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270002-9; "Scientific Oversight Committee," CIA-RDP96-00789R003200130001-2; bibliography citing Vorona's testimony to the House Appropriations Committee defense subcommittee of April 12, 1983, in "RV Reliability Enhancement and Evaluation," 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800150001-7; "OACSI Meeting About Grill Flame," April 13, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060003-1; "Recent Actions Concerning Project Grill Flame," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2; "Center Lane Briefing 3-7 October 1983," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270013-2; "Discussion with Dr. Jack Vorona," August 31, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090055-8; "Meeting With Dr. Vorona, 11 March 1985," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700290007-7; "Sun Streak Oversight Panel, Minutes of First Meeting," January 1986, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100200001-6; "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG Dozier," December 22, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600180016-8; "Grill Flame Briefing for Director, NSA," June and July 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230004-6; May, Edwin C., memorandum "Contacts," February 23, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190073-7; Jachim, R. J., "Meeting Between BG Rapmund and Dr. Jack Vorona," September 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440071-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Genady
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Genady
@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ During the experiment, Sergeyev monitored Kulagina's physiological responses, wh

 Sergeyev also oversaw an experiment where Kulagina attempted to increase the heart rate of a skeptical physician, which reportedly reached dangerous levels. While some U.S. analysts suspected these demonstrations were part of a Soviet disinformation campaign, others in the U.S. military, particularly the Medical Intelligence Office of the [[U.S. Army]], considered the potential military applications of such abilities to be highly significant[^1].

-A DIA briefing on "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," given to the Air Force in July 1987, dated Sergeyev's work to 1965-1970 in "Vasil'yev's lab," under the headings "communication (EEG code)," "remote action" and "N. Kulagina."[^900]
+A DIA briefing on "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," given to the Air Force in July 1987, dated Sergeyev's work to 1965-1970 in "Vasil'yev's lab," under the headings "communication (EEG code)," "remote action" and "N. Kulagina."[^2]

 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^900]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/George
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/George
@ -17,9 +17,8 @@ Otis authored or co-authored a dozen books, including his autobiography, "High A

 Otis was born in Payne, Ohio, and was an adventure-seeker from a young age. He took business classes at Earlham College and founded several electronics-related companies and later was general chairman of [[LearJet]]. 

-Otis was deeply involved in the Charismatic revival in the [[United States]], and he and [[Harold Bredesen]] were considered "Holy Spirit fathers" by [[Pat Boone]].[^2]
+Otis was deeply involved in the Charismatic revival in the [[United States]], and he and [[Harold Bredesen]] were considered "Holy Spirit fathers" by [[Pat Boone]].[^1]
 ### Footnotes

-  [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
-  [^2]: "George K. Otis, Sr. Another Christian General Goes Home." Obituary. The Last Circle (provided text).I have updated the page for George Otis. I
-  will now check for an existing page for "Nita Scoggan".
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
+[^2]: "Christian Radio Pioneer George Otis Sr. Dies," *Charisma News,* July 24, 2007, https://mycharisma.com/?p=338046; Bob Slosser, *Reagan Inside Out* (Word Books, 1984), excerpt "The Prophecy," CBN, https://cbn.com/article/relationships/prophecy.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ingo
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ingo
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ SRI's SCANATE report records that "as a result of the experimentation carried ou

 At [[Maimonides Medical Center]], in an experiment reported to the American Physical Society in February 1976, [[Edwin May]] and [[Charles Honorton]] had him attempt to influence a noise-driven binary random generator: 29 runs gave a mean of 493 against 500 expected (p = 0.011), improving as he was moved twelve feet away behind "two double steel walls," while a control run after he left gave 499.7. "We conclude that Mr. Swann was successful in exerting a psychokinetic influence on the instrument." The SRI final report's instrumented magnetometer series of 1974 and 1975, thirteen ten-trial runs on a Develco gradiometer at four metres giving p = 0.004, was run with subject S1, the code that matches Pat Price's sessions, not S3; the "early research (1972)" perturbation "of a Josephson effect magnetometer" is described there as a pilot study of "a few hours" that "prevented a proper investigation." He visited the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] on October 17, 1978, and was still reporting to Puthoff as a consultant in April 1984.[^2]

-The report of the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] of December 1979 recorded that "in July 1978, DIA sponsored a series of four unique experiments" in which "the DIA Project Officer had prepared three sets of Soviet/Bloc target coordinates, and one US control set," and that "Swann provided a 'moderate to high', lengthy description of the last target, a Soviet strategic missile field east of Moscow... Swann passed through a silo cover, 'traveling' down until reaching a connecting tunnel. Going through this passageway he entered a command and control room. One comment, among many, stands out: 'The floors are paved in "white tiles".'" The same report put SRI's experiments with him at "7000+," "only a fraction" of them published.[^900]
+The report of the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] of December 1979 recorded that "in July 1978, DIA sponsored a series of four unique experiments" in which "the DIA Project Officer had prepared three sets of Soviet/Bloc target coordinates, and one US control set," and that "Swann provided a 'moderate to high', lengthy description of the last target, a Soviet strategic missile field east of Moscow... Swann passed through a silo cover, 'traveling' down until reaching a connecting tunnel. Going through this passageway he entered a command and control room. One comment, among many, stands out: 'The floors are paved in "white tiles".'" The same report put SRI's experiments with him at "7000+," "only a fraction" of them published.[^3]

 ### Training the Army Program

@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ Swann maintained an active painting career throughout his life, exhibiting abstr

 [^1]: Stanford Research Institute, "Project SCANATE, Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100480002-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^2]: May, Edwin C., and Charles Honorton. "A Dynamic PK Experiment with Ingo Swann," Maimonides Medical Center, abstract for the American Physical Society meeting of February 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130005-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part one, executive summary, SRI Project 3183, covering January 1974 to February 1975, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100420001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Visit of Ingo Swann to AMSAA, 17 October 1978," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240010-3, and "Memo to Dr. H.E. Puthoff from I. Swann, Consultant, Subject: Work Report," April 15, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140033-6, titles only.
-[^900]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/James
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/James
@ -1,36 +1,106 @@
 ---
+created: 2026-05-15
+updated: 2026-10-05
+title: James Randi
 aliases:
  - James Randi
  - The Amazing Randi
+  - Amazing Randi
+  - Randy
+  - Randall James Hamilton Zwinge
+  - Randall Zwinge
+  - Zwinge
+  - Randi
 category: "Skeptics & Critics"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Skeptic
  - Magician
-summary: "James Randi (1928–2020), known as 'The Amazing Randi,' was a Canadian-American stage magician, escape artist, and a prominent scientific skeptic."
+  - CSICOP
+  - UriGeller
+  - ProjectAlpha
+  - McDonnellLaboratory
+  - MacArthurFellow
+  - Debunker
+summary: "Canadian-American stage magician who campaigned against Uri Geller, co-founded CSICOP, ran Project Alpha against the McDonnell Laboratory (1979 to 1983), received a MacArthur fellowship in 1986 and left CSICOP in 1991 amid Geller's lawsuits."
 born: 1928-08-07
 died: 2020-10-20
 location: "Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
-updated: 2026-09-22
+relations:
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]]"
+    start: 1976-05-01
+    end: 1991-05
+    role: "signer of the founding call of 1976 and Executive Council member; resigned by a letter of May 11, 1991 because the committee was named in Geller's suits; wrote in 1995 that CSICOP 'essentially forced me to resign'"
+    fn: 7
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research]]"
+    start: 1979
+    end: 1983-01-28
+    role: "placed Steven Shaw and Michael Edwards as subjects (Project Alpha); revealed the arrangement at a press conference on January 28, 1983"
+    fn: 8
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[MacArthur Foundation]]"
+    reverse: true
+    start: 1986
+    role: "MacArthur fellowship of $272,000, class of 1986"
+    fn: 10
+  - type: subject_of
+    with: "[[Uri Geller]]"
+    start: 1991
+    end: 1995
+    role: "defendant with CSICOP in suits Geller filed from 1991; the courts ruled for the skeptics and ordered Geller to pay sanctions"
+    fn: 12
 ---

-James Randi (1928–2020), known as "The Amazing Randi," was a Canadian-American stage magician, escape artist, and a prominent scientific skeptic. He dedicated much of his life to investigating and debunking paranormal and pseudoscientific claims, often challenging individuals who claimed to possess supernatural abilities[^1].
+James Randi (born Randall James Hamilton Zwinge in Toronto on August 7, 1928; died October 20, 2020) was a stage magician and escape artist who became known as "The Amazing Randi." At twelve he was allowed to study independently outside the classroom and watched [[Harry Blackstone Sr.]] levitate a woman in a Toronto theater; at seventeen he joined a traveling carnival, and he has said he saw little point in finishing school. In 1995 *Scientific American* gave his count of television appearances as "more than 30 on the Tonight Show" and his main income as lecturing.[^1]

-Randi became a vocal critic of [[Uri Geller]], stating, "Geller brings disgrace to the craft I practice... Worse than that, he warps the thinking of a young generation of forming minds. And that is unforgivable." He spent two years writing a 308-page exposé of Geller, arguing that Geller's actions had "done more to destroy what authority [[Andrija Puharich]] once held in the scientific community"[^1]. Randi speculated that Geller's assistant, [[Shimshon Shtrang]], helped him cheat, leading the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to deny Shtrang access to Geller during experiments[^1].
+### Uri Geller, 1973 to 1982

-Along with [[Martin Gardner]] and [[Ray Hyman]], Randi helped found the [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]] (CSICOP) to promote scientific inquiry and combat pseudoscience[^1].
+Randi was present when [[Uri Geller]] performed at the New York offices of *[[Time]]*, a visit *Time* placed in the month before its issue of March 12, 1973 and *New Scientist* placed in March 1973. *Time* reported that after Geller left, Randi "duplicated each of his feats, explaining that any magician could perform them," and that the fork bending was sleight of hand.[^2] *New Scientist* of October 17, 1974 recorded that Randi and the picture editor of *Popular Photography*, Charles Reynolds, both said they saw Geller bend a key in his hand after asking for a beer can opener to divert attention, and that Randi had said stagehands told him that Geller specified a box of ten-penny nails for the Mike Douglas show and asked them to wrap some in a bundle an hour before airtime. Geller was asked about Randi's statement on the television program *Mid-Day Five* on May 3, 1974.[^3]

-In January 1983, Randi orchestrated a hoax against the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University, sending two young magicians, Steven Shaw and Michael Edwards, to pretend to be psychics. They used sleight of hand to simulate [[Psychokinesis|psychokinetic]] feats like spoon bending. Randi later held a press conference to expose the hoax, generating significant negative press for the parapsychology community[^1].
+*The Magic of Uri Geller* appeared in 1975. A fact sheet in the CIA's STARGATE files, unsigned and with no author or sponsor stated, answers the book point by point. It states that Randi's letter offering his services to [[Stanford Research Institute]] was dated September 6, 1973, "months after completion of the SRI work with Geller"; that [[Shimshon Shtrang]] ("Shipi Strang" in the book) and no other potential confederate was permitted in the target area; that the SRI team included an amateur magician of over twenty years' experience and that [[Milbourne Christopher]] had been brought in to critique film and videotape; and that Randi's quotations from [[Edgar Mitchell]] concerned a period before the experiments reported in *Nature*.[^4] [[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote that Randi spent two years writing a 308-page exposé of Geller, quoted him as saying "Geller brings disgrace to the craft I practice... Worse than that, he warps the thinking of a young generation of forming minds. And that is unforgivable," and wrote that Randi speculated Shtrang helped Geller cheat, leading the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to deny Shtrang access to Geller during experiments.[^5]

-Randi's actions, while aimed at exposing fraud, sometimes led to controversy. He was involved in libel cases brought by Uri Geller, and his campaign against Geller ultimately cost him his position on CSICOP[^1].
+The Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] recorded in 1979 that [[Robert Lucky]] of Bell Labs "once proposed to Targ and Puthoff that they allow a 'debugger' like Randy the Magician to watch an SRI RV session. They refused on the grounds that no one believes them anyhow, and did not feel that permitting an extremely vocal critic to intrude into their lives/work would accomplish anything."[^6]

-In 2011, Randi was involved in a scandal when it was revealed that his Carlos-the-channeler hoax, which involved a young man named Jose Alvarez (Deyvi Orangel Peña Arteaga) pretending to be a channeler, constituted a federal crime due to identity theft and false statements on a passport application. Despite this, Randi continued to maintain his stance against the paranormal[^1].
+### CSICOP

-### Publications
-*   *The Magic of Uri Geller* (1975)
+[[Paul Kurtz]] recorded that the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal was established at a conference at the State University of New York at Buffalo on April 30 and May 1, 1976, and that the call announcing it was signed by, among others, [[George Abell]], [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Antony Flew]], [[Martin Gardner]], [[Sidney Hook]], [[Philip Klass]], [[Ernest Nagel]], [[W. V. Quine]], [[B. F. Skinner]], [[Marcello Truzzi]] and Randi. Jacobsen wrote that Randi, Gardner and [[Ray Hyman]] helped found it.[^7][^5] In 1996 Kurtz listed Gardner and Randi among Executive Council members "fearlessly debunking the various forms of nonsense offered as gospel truth on the popular scene," and named among efforts to destroy the committee "efforts by Uri Geller, Eldon Byrd, and others to embroil CSICOP and Randi in protracted and costly legal suits."[^7]

-The Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] recorded in 1979 that [[Robert Lucky]] of Bell Labs "once proposed to Targ and Puthoff that they allow a 'debugger' like Randy the Magician to watch an SRI RV session. They refused on the grounds that no one believes them anyhow, and did not feel that permitting an extremely vocal critic to intrude into their lives/work would accomplish anything."[^900]
+### Project Alpha, 1979 to 1983
+
+Randi's account, published in the *[[Skeptical Inquirer]]* in the summer and fall of 1983, is that when [[James S. McDonnell]], board chairman of [[McDonnell Douglas|McDonnell-Douglas Aircraft]], gave a $500,000 grant in 1979 to [[Washington University]] in St. Louis for the [[McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research]], he saw an opportunity for an experiment "contemplated for some time," coded "Project Alpha." The laboratory's director was the physicist [[Peter R. Phillips]]. Randi asked two young conjurors who had written to him, [[Steven Shaw]] ("Banachek," then 18, of Washington, Pennsylvania) and [[Michael Edwards]] (17, of Marion, Iowa), to write to the laboratory claiming psychic powers; the laboratory had considered some 300 applicants and chose only the two. Before the boys were tested he sent Phillips eleven "caveats" and offered to attend sessions at his own expense, and he continued to write offering to attend "all through the three-year period." Jacobsen counted twenty-two such letters, and wrote that Phillips dismissed the pair at one point and rehired them months later.[^8][^5]
+
+Randi wrote that he "leaked" hints of the project at a magicians' conference in Pittsburgh in July 1981, and that at the [[Parapsychological Association]] meeting in Syracuse that August Phillips showed a Randi-prepared videotape of fake metal bending alongside the laboratory's own tape of the two subjects, after Phillips had asked him for a tape; Randi supplied an analysis pointing out "positively unmistakable evidence of deception" on the laboratory's film. He wrote that he told the boys afterward that Alpha was "probably about to end," that the laboratory then tightened its protocol, and that Banachek and Edwards went on to be tested or entertained by other investigators, among them the psychiatrist [[Berthold Schwarz]] and Professor [[Walter Uphoff]], whose meeting in Madison, Wisconsin Randi attended in disguise as "Adam Jersin" while [[BBC]] producer Tony Edwards used a Randi-designed protocol that, Randi wrote, produced "zero mental-bending."[^8]
+
+At a press conference in New York on January 28, 1983, held with *[[Discover]]* magazine, which published the account in its March issue, Randi announced that Shaw and Edwards were conjurors who had conspired with him, and that they had agreed to answer any direct question about trickery with "Yes, and we were sent here by James Randi," but were never asked. He warned that a "Project Beta" was underway. His television special "Magic or Mystery?" was scheduled for February 8. The *Skeptical Inquirer* put the project on the cover of its Summer 1983 issue, and the matter was presented at CSICOP's conference in October 1983.[^9]
+
+[[Marcello Truzzi]] recorded the replies. Washington University's spokesman said the laboratory had never endorsed the boys' abilities and cited a statement of September 1981 that nothing they had done could not be done by normal means. Phillips said there were "ethical issues involved." Truzzi wrote that Randi had given Phillips a "Straight Spoon Award" on April 1, 1982, less than a year before the announcement, for redesigning his procedures; that Randi's April 1, 1983 "Uri Award" for a fictitious "Archaeus Project" grant followed a prank notice written by Dennis Stillings, whom Truzzi named among Randi's foes; that the laboratory's funding was $500,000 over five years; and that Shaw had posed as a psychic since 1977, before meeting Randi, according to articles of 1977 and 1979. Truzzi also wrote that he learned of Alpha in late July 1981 from another conjuror, that Randi "initially flatly denied the existence of the project," and that Randi's reply to Truzzi's invitation to correct factual errors in the draft was "an angry and vituperative letter." [[Martin Gardner]] wrote of Alpha as a "landmark in the history of PK research," and, later, in Truzzi's quotation, as a case of "entrapment."[^9]
+
+Jacobsen wrote that after the hoax Randi held a press conference and that Shaw "famously" stepped up to the microphone and said "I cheat."[^5]
+
+### Lawsuits, resignation and the MacArthur fellowship
+
+The [[MacArthur Foundation]] listed Randi in its 1986 class as an educator in communications and journalism, residing in Fort Lauderdale, with the description "an investigator of the paranormal."[^10] A news item of 1987 gave the grant as $272,000 and quoted him that the foundation "reached very far out, perhaps dangerously so," and that he intended to add a full-time researcher and a college scholarship for training "debunkers."[^11] *Scientific American* credited him with exposing the faith healer [[Peter Popoff]] in 1986 by intercepting radio transmissions from Popoff's wife, and with taking the tape to [[Johnny Carson]], after the California Attorney General's office declined to act.[^1]
+
+In a letter of May 11, 1991 to supporters, Randi wrote that Geller "has announced that he intends to sue me 'in every state and in every country,'" that Geller then had "four lawsuits against me, two of which I have won (at a cost of over $155,000 in legal fees)," and that "I have resigned from the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, since the Committee is always named in the suits, and in order that CSICOP will be spared further involvement."[^12] The suit concerned remarks Randi made to a reporter that Geller "fooled some scientists" and that his tricks were of the kind printed on cereal boxes. The court first ruled in favor of CSICOP on July 27, 1993, and Geller was ordered to pay up to $120,000, a first installment of $40,000 being reported in the *Skeptical Inquirer* of May and June 1995.[^13] *Scientific American* gave the sanctions as $150,000 and said CSICOP announced a settlement in March for somewhat less than that amount.[^1] In July 1995 *Scientific American* quoted Randi: "These lawsuits from psychics have wiped me out financially," including the $272,000 MacArthur fellowship; "They got wimpy on me," he said of CSICOP; "They essentially forced me to resign. They were afraid of my continuing to make statements about Geller." He said he was unsure whether he wanted to rejoin.[^1] Jacobsen wrote that Randi's campaign against Geller ultimately cost him his position on CSICOP and that Geller's libel suits were brought against him.[^5]
+
+### Later episodes
+
+In 2011, according to Jacobsen, it was revealed that Randi's "Carlos" channeler hoax involved a young man, Jose Alvarez (Deyvi Orangel Peña Arteaga), who had used another man's identity on a passport application, and Jacobsen described this as a federal crime, adding that Randi continued to maintain his stance against the paranormal.[^5]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^900]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. The name is spelled "Randy" in the report.
+
+[^1]: "Profile: James Randi: A Skeptically Inquiring Mind," *Scientific American,* July 1995, pp. 34-35, in "Stargate Misc. Doc's and Memos," CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190022-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: "The Magician and the Think Tank," *Time,* March 12, 1973, p. 112, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100023-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: Hanlon, Joseph, "Uri Geller and science," *New Scientist,* vol. 64, no. 919, October 17, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110020-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: "The Magic of Uri Geller by James Randi: Fact Sheet correcting errors with regard to SRI work with Geller," unsigned, undated, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500240021-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^6]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. The name is spelled "Randy" in the report.
+[^7]: Kurtz, Paul, "CSICOP at Twenty," *Skeptical Inquirer,* July/August 1996, pp. 5-8, https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1996/07/22165034/p05.pdf
+[^8]: Randi, James, "The Project Alpha Experiment: Part 1. The First Two Years," *Skeptical Inquirer,* Summer 1983, and "Part 2. Beyond the Laboratory," Fall 1983, https://archive.org/details/JamesRandiTheProjectAlpha
+[^9]: Truzzi, Marcello, "Reflections on 'Project Alpha': Scientific Experiment or Conjuror's Illusion?," *Zetetic Scholar,* nos. 12 and 13, August 1987, "The Revelation of Project Alpha," https://archive.org/details/alpha-project-zetetic-scholar-nos-12-13 Sections cited: "Project Alpha's success was soon questioned," "Randi's Minnows," and "Epilogue: On Alpha and Me."
+[^10]: MacArthur Foundation, Fellows, class of 1986, James Randi, https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-1986/james-randi
+[^11]: "Randi: amazing good fortune," *New Zealand Skeptics,* May 1, 1987, https://articles.skeptics.nz/1987/05/01/randi-amazing-good-fortune
+[^12]: Randi, James, letter of May 11, 1991, "Randi Needs Help," *New Zealand Skeptics,* August 1, 1991, https://articles.skeptics.nz/1991/08/01/randi-needs-help
+[^13]: McShane, Owen, "Justice Lives," *New Zealand Skeptics,* August 1, 1995, reporting *Skeptical Inquirer,* May/June 1995, https://articles.skeptics.nz/1995/08/01/justice-lives
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Laurance
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Laurance
@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ Rockefeller's letter of April 26, 1994 reports that his group had gone to [[Corn

 On June 1, 1994 Rockefeller wrote that "it was Mel Laird who suggested that you should be the logical point of contact and coordination with the federal government," asked whether there were developments in the survey of information among federal agencies on Roswell that Gibbons had suggested, attached a letter from Laird, and mentioned "preliminary talks with those who might be interested in bringing about a United Nations Conference on extraterrestrial intelligence."[^34] Laird's letter, dated May 9, 1994 and replying to one from Rockefeller of April 25, stated that "you are proceeding properly by going through the President's Science Advisor," and that "any review will certainly disappoint some individuals who have built up some rather extreme antidotal and uncollaborated accounts."[^34] On July 27, 1994 Anne Bartley wrote to Gibbons about "follow-up on our meeting with Laurance S. Rockefeller and his associates," recalling that Gibbons had suggested "an informal inquiry into the availability of information within federal agencies about the 1947 Roswell, [[New Mexico]], event," asking about "prospects for a relaxation of the classification system," and stating that Rockefeller "has begun to wonder whether a U.N. Conference would be useful."[^35]

-On August 11, 1994 Jones wrote to Gibbons that [[Edgar Mitchell]], founder of the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]], on whose board Pell sat, would be glad to meet Gibbons "in the area that Laurance, you and I have been discussing," and that Gibbons "may want to talk to [[R. James Woolsey|James Woolsey]] about what you are doing." The next lines, partly cut off in the scan, say that Woolsey "has a document search project under way" and "has not discovered anything of significance," and Jones adds: "If I had the responsibility to run a super safe black program on this subject, I would take it completely out of the government's" bureaucracy "and run it from the private sector, probably somewhere within" the aerospace community "or perhaps [[General Motors]]."[^36] On September 5, 1994 Rockefeller thanked Gibbons for a note that he had received a report from the Air Force; after the Air Force released the results of its Roswell investigation (in July 1994 in the General Accounting Office's account, and publicly available in September in Gibbons's)[^19][^37] he wrote on December 9 thanking Gibbons for "your initiative in stimulating the recent Air Force Review of the Roswell incident," adding that "we are continuing our citizens' reconnaissance of the extraterrestrial intelligence phenomenon."[^38] On February 9, 1995 Jones wrote that "there is some shadowy evidence that the administration is in the process of modifying the government's policy concerning secrecy and denial about UFO phenomena," that "Laurance mentioned that he was also considering a public relations approach" and that "he can afford a rather aggressive and expensive effort implementing that strategy, e.g., full page ads in major newspapers," and that after Rockefeller's last meeting with Gibbons "we are not going to get feedback from our attempts to get the [[White House]] to open the books on this subject."[^39] On April 11, 1995 Rockefeller wrote that he had reviewed the draft executive order revising national classification policy and that "my concern with government information involving extraterrestrial intelligence was stimulated by the widespread public belief that the government was withholding information about UFO incidents."[^40]
+On August 11, 1994 Jones wrote to Gibbons that [[Edgar Mitchell]], founder of the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]], on whose board Pell sat, would be glad to meet Gibbons "in the area that Laurance, you and I have been discussing," and that Gibbons "may want to talk to [[R. James Woolsey|James Woolsey]] about what you are doing." The next lines say that Woolsey "has a document search project under way" and "has not discovered anything of significance," and Jones adds: "If I had the responsibility to run a super safe black program on this subject, I would take it completely out of the government's" bureaucracy "and run it from the private sector, probably somewhere within" the aerospace community "or perhaps [[General Motors]]."[^36] On September 5, 1994 Rockefeller thanked Gibbons for a note that he had received a report from the Air Force; after the Air Force released the results of its Roswell investigation (in July 1994 in the General Accounting Office's account, and publicly available in September in Gibbons's)[^19][^37] he wrote on December 9 thanking Gibbons for "your initiative in stimulating the recent Air Force Review of the Roswell incident," adding that "we are continuing our citizens' reconnaissance of the extraterrestrial intelligence phenomenon."[^38] On February 9, 1995 Jones wrote that "there is some shadowy evidence that the administration is in the process of modifying the government's policy concerning secrecy and denial about UFO phenomena," that "Laurance mentioned that he was also considering a public relations approach" and that "he can afford a rather aggressive and expensive effort implementing that strategy, e.g., full page ads in major newspapers," and that after Rockefeller's last meeting with Gibbons "we are not going to get feedback from our attempts to get the [[White House]] to open the books on this subject."[^39] On April 11, 1995 Rockefeller wrote that he had reviewed the draft executive order revising national classification policy and that "my concern with government information involving extraterrestrial intelligence was stimulated by the widespread public belief that the government was withholding information about UFO incidents."[^40]

 On December 2, 1994 Jones sent Gibbons critiques of the Air Force Roswell report and told him that the Foundation's conference would invite President and Mrs. Clinton; on December 13, 1994 he sent Gibbons the manuscript of [[Whitley Strieber]]'s *Breakthrough* with a copy to Rockefeller. The White House declined for Mrs. Clinton on December 15, 1994 ([[Patti Solis]], scheduling director for the First Lady) and for the President on December 21, 1994 ([[William M. Webster IV]], director of scheduling and advance).[^41] The Clinton Library's collection 2008-1575-F holds the invitations and brochures; none are scanned.[^42]

--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mike
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mike
@ -1,16 +1,45 @@
 ---
-category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
+aliases:
+  - Mike Russo
+category: "Scientists & Researchers"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Pseudonym
-  - RemoteViewer
-summary: "Mike Russo is the pseudonym Jim Schnabel gave a Lawrence Livermore physicist who, with other Livermore personnel, experienced apparitions after the group's involvement with Uri Geller."
---
-Mike Russo is the pseudonym [[Jim Schnabel]] gave a physicist at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) in *[[Remote Viewers]]* (1997).[^2] In Schnabel's account he and other Livermore personnel experienced a series of bizarre, hallucination-inducing phenomena after their involvement with [[Uri Geller]]. These apparitions included hovering, monochrome flying saucers and strange animals, such as large raven-like birds.[^1]
-
-Russo and others began to seriously question their sanity due to these experiences. He was part of the group that met with [[Kit Green]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] to discuss the unsettling events. Russo also complained about a telephone call from a strange metallic voice that demanded the Livermore group cease its research activities with Geller, after which the apparitions faded away.[^1]
-
+  - Physicist
+  - LawrenceLivermore
+  - UriGeller
+  - KitGreen
+summary: "Pseudonym used by Jim Schnabel in Remote Viewers (1997) for a Livermore physicist who, with his wife, saw a giant bird in their bedroom and later complained of a telephone call from a metallic voice."
+location: "Livermore, California"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]"
+    start: 1974
+    role: "physicist; pseudonym of an unnamed person in Schnabel (1997)"
+    fn: 2
+created: 2026-05-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997.
-[^2]: Havenstein, Rudy. "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley." Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel."
+Mike Russo is the name [[Jim Schnabel]] gave to a physicist at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) in *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (1997). The *Grey Lodge Occult Review* stated that "the names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis... are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel."[^1]
+
+### Apparitions
+
+In Schnabel's account, members of the Livermore group that had tested [[Uri Geller]] began to see fantastic images in the days and weeks afterward, among them hovering gray monochrome saucers and "fantastic animals from the ecstatic lore of shamans," including large raven-like birds that were seen "traipsing through the yards of several members of the group." One of these "appeared briefly to a physicist named Mike Russo and his terrified wife": the two were lying around one morning when a giant bird stood staring at them from the foot of their bed. "After a few weeks of this, Russo and some of the others began seriously to wonder if they were losing their sanity," and [[Peter Crane]] telephoned the CIA analyst Schnabel calls Richard Kennett, identified by the *Grey Lodge Occult Review* as [[Kit Green]].[^2]
+
+### Meetings with Kennett and the telephone call
+
+After meeting Crane in a coffee shop in the town of Livermore, Schnabel writes, Kennett "was having long meetings with Russo and the others. They perspired, trembled, and even wept openly as they related some of the things that had happened to them."[^2] The same passage says the group's security clearances had required screening for psychological disorders, and that Kennett recognized, among a few intelligible words spoken by a metallic voice on an audiotape of a Geller session, the code name of a closely held government project that Russo, Crane and the others did not know. Schnabel does not give the code name.[^2]
+
+The situation "eventually resolved itself, after Russo complained about a telephone call from the strange metallic voice. The voice demanded that the Livermore group cease its research activities with Geller. The group did, and within a month, the bizarre apparitions faded away."[^2]
+
+### Other accounts
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]]'s *Phenomena* (2017) has Green saying that the Livermore scientists "carried top-secret clearances," that they reported "raven-like birds on their bedposts" and orbs floating down hallways in their homes, and that "two of the Livermore scientists quit," taking events as a message that they should no longer work on nuclear weapons. The same book has a security officer, [[Ron Robertson]], telephoning Green after the second day of tests.[^3] A CIA staff report of late 1974 records an [[Atomic Energy Commission]] security officer's report, received on October 23, 1974, of two days of testing Geller at Livermore.[^4]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5.
+[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^3]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), quoting Christopher Green; as quoted at https://schwabstack.substack.com/p/spies-of-the-superspectral-order.
+[^4]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pat
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pat
@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ SRI's SCANATE report introduces him without a surname: "As a backup test, the co

 The Semipalatinsk experiment ran in three phases "under direct control of the COTR": Phase I with coordinates and the words "R&D test facility" only, Phase II after "the subject being made 'witting' (of the client) by client representatives who introduced themselves to the subject," and Phase III "the generation of unverifiable data concerning the Semipalatinsk site not available to the client, but of operational interest nonetheless," over two weeks. The Los Alamos analyst who reviewed the tapes of July 9 to 15, 1974, found that on the first day he "successfully evaded drawing a perimeter of the area even though he was asked to do this twice" and produced a 500-foot antenna, a swimming pool "for underwater testing," an array of telephone poles, and an airstrip that did not exist; that on the second "Price supplied the most positive evidence yet for the remote-viewing experiment with his sketch of the rail-mounted gantry crane. It seems inconceivable to imagine how he could have drawn such a likeness to the actual crane at URDF-3 unless: 1) he actually saw it through remote viewing, or 2) he was informed of what to draw by someone knowledgeable of URDF-3," adding, "I only mention this second possibility because the experiment was not controlled to discount the possibility that Price could talk to other people, such as the Disinformation Section of the KGB"; that on the third, shown the surface features of the underground Building 1, he said "No, that's a concrete apron, and there's nothing subterranean right in that particular area," which "was his most negative evidence yet"; and on the fourth admitted "he had been trying to force-fit a space-oriented situation to the target location." The conclusion: "I consider Price's remote-viewing experiment of URDF-3 to be unsuccessful. I recommend that the tapes be considered for use with the psychological stress evaluator." An outside reviewer of the SRI progress reports in 1974, under the heading "Remote Viewing by Mr. Price," wrote that "one cannot determine whether he was aware of the nine sites or had visited them prior to the experiment," and closed: "one still has the feeling that the prevailing philosophy is to 'prove' the existence of an information channel." When OTS briefed the House intelligence committee in November 1977 it left with the staff "a brief article on Mr. Pat Price."[^2]

-[[David Marks]] and [[Richard Kammann]] of the [[University of Otago]] argued in Nature in August 1978 that the judging of his nine-trial series depended on "multiple extraneous cues which were available in the original unedited transcripts," such as "Nothing like having three successes behind you" in the fourth, and on a target list given to the judge "in the correct order"; Puthoff, Targ and [[Charles Tart]] answered with a rejudging of edited transcripts in which "seven of the nine were correctly matched," and Puthoff conceded in 1980 that the list had been "inadvertently (through an error) given in the same order." The Snyders' evaluation of 1979 added: "It is alleged, although unverified by the authors, that Price had once worked for the organization that had control over that particular site" in West Virginia.[^901]
+[[David Marks]] and [[Richard Kammann]] of the [[University of Otago]] argued in Nature in August 1978 that the judging of his nine-trial series depended on "multiple extraneous cues which were available in the original unedited transcripts," such as "Nothing like having three successes behind you" in the fourth, and on a target list given to the judge "in the correct order"; Puthoff, Targ and [[Charles Tart]] answered with a rejudging of edited transcripts in which "seven of the nine were correctly matched," and Puthoff conceded in 1980 that the list had been "inadvertently (through an error) given in the same order." The Snyders' evaluation of 1979 added: "It is alleged, although unverified by the authors, that Price had once worked for the organization that had control over that particular site" in West Virginia.[^3]

 ### CIA Direct Work (1974-1975)

 In the autumn of 1974, Price left SRI and began working directly for the CIA outside the SRI institutional framework, including a period attempting to identify coal deposits in Huntington, West Virginia, using psychic methods for a commercial client. He also undertook CIA-tasked remote viewing sessions to attempt to confirm locations of foreign intelligence facilities. He passed initial CIA verification tests, accurately describing embassy layouts and interior details that were confirmed against classified records.

-The *Nature* paper of October 1974 reported his nine double-blind trials against Bay Area sites, six matched by a plurality of five judges, and gave him, with Hella Hammid, as one of "two of our subjects (H.H. and P.P.)" who "had not considered themselves to have unusual perceptual ability before their participation." Targ's memoir of 1996 quotes his words on July 10, 1974: "I am lying on my back on the roof of a two or three story brick building. It's a sunny day. The sun feels good. There's the most amazing thing. There's a giant gantry crane moving back and forth over my head," and his description of "a giant, 'sixty-foot diameter metal sphere'" assembled from "thick metal gores," which Targ set beside an *Aviation Week* report of May 2, 1977, of Soviet steel gores for "a large sphere estimated to be about 18 meters (57.8 feet) in diameter." In August 1977 [[Stansfield Turner]] told reporters that the agency "had found a man who could 'see' what was going on anywhere in the world," dropped in 1975: "He died, and we haven't heard from him since."[^3]
+The *Nature* paper of October 1974 reported his nine double-blind trials against Bay Area sites, six matched by a plurality of five judges, and gave him, with Hella Hammid, as one of "two of our subjects (H.H. and P.P.)" who "had not considered themselves to have unusual perceptual ability before their participation." Targ's memoir of 1996 quotes his words on July 10, 1974: "I am lying on my back on the roof of a two or three story brick building. It's a sunny day. The sun feels good. There's the most amazing thing. There's a giant gantry crane moving back and forth over my head," and his description of "a giant, 'sixty-foot diameter metal sphere'" assembled from "thick metal gores," which Targ set beside an *Aviation Week* report of May 2, 1977, of Soviet steel gores for "a large sphere estimated to be about 18 meters (57.8 feet) in diameter." In August 1977 [[Stansfield Turner]] told reporters that the agency "had found a man who could 'see' what was going on anywhere in the world," dropped in 1975: "He died, and we haven't heard from him since."[^4]

 ### Death and Disputed Circumstances

@ -66,5 +66,5 @@ Within the government's remote viewing program, Price's Semipalatinsk session wa

 [^1]: Stanford Research Institute, "Project SCANATE, Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100480002-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part one, executive summary, SRI Project 3183, covering January 1974 to February 1975, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100420001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^2]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "An Analysis of a Remote Viewing Experiment of URDF-3," report of the four sessions of July 9 to 15, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200240001-0, cited by Kress as the work of Dr. Stillman of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, December 4, 1975. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Review of Perceptual Augmentation Techniques," unsigned review of SRI progress reports 1 to 3, c. August 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200230001-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Brandwein, David S., Director, Office of Technical Service, memoranda "Stanford Research Institute Parapsychology Research," February 20, 1976 (CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020001-9), and "OTS Support to Research in Parapsychology," October 7, 1976 (CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020016-3); memorandum for the record, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," OTS memo 287-77, November 17, 1977 (CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020020-8); memorandum for the record, "Discussions with OTS on the SRI Project," June 22, 1974 (CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110016-8). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^3]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transmission under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," *Nature,* vol. 251, October 18, 1974, pp. 602-607, read in the CIA Reading Room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100220001-8 on archive.org. Targ, Russell. "Remote Viewing at Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s: A Memoir," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 77-88, reprinted from Targ and Katra, *Mind-to-Mind* (1996); read in a Wayback Machine copy of the journal's PDF.
-[^901]: Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. "Information transmission in remote viewing experiments." *Nature,* vol. 274, August 17, 1978, pp. 680-681, received July 2, 1977, accepted May 31, 1978. https://www.nature.com/articles/274680a0. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf Puthoff, H. E., and Russell Targ, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," and Tart, Charles T., "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," January 1979, "submitted for publication to Nature," CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5; published as Tart, Puthoff and Targ, *Nature,* vol. 284, 1980, p. 191. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. "Information transmission in remote viewing experiments." *Nature,* vol. 274, August 17, 1978, pp. 680-681, received July 2, 1977, accepted May 31, 1978. https://www.nature.com/articles/274680a0. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf Puthoff, H. E., and Russell Targ, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," and Tart, Charles T., "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," January 1979, "submitted for publication to Nature," CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5; published as Tart, Puthoff and Targ, *Nature,* vol. 284, 1980, p. 191. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transmission under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," *Nature,* vol. 251, October 18, 1974, pp. 602-607, read in the CIA Reading Room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100220001-8 on archive.org. Targ, Russell. "Remote Viewing at Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s: A Memoir," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 77-88, reprinted from Targ and Katra, *Mind-to-Mind* (1996); read in a Wayback Machine copy of the journal's PDF.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ricky
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ricky
@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ Ollie Newell had been convicted of drug charges in Indiana in the late 1980s and
 [^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 16: "It's a burn"
 [^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter"
 [^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 21: "I could go anywhere in the world and sell dope"
+[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 24: "They're gonna forget I was a drug dealer"
 [^11]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 25: "Things are moving all around us"
 [^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 26: "That matter, if true, would be classified"
 [^13]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 27: "A very difficult decision"
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ron
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ron
@ -1,19 +1,47 @@
 ---
 aliases:
- Ron Robertson
+  - Ron Robertson
+  - Ronald Robertson
+  - Mr. Robertson
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
  - Person
-  - Stargate
-  - CIA
-summary: "Ron Robertson was a security officer for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)."
+  - AEC
+  - Security
+  - LawrenceLivermore
+  - UriGeller
+  - Psychokinesis
+summary: "Atomic Energy Commission security officer at Livermore who, as quoted in 1976, wondered whether a psychic could trigger a nuclear weapon, and who in Jacobsen's account called the CIA's Kit Green after Geller's tests."
+location: "Livermore, California"
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Atomic Energy Commission]]"
+    start: 1974
+    role: "security officer assigned to Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (title and dates as given by Geller, 1986, and Jacobsen, 2017)"
+    fn: 1
+created: 2026-05-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

-Ron Robertson was a security officer for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC). He was assigned to oversee national security issues between the AEC, [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Livermore]], and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] during [[Uri Geller]]'s classified [[Psychokinesis|psychokinesis]] tests in the winter of 1975[^1].
+Ron Robertson is named as a security officer of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC) at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] in two published accounts of the laboratory's 1974 to 1975 sessions with [[Uri Geller]]: the Time correspondent [[John L. Wilhelm|John Wilhelm]]'s *The Search for Superman* (1976), as characterized by Geller, and [[Annie Jacobsen]]'s *Phenomena* (2017).[^1][^2]

-These tests, conducted at a laboratory adjacent to Livermore in an old wooden [[World War II]] barracks, involved firing high-quality lasers at a target and placing magnetic computer program cards in a lead container to see if Geller could interfere with them. Robertson's role was to ensure security protocols were maintained, especially given Geller's status as a foreign national and unresolved potential role with the [[Mossad]][^1].
+### The 1976 quotation

-After the second day of tests, Robertson called [[Kit Green]] at [[Central Intelligence Agency]] headquarters, reporting that several nuclear weapons engineers had seen inexplicable phenomena, including "items flying across the room. Lights flashing. A six-inch ball of light, rolling down the hallway. One scientist reported seeing a flying orb." These incidents, which Green privately thought sounded like "poltergeist events," caused concern at both the AEC and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], leading Green to investigate whether the scientists were experiencing hallucinations[^1].
+In *The Geller Effect* (1986), Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair wrote: "While I was being tested at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, one of the security men there, Ron Robertson of the Atomic Energy Commission, wondered if somebody like me could trigger a nuclear explosion or, worse still, a malfunction. 'All it takes is the ability to move one-eighth of an ounce a quarter of an inch at a distance of one foot,' John Wilhelm quoted him as saying." The passage adds that Wilhelm mentioned reports of unexplained bomb explosions aboard American ships in the Vietnam area and noted that Geller had moved a one-twentieth-of-an-ounce weight on a pan balance at the [[Stanford Research Institute]]. Geller then wrote that "some time later" he was taken to a high-security installation in another country where someone with no connection to the Livermore scientists asked him to do what Robertson had in mind, with real, unarmed warheads hidden behind a screen.[^2]
+
+### The October 1974 telephone call
+
+A CIA staff report filed with a Reuters item of November 4, 1974 records that its writer received a telephone call "on 23 October" from a "Security Officer" of the AEC at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, who said the laboratory had "just spent two days in the laboratory testing Geller" with forty AEC scientists having spent a month designing the experiments. The document does not name the caller and says the information came "anecdotally" from a security officer who was not an experimenter.[^3]
+
+### Jacobsen's account, 1975
+
+Jacobsen places the tests in the winter of 1975 in a laboratory adjacent to Livermore, in an old wooden World War II barracks, with high-quality lasers fired at a target and magnetic computer program cards placed in a lead container, and has Robertson responsible for security arrangements given Geller's status as a foreign national and his unresolved possible role with the [[Mossad]]. After the second day, she writes, Robertson telephoned [[Kit Green]] at [[Central Intelligence Agency]] headquarters to report that several nuclear weapons engineers had seen "items flying across the room. Lights flashing. A six-inch ball of light, rolling down the hallway," and that one scientist reported a flying orb; Green privately thought the reports sounded like "poltergeist events" and began to investigate whether the scientists were hallucinating.[^1]
+
+[[Jim Schnabel]]'s *Remote Viewers* (1997) tells the sequence differently: the Livermore group, led by a physicist he calls [[Peter Crane]], began unofficial after-hours tests in late 1974, and it was Crane who telephoned the CIA analyst Schnabel calls "Richard Kennett," whom the *Grey Lodge Occult Review* identified as Kit Green.[^4]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017). Sole source for the barracks, the lead container, the call to Green and the quoted descriptions.
+[^2]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapter on scientific research, citing John Wilhelm, *The Search for Superman* (New York: Pocket Books, 1976). PDF at http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. Geller is the sole source for the characterization of Wilhelm's quotation.
+[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the call.
+[^4]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted in Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel."
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Steven
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Steven
@ -1,16 +1,75 @@
 ---
+created: 2026-05-15
+updated: 2026-10-05
+title: Steven Shaw
 aliases:
- Steven Shaw
+  - Steven Shaw
+  - Steve Shaw
+  - Banachek
+  - Steve "Banachek" Shaw
+  - Steven Banachek
 category: "Skeptics & Critics"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Skeptic
  - Magician
-summary: "Steven Shaw was one of two young magicians, along with Michael Edwards, who participated in James Randi's hoax against the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University in 1983."
+  - Mentalist
+  - ProjectAlpha
+  - McDonnellLaboratory
+  - JREF
+summary: "Mentalist known as Banachek who, at 18, became a subject at the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research as part of James Randi's Project Alpha and later directed the JREF million dollar challenge."
+born: 1960-11-30
+location: "England"
+relations:
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Project Alpha]]"
+    start: 1979
+    end: 1983-01-28
+    role: "posed as a psychic subject in Project Alpha at Randi's request; revealed January 28, 1983"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: subject_of
+    with: "[[McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research]]"
+    start: 1979
+    end: 1982
+    role: "subject of metal-bending, telepathy and fuse experiments directed by Peter R. Phillips"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: subject_of
+    with: "[[Berthold Schwarz]]"
+    start: 1981
+    end: 1982
+    role: "subject of the 51-page paper 'Taming the Poltergeist'; Schwarz and Shaw gave differing accounts of what Shaw said about healing"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[James Randi Educational Foundation]]"
+    role: "director of its million dollar paranormal challenge, later president, as stated on his own website"
+    fn: 1
 ---
-Steven Shaw was one of two young magicians, along with [[Michael Edwards]], who participated in [[James Randi]]'s hoax against the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University in 1983. Shaw and Edwards pretended to be psychics capable of [[Psychokinesis|psychokinesis]], using sleight of hand to simulate feats like spoon bending[^1].

-They spent a total of five weeks in the lab over a three-year period. When Randi held a press conference to expose the hoax, Steven Shaw famously walked up to the microphone and said, "I cheat," revealing the deception[^1].
+Steven Shaw, who performs as Banachek, states on his own website that he was born in England on November 30, 1960, was educated in England, South Africa and the United States, saw magic first at fourteen at a school event in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, and moved to the United States in 1976. He credits a used copy of [[James Randi]]'s book on [[Uri Geller]] with changing his life.[^1] In 1983 Randi described him as "an English immigrant hospital employee in Washington, PA, and part time mentalist" who was eighteen when Project Alpha began.[^2]
+
+### Before Project Alpha
+
+[[Marcello Truzzi]] recorded that Shaw had presented himself as a genuine psychic since 1977, before he met Randi, citing a newspaper item of 1977 and a feature by Terry Hazlett, "Steve Shaw: Mentalist or Magician?," in the Pittsburgh *Observer-Reporter* of January 2, 1979. The *[[Skeptical Inquirer]]* of Fall 1980 had published "Downfall of a Would-Be Psychic" by Donald McBurney and Jack Greenberg about a young subject, and a later letter to the journal pointed out that this was Shaw. Truzzi wrote that Randi had told the McDonnell Laboratory about the article in late December 1981, that [[Peter R. Phillips]] replied the next month that the article showed only that Shaw failed to demonstrate psi when controls were introduced and that he "had not been caught cheating at all," and that Randi's explanation in the journal was that Shaw's presentation of himself as a psychic was part of his "cover."[^3]
+
+### Project Alpha, 1979 to 1983
+
+Randi wrote that when the [[McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research]] at [[Washington University]] announced in 1979 that it sought subjects, he asked two young conjurors who had written to him to apply, and that Shaw and [[Michael Edwards]], 18 and 17, were the only two chosen of some 300 applicants. The two had agreed that if an experimenter asked directly whether they used tricks they would answer, "Yes, and we were sent here by James Randi." Randi wrote that they were never asked.[^2]
+
+According to Randi, Shaw and Edwards switched paper tags on measured spoons and keys, peeked into envelopes closed with staples and restapled them through the same holes, reinserted blown fuses, and turned the "target" control of a video camera to make the picture "bloom," which the laboratory included in its film. He wrote that Shaw removed a metal rod from a groove in an acrylic slab, bent it and replaced it, an experiment the laboratory deemed impossible by trickery. He also described a sealed aquarium that the pair opened at night through an unlocked window, and a rotor under a glass dome turned by air from blowing at the base. After Phillips's tightened protocol of late 1981, which Randi said removed the pair's ability to use simple trickery, they were tested or entertained by other investigators. The psychiatrist [[Berthold Schwarz]] wrote a 51-page paper, "Taming the Poltergeist," on experiments with Shaw; Randi wrote that "actually, the experimenter was Banachek; Schwarz was the subject." Randi wrote that Shaw explained a swirl on 8-mm film, in which Schwarz saw faces, a UFO and other forms, by saying "he'd simply spat on the lens."[^2]
+
+Truzzi recorded that Schwarz became involved with Shaw because he hoped Shaw might use psychokinesis to help Schwarz's seriously ill daughter, that Schwarz said Shaw encouraged both of them in the search for a paranormal cure, and that when Truzzi asked Shaw about this at the 1983 [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal|CSICOP]] conference, where Shaw was a featured speaker, Shaw "flatly denied this description of the events." Truzzi noted that Schwarz said a tape existed of Shaw's remarks about telekinetic therapy at the National Institute for Rehabilitation Engineering in New Jersey. He also recorded that Phillips issued a public statement on research with Steve Shaw on September 1, 1981, and that later experiments with Shaw and Edwards reported at the 1982 [[Parapsychological Association]] meetings used controls the authors regarded as adequate and produced results "not indicative of psi."[^3]
+
+At Randi's press conference on January 28, 1983, [[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote, Shaw walked to the microphone and said "I cheat." Jacobsen wrote that Shaw and Edwards spent a total of five weeks in the laboratory over a three-year period; Randi's account gives "more than 160 hours during the four years of their lives" devoted to the experiment.[^4][^2]
+
+### After 1983
+
+[[Walter Uphoff]], whom Randi described as unable to explain his results after the exposure, asked a reporter, in Randi's quotation, "How do these kids know they're fakes?"[^2] [[Stanley Krippner]], quoted by Truzzi, was among parapsychologists who held that Alpha raised serious ethical issues.[^3]
+
+Shaw's website describes him as a former president of the [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] who oversaw its million dollar challenge, as having helped investigate the evangelist [[Peter Popoff]], as the creator of the "magic bullet" bullet catch that [[Penn & Teller]] later performed in their Las Vegas show, and as the first person to be buried six feet underground in chains and handcuffs and escape. It lists consulting for Penn & Teller, [[Criss Angel]] and [[David Blaine]].[^1]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: Banachek, "About," https://banachek.com/about/ (self-published biography; sole source for the passages so cited on birth, upbringing, JREF role, the bullet catch and the burial escape).
+[^2]: Randi, James, "The Project Alpha Experiment: Part 1. The First Two Years," *Skeptical Inquirer,* Summer 1983, and "Part 2. Beyond the Laboratory," Fall 1983, https://archive.org/details/JamesRandiTheProjectAlpha
+[^3]: Truzzi, Marcello, "Reflections on 'Project Alpha': Scientific Experiment or Conjuror's Illusion?," *Zetetic Scholar,* nos. 12 and 13 (issue numbers printed 11 and 12), August 1987, https://archive.org/details/alpha-project-zetetic-scholar-nos-12-13
+[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Edmund
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Edmund
@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ Major General Edmund R. Thompson was the [[United States Army|Army]]'s assistant

 His eyes-only memorandum on the steering committee warned that Representative Charles Rose had an "oft-repeated desire to be kept up to date on a continuing basis" and that "a situation as before in which the last briefing was done at his instigation, forcing us to be reactors rather than action takers, should be avoided." By January 1980 he "has briefed the DDO on the INSCOM program." On April 16, 1981, he sat with Lieutenant Colonel Murray Watt to brief Rose, assuring him that the Army wished to keep working with SRI, and on May 8, 1981, asked the Secretary of the Army to approve work with civilian contractors under Procedure 18 of the Defense Department's rules on human subjects, granted on May 27 on condition that it serve "an important foreign intelligence or counterintelligence purpose." In 1981 his office transferred management of the project to INSCOM.[^4][^5]

-Thompson received a copy of [[Ruth Davis]]'s memorandum of November 20, 1978, on the oversight of the remote-viewing project; the report of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] records that in the spring of 1978 "the Army ACSI was designated focal point to develop a DA program" of "moderate intensity, low profile," that he sat on the steering committee at its first meeting on February 13, 1979, and that in 1979 "MG Thompson requested the Surgeon General designate, by name, a fully qualified behavioral scientist to act as consultant during protocol development." According to Major [[William Stoner]], [[Ray Hyman]]'s candidacy for the committee ended "because of a protest memo from MG Thompson to Dr [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]]," and at the briefing of January 14, 1980, "when quizzed by MG Thompson on what the word 'proof' in the report findings meant, Gale responded with a flurry of scientific buzzwords and jargon, the bottom line of which is that SCIENTIFIC PROOF has not been demonstrated."[^900]
+Thompson received a copy of [[Ruth Davis]]'s memorandum of November 20, 1978, on the oversight of the remote-viewing project; the report of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] records that in the spring of 1978 "the Army ACSI was designated focal point to develop a DA program" of "moderate intensity, low profile," that he sat on the steering committee at its first meeting on February 13, 1979, and that in 1979 "MG Thompson requested the Surgeon General designate, by name, a fully qualified behavioral scientist to act as consultant during protocol development." According to Major [[William Stoner]], [[Ray Hyman]]'s candidacy for the committee ended "because of a protest memo from MG Thompson to Dr [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]]," and at the briefing of January 14, 1980, "when quizzed by MG Thompson on what the word 'proof' in the report findings meant, Gale responded with a flurry of scientific buzzwords and jargon, the bottom line of which is that SCIENTIFIC PROOF has not been demonstrated."[^6]

-At Watt's briefing of Representative Rose on January 16, 1980, "Page 3 of Incl 1 was not provided to the audience at the direction of MG Thompson," and Thompson "had no objections to taping the briefing" for the subcommittee. An undated note of his to Lieutenant General [[Eugene Tighe|Tighe]] reads: "Reference my 3 October memo discussing the GRILL FLAME Steering Committee, Dr. LaBerge agreed that the principals should meet soon. My office was asked to coordinate."[^901]
+At Watt's briefing of Representative Rose on January 16, 1980, "Page 3 of Incl 1 was not provided to the audience at the direction of MG Thompson," and Thompson "had no objections to taping the briefing" for the subcommittee. An undated note of his to Lieutenant General [[Eugene Tighe|Tighe]] reads: "Reference my 3 October memo discussing the GRILL FLAME Steering Committee, Dr. LaBerge agreed that the principals should meet soon. My office was asked to coordinate."[^7]

 ### Footnotes

@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ At Watt's briefing of Representative Rose on January 16, 1980, "Page 3 of Incl 1
 [^3]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^4]: Thompson, E. R., Major General, memorandum "GRILL FLAME Steering Committee" to Dr. La Berge, eyes only, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250013-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Grill Flame - Action Memorandum," December 11, 1981, with the memorandum of Major General E. R. Thompson of May 8, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100240001-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^900]: Davis, Ruth M., Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (Research and Advanced Technology), memorandum for Dr. Jack Vorona, "'Remote Viewing' Project," November 20, 1978, with the letter of Charlie Rose, Chairman, Subcommittee on Evaluation, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Davis, October 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500240017-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^901]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 January 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Thompson, E. R., "Note for: LTG Tighe," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250008-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^6]: Davis, Ruth M., Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (Research and Advanced Technology), memorandum for Dr. Jack Vorona, "'Remote Viewing' Project," November 20, 1978, with the letter of Charlie Rose, Chairman, Subcommittee on Evaluation, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Davis, October 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500240017-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^7]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 January 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Thompson, E. R., "Note for: LTG Tighe," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250008-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jack
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jack
@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ Vorona chaired the Defense Department's Grill Flame committee, which grew out of

 Vorona arranged the briefing of Senator [[Claiborne Pell]] on September 29, 1982, two days before Congress ended the Army's funding; "Senator Pell had had previous briefings concerning parapsychology from Dr. Vorona." On October 5, 1983, with Hal Puthoff and the [[Center Lane]] officers, he briefed Senator [[Malcolm Wallop]], "the individual who was responsible for the project being eliminated," and asked him "to insert language in the Congressional Conference Report that would permit the program to be included in the FY 85 GDIP submission"; Wallop "replied that he is only one person." On October 7 the committees' staff asked "what is the benefit of placing the program back in the NFIP since DIA has Program 6 (P-6) money," and when he answered "security," told him "that there was no security in the NFIP, and since P-6 money is available, it could be dangerous to reintroduce the subject to the Congressional Committees. Dr. Vorona did not continue the debate and terminated the briefing." As chairman of the working group he had answered the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]]'s report of December 1979 with a memorandum supporting its finding that "unexplained observations of human capabilities to generate data of potential utility to intelligence have been documented" and objecting that "many of the difficulties in the report, especially those of fact and incompleteness, could have been avoided if the report had been collectively reviewed in draft."[^4]

-In the report of the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee, "in August 1978, Dr. Vorona, DIA, chaired a meeting to develop a coordinated DOD program," and he sat at the first meeting of the Grill Flame steering committee on February 13, 1979, "standing in for LTG [[Eugene Tighe|Tighe]]." The committee visited him at DIA on September 26, 1979. On November 27, 1979, his working group moved that he "contact Mr. Gale and inform him of the working group's desire and need to see and be briefed on the Gale Committee's report prior to it being given to any other party or group," a discussion held "while the committee chairman was not present," after which "consultation with him reveals that his view of the Committee's goal and function is not one of oversight but one of coordination and liaison." His minutes of January 10, 1980, record that Gale's briefing "was not received favorably" and that the report was "misleading and inadequate"; according to Major [[William Stoner]], he wrote to Tighe on January 11 urging him "to intercede with Dr [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]] on the report" so that it "be put on hold until the Working Group, as part of its responsibilities, could provide a clear analysis of what the report says." His signed comments as chairman of the working group followed.[^900]
+In the report of the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee, "in August 1978, Dr. Vorona, DIA, chaired a meeting to develop a coordinated DOD program," and he sat at the first meeting of the Grill Flame steering committee on February 13, 1979, "standing in for LTG [[Eugene Tighe|Tighe]]." The committee visited him at DIA on September 26, 1979. On November 27, 1979, his working group moved that he "contact Mr. Gale and inform him of the working group's desire and need to see and be briefed on the Gale Committee's report prior to it being given to any other party or group," a discussion held "while the committee chairman was not present," after which "consultation with him reveals that his view of the Committee's goal and function is not one of oversight but one of coordination and liaison." His minutes of January 10, 1980, record that Gale's briefing "was not received favorably" and that the report was "misleading and inadequate"; according to Major [[William Stoner]], he wrote to Tighe on January 11 urging him "to intercede with Dr [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]] on the report" so that it "be put on hold until the Working Group, as part of its responsibilities, could provide a clear analysis of what the report says." His signed comments as chairman of the working group followed.[^5]

-The minutes of the meeting of August 24, 1978, in his conference room record him opening "with comments about the extreme sensitivity of the subject," that "the program will be established specifically to investigate the remote viewing phenomenon and the extraordinary collection potential it offers," and his decision "against the establishment of a restricted access list and a special codeword for the program, since this would only generate more paperwork"; his letters of September 6 to the service intelligence chiefs asked for "funding levels you might be able to sustain over the next five years."[^901]
+The minutes of the meeting of August 24, 1978, in his conference room record him opening "with comments about the extreme sensitivity of the subject," that "the program will be established specifically to investigate the remote viewing phenomenon and the extraordinary collection potential it offers," and his decision "against the establishment of a restricted access list and a special codeword for the program, since this would only generate more paperwork"; his letters of September 6 to the service intelligence chiefs asked for "funding levels you might be able to sustain over the next five years."[^6]

 ### Career in the Documents

-A "Project Contacts" list of August 1, 1995, in the CIA's files, its author redacted: "From 1975 to his retirement from DIA as DDS&TI in 1990, Jack had principal responsibility for the operational use of the phenomena. He has a list of contacts both active and retired of end-users who have already testified to a number of important governmental committees as to the utility of anomalous cognition. Since 1991, Jack has served as the chair of our Policy Oversight Committee." A "Key Players" list gives him as "Dr. Jack Vorona (GS-18)"; an oversight roster as "Jack Vorona, Ph.D."; his title is printed variously as Deputy Director, Assistant Vice Director and Assistant Deputy Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, office symbol DT. He testified to the House Appropriations Committee's defense subcommittee on April 12, 1983, in a GDIP budget overview. At an Army meeting of April 13, 1982, "it was decided that Dr. Vorona would be the 'point person' in defending the GRILL FLAME Program to Congress"; [[Lincoln D. Faurer|Lincoln Faurer]] of NSA "had been exposed to GRILL FLAME some time ago by Dr. Jack Vorona, DIA, who knew LTG Faurer when he was assigned at DIA"; [[Edwin May]] wrote in 1995 that "Senator [[William S. Cohen|Cohen]] first learned of the program from Jack Vorona." He signed the DIA information memorandum of December 22, 1981, on "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG [[James L. Dozier|Dozier]]." In February 1983 he "has either obtained or received commitment for $200K from DARPA," "the amount that Dr Vorona stated was needed to keep SRI intact for FY 83," and after briefing [[Richard DeLauer|Richard De Lauer]] on October 3, 1983, "received $600,000 Program 6 money to continue his program."[^900]
+A "Project Contacts" list of August 1, 1995, in the CIA's files, its author redacted: "From 1975 to his retirement from DIA as DDS&TI in 1990, Jack had principal responsibility for the operational use of the phenomena. He has a list of contacts both active and retired of end-users who have already testified to a number of important governmental committees as to the utility of anomalous cognition. Since 1991, Jack has served as the chair of our Policy Oversight Committee." A "Key Players" list gives him as "Dr. Jack Vorona (GS-18)"; an oversight roster as "Jack Vorona, Ph.D."; his title is printed variously as Deputy Director, Assistant Vice Director and Assistant Deputy Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, office symbol DT. He testified to the House Appropriations Committee's defense subcommittee on April 12, 1983, in a GDIP budget overview. At an Army meeting of April 13, 1982, "it was decided that Dr. Vorona would be the 'point person' in defending the GRILL FLAME Program to Congress"; [[Lincoln D. Faurer|Lincoln Faurer]] of NSA "had been exposed to GRILL FLAME some time ago by Dr. Jack Vorona, DIA, who knew LTG Faurer when he was assigned at DIA"; [[Edwin May]] wrote in 1995 that "Senator [[William S. Cohen|Cohen]] first learned of the program from Jack Vorona." He signed the DIA information memorandum of December 22, 1981, on "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG [[James L. Dozier|Dozier]]." In February 1983 he "has either obtained or received commitment for $200K from DARPA," "the amount that Dr Vorona stated was needed to keep SRI intact for FY 83," and after briefing [[Richard DeLauer|Richard De Lauer]] on October 3, 1983, "received $600,000 Program 6 money to continue his program."[^7]

-On August 27, 1981, he met Brigadier General [[Garrison Rapmund]] of the Army Medical Research and Development Command, who "stated that as long as the Perry letter... remained as DoD policy, R&D funds could not be spent in the field of parapsychology," and "solicited BG Rapmund's assistance in getting the Perry letter rescinded." Visiting the Center Lane office on August 31, 1984, he "said that he would like to see psychoenergetics turn into a major discipline. He envisions expanding the current program in a manner similar to that of the disciplines of ELINT, SIGINT, COMINT, etc.," "would like to expand the current program to include PK and medical/psychological assessment," and reported that he and Rapmund "has signed an MOU" under which Rapmund "will provide one million dollars during FY85, two million during FY86, and four million during FY87," besides "TIARA funds and another $600K of P6 funds"; "he will be the central manager of the program under DIA and we will work for him." On March 11, 1985, four days after the DIA memorandum of agreement, "Dr. Vorona granted approval to continue with the training," an approval that fell to him "because of the human use implications" once the project was DIA's. The Sun Streak Oversight Panel met first in January 1986 with "Mr. D. Latham (Asst SecDef, C3I)" as chairman, "Lt Gen L. Perroots" of DIA as member, and "Dr. J. Vorona (DIA/DT), advisory member"; the unit's training reports and annual reports of 1985 to 1988 are addressed "TO: DT (Dr. Vorona)."[^900]
+On August 27, 1981, he met Brigadier General [[Garrison Rapmund]] of the Army Medical Research and Development Command, who "stated that as long as the Perry letter... remained as DoD policy, R&D funds could not be spent in the field of parapsychology," and "solicited BG Rapmund's assistance in getting the Perry letter rescinded." Visiting the Center Lane office on August 31, 1984, he "said that he would like to see psychoenergetics turn into a major discipline. He envisions expanding the current program in a manner similar to that of the disciplines of ELINT, SIGINT, COMINT, etc.," "would like to expand the current program to include PK and medical/psychological assessment," and reported that he and Rapmund "has signed an MOU" under which Rapmund "will provide one million dollars during FY85, two million during FY86, and four million during FY87," besides "TIARA funds and another $600K of P6 funds"; "he will be the central manager of the program under DIA and we will work for him." On March 11, 1985, four days after the DIA memorandum of agreement, "Dr. Vorona granted approval to continue with the training," an approval that fell to him "because of the human use implications" once the project was DIA's. The Sun Streak Oversight Panel met first in January 1986 with "Mr. D. Latham (Asst SecDef, C3I)" as chairman, "Lt Gen L. Perroots" of DIA as member, and "Dr. J. Vorona (DIA/DT), advisory member"; the unit's training reports and annual reports of 1985 to 1988 are addressed "TO: DT (Dr. Vorona)."[^7]

 ### Footnotes

@ -51,6 +51,6 @@ On August 27, 1981, he met Brigadier General [[Garrison Rapmund]] of the Army Me
 [^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
 [^3]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^4]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum "Information Briefing for Senator Clairborne Pell," October 6, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100320001-5; Buzby, Brian, information paper "GRILL FLAME Briefing Presented to Senator Pell," February 6, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100320004-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Buzby, Brian, memorandum "Briefing to Senator Wallop, 5 October 1983," October 14, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270015-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Buzby, Brian, memorandum on the briefing of Congressional intelligence committee staff of October 7, 1983, October 14, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270017-8; "ITAOPS Fact Sheet, Inputs for MG Stubblebine," April 10, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220021-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5; Vorona, J., "Comments on 'Report By: The GRILLFLAME Scientific Evaluation Committee,'" memorandum of the Grill Flame Working Group, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300060001-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^900]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979," S-1168/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, and "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 10 January 1980," S-1008/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1, both signed Jack Vorona, chairman. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^901]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the Meeting of the DoD Committee on Remote Viewing Activities," August 24, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140009-7; Vorona to the Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence, S-1862/DT-1, September 6, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410015-9; Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, to DIA, September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8; DIA to the 902d Military Intelligence Group, September 22, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140015-0; James L. Brown, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF, to Vorona, September 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410026-7; Army ACSI (DAMI-ISH) to Vorona, October 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410024-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^900]: "Project Contacts," August 1, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190048-5; "Key Players," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270002-9; "Scientific Oversight Committee," CIA-RDP96-00789R003200130001-2; bibliography citing Vorona's testimony to the House Appropriations Committee defense subcommittee of April 12, 1983, in "RV Reliability Enhancement and Evaluation," 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800150001-7; "OACSI Meeting About Grill Flame," April 13, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060003-1; "Recent Actions Concerning Project Grill Flame," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2; "Center Lane Briefing 3-7 October 1983," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270013-2; "Discussion with Dr. Jack Vorona," August 31, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090055-8; "Meeting With Dr. Vorona, 11 March 1985," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700290007-7; "Sun Streak Oversight Panel, Minutes of First Meeting," January 1986, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100200001-6; "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG Dozier," December 22, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600180016-8; "Grill Flame Briefing for Director, NSA," June and July 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230004-6; May, Edwin C., memorandum "Contacts," February 23, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190073-7; Jachim, R. J., "Meeting Between BG Rapmund and Dr. Jack Vorona," September 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440071-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^5]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979," S-1168/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, and "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 10 January 1980," S-1008/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1, both signed Jack Vorona, chairman. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Stoner, William L., Major, GS, "Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Gale Briefing to ZA, Science Evaluation Group Final Report on GRILL FLAME, 14 Jan 80," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230017-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^6]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the Meeting of the DoD Committee on Remote Viewing Activities," August 24, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140009-7; Vorona to the Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence, S-1862/DT-1, September 6, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410015-9; Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, to DIA, September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8; DIA to the 902d Military Intelligence Group, September 22, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140015-0; James L. Brown, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF, to Vorona, September 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410026-7; Army ACSI (DAMI-ISH) to Vorona, October 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410024-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^7]: "Project Contacts," August 1, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190048-5; "Key Players," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270002-9; "Scientific Oversight Committee," CIA-RDP96-00789R003200130001-2; bibliography citing Vorona's testimony to the House Appropriations Committee defense subcommittee of April 12, 1983, in "RV Reliability Enhancement and Evaluation," 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800150001-7; "OACSI Meeting About Grill Flame," April 13, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060003-1; "Recent Actions Concerning Project Grill Flame," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2; "Center Lane Briefing 3-7 October 1983," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270013-2; "Discussion with Dr. Jack Vorona," August 31, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090055-8; "Meeting With Dr. Vorona, 11 March 1985," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700290007-7; "Sun Streak Oversight Panel, Minutes of First Meeting," January 1986, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100200001-6; "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG Dozier," December 22, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600180016-8; "Grill Flame Briefing for Director, NSA," June and July 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230004-6; May, Edwin C., memorandum "Contacts," February 23, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190073-7; Jachim, R. J., "Meeting Between BG Rapmund and Dr. Jack Vorona," September 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440071-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John
@ -1,16 +1,80 @@
 ---
-aliases:
- John L. Wilhelm
-category: "Skeptics & Critics"
+category: "Authors & Journalists"
 tags:
  - Person
-  - Skeptic
-summary: "Wilhelm's exposé centered on the U.S."
+  - Journalist
+  - Time
+  - SRI
+  - UriGeller
+  - Parapsychology
+  - HPSCI
+  - Documentary
+alias:
+  - John L. Wilhelm
+  - John Wilhelm
+  - John Lenhart Wilhelm III
+  - John Lenhart Wilhelm
+  - Wilhelm
+summary: "Time science correspondent whose 1976 book The Search for Superman and August 7, 1977 Washington Post article on psychic spying drew a CIA memorandum in 1974 and a House intelligence committee briefing in 1977."
+location: "Washington, D.C."
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Time]]"
+    start: 1961
+    role: "reporter, then National Science Correspondent; listed on the March 4, 1974 Time masthead and described by the CIA on April 16, 1974 as a former Time reporter"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
+    start: 1974-04
+    role: "wrote to SRI president Charles Anderson in 1974 requesting interviews with Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ; CIA records the request"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: subject_of
+    with: "[[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]"
+    start: 1977-11-16
+    role: "his August 7, 1977 Washington Post article occasioned a committee staff briefing by the CIA Office of Technical Service"
+    fn: 8
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Science 80]]"
+    role: "managing editor, after Time"
+    fn: 11
+created: 2026-05-15
+updated: 2026-10-05
 ---

-John L. Wilhelm was a journalist and a skeptic of [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and other anomalous mental phenomena. He is known for his *Washington Post* article, "Psychic Spying? The [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[Pentagon]] and the Russians Probe the Military Potential of [[Parapsychology]]," published on August 7, 1977[^1].
+John Lenhart Wilhelm III graduated from [[Princeton University]] in 1959, served as an aviation intelligence officer in the [[U.S. Navy]] (planning bombing raids during the Cuban Missile Crisis, according to his obituary), and joined [[Time]] in 1961. At Time he became National Science Correspondent and reported on manned and unmanned space flights, the Vietnam War battle of Hamburger Hill, the 1968 B-52 crash at [[Thule Air Base]] in Greenland, the Kent State shootings, the [[Pentagon Papers]] and the arrest of [[Daniel Ellsberg]], and wrote the magazine's first cover story on environmental pollution.[^1] His name appears among the correspondents on the masthead of the March 4, 1974 issue of Time, which carried the cover story "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier" by [[Stefan Kanfer]].[^2]

-Wilhelm's exposé centered on the [[U.S. Navy]]'s top scientist, [[Samuel Koslov]], who publicly expressed outrage about the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] project on ESP, claiming he had demanded its cessation. Koslov told Wilhelm, "If you ask me, ‘Do you think it’s a pile of crap?’ I do, and you can quote me." Wilhelm's article highlighted the public relations nightmare faced by Koslov, especially as the nefarious details surrounding the [[Moscow Signal]] and [[Project Pandora]] had only recently become public[^1].
+### Request to interview SRI, 1974
+
+A memorandum for the record dated April 16, 1974, in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] STARGATE collection, is headed "Request for Information about Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Paranormal Research Project by Mr. Wilhelm former Time Reporter." It records that Wilhelm had written to [[Charles Anderson]], president of the [[Stanford Research Institute]], asking permission to interview [[Harold Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]], and that Wilhelm "desires to write a true positive story of the activities at SRI to obviate the previous biased public accounts." Puthoff had telephoned the CIA to report the request and to ask its opinion. The memorandum states that "it was mutually agreed that since publication of certain portions of the work is imminent, refusal to see Mr. Whilhelm would only delay such interviews which will become more frequent in the future," and that the SRI investigators "will grant the interview and confine the discussions to the innocuous portions of their studies."[^3]
+
+### The Search for Superman, 1976
+
+Wilhelm's book *The Search for Superman: An Extraordinary Journey of Psychic Exploration* was published by Pocket Books in 1976.[^4] An outline of it kept in the CIA collection among SRI miscellaneous papers lists as its characters [[Uri Geller]], [[Andrija Puharich]], [[Hannah Shtrang]] and [[Shipi Shtrang]], [[Ingo Swann]], [[Pat Price]], [[J. B. Rhine]], [[Edgar Mitchell]] and Adrienne Puthoff (the "ring incident"), gives the purpose of the book as presenting "the facts as best they can be determined in the controversial psychic experiments carried out over the past several years by SRI," and notes that "assistance by SRI was given grudgingly, if at all" and that Wilhelm was "not allowed to witness any of their psychic tests." The same outline names [[George Lawrence]] of the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] and [[Robert Van de Castle]] on the "loose" Geller experiments.[^5]
+
+The British weekly *[[New Scientist]]* reviewed the book's treatment of the 1974 *Nature* paper by Targ and Puthoff. [[Joseph Hanlon]] wrote that "in his book, Wilhelm comes close to accusing Targ and Puthoff of dishonesty": Wilhelm alleged that in three of the thirteen picture-drawing trials Geller passed but a drawing was nonetheless included, that in one of these, a horse drawn against a camel target, "apparently Targ and Puthoff themselves may have helped select one of Uri's many drawings that best fit the target," that Puthoff told Geller whether a target was a geometric picture or an object, and that Shipi Shtrang and Jean Mayo were present at sessions, so that Geller's "SRI experiments tended to be more like full-blown stage performances than private experiments."[^6]
+
+In the *Humanist* review of Targ and Puthoff's *Mind-Reach*, [[Ray Hyman]] quoted Wilhelm's book on Hyman himself: "He has a personal belief structure that seemingly would suffer least if psychic phenomena became accepted as a scientific reality." Hyman cited the passage to argue that his criticisms of Targ and Puthoff were not dogmatic fanaticism.[^7]
+
+### "Psychic Spying?" and the House committee, 1977
+
+On August 7, 1977 the [[Washington Post]] published Wilhelm's article "Psychic Spying? The CIA, the Pentagon and the Russians Probe the Military Potential of Parapsychology."[^8] [[Annie Jacobsen]] reports that the article centered on [[Samuel Koslov]], described there as the Navy's top scientist, who publicly expressed outrage about the SRI work on extrasensory perception and said he had demanded that it stop. According to Jacobsen, Koslov told Wilhelm: "If you ask me, 'Do you think it's a pile of crap?' I do, and you can quote me," and the article appeared when the details of the [[Moscow Signal]] and [[Project Pandora]] had only recently become public.[^9]
+
+A CIA memorandum of November 17, 1977 (OTS/BAB Memo 287-77) records that "the Committee's interest was occasioned by the article 'Psychic Spying' which appeared in the Parade Section of the Washington Post on 7 August 1977." In response to a request from the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]], the Director of the [[Office of Technical Service]], David Brandwein, and other OTS officers briefed committee staff, among them Michael O'Neil and Pat Long, from about 1000 to 1100 hours on November 16, 1977, in the committee's offices. The staffers "asked very pertinent questions and were given frank and in-depth replies" to a short oral history of OTS work in the field dating to 1961. An OTS officer was asked to find out whether any other agency component was sponsoring ESP research. OTS left with the committee a written outline of its ESP work (classified SECRET), the IEEE article covering the unclassified portions of the SRI work, and a brief article on Pat Price; the committee declined additional information.[^10]
+
+### Later career and death
+
+After Time, Wilhelm was managing editor of the American Association for the Advancement of Science magazine *Science 80*, then a freelance science writer, with an early profile of [[Stephen Hawking]] among his pieces. He became a television producer, and was Emmy-nominated as executive producer of the [[PBS]] documentary *Comet Halley*, narrated by [[James Earl Jones]]. His other productions included *Planet Earth*, *My Heart, Your Heart* with [[Jim Lehrer]], *Two Cheers for the CIA*, and *Triumph at Carville: A Tale of Leprosy in America*, the last co-produced with his wife, Sally Squires Wilhelm. The obituary was published by the [[Association of Former Intelligence Officers]], of which he was a longtime member. He died at his home in Washington, D.C. on August 21, 2025, aged 87, of pancreatic cancer.[^11]

 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: "John Wilhelm, Longtime AFIO Member and Journalist," obituary, Association of Former Intelligence Officers, October 17, 2025. https://www.afio.com/obituaries/2025/10/17/john-wilhelm-longtime-afio-member-and-journalist/
+[^2]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time,* March 4, 1974, cover story, with the issue's Publisher's Letter (which names Associate Editor Stefan Kanfer as writer of the cover story) and masthead, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700030001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000700030001-3
+[^3]: Memorandum for the Record, "Request for Information about Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Paranormal Research Project by Mr. Wilhelm former Time Reporter," April 16, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200200023-5 (a second copy is CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090018-9). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Wilhelm, John. *The Search for Superman: An Extraordinary Journey of Psychic Exploration.* Pocket Books, 1976; publication year and publisher as given in Hanlon, Joseph, "Spoon-bending science," *New Scientist,* 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080018-5, and in the AFIO obituary cited above.
+[^5]: "The Search for Superman by John L. Wilhelm," typed outline, in "1978-80 SRI Misc. Papers," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100040006-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^6]: Hanlon, Joseph. "Spoon-bending science," *New Scientist,* 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080018-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^7]: Hyman, Ray. "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," review of Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, *Mind-Reach* (Delacorte, 1977), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^8]: Wilhelm, John L. "Psychic Spying? The Central Intelligence Agency, the Pentagon and the Russians Probe the Military Potential of Parapsychology," *Washington Post,* August 7, 1977 (title and date as given in Jacobsen and in the CIA memorandum cited at note 10).
+[^9]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited (Koslov's statements).
+[^10]: OTS/BAB Memo 287-77, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," November 17, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020020-8 and sanitized copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^11]: "John Wilhelm, Longtime AFIO Member and Journalist," Association of Former Intelligence Officers, October 17, 2025. https://www.afio.com/obituaries/2025/10/17/john-wilhelm-longtime-afio-member-and-journalist/
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Murray
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Murray
@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ Murray B. Watt, called Scotty, was a major of military intelligence in the human

 Watt briefed the committee on "INSCOM training and operational application of the remote viewing phenomenon" on November 27, 1979, and, as a lieutenant colonel, briefed Representative [[Charlie Rose|Charles Rose]] with General [[Edmund Thompson]] on April 16, 1981, writing the record of it. On June 30, 1981, as "outgoing project manager," he gave the first Grill Flame briefing to the new commander of INSCOM, [[Albert Stubblebine]], alongside his successor, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Jachim.[^3]

-Watt wrote INSCOM's record of the first meeting of "the DoD Committee on Special Sensors" on November 28, 1978, as "MAJ, MI, GRILL FLAME Project Officer, INSCOM," listing himself and Major [[William Stoner]] among thirteen present with [[Jack Vorona]], Dailey of the Under Secretary's office, [[Dale Graff]], [[John Kramar]] and Colonel Al DeProspero of AMSAA, Bill Mehuron of the Navy and a redacted name from NSA, and noting that "DIA will have 'Intelligence Oversight' responsibility; local IG cannot inspect without approval." On January 16, 1980, "I briefed Congressman Charlie Rose... on the INSCOM GRILL FLAME Project," with Thompson, Vorona, "Jake Stewart, NSC Staff Member" and "Dick Giza, Office of Congressman Rose" present; "Page 3 of Incl 1 was not provided to the audience at the direction of MG Thompson," and Rose "encouraged us to continue with our program." His comments on the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee|Gale report]] in February 1980 called it "very shallow in nature," noted "after all, we provided the committee with most of the data contained in the Annex," and asked of its handwriting passage, "Did they, in fact, question Targ on this handwriting issue?"; "at the working meeting held 30-31 Jan I outlined most of our major objections."[^900]
+Watt wrote INSCOM's record of the first meeting of "the DoD Committee on Special Sensors" on November 28, 1978, as "MAJ, MI, GRILL FLAME Project Officer, INSCOM," listing himself and Major [[William Stoner]] among thirteen present with [[Jack Vorona]], Dailey of the Under Secretary's office, [[Dale Graff]], [[John Kramar]] and Colonel Al DeProspero of AMSAA, Bill Mehuron of the Navy and a redacted name from NSA, and noting that "DIA will have 'Intelligence Oversight' responsibility; local IG cannot inspect without approval." On January 16, 1980, "I briefed Congressman Charlie Rose... on the INSCOM GRILL FLAME Project," with Thompson, Vorona, "Jake Stewart, NSC Staff Member" and "Dick Giza, Office of Congressman Rose" present; "Page 3 of Incl 1 was not provided to the audience at the direction of MG Thompson," and Rose "encouraged us to continue with our program." His comments on the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee|Gale report]] in February 1980 called it "very shallow in nature," noted "after all, we provided the committee with most of the data contained in the Annex," and asked of its handwriting passage, "Did they, in fact, question Targ on this handwriting issue?"; "at the working meeting held 30-31 Jan I outlined most of our major objections."[^4]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
 [^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
 [^3]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^900]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2; Watt, Murray B., "Summary of Working Group Meeting, DoD Committee on Special Sensors (C), 28 Nov 78," November 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240006-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 January 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., "Comments Concerning 'GRILL FLAME SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION COMMITTEE REPORT,' dated December 1979," catalogued February 13, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130025-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2; Watt, Murray B., "Summary of Working Group Meeting, DoD Committee on Special Sensors (C), 28 Nov 78," November 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240006-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 January 1980," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., "Comments Concerning 'GRILL FLAME SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION COMMITTEE REPORT,' dated December 1979," catalogued February 13, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130025-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Russell
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Russell
@ -31,18 +31,18 @@ Despite the personality conflicts and the controversial nature of the research,

 The paper he and Puthoff published in *Nature* on October 18, 1974, "Information Transmission under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," reported thirteen drawing experiments with Uri Geller in "a double-walled steel room" and later "a double-walled, copper-screen Faraday cage," in which two judges "each matched the target data to the response data with no error"; a hundred-picture series on which Geller "passed" every day, with results that "do not depart significantly from what would be expected by chance"; a die in a steel box called correctly eight times of eight; nine double-blind remote-viewing trials with Pat Price against Bay Area sites chosen by the division director with a random-number calculator, of which five judges matched six of nine; and an EEG series in which one subject of six, "H.H.," showed "a consistent alpha blocking effect" when a distant light flashed. It concluded that "a channel exists whereby information about a remote location can be obtained by means of an as yet unidentified perceptual modality," that "the information channel appears to be imperfect, containing noise along with the signal," and that the ability "may be widely distributed in the general population." The acknowledged sponsor was "The Foundation for Parasensory Investigation, New York City," with thanks to Judith Skutch and [[Edgar Mitchell]] of the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]]. In 1978 [[David Marks]] and [[Richard Kammann]] reported in *Nature* that they had failed to replicate the work and argued that the Price transcripts held cues such as "second place of the day" that let judges match them; Targ, Puthoff, and [[Charles Tart]] answered in January 1979 with re-edited transcripts and a new judge who matched seven of nine.[^2]

-The Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]], which met Targ, Puthoff and Charles Tart at SRI on July 24 and 25, 1979, wrote of the long-distance series that a drawing of the San Andres airport, in the Costa Rica series, had been made by "one of the experimenters who substituted his time for that of" the designated subject, and in its protocol annex: "The lack of repeated use of Targ as a Subject is thus supported, even though he provided an excellent response to the San Andres airport. (One must wonder why he wasn't used again in view of this highly accurate response!)" Its summary of the SRI work: "The only way that their concepts will be accepted by the scientific community is for non-reproachable experimenters to conduct similar research, using improved methods, without any possible intrusion by persons (such as Puthoff and Targ) having a vested interest in the results."[^900]
+The Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]], which met Targ, Puthoff and Charles Tart at SRI on July 24 and 25, 1979, wrote of the long-distance series that a drawing of the San Andres airport, in the Costa Rica series, had been made by "one of the experimenters who substituted his time for that of" the designated subject, and in its protocol annex: "The lack of repeated use of Targ as a Subject is thus supported, even though he provided an excellent response to the San Andres airport. (One must wonder why he wasn't used again in view of this highly accurate response!)" Its summary of the SRI work: "The only way that their concepts will be accepted by the scientific community is for non-reproachable experimenters to conduct similar research, using improved methods, without any possible intrusion by persons (such as Puthoff and Targ) having a vested interest in the results."[^3]

-The Snyders' evaluation of 1979 wrote of one SRI target that "Targ, who selected the coordinates, had also worked for Sylvania," that "Targ was an accomplished amateur magician," quoting his pages in Mind-Reach on "sleights" and "illusions," and of an airport drawing, "Was it drawn by Russell Targ?"; David Marks found in the fourth Price transcript Targ's remark to the subject, "Nothing like having three successes behind you," on a page missing from the copy SRI gave John Wilhelm.[^901]
+The Snyders' evaluation of 1979 wrote of one SRI target that "Targ, who selected the coordinates, had also worked for Sylvania," that "Targ was an accomplished amateur magician," quoting his pages in Mind-Reach on "sleights" and "illusions," and of an airport drawing, "Was it drawn by Russell Targ?"; David Marks found in the fourth Price transcript Targ's remark to the subject, "Nothing like having three successes behind you," on a page missing from the copy SRI gave John Wilhelm.[^4]

 ### The 1996 Memoir

-Targ requested his CIA files in May 1994, "moved from number 540 in line to number 474" in a year, and with "two Washington lawyers, two congressmen, and a senator" obtained them on August 11, 1995. His memoir of 1996 recounts Price telephoning Puthoff in June 1973 to say he had been "doing that kind of psychic thing for years, catching crooks when he was the police commissioner in Burbank"; the protocol of sixty target cards and a calculator with a random-number key, run by the laboratory director Bonnar Cox, with Targ and the viewer in a Faraday cage on the second floor of the Radio Physics building; Price's drawing of the Rinconada Park pools, "about a hundred feet in diameter (it was actually hundred and ten feet)," with water tanks that the city's centennial report showed had stood there in 1913; and the session of July 10, 1974, in which Price, given coordinates by "a physicist from the CIA," said: "I am lying on my back on the roof of a two or three story brick building. It's a sunny day. The sun feels good. There's the most amazing thing. There's a giant gantry crane moving back and forth over my head. As I drift up in the air and look down, it seems to be riding on a track with one rail on each side of the building." Targ added that Price described "a giant, 'sixty-foot diameter metal sphere'" being assembled from "thick metal gores" with welding difficulties, and that *Aviation Week* of May 2, 1977, reported satellite photographs of Soviet technicians manufacturing "huge extremely thick steel gores" for "a large sphere estimated to be about 18 meters (57.8 feet) in diameter." He quoted the *Chicago Tribune* of August 13, 1977, on Director [[Stansfield Turner]]'s disclosure that the agency "had found a man who could 'see' what was going on anywhere in the world through his psychic powers," dropped in 1975: "'He died,' Turner said, 'and we haven't heard from him since.'" Of the agency's position in 1995 he wrote: "It is as though the CIA discovered that there were indeed little men on Mars, but concluded that since they were pretty small and didn't have weapons, they weren't worth investigating any further."[^3]
+Targ requested his CIA files in May 1994, "moved from number 540 in line to number 474" in a year, and with "two Washington lawyers, two congressmen, and a senator" obtained them on August 11, 1995. His memoir of 1996 recounts Price telephoning Puthoff in June 1973 to say he had been "doing that kind of psychic thing for years, catching crooks when he was the police commissioner in Burbank"; the protocol of sixty target cards and a calculator with a random-number key, run by the laboratory director Bonnar Cox, with Targ and the viewer in a Faraday cage on the second floor of the Radio Physics building; Price's drawing of the Rinconada Park pools, "about a hundred feet in diameter (it was actually hundred and ten feet)," with water tanks that the city's centennial report showed had stood there in 1913; and the session of July 10, 1974, in which Price, given coordinates by "a physicist from the CIA," said: "I am lying on my back on the roof of a two or three story brick building. It's a sunny day. The sun feels good. There's the most amazing thing. There's a giant gantry crane moving back and forth over my head. As I drift up in the air and look down, it seems to be riding on a track with one rail on each side of the building." Targ added that Price described "a giant, 'sixty-foot diameter metal sphere'" being assembled from "thick metal gores" with welding difficulties, and that *Aviation Week* of May 2, 1977, reported satellite photographs of Soviet technicians manufacturing "huge extremely thick steel gores" for "a large sphere estimated to be about 18 meters (57.8 feet) in diameter." He quoted the *Chicago Tribune* of August 13, 1977, on Director [[Stansfield Turner]]'s disclosure that the agency "had found a man who could 'see' what was going on anywhere in the world through his psychic powers," dropped in 1975: "'He died,' Turner said, 'and we haven't heard from him since.'" Of the agency's position in 1995 he wrote: "It is as though the CIA discovered that there were indeed little men on Mars, but concluded that since they were pretty small and didn't have weapons, they weren't worth investigating any further."[^5]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
 [^2]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transmission under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," *Nature,* vol. 251, October 18, 1974, pp. 602-607, read in the CIA Reading Room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100220001-8 on archive.org. Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments," *Nature,* vol. 274, 1978, pp. 680-681; quoted from Puthoff, Targ, and Tart, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," with Tart, "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," submitted to *Nature,* January 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5, archive.org mirror.
-[^3]: Targ, Russell. "Remote Viewing at Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s: A Memoir," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 77-88, reprinted from Targ and Katra, *Mind-to-Mind* (1996); read in a Wayback Machine copy of the journal's PDF.
-[^900]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^901]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf
+[^3]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf
+[^5]: Targ, Russell. "Remote Viewing at Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s: A Memoir," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 77-88, reprinted from Targ and Katra, *Mind-to-Mind* (1996); read in a Wayback Machine copy of the journal's PDF.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Lawrence
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Lawrence
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2025-07-22
-updated: 2025-07-22
+updated: 2026-10-05
 title: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
 tags:
  - organization
@ -16,11 +16,23 @@ location: "Livermore, California"

 By the late 1960s, much of the [[United States]]' primary analysis of nuclear intelligence had shifted to laboratories like Livermore and [[Los Alamos]], where intelligence units dealing with the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]] had been set up after World War II. These units began monitoring the transfer of nuclear technology and countries viewed as "nth" nations, or near-nuclear countries. Any interesting intelligence on [[Israel]] was then routed to Livermore through the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s Office of Science and Technology, headed by [[Carl E. Duckett]].[^2]

-In 1974, some Livermore personnel, aware of the psychic experiments at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) and the public feats of [[Uri Geller]], became concerned about the potential security threat posed by psychokinesis. A small group, including the security officer [[Ron Robertson]] and the physicist [[Jim Schnabel]] called [[Peter Crane]], began conducting their own experiments with Geller outside of work hours.[^1]
+### Uri Geller tests, 1974 to 1975

-While their tests concluded that Geller's psychokinetic abilities were not effective over long distances, and thus posed no threat to nuclear weapons, the Livermore group experienced a series of bizarre, hallucination-inducing phenomena after their involvement with Geller. These included hovering, monochrome flying saucer images, and fantastic animals appearing in their homes and labs. This culminated in a visit from [[Kit Green]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] to investigate the strange occurrences.[^1]
+A CIA staff report filed with a Reuters item of November 4, 1974 records that its writer received a telephone call "on 23 October" from a "Security Officer" of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, who said the laboratory had "just spent two days in the laboratory testing Geller." Forty AEC scientists took part in a month-long program designing the experiments, the equipment cost $20,069, and [[Uri Geller]] showed "unequivical evidence" of paranormal ability under conditions that the Livermore project team "certified" fraud and cheat-proof, according to the caller. Geller was monitored by four kinds of magnetometers, neutron counters, active and passive infrared, low-light and normal video, and motion picture film, partly covertly; the memo records erasure of "predetermined portions of HP" program cards, a second series planned for the second week of December, and arrangements for testing at [[NASA Ames Research Center]]. The writer notes that the information "was received anecdotally" from a security officer who was not an experimenter.[^3]
+
+The engineer [[R. S. Hawke]] of the laboratory's Electronics Engineering Department is named as Geller's host in [[Charles Panati]]'s *The Geller Papers* (1976) and in Geller's own 1986 account: four computer program cards carrying magnetic patterns were targets, and two that Geller rubbed were afterward rejected by a Hewlett-Packard 65 calculator, with a magnetic viewer showing altered patterns, according to Hawke's paper "Magnetic Pattern Erasure." Panati dates the meeting to late 1974 and says "no formal testing" was undertaken.[^4] Geller wrote that "Ron Robertson of the Atomic Energy Commission," one of the laboratory's security men, wondered whether such an ability could trigger a nuclear explosion or a malfunction, a remark Geller attributes to the Time reporter [[John L. Wilhelm|John Wilhelm]]'s 1976 book *The Search for Superman*.[^5]
+
+[[Annie Jacobsen]] places classified tests in the winter of 1975 in an old wooden World War II barracks adjacent to the laboratory, with lasers and magnetic cards in a lead container, and has Robertson telephone [[Kit Green]] of the Central Intelligence Agency after two days; Jacobsen quotes Green that the engineers held top-secret clearances and that "two of the Livermore scientists quit."[^6] [[Jim Schnabel]]'s *Remote Viewers* (1997) dates the group's own after-hours tests to late 1974 and gives the physicists the pseudonyms [[Peter Crane]], [[Mike Russo]] and [[Don Curtis]]. In Schnabel's account the group experienced hovering monochrome saucers, large raven-like birds and a hooked, one-armed apparition; a metallic voice on a Geller audiotape pronounced the code name of a classified project; and the group stopped after a telephone call from the voice. The group's own tests, in Schnabel's account, concluded that Geller's abilities did not work over long distances and so posed no threat to nuclear weapons.[^7]
+
+In January 1979 Hawke wrote an outline of acoustic emission experiments with two subjects reputed to bend metal, reporting "at least 4 clear instances of A.E. events" with the spoon untouched, and in autumn 1979 members of the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] visited his laboratory; its December 1979 report called his experiments "the most objective and scientific of the investigations we have reviewed." On December 26, 1979 Hawke wrote [[Department of Energy]] official Ruth M. Davis that a one-year program would need the equivalent of five to seven full-time staff and that director Roger Batzel, associate director for engineering Henry McDonald and associate director for administration Dale Nielsen had been consulted.[^8]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
-[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 11.
+[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 11.
+[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^4]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers* (Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/; Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (Jonathan Cape, 1986).
+[^5]: Geller and Playfair, *The Geller Effect*, citing John Wilhelm, *The Search for Superman* (Pocket Books, 1976).
+[^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown, 2017).
+[^7]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley.
+[^8]: R. S. Hawke, "Outline of Acoustic Emission Experiments...," January 11, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9; Hawke to Ruth M. Davis, December 26, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100003-7; *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee*, December 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5, Annex 7 (all at archive.org/download/<id>/<id>_djvu.txt).
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Cali
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Cali
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ summary: "Powerful Colombian drug trafficking organization based in Cali, descri
 location: "Cali, Colombia"
 ---

-The Cali Drug Cartel was a powerful Colombian drug trafficking organization based in [[Cali, Colombia|Cali]], described in a 1994 *Time* magazine article as controlling 80% of the world's cocaine trade. Its key leaders included [[Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela|Gilberto Rodriguez]] and [[Jose Santacruz Londono|Jose Londono]]. The journalist Gary Webb described [[Norwin Meneses]] as the cartel's representative in [[Nicaragua]].[^1][^3][^5]
+The Cali Drug Cartel was a powerful Colombian drug trafficking organization based in [[Cali, Colombia|Cali]], described in a 1994 *Time* magazine article as controlling 80% of the world's cocaine trade. Its key leaders included [[Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela|Gilberto Rodriguez]] and [[Jose Santacruz Londono|Jose Londono]]. The journalist Gary Webb described [[Norwin Meneses]] as the cartel's representative in [[Nicaragua]].[^1][^2][^3]

 ### Drug Trafficking and Political Influence

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The cartel's connection to the Contra drug network ran through Meneses's organiz

 ### Connection to the Dark Alliance Network

-[[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]]'s supplier [[Aparicio Moreno]] was a Colombian with reported ties to both the [[FDN]] and the CIA.[^3] Webb wrote that [[Rafael Cornejo]] was involved in a major cocaine pipeline running from Cali to several West Coast cities. The Meneses organization's supply chain originated with the Colombian cartels.[^4]
+[[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]]'s supplier [[Aparicio Moreno]] was a Colombian with reported ties to both the [[FDN]] and the CIA.[^2] Webb wrote that [[Rafael Cornejo]] was involved in a major cocaine pipeline running from Cali to several West Coast cities. The Meneses organization's supply chain originated with the Colombian cartels.[^4]

 ### Intelligence Connections

@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ Historically, during [[Jimmy Carter]]'s presidency, his human rights foreign pol

 ---
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
-[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know"
+[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know"
+[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters
 [^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 12: "This guy talks to God"
-[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters
--- a/PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project
+++ b/PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ relations:
    with: "[[Air Force Intelligence Service]]"
    start: 1983-12-05
    role: "Air Force Intelligence reply of December 5, 1983 to KOB-TV on the teletype"
-    fn: 7
+    fn: 8
 created: 2026-10-03
 updated: 2026-10-03
 ---
@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ Moore wrote that he had been told of Project Aquarius at an earlier meeting with

 ### Moore's accounts of the copies

-Moore told the [[Mutual UFO Network]] symposium on July 1, 1989, in answer to a question on "the so-called Aquarius document which purports to be a facsimile" AFOSI message "with a few spurious additions," that "I neither typed nor retyped this document. It was created by AFOSI, or at least I always assumed it was, and it was handed to me in February 1981, with the intention that I would pass it to Bennewitz," whom he understood to be expected to "wave it to the press and others as proof of what he was saying about an alien invasion," after which the document would be denounced as a counterfeit and Bennewitz further discredited; he said a highlighted version showing the real and the added information was printed in the current issue of his newsletter.[^10] In the interview of September 30, 1989 that the 1990 report quotes, Moore described what he had said in [[Las Vegas]] as being that the document is "a retyped version of a real AFOSI message with a few spurious additions," and answered the question whether he knew who retyped it: "Certainly it was someone involved with the Bennewitz C/I effort, maybe Doty, maybe not."[^2] In the same speech he said that there was "in fact a project Aquarius, possibly two of them," that he had "considerable information about one such project in the 1971-73 time frame and sketchy information about another which may be a later extension of the first one in the 76 to 85 time frame," including "contract and report numbers as well as the names of several individuals who worked on the project," and that researchers should not "deluge the government with freedom of information requests for details of sensitive high-level projects."[^10] In the 1990 report Moore and [[Jaime Shandera]] corrected the date to March 2, 1981, when at a meeting with Falcon Moore was shown what looked like a government telex on perforated computer paper, was not allowed to keep it, and wrote notes on a legal pad afterward. Several weeks later, in [[Albuquerque]], Falcon and Doty gave him the retyped version, saying changes had been necessary to "sanitize" it. Moore resisted giving it to Bennewitz for several months and on delivery in June 1981 marked his copy so that it could be identified and told Bennewitz it might be a set-up; Bennewitz did not publicize it. Moore said that in the original the agency read "[[NSA]]" where the retyped version reads "[[NASA]]."[^2]
+Moore told the [[Mutual UFO Network]] symposium on July 1, 1989, in answer to a question on "the so-called Aquarius document which purports to be a facsimile" AFOSI message "with a few spurious additions," that "I neither typed nor retyped this document. It was created by AFOSI, or at least I always assumed it was, and it was handed to me in February 1981, with the intention that I would pass it to Bennewitz," whom he understood to be expected to "wave it to the press and others as proof of what he was saying about an alien invasion," after which the document would be denounced as a counterfeit and Bennewitz further discredited; he said a highlighted version showing the real and the added information was printed in the current issue of his newsletter.[^5] In the interview of September 30, 1989 that the 1990 report quotes, Moore described what he had said in [[Las Vegas]] as being that the document is "a retyped version of a real AFOSI message with a few spurious additions," and answered the question whether he knew who retyped it: "Certainly it was someone involved with the Bennewitz C/I effort, maybe Doty, maybe not."[^2] In the same speech he said that there was "in fact a project Aquarius, possibly two of them," that he had "considerable information about one such project in the 1971-73 time frame and sketchy information about another which may be a later extension of the first one in the 76 to 85 time frame," including "contract and report numbers as well as the names of several individuals who worked on the project," and that researchers should not "deluge the government with freedom of information requests for details of sensitive high-level projects."[^5] In the 1990 report Moore and [[Jaime Shandera]] corrected the date to March 2, 1981, when at a meeting with Falcon Moore was shown what looked like a government telex on perforated computer paper, was not allowed to keep it, and wrote notes on a legal pad afterward. Several weeks later, in [[Albuquerque]], Falcon and Doty gave him the retyped version, saying changes had been necessary to "sanitize" it. Moore resisted giving it to Bennewitz for several months and on delivery in June 1981 marked his copy so that it could be identified and told Bennewitz it might be a set-up; Bennewitz did not publicize it. Moore said that in the original the agency read "[[NSA]]" where the retyped version reads "[[NASA]]."[^2]

-Moore said that in September 1982 three copies existed: Bennewitz's, one in safekeeping, and one in his briefcase on a trip to [[San Francisco]], where he met in the morning a man later identified as an associate of the attorney [[Peter Gersten]]; his car was broken into that afternoon and the briefcase stolen, a theft reported to the San Francisco police on September 13, 1982. Four months later a copy with Moore's pencilled annotations was in Gersten's hands, and Gersten began circulating it to a few people in early 1983 without endorsing it.[^2] Moore showed a copy of the teletype to [[Brad Sparks]] and [[Kal Korff]] on January 17, 1982 and gave one to the producer of a program for [[KPIX-TV]] in San Francisco in 1982, according to Klass; Klass wrote that the researcher [[Robert Todd]] established in early 1983 that the teletype was bogus.[^1] Moore and Shandera wrote that the subject came up at the March 12, 1983 board meeting of the [[Fund for UFO Research]], which they attended as guests.[^2] After Gersten's meetings with Doty in January 1983, in which, according to the account Gersten gave to [[Barry Greenwood]], Doty said that the [[National Security Agency]] communicates with extraterrestrials under a project called Aquarius and discussed the teletype, [[Linda Moulton Howe]] and [[Larry Fawcett]] showed [[Robert Emenegger]] documents mentioning MJ-12 and Aquarius in March 1983.[^5][^6] Howe asked [[Jerry Miller]] on April 9, 1983 whether he was the "Miller" of "the 'AQUARIUS Cable.'"[^6]
+Moore said that in September 1982 three copies existed: Bennewitz's, one in safekeeping, and one in his briefcase on a trip to [[San Francisco]], where he met in the morning a man later identified as an associate of the attorney [[Peter Gersten]]; his car was broken into that afternoon and the briefcase stolen, a theft reported to the San Francisco police on September 13, 1982. Four months later a copy with Moore's pencilled annotations was in Gersten's hands, and Gersten began circulating it to a few people in early 1983 without endorsing it.[^2] Moore showed a copy of the teletype to [[Brad Sparks]] and [[Kal Korff]] on January 17, 1982 and gave one to the producer of a program for [[KPIX-TV]] in San Francisco in 1982, according to Klass; Klass wrote that the researcher [[Robert Todd]] established in early 1983 that the teletype was bogus.[^1] Moore and Shandera wrote that the subject came up at the March 12, 1983 board meeting of the [[Fund for UFO Research]], which they attended as guests.[^2] After Gersten's meetings with Doty in January 1983, in which, according to the account Gersten gave to [[Barry Greenwood]], Doty said that the [[National Security Agency]] communicates with extraterrestrials under a project called Aquarius and discussed the teletype, [[Linda Moulton Howe]] and [[Larry Fawcett]] showed [[Robert Emenegger]] documents mentioning MJ-12 and Aquarius in March 1983.[^6][^7] Howe asked [[Jerry Miller]] on April 9, 1983 whether he was the "Miller" of "the 'AQUARIUS Cable.'"[^7]

-The [[Air Force Intelligence Service]] told [[Peter L. Clarke]] of [[KOB-TV]] on December 5, 1983 that its files held only a copy of a message of unknown origin that had apparently been placed in circulation in at least three cities, forwarded to it by [[Citizens Against UFO Secrecy]], that AFOSI had reviewed it and confirmed it was a hoax, and that it had no record of receiving it from AFOSI; the letter enclosed the message with its security markings removed and other Air Force Intelligence documents generated by it.[^7] Pilkington wrote that in 1983 Air Force Intelligence opened an inquiry titled "Possible Unauthorized Release of Classified Material" that noted the claimed originator, a Captain Grace, did not exist, and that the [[U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey]] named in the text had ceased operations in 1970.[^4] Doty wrote to Greenwood on March 3, 1988 that "I know of no secret Government investigation of UFOs. I have never heard of MJ-12," a statement Klass set beside the presence of "MJ Twelve" in the teletype.[^1] In late 1988 Moore reconstructed the original from memory and 1981 notes and then compared it with Doty, who supplied a few more changes; Moore and Shandera wrote that Falcon took no part and that the result is a "very close approximation."[^2]
+The [[Air Force Intelligence Service]] told [[Peter L. Clarke]] of [[KOB-TV]] on December 5, 1983 that its files held only a copy of a message of unknown origin that had apparently been placed in circulation in at least three cities, forwarded to it by [[Citizens Against UFO Secrecy]], that AFOSI had reviewed it and confirmed it was a hoax, and that it had no record of receiving it from AFOSI; the letter enclosed the message with its security markings removed and other Air Force Intelligence documents generated by it.[^8] Pilkington wrote that in 1983 Air Force Intelligence opened an inquiry titled "Possible Unauthorized Release of Classified Material" that noted the claimed originator, a Captain Grace, did not exist, and that the [[U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey]] named in the text had ceased operations in 1970.[^4] Doty wrote to Greenwood on March 3, 1988 that "I know of no secret Government investigation of UFOs. I have never heard of MJ-12," a statement Klass set beside the presence of "MJ Twelve" in the teletype.[^1] In late 1988 Moore reconstructed the original from memory and 1981 notes and then compared it with Doty, who supplied a few more changes; Moore and Shandera wrote that Falcon took no part and that the result is a "very close approximation."[^2]

 ### The Executive Briefing, March 1983

@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Moore and Shandera wrote that in early March 1983 Moore received a telephone cal

 ### Other texts under the name

-Howe wrote that the briefing paper Doty showed her at Kirtland on April 9, 1983 included paragraphs on [[Project Sigma]], [[Project Snowbird]] and, last, Project Aquarius, "an overall project with the goal of accumulating and archiving all available information about alien life forms," some of whose data had been used to advance the space program.[^6] Howe's book reproduces, from a computer-network statement of December 18, 1988 by [[Milton William Cooper]], a text headed "Executive Briefing, Subject: MAJI, Project Grudge/Aquarius (TS/MAJIC)," which states that Aquarius contains sixteen volumes, was established in 1953 by order of President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] under control of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and MAJI, and assumed responsibility for UFO investigation after [[Project Blue Book]] closed in December 1969, and that lists subordinate projects including Plato, Sigma and Redlight.[^6] In a first-person chapter of *[[Exempt from Disclosure]]* credited to him and headed as taken from four interviews by Moore and Shandera in the 1980s and later updated, Doty stated that on joining AFOSI District 17 in May 1979 he was briefed into a program on UFO information and read an official document that "mentioned a 'Project Aquarius,' which contained 16 volumes of information."[^8]
+Howe wrote that the briefing paper Doty showed her at Kirtland on April 9, 1983 included paragraphs on [[Project Sigma]], [[Project Snowbird]] and, last, Project Aquarius, "an overall project with the goal of accumulating and archiving all available information about alien life forms," some of whose data had been used to advance the space program.[^7] Howe's book reproduces, from a computer-network statement of December 18, 1988 by [[Milton William Cooper]], a text headed "Executive Briefing, Subject: MAJI, Project Grudge/Aquarius (TS/MAJIC)," which states that Aquarius contains sixteen volumes, was established in 1953 by order of President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] under control of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and MAJI, and assumed responsibility for UFO investigation after [[Project Blue Book]] closed in December 1969, and that lists subordinate projects including Plato, Sigma and Redlight.[^7] In a first-person chapter of *[[Exempt from Disclosure]]* credited to him and headed as taken from four interviews by Moore and Shandera in the 1980s and later updated, Doty stated that on joining AFOSI District 17 in May 1979 he was briefed into a program on UFO information and read an official document that "mentioned a 'Project Aquarius,' which contained 16 volumes of information."[^9]

 Pilkington wrote that in notes of a January 1982 conversation with Moore, [[Bob Pratt]] of the [[National Enquirer]] recorded "Govt . . . UFO Project is Aquarius, classified Top Secret with access restricted to MJ 12 (MJ may be 'Majic')," and that the book Moore, Pratt and Doty planned was titled *The Aquarius Project*; he attributed this to Greenwood and Sparks's 2007 paper.[^4]

@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ Pilkington wrote that in notes of a January 1982 conversation with Moore, [[Bob
 [^2]: William L. Moore and Jaime H. Shandera, *The MJ-12 Documents: An Analytical Report* (Fund for UFO Research, 1990), "The Aquarius Document (Feb. 1981)," pp. 7 to 9, quoting FOCUS, June 30, 1989, p. 13, and September 30, 1989, p. 8; "The Carter Briefing Notes (Mar. '83)," p. 21; Appendix C, p. 83, http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/The-MJ-12-Documents-An-Analytical-Report-Excerpts.pdf and http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/S18-Aquarius-Document.pdf
 [^3]: OCR text of the Appendix C photocopy as reproduced at Internet Archive, item majiall337, file "aquariusteletype," https://archive.org/download/majiall337/aquariusteletype_djvu.txt. The OCR is degraded; the case number, the C-5A and the cylinder were legible, the remainder of items A to D was not.
 [^4]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men* (Constable, 2010), chapters "Aviary," "The ET Factor" and "MJ-12," https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf
-[^5]: "E B E's," parts 7 and 8, UFO BBS files UFO1026 and UFO1027, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1026.ufo and http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1027.ufo.
-[^6]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), pp. 138 to 139, 144 to 145, 150 to 151, 158, 184 to 188, https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014
-[^7]: Susan Cooksey, Freedom of Information Manager, Air Force Intelligence Service, letter to Peter L. Clarke, KOB Television, December 5, 1983, http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/KOB-TV-Bennewitz-FOIA.pdf
-[^8]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, Section 2, Chapter 4, "Richard Doty: Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) Counter-Intelligence and Raven Addendum, the Wilderness of Mirrors," which the book states "was taken from a set of four interviews done by Bill Moore and Jaime Shandera in the 1980s and later updated"; https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^10]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, from the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po (video of the Ron Regehr recording, Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon); the captions mis-render some names and quotations follow the caption wording.
+[^5]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, from the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po (video of the Ron Regehr recording, Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon); the captions mis-render some names and quotations follow the caption wording.
+[^6]: "E B E's," parts 7 and 8, UFO BBS files UFO1026 and UFO1027, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1026.ufo and http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1027.ufo.
+[^7]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), pp. 138 to 139, 144 to 145, 150 to 151, 158, 184 to 188, https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014
+[^8]: Susan Cooksey, Freedom of Information Manager, Air Force Intelligence Service, letter to Peter L. Clarke, KOB Television, December 5, 1983, http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/KOB-TV-Bennewitz-FOIA.pdf
+[^9]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, Section 2, Chapter 4, "Richard Doty: Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) Counter-Intelligence and Raven Addendum, the Wilderness of Mirrors," which the book states "was taken from a set of four interviews done by Bill Moore and Jaime Shandera in the 1980s and later updated"; https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure. Sole source for the passages so cited.
--- a/PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Stargate
+++ b/PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Stargate
@ -49,47 +49,47 @@ On February 15, 1979, the Army general counsel found that Grill Flame involved t

 The three-year joint program of fiscal 1981 to 1983 cost 1,475,500 dollars, 962,000 of it from DIA, 313,500 from INSCOM, and 200,000 from DARPA, of which 575,000 went to training. DIA's report of October 19, 1983, found: "Remote viewing is a real phenomenon, and is not degraded by distance or shielding. Remote viewing ability can be improved by appropriate training procedures. Remote viewing has potential for US intelligence applications. However, at this stage of development, descriptive content (e.g., sketches, configurations) is more reliable than analytic content." It reported that INSCOM's viewers "detected the remote site successfully in 50 percent of their projects (89 sites)," and that "a potential threat to US national security exists from foreign achievements in psychoenergetics. In the USSR and in China, this research is well funded." SRI's list of clients served included "a secret NSA facility, including codeword retrieval" and "Soviet R&D facility at Semipalatinsk (PNUTS)."[^3][^10]

-The Defense Department's coordination began at a meeting in [[Jack Vorona]]'s conference room at Pomponio Plaza on August 24, 1978, attended by Vorona, Colonel Jack Capps of the Army staff, Charlie Carter of the Missile Intelligence Agency and [[Dale Graff]] of the Foreign Technology Division, "to establish a unified DoD effort in the development of remote viewing technology for intelligence purposes." Vorona said "the effort is fully supported by the Director of DIA," that "the Soviet Union has a significant commitment in this area," and that DIA, FTD and AMSAA "have contractual funds at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) for some preliminary investigations into remote viewing feasibility. However, this funding will cease at the end of the current fiscal year (30 September 1978)"; he "decided against the establishment of a restricted access list and a special codeword for the program," marking all papers "SECRET, ORCON"; the working group "will consist of DoD and NSA personnel only." The Naval Intelligence Command replied on September 14 that it was "unable at this time to pledge a specific level of funding support"; the Air Force on September 29 that it "has supported $100K of contractual assistance for FTD to verify data on Warsaw Pact experiments in paranormal techniques" and "cannot commit additional funds at this time"; the Army on October 4 that "the term Remote Viewing may be more correctly replaced with Parapsychology," that "Army Intelligence obligated $75K, this past week, of year-end funds to support an SRI Subject selection and training program for INSCOM personnel over the next year," and that "there are occasional, but persistent indications that the Navy has maintained its research into Parapsychology." A draft Army request of July 7, 1978, with [[E. H. Walker]] as principal investigator, had asked for 350,000 dollars in fiscal 1979 "to determine feasibility of developing automatic equipment capable of producing remote viewing in hard copy form," equipment that "might have the same utility in any future conflict as that of the Ultra machine used in WWII."[^902]
+The Defense Department's coordination began at a meeting in [[Jack Vorona]]'s conference room at Pomponio Plaza on August 24, 1978, attended by Vorona, Colonel Jack Capps of the Army staff, Charlie Carter of the Missile Intelligence Agency and [[Dale Graff]] of the Foreign Technology Division, "to establish a unified DoD effort in the development of remote viewing technology for intelligence purposes." Vorona said "the effort is fully supported by the Director of DIA," that "the Soviet Union has a significant commitment in this area," and that DIA, FTD and AMSAA "have contractual funds at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) for some preliminary investigations into remote viewing feasibility. However, this funding will cease at the end of the current fiscal year (30 September 1978)"; he "decided against the establishment of a restricted access list and a special codeword for the program," marking all papers "SECRET, ORCON"; the working group "will consist of DoD and NSA personnel only." The Naval Intelligence Command replied on September 14 that it was "unable at this time to pledge a specific level of funding support"; the Air Force on September 29 that it "has supported $100K of contractual assistance for FTD to verify data on Warsaw Pact experiments in paranormal techniques" and "cannot commit additional funds at this time"; the Army on October 4 that "the term Remote Viewing may be more correctly replaced with Parapsychology," that "Army Intelligence obligated $75K, this past week, of year-end funds to support an SRI Subject selection and training program for INSCOM personnel over the next year," and that "there are occasional, but persistent indications that the Navy has maintained its research into Parapsychology." A draft Army request of July 7, 1978, with [[E. H. Walker]] as principal investigator, had asked for 350,000 dollars in fiscal 1979 "to determine feasibility of developing automatic equipment capable of producing remote viewing in hard copy form," equipment that "might have the same utility in any future conflict as that of the Ultra machine used in WWII."[^11]

-Oversight in the Pentagon followed a letter of October 25, 1978, from Representative [[Charlie Rose]] to [[Ruth Davis]], the deputy under secretary of defense for research and advanced technology, asking "to see the Department of Defense undertake those efforts deemed necessary and appropriate to investigate remote viewing," and with her memorandum to Vorona of November 20 setting eight questions for "the oversight groups you will establish," among them measures "developed by other than the current experimenters" that "ensure that the magicians' processes of deception, feedback to subjects, etc. are not inadvertantly allowed" and "a stark clear statement of events, data, etc. that will justify termination of continued funding." The Grill Flame steering committee first met on February 13, 1979, with "all Service ACSI's, Dr. Ruth Davis, Dr. [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]], and Dr. Vorona (standing in for LTG [[Eugene Tighe|Tighe]])." The [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] appointed that summer put the money spent to date at "CIA, 1972-78: $240K. DIA, 1979: $100K. USAF, 1976-79: $300K. Army, 1977-79: $490K," recorded that the Navy's representatives "attend all DOD meetings, but remain uncommitted and literally silent," and reported in December 1979 that remote viewing "thus far have not proved the existence of the phenomena," a report the Pentagon's working group called "misleading and inadequate."[^901]
+Oversight in the Pentagon followed a letter of October 25, 1978, from Representative [[Charlie Rose]] to [[Ruth Davis]], the deputy under secretary of defense for research and advanced technology, asking "to see the Department of Defense undertake those efforts deemed necessary and appropriate to investigate remote viewing," and with her memorandum to Vorona of November 20 setting eight questions for "the oversight groups you will establish," among them measures "developed by other than the current experimenters" that "ensure that the magicians' processes of deception, feedback to subjects, etc. are not inadvertantly allowed" and "a stark clear statement of events, data, etc. that will justify termination of continued funding." The Grill Flame steering committee first met on February 13, 1979, with "all Service ACSI's, Dr. Ruth Davis, Dr. [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]], and Dr. Vorona (standing in for LTG [[Eugene Tighe|Tighe]])." The [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] appointed that summer put the money spent to date at "CIA, 1972-78: $240K. DIA, 1979: $100K. USAF, 1976-79: $300K. Army, 1977-79: $490K," recorded that the Navy's representatives "attend all DOD meetings, but remain uncommitted and literally silent," and reported in December 1979 that remote viewing "thus far have not proved the existence of the phenomena," a report the Pentagon's working group called "misleading and inadequate."[^12]

-The committee first met as "the DoD Committee on Special Sensors" on November 28, 1978, in Vorona's conference room and named itself the DoD Grill Flame Committee. Its oversight committee was "Dr. Jack Vorona, DIA; MG E. R. Thompson, Army ACSI; RADM S. Shapiro, Commander, NIC; Maj Gen J. L. Brown, Air Force ACSI; Dr. Lowell Dailey, USDR&E Representative" in DIA's minutes (INSCOM's summary of the same meeting has it as "service ACSI's, Dr. Vorona and Dr. Ruth Davis," and calls Dailey "Bob Dailey - DUSRAT/Consultant"), "responsible for insuring that research and experiments fall within the legal guidelines"; "DIA will have 'Intelligence Oversight' responsibility; local IG cannot inspect without approval." Permanent members "must possess SI/TK clearances"; "Dr. Vorona expressed concern that parapsychology activities within DoD elements were springing up all over. He directed that agencies (represented on committee) develop policy for turning off 'exposures' as they come up"; "all documents originating as a result of the GRILL FLAME program would undergo downgrading review only after 20 years"; "Mr. Graff next suggested that a cover story be developed for the program; Dr. Vorona suggested that the National Academy of Sciences might back an open program to investigate paranormal phenomena"; it was agreed that a CIA representative be invited; and a review of "the SRI remote viewing experiments carried out at DIA this past summer" found "the results appear to be inconclusive."[^904]
+The committee first met as "the DoD Committee on Special Sensors" on November 28, 1978, in Vorona's conference room and named itself the DoD Grill Flame Committee. Its oversight committee was "Dr. Jack Vorona, DIA; MG E. R. Thompson, Army ACSI; RADM S. Shapiro, Commander, NIC; Maj Gen J. L. Brown, Air Force ACSI; Dr. Lowell Dailey, USDR&E Representative" in DIA's minutes (INSCOM's summary of the same meeting has it as "service ACSI's, Dr. Vorona and Dr. Ruth Davis," and calls Dailey "Bob Dailey - DUSRAT/Consultant"), "responsible for insuring that research and experiments fall within the legal guidelines"; "DIA will have 'Intelligence Oversight' responsibility; local IG cannot inspect without approval." Permanent members "must possess SI/TK clearances"; "Dr. Vorona expressed concern that parapsychology activities within DoD elements were springing up all over. He directed that agencies (represented on committee) develop policy for turning off 'exposures' as they come up"; "all documents originating as a result of the GRILL FLAME program would undergo downgrading review only after 20 years"; "Mr. Graff next suggested that a cover story be developed for the program; Dr. Vorona suggested that the National Academy of Sciences might back an open program to investigate paranormal phenomena"; it was agreed that a CIA representative be invited; and a review of "the SRI remote viewing experiments carried out at DIA this past summer" found "the results appear to be inconclusive."[^13]

-DIA's 1995 history of the service programs adds the Army's Missile Research and Development Command (MIRADCOM), which "had Stanford Research Institute (SRI) under contract" under the sponsorship of the Missile Intelligence Agency (MIA), whose object "was to determine whether selected individuals could interact and influence" electronic equipment; MIRADCOM "had responsibility for developing a 'Remote Perturbation' experimental program," and "from May 1979 to September 1979, SRI assisted MIRADCOM in developing sensitive measurement equipment for the experiment." Its funding table, in thousands of dollars: MIA, 80 for psychokinesis in 1977-78 and 118 in 1979; AMSAA, 220 for remote viewing in 1978; INSCOM, 75 for remote viewing in 1978-80 and 25 for operations in 1979-80; MIRADCOM, 90 for psychokinesis and 190 for an unknown purpose in 1979-80; the Army staff and INSCOM, 150 for remote viewing in fiscal 1981; and DARCOM, 700 for remote viewing in fiscal 1981. Of the Navy and Air Force work of the same years, "no further information is on file."[^900]
+DIA's 1995 history of the service programs adds the Army's Missile Research and Development Command (MIRADCOM), which "had Stanford Research Institute (SRI) under contract" under the sponsorship of the Missile Intelligence Agency (MIA), whose object "was to determine whether selected individuals could interact and influence" electronic equipment; MIRADCOM "had responsibility for developing a 'Remote Perturbation' experimental program," and "from May 1979 to September 1979, SRI assisted MIRADCOM in developing sensitive measurement equipment for the experiment." Its funding table, in thousands of dollars: MIA, 80 for psychokinesis in 1977-78 and 118 in 1979; AMSAA, 220 for remote viewing in 1978; INSCOM, 75 for remote viewing in 1978-80 and 25 for operations in 1979-80; MIRADCOM, 90 for psychokinesis and 190 for an unknown purpose in 1979-80; the Army staff and INSCOM, 150 for remote viewing in fiscal 1981; and DARCOM, 700 for remote viewing in fiscal 1981. Of the Navy and Air Force work of the same years, "no further information is on file."[^14]

-The unit's personnel file, released with the collection, holds Grill Flame security agreements dated February 8, 1979, with consent statements, in the names of [[Joe McMoneagle|Joseph W. McMoneagle]], [[Mel Riley|Melvin C. Riley]], Ann E. Djupman, Stephen C. Horton, Donald L. Hopkins, Maurice C. Himes and Nancy K. Stout, with [[Ken Bell|Kenneth V. Bell, Jr.]]'s form of May 9, 1979, and later ones for Lawrence J. Rickard (1981), [[Rob Cowart|Robert C. Cowart]] (1981) and the DIA Sun Streak access forms of 1985 to 1988 signed by Vorona; McMoneagle's participant counseling statement as a warrant officer, "INSCOM Op Ctr Analyst," carries a date the scan renders as October 1977, elsewhere read as October 26, 1979.[^903]
+The unit's personnel file, released with the collection, holds Grill Flame security agreements dated February 8, 1979, with consent statements, in the names of [[Joe McMoneagle|Joseph W. McMoneagle]], [[Mel Riley|Melvin C. Riley]], Ann E. Djupman, Stephen C. Horton, Donald L. Hopkins, Maurice C. Himes and Nancy K. Stout, with [[Ken Bell|Kenneth V. Bell, Jr.]]'s form of May 9, 1979, and later ones for Lawrence J. Rickard (1981), [[Rob Cowart|Robert C. Cowart]] (1981) and the DIA Sun Streak access forms of 1985 to 1988 signed by Vorona; McMoneagle's participant counseling statement as a warrant officer, "INSCOM Op Ctr Analyst," carries a date the scan renders as October 1977, elsewhere read as October 26, 1979.[^15]

 ### Center Lane

 In 1981 the ACSI "transferred total management responsibility for the project to INSCOM," and a joint services committee of DIA, the Air Force, and the Army was formed; "the Navy expressed no interest and later the Air Force Chief of Staff directed that the Air Force withdraw." At the end of fiscal 1982 "the budget subcommittee of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] (Senator [[Malcolm Wallop|Wallop]]) curtailed all psychoenergetic operational activities conducted by the Army in the National Foreign Intelligence Program." The commander of INSCOM, [[Albert Stubblebine]], "decided to continue INSCOM's project and provide funding with Security and Investigative Activities (S&IA) monies," under "a provisional special access program nicknamed Center Lane," approved by the Secretary of the Army as a special access program on June 15, 1983, and continued on September 1, with a compartment called "Center Lane Level 4." Its mission statement ran: "Conduct intelligence collection and counterintelligence operations utilizing all psychoenergetic processes applicable," and "expand operational capabilities and training beyond the confines of information collection into the fields of psychoenergetic communication and psychokinesis." By the end of fiscal 1984 it had nine operational and two support personnel, and "in the past five years we have conducted over 750 operational intelligence collection missions."[^6]

-From March 21 to April 20, 1984, the unit "conducted 11 remote viewing interviews at the request of the Central Intelligence Agency" on [[William Buckley]], the station chief kidnapped in [[Beirut]] on March 16: where he was, his condition, his captors, and "CIA point of contact for release negotiation." A CIA memorandum of May 1, 1984, over the title block of the deputy director for operations, stated: "CIA's relationship with the US Army activities covered under the designator of CENTER LANE has been that of a customer. We have no Agency people or funds assigned to or otherwise designated in support of those activities." Its sources "have often 'made contact' far beyond what might be expected by probabilities and coincidence," with "a less than hoped for signal-to-noise ratio and a less than photographic resolution, as well as some outright misses"; "we would like to continue to call upon CENTER LANE." The overview of May 4, 1984, by Lieutenant Colonel Brian Buzby recommended that the work continue within INSCOM. A memorandum chain of November and December 1984 recorded that the fiscal 1983 appropriation language "directed that future parapsychological experimentation be conducted outside the NFIP," that DIA's funds for 1984 and 1985 were 79,000 dollars each for "evaluation of foreign research only," that DARPA had put in 600,000 dollars in 1984, that the Army surgeon general anticipated two million for 1985, and that DIA planned "to detail the operational remote viewing unit from HQDA/INSCOM to DIA."[^10][^11]
+From March 21 to April 20, 1984, the unit "conducted 11 remote viewing interviews at the request of the Central Intelligence Agency" on [[William Buckley]], the station chief kidnapped in [[Beirut]] on March 16: where he was, his condition, his captors, and "CIA point of contact for release negotiation." A CIA memorandum of May 1, 1984, over the title block of the deputy director for operations, stated: "CIA's relationship with the US Army activities covered under the designator of CENTER LANE has been that of a customer. We have no Agency people or funds assigned to or otherwise designated in support of those activities." Its sources "have often 'made contact' far beyond what might be expected by probabilities and coincidence," with "a less than hoped for signal-to-noise ratio and a less than photographic resolution, as well as some outright misses"; "we would like to continue to call upon CENTER LANE." The overview of May 4, 1984, by Lieutenant Colonel Brian Buzby recommended that the work continue within INSCOM. A memorandum chain of November and December 1984 recorded that the fiscal 1983 appropriation language "directed that future parapsychological experimentation be conducted outside the NFIP," that DIA's funds for 1984 and 1985 were 79,000 dollars each for "evaluation of foreign research only," that DARPA had put in 600,000 dollars in 1984, that the Army surgeon general anticipated two million for 1985, and that DIA planned "to detail the operational remote viewing unit from HQDA/INSCOM to DIA."[^10][^16]

-INSCOM's chronology of the unit lists briefings of an official of the [[Office of Management and Budget]] (April 1982), the House and Senate intelligence and appropriations staffs (1981 to 1983), Lieutenant General [[Lincoln D. Faurer]] of the NSA (August 5, 1982, and December 5, 1983), Senator [[Claiborne Pell]] (September 29, 1982), Senator Wallop (October 5, 1983), Vice President Bush (1983), the Secretary of the Army, and the Army inspector general (April 10, 1984). The Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee under [[Manfred Gale]] had reported in December 1979 that the research "thus far have not proved the existence of the phenomena," with a majority of five of eight allowing INSCOM's operational work to continue under oversight. The unit ceased collection on September 28, 1984, and passed under DIA's operational control on March 7, 1985.[^12]
+INSCOM's chronology of the unit lists briefings of an official of the [[Office of Management and Budget]] (April 1982), the House and Senate intelligence and appropriations staffs (1981 to 1983), Lieutenant General [[Lincoln D. Faurer]] of the NSA (August 5, 1982, and December 5, 1983), Senator [[Claiborne Pell]] (September 29, 1982), Senator Wallop (October 5, 1983), Vice President Bush (1983), the Secretary of the Army, and the Army inspector general (April 10, 1984). The Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee under [[Manfred Gale]] had reported in December 1979 that the research "thus far have not proved the existence of the phenomena," with a majority of five of eight allowing INSCOM's operational work to continue under oversight. The unit ceased collection on September 28, 1984, and passed under DIA's operational control on March 7, 1985.[^17]

 ### The Science Panel

-A "congressionally directed independent scientific review" met in August and September 1983 and reported on March 1, 1984, over the signatures of W. Ross Adey, [[Donald M. Kerr]], and F. Zachariasen: "The evidence shown to us is too impressive to dismiss as mere coincidence. Certain similarities between the SRI and Princeton results, obtained in very different circumstances by unrelated investigators, are particularly compelling." The panel "found no obvious evidence of cueing or collusion," thought "remote viewing is either real or due to some sort of experimental interference from one or some of the participants," found that "repeated attempts to elicit a rational basis" for [[Ingo Swann]]'s coordinate training "were uniformly unsuccessful," and concluded "that Dr. Puthoff's team warrants cautious continued fiscal support, and that the research should be conducted as much as possible in an open unclassified mode." DIA was still citing the report in 1993.[^13]
+A "congressionally directed independent scientific review" met in August and September 1983 and reported on March 1, 1984, over the signatures of W. Ross Adey, [[Donald M. Kerr]], and F. Zachariasen: "The evidence shown to us is too impressive to dismiss as mere coincidence. Certain similarities between the SRI and Princeton results, obtained in very different circumstances by unrelated investigators, are particularly compelling." The panel "found no obvious evidence of cueing or collusion," thought "remote viewing is either real or due to some sort of experimental interference from one or some of the participants," found that "repeated attempts to elicit a rational basis" for [[Ingo Swann]]'s coordinate training "were uniformly unsuccessful," and concluded "that Dr. Puthoff's team warrants cautious continued fiscal support, and that the research should be conducted as much as possible in an open unclassified mode." DIA was still citing the report in 1993.[^18]

 ### Sun Streak

-The DIA phase is described on the page Sun Streak. "In January 1985, Project GRILL FLAME was transferred to DIA and was placed under the staff cognizance of the former Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence. Moreover, a 5-year psychoenergetics program (FY 1986-1990), using Army medical research and development funds authorized by the then U.S. Army Surgeon General, was begun at SRI," to "document that psychoenergetic phenomena are real and reproducible, to determine the underlying mechanisms, and to bring psychoenergetics research into the mainstream of human performance research." The Fort Meade unit "was transferred to DIA in 1986 when 12 billets were authorized in the GDIP budget for this activity. A Special Access Program (SAP), SUN STREAK, was established in order to protect identity of the individuals." It worked 192 projects from 1986 to 1989. A Military Intelligence Board review of 1989 and 1990 found "potential applications exist for certain project types: counternarcotics (CN), counterterrorism (CT), counterintelligence (CI)," "limited potential" for detailed data, and "low potential" for prediction; in a 1990 Army counternarcotics test, of 32 projects with ground truth "about one third of all projects were judged to have provided data of good quality." The Army surgeon general's money ran 1.9 million dollars in 1985-86, 2.3 million in 1987, 1.15 million in 1988, and one million in 1989. "The effort at SRI was discontinued in 1990."[^14]
+The DIA phase is described on the page Sun Streak. "In January 1985, Project GRILL FLAME was transferred to DIA and was placed under the staff cognizance of the former Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence. Moreover, a 5-year psychoenergetics program (FY 1986-1990), using Army medical research and development funds authorized by the then U.S. Army Surgeon General, was begun at SRI," to "document that psychoenergetic phenomena are real and reproducible, to determine the underlying mechanisms, and to bring psychoenergetics research into the mainstream of human performance research." The Fort Meade unit "was transferred to DIA in 1986 when 12 billets were authorized in the GDIP budget for this activity. A Special Access Program (SAP), SUN STREAK, was established in order to protect identity of the individuals." It worked 192 projects from 1986 to 1989. A Military Intelligence Board review of 1989 and 1990 found "potential applications exist for certain project types: counternarcotics (CN), counterterrorism (CT), counterintelligence (CI)," "limited potential" for detailed data, and "low potential" for prediction; in a 1990 Army counternarcotics test, of 32 projects with ground truth "about one third of all projects were judged to have provided data of good quality." The Army surgeon general's money ran 1.9 million dollars in 1985-86, 2.3 million in 1987, 1.15 million in 1988, and one million in 1989. "The effort at SRI was discontinued in 1990."[^19]

 ### Star Gate

-"In the FY 1991 Defense Authorization Act, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) was identified as executive agent for initiating a new program to investigate parapsychological/anomalous phenomena. A funding level of $2 million was authorized," repeated in the fiscal 1992 appropriation, which also ordered DIA to "realign 10 civilian billets" and to assess foreign "weaponization." The project "was formally established as a limited dissemination (LIMDIS) project early-on and given the official project name, STAR GATE," and the research went to the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory of [[Science Applications International Corporation]] in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]] under May. DIA's budget paper of March 1995 listed among the customers [[United States Special Operations Command|USSOCOM]], [[United States Central Command|CENTCOM]], the Joint Interagency Task Forces East and West, JTF-6, and the [[El Paso Intelligence Center]], and gave DIA's own funding as 600,000 dollars in 1993, 500,000 in 1994, and 650,000 in 1995; "since FY 1980, the manpower structure devoted to Project STAR GATE remained constant (10 billets)." Congress in fiscal 1994 required a plan "to determine whether the STAR GATE program can show results that are cost-effective," subject "to peer review by neutral scientific experts"; the SAIC contract expired in May 1994 and was twice extended without cost to the end of the year, and 45 SRI and SAIC reports were approved for declassification. SAIC's own assessment, quoted by DIA: "The evidence for a valid information transfer anomaly (anomalous cognition (AC)) meets all recognized statistical and methodological criteria," its size "medium-to-large when compared to other known human behaviors," and "approximately 1 percent of the general population appears to meet strict statistical criteria for exhibiting a robust AC ability."[^15]
+"In the FY 1991 Defense Authorization Act, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) was identified as executive agent for initiating a new program to investigate parapsychological/anomalous phenomena. A funding level of $2 million was authorized," repeated in the fiscal 1992 appropriation, which also ordered DIA to "realign 10 civilian billets" and to assess foreign "weaponization." The project "was formally established as a limited dissemination (LIMDIS) project early-on and given the official project name, STAR GATE," and the research went to the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory of [[Science Applications International Corporation]] in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]] under May. DIA's budget paper of March 1995 listed among the customers [[United States Special Operations Command|USSOCOM]], [[United States Central Command|CENTCOM]], the Joint Interagency Task Forces East and West, JTF-6, and the [[El Paso Intelligence Center]], and gave DIA's own funding as 600,000 dollars in 1993, 500,000 in 1994, and 650,000 in 1995; "since FY 1980, the manpower structure devoted to Project STAR GATE remained constant (10 billets)." Congress in fiscal 1994 required a plan "to determine whether the STAR GATE program can show results that are cost-effective," subject "to peer review by neutral scientific experts"; the SAIC contract expired in May 1994 and was twice extended without cost to the end of the year, and 45 SRI and SAIC reports were approved for declassification. SAIC's own assessment, quoted by DIA: "The evidence for a valid information transfer anomaly (anomalous cognition (AC)) meets all recognized statistical and methodological criteria," its size "medium-to-large when compared to other known human behaviors," and "approximately 1 percent of the general population appears to meet strict statistical criteria for exhibiting a robust AC ability."[^20]

-DIA's account of the Star Gate years: the project was "established on 31 January 1991"; the fiscal 1991 money, "$2 million received and obligated ($1.5 million R&D, $0.5 million O&M)," went to a sole-source contract with SAIC's Cognitive Sciences Laboratory "on line by July 1991," to a "Long-Range Comprehensive Plan" published by May 30, 1991, and to magnetoencephalograph measurements at Los Alamos National Laboratory whose "analysis of results was reported to be inconclusive." Under the fiscal 1992 authorization DIA realigned the ten billets, delivered a report, "Project Architecture," ODT-S-1042-SL, on March 30, 1992, and was to balance the program among "over 12 users" including USSOCOM, USCENTCOM, the joint interagency task forces and JTF-6. Fiscal 1993 language "authorized $0.6 million for STAR GATE and directed the DIA Director to determine the feasibility of transferring" it to the Armed Services Medical Intelligence Center at [[Fort Detrick]]; "the study was undertaken and a decision was made to retain the project at Fort Meade." For fiscal 1994 DIA published "Project STAR GATE Research and Review Plan," PAG-TA-1068-SL, in June 1994, but "core R&D program funds expired in May 1994," and the customer base was "expanded through visits" to the commands, task forces and the El Paso Intelligence Center.[^900]
+DIA's account of the Star Gate years: the project was "established on 31 January 1991"; the fiscal 1991 money, "$2 million received and obligated ($1.5 million R&D, $0.5 million O&M)," went to a sole-source contract with SAIC's Cognitive Sciences Laboratory "on line by July 1991," to a "Long-Range Comprehensive Plan" published by May 30, 1991, and to magnetoencephalograph measurements at Los Alamos National Laboratory whose "analysis of results was reported to be inconclusive." Under the fiscal 1992 authorization DIA realigned the ten billets, delivered a report, "Project Architecture," ODT-S-1042-SL, on March 30, 1992, and was to balance the program among "over 12 users" including USSOCOM, USCENTCOM, the joint interagency task forces and JTF-6. Fiscal 1993 language "authorized $0.6 million for STAR GATE and directed the DIA Director to determine the feasibility of transferring" it to the Armed Services Medical Intelligence Center at [[Fort Detrick]]; "the study was undertaken and a decision was made to retain the project at Fort Meade." For fiscal 1994 DIA published "Project STAR GATE Research and Review Plan," PAG-TA-1068-SL, in June 1994, but "core R&D program funds expired in May 1994," and the customer base was "expanded through visits" to the commands, task forces and the El Paso Intelligence Center.[^14]

-"From 1986 to the first quarter of FY 1995, the DoD paranormal psychology program received more than 200 tasks from operational military organizations." Only in 1994 did it adopt a numerical evaluation. By May 1, 1995, its three viewers, all full-time government employees, had answered 40 tasks from five organizations, 26 of them from DIA in support of two joint task forces, others on "North Korean (NK) capabilities and leadership." Of 99 accuracy scores on a six-point scale, 55 were 2s and 3s and 13 were 1s; of 100 value scores on a five-point scale, none was "major significance." The summary report of the evaluations concluded: "The utility of RV for operational intelligence collection cannot be substantiated. The ambiguous and subjective nature of the process actually creates a need for additional efforts of questionable operational return."[^16]
+"From 1986 to the first quarter of FY 1995, the DoD paranormal psychology program received more than 200 tasks from operational military organizations." Only in 1994 did it adopt a numerical evaluation. By May 1, 1995, its three viewers, all full-time government employees, had answered 40 tasks from five organizations, 26 of them from DIA in support of two joint task forces, others on "North Korean (NK) capabilities and leadership." Of 99 accuracy scores on a six-point scale, 55 were 2s and 3s and 13 were 1s; of 100 value scores on a five-point scale, none was "major significance." The summary report of the evaluations concluded: "The utility of RV for operational intelligence collection cannot be substantiated. The ambiguous and subjective nature of the process actually creates a need for additional efforts of questionable operational return."[^21]

 ### Termination

-"In early 1995, Senate conferees directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to transfer the 'Star Gate' program from the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to CIA. Specifically, the conferees directed the transfer of ten civilian billets and $500,000 in Star Gate program resources by July 1, 1995," together with "a technical review of Star Gate going back twenty years, a declassification review, and establishment of a cooperative activity with the Russians in parapsychology." The Senate Appropriations Committee had already required "a retrospective review and technical analysis of the data that has been produced by the program since its inception 20 years ago." DIA told the CIA in a memorandum of May 10 (logged as received on May 16 in the CIA's chronology) that "any decision on declassification actions regarding Project STAR GATE should be made by the CIA" and that it had "no objection to a declassification of the 'fact of' a DIA program to employ paranormal phenomena for intelligence purposes"; DIA's log of the files, sent after a telephone call of October 10, counted 38 boxes transferred in July, where the CIA's papers counted 43 ([[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]]). The CIA contracted the [[American Institutes for Research]] in June ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), whose report of September 29 it quoted in its management paper: "the information provided by remote viewing is vague and ambiguous, making it difficult if not impossible for the technique to yield information of sufficient quality and accuracy for actionable intelligence," and "it remains unclear whether the existence of a paranormal phenomenon, remote viewing, has been demonstrated." The paper recommended terminating both operations and research, adding that "this does not mean that research in parapsychology is not important or that it should not continue in the public domain," a declassification review of "at least five different programs including Star Gate, Grill Flame, Center Lane, Sun Streak, and SCANATE," some "43 document boxes," and, on the advice of the Directorate of Intelligence and the [[National Intelligence Council]], "no resources to the assessment of foreign developments in parapsychology": "we view developments in parapsychology as a relatively low threat to the United States," and "in none of this Russian research do we see credible evidence of developments that could significantly add to the threat that Russia currently poses."[^15][^17]
+"In early 1995, Senate conferees directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to transfer the 'Star Gate' program from the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to CIA. Specifically, the conferees directed the transfer of ten civilian billets and $500,000 in Star Gate program resources by July 1, 1995," together with "a technical review of Star Gate going back twenty years, a declassification review, and establishment of a cooperative activity with the Russians in parapsychology." The Senate Appropriations Committee had already required "a retrospective review and technical analysis of the data that has been produced by the program since its inception 20 years ago." DIA told the CIA in a memorandum of May 10 (logged as received on May 16 in the CIA's chronology) that "any decision on declassification actions regarding Project STAR GATE should be made by the CIA" and that it had "no objection to a declassification of the 'fact of' a DIA program to employ paranormal phenomena for intelligence purposes"; DIA's log of the files, sent after a telephone call of October 10, counted 38 boxes transferred in July, where the CIA's papers counted 43 ([[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]]). The CIA contracted the [[American Institutes for Research]] in June ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), whose report of September 29 it quoted in its management paper: "the information provided by remote viewing is vague and ambiguous, making it difficult if not impossible for the technique to yield information of sufficient quality and accuracy for actionable intelligence," and "it remains unclear whether the existence of a paranormal phenomenon, remote viewing, has been demonstrated." The paper recommended terminating both operations and research, adding that "this does not mean that research in parapsychology is not important or that it should not continue in the public domain," a declassification review of "at least five different programs including Star Gate, Grill Flame, Center Lane, Sun Streak, and SCANATE," some "43 document boxes," and, on the advice of the Directorate of Intelligence and the [[National Intelligence Council]], "no resources to the assessment of foreign developments in parapsychology": "we view developments in parapsychology as a relatively low threat to the United States," and "in none of this Russian research do we see credible evidence of developments that could significantly add to the threat that Russia currently poses."[^20][^22]

 ### Other Accounts

-Other operational sessions are known from the accounts of participants: Joe McMoneagle's 1979 description of a large submarine under construction at Severodvinsk, later identified as the Typhoon class; his and Mel Riley's "hourglass on its side" for a Chinese device at Lop Nor; Riley's "batlike flying-wing" in an operations security test on the B-2; Ken Bell's location of a crashed Navy aircraft on Bald Knob in [[Virginia]]; McMoneagle on Skylab's reentry; and the tracking of a Soviet T-72 tank. The same accounts give the original unit as McMoneagle, Riley, Bell, [[Nancy Stern]], [[Fernand Gauvin]], and [[Hartleigh Trent]], recruited by Captain [[Frederick Atwater]] of the Systems Exploitation Detachment, and a 1984 [[Jack Anderson]] column as the first public disclosure. Targ and Puthoff had published the SRI work in *Nature* in 1974 and in the *Proceedings of the IEEE* in 1976.[^18][^19]
+Other operational sessions are known from the accounts of participants: Joe McMoneagle's 1979 description of a large submarine under construction at Severodvinsk, later identified as the Typhoon class; his and Mel Riley's "hourglass on its side" for a Chinese device at Lop Nor; Riley's "batlike flying-wing" in an operations security test on the B-2; Ken Bell's location of a crashed Navy aircraft on Bald Knob in [[Virginia]]; McMoneagle on Skylab's reentry; and the tracking of a Soviet T-72 tank. The same accounts give the original unit as McMoneagle, Riley, Bell, [[Nancy Stern]], [[Fernand Gauvin]], and [[Hartleigh Trent]], recruited by Captain [[Frederick Atwater]] of the Systems Exploitation Detachment, and a 1984 [[Jack Anderson]] column as the first public disclosure. Targ and Puthoff had published the SRI work in *Nature* in 1974 and in the *Proceedings of the IEEE* in 1976.[^23][^24]

 ### Key Personnel

@ -150,17 +150,17 @@ Government officials and liaisons:
 [^8]: "Iran Hostage Situation Grill Flame RV Session CC12, Viewer 27.5," c. 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R000800070001-7, one of about 250 session reports in the collection. Buzby, Brian, Lieutenant Colonel, "Purpose: To Provide an Overview of Center Lane," May 4, 1984, with the summary of information on the Buckley case and the CIA memorandum "Comments on Recent CENTER LANE Experience," May 1, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220003-8; "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM Grill Flame Protocol," c. 1981-83, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.
 [^9]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG Dozier," information memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, December 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130001-1; "1983 Briefing Papers - Use of Center Lane, Relocation of BG Dozier in Italy," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700370002-3. "Conversation with BG Dozier," February 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130019-2, and "Debriefing, B.G. Dozier, Tape 1102, Grill Flame," February 9, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100250014-0.
 [^10]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "Grill Flame Project Report," October 19, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6; "Grill Flame - Activity," memoranda of November 21 to December 4, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800070002-5.
-[^11]: Buzby, Brian, Lieutenant Colonel, "Purpose: To Provide an Overview of Center Lane," May 4, 1984, with the summary of information on the Buckley case and the CIA memorandum "Comments on Recent CENTER LANE Experience," May 1, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220003-8; "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM Grill Flame Protocol," c. 1981-83, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.
-[^12]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8; the scan's table columns are reflowed by OCR and some dates are uncertain. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5; Vorona, J., "Comments on 'Report By: The GRILLFLAME Scientific Evaluation Committee,'" memorandum of the Grill Flame Working Group, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300060001-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Buzby, Brian, memorandum "Briefing to Senator Wallop, 5 October 1983," October 14, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270015-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^13]: "Science Panel Report: SRI Studies in Remote Viewing: A Program Review," March 1, 1984, signed by W. Ross Adey, Donald M. Kerr, and F. Zachariasen, reproduced as appendix B of Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," DTI-S-1056-SL, April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2.
-[^14]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "FY 1995 Congressional Budget - Star Gate," March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010003-2. Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2.
-[^15]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2. Defense Intelligence Agency, "FY 1995 Congressional Budget - Star Gate," March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010003-2.
-[^16]: "Summary Report. Star Gate Operational Tasking and Evaluation (An Extract)," 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200300002-2. The same report is printed as appendix D of the [[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate|AIR evaluation]], CIA-RDP96-00791R000200180006-4.
-[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Proposed Star Gate Management Strategy," c. October 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100150002-0; Defense Intelligence Agency, "Declassification and Cooperation in Response to Congressionally Directed STAR GATE Program Review," May 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100010001-6, and "Transfer of Project STAR GATE Files," October 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200290001-5. All CIA documents cited are in the STARGATE collection of the CIA FOIA Reading Room and were read in the archive.org mirror of that collection (archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-<id>).
-[^18]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997; Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown, 2017; McMoneagle, Joseph. *The Stargate Chronicles.* Hampton Roads, 2002. Participant and journalistic accounts, not verified against the documents.
-[^19]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transfer under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," *Nature,* vol. 251, October 18, 1974, pp. 602-607; Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances," *Proceedings of the IEEE,* vol. 64, no. 3, March 1976, pp. 329-354.
-[^900]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Senate Appropriations Committee Congressionally Directed Action, Star Gate," retrospective review, technical analysis and declassification status, with transmittal memorandum signed Letitia A. Long, Director, DMI Staff, faxed March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010002-3, -003-2 and -004-1, and CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040003-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^901]: Davis, Ruth M., Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (Research and Advanced Technology), memorandum for Dr. Jack Vorona, "'Remote Viewing' Project," November 20, 1978, with the letter of Charlie Rose, Chairman, Subcommittee on Evaluation, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Davis, October 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500240017-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979," S-1168/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, and "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 10 January 1980," S-1008/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1, both signed Jack Vorona, chairman. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^902]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the Meeting of the DoD Committee on Remote Viewing Activities," August 24, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140009-7; Vorona to the Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence, S-1862/DT-1, September 6, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410015-9; Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, to DIA, September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8; DIA to the 902d Military Intelligence Group, September 22, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140015-0; James L. Brown, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF, to Vorona, September 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410026-7; Army ACSI (DAMI-ISH) to Vorona, October 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410024-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Request for Funding, FY 79, Re: Parapsychology - Feasibility for a Hard Copy Remote Viewing Machine," draft, principal investigator E. H. Walker, July 7, 1978, DAMI-ISH, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080003-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^903]: Grill Flame security agreements, volunteer consent statements, participant counseling statements, "Information About Remote Viewing for Participants" forms, and DIA Sun Streak access forms, 1977 to 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100150005-8 to R002100150079-7; names as printed in the item titles, the signature lines being largely illegible in OCR. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^904]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2; Watt, Murray B., "Summary of Working Group Meeting, DoD Committee on Special Sensors (C), 28 Nov 78," November 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240006-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^11]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the Meeting of the DoD Committee on Remote Viewing Activities," August 24, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140009-7; Vorona to the Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence, S-1862/DT-1, September 6, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410015-9; Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, to DIA, September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8; DIA to the 902d Military Intelligence Group, September 22, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140015-0; James L. Brown, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF, to Vorona, September 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410026-7; Army ACSI (DAMI-ISH) to Vorona, October 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410024-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Request for Funding, FY 79, Re: Parapsychology - Feasibility for a Hard Copy Remote Viewing Machine," draft, principal investigator E. H. Walker, July 7, 1978, DAMI-ISH, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080003-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^12]: Davis, Ruth M., Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (Research and Advanced Technology), memorandum for Dr. Jack Vorona, "'Remote Viewing' Project," November 20, 1978, with the letter of Charlie Rose, Chairman, Subcommittee on Evaluation, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Davis, October 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500240017-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Defense Intelligence Agency, "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979," S-1168/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, and "Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 10 January 1980," S-1008/DT-1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1, both signed Jack Vorona, chairman. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^13]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140013-2; Watt, Murray B., "Summary of Working Group Meeting, DoD Committee on Special Sensors (C), 28 Nov 78," November 29, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240006-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^14]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Senate Appropriations Committee Congressionally Directed Action, Star Gate," retrospective review, technical analysis and declassification status, with transmittal memorandum signed Letitia A. Long, Director, DMI Staff, faxed March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010002-3, -003-2 and -004-1, and CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040003-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^15]: Grill Flame security agreements, volunteer consent statements, participant counseling statements, "Information About Remote Viewing for Participants" forms, and DIA Sun Streak access forms, 1977 to 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100150005-8 to R002100150079-7; names as printed in the item titles, the signature lines being largely illegible in OCR. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^16]: Buzby, Brian, Lieutenant Colonel, "Purpose: To Provide an Overview of Center Lane," May 4, 1984, with the summary of information on the Buckley case and the CIA memorandum "Comments on Recent CENTER LANE Experience," May 1, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220003-8; "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM Grill Flame Protocol," c. 1981-83, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.
+[^17]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8; the scan's table columns are reflowed by OCR and some dates are uncertain. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5; Vorona, J., "Comments on 'Report By: The GRILLFLAME Scientific Evaluation Committee,'" memorandum of the Grill Flame Working Group, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300060001-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Buzby, Brian, memorandum "Briefing to Senator Wallop, 5 October 1983," October 14, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270015-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^18]: "Science Panel Report: SRI Studies in Remote Viewing: A Program Review," March 1, 1984, signed by W. Ross Adey, Donald M. Kerr, and F. Zachariasen, reproduced as appendix B of Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," DTI-S-1056-SL, April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2.
+[^19]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "FY 1995 Congressional Budget - Star Gate," March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010003-2. Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2.
+[^20]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2. Defense Intelligence Agency, "FY 1995 Congressional Budget - Star Gate," March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010003-2.
+[^21]: "Summary Report. Star Gate Operational Tasking and Evaluation (An Extract)," 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200300002-2. The same report is printed as appendix D of the [[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate|AIR evaluation]], CIA-RDP96-00791R000200180006-4.
+[^22]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Proposed Star Gate Management Strategy," c. October 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100150002-0; Defense Intelligence Agency, "Declassification and Cooperation in Response to Congressionally Directed STAR GATE Program Review," May 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100010001-6, and "Transfer of Project STAR GATE Files," October 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200290001-5. All CIA documents cited are in the STARGATE collection of the CIA FOIA Reading Room and were read in the archive.org mirror of that collection (archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-<id>).
+[^23]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997; Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown, 2017; McMoneagle, Joseph. *The Stargate Chronicles.* Hampton Roads, 2002. Participant and journalistic accounts, not verified against the documents.
+[^24]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transfer under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," *Nature,* vol. 251, October 18, 1974, pp. 602-607; Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances," *Proceedings of the IEEE,* vol. 64, no. 3, March 1976, pp. 329-354.
--- a/EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/1995
+++ b/EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/1995
@ -23,46 +23,46 @@ updated: 2026-09-22

 In 1995, following a directive from Congress, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] took custody of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]]'s [[Stargate Project|Star Gate]] program, "which involved the use of paranormal phenomena, primarily 'remote viewing,' for intelligence collection," declassified its own parapsychology work of the 1970s "in order to facilitate a new, external review," and in June contracted the [[American Institutes for Research]] through its Office of Research and Development to evaluate it. The program had three parts: "'Operations,' using remote viewing to collect intelligence against foreign targets; 'Research and Development,' using laboratory studies to find new ways to improve remote viewing for use in the intelligence world; and 'Foreign Assessment,' the analysis of foreign activities to develop or exploit the paranormal." The foreign assessment part was excluded from the review. Operations "continued until the Spring of 1995, when the program was suspended."[^1]

-The review was first offered to the [[National Research Council]]. The CIA's chronology of the transfer ([[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]]) records that on March 15, 1995, "after informal discussions with NRC, panel member selection begins: Jessica Utts, [[John Palmer]], [[James Alcock]], and Ray Hyman contacted by NRC and agree to act as commissioned reviewers," and that on May 10 "NRC formally rejects CIA study proposal citing prior definitive study. NRC stated unequivocally that 'the case for remote viewing... is virtually nonexistent.'" The CIA met AIR's president the same day; the contract was signed on June 12, and ORD's independent contractor later described AIR as the "replacement organization for the NRC." The Office of Research and Development had told the Executive Director in advance that "we do NOT intend to ask our blue ribbon panel to tell us if there is or is not anything to the concept, rather we intend to ask them to review the STARGATE program to assess its overall value to the USG based on intelligence value, process validity, customer satisfaction, and foreign assessment activity as directed by Congress," and that "it is possible that our panel will recommend that we do NOT proceed with the program." The CIA's briefing slides on the review state that the "DIA program manager asked to identify most favorable users of remote viewing," that "AIR conducted standard interviews of these users on location with CIA present," and that the "commissioned reviews exchanged, rebuttals permitted, AIR arbitrated final conclusions for CIA key recommendations."[^900][^901]
+The review was first offered to the [[National Research Council]]. The CIA's chronology of the transfer ([[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]]) records that on March 15, 1995, "after informal discussions with NRC, panel member selection begins: Jessica Utts, [[John Palmer]], [[James Alcock]], and Ray Hyman contacted by NRC and agree to act as commissioned reviewers," and that on May 10 "NRC formally rejects CIA study proposal citing prior definitive study. NRC stated unequivocally that 'the case for remote viewing... is virtually nonexistent.'" The CIA met AIR's president the same day; the contract was signed on June 12, and ORD's independent contractor later described AIR as the "replacement organization for the NRC." The Office of Research and Development had told the Executive Director in advance that "we do NOT intend to ask our blue ribbon panel to tell us if there is or is not anything to the concept, rather we intend to ask them to review the STARGATE program to assess its overall value to the USG based on intelligence value, process validity, customer satisfaction, and foreign assessment activity as directed by Congress," and that "it is possible that our panel will recommend that we do NOT proceed with the program." The CIA's briefing slides on the review state that the "DIA program manager asked to identify most favorable users of remote viewing," that "AIR conducted standard interviews of these users on location with CIA present," and that the "commissioned reviews exchanged, rebuttals permitted, AIR arbitrated final conclusions for CIA key recommendations."[^2][^3]

-The curricula vitae of AIR's two authors are in the CIA's files: [[Michael Mumford]], who had joined AIR in 1994 and was "directing three projects concerned with the assessment and development of leadership potential for the [[United States Army]]" and skills projects "sponsored by the Department of Labor and the National Security Agency," and [[Andrew Rose]], at AIR since 1973 and by then chief scientist of its Washington office. On September 22, 1995, a week before the report's date, Mumford sent two copies of "the draft Remote Viewing report" to a redacted addressee at the Ames Building in Rosslyn: "The conclusions are solid. However, we do need to have Ray and Jessica check the material."[^902]
+The curricula vitae of AIR's two authors are in the CIA's files: [[Michael Mumford]], who had joined AIR in 1994 and was "directing three projects concerned with the assessment and development of leadership potential for the [[United States Army]]" and skills projects "sponsored by the Department of Labor and the National Security Agency," and [[Andrew Rose]], at AIR since 1973 and by then chief scientist of its Washington office. On September 22, 1995, a week before the report's date, Mumford sent two copies of "the draft Remote Viewing report" to a redacted addressee at the Ames Building in Rosslyn: "The conclusions are solid. However, we do need to have Ray and Jessica check the material."[^4]

 ### The Panel

-The research review was given to two outside reviewers, [[Jessica Utts]], professor of statistics at the [[University of California, Davis]] and statistical editor of the *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research*, and [[Ray Hyman]], professor of psychology at the [[University of Oregon]], who had served on the National Research Council committee on human performance; [[Lincoln Moses]] of [[Stanford University]] advised on statistics and [[David Goslin]], president of AIR, coordinated. The CIA transferred "all reports and documents relevant to the review," about 80 publications; one document "remained classified during the period of this review," and Michael Mumford of AIR read it and gave the panel an unclassified synopsis. The principal investigator of the research contract, [[Edwin May]], was asked to list the studies "which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 National Research Council report. Hyman wrote afterward: "May helped identify the ten best studies for Utts and me to evaluate." The operational review was done by AIR's own psychologists, who interviewed seven representatives of customer organizations, three remote viewers, and the program manager in July and August 1995.[^1][^2]
+The research review was given to two outside reviewers, [[Jessica Utts]], professor of statistics at the [[University of California, Davis]] and statistical editor of the *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research*, and [[Ray Hyman]], professor of psychology at the [[University of Oregon]], who had served on the National Research Council committee on human performance; [[Lincoln Moses]] of [[Stanford University]] advised on statistics and [[David Goslin]], president of AIR, coordinated. The CIA transferred "all reports and documents relevant to the review," about 80 publications; one document "remained classified during the period of this review," and Michael Mumford of AIR read it and gave the panel an unclassified synopsis. The principal investigator of the research contract, [[Edwin May]], was asked to list the studies "which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 National Research Council report. Hyman wrote afterward: "May helped identify the ten best studies for Utts and me to evaluate." The operational review was done by AIR's own psychologists, who interviewed seven representatives of customer organizations, three remote viewers, and the program manager in July and August 1995.[^1][^5]

 ### The Research Reviews

-Utts's report of September 1 opened: "Using the standards applied to any other area of science, it is concluded that psychic functioning has been well established. The statistical results of the studies examined are far beyond what is expected by chance. Arguments that these results could be due to methodological flaws in the experiments are soundly refuted." She put the effect "in the range between what social scientists call a small and medium effect," cited the 1988 analysis of all 154 experiments at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] from 1973, "over 26,000 individual trials" and 227 subjects, with a p-value "less than 10^-20," and tabulated May's ten [[Science Applications International Corporation|SAIC]] experiments: among them "Entropy II," 90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8, and "AC with binary coding," 40 trials, effect size −0.067. Novices at SRI showed an effect size of 0.164 against 0.17 for novices in the ganzfeld experiments at the [[Psychophysical Research Laboratories]]; experienced viewers 0.385 against 0.35. She recommended that "future experiments focus on understanding how this phenomenon works," since "there is little benefit to continuing experiments designed to offer proof."[^3]
+Utts's report of September 1 opened: "Using the standards applied to any other area of science, it is concluded that psychic functioning has been well established. The statistical results of the studies examined are far beyond what is expected by chance. Arguments that these results could be due to methodological flaws in the experiments are soundly refuted." She put the effect "in the range between what social scientists call a small and medium effect," cited the 1988 analysis of all 154 experiments at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] from 1973, "over 26,000 individual trials" and 227 subjects, with a p-value "less than 10^-20," and tabulated May's ten [[Science Applications International Corporation|SAIC]] experiments: among them "Entropy II," 90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8, and "AC with binary coding," 40 trials, effect size −0.067. Novices at SRI showed an effect size of 0.164 against 0.17 for novices in the ganzfeld experiments at the [[Psychophysical Research Laboratories]]; experienced viewers 0.385 against 0.35. She recommended that "future experiments focus on understanding how this phenomenon works," since "there is little benefit to continuing experiments designed to offer proof."[^6]

-Hyman's report of September 11 confined itself to the ten SAIC experiments, "the only ones for which we have adequate documentation." He and Utts "both agree that the SAIC experiments were free of the methodological weaknesses that plagued the early SRI research" and "that the effect sizes reported in the SAIC experiments are too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes," and disagreed on whether the effects established anomalous cognition, whether flaws had been eliminated, and whether the results matched other laboratories; he answered no to all three, noting that "ten experiments, especially from one laboratory," were "far too few." On operations he recorded May's own estimate that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," so that "80% of all the information supplied by this talented viewer will be erroneous," and warned that "subjective validation is well known to generate compelling, but false, convictions." Utts replied that the whole of parapsychology's funding since 1882 was "at best equivalent to the expenditures devoted to fewer than two months of research in conventional psychology," and that the Physicians Health Study of aspirin, with 22,000 men, "had it been conducted on only 2,200 men with the same reduction in heart attacks, would not have achieved statistical significance." AIR's synthesis found that "the two reviewers agreed far more than they disagreed" and that "most if not all significant findings have been obtained by using the same remote viewers, the same judge, the same target set, and the same scoring procedures," the judge being "apparently the Principal Investigator."[^1][^4]
+Hyman's report of September 11 confined itself to the ten SAIC experiments, "the only ones for which we have adequate documentation." He and Utts "both agree that the SAIC experiments were free of the methodological weaknesses that plagued the early SRI research" and "that the effect sizes reported in the SAIC experiments are too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes," and disagreed on whether the effects established anomalous cognition, whether flaws had been eliminated, and whether the results matched other laboratories; he answered no to all three, noting that "ten experiments, especially from one laboratory," were "far too few." On operations he recorded May's own estimate that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," so that "80% of all the information supplied by this talented viewer will be erroneous," and warned that "subjective validation is well known to generate compelling, but false, convictions." Utts replied that the whole of parapsychology's funding since 1882 was "at best equivalent to the expenditures devoted to fewer than two months of research in conventional psychology," and that the Physicians Health Study of aspirin, with 22,000 men, "had it been conducted on only 2,200 men with the same reduction in heart attacks, would not have achieved statistical significance." AIR's synthesis found that "the two reviewers agreed far more than they disagreed" and that "most if not all significant findings have been obtained by using the same remote viewers, the same judge, the same target set, and the same scoring procedures," the judge being "apparently the Principal Investigator."[^1][^7]

 ### The Operational Review

-The end users said the information was "stated in broad, vague terms," accurate "with regard to general stereotypical characteristics," inaccurate "with regard to concrete specifics," and inconsistent between viewers; "the viewings were never used as a primary source of evidence in making decisions." The viewers told AIR "that their written reports were occasionally inconsistent with their viewings. They themselves considered it appropriate to make the written reports consistent with known characteristics of the target," and "that previous managers also changed viewers' reports." Customer evaluations had been collected since 1994 for forty viewings: on a six-point accuracy scale the mean was 3.0, on a five-point value scale 3.5, and all three viewers scored within a tenth of a standard deviation of each other. Two organizations, "one concerned with tracking people and one concerned with combat intelligence," reported better results, where "the viewers had substantial general background information concerning the targets." A separate government review of the same forty tasks, printed as an appendix, found that "normally, much of the data provided by the RV(s) is either wrong or irrelevant although one cannot always tell which is which without further investigation," that scores were higher where targets were specific, "e.g., the North Korean targets," and that "as an admitted neophyte in this area of endeavor, I categorize the field as a kind of religion." That review, headed "Summary Report. Star Gate Operational Tasking and Evaluation" and released separately by the CIA as an extract, carries no author's name; the invoice of ORD's independent contractor for August 7, 1995, describes "my independent evaluation of the operational tasking records from the Star Gate program supplemented by the results of interviews with the staff of four of the operational organizations that tasked the Star Gate program." Its first sub-appendix is marked "Next 1 Page(s) In Document Exempt" in the CIA's own copy of the AIR report, released May 22, 2002, and "missing" in the copy posted by the [[National Security Archive]]. The second sub-appendix prints the interview sheets for four customer organizations, lettered A, B, C and E, dated July 7 to August 3, 1995.[^5]
+The end users said the information was "stated in broad, vague terms," accurate "with regard to general stereotypical characteristics," inaccurate "with regard to concrete specifics," and inconsistent between viewers; "the viewings were never used as a primary source of evidence in making decisions." The viewers told AIR "that their written reports were occasionally inconsistent with their viewings. They themselves considered it appropriate to make the written reports consistent with known characteristics of the target," and "that previous managers also changed viewers' reports." Customer evaluations had been collected since 1994 for forty viewings: on a six-point accuracy scale the mean was 3.0, on a five-point value scale 3.5, and all three viewers scored within a tenth of a standard deviation of each other. Two organizations, "one concerned with tracking people and one concerned with combat intelligence," reported better results, where "the viewers had substantial general background information concerning the targets." A separate government review of the same forty tasks, printed as an appendix, found that "normally, much of the data provided by the RV(s) is either wrong or irrelevant although one cannot always tell which is which without further investigation," that scores were higher where targets were specific, "e.g., the North Korean targets," and that "as an admitted neophyte in this area of endeavor, I categorize the field as a kind of religion." That review, headed "Summary Report. Star Gate Operational Tasking and Evaluation" and released separately by the CIA as an extract, carries no author's name; the invoice of ORD's independent contractor for August 7, 1995, describes "my independent evaluation of the operational tasking records from the Star Gate program supplemented by the results of interviews with the staff of four of the operational organizations that tasked the Star Gate program." Its first sub-appendix is marked "Next 1 Page(s) In Document Exempt" in the CIA's own copy of the AIR report, released May 22, 2002, and "missing" in the copy posted by the [[National Security Archive]]. The second sub-appendix prints the interview sheets for four customer organizations, lettered A, B, C and E, dated July 7 to August 3, 1995.[^8]

 ### Conclusions

-The report found "a statistically significant 'anomaly'" in the laboratory, no "convincing demonstration that a paranormal ability is involved," no identification of "the nature and source of the effect," and "no evidence that the phenomenon would prove useful in intelligence gathering." Its history of the program stated that "CIA's program began in 1972, but was discontinued in 1977," and that "DIA's direct involvement began about 1985." It observed of "some well-publicized cases of dramatic hits" that "there is reason to suspect that substantially more background information was available than one might at first assume." The last line of the body read: "Continued support for the operational component of the current program is not justified." Hyman wrote in 1996 that "because of some controversies within the program, a Senate committee decided to transfer the program from the DIA back to the CIA," that the operations program "involved six, and later three, psychics on the government payroll who were available to any government agency that wanted to use their services," and that the panel "all agreed that any scientifically meaningful evaluation of these operational psychic intelligence uses was impossible." [[Hal Puthoff]] quoted the report's count of "more than 200 tasks from operational military organizations" between 1986 and the first quarter of fiscal 1995, and cited a CIA public affairs statement on remote viewing of September 6, 1995. May's commentary of 1996 gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^6]
+The report found "a statistically significant 'anomaly'" in the laboratory, no "convincing demonstration that a paranormal ability is involved," no identification of "the nature and source of the effect," and "no evidence that the phenomenon would prove useful in intelligence gathering." Its history of the program stated that "CIA's program began in 1972, but was discontinued in 1977," and that "DIA's direct involvement began about 1985." It observed of "some well-publicized cases of dramatic hits" that "there is reason to suspect that substantially more background information was available than one might at first assume." The last line of the body read: "Continued support for the operational component of the current program is not justified." Hyman wrote in 1996 that "because of some controversies within the program, a Senate committee decided to transfer the program from the DIA back to the CIA," that the operations program "involved six, and later three, psychics on the government payroll who were available to any government agency that wanted to use their services," and that the panel "all agreed that any scientifically meaningful evaluation of these operational psychic intelligence uses was impossible." [[Hal Puthoff]] quoted the report's count of "more than 200 tasks from operational military organizations" between 1986 and the first quarter of fiscal 1995, and cited a CIA public affairs statement on remote viewing of September 6, 1995. May's commentary of 1996 gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^9]

 ### Release

-The agency's public affairs office had said on September 6, 1995: "As mandated by Congress, CIA is reviewing available information and past research programs concerning parapsychological phenomena, mainly 'Remote Viewing' to determine whether they might have any utility for intelligence collection. CIA sponsored research on this subject in the 1970s. At that time, the program, always considered speculative and controversial, was determined to be unpromising." The report was released on November 28, 1995, the day ABC's *Nightline* broadcast "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?" [[Ted Koppel]] opened: "For 20 years, U.S. intelligence agencies have been experimenting with ESP." ABC said it "has obtained a copy of that report which is critical of psychic spying," and that psychic spying "has been used in about 500 cases. Of those, fewer than a dozen were claimed to be right on target." May described the Semipalatinsk crane and "underground spheres"; [[Joe McMoneagle]] said of the Iran hostages, "there were 2 or 3 others that were held away from the Embassy, and no one seemed to know exactly where that was. But we were instrumental in helping identify that location"; [[Dale Graff]] said of Dozier, "we had one viewer come up with the name of the city, Padua. We had another one come up with the name of the building he was in"; the customs official William Green described the Jordan search, "next to an Indian gravesite," and Graff added, "we like to count it as a success." Hyman: "If someone pushed me hard right now, I'd have to say the odds are 99 to 1 that there's nothing to remote viewing." Utts: "There's some mystery out there that we need to solve." In the studio [[Robert Gates]] said that after the mid-1970s "CIA really during that period had a very limited role and essentially was just watching what was going on elsewhere," formalized by [[John McMahon]] in the mid-1980s; "I don't know of a single instance where it is documented that this kind of activity contributed in any significant way to a policy decision"; "we got into it, I think, mainly because we heard the Soviets were involved and also because the Congress, individual members of the Congress and some staff pushed us into it"; and "this is a tool best developed in the academic community or in the public arena, not by the intelligence community." A former CIA technical adviser identified only as "Norm," who had monitored the programs under McMahon until 1984, said "there's never been a case to my knowledge that produced any significant intelligence product," and explained the "8-martini" sessions: "The photograph you gave me, you developed that film in a house a mile down the road in the basement. That's grounds for an 8-martini evening, because the guy that took the picture had forgotten that fact. So, the knowledge was in the room, but not in any conscious way."[^7]
+The agency's public affairs office had said on September 6, 1995: "As mandated by Congress, CIA is reviewing available information and past research programs concerning parapsychological phenomena, mainly 'Remote Viewing' to determine whether they might have any utility for intelligence collection. CIA sponsored research on this subject in the 1970s. At that time, the program, always considered speculative and controversial, was determined to be unpromising." The report was released on November 28, 1995, the day ABC's *Nightline* broadcast "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?" [[Ted Koppel]] opened: "For 20 years, U.S. intelligence agencies have been experimenting with ESP." ABC said it "has obtained a copy of that report which is critical of psychic spying," and that psychic spying "has been used in about 500 cases. Of those, fewer than a dozen were claimed to be right on target." May described the Semipalatinsk crane and "underground spheres"; [[Joe McMoneagle]] said of the Iran hostages, "there were 2 or 3 others that were held away from the Embassy, and no one seemed to know exactly where that was. But we were instrumental in helping identify that location"; [[Dale Graff]] said of Dozier, "we had one viewer come up with the name of the city, Padua. We had another one come up with the name of the building he was in"; the customs official William Green described the Jordan search, "next to an Indian gravesite," and Graff added, "we like to count it as a success." Hyman: "If someone pushed me hard right now, I'd have to say the odds are 99 to 1 that there's nothing to remote viewing." Utts: "There's some mystery out there that we need to solve." In the studio [[Robert Gates]] said that after the mid-1970s "CIA really during that period had a very limited role and essentially was just watching what was going on elsewhere," formalized by [[John McMahon]] in the mid-1980s; "I don't know of a single instance where it is documented that this kind of activity contributed in any significant way to a policy decision"; "we got into it, I think, mainly because we heard the Soviets were involved and also because the Congress, individual members of the Congress and some staff pushed us into it"; and "this is a tool best developed in the academic community or in the public arena, not by the intelligence community." A former CIA technical adviser identified only as "Norm," who had monitored the programs under McMahon until 1984, said "there's never been a case to my knowledge that produced any significant intelligence product," and explained the "8-martini" sessions: "The photograph you gave me, you developed that film in a house a mile down the road in the basement. That's grounds for an 8-martini evening, because the guy that took the picture had forgotten that fact. So, the knowledge was in the room, but not in any conscious way."[^10]

 ### May's Reply

-May's commentary of March 1996 charged that the CIA "set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," that only one of seventeen members of the program's own oversight bodies was contacted, and that David Goslin of AIR had also administered the NRC's 1988 report; Utts wrote to him on December 19, 1995, that "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and that "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work," and that after she asked to contact operational participants she "was contacted by the AIR staff and told that I was NOT to contact any of those individuals." May's conclusion: the evaluators "wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis."[^8] The independent contractor's invoice to ORD of September 19, 1995, states that he had "attended all specified meetings of the AIR (replacement organization for the NRC), their appointed panel members, and ORD," "participated in the review and editing of all unclassified reports prepared by the AIR, its panel members and ORD," and "assisted in the preparation (writing), review and editing of the interim and final versions of the report from the AIR and its panel."[^901]
+May's commentary of March 1996 charged that the CIA "set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," that only one of seventeen members of the program's own oversight bodies was contacted, and that David Goslin of AIR had also administered the NRC's 1988 report; Utts wrote to him on December 19, 1995, that "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and that "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work," and that after she asked to contact operational participants she "was contacted by the AIR staff and told that I was NOT to contact any of those individuals." May's conclusion: the evaluators "wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis."[^11] The independent contractor's invoice to ORD of September 19, 1995, states that he had "attended all specified meetings of the AIR (replacement organization for the NRC), their appointed panel members, and ORD," "participated in the review and editing of all unclassified reports prepared by the AIR, its panel members and ORD," and "assisted in the preparation (writing), review and editing of the interim and final versions of the report from the AIR and its panel."[^3]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. E-1 to E-5, 1-4 to 1-5, 2-1 to 2-8 and note 2, 3-80 to 3-84. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf
-[^2]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.
-[^3]: Utts, Jessica. "An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning," September 1, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-2 to 3-40, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-30. Pages 3-2, 3-3, 3-9, 3-14 to 3-19 of the report.
-[^4]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena," September 11, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-41 to 3-75, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 31-58. Pages 3-41 to 3-44, 3-67, 3-72 to 3-79 of the report, including Utts's "Response to Ray Hyman's Report of September 11, 1995."
-[^5]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 4-7 to 4-15 and appendix D, pp. D-1, D-12 to D-16, D-19 to D-23. The CIA's copy is CIA-RDP96-00791R000200180006-4, approved for release May 22, 2002, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room; its text matches the National Security Archive copy, and its appendix D opens with the same executive summary as "Summary Report. Star Gate Operational Tasking and Evaluation (An Extract)," CIA-RDP96-00791R000200300002-2.
-[^6]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 1-4, 3-84, 5-1 to 5-5; Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.; Puthoff, H. E. "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 63-76., note 10 and reference 1; May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract only.
-[^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, Public Affairs, statement on remote viewing, September 6, 1995, as reproduced in Victorian, Armen, "Remote Viewing and the US Intelligence Community," *Lobster,* c. 1996. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room.
-[^8]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images.
-[^900]: "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Director of Research and Development, CIA, memoranda for the Executive Director and the Comptroller, "Response to CDA on Stargate," undated, early 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040020-2 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040021-1; ORD-0150-95, "Status Report to Congress: Star Gate Program," February 27, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040006-8; draft memorandum for the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Declassification and Cooperation in Response to Congressionally Directed STAR GATE Program Review," February 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040019-4; "Transfer of Star Gate Program from DIA to CIA, Status and Terms of Reference," drafts, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040007-7 and -018-5; "Status of STARGATE Program," drafts faxed March 7 and May 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040012-1 and -004-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^901]: CIA briefing slides, "Star Gate," 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200080001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Office of Research and Development, "Request to Amend Independent Contract," March 7, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200020008-7; independent contractor's invoices of May 30, 1995 (Task A), August 7, 1995 (Task B) and September 19, 1995 (Tasks C and D), CIA-RDP96-00791R000200020005-0, -016-8 and -001-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^902]: "Curriculum Vitae - Michael D. Mumford," CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030046-5, and "Curriculum Vitae - Andrew M. Rose," CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030047-4, released 2003; Mumford, Michael D., to a redacted addressee at the Ames Building, Rosslyn, "Transmittal of Draft Remote Viewing Report," September 22, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200180003-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Director of Research and Development, CIA, memoranda for the Executive Director and the Comptroller, "Response to CDA on Stargate," undated, early 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040020-2 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040021-1; ORD-0150-95, "Status Report to Congress: Star Gate Program," February 27, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040006-8; draft memorandum for the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Declassification and Cooperation in Response to Congressionally Directed STAR GATE Program Review," February 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040019-4; "Transfer of Star Gate Program from DIA to CIA, Status and Terms of Reference," drafts, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040007-7 and -018-5; "Status of STARGATE Program," drafts faxed March 7 and May 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040012-1 and -004-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: CIA briefing slides, "Star Gate," 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200080001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Office of Research and Development, "Request to Amend Independent Contract," March 7, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200020008-7; independent contractor's invoices of May 30, 1995 (Task A), August 7, 1995 (Task B) and September 19, 1995 (Tasks C and D), CIA-RDP96-00791R000200020005-0, -016-8 and -001-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: "Curriculum Vitae - Michael D. Mumford," CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030046-5, and "Curriculum Vitae - Andrew M. Rose," CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030047-4, released 2003; Mumford, Michael D., to a redacted addressee at the Ames Building, Rosslyn, "Transmittal of Draft Remote Viewing Report," September 22, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200180003-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^5]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.
+[^6]: Utts, Jessica. "An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning," September 1, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-2 to 3-40, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-30. Pages 3-2, 3-3, 3-9, 3-14 to 3-19 of the report.
+[^7]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena," September 11, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-41 to 3-75, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 31-58. Pages 3-41 to 3-44, 3-67, 3-72 to 3-79 of the report, including Utts's "Response to Ray Hyman's Report of September 11, 1995."
+[^8]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 4-7 to 4-15 and appendix D, pp. D-1, D-12 to D-16, D-19 to D-23. The CIA's copy is CIA-RDP96-00791R000200180006-4, approved for release May 22, 2002, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room; its text matches the National Security Archive copy, and its appendix D opens with the same executive summary as "Summary Report. Star Gate Operational Tasking and Evaluation (An Extract)," CIA-RDP96-00791R000200300002-2.
+[^9]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 1-4, 3-84, 5-1 to 5-5; Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.; Puthoff, H. E. "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 63-76., note 10 and reference 1; May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract only.
+[^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, Public Affairs, statement on remote viewing, September 6, 1995, as reproduced in Victorian, Armen, "Remote Viewing and the US Intelligence Community," *Lobster,* c. 1996. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room.
+[^11]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images.
--- a/EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/New
+++ b/EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/New
@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] declared the event an [[act of terro
 - Truck was rented on December 30, 2024 in Houston, Texas via [[Turo]]
 - Jabbar drove to New Orleans on the evening of December 31, 2024.
 - He stayed in an airbnb in St. Roch at 1329 Mandeville Street that caught on fire early Jan 1[^1]
- New Orleans police had removed bollards which “were being repaired” in preparation for the Sugarbowl (scheduled for Jan 1).[^5]
- Jabbar had an ISIS flag mounted on the back of his truck.[^5]
+- New Orleans police had removed bollards which “were being repaired” in preparation for the Sugarbowl (scheduled for Jan 1).[^2]
+- Jabbar had an ISIS flag mounted on the back of his truck.[^2]
 ### Weapons
-Two pipe bombs were found in coolers in the French Quarter a few blocks from the attack (Bourbon St and Orleans St and Bourbon between Tolouse and St peter). Allgedly they were rigged for remote detonation with a wireless remote found in the truck.[^2]
-Jabbar used or had on him an AR style rifle with a homemade suppressor and a handgun.[^3]
+Two pipe bombs were found in coolers in the French Quarter a few blocks from the attack (Bourbon St and Orleans St and Bourbon between Tolouse and St peter). Allgedly they were rigged for remote detonation with a wireless remote found in the truck.[^3]
+Jabbar used or had on him an AR style rifle with a homemade suppressor and a handgun.[^4]
 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: [Fire at St. Roch rental may be connected to mass casualty Bourbon Street attack, sources say](https://archive.is/XzFA6)
-[^2]: [Islamic State-inspired driver expressed desire to kill before deadly New Orleans rampage, Biden says](https://archive.is/6V9is)
-[^3]: [10 killed on Bourbon Street in New Orleans after suspect intentionally slams truck into crowd; dozens injured](https://archive.is/B6eFa)
-[^5]: [At least 10 killed in New Orleans after driver intentionally rams into crowd on Bourbon Street](https://archive.is/EYCVr)
+[^2]: [At least 10 killed in New Orleans after driver intentionally rams into crowd on Bourbon Street](https://archive.is/EYCVr)
+[^3]: [Islamic State-inspired driver expressed desire to kill before deadly New Orleans rampage, Biden says](https://archive.is/6V9is)
+[^4]: [10 killed on Bourbon Street in New Orleans after suspect intentionally slams truck into crowd; dozens injured](https://archive.is/B6eFa)
--- a/TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Psychoenergetics.md
+++ b/TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Psychoenergetics.md
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Soviet interest in parapsychology as a potential weapons and intelligence applic

 Soviet research programs intensified in the 1960s-1970s as reports circulated in Western intelligence channels that the Soviets were investing substantial resources in "psychotronic" weapons and remote influence capabilities. U.S. intelligence assessments estimated Soviet annual spending on psychoenergetics research at tens of millions of dollars, with facilities in multiple Soviet republics and research groups at military and academic institutions.[^1]

-On June 12, 1987, Colonel [[Henry Shinol]], Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Studies and Analyses at Headquarters [[United States Air Force|USAF]], asked DIA's Deputy Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence for "an informational briefing on the substance and status of Soviet parapsychology research" for June 30 or July 6, "as part of AF/SA's continuing support to Maj Gen Bissell, AF/IN." DIA's note of July 14 recorded that the briefing "reviewed soviet research in this field, with emphasis on the recent integrated efforts of several U.S.S.R Academy of Science laboratories," and that Shinol "expressed an interest for additional details." The slides, headed "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," ran from [[Vladimir Bekhterev|V. M. Bekhterev]] and [[Leonid Vasiliev|L. L. Vasil'yev]] ("hypnosis," "automatic responses," "long distance (1700 km)," then "open publications" and a "new lab, Leningrad Univ." in 1959-1965) to [[Genady Sergeyev|G. A. Sergeyev]] (1965-1970, "Vasil'yev's lab," "communication (EEG code)," "remote action," [[Ninel Kulagina|N. Kulagina]]) and [[I. M. Kogan]] (1965 to about 1975, "communication, symbols, digits," "long distance (3,000 km)," "screening for talented people," "hypnosis not used," a "low frequency electromagnetic hypothesis"); a 1972 slide had Zinchenko, Leontiev, Lomov and [[Alexander Luria|Luria]] recommending "controlled research" in "Questions of Philosophy" with a "revised definition of 'parapsychology'"; one slide reproduced the entry from the Moscow "Filosofskiy Slovar" of 1980, which ends: "The materialistic approach to research on parapsychological phenomena, which are difficult to explore by experimental means, assists its demystification, and unmasks idealistic speculations about them"; and one quoted [[Yuri Kobzarev|Yu. B. Kobzerev]], "radar pioneer, member USSR Academy of Science," that Kulagina's psychokinesis and L. Korabelnikova's extrasensory perception "are by no means tricks," and [[Vladimir Kotelnikov|V. A. Kotel'nikov]], vice president of the Academy, that "psychokinetic abilities of N. Kulagina are real." Three pages of the deck remain exempt from release.[^900]
+On June 12, 1987, Colonel [[Henry Shinol]], Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Studies and Analyses at Headquarters [[United States Air Force|USAF]], asked DIA's Deputy Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence for "an informational briefing on the substance and status of Soviet parapsychology research" for June 30 or July 6, "as part of AF/SA's continuing support to Maj Gen Bissell, AF/IN." DIA's note of July 14 recorded that the briefing "reviewed soviet research in this field, with emphasis on the recent integrated efforts of several U.S.S.R Academy of Science laboratories," and that Shinol "expressed an interest for additional details." The slides, headed "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," ran from [[Vladimir Bekhterev|V. M. Bekhterev]] and [[Leonid Vasiliev|L. L. Vasil'yev]] ("hypnosis," "automatic responses," "long distance (1700 km)," then "open publications" and a "new lab, Leningrad Univ." in 1959-1965) to [[Genady Sergeyev|G. A. Sergeyev]] (1965-1970, "Vasil'yev's lab," "communication (EEG code)," "remote action," [[Ninel Kulagina|N. Kulagina]]) and [[I. M. Kogan]] (1965 to about 1975, "communication, symbols, digits," "long distance (3,000 km)," "screening for talented people," "hypnosis not used," a "low frequency electromagnetic hypothesis"); a 1972 slide had Zinchenko, Leontiev, Lomov and [[Alexander Luria|Luria]] recommending "controlled research" in "Questions of Philosophy" with a "revised definition of 'parapsychology'"; one slide reproduced the entry from the Moscow "Filosofskiy Slovar" of 1980, which ends: "The materialistic approach to research on parapsychological phenomena, which are difficult to explore by experimental means, assists its demystification, and unmasks idealistic speculations about them"; and one quoted [[Yuri Kobzarev|Yu. B. Kobzerev]], "radar pioneer, member USSR Academy of Science," that Kulagina's psychokinesis and L. Korabelnikova's extrasensory perception "are by no means tricks," and [[Vladimir Kotelnikov|V. A. Kotel'nikov]], vice president of the Academy, that "psychokinetic abilities of N. Kulagina are real." Three pages of the deck remain exempt from release.[^2]

 ### DIA Psychoenergetics Program

@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ A significant driver of DIA Psychoenergetics investment was intelligence on Chin

 ### Transition to STARGATE

-The DIA Psychoenergetics program provided organizational continuity for U.S. remote viewing research from 1981 through the successive program designations Grill Flame (1978-1983), [[Center Lane]] (1983-1985), [[Sun Streak]] (1985-1991), and finally STARGATE (1991-1995). When the program was declassified and transferred to CIA control in 1995, and subsequently evaluated by the [[American Institutes for Research]] in a study that resulted in the program's termination, the full history of Psychoenergetics/STARGATE became available for review.[^2]
+The DIA Psychoenergetics program provided organizational continuity for U.S. remote viewing research from 1981 through the successive program designations Grill Flame (1978-1983), [[Center Lane]] (1983-1985), [[Sun Streak]] (1985-1991), and finally STARGATE (1991-1995). When the program was declassified and transferred to CIA control in 1995, and subsequently evaluated by the [[American Institutes for Research]] in a study that resulted in the program's termination, the full history of Psychoenergetics/STARGATE became available for review.[^3]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017, pp. 197-226. Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997.
-[^2]: American Institutes for Research. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications*. September 29, 1995 (declassified).
-[^900]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: American Institutes for Research. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications*. September 29, 1995 (declassified).
--- a/TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Remote
+++ b/TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Remote
@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ Remote viewing encompasses various methodologies and techniques:

 *   [[Associative Remote Viewing|Associative Remote Viewing (ARV)]]: A technique used for [[Precognition|precognition]], where objects or geographic locations are used as surrogates for numbers or other abstract data that are difficult to remote-view directly. For example, a teddy bear might represent a specific number in a lottery, and the remote viewer would describe the teddy bear to predict the number.[^1]

-SRI's written protocol of November 1978, by Puthoff and Targ, and its revision of August 1979, by Puthoff, Targ and [[Edwin May]], both in the CIA's files, set out the local-target procedure: a pool of more than fifty Bay Area sites chosen "by an experimenter who will not interact with the subject after that," a target drawn by "a Texas Instruments SR-51 hand calculator," a fifteen-minute viewing in "an isolated windowless room of the Radio Physics Laboratory" while an outbound person stood at the site, an "inbound experimenter" whose task was "to make it 'safe' for the subject to experience remote viewing" ("no hypnosis, strobe lights, or sensory-deprivation procedures are ever used"), feedback at the site "for each experiment to ensure success," and judging by "an SRI research analyst not otherwise associated with the series," who ranked each transcript against each site in a 6x6 matrix scored by "a direct-count-of-permutations method" that, the authors wrote, applied "even in the limiting case in which the target pool is completely known a priori to all involved."[^902]
+SRI's written protocol of November 1978, by Puthoff and Targ, and its revision of August 1979, by Puthoff, Targ and [[Edwin May]], both in the CIA's files, set out the local-target procedure: a pool of more than fifty Bay Area sites chosen "by an experimenter who will not interact with the subject after that," a target drawn by "a Texas Instruments SR-51 hand calculator," a fifteen-minute viewing in "an isolated windowless room of the Radio Physics Laboratory" while an outbound person stood at the site, an "inbound experimenter" whose task was "to make it 'safe' for the subject to experience remote viewing" ("no hypnosis, strobe lights, or sensory-deprivation procedures are ever used"), feedback at the site "for each experiment to ensure success," and judging by "an SRI research analyst not otherwise associated with the series," who ranked each transcript against each site in a 6x6 matrix scored by "a direct-count-of-permutations method" that, the authors wrote, applied "even in the limiting case in which the target pool is completely known a priori to all involved."[^3]

 ### The Nature Exchange

-Russell Targ and Hal Puthoff's paper in *Nature* of October 18, 1974, concluded that "a channel exists whereby information about a remote location can be obtained by means of an as yet unidentified perceptual modality." In 1978 [[David Marks]] and Richard Kammann reported in the same journal that they could not replicate the results and that the transcripts of [[Pat Price]]'s nine trials contained cues, such as "second place of the day," from which judges could order them; Targ, Puthoff, and [[Charles Tart]] replied in January 1979 that a judge given transcripts edited of such cues matched seven of nine, and that the critique "did not address the quality of the remote-viewing descriptions in the transcripts per se, but was instead limited to criticism of a particular judging procedure." The Army's Materiel Systems Analysis Activity, replicating the SRI protocol in twenty sessions of its own in 1978 and 1979, "did not result in statistical significance."[^3]
+Russell Targ and Hal Puthoff's paper in *Nature* of October 18, 1974, concluded that "a channel exists whereby information about a remote location can be obtained by means of an as yet unidentified perceptual modality." In 1978 [[David Marks]] and Richard Kammann reported in the same journal that they could not replicate the results and that the transcripts of [[Pat Price]]'s nine trials contained cues, such as "second place of the day," from which judges could order them; Targ, Puthoff, and [[Charles Tart]] replied in January 1979 that a judge given transcripts edited of such cues matched seven of nine, and that the critique "did not address the quality of the remote-viewing descriptions in the transcripts per se, but was instead limited to criticism of a particular judging procedure." The Army's Materiel Systems Analysis Activity, replicating the SRI protocol in twenty sessions of its own in 1978 and 1979, "did not result in statistical significance."[^4]

 ### Characteristics and Limitations

@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ The study of remote viewing has led to speculation about its connection to the [

 Furthermore, the apparent precognitive abilities of UAP, such as the [[Tic Tac]] seeming to know the future location of the F/A-18 pilots, have led some to speculate that the operators of these craft may possess highly evolved psychic abilities, or that consciousness itself may be a fundamental component of their propulsion systems. The idea that remote viewing may be a vestigial human ability, a form of pre-linguistic communication, has also been proposed.[^2]

-David Marks and [[Richard Kammann]]'s Nature letter of August 17, 1978, reported that duplicate experiments at the [[University of Otago]] "do not verify their conclusions" and attributed the Price matches to cues in the transcripts; Puthoff, Targ and Charles Tart's reply, drafted in January 1979 and printed in 1980, reported a rejudging of edited transcripts; Marks returned to the argument in Nature in 1981 and, with Christopher Scott, in 1986, and in the [[Skeptical Inquirer]] in 1982: "Well-controlled experiments never find the RV effect, while poorly controlled experiments nearly always do." A separate evaluation of 1979 by Harry and Arlene Snyder of Blacksburg, Virginia, held by the CIA, reached similar conclusions on methodology without citing Marks and Kammann.[^901]
+David Marks and [[Richard Kammann]]'s Nature letter of August 17, 1978, reported that duplicate experiments at the [[University of Otago]] "do not verify their conclusions" and attributed the Price matches to cues in the transcripts; Puthoff, Targ and Charles Tart's reply, drafted in January 1979 and printed in 1980, reported a rejudging of edited transcripts; Marks returned to the argument in Nature in 1981 and, with Christopher Scott, in 1986, and in the [[Skeptical Inquirer]] in 1982: "Well-controlled experiments never find the RV effect, while poorly controlled experiments nearly always do." A separate evaluation of 1979 by Harry and Arlene Snyder of Blacksburg, Virginia, held by the CIA, reached similar conclusions on methodology without citing Marks and Kammann.[^5]

 ### Footnotes

 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
 [^2]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
-[^3]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transmission under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," *Nature,* vol. 251, October 18, 1974, pp. 602-607, read in the CIA Reading Room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100220001-8 on archive.org. Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments," *Nature,* vol. 274, 1978, pp. 680-681; quoted from Puthoff, Targ, and Tart, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," with Tart, "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," submitted to *Nature,* January 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5, archive.org mirror. US Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity, "Project Grill Flame AMSAA Phase I Efforts," Interim Note No. 15, July 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080005-8.
-[^901]: Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. "Information transmission in remote viewing experiments." *Nature,* vol. 274, August 17, 1978, pp. 680-681, received July 2, 1977, accepted May 31, 1978. https://www.nature.com/articles/274680a0. Puthoff, H. E., and Russell Targ, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," and Tart, Charles T., "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," January 1979, "submitted for publication to Nature," CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5; published as Tart, Puthoff and Targ, *Nature,* vol. 284, 1980, p. 191. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^902]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "Standard Remote-Viewing Protocol (Local Targets)." SRI International, November 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500400001-4 (copy at CIA-RDP96-00788R001300050001-3). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, H. E., to Manfred Gale, "SRI/Gale Committee Meeting of 24-25 July," August 3, 1979, with the enclosure "Standard Remote Viewing (RV) Procedures: Local Sites," by H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ and E. C. May, August 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100060001-6 (memorandum alone at CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240028-5). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "Standard Remote-Viewing Protocol (Local Targets)." SRI International, November 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500400001-4 (copy at CIA-RDP96-00788R001300050001-3). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, H. E., to Manfred Gale, "SRI/Gale Committee Meeting of 24-25 July," August 3, 1979, with the enclosure "Standard Remote Viewing (RV) Procedures: Local Sites," by H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ and E. C. May, August 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100060001-6 (memorandum alone at CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240028-5). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transmission under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," *Nature,* vol. 251, October 18, 1974, pp. 602-607, read in the CIA Reading Room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100220001-8 on archive.org. Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments," *Nature,* vol. 274, 1978, pp. 680-681; quoted from Puthoff, Targ, and Tart, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," with Tart, "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," submitted to *Nature,* January 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5, archive.org mirror. US Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity, "Project Grill Flame AMSAA Phase I Efforts," Interim Note No. 15, July 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080005-8.
+[^5]: Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. "Information transmission in remote viewing experiments." *Nature,* vol. 274, August 17, 1978, pp. 680-681, received July 2, 1977, accepted May 31, 1978. https://www.nature.com/articles/274680a0. Puthoff, H. E., and Russell Targ, "Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments: II," and Tart, Charles T., "Reanalysis of SRI Remote Viewing Experiments," January 1979, "submitted for publication to Nature," CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090017-5; published as Tart, Puthoff and Targ, *Nature,* vol. 284, 1980, p. 191. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
--- a/PLACES/COUNTRIES/Colombia.md
+++ b/PLACES/COUNTRIES/Colombia.md
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ summary: "South American nation that was the world's primary source of cocaine d
 location: "South America"
 ---

-Colombia is a country in [[South America]] that was the world's primary source of [[Cocaine]] during the 1980s and has been profoundly shaped by drug trafficking, particularly through the operations of the [[Cali Drug Cartel]] and the [[Medellin Cartel|Medellín cartel]]. Colombian drug cartels supplied the cocaine that flowed through [[Norwin Meneses]]'s and [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]]'s trafficking networks in [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]].[^1][^3]
+Colombia is a country in [[South America]] that was the world's primary source of [[Cocaine]] during the 1980s and has been profoundly shaped by drug trafficking, particularly through the operations of the [[Cali Drug Cartel]] and the [[Medellin Cartel|Medellín cartel]]. Colombian drug cartels supplied the cocaine that flowed through [[Norwin Meneses]]'s and [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]]'s trafficking networks in [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]].[^1][^2]

 ### Drug Trafficking and Political Influence

@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ The Cali Drug Cartel, led by figures like [[Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela|Gilberto

 ### Cartel Connections

-The journalist Gary Webb described Meneses as the Cali cartel's representative in [[Nicaragua]]. Blandón's cocaine sources included the politically connected Suarez family in [[Bolivia]] and the Ochoa family in Colombia, founders of the Medellín cartel. [[Marcos Aguado]] flew weapons from the Salvadoran military to the Colombian cartels.[^3]
+The journalist Gary Webb described Meneses as the Cali cartel's representative in [[Nicaragua]]. Blandón's cocaine sources included the politically connected Suarez family in [[Bolivia]] and the Ochoa family in Colombia, founders of the Medellín cartel. [[Marcos Aguado]] flew weapons from the Salvadoran military to the Colombian cartels.[^2]

 ### Supply Pipeline

-Cocaine arrived in the United States through multiple routes controlled by Colombian traffickers. Colombian pilots flew cocaine to [[Costa Rica]] and [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango Air Force Base]] in [[El Salvador]], where it was loaded onto Contra-connected aircraft bound for the [[United States]]. Blandón arranged with Colombian suppliers to give [[Ricky Ross]] large amounts of cocaine on credit.[^4]
+Cocaine arrived in the United States through multiple routes controlled by Colombian traffickers. Colombian pilots flew cocaine to [[Costa Rica]] and [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango Air Force Base]] in [[El Salvador]], where it was loaded onto Contra-connected aircraft bound for the [[United States]]. Blandón arranged with Colombian suppliers to give [[Ricky Ross]] large amounts of cocaine on credit.[^3]

 ### Financial Operations

@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ Michael Riconosciuto also mentioned the "[[Workers Bank]]" in Colombia in the co

 ---
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
-[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 8: "A million hits is not enough"
-[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it"
+[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 8: "A million hits is not enough"
+[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it"
--- a/PLACES/COUNTRIES/Honduras.md
+++ b/PLACES/COUNTRIES/Honduras.md
@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ summary: "Country in Central America that served as the primary base of operatio
 location: "Central America"
 ---

-Honduras is a country in Central [[America]] that served as the primary base of operations for the [[FDN]] Contra army during the 1980s and has been a focal point for political instability, military operations, and the influence of various international actors, particularly in relation to drug trafficking and U.S. foreign policy.[^1][^3]
+Honduras is a country in Central [[America]] that served as the primary base of operations for the [[FDN]] Contra army during the 1980s and has been a focal point for political instability, military operations, and the influence of various international actors, particularly in relation to drug trafficking and U.S. foreign policy.[^1][^2]

 ### Contra Base

-The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] established its Contra training camps and headquarters in Honduras, and FDN military commander [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermudez]] operated from there throughout the war. Contra fighters massed in camps along the Nicaraguan border. [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]] and [[Norwin Meneses]] traveled to Honduras to meet with Bermudez, where the Contra commander told them "the ends justify the means" when it came to fundraising. [[Adolfo Calero]] confirmed that Meneses traveled to Honduras to meet with Bermudez and brought him a crossbow as a gesture of esteem.[^4]
+The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] established its Contra training camps and headquarters in Honduras, and FDN military commander [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermudez]] operated from there throughout the war. Contra fighters massed in camps along the Nicaraguan border. [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]] and [[Norwin Meneses]] traveled to Honduras to meet with Bermudez, where the Contra commander told them "the ends justify the means" when it came to fundraising. [[Adolfo Calero]] confirmed that Meneses traveled to Honduras to meet with Bermudez and brought him a crossbow as a gesture of esteem.[^3]

-Honduras served as the primary transshipment point for weapons and supplies flowing to the Contras. Blandón's early fundraising for the FDN included sending stolen vehicles to the Contras in Honduras. The country's proximity to Nicaragua made it the natural staging ground for cross-border incursions.[^3]
+Honduras served as the primary transshipment point for weapons and supplies flowing to the Contras. Blandón's early fundraising for the FDN included sending stolen vehicles to the Contras in Honduras. The country's proximity to Nicaragua made it the natural staging ground for cross-border incursions.[^2]

 ### Regional Hub

-Honduras, [[El Salvador]], and [[Guatemala]] formed the Central American corridor through which CIA operations, weapons shipments, and drug trafficking moved during the Contra war. [[Ronald Lister]] and Blandón traveled to Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador to arrange weapons sales.[^4]
+Honduras, [[El Salvador]], and [[Guatemala]] formed the Central American corridor through which CIA operations, weapons shipments, and drug trafficking moved during the Contra war. [[Ronald Lister]] and Blandón traveled to Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador to arrange weapons sales.[^3]

 ### 2009 Coup d'état

@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ The Honduran Constitution does not permit a permanent foreign presence in Hondur

 ---
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
-[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first"
-[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty"
+[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first"
+[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty"
--- a/SOURCES/Wilson-Davis
+++ b/SOURCES/Wilson-Davis
@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ The file named in the book's appendix opens on congress.gov as a 15-page scan wh
 [^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 41 to 45 (Davis and the memo, indexed at pp. 42 to 44; the footnote on Wilson's posts is at p. 42). Page numbers throughout this page are those of the printed index where it lists the passage.
 [^10]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence hearing record, May 17, 2022, item SD001, https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-20220517-SD001.pdf (downloaded October 3, 2026; 15 pages, scanned images; page 1 read directly). The submitter of the item is not stated in the file. Cross-reference: Daily Digest, Congressional Record, May 17, 2022, p. D542, as cited in note 2.
 [^11]: Elizondo, *Imminent*, p. 236 (the May 2022 hearing and Gallagher, indexed at p. 236; the same page gives Elizondo's account of the Defense Department witnesses reporting more than 400 logged cases and of Ronald Moultrie's testimony that "Other than AATIP and Blue Book, no"; the book prints Moultrie's name as "Moultrue").
-[^12]: Elizondo, *Imminent*, appendix of web references, entry beginning "To read the Wilson/Davis memo, go to" (pages not numbered in the digital copy).
+[^12]: Elizondo, *Imminent*, appendix of web references, entry beginning "To read the Wilson/Davis memo, go to".