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EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Korean War.md | 8 +- 40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Osirak bombing.md | 32 +- 40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Six-Day War.md | 24 +- .../MAJOR_CONFLICTS/USS Liberty Incident.md | 6 +- 40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Yom Kippur War.md | 16 +- ...cember 2017 New York Times AATIP Report.md | 2 +- 40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/Waco Siege.md | 2 +- .../INTELLIGENCE/Disinformation.md | 4 +- .../INTELLIGENCE/VELA Satellite.md | 59 ++-- .../PSI_PHENOMENA/Psychoenergetics.md | 2 +- .../PSI_PHENOMENA/Telepathy.md | 16 +- ...fied Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act.md | 2 +- 60 - PLACES/CITIES/Mena, Arkansas.md | 6 +- 60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Iran.md | 2 +- 60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Israel.md | 2 +- 60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/United States.md | 8 +- 60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Skinwalker Ranch.md | 8 +- 60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md | 2 +- .../Ilopango Airbase.md | 4 +- .../Redstone Arsenal.md | 142 +++++++++ 60 - PLACES/US_STATES/Arkansas.md | 4 +- .../2026-10-09 The Danger and Implications.md | 36 +++ 300 files changed, 3832 insertions(+), 1650 deletions(-) create mode 100644 10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeremy Corbell.md create mode 100644 10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/George Knapp.md create mode 100644 10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Melvin J. 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Botha]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Tom McNear]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[SCANATE]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Ingo Swann]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Ed Dames]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Center Lane]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Las Vegas]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Project Azorian]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Stafford Sands]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Stargate Project]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[G. Gordon Liddy]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[John B. Alexander]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[VELA Satellite]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[George K. Pender]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Meyer Lansky]] -- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Jack Anderson]] -- 2026-10-09T2056 · [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] -- 2026-10-09T2055 · [[Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr.]] -- 2026-10-09T2054 · [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]] -- 2026-10-09T2054 · [[Jimmy Carter]] -- 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Jack P. Ruina]] -- 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Harold M. Agnew]] -- 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Gerald G. Oplinger]] -- 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Frank Press]] -- 2026-10-09T2052 · [[Donald M. Kerr]] -- 2026-10-09T2052 · [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] -- 2026-10-09T2049 · [[Burns & Roe, Inc.]] -- 2026-10-09T2047 · [[Grill Flame]] -- 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Radio Free Europe]] -- 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Peter Hurkos]] -- 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Harry Stump]] -- 2026-10-09T2039 · [[John Palmer]] -- 2026-10-09T2038 · [[Melissa Russo]] -- 2026-10-09T2038 · [[Julie Lejeune]] -- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Project Troy]] -- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Gertrude Schmeidler]] -- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Cold War]] -- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Marleen De Cokere]] -- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Michel Lelievre]] -- 2026-10-09T2035 · [[Marc Dutroux]] -- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Sidney Cooke]] -- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Gay Palace]] -- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[John Gay]] -- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Lee Tucker]] -- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Alan Williams]] -- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[International Child Trafficking Network Overview]] -- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[HIK Report]] -- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[HIK Investigation]] -- 2026-10-09T2033 · [[Operation Framework]] -- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] -- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]] -- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Knokke-Heist]] -- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Michel Bourlet]] -- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Cecile Beernaert]] -- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Rex Productions]] -- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Michelle Martin]] -- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Michel Forgeot]] -- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Lothar Glandorf]] -- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] -- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Jean-Louis Delamotte]] -- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Claude Thirault]] -- 2026-10-09T2030 · [[Margaret Mead]] -- 2026-10-09T2029 · [[Charles Tart]] -- 2026-10-09T2029 · [[Eileen Garrett]] -- 2026-10-09T2028 · [[Andrija Puharich]] -- 2026-10-09T2026 · [[Ford Foundation]] -- 2026-10-09T2026 · [[Walt Rostow]] -- 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] -- 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Max Millikan]] -- 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] -- 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]] -- 2026-10-09T2024 · [[Parapsychological Association]] -- 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Round Table Foundation]] -- 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] -- 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Center for International Studies]] -- 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Psychological Strategy Board]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Netherlands]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Zandvoort]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Rotterdam]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Nugan Hand Bank]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[G-Force nightclub]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Edwin Wilson]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Ted Shackley]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Jonathan Kwitny]] -- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Leon Goure]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Gondola Wish]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Jim Schnabel]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Bernie Houghton]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Virginia]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Middle East]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Fort Meade]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Festival Bar]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Rolodex Investigation]] -- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Boy Prostitution]] +- 2026-10-09T2152 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]] +- 2026-10-09T2150 · [[George Knapp]] +- 2026-10-09T2150 · [[Howard Hughes]] +- 2026-10-09T2150 · [[KLAS-TV]] +- 2026-10-09T2150 · [[Jeremy Corbell]] +- 2026-10-09T2149 · [[Frank Wisner]] +- 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Melvin J. Lasky]] +- 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Michael Josselson]] +- 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Wackenhut Services]] +- 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Julius A. Stratton]] +- 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Project Troy]] +- 2026-10-09T2147 · [[Skinwalker Ranch]] +- 2026-10-09T2147 · [[UAP Task Force]] +- 2026-10-09T2145 · [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] +- 2026-10-09T2143 · [[Jay Stratton]] +- 2026-10-09T2143 · [[Robertson Panel]] +- 2026-10-09T2143 · [[McGeorge Bundy]] +- 2026-10-09T2143 · [[Ford Foundation]] +- 2026-10-09T2142 · [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] +- 2026-10-09T2142 · [[Center for International Studies]] +- 2026-10-09T2118 · [[Walt Rostow]] +- 2026-10-09T2116 · [[Henry A. 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S. Hawke]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Linda Moulton Howe]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[John F. Kennedy]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Christopher Mellon]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[C.B. Scott Jones]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Alex Klokus]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Ward Boston]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Michael Abbell]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Menachem Begin]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Masha Drokova]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[James Guerin]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Daniel O. Graham]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Adolfo Calero]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Psychoenergetics]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Yuri Kobzarev]] +- 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Vladimir Kotelnikov]] diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adolfo Calero.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adolfo Calero.md index 7fdfdcf4..fe4b7a16 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adolfo Calero.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adolfo Calero.md @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ relations: --- Adolfo Calero Portocarrero was a [[Nicaragua|Nicaraguan]] businessman who led the political side of the [[FDN]], the largest [[Contras|Contra]] organization, during the war against the [[Sandinistas]]. The congressional [[Iran-Contra Affair|Iran-Contra]] Committees describe him as an accountant and businessman active in the movement against [[Anastasio Somoza]], who after the 1979 revolution became political coordinator of the Conservative Democratic Party, became an outspoken critic of the Sandinista government and joined the resistance after his office and home were attacked and he was forced into exile.[^1] He had attended the [[University of Notre Dame]] and headed the [[Coca-Cola]] bottling company in [[Managua]], and the [[Associated Press]] reported that he met Sandinista leaders in 1978 to look for common cause against Somoza.[^2] The New York Times editors' cast of characters to the Committees' report describes him as "North's chief contact with the rebels during the two-year ban on U.S. military aid" and as the Contra with "primary responsibility for distributing most private funds received by the Contras."[^3] -The writer [[Gary Webb]] described Calero as a longtime [[Central Intelligence Agency]] agent selected by the CIA in 1983 to lead the political wing of the FDN, and quoted the former FDN director [[Edgar Chamorro]]: "Calero and Bermúdez were our main links with the CIA. They met constantly with the CIA station chief."[^4] Webb wrote that Calero led the political side while [[Enrique Bermudez]] commanded the military side and [[Aristides Sanchez]] managed supplies and logistics; that [[Oliver North]] called Sánchez "Calero's hatchet man"; and that [[Manuel Porro]], arrested in a [[DEA]] operation with associates of [[Norwin Meneses]] and later a commander of the [[Legion of September 15]], became a top aide to Calero and handled some of his Caribbean banking.[^4] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited. +The writer [[Gary Webb]] described Calero as a longtime [[Central Intelligence Agency]] agent selected by the CIA in 1983 to lead the political wing of the FDN, and quoted the former FDN director [[Edgar Chamorro]]: "Calero and Bermúdez were our main links with the CIA. They met constantly with the CIA station chief."[^4] Webb wrote that Calero led the political side while [[Enrique Bermudez]] commanded the military side and [[Aristides Sanchez]] managed supplies and logistics; that [[Oliver North]] called Sánchez "Calero's hatchet man"; and that [[Manuel Porro]], arrested in a [[DEA]] operation with associates of [[Norwin Meneses]] and later a commander of the [[Legion of September 15]], became a top aide to Calero and handled some of his Caribbean banking.[^4] ### Saudi money, Secord and the Enterprise @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ North's notebook for July 12, 1985, released through a [[National Security Archi The [[Kerry Committee]]'s report states that the FDN's chief supply officer was Adolfo Calero's brother [[Mario Calero]], and that under a commercial agreement with the pilot [[Frank Moss]], Mario Calero was to receive an ownership interest in Moss's company [[Hondu Carib]], which flew weapons purchased from R.M. Equipment (the firm controlled by Martin and McCoy); Moss, the report says, had been investigated but never indicted for narcotics offenses by ten law enforcement agencies. [[SETCO]], the Honduran company that carried at least a million rounds of ammunition and other FDN supplies from 1983 to 1985, received funds, according to the testimony of Adolfo Calero to the Iran-Contra committees, from the Contra accounts established by North; U.S. law enforcement records, the report says, state that SETCO was established by [[Juan Ramon Matta Ballesteros]]. The report also states that at North's direction Calero paid $10,000 a month to the Costa Rican rancher [[John Hull]] who helped the CIA with Contra supply operations.[^15] North's notebook for August 9, 1985 summarizes a meeting with Owen about a plane used by Mario Calero to transport supplies from [[New Orleans]] to Honduras: "Honduran DC-6 which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."[^13] The Kerry Committee's conclusion was that it "did not find evidence that the Contra leadership participated directly in narcotics smuggling," although the FDN "did move Contra funds through a narcotics trafficking enterprise and money laundering operation."[^15] -Webb wrote that Norwin Meneses traveled to Honduras to meet Bermúdez and brought Calero a crossbow as a gesture of esteem; that Calero confirmed the meeting but denied that Meneses or [[Danilo Blandon]] held any official FDN positions; that from 1984 Calero stayed in [[San Francisco]] with the Contra supporters [[Don Sinicco]] and [[Dennis Ainsworth]], that at his request Sinicco founded the Contra support group [[USACA]], and that on June 4, 1984 Ainsworth arranged a reception for Calero at the St. Francis Yacht Club for sixty business leaders, after which Meneses paid for a dinner at Caesar's Italian Restaurant and on June 6 was photographed in Sinicco's kitchen with Calero and FDN officials. Webb also wrote that Calero admitted meeting Meneses at least six times in San Francisco but described them as greetings at large gatherings, and that he told a Costa Rican newspaper in 1986 Meneses was "involved in some illegal things, but I don't know anything."[^4] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited. +Webb wrote that Norwin Meneses traveled to Honduras to meet Bermúdez and brought Calero a crossbow as a gesture of esteem; that Calero confirmed the meeting but denied that Meneses or [[Danilo Blandon]] held any official FDN positions; that from 1984 Calero stayed in [[San Francisco]] with the Contra supporters [[Don Sinicco]] and [[Dennis Ainsworth]], that at his request Sinicco founded the Contra support group [[USACA]], and that on June 4, 1984 Ainsworth arranged a reception for Calero at the St. Francis Yacht Club for sixty business leaders, after which Meneses paid for a dinner at Caesar's Italian Restaurant and on June 6 was photographed in Sinicco's kitchen with Calero and FDN officials. Webb also wrote that Calero admitted meeting Meneses at least six times in San Francisco but described them as greetings at large gatherings, and that he told a Costa Rican newspaper in 1986 Meneses was "involved in some illegal things, but I don't know anything."[^4] ### Swiss accounts, testimony and later life @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ In January 1985, Webb wrote, Robert McFarlane told Calero that perhaps it was ti [^1]: Brinkley, Joel, and Stephen Engelberg, eds. *Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, with the Minority Views*, abridged edition (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1988), Part I, ch. 1, "Introduction: Background on U.S.-Nicaragua Relations," section "The Contras." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit [^2]: "Former Nicaragua Contra leader Adolfo Calero dies." Associated Press, June 3, 2012 (Deseret News). https://www.deseret.com/2012/6/3/20416430/former-nicaragua-contra-leader-adolfo-calero-dies/ [^3]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, "Cast of Characters." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit -[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Cast of Characters; ch. 3, "The brotherhood of military minds"; ch. 9, "He would have had me by the tail"; ch. 10, "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Cast of Characters; ch. 3, "The brotherhood of military minds"; ch. 9, "He would have had me by the tail"; ch. 10, "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." [^5]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I (Washington, D.C.: Division for the Purpose of Appointing Independent Counsels, August 4, 1993), ch. 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm [^6]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, chapters on the private operation, the Enterprise and the NHAO. https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit [^7]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 1, "United States v. Robert C. McFarlane," discussion of the North memoranda of November 7 and December 4, 1984. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Aleister Crowley.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Aleister Crowley.md index 315a1e35..7e98be9a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Aleister Crowley.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Aleister Crowley.md @@ -140,13 +140,13 @@ In *Ordo Templi Orientis v. Motta*, tried in the United States District Court fo [^6]: Crowley, Aleister, letter to H.B.M. Consul General, Tunis, August 25, 1923, as transcribed at aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1923/1923-08-25-Crowley-to-Consul-General.htm. [^7]: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Judgment, McMurtry et al. v. Society Ordo Templi Orientis et al., U.S. District Court, N.D. Cal. (Legge, J.), filed July 10, 1985, findings 1, 4, 8, 15, 16 and Judgment paragraph 3(d), (e), (l), textfiles.com/occult/OTO/findfact.occ and textfiles.com/occult/OTO/judgment.occ. [^8]: O'Donnell report, July 19, 1919 (Bureau of Investigation case 365985; filed July 30, 1919), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-19-Frank-O-Donnell.html. The Timeline cites Richard T. Cole, From Crowley With Love: The F.B.I. Files (2009). -[^9]: O'Donnell, Frank X., Bureau of Investigation report, July 18, 1919 (case 365985), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-18-Frank-O-Donnell.html. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: O'Donnell, Frank X., Bureau of Investigation report, July 18, 1919 (case 365985), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-18-Frank-O-Donnell.html. [^10]: The Fatherland (New York), January 13, 1915, pp. 11-15; June 16, 1915, p. 4; July 21, 1915, pp. 3-5; January 5, 1916, pp. 383-384; March 8, 1916, pp. 1, 67-69; March 15, 1916, pp. 85-86; January 3, 1917, p. 355, as transcribed in the Crowley Timeline, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Publications/Crowley/Periodicals/1915/Honesty-Part-I/Honesty-Part-I.html and the matching pages under /1915/, /1916/ and /1917/. [^11]: Watts, H. Christopher, extract of letter to the Foreign Office, November 3, 1917, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1917/1917-11-03-Watts-to-FO.html (citing Tobias Churton, Aleister Crowley in America, Inner Traditions, 2017). [^12]: O'Donnell reports of July 8 and July 19, 1919, as in notes 8 and 14; the July 8 British report places the second examination at the Murray Hill Hotel. [^13]: Ord, Major James B., Military Intelligence Division, Intelligence Report no. 16, United States Military Academy, West Point, September 23, 1918, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1918-09-23-Ord-Report.html. [^14]: O'Donnell report, July 19, 1919, as in note 8. -[^15]: Crowley, Aleister, letter applying for employment, 57 Petersham Road, Richmond, September 6, 1939, with undated draft memorandum, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1939/1939-09-06-Crowley-to-Unknown.html. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^15]: Crowley, Aleister, letter applying for employment, 57 Petersham Road, Richmond, September 6, 1939, with undated draft memorandum, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1939/1939-09-06-Crowley-to-Unknown.html. [^16]: O'Donnell reports of July 8, 11, 17 and 18, 1919 (case 365985), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-08-Frank-O-Donnell.html, 1919-07-11-, 1919-07-17-, 1919-07-18-Frank-O-Donnell.html. [^17]: Haynes, T. E., "Memorandum for Mr. Hoover, In re Aleister St. Edward Crowley," Department of Justice, Bureau of Investigation, January 7, 1920, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1920-01-07-Hoover.html. [^18]: Spence, Richard B., Secret Agent 666, as summarized in University of Idaho, "Historian reveals the double life of the Great Beast 666," lib.uidaho.edu/digital/uinews/item/historian-reveals-the-double-life-of-the-great-beast-666.html. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bill Bailey.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bill Bailey.md index be7af1f7..c37c3666 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bill Bailey.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bill Bailey.md @@ -184,4 +184,4 @@ On December 3, 2023 [[Liberation Times]] published [[Daniel Sheehan]]'s statemen [^24]: Business Council of Alabama, 2026 Board of Directors. https://www.bcatoday.org/bca-board-of-directors [^25]: 256 Today, "North Alabama business leaders anchor Tuberville's campaign finance committee," February 12, 2026. https://256today.com/north-alabama-business-leaders-anchor-tubervilles-campaign-finance-committee/ [^26]: KLAS-TV 8 News Now (George Knapp), "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" October 13, 2022. https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/ -[^27]: Liberation Times, Daniel Sheehan interview, December 3, 2023. Sole source for the Sheehan passages so cited. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down +[^27]: Liberation Times, Daniel Sheehan interview, December 3, 2023. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bruce Eckerson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bruce Eckerson.md index b4cfebe7..9d2205ec 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bruce Eckerson.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bruce Eckerson.md @@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Eckerson's disclosure statements on file at the Mariposa County Courthouse indic --- ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting describes Eckerson as the county's elected district attorney who resisted for six months the CHP's pressure to prosecute Sinclair and engaged a retired CHP lieutenant, Bob Kovach, to review its evidence: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/). Sole source for the passages so cited. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting describes Eckerson as the county's elected district attorney who resisted for six months the CHP's pressure to prosecute Sinclair and engaged a retired CHP lieutenant, Bob Kovach, to review its evidence: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carla Cremer.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carla Cremer.md index bcb32ade..2f7b06b1 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carla Cremer.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carla Cremer.md @@ -51,4 +51,4 @@ A profile on the archived CERN SPARKS site lists Cremer as a research scholar at [^2]: Carla Zoe Cremer and Luke Kemp, "Democratising Risk: In Search of a Methodology to Study Existential Risk," arXiv:2201.11214, submitted December 27, 2021 (abstract). http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11214 The authors' SSRN version is https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3995225 [^3]: "Cremer, Carla Zoe," CERN SPARKS (site archived September 11, 2026). https://sparks.web.cern.ch/node/562 [^4]: Human Information Processing Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, people page, "Alumni (PhD Students / RAs)." https://humaninformationprocessing.com/people -[^5]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda Sole source for the end of the appointment, the forum-activity statement and the unanswered email. +[^5]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cabezas.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cabezas.md index 56201da5..422db81d 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cabezas.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cabezas.md @@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ Cabezas pleaded guilty in 1984 to conspiracy to import cocaine and importation, ### Footnotes [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX (Carlos Cabezas), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p1.htm -[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." [^3]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX, sections F-G (assessment of Cabezas' allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p2.htm [^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Northern California story, the Frogman Case), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VIII (Julio Zavala), sections A-B, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch08p1.htm [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VIII, sections C-G (CIA documents, interviews, the 1986 Examiner article, the return of the money), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch08p2.htm [^7]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm [^8]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 59-60 (the San Francisco Frogman case, UDN-FARN and PCNE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras -[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 27: "A very difficult decision." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 27: "A very difficult decision." diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md index 9c7918e4..cd592196 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md @@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ The United States formally requested Cardoen's extradition in March 2019. The In [^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess. (October 24, 1991), section 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 186 to 188). [^3]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), No. 93-241-CR, reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act (original order December 28, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json. [^4]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64. -[^5]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), p. 169. Sole source for the passage so cited. -[^6]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html. Sole source for the wording (paragraph 17 for the 1983 arrest). +[^5]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), p. 169. +[^6]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html. [^7]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. [^8]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Swissco Management Group, Inc.; Order Denying Permission To Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48964-48965 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23363, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23363.pdf. [^9]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. -[^10]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/. Sole source for the CIPER passage. +[^10]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/. [^11]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf. [^12]: Department of State, Public Notice 2206, 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf. [^13]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Daniel O. Graham.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Daniel O. Graham.md index 7da89182..43bf97f2 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Daniel O. Graham.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Daniel O. Graham.md @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Graham died at his home in [[Arlington, Virginia]], on Sunday, December 31, 1995 ### Footnotes [^1]: "Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham" obituary, New York Times, January 3, 1996, reprinted in Congressional Record, vol. 142, Extensions of Remarks, pp. E143-E144 (February 1, 1996), "Tribute to General D.O. Graham," remarks of Rep. Dana Rohrabacher. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1996_cr/h960201a.htm -[^2]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition, in Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Depositions), pp. 972-1040, Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234. The career chronology is at pp. 974-979. The Studley, Glatt, Dellamico and Casey meeting passages rest on this deposition. Sole source for the witness's own account of those passages. +[^2]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition, in Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Depositions), pp. 972-1040, Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234. The career chronology is at pp. 974-979. The Studley, Glatt, Dellamico and Casey meeting passages rest on this deposition. [^3]: University of Miami Special Collections, "Daniel O. Graham papers," ASM0492, finding aid, biographical sketch and series list. https://atom.library.miami.edu/index.php/asm0492 and https://atom.library.miami.edu/downloads/asm0492.pdf [^4]: Letter, Daniel O. Graham to James R. Schlesinger, January 21, 1974, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80M01082A000800060030-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80m01082a000800060030-9 [^5]: "Honor and Merit Awards Ceremony [Distinguished Intelligence Medal to Daniel O. Graham]," August 29, 1974, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R002000060020-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80r01731r002000060020-6 @@ -178,9 +178,9 @@ Graham died at his home in [[Arlington, Virginia]], on Sunday, December 31, 1995 [^9]: Memorandum, "Status Report on the Experiment in Competitive Analysis and Request for Your Assistance," August 18, 1976, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP91M00696R000600180054-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91m00696r000600180054-3 [^10]: Team B report, published December 1, 1976, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP91M00696R001000110006-8 (56 pages, released November 7, 2006), team and advisory panel roster (p. iv) and introduction. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/node/975749 [^11]: Louis F. Maire III and J. D. LaMothe, "Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research," Defense Intelligence Agency, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, DIA task PT-1810-12-75, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3, cover and table of contents. -[^12]: "An E.S.P. Gap: Exploring psychic weapons," Time, January 23, 1984, p. 17, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230025-5. Quotations are as reported by Time from Graham's interview with the New York Times. Sole source for the quotations. +[^12]: "An E.S.P. Gap: Exploring psychic weapons," Time, January 23, 1984, p. 17, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230025-5. Quotations are as reported by Time from Graham's interview with the New York Times. [^13]: George Lardner Jr., "GEN. GRAHAM'S STAR WARS: The one-man lobby to fill space with weaponry," Washington Post, November 17, 1985, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00965R000403710030-7. Statements attributed to Graham are his own, as reported by the Post. -[^14]: Strategic Defense Initiative [SDI] Program, hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 99th Congress, 1st session, H.A.S.C. No. 99-30, June 6, 1985, pp. 21 and 41 (exchange of Rep. Dickinson and John Gardner). Internet Archive item micro_IA41152646_0474. Gardner's statement is his description of Graham's earlier DIA exposure; sole source for it. +[^14]: Strategic Defense Initiative [SDI] Program, hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 99th Congress, 1st session, H.A.S.C. No. 99-30, June 6, 1985, pp. 21 and 41 (exchange of Rep. Dickinson and John Gardner). Internet Archive item micro_IA41152646_0474. Gardner's statement is his description of Graham's earlier DIA exposure. [^15]: Letter, William J. Casey to Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, January 8, 1982, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP83M00914R001900220074-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83m00914r001900220074-1 [^16]: CIA reading room record CIA-RDP83M00914R002400010001-8, catalogued as a letter from Daniel O. Graham to William J. Casey regarding High Frontier, December 9, 1982 (the released pages show Casey's December 20, 1982 reply and one denied page); reply, William J. Casey to Graham, December 20, 1982, CIA-RDP88B00443R001203980021-9. [^17]: Hedrick Smith, "Reagan Advisers Hold Somber View of Soviet Intentions," New York Times, May 25, 1980, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00552R000505080020-3. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danilo Blandon.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danilo Blandon.md index 5a0c8b3a..517d70f4 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danilo Blandon.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danilo Blandon.md @@ -160,30 +160,30 @@ Webb wrote that Blandón's electronics, procured by Lister, included walkie-talk [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm [^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html -[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." +[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first." [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section A (sources of the allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p1.htm -[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 26: "That matter, if true, would be classified." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 26: "That matter, if true, would be classified." [^8]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section E (Los Angeles Sheriff's Department investigation of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p2.htm -[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." [^10]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm [^11]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section K (the 1992 San Diego prosecution of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p6.htm -[^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 8: "A million hits is not enough." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 8: "A million hits is not enough." [^13]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VI, section C (the roles of Ross and Blandon in the spread of crack), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch06p2.htm -[^14]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 14: "It's bigger than I can handle." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 18: "We bust our ass and the government's involved." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^14]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 14: "It's bigger than I can handle." +[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 18: "We bust our ass and the government's involved." [^16]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section F (initiation of the federal OCDETF case), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p3.htm [^17]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm -[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." [^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, sections H-J (closure, transfer and assessment of the OCDETF case), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p5.htm -[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 21: "I could go anywhere in the world and sell dope." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 21: "I could go anywhere in the world and sell dope." [^21]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, sections L-N (Blandon's green card, the green cards of his wife and daughter, DEA payments), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p7.htm [^22]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections F-G ("David Morrison," alleged DEA corruption, DEA use of Meneses as an informant), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p2.htm [^23]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections H-I (the 1989 indictment and post-indictment activities), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p3.htm -[^24]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^24]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower." [^25]: *United States v. Ross*, 372 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir. June 21, 2004), No. 02-50226, https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2004/06/21/0250226.pdf -[^26]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 12: "This guy talks to God." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 24: "They're gonna forget I was a drug dealer." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^28]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 25: "Things are moving all around us." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^29]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^26]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 12: "This guy talks to God." +[^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 24: "They're gonna forget I was a drug dealer." +[^28]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 25: "Things are moving all around us." +[^29]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. [^30]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danny Casolaro.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danny Casolaro.md index 82c9f247..582a2e98 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danny Casolaro.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danny Casolaro.md @@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ The INSLAW folder of the research files includes a *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* rep [^1]: Ridgeway, James, and Doug Vaughan. "The Last Days of Danny Casolaro." *Village Voice*, October 15, 1991; West Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Second Autopsy Report, Dr. Frost, January 1992; Martinsburg Police Department records released under FOIA to Zachary Treitz and Christian Hansen, 2024; "FBI Cites Mystery FOIA Exemption to Withhold Danny Casolaro Death Video," *MuckRock*, February 2018. [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992. [^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." -[^4]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (U.S. Department of Justice, March 1993), pp. 137 (August 7, 1991 call, August 17, 1991 letter, later interview), 146 (September 1990 agent meeting; "part-time author"), 148 to 149 (December 1990 New York meetings) and 154 (his account of Casolaro's state of mind). https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (U.S. Department of Justice, March 1993), pp. 137 (August 7, 1991 call, August 17, 1991 letter, later interview), 146 (September 1990 agent meeting; "part-time author"), 148 to 149 (December 1990 New York meetings) and 154 (his account of Casolaro's state of mind). https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport. [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993. [^6]: Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," Internet Archive items casolaro-notebooks (PromotionalMaterial.pdf) and PromotionalMaterial, https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. [^7]: Danny Casolaro papers, folders "CIA Frank Terpil Renegades," "Wackenhut - Newsletters" and "DOD PUBLICATIONS," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files (the Corn item is headed "SPECIAL EDITION - TERRORISM / Did It Blow Up Flight 103?"). -[^8]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the affidavit's contents as reported there. +[^8]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. [^9]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dick Cheney.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dick Cheney.md index 5a3dd733..aaf28e8d 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dick Cheney.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dick Cheney.md @@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ Cheney was chief executive of [[Halliburton]] in the late 1990s. [[Ray Hunt]] of [^3]: *Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair,* H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216, November 1987, minority report. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/18221 [^4]: Halliburton Company, Schedule 14A proxy statement, 2004, Securities and Exchange Commission. [^5]: Rangwala, Glen. "The interview with Hussein Kamel," February 2003, quoting the UNSCOM and IAEA note of the meeting of August 22, 1995; Barry, John. *Newsweek,* March 3, 2003. -[^6]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^6]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Berlage.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Berlage.md index c8d97a84..612a323f 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Berlage.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Berlage.md @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Don Berlage prosecuted the case against [[Robert Lang]], one of the leaders of [ Don Berlage connected to the [[Troop 137]] case through the prosecution of [[Robert Lang]]. Lang's activities included boy prostitution and ties to [[Richard Halvorsen]] and [[Raymond Woodall]]. The prosecutions revealed connections to [[John David Norman]]'s network and [[Father Bud's Boys Farm]].[^1] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for this page. Berlage is not named in the 1977 House and Senate hearing records on child sexual exploitation, and no archive.org full-text match was found for him; Charlevoix County lies in Michigan, while the Troop 137 defendants were prosecuted in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Charlevoix County lies in Michigan, while the Troop 137 defendants were prosecuted in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Curtis.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Curtis.md index efffb7d1..721d91ba 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Curtis.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Curtis.md @@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ The review of Jonathan Margolis's *The Secret Life of Uri Geller* in *Lobster* s ### Footnotes [^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5. Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Don Curtis and Mike Russo: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. -[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^3]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf. Sole source for the "Don Gregory" rendering. +[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above. +[^3]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Eyles.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Eyles.md index 7e8ed4c3..d8574baa 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Eyles.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Eyles.md @@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ Mitchell, who after the mission founded the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]], co [^1]: Eyles, Don. "Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer." AAS 04-064, American Astronautical Society, 2004. https://www.doneyles.com/LM/Tales.html. His memoir is *Sunburst and Luminary: An Apollo Memoir* (Fort Point Press, 2018). [^2]: Jones, Eric M., ed. "Landing at Fra Mauro," Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal, NASA, transcript at 104:30 to 106:33 GET. https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.landing.html [^3]: Fjeld, Paul. "Masking the Abort Discrete," Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, NASA, 2009, and the transcript at 108:02 to 108:03 GET. https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14AbortDiscrete.html -[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^5]: "Private Lunar ESP: An Interview with Edgar Mitchell." Cabinet, issue 5. https://cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/backstrom_mitchell.php [^6]: Mitchell, Edgar D. "An ESP Test from Apollo 14." *Journal of Parapsychology*, 1971. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dwight D. Eisenhower.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dwight D. Eisenhower.md index 11a38fc5..9d0aa085 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dwight D. Eisenhower.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dwight D. Eisenhower.md @@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ In his farewell radio and television address on January 17, 1961, Eisenhower sai [^2]: Doyle, Kate, and Peter Kornbluh, eds. "CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents." National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 4, documents released by the CIA on May 23, 1997. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/ ; "The Secret CIA History of the Iran Coup, 1953," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 28. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/index.html [^3]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, 94th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Reports vol. 3-8, 1975, summary of findings on Lumumba; section on the Congo; testimony of Robert H. Johnson (June 18, 1975), C. Douglas Dillon (September 2, 1975) and Gordon Gray (July 9, 1975); findings on authorization. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^4]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," Wilson Center, Nuclear Proliferation International History Project, with the National Security Archive, document headnote on American Machine and Foundry Atomics. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-us-discovery-israels-secret-nuclear-project -[^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, ch. 4. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, ch. 4. [^6]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," sections "The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona," Documents 1 to 14, including the post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, the National Security Council meeting of December 8, 1960 and the meeting of December 19, 1960 (Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Christian Herter Papers; White House Office, Office of the Staff Secretary, International Series, box 8, Israel (3)); also National Security Archive, "Israel and the Bomb: Dimona Revealed." https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/israel/documents/reveal/ [^7]: Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations William B. Macomber, Jr., to Executive Director of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, January 19, 1961, with enclosed summary of January 17, 1961, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, Volume XVII, Near East 1961-1962, Document 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v17/d3 [^8]: National Archives and Records Administration, Military Reference Branch, "Reference Report on MJ-12," July 22, 1987 (Jo Anne Williamson, Chief), quoting the Eisenhower Library letter of July 16, 1987 to NNMR; text as transcribed at https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/2000/2437.ufo [^9]: Wilhelm Reich, CORE vol. 6 nos. 1 to 4 (July 1954), https://archive.org/details/contact-from-space-by-wilhelm-reich. -[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), p. 132, https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. Sole source. +[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), p. 132, https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. [^11]: Moise to Smith, March 21, 1957, and Nease to Tolson, March 25, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^12]: Eisenhower, Dwight D. "Farewell Radio and Television Address to the American People," January 17, 1961, Public Papers of the Presidents. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/farewell-radio-and-television-address-the-american-people diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dzhuna Davitashvili.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dzhuna Davitashvili.md index 7a40cef4..019b897c 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dzhuna Davitashvili.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dzhuna Davitashvili.md @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Kolodny wrote that his first article on her, in [[Komsomolskaya Pravda]], drew a [^3]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/ Kolodny was a journalist who campaigned for Dzhuna and for the laboratory. [^4]: Lev Kolodny, "Biofield Researchers' Equipment, Support from Country's Leaders Noted," *Moskovskaya Pravda*, October 10, 1990, no. 232, p. 3, as abstracted in the Daily SNAP (item SNAP 901023), CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9 [^5]: Kolodny (note 3). -[^6]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory. +[^6]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory. [^7]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014 (interview with Eduard Godik). https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov [^8]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022 [^9]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr..md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr..md index c01150bb..3df78da5 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr..md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr..md @@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ Barcella died of bladder cancer on November 4, 2010, at a hospital near his home [^7]: Sharon Walsh and Saundra Torry, "Washington, Perito Law Firm Losing Additional Attorneys; Name Partner Among Those Leaving," *The Washington Post*, July 20, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1991/07/20/washington-perito-law-firm-losing-additional-attorneys/0a7d8d2e-2958-4283-9860-874855bd0ca6/ [^8]: "Frank Koszorús, Jr. Selected as U.S. Public Delegate to Paris Human Rights Conference," *Fraternity-Testvériség*, 1989 (67. évfolyam), issue of April 1, 1989, no. 2. https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/TestverisegFraternity_USAHUN_1989/?pg=45 [^9]: "A group of top former FBI agents and federal prosecutors," *United Press International*, August 2, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/02/A-group-of-top-former-FBI-agents-and-federal/9684730900658/ -[^10]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents the Resumes of its Associates," fax copy (header 1990), pp. 141 P01 to P12, in the Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^10]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents the Resumes of its Associates," fax copy (header 1990), pp. 141 P01 to P12, in the Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. [^11]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 17, "BCCI's Lawyers and Lobbyists." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/17law.htm [^12]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 8, "BCCI and Law Enforcement: The Justice Department and the U.S. Customs Service." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/08just.htm [^13]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 4, "BCCI's Criminality." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/04crime.htm @@ -198,15 +198,15 @@ Barcella died of bladder cancer on November 4, 2010, at a hospital near his home [^17]: Graham Exhibit 1 and deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234). [^18]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 2, p. 51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=75). [^19]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (H. Res. 585, "Providing for completion of activities of Task Force to investigate certain allegations concerning holding of Americans as hostages in Iran in 1980"; text of the resolution and floor statements of Representative Beilenson and another member speaking for it). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm -[^20]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010 (article on the task force report's cover letter). https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html Sole source for the Dymally, Barnes and Hamilton statements as reported by Parry. -[^21]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html Sole source for the trap door memo, the Ledeen and October Surprise Group claims, and the Laxalt account, as reported by Parry. -[^22]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the extension request and the Hamilton response as reported by Parry. -[^23]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Barcella and Hamilton statements, the Stepashin identification and the January 11, 1993 transmittal as reported by Parry. -[^24]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde," *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Sole source for the quoted phrase "should put the controversy to rest once and for all" attributed to the op-ed and for the addendum account of the extension and the declassification remark. Hamilton, Lee H., "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993, Section 4, p. 17. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html -[^25]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry. -[^26]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton and Barcella statements about the Russian report and the e-mail quoted. Request date and transmittal per the Parry translation page, https://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russianreport1980.html -[^27]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files: The Ladies' Room Secrets," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile2.html Sole source for the memo quotation as reported by Parry. -[^28]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html Sole source for the Dymally dissent, the BCCI and Laxalt omissions, and the Hyde special order as reported by Parry. +[^20]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010 (article on the task force report's cover letter). https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html +[^21]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html +[^22]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ +[^23]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ +[^24]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde," *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Hamilton, Lee H., "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993, Section 4, p. 17. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html +[^25]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ +[^26]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Request date and transmittal per the Parry translation page, https://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russianreport1980.html +[^27]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files: The Ladies' Room Secrets," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile2.html +[^28]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html [^29]: "Lawrence Barcella '67," cover story, *Dartmouth Alumni Magazine*, March 1993. https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1993/3/1/lawrence-barcella-67 -[^30]: Parry, Robert. "Clinton & a BCCI Lawyer," *Consortium News* (undated archive article, 1993). https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story3.html Sole source for the Treasury consideration as reported by Parry. +[^30]: Parry, Robert. "Clinton & a BCCI Lawyer," *Consortium News* (undated archive article, 1993). https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story3.html [^31]: U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4772, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Supplemental Statement for the six months ending September 30, 1994, Attachment 1 and signature page. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Supplemental-Statement-19940930-DHFIFJ02.pdf Exhibit B signed by Koszorus as "Attorney," March 1, 1993: https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Exhibit-AB-19930301-D1Y3N102.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Earl Brian.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Earl Brian.md index 23617677..ebe7e17e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Earl Brian.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Earl Brian.md @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ In July 1993 the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] charged Brian and three [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992. [^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. [^3]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74. -[^4]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the contents as reported there. +[^4]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993. [^6]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. *The Inslaw Affair.* September 1989. [^7]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, pp. v, 17 and appendix 22, "Earl Brian Passports," p. 287. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Edward Brongersma.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Edward Brongersma.md index 72797469..f45d553a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Edward Brongersma.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Edward Brongersma.md @@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ Brongersma's role as trustee of Shelden's estate provided the American fugitive Brongersma's connections extended to other figures in the European pedophile network. He was associated with [[Fritz Bernard]], a psychologist and contributor to Shelden's PAN magazine, and with [[Joseph Douce]], a pastor who maintained contact with Dutch specialists in pedophilia issues. Douce had sent contact details of Brongersma and Bernard to representatives of Protestant Churches in Belgium who were concerned about Douce's activities. These connections placed Brongersma at the center of a network that linked political figures, academics, and religious leaders to organized child exploitation.[^1] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. [^2]: *National Bank of Detroit v. Shelden,* 730 F.2d 421 (6th Cir. 1984). https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/433085/national-bank-of-detroit-v-francis-d-shelden-the-trust-company-of-the/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Enrique Bermudez.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Enrique Bermudez.md index 530d9b95..acd96f1a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Enrique Bermudez.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Enrique Bermudez.md @@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ On February 16, 1991, the CIA's Inspector General recorded, Bermúdez was assass [^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Northern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm -[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. +[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first." [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm [^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html -[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds." +[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." [^9]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm [^10]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (the Kerry report), December 1988, p. 38, quoting the August 5, 1987 testimony of the CIA Central American Task Force chief before the Iran-Contra Committees, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Eugene Giaquinto.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Eugene Giaquinto.md index 1cc68f7b..6c425ac2 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Eugene Giaquinto.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Eugene Giaquinto.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The affidavit records a July 20, 1987 call in which Giaquinto told Nichols that [^1]: Knoedelseder, William. *Stiffed: A True Story of MCA, the Music Business, and the Mafia.* HarperCollins, 1993, pp. xvii, 434-448, 464. Read through the archive.org BookReader search, item stiffedtruestory00knoe. [^2]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 5, 69 and 79. -[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 351 and 356; Seymour, "VORTEX," February 24, 1992. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument . Sole source for the board seat and resignation. Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo. +[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 351 and 356; Seymour, "VORTEX," February 24, 1992. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument . Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo. [^4]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine -[^5]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6"). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6"). [^6]: Appellant's Opening Brief, *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. Gates,* No. 90-55281 (9th Cir.), certificate dated June 27, 1990 (case removed as CV 89-4383 RG (Kx), C.D. Cal.). https://archive.org/details/MeridianV.Gates diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fidel Castro.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fidel Castro.md index 5ce4f53e..02516cae 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fidel Castro.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fidel Castro.md @@ -123,15 +123,15 @@ Preston also described a separate federal case: [[Reinaldo Ruiz]] and his son Ru ### Footnotes [^1]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book V: The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies, S. Rept. 94-755 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976), Appendix C, Chronology, entry for 1959 (January 1, 1959). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf -[^2]: María Idalia Gómez, "Fidel Castro: tres días con la DFS," EjeCentral (undated article quoting the DFS report). https://www.ejecentral.com.mx/fidel-castro-tres-dias-con-la-dfs. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: María Idalia Gómez, "Fidel Castro: tres días con la DFS," EjeCentral (undated article quoting the DFS report). https://www.ejecentral.com.mx/fidel-castro-tres-dias-con-la-dfs. [^3]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. VI, Cuba, editorial note preceding Document 288, quoting Nixon's draft summary (Department of State, Central Files, 711.12/4-2459). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d287 -[^4]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. VI, Cuba, Document 288, memorandum by the Director of the Office of Mexican and Caribbean Affairs (Department of State, Central Files, 033.3711/4-2159), April 1959. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d288. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. VI, Cuba, Document 288, memorandum by the Director of the Office of Mexican and Caribbean Affairs (Department of State, Central Files, 033.3711/4-2159), April 1959. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d288. [^5]: Book V, S. Rept. 94-755, Appendix C, Chronology, entry for December 11, 1959, PDF p. 98. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf [^6]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 6. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^7]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 72. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^8]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, pp. 75-76 (testimony of Bissell, June 9, 1975; Edwards, May 30, 1975; the operational support chief, May 30, 1975, pp. 8 and 158; Maheu, July 29 and 30, 1975). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^9]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 128, reproducing the summary of Edwards's statements to the FBI sent by Hoover to the Attorney General on May 22, 1961. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit -[^10]: Cheri Seymour, The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal (TrineDay, 2010). Sole source for the passages so cited; the book's text was not available for page citation. +[^10]: Cheri Seymour, The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal (TrineDay, 2010). The book's text was not available for page citation. [^11]: Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General John S. Earman, "Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro," May 23, 1967, pp. 16-17 (National Archives, JFK Assassination Records, Record Number 104-10213-10101). https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf [^12]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 76, citing the Inspector General's report pp. 16 and 17 and testimony of Johnny Rosselli, June 24, 1975. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^13]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 78, citing the Inspector General's report p. 19. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit @@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ Preston also described a separate federal case: [[Reinaldo Ruiz]] and his son Ru [^24]: Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General John S. Earman, "Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro," May 23, 1967, Secret/Eyes Only, 143 pp. including cover memorandum. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf ; also National Security Archive document 33578, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/33578-document-19-cia-inspector-general-john-s-earman-report-plots-assassinate-fidel [^25]: [[Lopez Report]] (2003), appendices, House Select Committee on Assassinations staff record of the April 3, 1978 Havana session, appendix page marked 264 in the scan. https://aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/lopezrpt_2003/pdf/LopezRpt_2003_8_Appendices.pdf [^26]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Assassinations, "The Evolution and Implications of the CIA-Sponsored Assassination Conspiracies Against Fidel Castro," staff report, March 1979, in Appendix to Hearings, vol. X, paras. 69-71 (quoting Interview of Fidel Castro Ruz, April 3, 1978, pp. 38-39, J.F.K. document no. 011776). https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/pdf/HSCA_Vol10_CastroPlots.pdf -[^27]: Marita Lorenz wrap-up memo, JFK Assassination Records Review Board research file (NARA, JFK Assassination Records, ARRB research). https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/IMARR/WP-DOCS/RSRCH/LORENZ.WPD.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited. The memo states that Lorenz's claims are reported ("reportedly") and cites Gaeton Fonzi, The Last Investigation (1993). -[^28]: "638 ways to kill Castro," Mail & Guardian, August 2006, citing Fabián Escalante. https://mg.co.za/news/international/2006-08-09-638-ways-to-kill-castro/. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^27]: Marita Lorenz wrap-up memo, JFK Assassination Records Review Board research file (NARA, JFK Assassination Records, ARRB research). https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/IMARR/WP-DOCS/RSRCH/LORENZ.WPD.pdf. The memo states that Lorenz's claims are reported ("reportedly") and cites Gaeton Fonzi, The Last Investigation (1993). +[^28]: "638 ways to kill Castro," Mail & Guardian, August 2006, citing Fabián Escalante. https://mg.co.za/news/international/2006-08-09-638-ways-to-kill-castro/. [^29]: Felix I. Rodriguez and John Weisman, Shadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), Prologue. [^30]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXI, South and Central America; Mexico, editorial note preceding Document 171, and Document 171, Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms, "Capture and Execution of Ernesto 'Che' Guevara," October 11, 1967 (Johnson Library, National Security File, Country File, Bolivia, vol. IV), including note 3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HistoryAtState/frus/master/volumes/frus1964-68v31.xml [^31]: Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (Seven Stories Press, 1998), chapter 13. @@ -158,4 +158,4 @@ Preston also described a separate federal case: [[Reinaldo Ruiz]] and his son Ru [^34]: Webb, Dark Alliance, chapter 4. [^35]: Webb, Dark Alliance, chapter 6. [^36]: Webb, Dark Alliance, Epilogue, quoting Donald Winters's statement to the court in the 1999 proceeding on Noriega's sentence. -[^37]: Julia Preston, "The Trial that Shook Cuba," The New York Review of Books, December 7, 1989. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1989/12/07/the-trial-that-shook-cuba/. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^37]: Julia Preston, "The Trial that Shook Cuba," The New York Review of Books, December 7, 1989. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1989/12/07/the-trial-that-shook-cuba/. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George W. Bush.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George W. Bush.md index 1e9f9315..049ec78b 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George W. Bush.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George W. Bush.md @@ -151,24 +151,24 @@ Mark Danner wrote in 2006 that the memorandum of a July 2002 meeting with [[Tony [^1]: White House, "Biography of President George W. Bush" (archived, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov). Sworn in January 20, 2001 and January 20, 2005; 46th Governor of Texas; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven; bachelor's degree in history from Yale University in 1968; F-102 fighter pilot in the Texas Air National Guard; Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School in 1975; moved back to Midland to begin a career in the energy business; assembled the partners who bought the Texas Rangers in 1989; elected Governor of Texas on November 8, 1994 and re-elected on November 3, 1998. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/president/biography.html [^2]: Biography.com, "George W. Bush." Eldest son of George H.W. and Barbara Bush, presidency, Yale enrollment in 1964, Delta Kappa Epsilon presidency, Texas Air National Guard enlistment in 1968, Air Force Reserve discharge on November 21, 1974. https://www.biography.com/us-president/george-w-bush -[^3]: Jacques Leslie, "Yale," Salon, March 1, 2000. Leslie identifies himself as a member of the Yale Class of 1968 who was asked to join Skull and Bones, and cites Bill Minutaglio's biography *First Son* for the account of Bush's tapping. Sole source for the Minutaglio account. https://www.salon.com/2000/03/01/yale/ +[^3]: Jacques Leslie, "Yale," Salon, March 1, 2000. Leslie identifies himself as a member of the Yale Class of 1968 who was asked to join Skull and Bones, and cites Bill Minutaglio's biography *First Son* for the account of Bush's tapping. https://www.salon.com/2000/03/01/yale/ [^4]: Craig Unger, *House of Bush, House of Saud* (Scribner, 2004), pp. 32 to 33 (Bath, Bush and the CIA denial), 100 (Bath's statement and the Arbusto allegation), 115 (Bath's $50,000 and the March 1979 start of operations), 116 to 117 (the 1986 Harken deal and Kendrick), 118 (no direct contact with BCCI), 119 to 120 (Stephens, Union Bank of Switzerland, Bakhsh), 121 to 122 (Bahrain). The Bath, Bakhsh and Bahrain passages rest on Unger's cited reporting, including the Wall Street Journal, 1991. -[^5]: Jerry Urban, "Bush Said Friend's Arbusto Investment Was His Own, Not Saudi Money," *Houston Chronicle*, June 4, 1992. Sole source for the sworn-deposition, trust-agreement and Bill White passages, which the newspaper attributes to court documents and to the litigants. Reproduced at https://911timeline.s3.amazonaws.com/1990s/houstonchronicle060492.html +[^5]: Jerry Urban, "Bush Said Friend's Arbusto Investment Was His Own, Not Saudi Money," *Houston Chronicle*, June 4, 1992. The newspaper attributes the sworn-deposition, trust-agreement and Bill White passages to court documents and to the litigants. Reproduced at https://911timeline.s3.amazonaws.com/1990s/houstonchronicle060492.html [^6]: Harken Energy Corporation, Form 10-K for 1993, filed March 29, 1994 (SEC accession 0000950134-94-000289), Item 10, "Certain Matters Involving Directors and Executive Officers," and the list of Form 8-K reports. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000289.txt [^7]: Harken Energy Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement filed April 25, 1994 (SEC accession 0000950134-94-000454): "Effective as of October 26, 1993 Mr. George W. Bush resigned as a Class B Director of the Company." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000454.txt [^8]: Report of the Independent Review Panel (Dick Thornburgh and Louis D. Boccardi) on the September 8, 2004 "60 Minutes Wednesday" segment "For the Record" concerning President Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, January 5, 2005, pp. 1 (the 111th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, May 1968 to October 1973, and the four documents), 3 to 5 (executive summary: "The Panel has not been able to conclude with absolute certainty whether the Killian documents are authentic or forgeries"; "myopic zeal"; defects 1 to 10). Archived copy of the CBS News posting: https://web.archive.org/web/2005id_/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/CBS_Report.pdf [^9]: FactCheck.org, "New Evidence Supports Bush Military Service (Mostly)," February 2004, including Bush's NBC interview. https://www.factcheck.org/2004/02/new-evidence-supports-bush-military-service-mostly/ [^10]: Democracy Now!, "White House Opens Bush Military Records, Questions Remain," headlines, February 11, 2004. https://democracynow.org/2004/2/11/headlines/white_house_opens_bush_military_records_questions_remain [^11]: CBS News, statement of Leslie Moonves on the Independent Review Panel's report, January 10, 2005 (archived copy at cbsnews.com). The statement names the panel as Dick Thornburgh and Louis Boccardi, notes the 224-page report, and announces that Mary Mapes was terminated and that Josh Howard, Mary Murphy and Betsy West were relieved of their duties and asked to resign. https://web.archive.org/web/20050115000000/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/cbs_response.pdf -[^12]: Pete Brewton, *The Mafia, CIA & George Bush* (S.P.I. Books, 1992), p. 221, citing "Resume of Jim R. Bath." Sole source for the Jim Bath and Associates account as Brewton gives it. -[^13]: Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI* (Random House, 1993), pp. 226 to 230, giving the account of Bill White. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^12]: Pete Brewton, *The Mafia, CIA & George Bush* (S.P.I. Books, 1992), p. 221, citing "Resume of Jim R. Bath." +[^13]: Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI* (Random House, 1993), pp. 226 to 230, giving the account of Bill White. [^14]: Knut Royce, "Bush violated security laws four times, SEC report says," Center for Public Integrity, October 4, 2000. The article describes the April 9, 1991 SEC memorandum and its figures. https://publicintegrity.org/politics/bush-violated-security-laws-four-times-sec-report-says/ [^15]: Salon, "Harken," July 13, 2002, quoting the SEC memorandum of October 1993 and the Harken loss announcement. https://www.salon.com/2002/07/13/harken/ [^16]: Center for Public Integrity, "How George W. Bush scored big with the Texas Rangers." https://publicintegrity.org/politics/how-george-w-bush-scored-big-with-the-texas-rangers/ -[^17]: Democracy Now!, "Exclusive: Why The Carlyle Group Pushed George W. Bush Off Its Board," broadcast and rush transcript, July 3, 2003. Includes the recording of David Rubenstein's April 2003 remarks, Joe Conason's column in Salon, and the remarks of Dan Briody. Sole source for the Rubenstein remarks and for Briody's account of Fred Malek. https://www.democracynow.org/2003/7/3/democracy_now_exclusive_why_the_carlyle +[^17]: Democracy Now!, "Exclusive: Why The Carlyle Group Pushed George W. Bush Off Its Board," broadcast and rush transcript, July 3, 2003. Includes the recording of David Rubenstein's April 2003 remarks, Joe Conason's column in Salon, and the remarks of Dan Briody. https://www.democracynow.org/2003/7/3/democracy_now_exclusive_why_the_carlyle [^18]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report* (GPO, 2004), pp. 260-261, including the text of the August 6, 2001 Presidential Daily Brief item. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf [^19]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intel Committee publishes declassified '28 pages,'" July 15, 2016, including the statement of Chairman Devin Nunes. https://intelligence.house.gov/2016/07/15/intel-committee-publishes-declassified-28-pages/ -[^20]: 28pages.org, statement on the classification history of the 28 pages. Sole source for the classification attribution to the George W. Bush administration. https://28pages.org/ +[^20]: 28pages.org, statement on the classification history of the 28 pages. https://28pages.org/ [^21]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program*, S. Rept. 113-288 (declassified December 2014): Findings and Conclusions (#1, #3, #5, #6, #7), the Memorandum of Notification of September 17, 2001, p. 39 and notes 17 and 178 (the April 2006 briefing, Bush's memoir, the CIA's June 2013 response and the Rizzo memoir), and the Yoo letter of July 13, 2002. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf [^22]: Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Memorandum for John Rizzo, Acting General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency, "Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative," August 1, 2002 (signed by Jay S. Bybee), pp. 1 and 18. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/legacy/2010/08/05/memo-bybee2002.pdf [^23]: Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, "Standards of Conduct for Interrogation under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A," August 1, 2002, PDF pp. 1, 2 and 46. https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/886061/dl @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ Mark Danner wrote in 2006 that the memorandum of a July 2002 meeting with [[Tony [^28]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq*, S. Rept. 108-301 (2004), p. 14 (Conclusion 1). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-108srpt301/pdf/CRPT-108srpt301.pdf [^29]: Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence, *Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD* (the Duelfer report), September 30, 2004, "Regime Strategic Intent" and "Nuclear" key findings. Archived copy of the CIA posting: https://web.archive.org/web/2012id_/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/Comp_Report_Key_Findings.pdf [^30]: Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, *Report to the President of the United States*, March 31, 2005, pp. 45, 48, 50 and 51. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-WMD/pdf/GPO-WMD.pdf -[^31]: Martin Chulov and Helen Pidd, "Defector admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war," The Guardian, February 15, 2011. Sole source for Janabi's account of his dealings with the BND. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/defector-admits-wmd-lies-iraq-war +[^31]: Martin Chulov and Helen Pidd, "Defector admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war," The Guardian, February 15, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/defector-admits-wmd-lies-iraq-war [^32]: Department of Defense Office of Inspector General, *Review of the Pre-Iraqi War Activities of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy*, Report No. 07-INTEL-04, February 9, 2007 (declassified), Executive Summary, pp. i and ii. https://irp.fas.org/agency/dod/ig020907-decl.pdf [^33]: Senate Committee on Armed Services, hearing "Briefing on the Department of Defense Inspector General's Report on the Activities of the Office of Special Plans Prior to the War in Iraq," S. Hrg. 110-232, February 9, 2007, opening statement of Chairman Levin, quoting the conclusion of the committee minority staff report of October 2004. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-110shrg35438/pdf/CHRG-110shrg35438.pdf [^34]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq by U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated by Intelligence Information*, S. Rept. 110-345 (June 5, 2008), pp. 1 to 2 (the five speeches and the intelligence review of them), Conclusion 12 (p. 71), Conclusion 15 (p. 82), Additional Views of Chairman Rockefeller (p. 89), Additional Views of Senators Hagel and Snowe (pp. 97 to 98) and Additional Views of Senator Hatch joined by Vice Chairman Bond and Senator Burr (p. 166). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/110345.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Günter Guillaume.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Günter Guillaume.md index 326113b8..30b5b896 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Günter Guillaume.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Günter Guillaume.md @@ -149,51 +149,51 @@ Christel Guillaume, born Boom, died in Berlin; her death was reported on March 2 [^2]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume" (essay by Daniela Münkel), https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/themenbeitraege/die-affaere-guillaume/. States the OibE designation, the arrest of April 24, 1974 in Bonn, the 1927 birth year and the death on April 10, 1995 in Eggersdorf bei Berlin. German original: "Guillaume starb am 10. April 1995 in Eggersdorf bei Berlin." [^3]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume" (essay by Daniela Münkel), same URL. Gives the Stasi training as defector candidates, the 1969 Leber recommendation, the 1970 appointment as "Referent für die Verbindungen zu den Gewerkschaften" and the 1972 promotion to "Parteireferent", the codenames with BStU, MfS, HV A, MD, Nr. 6, SIRA-TDB 12, SE 7303399, SIRA-TDB 21, ZV 8209795 and SIRA-TDB, ZV 8259394, the 23 SPD, 12 government-policy and nine trade-union items from July 30, 1969 to April 8, 1974, the destruction of the HV A files in 1989 and 1990, the Stasi-school lectures, the documentary "Auftrag erfüllt", the December 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, the 1981 release, the 1972 bribery of two Bundestag members, and the Großmann and Honecker passage citing Herbstritt, Bundesbürger im Dienst der DDR-Spionage, p. 312. German original: "Überliefert sind dort die beiden Decknamen "Hansen" (Günter Guillaume) und "Heinze" (Christel Guillaume) sowie ihr Erfassungsdatum bei der HV A: 9. September 1954 für "Hansen" und 30. Oktober 1958 für "Heinze"." And: "Insgesamt war der nachrichtendienstliche Wert von Guillaume für das MfS nicht herausragend, er war zweifellos keine Spitzenquelle." [^4]: Bundesarchiv, Geschichtsgalerie "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte" (text by Barbara Groß and image captions), https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/geschichtsgalerien/guenter-guillaume-der-spion-den-niemand-stoppte/. States the mission "Integration und Aufklärung der SPD", the proposal through Leber and contact with Herbert Ehrenberg, the reservations of the Sicherungsgruppe of the Bundeskriminalamt and of the BND, the retroactive hire on January 1, 1970 after the conversation with Ehmke, and carries the captions "Ermächtigung Günter Guillaumes für den Zugang zu Verschlusssachen der Geheimhaltungsgrade VS-Vertraulich und Geheim, 12. Mai 1970," "Fernmeldenachricht des Bundeskanzleramtes (Bonn) an Günter Guillaume mit geheimen Informationen für Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt, 4. Juli 1973," and "Am 24. April 1974, wurden der damalige Kanzler-Referent Günter Guillaume und seine Ehefrau Christel in ihrer Wohnung in Bonn verhaftet." -[^5]: Wolf, Markus, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg: Erinnerungen*, Munich: Ullstein, 2005 (German-language edition of the memoir; the English edition is *Man Without a Face*, New York: Times Books, 1997), Internet Archive lending copy spionagechefimge0000wolf, printed p. 264. German original: "Günter Guillaume und seine Frau Christel waren wie Dutzende anderer junger Menschen Mitte der 50er Jahre im Auftrag meines Dienstes unter ihrem richtigen Namen in die Bundesrepublik gegangen." "Das Ehepaar war von uns beauftragt, Quellen innerhalb der SPD zu erschließen und zu »führen«". Sole source for the passages so cited. The page numbers of this edition differ from those of the English edition. +[^5]: Wolf, Markus, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg: Erinnerungen*, Munich: Ullstein, 2005 (German-language edition of the memoir; the English edition is *Man Without a Face*, New York: Times Books, 1997), Internet Archive lending copy spionagechefimge0000wolf, printed p. 264. German original: "Günter Guillaume und seine Frau Christel waren wie Dutzende anderer junger Menschen Mitte der 50er Jahre im Auftrag meines Dienstes unter ihrem richtigen Namen in die Bundesrepublik gegangen." "Das Ehepaar war von uns beauftragt, Quellen innerhalb der SPD zu erschließen und zu »führen«". The page numbers of this edition differ from those of the English edition. [^6]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 7/3246, Bericht und Antrag des 2. Untersuchungsausschusses (zu Drucksache 7/2193), February 19, 1975, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/07/032/0703246.pdf, PDF p. 66. German original: "Im Notaufnahmeverfahren hatte Guillaume angegeben, von 1949 bis 1953 als Fotograf und von 1953 bis 1955 als Bildredakteur im Verlag „Volk und Wissen" gearbeitet zu haben." And: "In der Sicherheitserklärung gab Guillaume an, von 1951 bis 1955 im Verlag „Volk und Wissen" als technischer Redakteur tätig gewesen zu sein." [^7]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 23: "Die Ehefrau Christel G., geb. 6. Oktober 1927"; Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 7: born "am 6. 11. 1927 in Allenstein/Ostpreußen". -[^8]: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. Gives the 1956 family-reunification legend, the coffee and tobacco shop Boom am Dom, and the Chancellery telexes through Guillaume's hands during the Norway holiday. Sole source for the Boom am Dom detail and the telex statement. +[^8]: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. Gives the 1956 family-reunification legend, the coffee and tobacco shop Boom am Dom, and the Chancellery telexes through Guillaume's hands during the Norway holiday. [^9]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 36 (the points of the BfV memoranda of May 11 and 17, 1973). German original: "Die Einreise der Eheleute Guillaume am 13. Mai 1956 ohne die Inanspruchnahme des Notaufnahmelagers Gießen und die Zeitdifferenz zwischen der Einreise und dem Notaufnahmeantrag, der erst am 13. September 1956 in Gießen einging, zeige an, daß der schriftliche Antrag einer gründlichen und langen Vorbereitung bedurfte." [^10]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 19. German original: "Dort eröffnete er mit seiner Frau am 15. August 1956 ein Schreibbüro". Also: "Nachdem Guillaume 1957 in die SPD eingetreten war ... wurde er am 1. März 1964 Geschäftsführer für den Unterbezirk Frankfurt der SPD." [^11]: Pond, Elizabeth, "East, West Germany trade spies; West plays 'waiting game'," The Christian Science Monitor, March 23, 1981, https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0323/032355.html. Quoted: "Just before her release, Christel Guillaume was pardoned by West Germany." Also: "In the first East-West spy swap in 20 months, the wife of East Germany's most famous secret agent has been returned to East Germany." Also: "After his arrest Guillaume confirmed proudly that he was an officer in the East German Army." And: "East Germany has tried repeatedly to get master spy Gunter Guillaume back, but West Germany is insisting that he serve his full 13-year sentence." The snack bar is described in the same article. -[^12]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 265. German original: "Die Informationen ließ er uns per Mikrofilm in leeren Zigarrenhülsen zukommen, die ein Kurier im Laden seiner Schwiegermutter entgegennahm. Einseitigen Funkkontakt zu den Guillaumes hielten wir zu festgelegten Zeiten an bestimmten Monatstagen." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^12]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 265. German original: "Die Informationen ließ er uns per Mikrofilm in leeren Zigarrenhülsen zukommen, die ein Kurier im Laden seiner Schwiegermutter entgegennahm. Einseitigen Funkkontakt zu den Guillaumes hielten wir zu festgelegten Zeiten an bestimmten Monatstagen." [^13]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 8 (March 1, 1964 to April 30, 1968 as Geschäftsführer of the Unterbezirk Frankfurt; from May 1968 Geschäftsführer of the SPD-Stadtverordnetenfraktion; Stadtverordnetenversammlung from October 1968; Wahlkreisbeauftragter of Georg Leber in Wahlkreis 140; departure for Bonn December 31, 1969); Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 19 (SPD entry 1957). -[^14]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 264 and 265. German original: "Christel Guillaume war als erste erfolgreich: Sie wurde Anfang der 60er Jahre Büroleiterin bei Willi Birkelbach." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^15]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 267 and 268. German original: "Guillaumes Informationen und Wertungen hatten eine ganz andere Bedeutung als die Geheimdokumente, die uns über unsere anderen Quellen erreichten." "es ist keine Übertreibung, wenn ich sage, daß er die Entspannung zwischen Bundesrepublik und DDR mitgeprägt hat". Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^16]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 263. German original: "Drei Wochen nach Willy Brandts Wahl zum Bundeskanzler am 21. Oktober 1969 stellte sich dem Chef des Kanzleramts ein Mann namens Günter Guillaume vor." "Kanzleramtschef Horst Ehmke sah keinen Grund, Guillaumes Befürwortern ihren Wunsch abzuschlagen". The Federal Government's report (Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 9, section Einstellungsvorgang) places the proposal by Ehrenberg in the 1969 reorganization of the Chancellery. Sole source for Wolf's account of the presentation. +[^14]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 264 and 265. German original: "Christel Guillaume war als erste erfolgreich: Sie wurde Anfang der 60er Jahre Büroleiterin bei Willi Birkelbach." +[^15]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 267 and 268. German original: "Guillaumes Informationen und Wertungen hatten eine ganz andere Bedeutung als die Geheimdokumente, die uns über unsere anderen Quellen erreichten." "es ist keine Übertreibung, wenn ich sage, daß er die Entspannung zwischen Bundesrepublik und DDR mitgeprägt hat". +[^16]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 263. German original: "Drei Wochen nach Willy Brandts Wahl zum Bundeskanzler am 21. Oktober 1969 stellte sich dem Chef des Kanzleramts ein Mann namens Günter Guillaume vor." "Kanzleramtschef Horst Ehmke sah keinen Grund, Guillaumes Befürwortern ihren Wunsch abzuschlagen". The Federal Government's report (Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 9, section Einstellungsvorgang) places the proposal by Ehrenberg in the 1969 reorganization of the Chancellery. [^17]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 24 ("die von der Unterabteilung des BND am 16. Dezember 1969 gegebene Antwort"). [^18]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 67 (telex of the BND received December 17, 1969, reporting a card entry of April 1954). German original: "dass nach einer auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt nicht mehr überprüfbaren Karteinotierung des BND vom April 1954 Günter Guillaume im Auftrage des Verlags „Volk und Wissen" die Bundesrepublik bereist haben solle, Verbindungen zu Verlagen, Druckereien und Personen herzustellen und diese dann östlich zu infiltrieren." [^19]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (testimony of Wessel on the question to the BND and on Volk und Wissen as "Residentur für Mitglieder des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit"; testimony of Ehmke on Bahr's note; the interview of January 7, 1970 with Ehmke, Schlichter and Ehrenberg, record countersigned by Guillaume on January 12, 1970). German original: "Weiterhin verfügte der BND über die Erkenntnis, daß der Verlag „Volk und Wissen" als Residentur für Mitglieder des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit diente." [^20]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (the telex of the BND president of December 23, 1969, shown to Bahr in view of a possible vacation deputization, and his handwritten note) and PDF p. 68 (Schlichter's note of December 23, 1969 that Wessel had fallen ill and would respond by telex). German original of the note: "Selbst wenn Sie einen positiven Eindruck haben, bleibt ein gewisses Sicherheitsrisiko, gerade hier". -[^21]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 265 and 266. German original: "Nur Egon Bahr blieb mißtrauisch und erklärte Ehmke gegenüber, möglicherweise tue er Guillaume Unrecht, aber dessen Vergangenheit lasse es als äußerst riskant erscheinen, ihn ins Kanzleramt aufzunehmen. Seine Warnung verhallte ungehört". Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^21]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 265 and 266. German original: "Nur Egon Bahr blieb mißtrauisch und erklärte Ehmke gegenüber, möglicherweise tue er Guillaume Unrecht, aber dessen Vergangenheit lasse es als äußerst riskant erscheinen, ihn ins Kanzleramt aufzunehmen. Seine Warnung verhallte ungehört". [^22]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 28 (the BfV's comprehensive card check, summarized on January 26, 1970 and handed to the Chancellery security official Schlichter on January 27, 1970). [^23]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 23 (hire "zum 1. Januar 1970") and PDF p. 29 ("Guillaume trat seinen Dienst im Bundeskanzleramt am 28. Januar 1970 an."). -[^24]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 267. German original: "für Empfang und Weiterleitung der eingehenden Nachrichten und der per Hubschrauber eintreffenden Kurierpost zuständig. Die BND-Leute gewöhnten sich schnell daran, daß Guillaume offensichtlich das Vertrauen der Regierungsspitze genoß. Mit Zustimmung des Verfassungsschutzes erhielt er kurz darauf auch die formelle Genehmigung zum Umgang mit Verschlußsachen der höchsten Geheimhaltungsstufe." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^24]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 267. German original: "für Empfang und Weiterleitung der eingehenden Nachrichten und der per Hubschrauber eintreffenden Kurierpost zuständig. Die BND-Leute gewöhnten sich schnell daran, daß Guillaume offensichtlich das Vertrauen der Regierungsspitze genoß. Mit Zustimmung des Verfassungsschutzes erhielt er kurz darauf auch die formelle Genehmigung zum Umgang mit Verschlußsachen der höchsten Geheimhaltungsstufe." [^25]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 34. German original: "Durch Hausanordnung vom 30. November 1972 wurde Guillaume dem Büro des Bundeskanzlers zugeteilt." The passage states that he had taken over months earlier the portfolio of the administrative official Reuschenbach for links to the party and parliamentary group. -[^26]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 268. German original: "Ab dem 1. Januar 1973 war er als persönlicher Referent für Parteifragen dem Kanzlerbüro zugeteilt". Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^26]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 268. German original: "Ab dem 1. Januar 1973 war er als persönlicher Referent für Parteifragen dem Kanzlerbüro zugeteilt". [^27]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (the committee's finding: "Es wäre sinnvoll gewesen, wenn der Präsident des Bundesnachrichtendienstes seinen Erkenntnisstand über den Verlag „Volk und Wissen" weitergegeben hätte") and PDF p. 37 (Nollau on the UfJ and BND source reports: "denn dieses sei wirklich gravierend gewesen"). [^28]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 49. German original: "Der Sachverständige Mercker hat dazu bestätigt, daß das Prinzip der Abgabe an den BfV bei innenpolitischen Vorgängen nicht immer eingehalten worden sei. So habe auch im Fall Guillaume der BND Material über Guillaume gehabt, daß er nach den Richtlinien an das BfV hätte abgeben müssen." [^29]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF pp. 2 and 39 to 42 (government statement and excerpt of the second part of the Mercker report of July 24, 1969: contract of May 31, 1968 with the head of the Chancellery Carstens; members Mercker, Raab, Zerbel; findings on the decline of the BND's effectiveness against the East, on staff suspicion of leading officials, on the use of security reasons against inconvenient staff and on Chancellery supervision), with the Second Inquiry Committee's reference to the recommendation of intensive supervision "daß der BND zum Staat im Staate werde" in Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 46. German original of the government's statement: "Der Bericht der Mercker-Kommission ist auch heute nicht zu einer vollständigen Veröffentlichung geeignet." German original of the government's remark: "Die neue Leitung des Dienstes ist den Hinweisen nachgegangen. Die Vermutungen haben sich nicht bestätigt." Of the commission: "Dieser Eindruck ist offensichtlich auch dadurch verstärkt worden, daß vielfach allzu schnell und allzu offensichtlich unzutreffenderweise Sicherheitsgründe, insbesondere der Vorwurf der Feindsteuerung zur Begründung von Maßnahmen gegen unbequeme Mitarbeiter herangezogen worden ist." [^30]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF pp. 1, 3 and 6 (cabinet resolutions of May 14 and 29, 1974; appointment by letter of May 30, 1974; start of work May 31, 1974; report dated November 11, 1974 and handed over November 18, 1974; letter of the Chancellor of December 3, 1974). -[^31]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 269 and 274. German original: "Im Herbst 1972 wurde Wilhelm Gronau vom Ostbüro des DGB, eine unserer ältesten Quellen in West-Berlin, verhaftet, als er sich mit seinem DDR-Instrukteur traf." Also: the instructor "einen Spickzettel mit sich geführt hatte, auf dem er sich unter anderem den Namen Guillaume notiert hatte". Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^31]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 269 and 274. German original: "Im Herbst 1972 wurde Wilhelm Gronau vom Ostbüro des DGB, eine unserer ältesten Quellen in West-Berlin, verhaftet, als er sich mit seinem DDR-Instrukteur traf." Also: the instructor "einen Spickzettel mit sich geführt hatte, auf dem er sich unter anderem den Namen Guillaume notiert hatte". [^32]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 35 and 36. German original: "Die ersten Verdachtsmomente gegen Günter Guillaume wurden im April 1973 erkannt und verdichteten sich im Laufe des Monats Mai". -[^33]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 269. German original: "Es kann nicht später als März 1973 gewesen sein, daß der Verfassungsschutz sich über Guillaumes Identität als Spion der DDR endgültig im klaren war." Sole source for the passages so cited; the committee's finding is at Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 35. -[^34]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 274 and 275. German original: "Was wir außerdem zu berücksichtigen vergaßen, waren die Geburtstags- und Neujahrsglückwünsche, die unser Dienst an seine Mitarbeiter zu schicken pflegte." "Der Beamte nahm sich die Akte mit den Telegrammen vor und verglich die Daten der Glückwünsche mit den Geburtstagen der Familie Guillaume. Von da an war alles klar." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^35]: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. German original: "einst abgefangene und dechiffrierte DDR-Funksprüche mit Geburtstagsgrüßen und einem „Glückwunsch zum zweiten Mann" passten taggenau auf Günter Guillaume und dessen in Frankfurt zur Welt gekommenen Sohn." And: "Kaum wurden die Indizien beim Verfassungsschutz bis zu Präsident Günther Nollau weitergereicht, erkannte dieser einen dringenden Verdacht, doch es fehlten handfeste, gerichtsverwertbare Beweise." Sole source for the radio intercept passage. +[^33]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 269. German original: "Es kann nicht später als März 1973 gewesen sein, daß der Verfassungsschutz sich über Guillaumes Identität als Spion der DDR endgültig im klaren war." The committee's finding is at Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 35. +[^34]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 274 and 275. German original: "Was wir außerdem zu berücksichtigen vergaßen, waren die Geburtstags- und Neujahrsglückwünsche, die unser Dienst an seine Mitarbeiter zu schicken pflegte." "Der Beamte nahm sich die Akte mit den Telegrammen vor und verglich die Daten der Glückwünsche mit den Geburtstagen der Familie Guillaume. Von da an war alles klar." +[^35]: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. German original: "einst abgefangene und dechiffrierte DDR-Funksprüche mit Geburtstagsgrüßen und einem „Glückwunsch zum zweiten Mann" passten taggenau auf Günter Guillaume und dessen in Frankfurt zur Welt gekommenen Sohn." And: "Kaum wurden die Indizien beim Verfassungsschutz bis zu Präsident Günther Nollau weitergereicht, erkannte dieser einen dringenden Verdacht, doch es fehlten handfeste, gerichtsverwertbare Beweise." [^36]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 36 (forwarding on May 23, 1973 via the vice president to the BfV president; meeting of May 28, 1973). [^37]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 37 and 38 (briefing of Genscher by Nollau on May 29, 1973 at 10:30 with Kinkel present; the two grounds, a "besondere nachrichtendienstliche Methode" and a gap of five months in the curriculum vitae; Nollau's first refusal and subsequent approval of informing the Chancellor; the testimony of Genscher, Kinkel and Nollau on what was conveyed; Nollau's answer "Nicht mit diesen Worten, aber mit dieser Meinung."). [^38]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 39 and 40 (the two conversations of May 29 and 30, 1973; Brandt's testimony 16/93 to 16/99, 16/121; the advice to leave Guillaume in place; the Norway question and the answer that nothing should change). German original: "gab der Bundesminister des Innern unter Berufung auf den Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Verfassungsschutz dem Bundeskanzler auf dessen Frage hin den Rat des Verfassungsschutzes weiter, Guillaume am Platz zu belassen". -[^39]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 40 (the contradiction between Genscher and Nollau on the telephone call of May 30, 1973, which "nicht auszuräumen war"; Grabert's confirmation of June 4, 1973; the BfV note of July 4, 1973 that Guillaume was on holiday with the Chancellor; Bardenhewer's recollection that Nollau had recommended taking Guillaume along). Sole source for the May 30 telephone accounts. -[^40]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 269 and 270. German original: "Als wäre nichts gewesen, blieb Guillaume Brandts enger Vertrauter und begleitete ihn Ende Juni 1973 auf dessen Urlaub nach Norwegen, wo er für mehrere Wochen sämtliche Aufgaben des persönlichen Referenten und Büroleiters erledigte. Aller Schriftverkehr ging durch seine Hände; es gibt Fernsehaufnahmen, wo man Guillaume am Chiffriergerät ein eben eingegangenes Fernschreiben lesen sieht." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^41]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 272 to 274. German original: "Den Inhalt der Norwegen-Dokumente erfuhren wir erst, als sie Gegenstand des Prozesses gegen das Ehepaar Guillaume wurden. Der Grund dafür ist, daß wir die Filmrollen mit den Kopien der Papiere, die Christel Guillaume ihrem Kurier »Anita« aushändigte, nie erhielten." "Zuletzt wählte sie die geringere Gefahr und ließ das Päckchen von einer Rheinbrücke ins Wasser fallen". Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^42]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 275 to 277. German original: "Die Diskrepanzen in den Aussagen des Innenministers und des obersten Verfassungsschützers ließen nicht nur in Bonn den Verdacht aufkommen, Eingeweihte hätten Brandt bewußt ins Unheil tappen lassen." "Daß der ehrgeizige Politiker Genscher angesichts der Regierungskrise in jenen Tagen bereits mit Helmut Kohl, dem Oppositionsführer, Gespräche über eine CDU-FDP-Koalition führte, ist ebensowenig ein Geheimnis". Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^43]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 277. German original: "Ihre diesbezüglichen Aussagen in meinem Prozeß 1993 waren wenig erhellend und beschränkten sich im wesentlichen darauf, daß sie von Nollau lediglich über einen »vagen Verdacht« informiert worden seien." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^39]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 40 (the contradiction between Genscher and Nollau on the telephone call of May 30, 1973, which "nicht auszuräumen war"; Grabert's confirmation of June 4, 1973; the BfV note of July 4, 1973 that Guillaume was on holiday with the Chancellor; Bardenhewer's recollection that Nollau had recommended taking Guillaume along). +[^40]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 269 and 270. German original: "Als wäre nichts gewesen, blieb Guillaume Brandts enger Vertrauter und begleitete ihn Ende Juni 1973 auf dessen Urlaub nach Norwegen, wo er für mehrere Wochen sämtliche Aufgaben des persönlichen Referenten und Büroleiters erledigte. Aller Schriftverkehr ging durch seine Hände; es gibt Fernsehaufnahmen, wo man Guillaume am Chiffriergerät ein eben eingegangenes Fernschreiben lesen sieht." +[^41]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 272 to 274. German original: "Den Inhalt der Norwegen-Dokumente erfuhren wir erst, als sie Gegenstand des Prozesses gegen das Ehepaar Guillaume wurden. Der Grund dafür ist, daß wir die Filmrollen mit den Kopien der Papiere, die Christel Guillaume ihrem Kurier »Anita« aushändigte, nie erhielten." "Zuletzt wählte sie die geringere Gefahr und ließ das Päckchen von einer Rheinbrücke ins Wasser fallen". +[^42]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 275 to 277. German original: "Die Diskrepanzen in den Aussagen des Innenministers und des obersten Verfassungsschützers ließen nicht nur in Bonn den Verdacht aufkommen, Eingeweihte hätten Brandt bewußt ins Unheil tappen lassen." "Daß der ehrgeizige Politiker Genscher angesichts der Regierungskrise in jenen Tagen bereits mit Helmut Kohl, dem Oppositionsführer, Gespräche über eine CDU-FDP-Koalition führte, ist ebensowenig ein Geheimnis". +[^43]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 277. German original: "Ihre diesbezüglichen Aussagen in meinem Prozeß 1993 waren wenig erhellend und beschränkten sich im wesentlichen darauf, daß sie von Nollau lediglich über einen »vagen Verdacht« informiert worden seien." [^44]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 62 (section "Auffassung der Minderheit," the CDU/CSU minority opinion of Abgeordneter Gerster). German original: "Am 24. April 1974 wurden der persönliche Mitarbeiter des damaligen Bundeskanzlers Willy Brandt, Günter Guillaume und seine Ehefrau Christine, geb. Boom, wegen des dringenden Tatverdachts nachrichtendienstlicher Tätigkeit verhaftet." Christel G., geb. Boom, is named in the majority text at PDF p. 23. [^45]: Brandt, Willy, *People and Politics: The Years 1960-1975*, Boston: Little, Brown, 1978, p. 450 (Internet Archive lending copy peoplepoliticsth00bran; index entry "Guillaume, Günther, 450"). Quoted: "On the morning of 24 April 1974, when I returned from Cairo, I was greeted with the news that one of my Chancellery advisers had been arrested as a spy." "my decision to resign matured without undue haste. It was finally taken on 6 May." "There is no doubt that I took advice which, looking back, I should not have taken." [^46]: Brandt Stiftung, "Der Rücktritt Willy Brandts," published May 6, 2024, https://willy-brandt.de/en/neuigkeiten/der-ruecktritt-willy-brandts/. Covers the Bundeskriminalamt dossier of May 1, the Bad Münstereifel meeting of May 4, the announcement to the SPD leadership, the letter received by the federal president on the evening of May 6, the midnight announcement, the May 7 explanation to the SPD parliamentary group, and the election of Helmut Schmidt "einen Tag später" after May 15, 1974. German original of the letter: "übernehme die politische Verantwortung für Fahrlässigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Agentenaffäre Guillaume". -[^47]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 262. German original: "der Rücktritt Willy Brandts nach der Verhaftung unseres Kundschafters Günter Guillaume." The sentence reads that he did not yet suspect that nine months later would happen "was man mir bis heute anlastet". Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^48]: Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen, Stasi-Mediathek, "Bericht zur 'Entwicklung der Krise der Koalition und zum Verfall der Autorität Willy Brandts'," BArch, MfS, ZAIG, Nr. 5023, Bl. 3-17, dated May 14, 1974, https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/fileadmin/pdf/dok1534.pdf. The editorial introduction states the 1956 emigration, the 1972 post, the arrest of April 24, 1974, the 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, and the 1972 payments to two Bundestag members. German original of the conclusion: "Der Fall Guillaume war nur der äußere Anlaß zum Rücktritt Brandts von seiner Funktion als Bundeskanzler." Sole source for the bribery claim apart from the Bundesarchiv essay, which repeats it. -[^49]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 261. German original: "Ich erinnerte mich an den CDU-Parlamentarier Julius Steiner aus Baden-Württemberg, der sich zu einer mittelmäßigen Informationsquelle entwickelt hatte und dafür regelmäßige Geldzuwendungen". "Als dann das Ergebnis verkündet wurde, fehlten ihr wider Erwarten zwei Stimmen." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^47]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 262. German original: "der Rücktritt Willy Brandts nach der Verhaftung unseres Kundschafters Günter Guillaume." The sentence reads that he did not yet suspect that nine months later would happen "was man mir bis heute anlastet". +[^48]: Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen, Stasi-Mediathek, "Bericht zur 'Entwicklung der Krise der Koalition und zum Verfall der Autorität Willy Brandts'," BArch, MfS, ZAIG, Nr. 5023, Bl. 3-17, dated May 14, 1974, https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/fileadmin/pdf/dok1534.pdf. The editorial introduction states the 1956 emigration, the 1972 post, the arrest of April 24, 1974, the 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, and the 1972 payments to two Bundestag members. German original of the conclusion: "Der Fall Guillaume war nur der äußere Anlaß zum Rücktritt Brandts von seiner Funktion als Bundeskanzler." +[^49]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 261. German original: "Ich erinnerte mich an den CDU-Parlamentarier Julius Steiner aus Baden-Württemberg, der sich zu einer mittelmäßigen Informationsquelle entwickelt hatte und dafür regelmäßige Geldzuwendungen". "Als dann das Ergebnis verkündet wurde, fehlten ihr wider Erwarten zwei Stimmen." [^50]: Bundesarchiv, Geschichtsgalerie "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte," same URL as note 4, image captions: "Zeugenaussage des SPD-Vorsitzenden und früheren Bundeskanzlers Willy Brandt vor dem 4. Strafsenat des Oberlandesgerichtes Düsseldorf im Prozess gegen Günter Guillaume wegen Landesverrats (Seite 1), 1. Oktober 1974"; "Schreiben (Entwurf) an den rheinland-pfälzischen Ministerpräsidenten, Dr. Helmut Kohl, zur Frage des Austauschs von Guillaume, 9. September 1974"; "Urteil des Oberlandesgerichts Düsseldorf in der Strafsache gegen Günter und Christel Guillaume, u. a. wegen Landesverrats, 15. Dezember 1975"; "Vermerk des Bundeskanzleramtes (Bonn) zur Urteilsverkündung im Prozess gegen Günter und Christel Guillaume wegen Landesverrats (Seite 1), 16. Dezember 1975". [^51]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume," same URL as note 2 ("Im Dezember 1975 wurde Günter Guillaume zu 13, seine Frau Christel zu acht Jahren Haft wegen Landesverrats verurteilt."), with the day from the Geschichtsgalerie caption cited at note 50. [^52]: New York Times, "Bonn Releases Spy in Brandt Case," October 2, 1981, dateline Bonn, Oct. 1, reproduced in CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000202410005-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000202410005-9. The article reports that Guillaume was arrested and sentenced to 13 years in prison for treason in 1975, that West Germany released him in an exchange with East Germany, that the arrangement would allow about 3,000 East Germans to join relatives in West Germany, and that Christel Guillaume, given an eight-year sentence for espionage in 1975, was released in March. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jack Anderson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jack Anderson.md index 93af510b..9a482ced 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jack Anderson.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jack Anderson.md @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ President [[Richard Nixon]] tried to smear Anderson as a homosexual, and the [[C At the [[Senate Watergate Committee]] hearing of May 24, 1973, [[Alfred Baldwin]] identified a group of papers taken from the effects of [[James McCord]] as relating to Jack Anderson, headed "Confidential, subject: Jack Anderson" and signed by McCord. The committee received them in camera as exhibits 15A to 15D and did not publish them.[^9] On June 27, 1973 [[John Dean]] introduced a memorandum from [[Charles Colson]] to Dean, which Dean dated November 17, 1972, concerning information Colson had received from an informer about Anderson. In the memorandum Colson wrote that the informer reported Anderson found in a room with wiretap equipment and a private investigator in connection with the Dodd investigation, and that Anderson and Pearson were paid $100,000 in 1958 by [[Fulgencio Batista]] to write favorable articles. Colson wrote: "You know my personal feelings about Jack Anderson. After his incredibly sloppy and malicious reporting on Eagleton, his credibility has diminished. It now appears as if we have the opportunity to destroy it. Do you agree that we should pursue this actively?"[^10] -A compilation of CIA domestic operations prepared by the [[CIA Office of Security]] and submitted to the Director in May 1973, known as the [[CIA Family Jewels]], records a surveillance codenamed CELOTEX II. At the direction of the Director of Central Intelligence, the Office of Security conducted surveillance of Anderson and at various times his "legmen," Britt Hume, Leslie Whitten and Joseph Spear, from February 15 to April 12, 1972. An observation post was maintained in the [[Statler Hilton]] hotel directly opposite Anderson's office, to attempt to determine Anderson's sources for highly classified Agency information appearing in his syndicated columns.[^11] The preceding item, CELOTEX I, covered Michael Getler of the Washington Post in 1971 and January 1972.[^11] +A compilation of CIA domestic operations prepared by the [[CIA Office of Security]] and submitted to the Director in May 1973, known as the [[CIA Family Jewels]], records a surveillance codenamed CELOTEX II. At the direction of the Director of Central Intelligence, the Office of Security conducted surveillance of Anderson and at various times his "legmen," [[Brit Hume|Britt Hume]], [[Les Whitten|Leslie Whitten]] and [[Joseph Spear]], from February 15 to April 12, 1972. An observation post was maintained in the [[Statler Hilton]] hotel directly opposite Anderson's office, to attempt to determine Anderson's sources for highly classified Agency information appearing in his syndicated columns.[^11] The preceding item, CELOTEX I, covered [[Michael Getler]] of the Washington Post in 1971 and January 1972.[^11] The same compilation includes a memorandum of September 9, 1972 from [[Richard Helms]] to [[Henry Kissinger]]. It states that after noting that Anderson had a continuing source for classified documents on narcotics, the Agency arranged a trap so that the recipients of CIA Intelligence Memoranda on narcotics could be identified. The memorandum identifies a leak to the press as having come from the [[Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]].[^12] @@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ On March 18, 1975 Anderson mentioned the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]], the CIA sal ### FBI files and papers -After Anderson's death, agents of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] told his family that the Bureau wanted to review his files and to remove any documents it judged classified before they were opened to the public; the request became public in April 2006. The [[Federation of American Scientists]] reported the request.[^28] On April 20, 2006 an FBI assistant director, John Miller, told NPR the bureau wanted access before the archive was made public. NPR reported that FBI agents had told the family that the papers included a document that could bear on a current espionage case involving pro-Israel lobbyists, and that 188 boxes were held by George Washington University.[^29] +After Anderson's death, agents of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] told his family that the Bureau wanted to review his files and to remove any documents it judged classified before they were opened to the public; the request became public in April 2006. The [[Federation of American Scientists]] reported the request.[^28] On April 20, 2006 an FBI assistant director, [[John Miller]], told NPR the bureau wanted access before the archive was made public. NPR reported that FBI agents had told the family that the papers included a document that could bear on a current espionage case involving pro-Israel lobbyists, and that 188 boxes were held by George Washington University.[^29] -When the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] asked under what law the FBI was proceeding, the Bureau replied that it had abandoned its effort. The Associated Press reported that the revelation came in a letter dated November 30, 2006 from Acting Associate Attorney General James H. Clinger to Chairman [[Arlen Specter]], which stated: "At this time, the FBI is not seeking to reclaim any documents." The AP reported that Anderson's son and his biographer said agents had expressed interest in documents that would aid the government's case against two former lobbyists for the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]]. The family then arranged for the papers to go to George Washington University for archiving.[^30][^31][^32] +When the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] asked under what law the FBI was proceeding, the Bureau replied that it had abandoned its effort. The Associated Press reported that the revelation came in a letter dated November 30, 2006 from Acting Associate Attorney General [[James H. Clinger]] to Chairman [[Arlen Specter]], which stated: "At this time, the FBI is not seeking to reclaim any documents." The AP reported that Anderson's son and his biographer said agents had expressed interest in documents that would aid the government's case against two former lobbyists for the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]]. The family then arranged for the papers to go to George Washington University for archiving.[^30][^31][^32] In 2008 the FBI released its files on Anderson to the [[Associated Press]] under a Freedom of Information Act request, a collection of more than 2,000 heavily redacted documents tracing Hoover's attempts to catch the reporter. Feldstein planned to add the collection to the university's Anderson papers.[^33] diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacob Coxon.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacob Coxon.md index 8009488a..d5d3bfda 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacob Coxon.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacob Coxon.md @@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ Pirate Wires, in a piece by Hunter Ryerson dated September 24, 2026 and headed " [^1]: Arjun Kharpal, "Researcher says AI has more than 10% chance of 'killing all humans,'" CNBC, September 9, 2026, updated the same day. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/09/09/anthropic-researcher-quits-ai-safety.html [^2]: Miriam Waldvogel and Nitasha Tiku, "AI researcher who warned of disaster is now a target of the right," The Washington Post, September 10, 2026 (reprinted by the Anchorage Daily News, September 11, 2026). https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2026/09/10/ai-researcher-who-warned-disaster-is-now-target-right/ and https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2026/09/10/ai-researcher-who-warned-of-disaster-is-now-a-target-of-the-right/ [^3]: Hunter Ryerson, "EXCLUSIVE: Jacob Coxon Worked With Doomer PR Firm," Pirate Wires, September 24, 2026. https://www.piratewires.com/p/jacob-coxon-worked-with-ai-doomer-firm -[^4]: "The 169-Million-View Resignation," StartupHub.ai, September 21, 2026. https://www.startuphub.ai/ai-news/artificial-intelligence/2026/the-169-million-view-resignation Sole source for the 18-minute interval. +[^4]: "The 169-Million-View Resignation," StartupHub.ai, September 21, 2026. https://www.startuphub.ai/ai-news/artificial-intelligence/2026/the-169-million-view-resignation [^5]: Thomas Stevenson, "REVEALED: Anthropic whistleblower said he wasn't coordinating with 3rd parties, he's working with an AI 'doomer' PR firm: report," The Post Millennial, September 25, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/revealed-anthropic-whistleblower-said-he-wasnt-coordinating-with-3rd-parties-hes-working-with-an-ai-doomer-pr-firm-report Summary of the Pirate Wires report. -[^6]: "DEY. Comms Firm Tied to Coxon's AI Whistleblower Story," Everything-PR. https://everything-pr.com/dey-jacob-coxon-whistleblower-pr Sole source for Soares's statement and the correction. +[^6]: "DEY. Comms Firm Tied to Coxon's AI Whistleblower Story," Everything-PR. https://everything-pr.com/dey-jacob-coxon-whistleblower-pr diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacques Bergier.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacques Bergier.md index 4d58bc1c..b0bd2e0a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacques Bergier.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacques Bergier.md @@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ In 1963 the Sunday supplement [[This Week]] printed excerpts of the book as "The [^2]: Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. *Le Matin des magiciens*, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141. Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017), dates the sixteen-day period from July 25, 1958. [^3]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. [^4]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 29-31. -[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. [^6]: Trud, April 10, 1992, no. 61, FBIS translation, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500610010-5, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500610010-5. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jake Barber.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jake Barber.md index 24f6c06b..0099bb87 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jake Barber.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jake Barber.md @@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ On January 24, 2025 Barber told Coulthart's "[[Reality Check (NewsNation)|Realit ### Footnotes -[^1]: Ross Coulthart, "Whistleblower reveals UAP retrieval program; object caught on video" (full special article), NewsNation, updated January 27, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/hfr-uap-recovery-video-egg-shaped-object-exclusive/ . Sole source for the passages so cited, which are Barber's own statements and NewsNation's account of its verification. +[^1]: Ross Coulthart, "Whistleblower reveals UAP retrieval program; object caught on video" (full special article), NewsNation, updated January 27, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/hfr-uap-recovery-video-egg-shaped-object-exclusive/ . The passages are Barber's own statements and NewsNation's account of its verification. [^2]: Michael Ramsey, "Skywatcher video of 'summoned' UFOs coming soon: Ross Coulthart," NewsNation, updated April 7, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/summoned-ufos-video-ross-coulthart/ -[^3]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story . Colavito reports Greenstreet's New York Post reporting at second hand; Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story . Colavito reports Greenstreet's New York Post reporting at second hand; [^4]: Michael Ramsey, "UFO whistleblower Jake Barber's claims being investigated by Pentagon," NewsNation, updated February 24, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/pentagon-investigates-ufo-claims/ [^5]: Ross Coulthart, "UAP recovery video shows 'egg-shaped' object: Exclusive," NewsNation, updated January 18, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/uap-recovery-video-shows-egg-shaped-object-exclusive/ [^6]: "UAP whistleblower says UFO retrieval program exists: NewsNation exclusive," NewsNation, January 16, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/uap-whistleblower-ufo-retrieval-program/ -[^7]: Jimmy, "Skywatcher: The Disclosure Team That Disappeared - I Tracked Their Helicopter," UAP Files, August 12, 2026. https://uapf.substack.com/p/skywatcher-the-disclosure-team-that . Sole source for the quotation as dated. +[^7]: Jimmy, "Skywatcher: The Disclosure Team That Disappeared - I Tracked Their Helicopter," UAP Files, August 12, 2026. https://uapf.substack.com/p/skywatcher-the-disclosure-team-that . [^8]: Ross Coulthart, "Is the Trump administration running a covert UFO program?," NewsNation Reality Check, about August 2026. https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Forrestal.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Forrestal.md index cef1800c..0ce9ec0c 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Forrestal.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Forrestal.md @@ -124,5 +124,5 @@ The Eisenhower briefing document, dated November 18, 1952, lists Secretary James [^5]: "Forrestal Death Leap / Ex-Defense Sec'y Jumps from 16th Story Hospital Window," Associated Press, Washington, May 22 dateline, Kennebec Journal (Augusta, Maine), May 23, 1949, p. 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/857767711/ [^6]: "Navy Cleared In Forrestal Death," Associated Press, Washington, Oct. 11 dateline, Cumberland News (Cumberland, Md.), October 12, 1949, p. 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/58094016/ [^7]: Princeton University Library, "Arnold A. Rogow Papers on James V. Forrestal," MC240, related material note, https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC240 (Wayback snapshot of September 24, 2021), linking http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/finding_aids/willcutts/index -[^8]: Hugh Turley, "Historians Support Inquiry into the Death of James Forrestal," History News Network, citing the Hyattsville Life and Times, https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/historians-support-inquiry-into-the-death-of-james Turley's article is the sole source for the passages so cited. +[^8]: Hugh Turley, "Historians Support Inquiry into the Death of James Forrestal," History News Network, citing the Hyattsville Life and Times, https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/historians-support-inquiry-into-the-death-of-james Turley's article is the [^9]: Stanton T. Friedman, "Update on Operation Majestic 12 Documents," April 2004, The Black Vault, https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/update-on-operation-majestic-12-documents/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Guerin.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Guerin.md index 1a6c5159..1a425fa4 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Guerin.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Guerin.md @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ relations: - type: partner_of with: "[[Carlos Cardoen]]" start: 1984 - role: "agreement to divide the world cluster bomb market, as described by investigator Thomas L. Flannery and reported by Timmerman (sole source)" + role: "agreement to divide the world cluster bomb market, as described by investigator Thomas L. Flannery and reported by Timmerman" fn: 22 --- [[James Guerin]] (died February 10, 2022, aged 91) founded [[International Signal and Control]] (ISC), a defense electronics company in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], in his basement in 1971. The company reported about 600 million dollars in annual revenue by 1987, when it merged into the British defense firm [[Ferranti]]. He was indicted in [[Philadelphia]] in 1991 for fraud and for illegal exports to [[South Africa]], and in 1992 he was sentenced to 15 years in prison.[^1][^2][^3] @@ -133,20 +133,20 @@ Guerin's sentence was trimmed from 15 years to 13 for good conduct. He was sched [^4]: Glenn Frankel, "British Firm Claims It Was Duped by Pa. Arms Maker," *Washington Post*, September 29, 1989, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/09/29/british-firm-claims-it-was-duped-by-pa-arms-maker/5b675f69-e5e0-4c25-9aee-ced8b8e07efa/. The article places Guerin at 59 and describes the Haig filing as "a filing Haig made when running for president last year." [^5]: Ministry of Defence letter of 12 September 1989 (B. R. Hawtin, Private Secretary) to Charles Powell, 10 Downing Street, and Powell's reply of 13 September 1989, in Prime Minister's papers on Ferranti (file PO-CH-NL 0500 PART A), Margaret Thatcher Foundation archive, https://archive.margaretthatcher.org/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200500%20PART%20A.pdf. The letter is marked "secret" and "commercial in confidence/market sensitive." [^6]: "Ferranti calls in Coopers & Lybrand to investigate ISC contracts," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), September 17, 1989, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=208120. -[^7]: "Guerin's company pleads guilty to $700m International Signal fraud," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published September 25, 1990, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=222346. Sole source for the Parent Industries plea and the 4.4 million dollar settlement; the report does not state the date of the plea. +[^7]: "Guerin's company pleads guilty to $700m International Signal fraud," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published September 25, 1990, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=222346. The report does not state the date of the plea. [^8]: "James Guerin has finally admitted fraud and tax evasion," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published December 9, 1991, https://techmonitor.ai/?p=184145. [^9]: "Ferranti gets losses under control but it will be a long, hard climb out of the pit," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published June 23, 1992, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=184616. [^10]: "Weapons-smuggling plot tied to Pa. executive on trial for trade violations," Knight-Ridder News Service, *Baltimore Sun*, November 10, 1992, https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/11/10/weapons-smuggling-plot-tied-to-pa-executive-on-trial-for-trade-violations/. The defense account is that of Jasin's attorney, Gaar Steiner; the quoted reply is Goldman's. [^11]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/ (undated). [^12]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2522, "Statutory Debarment Under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," *Federal Register* 62, no. 56 (March 24, 1997), p. 13933, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-24/html/97-7273.htm. [^13]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002) (Greenberg, J.), https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json. The opinion gives the 67-count indictment against 19 codefendants, Jasin's positions from July 1984, and the verdict of December 10, 1992 after a five-week trial. It dates the indictment October 30, 1991; the district court's 2002 opinion in note 16 dates it October 31, 1991. -[^14]: *United States v. Jasin*, 25 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Pa. 1998) (DuBois, J.), No. Crim. 91-602-08, decided August 12, 1998, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/25/cases/0551-01.json, citing N.T. November 24, 1992, at 70 for the "Washington approval" testimony. Sole source for the sentencing findings of July 16, 1998. -[^15]: Maurice Possley, "Thomas Jasin," National Registry of Exonerations, posted January 10, 2013, https://exonerationregistry.org/cases/11260. Sole source for Jasin's testimony about meeting CIA agents and for the dismissal of the charges after the 2002 ruling. +[^14]: *United States v. Jasin*, 25 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Pa. 1998) (DuBois, J.), No. Crim. 91-602-08, decided August 12, 1998, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/25/cases/0551-01.json, citing N.T. November 24, 1992, at 70 for the "Washington approval" testimony. +[^15]: Maurice Possley, "Thomas Jasin," National Registry of Exonerations, posted January 10, 2013, https://exonerationregistry.org/cases/11260. [^16]: *United States v. Jasin*, 215 F. Supp. 2d 552 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (DuBois, J.), memorandum and order of August 8, 2002, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/215/cases/0552-01.json. The opinion quotes Guerin's letter (Def.'s Ex. 14 at 52), the government's closing (T. Dec. 3, 1992, at 95), the government's 2001 reply, and Shinehouse's testimony (T. Nov. 30, 1992, at 149), and notes that Guerin was named in a separate indictment and pleaded guilty. [^17]: Dan Nephin, *LNP*, February 20, 2022 (see note 3), which states that Shinehouse "led the internal investigation and directed subsequent litigation to help Ferranti recover what money it could." [^18]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002), https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json; the opinion cites the August 12, 1999 affirmance, 191 F.3d 446 (table), and the denial of certiorari, 528 U.S. 1139 (2000). -[^19]: "Ties to convict could be questioned," *Tampa Bay Times*, December 17, 1993, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/17/ties-to-convict-could-be-questioned/. Sole source for the April 27, 1992 letter; the article does not say which of the two men the letter's "he had worked in the mid-1970s with U.S. intelligence agencies" describes. +[^19]: "Ties to convict could be questioned," *Tampa Bay Times*, December 17, 1993, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/17/ties-to-convict-could-be-questioned/. The article does not say which of the two men the letter's "he had worked in the mid-1970s with U.S. intelligence agencies" describes. [^20]: "Inman withdraws from nomination," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 19, 1994, https://csmonitor.com/1994/0119/19242.html. -[^21]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/. Sole source for the claim that Guerin was a CIA agent; the article dates Guerin's sentencing October 31, 1991, which is the date of the indictment announcement in note 1. -[^22]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168 to 169. Sole source for the Rockeye fuze, the CIA-approval statement, the agreement and the August 2, 1983 Cardoen arrest; the market-division quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery. -[^23]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132, https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm. Sole source for the statement about Byrne and ISC. +[^21]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/. The article dates Guerin's sentencing October 31, 1991, which is the date of the indictment announcement in note 1. +[^22]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168 to 169. The market-division quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery. +[^23]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132, https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Jesus Angleton.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Jesus Angleton.md index a683290c..18565231 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Jesus Angleton.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Jesus Angleton.md @@ -139,5 +139,5 @@ He never wrote a memoir. He grew orchids and tied fly-fishing lures and continue [^4]: Newman, John. *Oswald and the CIA: The Documented Truth About the Unknown Relationship Between the U.S. Government and the Alleged Killer of JFK*. Skyhorse Publishing, 2008 (updated ed.). Church Committee (Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities). Final Report, Book III: "Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans." S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. [^5]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf Robarge cites Tom Mangold's Cold Warrior for the arrangement. [^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 61, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, May 25, 1967, with attached CIA appraisal. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61 -[^7]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote. [^8]: Church Committee. Final Report, Book II: "Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans." S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Hersh, Seymour M. "Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Antiwar Forces." *New York Times*, December 22, 1974. Epstein, Edward Jay. *Legend: The Secret World of Lee Harvey Oswald*. Reader's Digest Press/McGraw-Hill, 1978. Colby, William, and Peter Forbath. *Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA*. Simon & Schuster, 1978. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeremy Corbell.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeremy Corbell.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f46a0162 --- /dev/null +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeremy Corbell.md @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +--- +aliases: + - Jeremy Corbell + - Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell + - Jeremy Corbell (filmmaker) +category: "Authors & Journalists" +tags: + - Person + - Filmmaker + - InvestigativeFilmmaker + - UAP + - BobLazar + - SkinwalkerRanch + - ExtraordinaryBeliefs + - Weaponized + - GeorgeKnapp + - ImmaculateConstellation + - NavyImagery + - UFOReporting +summary: "Jeremy Corbell is an American filmmaker who directed the 2018 documentary on Bob Lazar and who published leaked Navy UAP imagery in April and May 2021." +location: "Los Angeles, California" +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: partner_of + with: "[[George Knapp]]" + start: "2023-01-24" + role: "co-host of the WEAPONIZED podcast, launched by Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment with Corbell and Knapp as its presenters" + fn: 10 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Weaponized (podcast)]]" + start: "2023-01-24" + role: "co-host, per the launch release" + fn: 10 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Hunt for the Skinwalker]]" + start: "2018-09-11" + role: "director and writer, per the film's IMDb listing" + fn: 9 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers]]" + start: "2018-12-04" + role: "director and writer, per the film's IMDb listing" + fn: 4 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Extraordinary Beliefs]]" + role: "presenter of the series, per its IMDb description" + fn: 1 +--- + +Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell is an American filmmaker based in [[Los Angeles]].[^1] He directed the 2018 documentaries [[Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers]] and [[Hunt for the Skinwalker]], presents the [[Extraordinary Beliefs]] series, and co-hosts the [[Weaponized (podcast)|WEAPONIZED]] podcast with [[George Knapp]]. In April and May 2021 he published leaked [[United States Navy]] imagery that the [[Pentagon]] addressed in an April 2021 statement. In May 2022 the chairman of a [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] subcommittee named him in an opening statement at a hearing on [[Unidentified Aerial Phenomena]]. In a 2023 paper he described himself as an "American Investigative Journalist."[^2] + +### Early work and the Extraordinary Beliefs series + +The [[Amazon Prime Video]] profile for Corbell gives his birth date as February 3, 1977, says he was born in Los Angeles, and describes him as a lifelong Jiu-Jitsu practitioner who began the study at age 9 and taught seminars around the world before turning to art and film. The profile describes [[Lost Vegas]] (2014) as his directorial debut. The same profile lists a 2018 credit on the Lazar film under the alternate title "Area 51: Aliens, UFOs, Bob Lazar & Advanced Technology."[^3] + +The series Extraordinary Beliefs is listed on [[IMDb]] as a television series. Its description, carried in a video blurb on the IMDb name page for Bob Lazar, reads: "Join CORBELL on his journey to explore the EXTRAORDINARY BELIEFS of enigmatic people deep within the aerospace, military, intelligence, conspiracy, extraterrestrial and underworld communities."[^1] The same blurb says that "Corbell documents ExtraOrdinary individuals and their belief systems," and that his research "has taken him into the worlds of nanotechnology, aerospace exploration, exotic propulsion systems, and the underworld."[^1] + +### Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers + +The IMDb listing for the film names Corbell as director and writer, with George Knapp and Corbell among the stars alongside [[Bob Lazar]]. It gives a United States release date of December 4, 2018 and credits the production to [[JKLC Productions]].[^4] The film's description says it is narrated by [[Mickey Rourke]].[^4] A [[MovieWeb]] headline of November 14, 2018, indexed on the same IMDb page, announced that Rourke would narrate the film.[^5] + +A notice on the [[What Not To Doc]] site announced the film as "Coming to VOD today, Tuesday, December 4," credited the director as "Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell," and gave its premiere as "Ace Hotel LA (December 2018)."[^6] + +The reporter [[Daniel Oberhaus]] wrote for [[Vice]] on December 4, 2018 that Lazar "says he has been raided by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] twice." Oberhaus also wrote that Lazar claims to have studied physics at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and worked at the Meson facility at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], that MIT "has no records of Lazar ever being there," and that Los Alamos "has denied that he was employed there (although journalist George Knapp apparently found a Robert Lazar listed in an internal phone book for Los Alamos)."[^7] He wrote that [[United Nuclear]], Lazar's company, "has run afoul of law enforcement on two other occasions," both involving the transport of explosive materials across state lines.[^7] Oberhaus wrote that the raid described in the film "bookends Corbell's film, which attempts to separate fact from fiction in Lazar's story."[^7] + +### The search of United Nuclear + +Oberhaus wrote that Lazar claims in the film that United Nuclear "was recently raided by the FBI under the pretense of trying to track the source of some toxic materials." In Oberhaus's account, Lazar said the police response "was huge" and that "The entire office was filled with dozens of authorities from every conceivable branch of law enforcement."[^7] Oberhaus wrote that "The implication, Corbell's film hints, is that the government was trying to spook Lazar back into silence."[^7] + +[[The Black Vault]] published a casefile of records on the search on July 1, 2019, updated June 11, 2020.[^8] The casefile dates the search to "the July 19, 2017, search of United Nuclear Scientific."[^8] It reproduces a two-page "Agency Assist" report from the [[Laingsburg Police Department]] in [[Michigan]]. According to the Black Vault's account of the report, the FBI briefed the reporting officer two days before the search, and the stated purpose was a "homicide investigation out of Houghton, MI involving poison." The report's stated scope covered "records and poisons that Lazar does sell," and it says: "The FBI also had a search warrant in case consent was not given." The report describes a [[HAZMAT]] team clearing the building, a surveillance team, and Lazar giving consent.[^8] + +The Black Vault wrote that the link to a poisoning death in [[Houghton, Michigan]], is "not directly stated in the report" but can be inferred.[^8] It also wrote that "all records, including the affidavit for the search warrant of United Nuclear are sealed," because the investigation it links to is ongoing.[^8] + +### Hunt for the Skinwalker + +The IMDb listing for Hunt for the Skinwalker names Corbell as director and writer, with JKLC Productions in the company credits. It gives a publication date of September 11, 2018.[^9] The listing's description says the film is based on the best-selling book by George Knapp and [[Colm Kelleher]], and that it investigates "the confidential, most extensive scientific study of a paranormal hotspot in human history" at [[Skinwalker Ranch]] in Utah.[^9] The description says the study began in 1996 and was "spearheaded by an enigmatic Las Vegas billionaire," and that a second study, "government-funded but confidential," was initiated by the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]].[^9] The same text says Corbell travelled to the property to interview eyewitnesses, including the new owner of the ranch, and to uncover previously unreleased recordings.[^9] The IMDb cast list includes Knapp, Corbell, Kelleher and [[Robert Bigelow]].[^9] + +### WEAPONIZED + +A press release from [[Dark Horse Entertainment]] and [[Cadence13]] announced that "WEAPONIZED with Jeremy Corbell & George Knapp will launch on January 24, 2023."[^10] The release describes Corbell as "an American contemporary artist and investigative filmmaker with movies on Netflix and Hulu." It quotes Corbell: "The aim of journalism is to reveal that which lies beneath the thin veneer of a society."[^10] The release says that Cadence13, described as an [[Audacy]] company, and Dark Horse Entertainment partner with Corbell and Knapp on the program.[^10] + +On April 29, 2025 Corbell and Knapp released Part 1 of an episode titled "[[Immaculate Constellation]] - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public," numbered Episode 74, on a YouTube channel under Corbell's name.[^11] + +### The April and May 2021 Navy imagery + +On April 6, 2021 Knapp published three photographs on [[Mystery Wire]], which [[The Debrief]] describes as an F/A-18 cockpit image called "Acorn," a "Sphere" and a "Metallic Blimp." The Debrief reports that metadata attached to the Acorn image identified the forward-facing camera of an Apple iPhone 8 and a date of March 4, 2019.[^12] + +On April 8, 2021 Corbell published a 42-second night-vision video of a triangular object. The Debrief reported that Corbell said briefing materials described the object as having a three-dimensional "pyramidal" shape. He linked the video to a July 2019 incident involving the [[USS Russell]] off San Diego.[^12] The Black Vault later described Corbell's release as including briefing slides from a classified briefing by the [[Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force]].[^13] + +On April 9, 2021 the Pentagon spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] gave the same written statement to The Debrief and to The Black Vault: "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations."[^12][^13] [[John Greenewald]] of The Black Vault wrote that his site had sent the April 8 imagery to the Pentagon that day and received the reply that evening.[^13] The Debrief article by [[Tim McMillan]] was published April 10, 2021.[^12] + +Greenewald wrote that he then asked Gough whether the statement covered the leaked briefing-slide photographs, and that she replied: "The only thing that my statement confirms is that the photos and videos in that Mystery Wire article are photos and videos taken by Navy personnel. I have nothing for you on anything else in the article." When he asked about the Omaha encounter, Gough replied: "John, I specifically told you, twice, that I had nothing for you on any thing other than the photos and the video."[^13] The statement Gough then forwarded, which she said she had given to others, included: "As we have said before, to maintain operations security and to avoid disclosing information that may be useful to potential adversaries, DOD does not discuss publicly the details of either the observations or the examinations of reported incursions into our training ranges or designated airspace, including those incursions initially designated as UAP." It also said she was confirming that the cockpit photographs and videos that the Mystery Wire article calls "Sphere," "Acorn" and "Metallic Blimp," and the videos taken with a night-vision device in the Extraordinary Beliefs article, "were taken by Navy personnel," and: "I have nothing for you regarding any other images or depictions in those articles."[^13] Greenewald wrote that the Pentagon had used the word "videos" twice and had never stated that the briefing slides were excluded, and that in his reading the original statement applied to them.[^13] + +Corbell's own account of the confirmation came in a May 28, 2021 interview with [[Fox News]]: "The Pentagon did actually confirm that the footage that I obtained and released is authentic Navy footage," he said. He said the footage showed that "our Navy warships were swarmed by 'unidentifieds'" and by UFOs.[^14] The Fox article describes the footage as "reportedly captured from the U.S.S. Omaha in 2019" and the ship as "a littoral combat ship."[^14] + +Corbell's May 2021 radar release concerned the [[USS Omaha]]. A 46-second video he posted shows radar of the ship near San Diego, with a voice saying that the objects are "closing in."[^15] The post described "advanced transmedium vehicles" and carried the caption "Filmed in the Combat Information Center of the USS Omaha / July 15th 2019."[^15] The Debrief describes one briefing slide as showing a spherical object, "suspected to be a transmedium vehicle," seen descending into the water.[^12] Greenewald's April 22 article gives the same July 15, 2019 date, with a time between 10:30pm and 11:30pm Pacific off San Diego, for a spherical object encounter involving the Omaha, which he wrote he had "reason to believe" occurred.[^13] + +### The May 2022 House intelligence hearing + +On May 17, 2022 the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation held an open hearing, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," with [[Ronald Moultrie]], Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, and [[Scott Bray]], Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence. In his opening statement the chairman, [[Andre Carson]], said that "civil society groups like the Mutual UFO Network, Mr. Corbell, and others have been collecting data on this issue for years."[^16] + +Bray showed a video in which "U.S. Navy personnel recorded what appears to be triangles, some flashing, recorded several years ago off the coast of the United States," taken "through night vision goggles with a single-lens reflex camera." He said these "remained unresolved for several years," and that after a later encounter off a different coast "we are now reasonably confident that these triangles correlate to unmanned aerial systems in the area. The triangular appearance is a result of light passing through the night vision goggles and then being recorded by an SLR camera."[^16] Bray named no ship or date in these remarks. Corbell's April 8 video was described by The Debrief as a night-vision video of a triangular object that Corbell linked to the USS Russell in July 2019.[^12] Of a different clip, an F/A-18 cockpit view of a spherical object, Bray said: "I do not have an explanation for what this specific object is."[^16] + +### The July 2023 hearing and the Congressional Record + +On July 26, 2023 the [[House Committee on Oversight and Accountability]] subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs held the hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," with [[David Fravor]], [[Ryan Graves]] and [[David Grusch]] as witnesses.[^17] [[Tim Burchett]] told the hearing: "Also, I know I saw out in the crowd there George Knapp, my buddy, Jeremy Corbell. They are not witnesses, but they have provided some statements on this subject." He asked: "I seek unanimous consent to enter those statements into the record, Mr. Chairman." The record gives the chair's response as "Without objection."[^17] The printed index lists a "Report, Jeremy Corbell, 'The UAP Puzzle'; submitted by Rep. Burchett."[^17] + +The paper, subtitled "Anthropocentrism & Avoiding Strategic Surprise," is credited to "Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell, American Investigative Journalist" and runs six pages. It opens: "UFOs are real." Its first page says: "As I write these words, the UFO issue is emerging as a major topic of global importance." Later it states that "UAP are witnessed, documented and often captured on corroborative multi-platform defense sensors."[^2] The paper places its writing in "this year of 2023."[^2] + +On January 10, 2024 [[TMZ]] reported that "Grusch tells filmmaker and journalist Jeremy Corbell that despite pushback, he has no regrets over his testimony in D.C." The article is headed "TMZ Presents: UFO Revolution," described as a three-part event.[^18] + +### The September 2025 hearing + +Corbell was not a witness at the September 9, 2025 hearing of the [[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]], chaired by [[Anna Paulina Luna]], titled "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection." The witness list names Jeffrey Nuccetelli, Alexandro Wiggins, George Knapp, Dylan Borland and, for the minority, Joe Spielberger of the [[Project On Government Oversight]].[^19] + +The hearing record refers to Corbell in two exchanges, both in remarks by other speakers. Knapp testified: "Jeremy Corbell and I talked about it in one of our episodes a while back," in reference to an MQ-9 video of an object off Yemen that [[Eric Burlison]] had played.[^19] [[Nancy Mace]] told Knapp: "You and Jeremy have done a terrific job." The transcript gives only the first name.[^19] + +### Copyright and court records + +The [[United States Copyright Office]] public catalog lists "Table Twenty," a sound recording registered May 11, 1995 (SR0000198913, first published April 12, 1995), with "Corbell, Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer, 1977-" and three co-authors as claimants.[^20] It lists "The ANONYMOUS Interview," an unpublished motion picture created in 2013 and registered April 14, 2014 (PAu003718389), with Jeremy Corbell as author and claimant and the rights-and-permissions entry "CHD2, LLC."[^20] A 2025 episode of "Shane Smith Has Questions" with Corbell as guest ("What the U.S. Military Knows About UFOs ft. Jeremy Corbell," published August 28, 2025) is registered by [[Vice Media]] Acquisition LLC (PA0002578156, registered January 25, 2026).[^20] + +The catalog records two security-interest documents that list "Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers" among their titles. A supplement to a copyright security agreement executed March 7, 2022 and recorded March 16, 2022 (V15006D305, 69 titles) names [[Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment]], [[Crackle Plus]] and affiliates as first parties and [[MidCap Funding IV Trust]] as second party. A termination of the agreement executed August 11, 2022 and recorded August 25, 2022 (V15009D331, 1,472 titles) names MidCap as first party and Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment as second party.[^21] The catalog holds no registration for Hunt for the Skinwalker as a film. It lists the book of that title (TX0006340176, registered April 27, 2006, first published November 15, 2005) with Colm Kelleher and George Knapp as claimants.[^22] + +A federal docket in the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]], "Jeremy Corbell v. GAIAM, Inc.," No. 2:10-cv-05259, was filed July 16, 2010 and terminated August 25, 2010. The complaint, a trademark suit, describes the plaintiff as an artist, martial artist, yoga and massage professional residing in Los Angeles County and founder and president of Warrior Yoga, and names as defendants [[Gaiam]] and [[Trudie Styler]] over the video "Trudie Styler's Warrior Yoga." The Amazon profile of the filmmaker describes a Jiu-Jitsu background and seminar teaching in Los Angeles. The name and the Los Angeles martial-arts background match the filmmaker's.[^23] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: IMDb name page for Bob Lazar (nm1331678), Internet Archive snapshot of June 26, 2019, containing the video blurb for Extraordinary Beliefs ("Join CORBELL on his journey..."), the statement that Corbell is "based in Los Angeles California," and the "(TV Series)" credit for Extraordinary Beliefs. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626181058/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1331678/ +[^2]: Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell, "The UAP Puzzle: Anthropocentrism & Avoiding Strategic Surprise," six-page paper, credited "American Investigative Journalist," submitted into the record of the July 26, 2023 hearing by Rep. Tim Burchett. Copy hosted by Fox News. https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/07/Jeremy_Corbell__Congressional_Record_Submission.pdf +[^3]: Amazon Prime Video, person profile for Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell (biography, born February 3, 1977, martial arts background; filmography listing "Area 51: Aliens, UFOs, Bob Lazar & Advanced Technology," 2018). https://www.primevideo.com/person/Jeremy-Kenyon-Lockyer-Corbell/amzn1.dv.gti.fc7a774d-6bcc-4c02-b16a-e4ebe2f0d46e/ +[^4]: IMDb title page for Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers (tt9107368), Internet Archive snapshot of 2019: director and writer Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell; stars Bob Lazar, George Knapp, Corbell; release date "4 December 2018 (USA)"; company credit JKLC Productions; description naming Mickey Rourke as narrator. https://web.archive.org/web/2019/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9107368/ +[^5]: MovieWeb, "Mickey Rourke To Narrate Controversial Bob Lazar Area 51 Documentary (Exclusive)," 14 November 2018, as indexed in the related-news list of the IMDb name page for Bob Lazar (see note 1). https://web.archive.org/web/20190626181058/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1331678/ +[^6]: What Not To Doc, "On VOD: Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers," December 4, 2018. https://whatnottodoc.com/2018/12/04/on-vod-bob-lazar-area-51-flying-saucers/ +[^7]: Daniel Oberhaus, "UFO Technician Bob Lazar Speaks," Vice, December 4, 2018, 3:45pm. https://www.vice.com/en/article/ufo-technician-bob-lazar-speaks/ +[^8]: The Black Vault, "Documents on 2017 Bob Lazar United Nuclear Raid, Laingsburg Police Department" (article first published July 1, 2019, updated June 11, 2020), reproducing a two-page Laingsburg, Michigan Police Department "Agency Assist" report and describing the search warrant and sealed affidavit. https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/documents-on-2017-bob-lazar-united-nuclear-raid-laingsburg-police-department/ +[^9]: IMDb title page for Hunt for the Skinwalker (tt8399718), Internet Archive snapshot of 2019: director and writer Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell; company credit JKLC Productions; datePublished 2018-09-11; promotional description (based on the book by George Knapp and Dr. Colm Kelleher; "Releasing on 9/11/18"); cast list including Knapp, Corbell, Kelleher. https://web.archive.org/web/2019/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8399718/ +[^10]: Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment, "Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment Launch 'WEAPONIZED' Podcast," press release, with the launch date of January 24, 2023. https://www.darkhorse.com/newsfeed/cadence13-and-dark-horse-entertainment-launch-weap/ +[^11]: Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, "Immaculate Constellation - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public : PART 1 : WEAPONIZED : Episode #74," YouTube, uploaded April 29, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAxI-LDrDqA +[^12]: Tim McMillan, "Pentagon Confirms Leaked UFO Images Are Authentic," The Debrief, April 10, 2021. Describes the Acorn, Sphere and Metallic Blimp images (published by Knapp April 6, 2021), the 42-second pyramid video (published by Corbell April 8, 2021), the briefing slide describing a spherical object "suspected to be a transmedium vehicle" (USS Omaha), and Gough's statement. https://thedebrief.org/pentagon-confirms-leaked-ufo-images-are-authentic/ +[^13]: John Greenewald, "Confusion Surrounds Leaked UFO Images; Pentagon Declines to Comment," The Black Vault, April 22, 2021. Gives the timeline of April 6, 8, 9 and 21, quotes Gough's April 9 and April 21 replies and the statement she forwarded, and gives the July 15, 2019 Omaha date. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/confusion-surrounds-leaked-ufo-images-pentagon-declines-to-comment/ +[^14]: Charles Creitz, Fox News, May 28, 2021, 6:20pm EDT, "Leaked footage of UFO 'harassing' US warship is 'authentic': Jeremy Corbell." Contains Corbell's statements on the Pentagon confirmation. https://www.foxnews.com/media/leaked-footage-ufo-harassing-us-warship-authentic.amp +[^15]: Brenda Argueta, ClickOrlando, May 29, 2021, "Filmmaker releases 2019 radar footage alleging navy ship swarmed by UFOs off California coast." Quotes Corbell's post, which the article says carried "advanced transmedium vehicles" and "Filmed in the Combat Information Center of the USS Omaha / July 15th 2019." https://clickorlando.com/news/local/2021/05/29/filmmaker-releases-2019-radar-footage-alleging-navy-ship-swarmed-by-ufos-off-california-coast +[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, open transcript (Carson opening statement; Bray remarks). https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG05/20220517/114761/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf +[^17]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, printed record CHRG-118hhrg53022 (index entry for "Report, Jeremy Corbell, 'The UAP Puzzle'"; Burchett's remarks and unanimous-consent request). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm +[^18]: TMZ Staff, "UFO Whistleblower David Grusch Reveals Aftermath of Bombshell Testimony," TMZ, January 10, 2024, 12:30am PST. https://www.tmz.com/2024/01/10/ufo-whistleblower-david-grusch-aftermath-bombshell-claims/ +[^19]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," September 9, 2025, printed record CHRG-119hhrg61718 (witness list; Knapp's and Mace's remarks referring to Corbell). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-119hhrg61718/html/CHRG-119hhrg61718.htm +[^20]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, registrations SR0000198913 (Table Twenty), PAu003718389 (The ANONYMOUS Interview) and PA0002578156 (Shane Smith Has Questions, episode 29). https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/ +[^21]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, recordations V15006D305 (recorded 2022-03-16, "1000 Days in Space & 68 other titles," Supplement to Copyright Security Agreement) and V15009D331 (recorded 2022-08-25, "10 Rules for Sleeping Around & 1471 other titles," Termination of Copyright Security Agreement), each listing "Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers." https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/ +[^22]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, registration TX0006340176, "Hunt for the skinwalker," claimants Colm A. Kelleher and George Knapp. https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/ +[^23]: Corbell v. GAIAM, Inc., No. 2:10-cv-05259-PSG-SS (C.D. Cal. filed July 16, 2010), Docket 1 (complaint, p. 2, paragraphs 1 to 3) and docket sheet. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/12676243/jeremy-corbell-v-gaiam-inc/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Joseph Douce.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Joseph Douce.md index 37d1f303..fd62362b 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Joseph Douce.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Joseph Douce.md @@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ The writer S. Dovey described the CCL as a support group for pedophiles in the 1 ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It describes Doucé as a Belgian priest arrested and convicted in the 1990s of possessing and distributing child pornography; he was a Protestant pastor, and he was abducted and killed in 1990 without having been tried. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It describes Doucé as a Belgian priest arrested and convicted in the 1990s of possessing and distributing child pornography; he was a Protestant pastor, and he was abducted and killed in 1990 without having been tried. [^2]: "L'affaire Doucé: un pasteur défenseur des homosexuels éliminé." *Le Monde,* August 10, 2006; translated from the French. https://www.lemonde.fr/ete-2007/article/2006/08/10/l-affaire-douce-un-pasteur-defenseur-des-homosexuels-elimine_802544_781732.html diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Kit Green.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Kit Green.md index 082f7248..a743af56 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Kit Green.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Kit Green.md @@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ An April 15, 1993 transcript of a call between [[Ronald Pandolfi]] and [[C. B. S [^3]: Cook, Nick. "The Light Beyond The Mountains (Chapter 22: UFO Medico)." *Rogue Icons*, January 6, 2025, https://nickcook.substack.com/p/the-light-beyond-the-mountains-500. Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. [^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997. [^5]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. -[^6]: Green, Christopher Canfield. *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007 (sections: General Motors North American Operations Research and Development Center, 3/85 to 9/93; Research and Development Center, 10/93 to 6/98; Research and Development and Planning, 7/98 to 11/99; Public Policy Center and GM Asia Pacific, 11/99 to 2/03; Central Intelligence Agency, 1969 to March 1985; External Medical/Scientific Boards and Activities). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf The CV's account of his own career; sole source for the passages so cited. +[^6]: Green, Christopher Canfield. *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007 (sections: General Motors North American Operations Research and Development Center, 3/85 to 9/93; Research and Development Center, 10/93 to 6/98; Research and Development and Planning, 7/98 to 11/99; Public Policy Center and GM Asia Pacific, 11/99 to 2/03; Central Intelligence Agency, 1969 to March 1985; External Medical/Scientific Boards and Activities). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf The CV's account of his own career; [^7]: Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon: An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UAP Program*. RTMA, 2021. Elizondo, Luis. *IMMINENT: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*. Morrow, 2024. [^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Acknowledgments, p. 250. [^9]: "DoD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims," July 1993, reprinted from *Defense Electronics,* CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. The article gives no CIA affiliation. [^10]: National Research Council, Board on Army Science and Technology. *STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century*. Washington: National Academy Press, 1992, appendix of contributors (Biotechnology and Biochemistry Technology Group; Study Committee on STAR). https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/1888/chapter/12 [^11]: National Research Council. *Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future*. Washington: National Academies Press, 2012, Appendix A, "Biographic Sketches of Committee Members" (Christopher C. Green). https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13480/chapter/9 -[^12]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat," https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. The "keeper of the weird" and Denny's statements are Pilkington's narration; the "core story" and "paraphrenia" passages are quoted from Green. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^13]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of May 11, 1986 (*Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 242, as quoted in Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/), and February and August 1990 (as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," pp. 21 and 66-67, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which does not name the volume; the period is that of *Forbidden Science: Volume Four*). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^12]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat," https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. The "keeper of the weird" and Denny's statements are Pilkington's narration; the "core story" and "paraphrenia" passages are quoted from Green. +[^13]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of May 11, 1986 (*Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 242, as quoted in Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/), and February and August 1990 (as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," pp. 21 and 66-67, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which does not name the volume; the period is that of *Forbidden Science: Volume Four*). [^14]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosure to Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf. [^15]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, March 29, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 75, same collection. -[^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source. +[^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leon Brittan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leon Brittan.md index 67c651e7..21d6c04a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leon Brittan.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leon Brittan.md @@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ Brittan was among the figures named by Carl Beech ("Nick"), whose false allegati ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. [^2]: "Carl Beech: Liar, fraudster and paedophile." BBC News, July 26, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49048972 [^3]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. *Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse Linked to Westminster,* February 2020, Part D.7, para. 72.3. https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-d-police-responses-allegations-westminster-child-sexual-abuse/d7-allegations-connected-elm-guest-house.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis Andre.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis Andre.md index a175c0ea..847ca272 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis Andre.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis Andre.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ The session sheets identify the customer only as the DIA Analysis Center.[^2] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited (Andre's statements, his initial skepticism, the 113 sessions). +[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., memorandum DT-S for Deputy Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "SUN STREAK Operational Report - 8808 (U)," February 24, 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7/CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7_djvu.txt [^3]: "8808 WRV Session 1 - 18 Feb 88, Source 079, Summary, Notes & Drawings," CIA-RDP96-00789R003400750002-1; "8808 WRV Session 18 Report - 7 Jul 88, Source 079, Summary & Maps," CIA-RDP96-00789R003400640002-3. Titles as catalogued in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^4]: Dellafiora's use of written remote viewing: see the [[Angela Dellafiora]] page, citing the same collection. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marcos Aguado.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marcos Aguado.md index 6291b054..d4f01713 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marcos Aguado.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marcos Aguado.md @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ Webb's cast of characters lists Aguado as "Currently in San Salvador," and descr ### Footnotes [^1]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), section on Marcos Antonio Aguado in the Southern Front chapter, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html -[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and the Cast of Characters entry for Aguado. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and the Cast of Characters entry for Aguado. [^3]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy: The Cartel, Haiti and Central America*, Part 3, hearing of April 7, 1988, testimony of Jorge Morales (pp. 297-300) and the videotaped deposition of Marcos Aguado taken October 31, 1987 (pp. 277-286 as cited in the subcommittee report), https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0005 [^4]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), pp. 37, 50-52 and notes 74-84, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter XI, section on the debriefing of George Morales, https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch11p1.htm @@ -168,4 +168,4 @@ Webb's cast of characters lists Aguado as "Currently in San Salvador," and descr [^13]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Appendix F (glossary of names), https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/appf.htm [^14]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), chapter notes to Chapter 13 (notes on "they told me they were CIA agents" and the Morales hearing dates). [^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII, "Enrique Miranda-Jaime," sections A-E, https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch07.htm -[^16]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. Sole source for the 1992 bomb-case details in this section; the Cali cartel link is Semana's report of an unnamed Salvadoran government source and of the arrested men's statements. +[^16]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. The Cali cartel link is Semana's report of an unnamed Salvadoran government source and of the arrested men's statements. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Martin Ebon.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Martin Ebon.md index 8ee15931..125d3d2a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Martin Ebon.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Martin Ebon.md @@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ John Chambers, translator of Hugo's transcripts, thanks Ebon as mentor, benefact [^17]: Skeptical Inquirer, "Martin Ebon," author biography. https://skepticalinquirer.org/authors/martin-ebon/ [^18]: John White, ed., *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science* (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974), contributor note on Martin Ebon. https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC [^19]: Occult World, "Martin Ebon," biography (captured 2021). https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://occult-world.com/martin-ebon/ -[^20]: H. P. Albarelli Jr., *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments* (Walterville, Ore.: Trine Day, 2009), p. 495. Sole source for the passage so cited; the former CIA official is not named. https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOdEQAAQBAJ +[^20]: H. P. Albarelli Jr., *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments* (Walterville, Ore.: Trine Day, 2009), p. 495. The former CIA official is not named. https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOdEQAAQBAJ [^21]: *Tomorrow: Quarterly Review of Psychical Research*, vol. 3, no. 4 (summer 1955), New York: Garrett Publications, editor-publisher Eileen J. Garrett, managing editor Martin Ebon. Eton College Collections, shelfmark Lee.4.12. https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B21120 [^22]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 4, nos. 1-3 (1956), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=OHUPAQAAIAAJ [^23]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 9, nos. 2-3 (1961), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=8HAPAQAAIAAJ @@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ John Chambers, translator of Hugo's transcripts, thanks Ebon as mentor, benefact [^55]: Ebon titles as listed in the references of CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, pp. 252-253: *Beyond Time and Space* (New American Library, 1967), *Prophecy in Our Time* (1969), *The Psychic Reader* (1970), *Reincarnation in the Twentieth Century* (1970), *Test Your ESP* (1971), *They Knew the Unknown* (1972), *True Experiences in Communicating With the Dead* (1968), *True Experiences in Exotic ESP* (1968), *Witchcraft Today* (1971), and *Psychic Discoveries of the Russians* (1971). [^56]: Harold E. Puthoff, *Psychoenergetics Research in the People's Republic of China (1982)*, final report, Defense Intelligence Agency contract MDA908-82-C-0034 (October 1982), reference list. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400320001-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000400320001-8 [^57]: Marcello Truzzi, "China's Psychic Savants," *Omni* (1984), corpus copy. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000300420017-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000300420017-1 -[^58]: "Parapsychology in the USSR," CIA CREST summary, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500210001-9, citing Ebon's "Psi in the USSR: Religion Without a Cross" (Appendix 1, reference literature). Sole source for the title and the Tashkent account as given here; publisher not identified in this record. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500210001-9 +[^58]: "Parapsychology in the USSR," CIA CREST summary, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500210001-9, citing Ebon's "Psi in the USSR: Religion Without a Cross" (Appendix 1, reference literature). Publisher not identified in this record. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500210001-9 [^59]: *Parapsychology Abstracts International*, 1988, reporting the special issue marking Hans Bender's eightieth birthday (5 February 1987), with a 207-item bibliography compiled by Eberhard Bauer and a list of congratulants that includes Martin Ebon. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000700650003-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000700650003-7 [^60]: Defense Intelligence Agency, bibliographic database, "Psychoenergetics (U), Initial Report," 16 November 1990, entry for Ebon, "A history of parapsychology," in *Psychic Exploration*. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900060001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900060001-4 [^61]: Science Applications International Corporation, *Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers* (24 June 1991), reference 1 and institutions roster. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Masha Drokova.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Masha Drokova.md index b99c917d..e571847e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Masha Drokova.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Masha Drokova.md @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ relations: fn: 10 - type: subject_of with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]" - role: "named in an FD-1023 confidential human source report of October 19, 2020 (sole source)" + role: "named in an FD-1023 confidential human source report of October 19, 2020" start: 2020-10-19 fn: 20 created: 2026-10-03 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/McGeorge Bundy.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/McGeorge Bundy.md index 89421e5b..134bcc7a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/McGeorge Bundy.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/McGeorge Bundy.md @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ In 1965, after the Long Subcommittee hearings on mail covers raised concern at t ### Ford Foundation -[[John J. McCloy]] offered Bundy the Ford Foundation presidency on November 7, 1965, and Bundy reported the offer to Johnson the next day. A report by Garnett D. Horner in the Washington Star of December 8, 1965 gave the presidency's salary as 75,000 dollars a year, against his White House salary of 28,500 dollars.[^34] In a memorandum of December 4, 1965, Bundy told Johnson that he had asked the Ford trustees to let him accept "on the understanding that I shall always be free to accept any special assignments from you," that [[Julius A. Stratton|Jay Stratton]], McCloy's successor, had agreed in the name of the trustees,[^35] and that he would stay in the White House through February 1966; McCloy, for the foundation, had accepted the delay on November 29.[^36] On November 13, 1965, Johnson asked Under Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]] about "Bill Bundy to succeed his brother."[^37] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported on November 15, 1965 that McCloy, the foundation's chairman, approached Bundy in Washington about succeeding [[Henry T. Heald]] as president beginning January 1.[^38] +[[John J. McCloy]] offered Bundy the Ford Foundation presidency on November 7, 1965, and Bundy reported the offer to Johnson the next day. A report by Garnett D. Horner in the Washington Star of December 8, 1965 gave the presidency's salary as 75,000 dollars a year, against his White House salary of 28,500 dollars.[^34] In a memorandum of December 4, 1965, Bundy told Johnson that he had asked the Ford trustees to let him accept "on the understanding that I shall always be free to accept any special assignments from you," that [[Julius A. Stratton|Jay Stratton]], McCloy's successor, had agreed in the name of the trustees,[^35] and that he would stay in the White House through February 1966; McCloy, for the foundation, had accepted the delay on November 29.[^36] On November 13, 1965, Johnson asked Under Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]] about "Bill Bundy to succeed his brother."[^37] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported on November 15, 1965 that McCloy, the foundation's chairman, approached Bundy in Washington about succeeding [[Henry T. Heald]] as president beginning January 1, and that Stratton, MIT's president, would succeed McCloy as chairman; as a trustee Stratton had been consulted on the selection of presidential candidates and had supported Bundy as the best man for the job.[^38] In October 1966 the FBI learned that [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] had met with Bundy, "then Director of the Ford Foundation," and had received a tentative offer of a grant for the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]. The FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division decided that if the foundation's officials were briefed on King's advisers "this might preclude any assistance being granted," and Hoover approved a plan to have a former FBI agent, then a vice-president of the [[Ford Motor Company]], approach Bundy. In a memorandum of October 26, 1966, [[Cartha DeLoach]] reported that Bundy had refused to talk with the former agent about King, saying he would only talk with a person having first-hand knowledge; Hoover wrote on the memorandum, "Yes. We would get no where with Bundy."[^39] @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for [^4]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977. [^5]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Celebrating a Century: Changing Membership," entry for McGeorge Bundy ("Joined in 1946"), https://www.cfr.org/celebrating-a-century/changing-membership [^6]: Kai Bird, excerpt from *The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms* (Simon & Schuster, 1998), "Open Book: Dean Bundy Deals with McCarthyism," *Harvard Magazine*, https://www.harvardmagazine.com/so98/browse.open2.html -[^7]: Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, "Harvard's Troubled History with Free Association, Part 2" (summarizing Sigmund Diamond's 1977 and Robert Bellah's accounts in *The New York Review of Books*, including the Bellah quotations, and Leon Kamin's account), https://www.fire.org/harvards-troubled-history-with-free-association-part-2/ Sole source for the Diamond, Bellah and Kamin accounts so cited. +[^7]: Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, "Harvard's Troubled History with Free Association, Part 2" (summarizing Sigmund Diamond's 1977 and Robert Bellah's accounts in *The New York Review of Books*, including the Bellah quotations, and Leon Kamin's account), https://www.fire.org/harvards-troubled-history-with-free-association-part-2/ [^8]: Memorandum No. 1 from the Cuba Study Group to President Kennedy, "Narrative of the Anti-Castro Cuban Operation Zapata," June 13, 1961, paragraph 43 and footnote on the Special Group, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 231, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d231 [^9]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), Part II, sections on the National Security Council and the Special Group (chairmanship 1961 to 1966; NSAM 124; Special Group (Augmented)), and the section on maintaining a covert capability quoting Bundy's House Select Committee on Intelligence testimony of December 10, 1975, Hearings, vol. 5, pp. 1794-1795, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf [^10]: Paper prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency, "Coordination and Policy Approval of Covert Operations," February 23, 1967 (Appendix C to the report of the Katzenbach Committee), paragraph A.7, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 263, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d263 @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for [^21]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 119 (Bundy testimony of July 11, 1975, pp. 41, 54, 63; Bissell testimony), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf [^22]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 121 (Bissell testimony of July 22, 1975, p. 32), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf [^23]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), pp. 182 to 183, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf -[^24]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), ch. 8. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^24]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), ch. 8. [^25]: Robert W. Komer, recorded interview by Dennis J. O'Brien, December 22, 1969, JFK #5, pp. 38 to 39 (Feldman as minorities adviser; Bundy "played it square"), p. 81 (intelligence clearances), p. 82 (communicating with the Jewish community), John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkoh-rowk-05 [^26]: Editorial note on the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 7, 1967, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 178, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d178 [^27]: National Security Action Memorandum No. 273, November 26, 1963, with editorial note on the Bundy draft and Hilsman's reply of November 23, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 331, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d331 @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for [^37]: Memorandum of telephone conversation between President Johnson and Under Secretary of State Mann, November 13, 1965, 12:15 p.m., *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 157, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d157 [^38]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," *The Harvard Crimson*, November 15, 1965, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts/ [^39]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 178 (October 1966 FBI plan concerning a Ford Foundation grant to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; DeLoach memorandum of October 26, 1966), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf -[^40]: Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), p. 15 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^40]: Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), p. 16 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf [^41]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf [^42]: Memorandum from Gordon Chase to Bundy, "World Disarmament Conference," November 20, 1965, footnote identifying "your brother William Bundy, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs," *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 373, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d373 [^43]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Menachem Begin.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Menachem Begin.md index 2c554cb5..deb1983b 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Menachem Begin.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Menachem Begin.md @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ Hersh wrote that in March 1979 President [[Jimmy Carter]] decided to give Israel The House October Surprise Task Force report of January 3, 1993 records the American-side documents on Israeli arms offers to Iran. On April 13, 1980 a high-level Israeli official told Carter in Washington that Israel had contacts in Iran that could help with the hostages if it were allowed to sell certain military equipment; Carter rejected the offer and obtained an assurance that Israel would observe the embargo, with Israel to advise the United States before changing its policy. On October 22, 1980 the Israelis told Ambassador Lewis that a deal for 200 tires for F-4 aircraft had been negotiated, and the State Department instructed the embassy to convey a message to Begin that the American government "recognize[d] the long-term significance" of an Israeli relationship with Iran but that Western allies prohibited exports to Iran while hostages were held. The Israeli government's own report to the task force stated that Begin raised the arms question with Carter and Secretary of State [[Edmund Muskie]] during his visit to the United States in November 1980, stressing that deliveries might help release the hostages, and that on November 21, 1980 he ordered that arms would not be supplied directly or indirectly to Iran until the hostages were released. On February 4, 1981 Begin told Lewis that future deliveries would use only Israeli equipment without United States components.[^11] -Ben-Menashe's account differs. He wrote that Begin sent the emissary Ruth Ben-David, an old friend of the Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], to him in Paris in December 1978; that in April 1980 Begin gave "the green light for the sale to Iran of non-American military equipment," tires rather than technical parts, after which Carter telephoned Begin on April 27 to complain; that in September 1980 Begin sent Ben-David to Tehran to seek release of the hostages in exchange for Israeli arms guarantees; that in the fall of 1980 Begin ordered the military intelligence chief [[Yehoshua Sagi]] and the Mossad's acting director [[Nachum Admoni]] to create the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]]; and that Begin "had secretly reached in principle" a cooperation agreement with [[William J. Casey]] in August 1980.[^12] Ben-Menashe is the sole source for these passages. The House task force wrote that credible testimony and documents showed Ben-Menashe "to be totally lacking in credibility" on the Casey and Karrubi meetings, that [[Rafael Eitan]] and Saguy told the Israeli government they had never met him, and that his Israeli military file showed work as a translator; Ben-Menashe was acquitted in New York in November 1990 on charges of conspiring to sell Israeli-owned C-130 aircraft to Iran.[^13] The Mossad's own list of directors gives Yitzhak Hofi as head from 1974 to 1982 and Admoni from 1982.[^14] +Ben-Menashe's account differs. He wrote that Begin sent the emissary Ruth Ben-David, an old friend of the Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], to him in Paris in December 1978; that in April 1980 Begin gave "the green light for the sale to Iran of non-American military equipment," tires rather than technical parts, after which Carter telephoned Begin on April 27 to complain; that in September 1980 Begin sent Ben-David to Tehran to seek release of the hostages in exchange for Israeli arms guarantees; that in the fall of 1980 Begin ordered the military intelligence chief [[Yehoshua Sagi]] and the Mossad's acting director [[Nachum Admoni]] to create the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]]; and that Begin "had secretly reached in principle" a cooperation agreement with [[William J. Casey]] in August 1980.[^12] The House task force wrote that credible testimony and documents showed Ben-Menashe "to be totally lacking in credibility" on the Casey and Karrubi meetings, that [[Rafael Eitan]] and Saguy told the Israeli government they had never met him, and that his Israeli military file showed work as a translator; Ben-Menashe was acquitted in New York in November 1990 on charges of conspiring to sell Israeli-owned C-130 aircraft to Iran.[^13] The Mossad's own list of directors gives Yitzhak Hofi as head from 1974 to 1982 and Admoni from 1982.[^14] ### Osirak diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Abbell.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Abbell.md index bf1b9762..ce8e3073 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Abbell.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Abbell.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ relations: - type: employed_by with: "[[Department of Justice]]" start: 1973 - role: "staff assistant to an assistant attorney general; director, Office of International Affairs, Criminal Division, 1979-1982 (sole source: Seymour)" + role: "staff assistant to an assistant attorney general; director, Office of International Affairs, Criminal Division, 1979-1982, per Seymour" fn: 1 - type: partner_of with: "[[Bruno Ristau]]" @@ -42,6 +42,6 @@ According to Seymour, the last lead [[Danny Casolaro]] pursued before his death ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the Justice Department career dates, the Kaplan firm and Riconosciuto's claims. +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. [^2]: *United States v. Abbell,* 271 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 2001). https://openjurist.org/271/f3d/1286 [^3]: *United States v. Abbell,* 963 F. Supp. 1178 (S.D. Fla. 1997), order denying motions to suppress. https://openjurist.org/963/fsupp/1178 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Aquino.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Aquino.md index 9ebc8ba5..ebb45a8c 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Aquino.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Aquino.md @@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ A.B.H. Alexander, writing in *PROBE* around 1996, alleged that Aquino took part [^1]: Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1987. [^2]: Aquino vitae and published works at rachane.org. -[^3]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). Undated passage. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^3]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). Undated passage. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks [^4]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996; Kenn Thomas and Len Bracken, "The Finders' Keeper," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md index 2a0d33f9..5729d233 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Despite his military prowess and diplomatic involvement, Dayan's perspective on [^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). [^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 3. [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326 -[^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote. [^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967, with source note on Helms's notes of the June 12 meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284 [^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 317, Intelligence Memorandum, June 21, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d317 [^8]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 307, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office in Israel to the White House, June 18, 1967, "Israeli Court of Inquiry in USS Liberty incident." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d307 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nick Beckstead.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nick Beckstead.md index 94abf867..cba99074 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nick Beckstead.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nick Beckstead.md @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ His website lists, after the Future Fund, a period as policy lead at the [[Cente [^3]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," grant page, award date July 2019, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel. Archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/ [^4]: Nick Beckstead, "Guidelines for Discussing Longtermism and Existential Risks," last updated July 3, 2019. Copy hosted on simonknutsson.com, Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030163925id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/Beckstead-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Longtermism-and-Existential-Risks-1.6.pdf [^5]: Effective Altruism Foundation and Foundational Research Institute (Jonas Vollmer, Stefan Torges, Lukas Gloor, David Althaus), "EAF's Guidelines for Discussing Astronomical Stakes (shared)," first written March 2019, last updated September 10, 2019. Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030171253id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/EAFs-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Astronomical-Stakes-2019-10-12.pdf -[^6]: Simon Knutsson, "Problems in effective altruism and existential risk and what to do about them," simonknutsson.com, published October 16, 2019, last updated July 1, 2022; and "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/problems-in-effective-altruism-and-existential-risk-and-what-to-do-about-them/ and https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project Sole source for Knutsson's account; he did not publish the replies he received. +[^6]: Simon Knutsson, "Problems in effective altruism and existential risk and what to do about them," simonknutsson.com, published October 16, 2019, last updated July 1, 2022; and "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/problems-in-effective-altruism-and-existential-risk-and-what-to-do-about-them/ and https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project He did not publish the replies he received. [^7]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda [^8]: FTX Recovery Trust's Motion for Reconsideration or to Modify Order Allowing Rheingans-Yoo's FDU Claim, *In re FTX Trading Ltd.*, No. 22-11068 (KBO) (Bankr. D. Del. July 23, 2025), D.I. 31846, paras. 1-2, 7-10. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.deb.188450/gov.uscourts.deb.188450.31846.0.pdf [^9]: Charity Commission for England and Wales, "Charity Inquiry: Effective Ventures Foundation UK," published May 22, 2024 (since withdrawn under the Commission's retention policy), sections "Background," "Findings" and "Conclusions." https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Paul Vanden Boeynants.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Paul Vanden Boeynants.md index 12b92082..6fd0e00b 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Paul Vanden Boeynants.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Paul Vanden Boeynants.md @@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ The network ties included Societe Generale de Banque, where Lippens had interest Vanden Boeynants faced no charges from X-Dossier allegations, with testimonies barred from Dutroux's 2004 trial due to reliability issues with X-witnesses' DID. The 1997 dossier leak detailed his name, but investigations halted after his 2001 death from natural causes. No assets or records were seized linking him to crimes. The 2005 Wikileaks summary reiterated claims, but no legal action occurred post-mortem.[^1] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It places his premiership in 1978-1981 and a kidnapping in 1974; contemporaneous reporting gives two terms, from 1966 and 1978, and the kidnapping of January 1989. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It places his premiership in 1978-1981 and a kidnapping in 1974; contemporaneous reporting gives two terms, from 1966 and 1978, and the kidnapping of January 1989. [^2]: "Aldo Moro, Paul Vanden Boeynants, Baron Empain: ces kidnappings célèbres ayant marqué le monde politique et économique." RTBF, October 10, 2020; translated from the French. https://www.rtbf.be/article/aldo-moro-paul-vanden-boeynants-baron-empain-ces-kidnappings-celebres-ayant-marque-le-monde-politique-et-economique-10604463 [^3]: Tempest, Rone. "Mystery, Doubts Shroud Kidnaping of Belgian." *Los Angeles Times,* February 4, 1989. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-04-mn-1507-story.html diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Peter Crane.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Peter Crane.md index 23e4ec54..14410303 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Peter Crane.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Peter Crane.md @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Schnabel states that the matter ended after Russo complained of a telephone call [^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel." Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Don Curtis and Mike Russo: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. [^2]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers* (Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/; Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (Jonathan Cape, 1986). -[^3]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (New York: Dell, 1997), chapter on Kennett and Livermore, as excerpted at https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley. Sole source for the passages so cited; Schnabel uses pseudonyms for the Livermore physicists. +[^3]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (New York: Dell, 1997), chapter on Kennett and Livermore, as excerpted at https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley. Schnabel uses pseudonyms for the Livermore physicists. [^4]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown, 2017). [^5]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. [^6]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md index 6b9b07db..aac8c347 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Ben-Menashe alleged that in 1987 the flow of funds from PROMIS sales extended to ### Footnotes -[^1]: Gallagher, Ryan. "Dirtier than Watergate," *New Statesman*, April 2011. Mirror: https://rjgallagher.co.uk/2011/04/inslaw-case-dirtier-than-watergate.html. Original: https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2011/04/promis-government-inslaw. Sole source for the characterization of Babayan as a former arms broker and CIA contract operative, and for the passage on PROMIS sales to Iraq, Libya and Korea. +[^1]: Gallagher, Ryan. "Dirtier than Watergate," *New Statesman*, April 2011. Mirror: https://rjgallagher.co.uk/2011/04/inslaw-case-dirtier-than-watergate.html. Original: https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2011/04/promis-government-inslaw. [^2]: Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 ("October Surprise Task Force"), 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, House Calendar No. 634, January 3, 1993, section "(v) Richard Babayan," pp. 76 and 99 (table of contents). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^3]: Joint Report, introductory section (task force met with Hashemi, Madani, Durrani, Rupp, Ben-Menashe and Babayan) and notes 62 to 66 (Unger, Esquire, October 1991, at 92). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^4]: Joint Report, section "(v) Richard Babayan," notes 68 to 74, citing the Richard Babayan deposition of September 18 and 19, 1992 (Babayan Dep. at 13 to 16, 25). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Ben-Menashe alleged that in 1987 the flow of funds from PROMIS sales extended to [^8]: Joint Report, section "(v) Richard Babayan," pp. 99 and following, notes 408 to 415, citing Babayan Dep. at 5, 7, 15 to 18, 27 to 31. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^9]: Walter Pincus, Washington Post, November 24, 1992, report on the Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee special counsel's preliminary conclusions (reprinted by American Cybercasting). https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/net/user/tytso/usenet/americast/wpost/1645 [^10]: Joint Report, note 415, citing letter from Terry O'Connor, inspector in charge, Federal Bureau of Investigation, to Hon. Lee Hamilton, October 27, 1992, and App. at 574 to 580. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force -[^11]: INSLAW, Inc., Third Supplemental Submission of INSLAW in Support of Its Motion to Take Limited Discovery, United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 85-00070 (Chapter 11), Adversary Proceeding No. 86-0069, undated, footnote on page 7 (affidavit and Palm Beach passage). Refers to February 1991 events. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInBriefSupportingDocs. Pages 6 and 7 and footnote 1 on page 7. Sole source for the affidavit summary, the Palm Beach charges and the Miami sting allegation. +[^11]: INSLAW, Inc., Third Supplemental Submission of INSLAW in Support of Its Motion to Take Limited Discovery, United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 85-00070 (Chapter 11), Adversary Proceeding No. 86-0069, undated, footnote on page 7 (affidavit and Palm Beach passage). Refers to February 1991 events. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInBriefSupportingDocs. Pages 6 and 7 and footnote 1 on page 7. [^12]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc., March 1993, conclusions on Hadron and international distribution, Ben-Menashe affidavits, and the Michael Riconosciuto section (begins p. 42). https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 [^13]: "New Report Finds No Credible Basis for INSLAW Case," Department of Justice release, September 27, 1994. https://irp.fas.org/news/1994/940927-555.htm -[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert Frye.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert Frye.md index a1e194ff..ee3ba951 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert Frye.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert Frye.md @@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ Frye suffered a heart attack in early April 1983 and was hospitalized. After thi [^3]: A. R. Frye, inter-office memorandum to R. E. Chasen (the scan text prints "Crasen"), S & S Group, "Trip Report (May 11-22, 1981)," May 25, 1981 (the scan text prints the year as "1531"; the trip dates and the Bua report place it in 1981), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. [^4]: Undated letter to Patrick Moriarty, Pyrotronics Corp./Red Devil/Wildcat, headed "CSC/WSI Joint Venture," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." [^5]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 (year not printed) to La France Specialties, San Diego, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." -[^6]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Pastora identification and the retraction. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm +[^6]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm [^7]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert M. Collins.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert M. Collins.md index 8984d1a4..cc4e6be9 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert M. Collins.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert M. Collins.md @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Pilkington wrote that Collins and Doty "would reunite in 2005 as the authors of ### Footnotes -[^1]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, introduction, Section 1 (Chapter 1, "FTD Is Not a Florist," with the sections "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: The Aviary," "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989") and Section 2, Chapter 4 with references; Internet Archive copy, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (copyright notice 2010, Peregrine Communications; text cites material of June and July 2012; ISBN printed as 09766426-2-/ and 978-0976642626). Collins's account is the sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, introduction, Section 1 (Chapter 1, "FTD Is Not a Florist," with the sections "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: The Aviary," "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989") and Section 2, Chapter 4 with references; Internet Archive copy, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (copyright notice 2010, Peregrine Communications; text cites material of June and July 2012; ISBN printed as 09766426-2-/ and 978-0976642626). Collins's account is the [^2]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. The production-team member who named Collins is not identified in the text. Howe's account of November 1987 reaches the page through Hastings only. [^3]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men* (Constable, 2010), chapters on Doty and on Serpo and chapter notes, https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf [^4]: William L. Moore, address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, from the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po (video of the Ron Regehr recording, Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon); names corrected from mis-rendered captions. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ron Blackburn.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ron Blackburn.md index 94e1bd06..4657fbb0 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ron Blackburn.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ron Blackburn.md @@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ Ron Blackburn is a retired [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] lieutenant colo [^1]: Alexander, John B. *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities,* 2011, as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, p. 20, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. [^2]: Houck and Shannon notes as reproduced in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 15 and 188. -[^3]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of February, May and August 1990, as quoted in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 21 and 66-67 and the sections on EMP testing and on Ed Dames, which gives volume numbers only for the May and "1990" mesa entries (*Forbidden Science: Volume Four*); the February and August 1990 entries fall in the period of that volume. No Blackburn publication or Air Force Weapons Laboratory record was found. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of February, May and August 1990, as quoted in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 21 and 66-67 and the sections on EMP testing and on Ed Dames, which gives volume numbers only for the May and "1990" mesa entries (*Forbidden Science: Volume Four*); the February and August 1990 entries fall in the period of that volume. No Blackburn publication or Air Force Weapons Laboratory record was found. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Stephen Deckoff.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Stephen Deckoff.md index 202dbdd4..d0458ae6 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Stephen Deckoff.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Stephen Deckoff.md @@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ The [[Federal Election Commission]] records two itemized contributions of 3,500 ### Footnotes -[^1]: Chang, Richard J. "Exclusive: Billionaire Investor Buys Jeffrey Epstein's Private Islands For $60 Million." *Forbes,* May 2023. Copy filed as Exhibit 29 to document 226-30, *Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,* No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), filed July 24, 2023; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02810216. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank,%20N.A.,%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02810216.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited (the statement that Deckoff never met Epstein, and the Forbes figure for the government share of sale proceeds). Suzanne Carlson of the Virgin Islands Daily News wrote on February 6, 2026 that Deckoff's name did not appear to be in the files and that it was unclear whether the two men had any association before Epstein's death. +[^1]: Chang, Richard J. "Exclusive: Billionaire Investor Buys Jeffrey Epstein's Private Islands For $60 Million." *Forbes,* May 2023. Copy filed as Exhibit 29 to document 226-30, *Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,* No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), filed July 24, 2023; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02810216. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank,%20N.A.,%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02810216.pdf. Suzanne Carlson of the Virgin Islands Daily News wrote on February 6, 2026 that Deckoff's name did not appear to be in the files and that it was unclear whether the two men had any association before Epstein's death. [^2]: "SD Investments Announces Acquisition of Great St. James and Little St. James Islands in the United States Virgin Islands." *PR Newswire,* May 3, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sd-investments-announces-acquisition-of-great-st-james-and-little-st-james-islands-in-the-united-states-virgin-islands-301815032.html [^3]: Black Diamond Capital Management, "About," archived page, Wayback Machine snapshot dated 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.bdcm.com/about.html [^4]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investment Adviser Public Disclosure, firm record for Black Diamond Capital Management (firm ID 154495, Form ADV filing dated July 13, 2026), including Form ADV Part 1A Items 1.F, 1.G, 5.F, Schedule A, Schedule B and Schedule D Section 1.F, and the state notice filing records. https://api.adviserinfo.sec.gov/search/firm/154495 and https://reports.adviserinfo.sec.gov/reports/ADV/154495/PDF/154495.pdf @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ The [[Federal Election Commission]] records two itemized contributions of 3,500 [^11]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt entry for N-number 114BD and DEREG.txt, downloaded October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip [^12]: City-Data.com, "FAA Registered Aircraft, Dealers and Manufacturers in Greenwich, Connecticut" (listing derived from FAA registry data; undated snapshot, retrieved October 8, 2026). https://www.city-data.com/aircraft/air-Greenwich-Connecticut.html [^13]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N114BD (Mode S code 50035454; registered owner BLACK DIAMOND AVIATION GROUP LLC, 1 SOUND SHORE DR STE 200, GREENWICH, CT; certificate issued 11/04/2023; airworthiness date 02/10/2018; expiration 11/30/2030), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=114BD ; same record in Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip -[^14]: Bill Heltzel, "Cabinetry dispute grounds Falcon 7X business jet," *Westfair Business Journal,* May 27, 2026. https://westfaironline.com/courts/cabinetry-dispute-grounds-falcon-7x-business-jet/ Sole source for the ownership statement and the lawsuit's allegations; the article gives no tail number or case caption. +[^14]: Bill Heltzel, "Cabinetry dispute grounds Falcon 7X business jet," *Westfair Business Journal,* May 27, 2026. https://westfaironline.com/courts/cabinetry-dispute-grounds-falcon-7x-business-jet/ The article gives no tail number or case caption. [^15]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N615BD (Mode S code A8016E; type registration Individual; registered owner DECKOFF STEPHEN H, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands; certificate issued 04/19/2024; airworthiness 05/03/2024; expiration 04/30/2031), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=615BD [^16]: Federal Aviation Administration, Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt entry 615BD (serial number 1193, model code 5620010), with ACFTREF.txt entry 5620010 (AIRBUS HELICOPTERS DEUTSCHLAND, EC135 P2+), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip ; FlightAware registration page for N615BD, retrieved October 8, 2026, which gives the same owner and dates. https://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N615BD [^17]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N112BD ("N112BD is Deregistered"), and Releasable Aircraft Database, DEREG.txt entry 112BD, serial number 166 (model code 5170707, Learjet 60, year 1999; status "SALE REPORTED"; cancel date 07/01/2025; last action date 06/29/2025), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=112BD diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas Gates.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas Gates.md index d6b3ab6e..f364ea7c 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas Gates.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas Gates.md @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ The Department of Justice's 1993 report by Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] c [^3]: Appellant's Opening Brief, *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. Gates,* No. 90-55281 (9th Cir.), certificate dated June 27, 1990 (case removed as CV 89-4383 RG (Kx), C.D. Cal.). https://archive.org/details/MeridianV.Gates [^4]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine [^5]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 1-5. Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo. -[^6]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^6]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. [^7]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, sections "Additional Questions," "Possible Connection Between Earl Brian, Michael Riconosciuto, Robert Booth Nichols and the Cabazon Indian Reservation," "Department Official May Have Attempted to Influence a Key Witness," and notes 214 to 217 and 323 (citing Gates's sworn statement of March 26, 1992, pp. 10, 56, 61). https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport -[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6"). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6"). [^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua*, March 1993, section "The Death of Joseph Daniel Casolaro," pp. 246 to 248. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Walworth Barbour.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Walworth Barbour.md index 900f70bd..e0f59bb3 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Walworth Barbour.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Walworth Barbour.md @@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ Barbour's support for Israel was profound and heartfelt. He remained on the boar [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12. [^2]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 158, editors' note on telegram 3937 from Tel Aviv, June 5, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d158 -[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library. Sole source for the cable text. +[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library. [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ward Boston.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ward Boston.md index 278aa655..19d760de 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ward Boston.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ward Boston.md @@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ Boston's papers at the [[Hoover Institution]], acquired in 2012, consist of thre ### Footnotes -[^1]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated "January 8, 2004 at Coronado, California," four pages, signed. Scanned copy at https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf (signature page read directly). Text transcription at https://stationhypo.com/?p=69026, which prints the date as January 9. Sole source for the conversations with Kidd and for the account of the transcript alterations. -[^2]: "Obituary: Captain Ward Boston Jr. Dies June 12," Connection Newspapers, June 17, 2008. https://connectionnewspapers.com/news/2008/jun/17/obituary-captain-ward-boston-jr-dies-june-12. Family-supplied; sole source for the early career details, the retirement, and the burial. +[^1]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated "January 8, 2004 at Coronado, California," four pages, signed. Scanned copy at https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf (signature page read directly). Text transcription at https://stationhypo.com/?p=69026, which prints the date as January 9. +[^2]: "Obituary: Captain Ward Boston Jr. Dies June 12," Connection Newspapers, June 17, 2008. https://connectionnewspapers.com/news/2008/jun/17/obituary-captain-ward-boston-jr-dies-june-12. Family-supplied. [^3]: Ward Boston Jr., "Time for the truth about the Liberty," San Diego Union-Tribune, June 8, 2007, two-page PDF copy at https://archive.org/details/time-for-the-truth-about-the-liberty. The page identifies the author as a naval aviator in World War II on the Yorktown, an FBI agent before his Navy assignment, and a graduate of the College of William and Mary School of Law. [^4]: A. Jay Cristol, "Why You Shouldn't Pay Attention to the Claims that Israel Attacked the USS Liberty Deliberately," History News Network, June 12, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-you-shouldnt-pay-attention-to-the-claims-that-. Cristol is the author of The Liberty Incident and an advocate of the accident finding. His claims about Gotcher, McNamara, and the release of the affidavit on October 22, 2003 are his. [^5]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, 728-page scan, posted at https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf. Scan pages cited: 34 to 38 (McCain's first endorsement, June 18, 1967), 106 and 107 (opening, appointing order, oath), 117 (adjournment of June 11, boarding at sea, Malta June 13), 243 and 244 (adjournment of June 15, London June 16), 160 to 164 (Painter testimony, transcript pages 55 to 59), 258 (transcript page 153), 265 (closing of the court at 1645 on June 16), 266 and 267 (findings of fact 1 and 6). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Wernher von Braun.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Wernher von Braun.md index 7b70830a..1cd6ea20 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Wernher von Braun.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Wernher von Braun.md @@ -9,6 +9,19 @@ summary: "Wernher von Braun (1912–1977) was a German-American aerospace engine born: 1912-03-23 died: 1977-06-16 location: "Wyrzysk, Germany (now Poland)" +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: employed_by + with: "[[U.S. Army]]" + start: 1950-04-15 + end: 1960-07-01 + role: "chief of the Guided Missile Development Division at Redstone Arsenal from January 1953; Army missile work at Redstone until transfer to NASA" + fn: 3 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]" + start: 1960-07-01 + end: 1970 + fn: 7 --- @@ -20,5 +33,18 @@ In 1972, von Braun met with [[Uri Geller]], a meeting arranged by [[Andrija Puha In a second incident, von Braun presented Geller with a non-working electronic pocket calculator. Geller held the machine and concentrated, and witnesses confirmed that the electronic panel inexplicably lit up. These incidents caught the attention of the [[Pentagon]], leading to a briefing on "Paranormal Phenomena - Briefing on a Net Assessment Study." The briefing noted the potential utility of [[Psychokinesis|psychokinesis]] (if feasible) in disrupting electrical systems, such as those associated with an [[Intercontinental Ballistic Missile|ICBM]]'s guidance program, as displayed by Geller[^1]. +### Redstone Arsenal, 1950 to 1960 + +Von Braun's team moved from [[Fort Bliss]], Texas, to [[Redstone Arsenal]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]] beginning on April 15, 1950. The Army chronology records about 120 German scientists arriving from Fort Bliss in April 1950 and describes the post as officially entering the missile era with the arrival of the group.[^2] On January 16, 1953 the Army redesignated the Guided Missiles Development Branch as the Guided Missile Development Division of the Ordnance Missile Laboratory and appointed von Braun its chief.[^3] The first Redstone research and development missile was flight tested on August 20, 1953.[^3] + +The [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] was established at Redstone Arsenal on February 1, 1956, with the mission of fielding the Army's first intermediate range ballistic missile.[^4] On January 31, 1958 a Jupiter C missile placed [[Explorer 1]] into orbit; NASA gives the launch time as 10:48 p.m. EST and describes the rocket as developed at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Alabama under the direction of von Braun.[^5][^6] After President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] approved the transfer of the agency's scientists and engineers to [[NASA]] on October 21, 1958, the [[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]] opened at Redstone Arsenal on July 1, 1960, and Eisenhower dedicated it on September 8, 1960.[^4][^7] + ### Footnotes -[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. \ No newline at end of file + +[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. +[^2]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1950 - 1952," entry "April 50" and introductory paragraph. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1950.html +[^3]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1953," entries for 16 January 1953 and 20 August 1953. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1953.html +[^4]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "Introduction," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1956-intro.html +[^5]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1958," entry for 31 January 1958. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1958.html +[^6]: NASA, "Explorer 1," section "The Launch," https://www.nasa.gov/mission/explorer-1/ +[^7]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1960," entries for 1 July 1960 and 8 September 1960. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Willy Brandt.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Willy Brandt.md index 1638ad5b..32034007 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Willy Brandt.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Willy Brandt.md @@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u [^3]: Barbara Marshall, *Willy Brandt: Eine politische Biographie* (Schriftenreihe Extremismus & Demokratie, vol. 6, Bonn: Bouvier, 1993), pp. 3-4 (Sozialistische Arbeiterjugend 1929, SPD full membership 1930 at sixteen), pp. 18-19 (the change of name, the withdrawal of German citizenship by the Reich government on September 5, 1938, official documents still listing him as "Frahm"), p. 20 (the recollection of Bruno Kreisky), p. 49 (August 13, 1961), p. 82 (the Hallstein Doctrine), p. 106 (Moscow Treaty), pp. 157-159 (Guillaume affair and resignation). The English edition is Macmillan, 1997. -[^4]: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), chapter "The Federal Republic of Germany," section on Brandt (endnotes 20 to 33, citing Mitrokhin's notes k-26, 88 and k-26, 86 on the file codenamed POLYARNIK, k-2, 52, and k-19, 248 and 250), and the discussion of Guillaume, HANSEN, Steiner and SIMSON that follows it (endnotes 34 to 50). The authors state that the codename is not evidence that Brandt was an agent and that Mitrokhin's notes on the file go only to 1962. Sole source for the contents of the KGB file as relayed by Mitrokhin. +[^4]: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), chapter "The Federal Republic of Germany," section on Brandt (endnotes 20 to 33, citing Mitrokhin's notes k-26, 88 and k-26, 86 on the file codenamed POLYARNIK, k-2, 52, and k-19, 248 and 250), and the discussion of Guillaume, HANSEN, Steiner and SIMSON that follows it (endnotes 34 to 50). The authors state that the codename is not evidence that Brandt was an agent and that Mitrokhin's notes on the file go only to 1962. [^5]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Demokratischer Sozialist und Journalist in Schweden 1940-1946," entries for autumn 1940 (Overseas News Agency correspondent, registration as a foreign journalist on December 11, 1940) and March 1941 (arrest on March 28, 1941 on suspicion of "Nachrichtentätigkeit für eine kriegführende Macht"; surveillance by the Swedish security police, the SÄPO) (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/demokratischer-sozialist-und-journalist-in-schweden-1940-1946/). @@ -186,23 +186,23 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u [^8]: Andrew and Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), Introduction and endnotes 44 to 47: *Focus* (Munich), June 15, 1998; Roger Boyes, "Defector Says Willy Brandt was KGB Agent," *The Times*, June 16, 1998; ITAR-TASS interview with Yuri Kobaladze, June 19, 1998; *Sunday Times*, April 26, 1998, on Butkov. -[^9]: Daniela Münkel, *Kampagnen, Spione, geheime Kanäle: Die Stasi und Willy Brandt* (BF informiert 32, 2nd ed., Berlin: BStU, 2015), PDF page 8 (Neues Deutschland headlines of February 5, 1950 and May 4, 1954, in her notes 2 and 3), PDF pages 14 to 15 (Angerer, the 54-page statement, the campaign plan of mid-May 1959; notes 18 to 20, BStU, MfS, AU 4000/65, Bd. 1, Bl. 275, 384), PDF pages 54 to 55 (Steiner, Wolf's *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, p. 261, in her note 110, Wagner, Fleissmann, Honecker's remarks to Ceausescu of May 11 and 12, 1972, Brandt's *Erinnerungen* (1994), p. 290, Seebacher, *Willy Brandt* (2006), p. 229) (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/assets/bundesarchiv/de/Publikationen/BFi32_Muenkel_Stasi_und_Brandt.pdf). Wolf's sentence is quoted in German in the publication and translated here. Sole source for the BStU account of the Angerer statement. +[^9]: Daniela Münkel, *Kampagnen, Spione, geheime Kanäle: Die Stasi und Willy Brandt* (BF informiert 32, 2nd ed., Berlin: BStU, 2015), PDF page 8 (Neues Deutschland headlines of February 5, 1950 and May 4, 1954, in her notes 2 and 3), PDF pages 14 to 15 (Angerer, the 54-page statement, the campaign plan of mid-May 1959; notes 18 to 20, BStU, MfS, AU 4000/65, Bd. 1, Bl. 275, 384), PDF pages 54 to 55 (Steiner, Wolf's *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, p. 261, in her note 110, Wagner, Fleissmann, Honecker's remarks to Ceausescu of May 11 and 12, 1972, Brandt's *Erinnerungen* (1994), p. 290, Seebacher, *Willy Brandt* (2006), p. 229) (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/assets/bundesarchiv/de/Publikationen/BFi32_Muenkel_Stasi_und_Brandt.pdf). Wolf's sentence is quoted in German in the publication and translated here. [^10]: Der Spiegel, December 16, 2021, report on CIC files and the research of Thomas Boghardt, as reported by ORF, "Spiegel: Willy Brandt war Informant für US-Geheimdienst" (https://orf.at/stories/3240609/). -[^11]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Brandt alleged agent for CIA, possibly KGB," Washington Post, November 11, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000100730004-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000100730004-8). Sole source for the CIA payroll and KGB allegations, which the column attributes to four unnamed intelligence sources. +[^11]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Brandt alleged agent for CIA, possibly KGB," Washington Post, November 11, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000100730004-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000100730004-8). The column attributes the CIA payroll and KGB allegations to four unnamed intelligence sources. -[^12]: Drew Pearson, "Washington Merry-Go-Round: Distaff Dulles Serves U.S. Well," New York Mirror, March 14, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200150126-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200150126-4). Sole source for the attribution to Eleanor Dulles. +[^12]: Drew Pearson, "Washington Merry-Go-Round: Distaff Dulles Serves U.S. Well," New York Mirror, March 14, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200150126-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200150126-4). -[^13]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Carter Tried To Deny Brandt Payola Report," Washington Post, November 12, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160021-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160021-4). Sole source for the 1956 IRC courier account, which the column attributes to knowledgeable intelligence sources. +[^13]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Carter Tried To Deny Brandt Payola Report," Washington Post, November 12, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160021-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160021-4). The column attributes the 1956 IRC courier account to knowledgeable intelligence sources. [^14]: Associated Press, "U.S. Denies Report on Brandt-CIA Tie," Washington Post, November 13, 1981, reporting a State Department statement of the previous day, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160018-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160018-8). -[^15]: Telepolis, "USA sponsorten Willy Brandt," 2016, reporting Scott Krause's findings in the Landesarchiv Berlin as presented at the Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung in Berlin (https://www.telepolis.de/article/USA-sponsorten-Willy-Brandt-3380017.html); Gulf Daily News (AFP), "US covertly financed Germany's Willy Brandt: historian," June 10, 2016 (https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/93142/US-covertly-financed-Germanys-Willy-Brandt-historian); University of Erfurt, Brandt School, report of Krause's lecture of May 25, 2022, on his book *Bringing Cold War Democracy to West Berlin: A Shared German-American Project* (Routledge, 2019; German edition *Vorposten der Freiheit*, Campus, 2022) (https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university/current/news/news-detail/willy-brandt-on-the-frontlines-of-the-cold-war). Sole source for the 200,000 mark figure and the Stadtblatt mechanism. +[^15]: Telepolis, "USA sponsorten Willy Brandt," 2016, reporting Scott Krause's findings in the Landesarchiv Berlin as presented at the Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung in Berlin (https://www.telepolis.de/article/USA-sponsorten-Willy-Brandt-3380017.html); Gulf Daily News (AFP), "US covertly financed Germany's Willy Brandt: historian," June 10, 2016 (https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/93142/US-covertly-financed-Germanys-Willy-Brandt-historian); University of Erfurt, Brandt School, report of Krause's lecture of May 25, 2022, on his book *Bringing Cold War Democracy to West Berlin: A Shared German-American Project* (Routledge, 2019; German edition *Vorposten der Freiheit*, Campus, 2022) (https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university/current/news/news-detail/willy-brandt-on-the-frontlines-of-the-cold-war). -[^16]: David Anderson, "Figure in Spy Trial of Soblen Linked to Brandt of West Berlin," New York Times, 1961, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP75-00149R000700320004-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000700320004-9). Sole source for the Hirschfeld identification, which the defense motion made. +[^16]: David Anderson, "Figure in Spy Trial of Soblen Linked to Brandt of West Berlin," New York Times, 1961, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP75-00149R000700320004-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000700320004-9). The Hirschfeld identification was made by the defense motion. -[^17]: Kurt Krueger, "What Interests Are Represented by the Rightwing SPD Leadership?", Neues Deutschland, May 1, 1961, as translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Dulles and Brandt," May 15, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200140104-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200140104-9). Sole source for the editorial's claims. +[^17]: Kurt Krueger, "What Interests Are Represented by the Rightwing SPD Leadership?", Neues Deutschland, May 1, 1961, as translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Dulles and Brandt," May 15, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200140104-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200140104-9). [^18]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Außenminister und Bundeskanzler in Bonn 1967-1974" (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/aussenminister-und-bundeskanzler-in-bonn-1967-1974/): signing of the Basic Treaty by Egon Bahr and Michael Kohl in East Berlin on December 21, 1972. @@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u [^20]: Stephan Kieninger, "The Secret Side of Ostpolitik," Wilson Center, History and Public Policy Program blog, April 3, 2017 (https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-secret-side-ostpolitik). Kieninger cites the Archiv Helmut Schmidt, Hamburg, "Soviet Union" files, volumes 1 to 5, and the Archiv für soziale Demokratie, Bonn, "L(ednev)" files within Bahr's papers. -[^21]: Wolfgang Schmidt, "Persönliche Diplomatie in der Ostpolitik: Willy Brandts Beziehungen mit Leonid I. Breschnew und Michail S. Gorbatschow 1970-1992," Ausgewählte Vorträge des DHI Moskau 2021/2 (lecture of June 29, 2021), notes 21 to 24 and 52 to 54, citing Vjačeslav Keworkow, *Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik* (Berlin, 1995), pp. 47-57, 104-120, 151 and 176-177; Egon Bahr, *Zu meiner Zeit* (Munich, 1996), pp. 263-264, 293 and 382-383; and Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1970, pp. 1457-1468 (https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004610/schmidt_persoenliche_diplomatie_in_der_ostpolitik.pdf). Sole source for the Brezhnev remark, which the lecture attributes to Keworkow. +[^21]: Wolfgang Schmidt, "Persönliche Diplomatie in der Ostpolitik: Willy Brandts Beziehungen mit Leonid I. Breschnew und Michail S. Gorbatschow 1970-1992," Ausgewählte Vorträge des DHI Moskau 2021/2 (lecture of June 29, 2021), notes 21 to 24 and 52 to 54, citing Vjačeslav Keworkow, *Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik* (Berlin, 1995), pp. 47-57, 104-120, 151 and 176-177; Egon Bahr, *Zu meiner Zeit* (Munich, 1996), pp. 263-264, 293 and 382-383; and Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1970, pp. 1457-1468 (https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004610/schmidt_persoenliche_diplomatie_in_der_ostpolitik.pdf). The lecture attributes the Brezhnev remark to Keworkow. [^22]: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, November 30, 1970, subject "Background of Bahr-Soviet Talks," paragraphs 2 to 7 and notes 2 and 4, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XL, Document 138 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v40/d138). Note 2 of the volume editors cites Falin, *Politische Erinnerungen*, pp. 128-129, and Kevorkov, *Der geheime Kanal*, pp. 90-91. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md index 9279db8b..17ba4543 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ relations: role: "national security adviser during the White House response to the Vela event" start: 1979-09-22 end: 1980-12-01 - fn: 4 + fn: 3 --- [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] was the [[United States|U.S.]] National Security Adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, playing a key role in foreign policy decisions during a period of significant Middle Eastern upheaval. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Alex Klokus.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Alex Klokus.md index 2f9f42a1..f78606e7 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Alex Klokus.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Alex Klokus.md @@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Fortune reported on September 24, 2026 that AJ Scaramucci had come out of stealt [^18]: USPTO TSDR, ENNEA, serial 98873547, voluntary amendment PRA20251208060057, co-existence agreement and signature audit pages. https://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn98873547 [^19]: USPTO TSDR, SKYWATCHER serial 98864113 (https://tsdr.uspto.gov/statusview/sn98864113); ENNEA serial 98873547; PSIONIC serial 99091501. [^20]: Delaware Division of Corporations, entity search, file 10021279, Skywatcher Technologies Corporation, incorporated November 27, 2024 (entity details page captured October 3, 2026). -[^21]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story (reports Greenstreet at second hand; sole source for that passage); Ross Coulthart, NewsNation Reality Check column, about August 2026, https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/ +[^21]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story (reports Greenstreet at second hand); Ross Coulthart, NewsNation Reality Check column, about August 2026, https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/ [^22]: RDAP record, skywatcher.ai, created December 6, 2024. https://rdap.identitydigital.services/rdap/domain/skywatcher.ai [^23]: SEC EDGAR full-text search, Form D, "Skywatcher," "Skywatcher Technologies," "Ennea LLC," October 3, 2026. https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22Skywatcher%22&forms=D [^24]: ennea.io, Wayback Machine capture of November 4, 2024. http://web.archive.org/web/20241104003430id_/https://www.ennea.io/ ; RDAP record, ennea.io. https://rdap.identitydigital.services/rdap/domain/ennea.io diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Annie Jacobsen.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Annie Jacobsen.md index 08a18bc5..11067031 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Annie Jacobsen.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Annie Jacobsen.md @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ The Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General investigated the [^4]: Daniel Pipes, "Those Fourteen Syrians on Northwest Airlines Flight #327," July 13, 2004, quoting Annie Jacobsen, "Terror in the Skies, Again?," WomensWallStreet.com, and her conversation with Dave Adams of the Federal Air Marshal Service. https://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2004/07/those-fourteen-syrians-on-northwest-airlines [^5]: "Report Confirms Terror Dry Run; Government Handling Hit," *Washington Times*, May 31, 2007, reprinted by Aviation Pros, reporting the redacted Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General report on Northwest Flight 327. https://www.aviationpros.com/home/news/10388457/report-confirms-terror-dry-run-government-handling-hit [^6]: Hachette Book Group, "Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base," description and praise (quoting the *New York Times*). https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/annie-jacobsen/area-51/9780316202305/ -[^7]: Review of *Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base*, *Publishers Weekly*, reviewed May 16, 2011. https://publishersweekly.com/9780316132947 Sole source for the passages so cited on the Roswell proposal as characterized. +[^7]: Review of *Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base*, *Publishers Weekly*, reviewed May 16, 2011. https://publishersweekly.com/9780316132947 [^8]: Hachette Book Group, "Operation Paperclip" title page (description and sources). https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/annie-jacobsen/operation-paperclip/9780316221054/ [^9]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), publisher's description and table of contents as catalogued by library records and *Publishers Weekly*. https://catalog.sbplibrary.org/Record/34646 [^10]: J. R. Seeger, review of *Surprise, Kill, Vanish*, *Studies in Intelligence* 63, no. 3 (extracts, September 2019), p. 73 ff. https://cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Review-Surprise-Kill-Vanish.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bobby Ray Inman.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bobby Ray Inman.md index fe31b460..06b31343 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bobby Ray Inman.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bobby Ray Inman.md @@ -297,8 +297,8 @@ Shapiro told Victorian on August 3, 1991: "He met me on one occasion and I reali [^39]: William J. Clinton Presidential Library, finding aid 2006-0997-F, "Admiral Bobby Ray Inman - PFIAB" (named to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board by George H. W. Bush in July 1991; served thirty months). https://www.clintonlibrary.gov/research/archives/finding-aids/2006-0997-f-admiral-bobby-ray-inman-pfiab [^40]: Timothy Good, Alien Liaison (London: Century, 1991), chapter 10 and front matter, read through the archive.org in-book search of the lending copy (acknowledgements; photograph captions; the May 13, 1988 groundbreaking encounter; the July 1989 call; Inman biography stating a July 1990 appointment to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board). https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780712621946 [^41]: Military.com, May 9, 2006, "Ex-NSA Chief Blasts Taps, Calls for CIA Breakup," reporting Inman's remarks at a New York Public Library panel on May 8, 2006. https://www.military.com/defensetech/2006/05/09/ex-nsa-chief-blasts-taps-calls-for-cia-breakup -[^42]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 33-38 (Oechsler-Inman transcript and Inman's comments). Sole source for the transcript as reproduced in this text. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf +[^42]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 33-38 (Oechsler-Inman transcript and Inman's comments). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf [^43]: Armen Victorian, "Curious Liaisons," Lobster, Issue 23 (1992), review of Timothy Good, Alien Liaison (Century, London, 1991). The review quotes Good's chapter 10 (p. 191), Inman's letter to Good of December 18, 1989, Inman's letters to Victorian of July 26 and August 5, 1991, and Victorian's account of the recording and of John Dingley's July 14, 1991 call. https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/?p=7448 -[^44]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 38-41 (Oechsler's meetings with Sumner Shapiro in 1989 and on June 21, 1990, quoting Timothy Good, Alien Contact). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf -[^45]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 33-34 and 53 (1985 inaugural ATP meeting notes and the "major engineering project"; Alexander's reply) and p. 48 (Good, Alien Contact, on the Ozark UFO Conference of April 1990 and Tom King; Oechsler, Alien Update, on Ronald Pandolfi). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf -[^46]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 48-52 (Inman's "underwater vehicles" reply as quoted from a review; the National Underwater Reconnaissance Office passage; Greer and Cameron on Goldwater; the characterization of Victorian). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf +[^44]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 38-41 (Oechsler's meetings with Sumner Shapiro in 1989 and on June 21, 1990, quoting Timothy Good, Alien Contact). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf +[^45]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 33-34 and 53 (1985 inaugural ATP meeting notes and the "major engineering project"; Alexander's reply) and p. 48 (Good, Alien Contact, on the Ozark UFO Conference of April 1990 and Tom King; Oechsler, Alien Update, on Ronald Pandolfi). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf +[^46]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 48-52 (Inman's "underwater vehicles" reply as quoted from a review; the National Underwater Reconnaissance Office passage; Greer and Cameron on Goldwater; the characterization of Victorian). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bryan Johnson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bryan Johnson.md index 4e5f2ba0..74766ee4 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bryan Johnson.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bryan Johnson.md @@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ On November 6, 2024 Johnson wrote on X, in a post timestamped 17:43 UTC: "Congra [^9]: Planetary Resources, Inc. (CIK 0001656177), Form D/A, accessions 0001656177-16-000002 (May 26, 2016) and 0001656177-16-000003 (November 16, 2016), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656177/000165617716000003/primary_doc.xml [^10]: Bryan Johnson (bryan@kernel.co) to Lesley Groff, "Impact Investing Just Doesn't Cut It," October 26, 2018, EFTA00484119, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00484119.pdf ; "Becoming a zero detective," July 20, 2018, EFTA02294943, DataSet 11. [^11]: KRNL, Inc. (CIK 0001815048), Form D accessions 0001104659-20-077936 (June 29, 2020) and 0001104659-23-122797 (December 1, 2023), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815048/000110465920077936/primary_doc.xml ; "General Catalyst-Backed Kernel Will Use $53M Series C To Tap Into The Human Mind," Crunchbase News, July 9, 2020, https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/general-catalyst-backed-kernel-will-use-53m-series-c-to-tap-into-the-human-mind (read from the Wayback Machine capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/general-catalyst-backed-kernel-will-use-53m-series-c-to-tap-into-the-human-mind). KRNL, Inc. is matched to Kernel by address, signer and amount; the filing does not name Kernel. -[^12]: Matt Bruenig, "Bryan Johnson's Misrepresentations About Taryn Southern," NLRB Edge, March 21, 2025, https://www.nlrbedge.com/p/bryan-johnsons-misrepresentations . Sole source for the passages so cited on arbitral reasoning; Bruenig is an advocate for the complainants. Johnson's quoted X statement on the agreements is as reported by the Times. +[^12]: Matt Bruenig, "Bryan Johnson's Misrepresentations About Taryn Southern," NLRB Edge, March 21, 2025, https://www.nlrbedge.com/p/bryan-johnsons-misrepresentations . Bruenig is an advocate for the complainants. Johnson's quoted X statement on the agreements is as reported by the Times. [^13]: David Ingram and Bruna Horvath, "Jeffrey Epstein files reveal deep tech ties, from Musk to Gates," NBC News, February 5, 2026, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/jeffrey-epstein-files-reveal-deep-tech-ties-musk-gates-rcna257092 ; Johnson's X posts as reported by UNILAD Tech, February 3, 2026, https://www.uniladtech.com/news/tech-news/bryan-johnson-respond-jeffrey-epstein-emails-revealed-503367-20260203 [^14]: Futurism, LLC (CIK 1692611), Form D, accession 0001692611-16-000001, filed December 19, 2016, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1692611/000169261116000001/primary_doc.xml [^15]: Orianna Rosa Royle, Fortune, May 23, 2023, https://fortune.com/2023/05/23/bryan-johnson-tech-ceo-spends-2-million-year-young-swapping-blood-17-year-old-son-talmage-70-father/ [^16]: Courtney Rehfeldt, "Bryan Johnson raises $60 million for longevity startup Blueprint," AthleteTech News, October 29, 2025, https://athletechnews.com/bryan-johnson-raises-60-million-for-longevity-startup-blueprint -[^17]: Gil Duran, "Bryan Johnson, 'Don't Die' Network State Guru, Under Fire," The Nerd Reich, March 28, 2025, https://www.thenerdreich.com/bryan-johnson-dont-die-network-state-guru-under-fire/ . Sole source for the Prospera visit and the characterization of the summit; Duran is a critic of the Network State movement. +[^17]: Gil Duran, "Bryan Johnson, 'Don't Die' Network State Guru, Under Fire," The Nerd Reich, March 28, 2025, https://www.thenerdreich.com/bryan-johnson-dont-die-network-state-guru-under-fire/ . Duran is a critic of the Network State movement. [^18]: Bryan Johnson (@bryan_johnson), X, November 6, 2024, 17:43 UTC, https://x.com/bryan_johnson/status/1854218174948057126 (text read through the X syndication endpoint, https://cdn.syndication.twimg.com/tweet-result?id=1854218174948057126) diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/C.B. Scott Jones.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/C.B. Scott Jones.md index b25c0c90..cecf5850 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/C.B. Scott Jones.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/C.B. Scott Jones.md @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ The finding aid lists Series 4 (Human Potential Foundation, with subseries for P [^1]: Archives for the Unexplained, "Jones, C. B. Scott" (reproducing the obituary in the *Kerrville Daily Times*: born February 19, 1928, Emporia, Kansas, to Cecil Beam Jones Sr.; died January 16, 2023), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/jones-c-b-scott/. [^2]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, "C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers," COU:4004, biographical note, scope note, and Series 1 and 4 descriptions, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, read in the Wayback Machine capture of June 2024 (the live site blocks automated downloads). -[^3]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635; text read at http://www.tricksterbook.com/ArticlesOnline/ScottJonesWhitePaper.pdf. Hostile to Jones; sole source for the passages so cited (the Graham and Kerby episode rests on Graham's and Jones's statements as relayed by Durant; the "rumors" are unattributed). +[^3]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635; text read at http://www.tricksterbook.com/ArticlesOnline/ScottJonesWhitePaper.pdf. Hostile to Jones. The Graham and Kerby episode rests on Graham's and Jones's statements as relayed by Durant; the "rumors" are unattributed. [^4]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html. [^5]: Tom Kelly, "In search of modern Merlins: Psychics gain wider credibility," *Washington Times*, June 26, 1989 (date per archive metadata), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080027-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000200080027-5. [^6]: United Press International, "Pell keen on psychic research," July 17, 1988, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/07/17/Pell-keen-on-psychic-research/3613585115200/. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Charles Marsh.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Charles Marsh.md index d8d7f566..6199e24a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Charles Marsh.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Charles Marsh.md @@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ No record of formal OSS or CIA employment for Marsh has been identified in acces An unsigned three-page investigative memo of unknown provenance, circulated among researchers studying [[The Finders]] in the mid-1990s, claims that Marsh introduced [[Marion Pettie]] to CIA-adjacent networks at the [[National Press Club]] after World War II and arranged funding for Virginia farmland purchases on Pettie's behalf, as part of a larger arrangement in which Colonel [[Leonard N. Weigner]] directed Pettie to embed within counterculture movements as an intelligence asset. The memo further claims Marsh arranged counterintelligence training for Pettie, citing Marsh's established Washington intelligence connections; a 1998 Steamshovel Press account adds that Marsh facilitated Pettie's tie to [[William Yandell Elliott]], a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] professor on the [[National Security Council]] planning board and a [[Radio Liberty]] trustee.[^3][^4] -No primary source corroborates this claim. Marsh died on December 30, 1964, years before the counterculture movement took shape as a phenomenon, and before the CIA's domestic surveillance programs of the late 1960s were initiated. His Charles E. Marsh papers at the LBJ Presidential Library and his documented correspondence do not mention Pettie. The anonymous memo is the sole source for this claim.[^1][^3] - ### Footnotes [^1]: Caro, Robert A. *The Path to Power*. Knopf, 1982. Also: Caro, Robert A. *Means of Ascent*. Knopf, 1990. Charles E. Marsh Papers, LBJ Presidential Library, Austin. Finding aid: discoverlbj.org/item/marshce. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Christopher Mellon.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Christopher Mellon.md index 57e05269..a9b5e8fd 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Christopher Mellon.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Christopher Mellon.md @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ The same query returns further occupation and employer entries. The entries to M [^5]: Bender, Bryan. "The Hidden History of How Washington Embraced UFOs." *Politico Magazine,* May 28, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/28/ufos-secret-history-government-washington-dc-487900 [^6]: [[The Black Vault]], FOIA release of Office of the Secretary of Defense case 18-F-0644, August 2019 (emails of August 23 and 24, 2017 between Luis Elizondo and Michael Russo of the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, with the DD Form 1910; the form's text is poorly legible in the scan and is quoted as transcribed in the research notes), https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/18-F-0644.pdf ; Joseph Gradisher quoted in "U.S. Navy Confirms Videos Depict Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, Not Cleared for Public Release," The Black Vault, September 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-navy-confirms-videos-depict-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-not-cleared-for-public-release/ [^7]: U.S. Department of Defense. "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/). -[^8]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/ (sole source for the statement, made on camera to James Fox; Vice could not verify). +[^8]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/ (the statement was made on camera to James Fox; Vice could not verify). [^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Foreword by Christopher Mellon, dated May 16, 2024, pp. xiii to xxii. Page numbers are those of the printed index where it lists the passage. [^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 180 to 185 (Semivan at pp. 180 to 182 and 184 to 185; Mellon's visit at pp. 183 to 185). [^11]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 222 to 224 (deputy staff director at p. 222; the special operations command bill at p. 224). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/David Morehouse.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/David Morehouse.md index b9030bf0..3ad28f05 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/David Morehouse.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/David Morehouse.md @@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ In 1997, according to the same biography, Morehouse formed Remote Viewing Techno [^6]: "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," undated memorandum, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000400300004-7. [^7]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program, with footnote on the woman's testimony. [^8]: Schnabel, Jim, "The Truth About Dave Morehouse and Psychic Warrior (Part 1 of 2)," November 7, 1996, and "(Part 2)," originally hosted at psitech.tripod.com, read in the Wayback Machine capture of January 12, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel.html and https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel2.html. -[^9]: "Psychic spy speaks on homeland defense," *Pleasanton Weekly*, November 2, 2001, https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2001/2001_11_02.psychic2.html, quoting Morehouse's web site. Sole source for the passages so cited, apart from the dates in Schnabel's account. -[^10]: Morehouse, David, "Biography," davidmorehouse.com, https://davidmorehouse.com/about/. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: "Psychic spy speaks on homeland defense," *Pleasanton Weekly*, November 2, 2001, https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2001/2001_11_02.psychic2.html, quoting Morehouse's web site. +[^10]: Morehouse, David, "Biography," davidmorehouse.com, https://davidmorehouse.com/about/. [^11]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, acknowledgments and source notes; Alexander, "Review of Psychic Warrior," https://www.stunned.org/spook/spook/www.psitech.net/morehouse.htm. [^12]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1. [^13]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program and source notes (citing Fleming 1995 for the film deal). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donald M. Kerr.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donald M. Kerr.md index dc95442d..39bb373f 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donald M. Kerr.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donald M. Kerr.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ relations: fn: 1 --- -Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. [[Seymour Hersh]], Jeffrey Richelson and [[Leonard Weiss]] identify him as the head of the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) review of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting.[^1][^2] The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. Its February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director of central intelligence states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr."[^1] Hersh wrote that Kerr said, "We had no doubt it was a bomb," and that Kerr believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^3] +Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. [[Seymour Hersh]], [[Jeffrey Richelson]] and [[Leonard Weiss]] identify him as the head of the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) review of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting.[^1][^2] The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. Its February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director of central intelligence states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr."[^1] Hersh wrote that Kerr said, "We had no doubt it was a bomb," and that Kerr believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^3] ### Sun Streak diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eefje Lambrecks.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eefje Lambrecks.md index ee89331d..06c0a736 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eefje Lambrecks.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eefje Lambrecks.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The commission's chronology records that on the evening of August 22, 1995, at B ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its placing of the bodies at Sars-la-Buissière, exhumed on September 16, 1996, is contradicted by contemporaneous reporting; it places the hypnosis show at Blankenberge, as does the commission's chronology; *Le Parisien* gives Ostend. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its placing of the bodies at Sars-la-Buissière, exhumed on September 16, 1996, is contradicted by contemporaneous reporting; it places the hypnosis show at Blankenberge, as does the commission's chronology; *Le Parisien* gives Ostend. [^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 78-80 and table 7, p. 272; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf [^3]: Fleury, Elisabeth. "Le calvaire d'An et Eefje." *Le Parisien,* April 5, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/le-calvaire-d-an-et-eefje-05-04-2004-2004887724.php [^4]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eugene Hasenfus.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eugene Hasenfus.md index d8d7d86a..14e70051 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eugene Hasenfus.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eugene Hasenfus.md @@ -87,5 +87,5 @@ Hasenfus was tried in Nicaragua and sentenced to 30 years in prison on charges r [^10]: Warren Richey and George D. Moffett III, "Credibility crisis over downed plane," *The Christian Science Monitor*, October 10, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1010/ashot.html, and Marshall Ingwerson, "Contra aid shadow dance," December 15, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1215/atrans.html (Corporate Air Services paychecks). [^11]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Southern Air Transport; $1,935,596). [^12]: Walsh, chapter 17, "United States v. Clair E. George." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm -[^13]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 18, "We bust our ass and the government's involved." Sole source for the Fiers quotation and the cover-up passage as carried here. +[^13]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 18, "We bust our ass and the government's involved." [^14]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "HPSCI Staff Briefing on Crash of C-123 in Nicaragua," OCA 86-3489, October 16, 1986, paragraph 12. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01390r000400550034-9 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/George Knapp.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/George Knapp.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3d23b84c --- /dev/null +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/George Knapp.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +--- +aliases: + - George Knapp + - George Knapp (journalist) + - George Knapp (television journalist) +category: "Authors & Journalists" +tags: + - Person + - InvestigativeJournalist + - LasVegasJournalism + - UFOReporting + - BobLazar + - SkinwalkerRanch + - AAWSAP + - BigelowAerospace + - NIDS + - Weaponized + - MysteryWire + - Nevada +summary: "George Knapp is the chief investigative reporter of KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, whose UFO coverage began with the 1989 Bob Lazar series and who testified before a House task force on September 9, 2025." +location: "Las Vegas, Nevada" +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: employed_by + with: "[[KLAS-TV]]" + start: "1981" + role: "general assignment reporter from 1981, co-anchor at various times, and chief reporter of the I-Team investigative unit from 1995, per the station biography" + fn: 1 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Coast to Coast AM]]" + start: "2007" + role: "weekend host, per the program's host page" + fn: 3 + - type: partner_of + with: "[[Jeremy Corbell]]" + start: "2023-01-24" + role: "co-host of the WEAPONIZED podcast, launched by Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment" + fn: 27 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]]" + start: "2025-09-09" + role: "witness at the hearing Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection" + fn: 23 +--- + +George Knapp is a reporter for [[KLAS-TV]], Channel 8 in [[Las Vegas]], where he has worked since 1981 and has been chief reporter of the station's I-Team investigative unit since 1995.[^1] His 1989 series on [[Bob Lazar]] brought the claims about a reverse-engineering facility near [[Area 51]] to television, and he has reported on UFO and government-program subjects for the station ever since. He co-wrote [[Skinwalkers at the Pentagon]] with [[James Lacatski]] and [[Colm Kelleher]], has been a weekend host of [[Coast to Coast AM]] since 2007, and gave written and oral statements to House committees in 2023 and 2025. + +### Station career + +The station biography states that Knapp moved to Las Vegas in 1979, worked as a taxi driver, and then worked as a part-time studio cameraman and production assistant at [[KLVX-TV]] Channel 10 before KLAS hired him in 1981 as a general assignment reporter.[^1] He has co-anchored newscasts for the station. The biography gives his education as a communications degree from [[West Georgia College]] and a master's degree in communications from the [[University of the Pacific]], where he taught speech and debate and served as director of forensics. It also lists teaching posts at [[California Polytechnic State University]], a debate coaching role at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and a broadcast journalism course at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]].[^1] + +Since 1995 Knapp has been chief reporter of the Channel 8 I-Team.[^1] The biography credits him with five regional and two national [[Edward R. Murrow Award]] wins for investigative stories, nine [[Associated Press]] Mark Twain awards for newswriting, and 24 regional Emmy Awards. A [[NewsNation]] profile published October 8, 2023 repeats the same counts and gives the Emmys as Pacific Southwest Regional Emmy Awards.[^1][^2] The host page of Coast to Coast AM gives 27 regional Emmy awards.[^3] Knapp told the House Oversight subcommittee in 2023 that he had worked with photographer [[Matt Adams]] on his UFO-related news reports for the previous 22 years.[^4] + +On May 1, 2026 KLAS posted a Knapp report on a [[Wall Street Journal]] story alleging that an unnamed Air Force officer, on an unknown date, handed fake UFO photographs to the owners of a bar near Area 51 as a cover story for [[F-117 Nighthawk]] testing. The owners of the bar, interviewed by Knapp, rejected the account, and Knapp's report stated that KLAS and other media had reported the existence of the F-117 as far back as the early 1980s.[^5] + +### The 1989 Bob Lazar series + +KLAS aired an interview in May 1989 with a man identified on air as "Dennis," shown in silhouette, who described flying discs of extraterrestrial origin. The identity of the interviewee, Bob Lazar, was disclosed in November 1989.[^5][^6] On November 6, 1989 KLAS aired the first part of a nine-part series titled "UFOs: The Best Evidence." The station's 2019 retrospective, in which Knapp looked back on the series, describes it as the highest rated local news series ever aired in Las Vegas and says it "revealed the name of Bob Lazar."[^7] In the retrospective Knapp says the series took nearly eight months to assemble.[^7] The station biography states that in 1990 [[United Press International]] selected his UFO series as the best in the nation for individual achievement by a journalist; the Coast to Coast AM host page dates the same UPI recognition to 1989 and describes it as concerning his reports on Area 51.[^1][^3] + +In his 2023 statement to Congress Knapp wrote that in 1989 he began hearing "seemingly-outlandish tidbits regarding crashed saucers, strange materials, and reverse engineering programs" in the Nevada desert, and that the first person he told about this outside his newsroom was [[Harry Reid]], then in his first term in the Senate. He wrote that Reid said he was interested in hearing more, that this began a private two-way conversation "that continued for the next three decades," and that he kept Reid informed of UFO developments and received information from him that he could not otherwise have obtained.[^4] + +In his 2025 written testimony Knapp described the 1989 reporting as the start of his work on the subject. He wrote that he reported on Lazar and S-4, "the place out near Area 51" where Lazar said a reverse-engineering program was underway, and that he and [[Robert Stoldal]], then KLAS news director, regarded the story as a risk for the station.[^8] Knapp wrote that Lazar alone was not enough to proceed, and that he appealed on the air for people with knowledge of the program to contact him. He testified that more than two dozen sources spoke to the station, and that six people who spoke with him in succession by telephone in the newsroom were visited the next day by government agents or security personnel from former employers, who in his account told them to keep quiet. He described one of the six, a woman who had worked for a defense contractor, as having been told by two men in suits that "It's a big desert out there. It would be a shame if anything happened to either of you," and he stated that someone had been listening to the phone in his office.[^8] + +Knapp testified that the first person he told outside the newsroom about the story was Harry Reid, who said he was interested, and that the two kept a private conversation going for the rest of Reid's life.[^8] A KLAS Mystery Wire page of March 27, 2026 states that Reid's interest dates to the 1980s, when Knapp first discussed the subject with him, and lists Knapp's reporting on Reid from a November 1989 live interview "before the reveal of Bob Lazar" through June 2021.[^9] In April 2026 KLAS posted two pieces on the Amazon Prime film "S4: The Bob Lazar Story," whose director was Luigi Vendittelli; the piece credited to Knapp states that Lazar did not want to take part in another documentary and that the film grew out of four and a half years of exchanges with him.[^6][^10] + +### Sources, documents and the Russia files + +In his 2025 testimony Knapp stated that what drew him to the subject was the paper trail of FOIA documents, the first of which came to KLAS under the arm of [[John Lear]], son of [[Bill Lear]], who had earlier helped the station break a story on the testing of a radar-invisible aircraft that proved to be the F-117. He testified that he was forwarding the Task Force a list of documents, including a report of the [[Congressional Research Service]].[^8] + +He testified about [[Howard Cannon]], the former Nevada senator, whose son Alan told Knapp that his father had said the Roswell story and crash debris were true; Knapp stated that Cannon told him on camera that his friend [[Barry Goldwater]] had sought access to material held at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] and was refused, and that Goldwater confirmed the story to him in correspondence in the early 1990s.[^8] He also testified about [[Al O'Donnell]], first general manager of the [[EG&G]] operation in Las Vegas, who over several months of unrecorded coffee-shop meetings told Knapp that he had been involved in securing a crashed craft, most likely in 1953, held at Indian Springs Air Base (now [[Creech Air Force Base]]), and later a living being. Knapp wrote that O'Donnell then said he had been warned to stop talking to him, and that years later an anonymous source gave a book author a different account of Roswell. Knapp stated: "Al had a reason for changing the story. Someone told him to do it."[^8] + +Knapp's 2023 statement describes a 1993 trip to Moscow, arranged over eight months with the assistance of Representative [[Jim Bilbray]] and the Russian physicist [[Nikolai Kapranov]], on which he and two colleagues interviewed more than a dozen Russian military officials, intelligence operatives and scientists.[^4] In that statement he wrote that [[Boris Sokolov]], director of a Ministry of Defense study of UFO reports, said there had been 45 incidents in which Russian warplanes engaged UFOs, and that in three the warplanes crashed and two pilots died. The 2025 written testimony gives the number as 40 incidents.[^4][^8] The 2025 testimony adds that Knapp returned to Moscow in 1996 to interview General Igor Maltsev, who issued the standing order to leave UFOs alone because "they could have incredible capacities for retaliation," and describes an October 1982 incident at a missile base in Ukraine in which, in Sokolov's account, the launch displays illuminated and the missiles became ready to fire after a UFO had been overhead for four hours. Knapp testified that he had given copies of the documents to the Task Force and earlier to [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]] and the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], and that the AAWSAP translation team produced a synopsis describing a larger body called Unit 73790.[^8] + +### NIDS and Robert Bigelow + +In his 2023 statement Knapp wrote that the other person he met in 1989 in connection with the subject was [[Robert Bigelow]], who by his account has spent tens of millions of dollars of his own money on UFO investigations, and that in 1996 Bigelow created the [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS) with a science advisory board of PhD-level academics, two former astronauts who had walked on the moon, and scientists who had worked for or consulted with military and intelligence agencies. He wrote that after NIDS began its own investigations he informed Senator Reid about the organization and arranged an introduction, that Reid attended one of the first board meetings, and that the connection between Reid and Bigelow was "directly related to the inquiry you have launched 27 years later." He wrote that after the Moscow trip he shared the information with NIDS, with Reid and with senior staff of the Senate Intelligence Committee.[^4] + +The NIDS website as captured by the [[Internet Archive]] on December 6, 2000 lists a Science Advisory Board chaired by [[Warren Burggren]] and including [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Jessica Utts]] and [[Jacques Vallee]], and a staff of Robert T. Bigelow as president and founder, Colm A. Kelleher as deputy administrator, [[John B. Alexander]] as "Discrete Project Scout," [[Eric Davis]], George E. Onet, Marcel Kuijsten, Mindy Floyd and Connie Fox-VanHorne.[^11] Knapp's name does not appear on the personnel pages of the captures of December 6, 2000, December 14, 2001 and February 4, 2004, or on the mission statement pages of the captures of December 6, 2000 and December 14, 2001.[^11][^12] The earliest capture of the site in the Internet Archive is April 14, 2000.[^11] + +### Skinwalker Ranch and the Bigelow contractors + +[[Hunt for the Skinwalker]] ([[Paraview Pocket Books]], 2005, ISBN 9781416505211) is catalogued under the name of Colm Kelleher alone; a 2017 audiobook edition from [[Dreamscape Media]] credits Kelleher, George Knapp and David Bendena.[^13] The Coast to Coast AM host page states that Knapp co-authored the book.[^3] The same catalog lists Skinwalkers at the Pentagon, published in 2021 by an independent publisher with Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp as authors (ISBN 9798487639653).[^14] + +Records obtained by [[The Black Vault]] under FOIA case 22-F-0035 show that the Skinwalkers at the Pentagon manuscript was submitted to the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review in March 2020, was routed to the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Air Force and the [[Department of Homeland Security]], and was cleared as amended on May 11, 2021. The changes concerned personally identifiable information, protected health information and the names of certain government employees. In an interview on Coast to Coast AM, Kelleher said that the names of active-duty personnel in the book are pseudonyms, including that of one of the four Tic Tac pilots.[^15] + +In his 2025 testimony Knapp described Kelleher as the principal manager of the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]] (AAWSAP) in Las Vegas who had worked for Bigelow, identified Bigelow's company, BAASS, as the awardee of the DIA contract for AAWSAP, and stated that he is a co-author of two books written primarily by Lacatski and Kelleher.[^8] + +### AAWSAP reporting and the DIA releases + +KLAS posted a Knapp and Adams report on June 28, 2018 on a 2009 letter from Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]. The report states that the letter said the study had focused on "advanced aerospace threats and disruptive aerospace technologies," that it was already a success, and that only 14 people were copied. [[Luis Elizondo]] told the station that the letter was legitimate.[^16] The letter, released by DIA to The Black Vault, is dated June 24, 2009 and is written on the letterhead of the Majority Leader.[^17] A second Knapp and Adams report, originally aired on July 25, 2018, described a presentation by Hal Puthoff, chief scientist for BAASS, in June 2018 as the first public presentation about the study.[^18] + +In his 2023 statement Knapp wrote that the December 2017 [[New York Times]] story on the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP) was accurate in many respects but wrong in stating that the $22 million secured by Reid, [[Daniel Inouye]] and [[Ted Stevens]] funded AATIP. In his account the money went to AAWSAP, a DIA program initiated and managed by Lacatski, whose contract was awarded to a subsidiary of Bigelow Aerospace. He wrote that AAWSAP began in September 2008, employed 50 full-time investigators at one point, compiled a data warehouse of more than 200,000 cases, and produced more than 100 research papers, the first of which concerned the 2004 Tic Tac incident, and that neither Congress nor the public had seen them. He wrote that one condition of the Bigelow contract was a Las Vegas plant able to accept, store and study exotic materials, that Lacatski's requests for access to such materials were met with "harsh rebukes," and that AAWSAP lasted 27 months of a planned five years.[^4] + +In his 2025 testimony Knapp attributed the origin of AAWSAP to Lacatski and a DIA colleague, and said that Senator Reid and two other senior senators secured its funding.[^8] He wrote that BAASS hired about fifty investigators, most of them former military or law enforcement, and that the contract produced more than three dozen preliminary Defense Intelligence Reference Documents (DIRDs) and more than 100 further reports.[^8] He put the data holdings at more than 240,000 case files from multiple collections, a database he said was designed and overseen by Jacques Vallee and reportedly used by U.S. agencies since. He said none of the 100-plus reports had been released by DIA, although some had leaked.[^8] A KLAS page of March 27, 2026 credited to John Forest and Knapp states that Reid, Inouye and Stevens began the study in 2007, that it employed nearly fifty scientists at its peak, and that it cost $22 million in total.[^9] + +The Black Vault, which has filed FOIA requests on the program since 2018, records that DIA released the contract records for Contract HHM402-08-R-0211 under case FOIA-00349-2018 on October 13, 2022, with 13 pages withheld in full.[^19] The same archive records that DIA completed FOIA-0159-2018 on March 25, 2022, releasing 37 of 38 requested DIRDs and that the one withheld report was appealed.[^19] + +Knapp testified in 2025 that in 2023 Lacatski revealed he had been in high-level talks with the Department of Homeland Security about a new program, [[KONA BLUE]], and that during discussions with a U.S. senator and an undersecretary of the department Lacatski said that "the U.S. is in possession of a craft of unknown origin and had successfully gained access to its interior." Knapp testified that Lacatski stated to a senior government official and a sitting senator that the government has at least one UFO.[^8][^20] A passage quoted from the 2023 book Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations places the meeting with a senator and an agency under secretary in 2011.[^20] Knapp also testified that Bigelow and a colleague negotiated with a senior [[Lockheed Martin]] executive for a quantity of material held at a facility in California, that the material's composition suggested manufacture in a zero-gravity environment, and that the agreement was not completed.[^8][^20] + +### Congressional statements and testimony + +On July 26, 2023 the Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs of the [[House Committee on Oversight and Accountability]] held a hearing titled "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency." The witnesses were [[David Fravor]], [[Ryan Graves]] and [[David Grusch]]. The printed record lists a "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. [[Tim Burchett]]," and the committee repository lists it as a four-page "Statement to Congress" by George Knapp, signed "American Investigative Reporter."[^4][^21][^22] Burchett also entered a DIRD titled "Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (spacetime metric) Engineering" into the record and asked for unanimous consent to add statements by Knapp and by [[Jeremy Corbell]], whom he described as not witnesses but as having provided statements on the subject. The request was granted without objection.[^21] + +On September 9, 2025 Knapp appeared before the [[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]], chaired by [[Anna Paulina Luna]], at a hearing titled "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection." The committee's witness list gives Jeffrey Nuccetelli, Chief Alexandro Wiggins, George Knapp ("UAP Journalist"), Dylan Borland and, as the minority witness, Joe Spielberger of the [[Project On Government Oversight]].[^23] His written statement, headed "For the Record" of the Oversight Committee's hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," identifies him as chief investigative reporter for KLAS-TV, dates his pursuit of the subject to 1987, and states that he does not believe in aliens and that "Belief has nothing to do with it," describing the subject as a news story[^8] He described himself as "not a whistleblower, and not a UFO witness."[^8] In the statement he wrote that Grusch, who testified in 2023, now works for Representative [[Eric Burlison]] as an advisor.[^8] + +Asked about a video of an object tracked by an MQ-9 drone off Yemen, which Eric Burlison had played, Knapp said: "Jeremy Corbell and I talked about it in one of our episodes a while back." He said they did not have the video at that time.[^24] + +### Peabody, Murrow and Emmy awards + +The [[Peabody Awards]] database lists two winners credited to Knapp. The 2008 award went to [[Crossfire: Water, Power and Politics]], a KLAS series on Nevada water and growth, with Knapp as producer and as writer and reporter; the credits name [[Ian Russell]] as co-producer and Matthew Adams as photographer and editor, with Robert Stoldal and Ron Comings as executive producers.[^25] The 2011 award went to Desert Underwater, a two-week series and one-hour special on the Las Vegas housing collapse, with Knapp and Colleen McCarty as producers, writers and reporters, Ian Russell as a third producer, Adams as director, and Ron Comings and Terri Foley as executive producers.[^26] The station biography also credits Knapp with a DuPont Award from [[Columbia University]].[^1] + +### Radio, Mystery Wire and the WEAPONIZED podcast + +The Coast to Coast AM host page states that Knapp has been a weekend host of the program since 2007.[^3] KLAS launched the Mystery Wire website on November 6, 2019, the 30th anniversary of the first part of "UFOs: The Best Evidence," as an archive of the station's news stories and interviews on UFOs, Area 51, military programs and related subjects.[^7] In April 2026 the station identified Knapp and Ron Futrell as the hosts of Mystery Wire.[^6] NewsNation scheduled a special on Knapp's files, "The UFO Reporter," to begin October 15, 2023.[^2] + +Knapp and Corbell host [[Weaponized (podcast)|WEAPONIZED]], a multi-platform investigative podcast that [[Cadence13]] and [[Dark Horse Entertainment]] launched on January 24, 2023 with the stated aim of showing never-before-seen footage and previously suppressed documents.[^27] The program's hosts page lists Knapp among its hosts.[^3] The first part of the episode "Immaculate Constellation - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public," Episode 74, was uploaded to Corbell's YouTube channel on April 29, 2025.[^28] + +On May 23, 2022 at 9:12 PM Pacific time KLAS posted Knapp's report on the [[UAP Task Force]]. It said that in January 2021 [[Jay Stratton]] "was surprisingly transferred out of the job," and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^29] + +On October 13, 2022 KLAS posted a Knapp report on [[Radiance Technologies]] under the headline "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" The report quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]] answering a hypothetical request to take apart a UFO: "No, we provide customer solutions." It quotes [[Travis Taylor]] saying he and Stratton were "doing reverse engineering of foreign materials."[^30] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: KLAS-TV, "George Knapp," station biography, 8 News Now, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=364. +[^2]: Brian Entin, "The UFO Reporter Part 1: The George Knapp Files," NewsNation, updated October 8, 2023, https://digital-release.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/ufo-reporter-part-one-george-knapp-files/ +[^3]: Coast to Coast AM, "George Knapp," host page (biography: weekend host since 2007; 27 regional Emmy awards; UPI 1989; "co-authored the best selling book Hunt for the Skinwalker"), https://www.coasttocoastam.com/host/george-knapp/ ; hosts page, https://www.coasttocoastam.com/hosts/ +[^4]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," submitted by Rep. Burchett for the record, hearing of July 26, 2023, 4 pp., House Committee Repository, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf (committee listing: https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=116282). +[^5]: George Knapp, "Major newspaper claims Air Force created alien tech stories at Area 51 to mislead public," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 1, 2026, 5:28 PM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/major-newspaper-claims-air-force-created-alien-tech-stories-at-area-51-to-mislead-public/ +[^6]: John Forest, "Bob Lazar's UFO claims gain traction with 'S4' success," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 16, 2026, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/bob-lazars-ufo-claims-gain-traction-with-s4-success/ +[^7]: Greg Haas, "Mystery Wire launches 30 years after 'UFOs: The Best Evidence'," KLAS 8 News Now, posted November 6, 2019, 6:58 PM PST, updated November 19, 2019, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/area51/mystery-wire-launches-30-years-after-ufos-the-best-evidence/ +[^8]: George Knapp, written testimony "For the Record" of the Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf +[^9]: John Forest and George Knapp, "Nevada Senator Harry Reid's hidden interest in UFOs," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted March 27, 2026, 10:25 AM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/nevada-senator-harry-reids-hidden-interest-in-aliens-and-ufos/ +[^10]: George Knapp, "Reconstructing the world of Bob Lazar: 'S4' collaboration brings original story to life," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 9, 2026, 5:39 PM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/reconstructing-the-world-of-bob-lazar-s4-collaboration-brings-original-story-to-life/ +[^11]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," nidsci.org, Internet Archive capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html ; site home page capture of April 14, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20000414082107/http://www.nidsci.org/ +[^12]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," Internet Archive captures of December 14, 2001 (https://web.archive.org/web/20011214082825/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html) and February 4, 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040204181441/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html); "Mission Statement," captures of December 6, 2000 (https://web.archive.org/web/20001206021500/http://www.nidsci.org/mission.html) and December 14, 2001 (https://web.archive.org/web/20011214082731/http://www.nidsci.org/mission.html). +[^13]: Open Library, work records for "Hunt for the skinwalker" (2005, Paraview Pocket Books, ISBN 9781416505211), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5850693W ; Open Library, "Hunt for the Skinwalker" audio edition (2017, Dreamscape Media, credits Colm A. Kelleher Ph.D, George Knapp, David Bendena), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL24850199W ; Internet Archive catalog record huntforskinwalke0000kell (creator Kelleher, Colm A; New York: Paraview Pocket Books, 2005; xiv, 304 p.), https://archive.org/details/huntforskinwalke0000kell +[^14]: Open Library, work record for "Skinwalkers at the Pentagon" (2021, Independently published, ISBN 9798487639653, credits James T Lacatski, Colm A. Kelleher Ph.D and George Knapp), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL37495767W +[^15]: The Black Vault, "New Documents Detail Slow, Multi-Agency Vetting of 'Skinwalkers at the Pentagon'," posted August 12, 2025 (FOIA case 22-F-0035), https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/new-documents-detail-slow-multi-agency-vetting-of-skinwalkers-at-the-pentagon/ +[^16]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "I-Team Exclusive: Nevada senator fought to save secret UFO program," originally posted on 8NewsNow.com June 28, 2018, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/i-team-exclusive-nevada-senator-fought-to-save-secret-ufo-program/ +[^17]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn, June 24, 2009, released by DIA to The Black Vault, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf +[^18]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "EXCLUSIVE: I-Team obtains some key documents related to Pentagon UFO study," originally aired July 25, 2018, KLAS-TV, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/exclusive-i-team-obtains-some-key-documents-related-to-pentagon-ufo-study/ +[^19]: The Black Vault, "The Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) Documentation," originally published April 2022 and updated, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-advanced-aerospace-weapon-system-applications-program-aawsap-documentation/ +[^20]: Knapp's September 9, 2025 written testimony (note 4) gives the 2023 Lacatski revelation and the Lockheed negotiation, relying for the Lockheed discussion on a source who was present. The 2011 date is from Keith Basterfield, "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, quoting Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp, Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations (2023), https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html +[^21]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, GovInfo CHRG-118hhrg53022, index entry "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. Burchett," https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm +[^22]: House Committee Repository, hearing of July 26, 2023, witnesses Fravor, Graves and Grusch and support documents "UC - Burchett - Statement for the Record - George Knapp" and "UC - Burchett - Report - 'The UAP Puzzle' - Jeremy Corbell" (added August 21, 2023), https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=116282 +[^23]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, hearing page "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, September 9, 2025, 10:00 am, HVC-210, https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/restoring-public-trust-through-uap-transparency-and-whistleblower-protection/ ; Luna opening remarks, press release of September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/release/luna-opens-hearing-on-restoring-public-trust-through-uap-transparency/ +[^24]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," September 9, 2025, printed record CHRG-119hhrg61718 (Knapp's oral remarks). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-119hhrg61718/html/CHRG-119hhrg61718.htm +[^25]: The Peabody Awards, "Crossfire: Water, Power and Politics," 2008 winner, https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/crossfire/ +[^26]: The Peabody Awards, "Desert Underwater," KLAS-TV, 2011 winner, https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/desert-underwater/ +[^27]: Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment, "Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment Launch 'WEAPONIZED' Podcast," https://www.darkhorse.com/newsfeed/cadence13-and-dark-horse-entertainment-launch-weap/ +[^28]: Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, "Immaculate Constellation - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public : PART 1 : WEAPONIZED : Episode #74," YouTube, uploaded April 29, 2025 (12:00 PM PDT), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAxI-LDrDqA +[^29]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/ +[^30]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022, 11:16 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Gerard Messadie.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Gerard Messadie.md index 8f0c6445..1298fbac 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Gerard Messadie.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Gerard Messadie.md @@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ The [[U.S. Navy]] denied the reports. Messadié's publication drew wide attentio [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^2]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 29-31. [^3]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. -[^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^5]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. +[^5]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry A. Kissinger.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry A. Kissinger.md index 5b4cee09..84920ef3 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry A. Kissinger.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry A. Kissinger.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases: - Henry Kissinger - Kissinger created: 2026-05-14 -updated: 2026-09-22 +updated: 2026-10-09 category: "Intelligence & Government" tags: - KeyFigure @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ tags: - ColdWar - 1960s - 1970s -summary: "Henry A. Kissinger served as National Security Advisor (1969-1975) and Secretary of State (1973-1977) under Nixon and Ford, and endorsed Israel's covert nuclear weapons program at Dimona while privately advocating that Japan and Israel were better served by having the bomb than submitting to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty." +summary: "National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford who endorsed Israel's nuclear program at Dimona and privately argued that Japan and Israel were better served by the bomb than the Non-Proliferation Treaty." born: 1923-05-27 died: 2023-11-29 location: "Fürth, Germany" @@ -27,6 +27,18 @@ relations: role: "director, Special Studies Project" end: 1958-06-30 fn: ssp + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]" + role: "attended some sessions, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: qp3 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]" + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: qp1 --- Henry A. Kissinger was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the [[United States Secretary of State]] and National Security Advisor under Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]]. In the fall of 1967, while a [[Harvard University]] professor and consultant on [[Vietnam]] to the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration, Kissinger visited [[Tel Aviv]] to teach for a week at the Israeli Defense College. At the end of his course, he went to [[William N. Dale]]'s office in the embassy and sent an urgent, top-secret message to the [[White House]], warning about [[Dimona]] and concluding that [[Israel]] was making nuclear warheads.[^1] @@ -47,9 +59,13 @@ Kissinger's academic career at Harvard ran from 1951 to 1971, with a leave of ab The Harvard International Seminar received funding from at least three [[CIA]] cutouts, including [[The Asia Foundation]], [[The Fairfield Foundation]], and [[American Friends of the Middle East]], the last of which channeled approximately $243,000 to the program. After CIA funding was publicly exposed in 1967, the [[Ford Foundation]] assumed financial support for the program.[^seminar] +### Quantico Panels, 1955 + +Kissinger attended some sessions of the first [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]] at the Marine Corps Schools in June 1955, as did members of the State and Defense departments and the Central Intelligence Agency.[^qp3] On August 16, 1955, [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited him, then a Harvard academic, to a second panel on the psychological aspects of future United States strategy, which is called Quantico II in the record.[^qp1] The panel's twelve members met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September, with [[Frederick L. Anderson]] designated chairman.[^qp1] Kissinger took the place of [[Hans Speier]], who had planned a trip to Germany for the [[Rand Corporation]]. [[Daniel Bessner]] describes the meeting as crucial to Kissinger's career, and states that Rockefeller became his political patron after it.[^qp4] The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] describes its folder of Kissinger's Spring 1980 interview in the Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers as stating that Kissinger "met Nelson Rockefeller while serving on the staff of the Quantico II conference in the mid-1950s"; Bessner, citing Isaacson, places the two men's first meeting at the first panel.[^qp5][^qp4] Kissinger's paper "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR" appears in the November 1955 source book, which the panel submitted on November 29, 1955.[^qp1][^qp2] + ### Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project -Kissinger served as director of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, a policy planning initiative convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]] that ran from 1956 to 1960, with the final publication appearing in 1961. The project produced a volume entitled *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961), which sold over 400,000 copies. +Kissinger served as director of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, a policy planning initiative convened by Nelson Rockefeller that ran from 1956 to 1960, with the final publication appearing in 1961. The project produced a volume entitled *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961), which sold over 400,000 copies. The project was organized into seven panels examining sweeping strategic and domestic issues. [[Dean Rusk]] chaired Panel I (International Objectives and Strategies). Kissinger, director of the whole project until his resignation on June 30, 1958, directed the report of Panel II (International Security: The Military Aspect), whose members included [[Roswell Gilpatric]], [[Townsend Hoopes]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Henry Luce]], and [[Laurance Rockefeller]]. Panel III (International Economic and Social Objectives) was chaired by [[Milton Katz]]. Panel IV (U.S. Economic and Social Policy) was chaired by [[Thomas B. McCabe]]. Panel V (U.S. Utilization of Human Resources) was chaired by [[John W. Gardner]]. Panel VI (U.S. Democratic Process) was chaired by [[James A. Perkins]]. Panel VII (The Moral Framework of National Purpose), chaired by [[Richard McKeon]], produced a report by [[Robert Heilbroner]] that was not published.[^ssp] @@ -132,3 +148,8 @@ Beginning in January 1969, Kissinger had his telephone conversations transcribed [^c2]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29. [^c3]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 24. [^friele]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29; Rockefeller Archive Center, Berent Friele Papers (FA468). +[^qp1]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Lists "Dr. Henry A. Kissinger of Harvard University" among the twelve invited on August 16, 1955. +[^qp2]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Contents, paper 16, "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR," by Henry A. Kissinger. +[^qp3]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 261 and note 129, citing Gordon H. Chang, *Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972* (Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 151. Bessner's note 129 is on his list of the eleven members: it states that Henry Kissinger attended some sessions, as did members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the NSC. +[^qp4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 264-265 and note 146, citing Walter Isaacson, *Kissinger: A Biography* (Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 90-91, on the two men's earlier contact at the first panel. +[^qp5]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers, Hugh Morrow Interviews, Series Q, Subseries 2, "Henry Kissinger Interview," Spring 1980, scope note, https://dimes.rockarch.org/collections/H45i6yf7MUHuaRwQVupvg5. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Howard Hughes.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Howard Hughes.md index 4977fa8e..f16dfce7 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Howard Hughes.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Howard Hughes.md @@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ relations: role: "personal representative and head of Nevada operations" end: 1970-12-05 fn: 3 + - type: owned + with: "[[KLAS-TV]]" + start: 1968 + end: 1978 + role: "buyer of the Las Vegas CBS affiliate on channel 8 in the FCC approval of February 14, 1968 (station record names Hughes Tool Company); the Hughes estate sold it, with FCC approval May 15, 1978" + fn: 11 - type: represented with: "[[Chester Davis]]" reverse: true @@ -55,19 +61,19 @@ relations: with: "[[Robert R. Mullen Company]]" reverse: true role: "Washington public relations under Robert Bennett" - fn: 21 + fn: 25 - type: contractor_to with: "[[Intertel]]" reverse: true role: "security and management consultants, Nevada casinos" start: 1970-12 - fn: 17 + fn: 21 - type: funded with: "[[Bebe Rebozo]]" role: "100,000 dollars in cash delivered by Richard Danner, returned in June 1973" start: 1969-09 end: 1973-06 - fn: 11 + fn: 15 - type: subject_of with: "[[Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities]]" role: "requested to testify; subpoena approved but never served" @@ -76,13 +82,13 @@ relations: with: "[[Project Azorian]]" role: "Hughes Tool Company named as owner of the Hughes Glomar Explorer" start: 1971-04 - fn: 25 + fn: 30 - type: relative_of with: "[[Annette Gano Lummis]]" role: "nephew" fn: 1 created: 2026-10-01 -updated: 2026-10-01 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was born on December 24, 1905, and died on April 5, 1976, aboard an aircraft on the way to [[Houston, Texas|Houston]].[^1] His father invented and patented the modern oil-drill bit, which was leased for 30,000 dollars a well; Hughes inherited a majority interest in the company at nineteen and bought out his relatives. In December 1970 his holdings in oil-drilling equipment, aerospace, electronics, airlines, communications and real estate were privately owned and not subject to public reporting requirements, and *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* estimated their value at 1.4 billion to 2 billion dollars. Hughes companies then employed about 65,000 people, and the [[Hughes Tool Company]] held about 60 percent of the world market for drill bits.[^2] Hughes Tool, later renamed [[Summa Corporation]], was the holding company for most of the holdings, and Hughes was its sole owner.[^3] @@ -107,68 +113,74 @@ In 1944 the [[Civil Aeronautics Board]] approved control of [[Trans World Airlin Hughes moved to [[Las Vegas]] in November 1966, and Maheu contracted through his own company to manage the hotels, casinos and other properties Hughes began to acquire, reporting to Hughes rather than to the executives of Hughes Tool.[^9] *Time* noted that [[Nevada]] had no inheritance taxes. Hughes lived for four years in the penthouse of the [[Desert Inn]]; by 1970 his Nevada holdings, valued by *Time* at 300 million dollars, included the Desert Inn, the [[Sands Hotel|Sands]], the [[Landmark Hotel|Landmark]], the [[Frontier Hotel|Frontier]] and the [[Castaways Hotel|Castaways]], the [[Silver Slipper Casino|Silver Slipper]], [[Harolds Club]] in [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]], the [[North Las Vegas Airport]] and the regional airline renamed [[Hughes Air West]]. Roselli held a gift-shop lease at the Frontier and said he had collected a finder's fee when the Desert Inn was sold to Hughes. State officials examining the books of the Sands in the summer of 1970 found 186,000 dollars in markers, some signed with fictitious names, which Hughes's managers wished to write off as bad debts and which the officials refused to allow. Hughes became suspicious of his Las Vegas employees in February 1970 after a tip from federal investigators examining kickbacks and skimming in the Nevada operation.[^2] -Hughes's purchases drew the [[Department of Justice]]. In 1968, after Hughes had promised the [[Nevada Gaming Commission]] that the [[Stardust Resort and Casino|Stardust]] would be his last major acquisition, the department's [[Antitrust Division]] prepared a civil complaint against the purchase, signed by Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] and scheduled for filing in late June 1968; Hughes's representatives postponed the merger shortly before it was to be filed. The Landmark, presented as a failing company, was approved in writing on January 17, 1969.[^10] +In October 1967 an application for FCC approval of the sale of [[KLAS-TV]], the Las Vegas CBS affiliate on channel 8, by [[Hank Greenspun]] and the [[Las Vegas Sun]] to Hughes was on file at a price of about $4.5 million. Greenspun gave financial difficulties as his reason, citing losses from a 1964 fire that destroyed the Sun building. The trade report describes Hughes as having been acquiring hotels and properties in Las Vegas during the preceding year.[^10] The FCC approved the transfer on February 14, 1968, according to the station record, which names the buyer as Hughes Tool Company; Broadcasting reported the same approval the following week and named Hughes personally, identifying him as the owner of Hughes Tool Company and of real estate in the Las Vegas area, with a price of $3,650,000 in cash plus assumption of obligations, estimated at about $4.5 million.[^11][^12] A 2018 KLAS report by [[George Knapp]] states that the money Hughes spent in Las Vegas is how he purchased Channel 8 in 1968.[^13] + +Hughes's purchases drew the [[Department of Justice]]. In 1968, after Hughes had promised the [[Nevada Gaming Commission]] that the [[Stardust Resort and Casino|Stardust]] would be his last major acquisition, the department's [[Antitrust Division]] prepared a civil complaint against the purchase, signed by Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] and scheduled for filing in late June 1968; Hughes's representatives postponed the merger shortly before it was to be filed. The Landmark, presented as a failing company, was approved in writing on January 17, 1969.[^14] Maheu testified that he was consulted on which political leaders Hughes should support, that Hughes knew of and approved all political contributions, and that Hughes saw them as ensuring access and influence. By 1969 Hughes's cash contributions were drawn from the Silver Slipper, which Hughes owned as a sole proprietorship. A memorandum from Hughes to Maheu, undated, found in the files of the [[Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities|Senate Watergate committee]], reads in part: "Bob, as soon as this predicament is settled, I want you to go see Nixon as my special confidential emissary. I feel there is a really valid possibility of a Republican victory this year. If that could be realized under our sponsorship and supervision every inch of the way then we would be ready to follow with Gov. [[Paul Laxalt]] as our next candidate."[^9] ### The Contribution to Bebe Rebozo -[[Richard Danner]] had been the FBI special agent in charge in Miami from 1940 to 1946, when he left to manage the first congressional campaign of [[George Smathers]]; after the 1950 election he introduced Senator-elect [[Richard Nixon]] to [[Bebe Rebozo]] at [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]]. Danner testified that in 1968 Nixon or Rebozo asked him to learn whether Hughes would contribute to the campaign, and that Rebozo suggested he raise it with [[Edward P. Morgan]], who represented Hughes. Maheu said Hughes approved 50,000 dollars in cash, seeing a contribution through Rebozo as a means of ensuring access to Nixon. On September 9, 1968 Maheu received 150,000 dollars in two checks from the Hughes executive [[Nadine Henley]], to be used in part for a contribution to Nixon. Danner, Rebozo and Morgan met for breakfast on September 11, 1968. Rebozo testified that he was uneasy about taking cash from Hughes through Morgan because of the 1956 loan from Hughes to [[F. Donald Nixon]], the candidate's brother, and because Morgan represented [[Drew Pearson]]; the [[White House]] denied that Nixon had discussed a Hughes contribution with Danner, and Danner's diary recorded a call from the candidate "re finances" on September 27, 1968. In December 1968 Maheu received 100,000 dollars in cash, 50,000 of which he tried to deliver to the President-elect or an aide at [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]].[^9][^11] +[[Richard Danner]] had been the FBI special agent in charge in Miami from 1940 to 1946, when he left to manage the first congressional campaign of [[George Smathers]]; after the 1950 election he introduced Senator-elect [[Richard Nixon]] to [[Bebe Rebozo]] at [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]]. Danner testified that in 1968 Nixon or Rebozo asked him to learn whether Hughes would contribute to the campaign, and that Rebozo suggested he raise it with [[Edward P. Morgan]], who represented Hughes. Maheu said Hughes approved 50,000 dollars in cash, seeing a contribution through Rebozo as a means of ensuring access to Nixon. On September 9, 1968 Maheu received 150,000 dollars in two checks from the Hughes executive [[Nadine Henley]], to be used in part for a contribution to Nixon. Danner, Rebozo and Morgan met for breakfast on September 11, 1968. Rebozo testified that he was uneasy about taking cash from Hughes through Morgan because of the 1956 loan from Hughes to [[F. Donald Nixon]], the candidate's brother, and because Morgan represented [[Drew Pearson]]; the [[White House]] denied that Nixon had discussed a Hughes contribution with Danner, and Danner's diary recorded a call from the candidate "re finances" on September 27, 1968. In December 1968 Maheu received 100,000 dollars in cash, 50,000 of which he tried to deliver to the President-elect or an aide at [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]].[^9][^15] -Danner joined the Hughes organization in February 1969. The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities found that the first delivery of 50,000 dollars to Rebozo took place on September 11 or 12, 1969 at Key Biscayne; Rebozo later moved the date to 1970, and Danner changed his testimony after consulting Rebozo. The committee listed four possible delivery dates (September 11-12, 1969; July 3, 1970; August 19-20, 1970; and October 28-30, 1970) and four possible packets of cash, from the Sands in early December 1968, from Henley on December 5, 1968 and July 11, 1969, and from the Hughes lawyer Thomas Bell out of the Silver Slipper on October 26, 1970.[^11] Asked about a trip to Key Biscayne, made with Maheu, that he had once taken to be the occasion of a delivery, Danner testified: "My recollection of the reason for that trip was to contact Mr. Rebozo and discuss the dumping of the nerve gas."[^12] Danner insisted that the money was requested for the 1970 congressional campaigns; Maheu testified that the first payment fulfilled the 1968 pledge and that the second was to ensure the Hughes people "an entree with the Nixon administration"; Rebozo testified that it was for the 1972 presidential campaign.[^13] +Danner joined the Hughes organization in February 1969. The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities found that the first delivery of 50,000 dollars to Rebozo took place on September 11 or 12, 1969 at Key Biscayne; Rebozo later moved the date to 1970, and Danner changed his testimony after consulting Rebozo. The committee listed four possible delivery dates (September 11-12, 1969; July 3, 1970; August 19-20, 1970; and October 28-30, 1970) and four possible packets of cash, from the Sands in early December 1968, from Henley on December 5, 1968 and July 11, 1969, and from the Hughes lawyer Thomas Bell out of the Silver Slipper on October 26, 1970.[^15] Asked about a trip to Key Biscayne, made with Maheu, that he had once taken to be the occasion of a delivery, Danner testified: "My recollection of the reason for that trip was to contact Mr. Rebozo and discuss the dumping of the nerve gas."[^16] Danner insisted that the money was requested for the 1970 congressional campaigns; Maheu testified that the first payment fulfilled the 1968 pledge and that the second was to ensure the Hughes people "an entree with the Nixon administration"; Rebozo testified that it was for the 1972 presidential campaign.[^17] -In the same period the books of Hughes Tool recorded other political money handled by Maheu. A check for 50,000 dollars dated May 13, 1969 was payable to Robert A. Maheu Associates, with a receipt marked "Nevada and L.V. local," which [[Chester Davis]] said the testimony of Henley identified as being for state and local contributions; Davis declined to produce an accountants' list of cash withdrawals from the Silver Slipper as the work product of litigation.[^14] In Maheu's later libel case, Summa pointed to 100,000 dollars Maheu received from Hughes's personal bank account in May 1970 "ostensibly for political contributions," of which about 13,000 dollars was so used and 87,000 dollars carried on Maheu's books as a debt to Hughes; to 59,000 dollars taken from the Silver Slipper in December 1969; and to "the disappearance of 50,000 dollars, an alleged cash contribution for former Vice-President [[Hubert Humphrey|Humphrey]]." Maheu testified that he delivered the Humphrey money in cash "by leaving it in an attache case in his limousine."[^3] +In the same period the books of Hughes Tool recorded other political money handled by Maheu. A check for 50,000 dollars dated May 13, 1969 was payable to Robert A. Maheu Associates, with a receipt marked "Nevada and L.V. local," which [[Chester Davis]] said the testimony of Henley identified as being for state and local contributions; Davis declined to produce an accountants' list of cash withdrawals from the Silver Slipper as the work product of litigation.[^18] In Maheu's later libel case, Summa pointed to 100,000 dollars Maheu received from Hughes's personal bank account in May 1970 "ostensibly for political contributions," of which about 13,000 dollars was so used and 87,000 dollars carried on Maheu's books as a debt to Hughes; to 59,000 dollars taken from the Silver Slipper in December 1969; and to "the disappearance of 50,000 dollars, an alleged cash contribution for former Vice-President [[Hubert Humphrey|Humphrey]]." Maheu testified that he delivered the Humphrey money in cash "by leaving it in an attache case in his limousine."[^3] ### The Dunes -In early 1970 Hughes instructed Maheu to negotiate the purchase of the [[Dunes Hotel]]. Maheu said Hughes told him to send Danner, then manager of the Frontier, directly to Attorney General [[John Mitchell]], whom Danner knew from the 1968 campaign. Danner met Mitchell on March 19, 1970; he testified that Mitchell said, "From our review of these figures, we see no problem. Why don't you go ahead with the negotiations," and that the purchase "met the guidelines." Danner and Maheu were both registered at the [[Madison Hotel]] in Washington that day, and Maheu recalled being told that the case "was taken care of in Washington and there would be no interference beyond that." Records of the Sonesta Beach Hotel in Key Biscayne show Danner and Maheu registered there from March 20 to 22, 1970; Mitchell left [[Union Station]] in Washington by train for Florida at 3:30 p.m. on March 20. On March 26, unaware of the oral approval, the head of the Antitrust Division, [[Richard McLaren]], wrote Mitchell a memorandum on the Dunes; McLaren said he never met Danner and knew of no approval. On November 24, 1970, [[J. Edgar Hoover]] sent Mitchell a memorandum, still unexplained when the committee reported, stating that Hughes had renewed his interest in the Dunes. The purchase fell through for financial reasons. The committee concluded that, except for that collapse, "this is a classic case of governmental decision-making for friends."[^10] +In early 1970 Hughes instructed Maheu to negotiate the purchase of the [[Dunes Hotel]]. Maheu said Hughes told him to send Danner, then manager of the Frontier, directly to Attorney General [[John Mitchell]], whom Danner knew from the 1968 campaign. Danner met Mitchell on March 19, 1970; he testified that Mitchell said, "From our review of these figures, we see no problem. Why don't you go ahead with the negotiations," and that the purchase "met the guidelines." Danner and Maheu were both registered at the [[Madison Hotel]] in Washington that day, and Maheu recalled being told that the case "was taken care of in Washington and there would be no interference beyond that." Records of the Sonesta Beach Hotel in Key Biscayne show Danner and Maheu registered there from March 20 to 22, 1970; Mitchell left [[Union Station]] in Washington by train for Florida at 3:30 p.m. on March 20. On March 26, unaware of the oral approval, the head of the Antitrust Division, [[Richard McLaren]], wrote Mitchell a memorandum on the Dunes; McLaren said he never met Danner and knew of no approval. On November 24, 1970, [[J. Edgar Hoover]] sent Mitchell a memorandum, still unexplained when the committee reported, stating that Hughes had renewed his interest in the Dunes. The purchase fell through for financial reasons. The committee concluded that, except for that collapse, "this is a classic case of governmental decision-making for friends."[^14] -*Time* reported in October 1973 that the committee intended to examine Maheu's reported allegation that the gifts to Rebozo were meant to buy influence on two federal decisions: the Civil Aeronautics Board's approval in July 1969 of the purchase of Air West, and the cancellation by the Justice Department in the late summer of 1970 of an antitrust action against further casino purchases.[^15] Committee counsel put the question to Davis in executive session on December 4, 1973 in four forms: whether the two 50,000 dollar payments related to the pending acquisition of the Dunes and Justice Department approval of it; to the purchase of Air West and government approval of it; to Hughes's desire to have nerve gas dumped in the Atlantic Ocean; and to any position Hughes took on the anti-ballistic missile system. Davis answered "None whatever" to each.[^14] +*Time* reported in October 1973 that the committee intended to examine Maheu's reported allegation that the gifts to Rebozo were meant to buy influence on two federal decisions: the Civil Aeronautics Board's approval in July 1969 of the purchase of Air West, and the cancellation by the Justice Department in the late summer of 1970 of an antitrust action against further casino purchases.[^19] Committee counsel put the question to Davis in executive session on December 4, 1973 in four forms: whether the two 50,000 dollar payments related to the pending acquisition of the Dunes and Justice Department approval of it; to the purchase of Air West and government approval of it; to Hughes's desire to have nerve gas dumped in the Atlantic Ocean; and to any position Hughes took on the anti-ballistic missile system. Davis answered "None whatever" to each.[^18] ### Departure and Intertel A few minutes before ten o'clock on Thanksgiving Eve, November 25, 1970, Hughes left the Desert Inn by an interior fire escape, was driven to North Las Vegas Airport and flew in a Hughes Tool jet to the [[Bahamas]]. By the next day he occupied a ninth-floor suite of the [[Britannia Beach Hotel]] on [[Paradise Island]], held for him for more than a year; nearly all of Paradise Island was owned by [[Resorts International]], which *Time* reported Hughes had reputedly tried to buy the year before for 85 million dollars. Eighty-four hours passed before the guards at the Desert Inn discovered he was gone. The Hughes Tool executives [[Raymond Holliday]] and [[Frank Gay|Frank W. Gay]] and the lawyer Chester Davis gathered at the [[Century Plaza Hotel]] in Los Angeles, summoned a Maheu aide and demanded Maheu's resignation; Maheu obtained a court order and the undersheriff searched the empty penthouse. Hughes then telephoned Governor Paul Laxalt and the district attorney at 1:30 a.m. to say he wanted Maheu fired.[^2] Hughes discharged Maheu on December 5, 1970.[^3] -In a teletype of December 7, 1970, the FBI's Las Vegas office reported that Davis and Gay had announced that Intertel would be engaged to operate security and certain management phases of the Hughes casino-hotels and that Intertel had reportedly been "originally financed to extent of about two million dollars" by Resorts International. The teletype recorded the statement of "an official of Hughes operations (former SA Richard Danner)" that Resorts International and its predecessor, the [[Mary Carter Paint Company]], "may possibly be hoodlum infiltrated or financially indebted to [[Meyer Lansky]]."[^16] A memorandum from J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, filed in January 1971, states that "Intertel has been engaged by officials of the Hughes Tool Company to take over the management and operation of several of the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas." On January 5, 1971 the Bureau told its legal attaché in [[Ottawa]] that it had conducted no investigation of the firm.[^17] Intertel's president was [[Robert Peloquin]]. The Sandwedge memorandum of 1971 recorded that the former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent [[James Golden|Jim Golden]], "formerly with Intertel, has now switched over to the Hughes' Tool Company."[^16][^18] Danner testified that Golden visited Rebozo in December 1970 and discussed Danner's "precarious position" after the change of administration in the Hughes organization; Golden was later replaced by [[Ralph Winte]].[^12] +In a teletype of December 7, 1970, the FBI's Las Vegas office reported that Davis and Gay had announced that Intertel would be engaged to operate security and certain management phases of the Hughes casino-hotels and that Intertel had reportedly been "originally financed to extent of about two million dollars" by Resorts International. The teletype recorded the statement of "an official of Hughes operations (former SA Richard Danner)" that Resorts International and its predecessor, the [[Mary Carter Paint Company]], "may possibly be hoodlum infiltrated or financially indebted to [[Meyer Lansky]]."[^20] A memorandum from J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, filed in January 1971, states that "Intertel has been engaged by officials of the Hughes Tool Company to take over the management and operation of several of the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas." On January 5, 1971 the Bureau told its legal attaché in [[Ottawa]] that it had conducted no investigation of the firm.[^21] Intertel's president was [[Robert Peloquin]]. The Sandwedge memorandum of 1971 recorded that the former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent [[James Golden|Jim Golden]], "formerly with Intertel, has now switched over to the Hughes' Tool Company."[^20][^22] Danner testified that Golden visited Rebozo in December 1970 and discussed Danner's "precarious position" after the change of administration in the Hughes organization; Golden was later replaced by [[Ralph Winte]].[^16] The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that Hughes Tool had engaged Intertel "to conduct a sweeping and exhaustive investigation into the affairs and past activities of Robert A. Maheu," on a contract "reported to run upward to a million dollars," and that Intertel had already turned information over to the Internal Revenue Service, with the former head of IRS intelligence [[William Kolar]] on its staff in Las Vegas. It recorded the account of a former agency employee then on Intertel's staff that Edward P. Morgan had been paid "almost a million dollars" for past services and was "making noises to certain unnamed Hughes Tool Company officials to the effect that they had better take it easy on Maheu because of the past involvement with CIA in covert operations," and that the Intertel man "will not allow Maheu to use the Agency as a shield."[^7] -[[Jim Hougan]] wrote that Maheu sent a task force of private detectives to the Bahamas to bug Hughes's suite and to enable him to leave, and that Intertel agents discovered the eavesdropping and had the intruders deported.[^19] In late 1971 a publisher announced an "autobiography" of Hughes based on interviews by [[Clifford Irving]]. On January 7, 1972 Hughes spoke by telephone from Paradise Island to reporters assembled in Los Angeles; asked why Maheu had been fired, he said: "Because he's a no-good, dishonest son-of-a-bitch, and he stole me blind." Maheu sued Hughes Tool for defamation in *[[Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.]]*. Hughes "had totally withdrawn from direct contact with the outside world. He would not appear in any court; he would not give depositions." The jury awarded Maheu more than 2.8 million dollars in compensatory damages and Summa about 48,000 dollars on its counterclaims; on one of them, Maheu had held about 74,000 dollars sent to him to pay the rent on a hangar leased from the [[Tucson Airport Authority]] and was about nine months behind. The Ninth Circuit reversed in part and remanded for a new trial.[^3] Hougan wrote that Peloquin, called by Maheu's lawyer, acknowledged that Intertel agents had filed more than five hundred written reports on Maheu and found no evidence of theft. He also wrote that Hughes moved to [[Managua]] in February 1972, where the American ambassador, [[Turner Shelton]], formerly consul general in the Bahamas, acted as liaison between [[Anastasio Somoza]] and Hughes.[^19] In February 1977 Intertel still controlled the security for much of the Hughes empire.[^20] +[[Jim Hougan]] wrote that Maheu sent a task force of private detectives to the Bahamas to bug Hughes's suite and to enable him to leave, and that Intertel agents discovered the eavesdropping and had the intruders deported.[^23] In late 1971 a publisher announced an "autobiography" of Hughes based on interviews by [[Clifford Irving]]. On January 7, 1972 Hughes spoke by telephone from Paradise Island to reporters assembled in Los Angeles; asked why Maheu had been fired, he said: "Because he's a no-good, dishonest son-of-a-bitch, and he stole me blind." Maheu sued Hughes Tool for defamation in *[[Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.]]*. Hughes "had totally withdrawn from direct contact with the outside world. He would not appear in any court; he would not give depositions." The jury awarded Maheu more than 2.8 million dollars in compensatory damages and Summa about 48,000 dollars on its counterclaims; on one of them, Maheu had held about 74,000 dollars sent to him to pay the rent on a hangar leased from the [[Tucson Airport Authority]] and was about nine months behind. The Ninth Circuit reversed in part and remanded for a new trial.[^3] Hougan wrote that Peloquin, called by Maheu's lawyer, acknowledged that Intertel agents had filed more than five hundred written reports on Maheu and found no evidence of theft. He also wrote that Hughes moved to [[Managua]] in February 1972, where the American ambassador, [[Turner Shelton]], formerly consul general in the Bahamas, acted as liaison between [[Anastasio Somoza]] and Hughes.[^23] In February 1977 Intertel still controlled the security for much of the Hughes empire.[^24] ### White House Memoranda, 1971 -White House memoranda of January and February 1971 on Hughes were printed as exhibits to the testimony of [[Lawrence Higby]], an aide to [[H. R. Haldeman]]. On January 15, 1971 [[Charles Colson]] wrote that [[Robert Bennett]], son of Senator [[Wallace Bennett]], had left the Department of Transportation to take over the [[Robert R. Mullen Company]], that one of his new clients was Howard Hughes, and that "[[Larry O'Brien]] has been the principal Hughes man in Washington." He added: "The important thing from our standpoint is to enhance Bennett's position with Hughes because Bennett gives us real access to a source of power that can be valuable."[^21] +White House memoranda of January and February 1971 on Hughes were printed as exhibits to the testimony of [[Lawrence Higby]], an aide to [[H. R. Haldeman]]. On January 15, 1971 [[Charles Colson]] wrote that [[Robert Bennett]], son of Senator [[Wallace Bennett]], had left the Department of Transportation to take over the [[Robert R. Mullen Company]], that one of his new clients was Howard Hughes, and that "[[Larry O'Brien]] has been the principal Hughes man in Washington." He added: "The important thing from our standpoint is to enhance Bennett's position with Hughes because Bennett gives us real access to a source of power that can be valuable."[^25] -[[Jack Caulfield]] wrote to [[John Dean]] on January 22 and 25 that O'Brien and "Mayhew" were longtime associates from [[Boston]]; that "serious negotiations" had taken place in 1969 for O'Brien's firm to represent the Hughes interests in Washington, with "knowledgeable sources" putting the fee at 100,000 dollars; that Maheu's "tentacles touch many extremely sensitive areas of government"; that "Mayhew apparently forwarded Hughes' political contributions, personally, to both parties over the last ten years," dealing with a Nixon fund-raiser, Vic Johnson; that the former congressman [[Patrick Hillings|Pat Hillings]], close to [[Murray Chotiner]], had been retained by Maheu for years; that Danner was close to Smathers and professed friendship with Rebozo; that the law firm of [[Clark Clifford]] had for years represented the Hughes legal interests in Washington; and that Maheu had been a close associate of the former FBI agent [[John Frank]], "generally believed to have engineered the assassination of [[Jesús de Galíndez|Jesus de Galindez]]" in 1956 on behalf of [[Rafael Trujillo]]. He proposed "an in depth analysis of all (CIA, F.B.I., IRS) information available for White House perusal."[^21] +[[Jack Caulfield]] wrote to [[John Dean]] on January 22 and 25 that O'Brien and "Mayhew" were longtime associates from [[Boston]]; that "serious negotiations" had taken place in 1969 for O'Brien's firm to represent the Hughes interests in Washington, with "knowledgeable sources" putting the fee at 100,000 dollars; that Maheu's "tentacles touch many extremely sensitive areas of government"; that "Mayhew apparently forwarded Hughes' political contributions, personally, to both parties over the last ten years," dealing with a Nixon fund-raiser, Vic Johnson; that the former congressman [[Patrick Hillings|Pat Hillings]], close to [[Murray Chotiner]], had been retained by Maheu for years; that Danner was close to Smathers and professed friendship with Rebozo; that the law firm of [[Clark Clifford]] had for years represented the Hughes legal interests in Washington; and that Maheu had been a close associate of the former FBI agent [[John Frank]], "generally believed to have engineered the assassination of [[Jesús de Galíndez|Jesus de Galindez]]" in 1956 on behalf of [[Rafael Trujillo]]. He proposed "an in depth analysis of all (CIA, F.B.I., IRS) information available for White House perusal."[^25] -Dean reported to Haldeman on January 26 that Rebozo said his information on the O'Brien retainer had come from Maheu "at a time when Maheu was professing considerable friendliness towards the Administration," and that Rebozo "also requested that if any action be taken with regard to Hughes that he be notified because of his familiarity with the delicacy of the relationships as a result of his own dealings with the Hughes people." Bennett told Dean there was "no doubt" that O'Brien had been retained by Hughes and that the contract was still in existence, and that he was going to the West Coast to discuss his Hughes relationship with Gay. Haldeman replied on January 28 that Colson should "come up with a way to leak the appropriate information," that "Frankly, I can't see any way to handle this without involving Hughes," and that "we should keep Bob Bennett and Bebe out of it at all costs."[^21] +Dean reported to Haldeman on January 26 that Rebozo said his information on the O'Brien retainer had come from Maheu "at a time when Maheu was professing considerable friendliness towards the Administration," and that Rebozo "also requested that if any action be taken with regard to Hughes that he be notified because of his familiarity with the delicacy of the relationships as a result of his own dealings with the Hughes people." Bennett told Dean there was "no doubt" that O'Brien had been retained by Hughes and that the contract was still in existence, and that he was going to the West Coast to discuss his Hughes relationship with Gay. Haldeman replied on January 28 that Colson should "come up with a way to leak the appropriate information," that "Frankly, I can't see any way to handle this without involving Hughes," and that "we should keep Bob Bennett and Bebe out of it at all costs."[^25] -On February 1 Caulfield wrote that the retainer could be documented only indirectly, payment having been made "via the Mahew-Claude De Sautels route"; that "Don Nixon visited the [[Dominican Republic]] with a group of wheeler dealers in September 1969," who, he wrote, "assertedly were connected with" Maheu's forces in Nevada; and that "Mahew's covert activities from his Washington association with CIA in the early sixties to his Nevada involvment on behalf of Hughes are only generally known here, at this time." On February 3 he drew Dean's attention to a *[[60 Minutes]]* broadcast with an interview of Maheu and "an indication of Intertel's activity in Nevada." An unsigned memorandum in the same exhibits alleged that Maheu had established "close and ominous relationships" with Mafia figures, that huge profits were being skimmed from the casinos, and that Maheu's representatives might have paid hotel and bar bills for the presidential advance party for an October 31 visit to Las Vegas.[^21] Asked in December 1973 whether Intertel had investigated the O'Brien-Maheu relationship, Davis answered that he knew of Intertel's work only under his own direction for litigation, and added: "insofar as I am concerned, there doesn't remain any question in my mind about payments made to and received by Mr. O'Brien."[^14] +On February 1 Caulfield wrote that the retainer could be documented only indirectly, payment having been made "via the Mahew-Claude De Sautels route"; that "Don Nixon visited the [[Dominican Republic]] with a group of wheeler dealers in September 1969," who, he wrote, "assertedly were connected with" Maheu's forces in Nevada; and that "Mahew's covert activities from his Washington association with CIA in the early sixties to his Nevada involvment on behalf of Hughes are only generally known here, at this time." On February 3 he drew Dean's attention to a *[[60 Minutes]]* broadcast with an interview of Maheu and "an indication of Intertel's activity in Nevada." An unsigned memorandum in the same exhibits alleged that Maheu had established "close and ominous relationships" with Mafia figures, that huge profits were being skimmed from the casinos, and that Maheu's representatives might have paid hotel and bar bills for the presidential advance party for an October 31 visit to Las Vegas.[^25] Asked in December 1973 whether Intertel had investigated the O'Brien-Maheu relationship, Davis answered that he knew of Intertel's work only under his own direction for litigation, and added: "insofar as I am concerned, there doesn't remain any question in my mind about payments made to and received by Mr. O'Brien."[^18] ### The Senate Investigation -[[William E. Griffin]], a lawyer whom Rebozo consulted in April or May 1973, testified that Rebozo told him he held 100,000 dollars in cash in a safe-deposit box at Key Biscayne, in the identical bills he had received, and that a government agency, he thought the IRS, or the Maheu case had prompted inquiry; that Rebozo then had difficulty getting Danner to take the money back, once reaching him on a golf course; and that the money was returned to Danner against a receipt.[^22] *Time* reported in October 1973, citing committee sources, that Rebozo said the second installment was paid on July 3, 1970 at Nixon's house at [[San Clemente, California|San Clemente]], the date on which Rebozo and [[Robert Abplanalp]] were closing the purchase from Nixon of 2.9 acres of the San Clemente property for, according to the same sources, 100,000 dollars; Rebozo denied that any Hughes money was used. Maheu had mentioned the contribution in a deposition in his 17 million dollar suit against Hughes in the spring of 1973.[^15] +[[William E. Griffin]], a lawyer whom Rebozo consulted in April or May 1973, testified that Rebozo told him he held 100,000 dollars in cash in a safe-deposit box at Key Biscayne, in the identical bills he had received, and that a government agency, he thought the IRS, or the Maheu case had prompted inquiry; that Rebozo then had difficulty getting Danner to take the money back, once reaching him on a golf course; and that the money was returned to Danner against a receipt.[^26] *Time* reported in October 1973, citing committee sources, that Rebozo said the second installment was paid on July 3, 1970 at Nixon's house at [[San Clemente, California|San Clemente]], the date on which Rebozo and [[Robert Abplanalp]] were closing the purchase from Nixon of 2.9 acres of the San Clemente property for, according to the same sources, 100,000 dollars; Rebozo denied that any Hughes money was used. Maheu had mentioned the contribution in a deposition in his 17 million dollar suit against Hughes in the spring of 1973.[^19] -Rebozo returned 100,100 dollars in 1,001 Federal Reserve notes. The committee traced their serial numbers through the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] and found that, for every combination of delivery dates but one, the notes included bills not released for circulation until after a delivery date; on the combination that Danner and Rebozo described, 35 of the bills identified as the second delivery were not available until after August 20, 1970, the latest released on October 1, 1970.[^11] [[Herbert Kalmbach]] testified that on April 30, 1973 Rebozo told him he had spent some of the Hughes money on F. Donald Nixon, [[Edward Nixon]], [[Rose Mary Woods]] and others. Hughes also contributed some 150,000 dollars directly to the 1972 Nixon campaign.[^10][^13] +Rebozo returned 100,100 dollars in 1,001 Federal Reserve notes. The committee traced their serial numbers through the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] and found that, for every combination of delivery dates but one, the notes included bills not released for circulation until after a delivery date; on the combination that Danner and Rebozo described, 35 of the bills identified as the second delivery were not available until after August 20, 1970, the latest released on October 1, 1970.[^15] [[Herbert Kalmbach]] testified that on April 30, 1973 Rebozo told him he had spent some of the Hughes money on F. Donald Nixon, [[Edward Nixon]], [[Rose Mary Woods]] and others. Hughes also contributed some 150,000 dollars directly to the 1972 Nixon campaign.[^14][^17] -The committee requested Hughes's appearance by letter, which was never answered; a subpoena was approved but could not be served because Hughes remained outside the country throughout the investigation. Rebozo refused to produce records of the Key Biscayne Bank and, when Chairman [[Sam Ervin]] sought his response in June 1974, left the country and became unavailable for service of a subpoena.[^9] By the spring of 1974 Danner had been examined twice by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], once by a federal grand jury and twice by the IRS, and Winte had been interviewed twice by the FBI.[^12] +The committee requested Hughes's appearance by letter, which was never answered; a subpoena was approved but could not be served because Hughes remained outside the country throughout the investigation. Rebozo refused to produce records of the Key Biscayne Bank and, when Chairman [[Sam Ervin]] sought his response in June 1974, left the country and became unavailable for service of a subpoena.[^9] By the spring of 1974 Danner had been examined twice by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], once by a federal grand jury and twice by the IRS, and Winte had been interviewed twice by the FBI.[^16] -The committee's questions extended to Resorts International. Kalmbach testified that Rebozo suggested he see [[James Crosby]], the head of Resorts, and that Crosby's pledge to the 1970 senatorial campaign program fell from 25,000 dollars to 5,000 dollars. Griffin testified that around 1969 or 1970 he had one conversation in Washington with Crosby and [[Jack Davis]] of Resorts, whom he had first met at the 1969 inauguration, about options Resorts held on [[Pan American World Airways]] stock, that he thought Peloquin and Abplanalp were also present, and that he advised them to see the senators sponsoring restrictive legislation. Asked whether the IRS had cases involving Resorts International, the commissioner, [[Johnnie Walters]], answered: "Not to my knowledge ... I do not even know whether there were cases."[^23] The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that in January 1969 Resorts had moved to take control of Pan Am by buying a 9.7 percent interest, and that the Civil Aeronautics Board had intervened.[^7] +The committee's questions extended to Resorts International. Kalmbach testified that Rebozo suggested he see [[James Crosby]], the head of Resorts, and that Crosby's pledge to the 1970 senatorial campaign program fell from 25,000 dollars to 5,000 dollars. Griffin testified that around 1969 or 1970 he had one conversation in Washington with Crosby and [[Jack Davis]] of Resorts, whom he had first met at the 1969 inauguration, about options Resorts held on [[Pan American World Airways]] stock, that he thought Peloquin and Abplanalp were also present, and that he advised them to see the senators sponsoring restrictive legislation. Asked whether the IRS had cases involving Resorts International, the commissioner, [[Johnnie Walters]], answered: "Not to my knowledge ... I do not even know whether there were cases."[^27] The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that in January 1969 Resorts had moved to take control of Pan Am by buying a 9.7 percent interest, and that the Civil Aeronautics Board had intervened.[^7] -In *[[The Village Voice]]* of January 31, 1974, [[Lucian K. Truscott IV]] wrote that a person close to the committee staff told him the staff had been instructed, "apparently by Ervin and Baker," to "stay away from" any possible quid pro quo for the donation, the Paradise Island casino, Rebozo's bank, "F. Donald Nixon's involvement" and "the whole area of the President's finances," and that Smathers and Danner were in Washington.[^24] +In *[[The Village Voice]]* of January 31, 1974, [[Lucian K. Truscott IV]] wrote that a person close to the committee staff told him the staff had been instructed, "apparently by Ervin and Baker," to "stay away from" any possible quid pro quo for the donation, the Paradise Island casino, Rebozo's bank, "F. Donald Nixon's involvement" and "the whole area of the President's finances," and that Smathers and Danner were in Washington.[^28] + +The Senate Select Committee's final report records that [[Jeb Stuart Magruder]] testified that John Mitchell suggested as additional targets for the 1972 plan the [[Democratic National Committee]] chairman, Larry O'Brien, and the Las Vegas publisher Greenspun, whom Magruder described as allegedly holding explosive material damaging to [[Edmund Muskie|Senator Muskie]] in his office safe.[^29] The report also states that Robert Bennett suggested that Greenspun's safe contained information of interest to both Hughes and the Committee for the Re-election of the President.[^29] Greenspun had sold KLAS-TV to Hughes in 1968.[^10] ### Project Azorian -In April 1971 the chairman of [[Global Marine]], Robert F. Bauer, announced that the company would build a 600-foot mining ship for the Hughes Tool Company. The Hughes Glomar Explorer was launched on November 4, 1972, with speeches by Bauer and by Paul Reeve, general manager of the Ocean Mining Division of Hughes Tool. The government later acknowledged in court CIA sponsorship of the [[Project Azorian]] recovery of the Soviet submarine [[K-129]] "for intelligence collection purposes," and the participation of Hughes Tool, Summa and Global Marine.[^25] +In April 1971 the chairman of [[Global Marine]], Robert F. Bauer, announced that the company would build a 600-foot mining ship for the Hughes Tool Company. The Hughes Glomar Explorer was launched on November 4, 1972, with speeches by Bauer and by Paul Reeve, general manager of the Ocean Mining Division of Hughes Tool. The government later acknowledged in court CIA sponsorship of the [[Project Azorian]] recovery of the Soviet submarine [[K-129]] "for intelligence collection purposes," and the participation of Hughes Tool, Summa and Global Marine.[^30] -The CIA's history of the project attributes the leak behind the press accounts of 1975 to "an improbable series of events following a break-in and robbery in June 1974 at Summa Corporation headquarters in Los Angeles," and records the belief that the stolen documents might include "a memorandum from a senior Hughes official to Howard Hughes describing a proposed CIA attempt to recover a sunken Soviet submarine and requesting Hughes' approval for Hughes Company participation." Several persons in the investigation were briefed, and the source of the leak was never identified.[^25] On February 7, 1975 CIA Director [[William Colby]] told President [[Gerald Ford]] that the *[[Los Angeles Times]]* had asked whether the agency had raised a piece of a Soviet submarine: "We have called Frank Murphy to try to kill it."[^26] +The CIA's history of the project attributes the leak behind the press accounts of 1975 to "an improbable series of events following a break-in and robbery in June 1974 at Summa Corporation headquarters in Los Angeles," and records the belief that the stolen documents might include "a memorandum from a senior Hughes official to Howard Hughes describing a proposed CIA attempt to recover a sunken Soviet submarine and requesting Hughes' approval for Hughes Company participation." Several persons in the investigation were briefed, and the source of the leak was never identified.[^30] On February 7, 1975 CIA Director [[William Colby]] told President [[Gerald Ford]] that the *[[Los Angeles Times]]* had asked whether the agency had raised a piece of a Soviet submarine: "We have called Frank Murphy to try to kill it."[^31] ### Death and Estate -On April 14, 1976 Hughes's aunt and closest living relative, Annette Gano Lummis, and her son [[William R. Lummis]] were granted temporary letters of administration in Probate Court No. 2 of [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]].[^1][^27] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute claimed on February 24, 1977 that Hughes had executed a will leaving it his entire estate; a jury found on a trial begun December 6, 1977 that Hughes was domiciled in Texas. The probate court granted summary judgment that the alleged will was not valid; on January 23, 1980 the Court of Civil Appeals at Houston reversed that judgment as an impermissible advisory opinion and refused to disqualify Lummis's lawyers, [[Andrews Kurth|Andrews, Kurth, Campbell and Jones]], who had served as the institute's counsel for more than twenty years and had helped obtain its tax exemption.[^27] In each state that sought death taxes, the estate's personal representative contended that Hughes died domiciled in Nevada, "the only State in the Union without death taxes." [[California]] and [[Texas]] each claimed him; the bulk of the estate consisted of shares in a single holding company, and California alleged that its judgment would be uncollectible to the extent of about 21 million dollars. On June 22, 1978 the Supreme Court denied California leave to file a bill of complaint against Texas in *[[California v. Texas]]*, 437 U.S. 601.[^28] +On April 14, 1976 Hughes's aunt and closest living relative, Annette Gano Lummis, and her son [[William R. Lummis]] were granted temporary letters of administration in Probate Court No. 2 of [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]].[^1][^32] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute claimed on February 24, 1977 that Hughes had executed a will leaving it his entire estate; a jury found on a trial begun December 6, 1977 that Hughes was domiciled in Texas. The probate court granted summary judgment that the alleged will was not valid; on January 23, 1980 the Court of Civil Appeals at Houston reversed that judgment as an impermissible advisory opinion and refused to disqualify Lummis's lawyers, [[Andrews Kurth|Andrews, Kurth, Campbell and Jones]], who had served as the institute's counsel for more than twenty years and had helped obtain its tax exemption.[^32] In each state that sought death taxes, the estate's personal representative contended that Hughes died domiciled in Nevada, "the only State in the Union without death taxes." [[California]] and [[Texas]] each claimed him; the bulk of the estate consisted of shares in a single holding company, and California alleged that its judgment would be uncollectible to the extent of about 21 million dollars. On June 22, 1978 the Supreme Court denied California leave to file a bill of complaint against Texas in *[[California v. Texas]]*, 437 U.S. 601.[^33] Hughes died without naming a successor trustee of the medical institute, and the Delaware complaint alleged that the institute had since been controlled by Gay and Davis as majority members of its executive committee, which on July 10, 1978 purported to amend the charter to abolish the office of trustee. The attorney general of Delaware and William Lummis, as Delaware ancillary administrator, sued in the [[Delaware Court of Chancery]] to have a trustee appointed.[^4][^5] A claim by the actress [[Terry Moore]] that she had married Hughes at sea in 1949 was dismissed on judicial estoppel; the opinion affirming the dismissal was written by Justice [[Paul Pressler]].[^1] +The station that Hughes bought in 1968 passed through his estate after his death in 1976. Broadcasting reported in February 1978 that KLAS-TV was sold by Summa Corporation to [[Landmark Communications]] for a price said to be in excess of $8 million, and a March 1978 FCC filing gave the price as $9,587,500 and stated that the estate had been divesting broadcast interests since Hughes's death and that KLAS-TV was its only broadcast station.[^34][^35] The FCC approved the estate's sale on May 15, 1978.[^11] + ### Footnotes [^1]: *Moore v. Neff*, 629 S.W.2d 827 (Tex. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1982), No. B2947, decided February 4, 1982 (Pressler, J.), full text at the Harvard Caselaw Access Project. https://static.case.law/sw2d/629/cases/0827-01.json (birth date computed from *Time*'s statement of December 21, 1970 that Hughes "will be 65 on Christmas Eve"). @@ -180,22 +192,29 @@ Hughes died without naming a successor trustee of the medical institute, and the [^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the record, "Robert D. Peloquin, President, International Intelligence, Inc. (INTERTEL)," May 20, 1971, signed John G. Southard, 6 pp., NARA record number 104-10122-10288, released under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act, March 18, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10122-10288.pdf [^8]: *Hughes Tool Co. v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.*, 409 U.S. 363 (1973), Nos. 71-827 and 71-830, decided January 10, 1973, opinion of the Court (Douglas, J.) and dissent (Burger, C.J.) reciting the procedural history. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/409/363 [^9]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), ch. 8, "The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters," introduction and sections I-II, pp. 931-936 and n. 7 (Hughes memorandum to Maheu). https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities -[^10]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section VI, "Dunes Report," pp. 980-998. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities -[^11]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section V, "Delivery and Retention of the Contributions," pp. 944-948. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities -[^12]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Senate Resolution 60, Executive Session Hearings, Book 24: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Richard G. Danner, pp. 11417, 11464-11465, 11553-11555, and letter of Chester C. Davis to the committee, p. 11480. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf -[^13]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section X, "The Issue of Use of the Money," p. 1030, and section on purpose of the money, pp. 1055-1056. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities -[^14]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 24*, testimony of Chester C. Davis (executive session of December 4, 1973), pp. 11398-11401, 11609-11611. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf -[^15]: "The Nation: The Hughes Connection," *Time*, October 22, 1973. https://time.com/archive/6841879/the-nation-the-hughes-connection/ -[^16]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Robert Peloquin file, FOI/PA No. 1602405, Part 01, teletype, Las Vegas (92-3659) to Director and Miami, December 7, 1970, pp. 21-25 (PDF pages). https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file -[^17]: FBI, Peloquin file, Part 01, memorandum, J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, "William G. Hundley, Robert D. Peloquin, International Intelligence, Inc.," December 1970 (file stamp January 8, 1971), p. 33; Director to Legat, Ottawa, January 5, 1971, p. 42. https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file -[^18]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), "Operation Sandwedge," Tab 31, pp. 9899-9902. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf -[^19]: Jim Hougan, *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents* (William Morrow, 1978), pp. 262-263, 384-385. https://archive.org/details/hougan-jim-spooks -[^20]: Tom Zito, "Peloquin of Intertel: Intelligence, Security, 'Targets of Opportunity,'" *The Washington Post*, February 20, 1977, pp. L1, L12 (page images in the Weisberg Subject Index Files, Hood College). http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/I%20Disk/Intertel%20on%20Assassination%20Samples%20of/Item%2001.pdf -[^21]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 23: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), Higby Exhibits 5-A to 5-I, pp. 11123-11135: Colson memorandum of January 15, 1971; Caulfield to Dean, January 22, January 25, February 1 and February 3, 1971; Dean to Haldeman, January 26, 1971; Haldeman to Dean, January 28, 1971; Dean to Caulfield, February 5, 1971; unsigned memorandum, Exhibit 5-I. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23.pdf -[^22]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 22: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10429-10431, 10446-10448. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22.pdf -[^23]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Herbert W. Kalmbach, p. 10183; *Book 23*, testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10792-10793; *Book 24*, testimony of Johnnie M. Walters, p. 11623. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf -[^24]: Lucian K. Truscott IV, "Watergate, the Bahamas & Howard Hughes," *The Village Voice*, January 31, 1974. https://villagevoice.com/1974/01/31/watergate-the-bahamas-howard-hughes -[^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Project AZORIAN: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," released January 2010, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 1 (scanned images, OCR read). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf -[^26]: Memorandum of conversation, President Ford, Henry Kissinger, James Schlesinger, William Colby, David Jones and Donald Rumsfeld, Oval Office, February 7, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Library, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc02.pdf -[^27]: *Howard Hughes Medical Institute v. Lummis*, 596 S.W.2d 171 (Tex. Civ. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1980), No. A2176, decided January 23, 1980 (Brown, C.J.). https://static.case.law/sw2d/596/cases/0171-01.json -[^28]: *California v. Texas*, 437 U.S. 601 (1978) (per curiam, June 22, 1978), with concurring and dissenting opinions. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/437/601 +[^10]: "Application for FCC approval of the sale of KLAS-TV Las Vegas by H. M. Greenspun to industrialist Howard R. Hughes ... for about $4.5 million," with Greenspun's account of the 1964 fire at the Las Vegas Sun building, Broadcasting, October 23, 1967. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-10-23-BC.pdf +[^11]: Television Digest Factbook, TV Factbook 1984, KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, Ch. 8, licensee KLAS Inc., ownership Landmark Communications 100 percent, sale to Hughes Tool Co. by H. M. Greenspun and Las Vegas Sun approved by FCC February 14, 1968 (Television Digest 8:8, 9), sale by the estate of Howard R. Hughes approved May 15, 1978 (Television Digest 18:7). https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1984-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1984-NEB-USVI.pdf +[^12]: "KLAs-Tv Las Vegas: Sold by H. M. Greenspun to Howard R. Hughes for $3,650,000 in cash plus assumption of obligations that is estimated to bring price up to approximately $4.5 million," FCC approvals of station transfers, Broadcasting, February 19, 1968. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-02-19-BC.pdf +[^13]: George Knapp, "How KLAS-TV became a part of Howard Hughes' empire," KLAS-TV 8 News Now, posted July 18, 2018. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/news/how-klas-tv-became-a-part-of-howard-hughes-empire/amp +[^14]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section VI, "Dunes Report," pp. 980-998. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities +[^15]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section V, "Delivery and Retention of the Contributions," pp. 944-948. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities +[^16]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Senate Resolution 60, Executive Session Hearings, Book 24: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Richard G. Danner, pp. 11417, 11464-11465, 11553-11555, and letter of Chester C. Davis to the committee, p. 11480. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf +[^17]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section X, "The Issue of Use of the Money," p. 1030, and section on purpose of the money, pp. 1055-1056. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities +[^18]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 24*, testimony of Chester C. Davis (executive session of December 4, 1973), pp. 11398-11401, 11609-11611. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf +[^19]: "The Nation: The Hughes Connection," *Time*, October 22, 1973. https://time.com/archive/6841879/the-nation-the-hughes-connection/ +[^20]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Robert Peloquin file, FOI/PA No. 1602405, Part 01, teletype, Las Vegas (92-3659) to Director and Miami, December 7, 1970, pp. 21-25 (PDF pages). https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file +[^21]: FBI, Peloquin file, Part 01, memorandum, J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, "William G. Hundley, Robert D. Peloquin, International Intelligence, Inc.," December 1970 (file stamp January 8, 1971), p. 33; Director to Legat, Ottawa, January 5, 1971, p. 42. https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file +[^22]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), "Operation Sandwedge," Tab 31, pp. 9899-9902. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf +[^23]: Jim Hougan, *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents* (William Morrow, 1978), pp. 262-263, 384-385. https://archive.org/details/hougan-jim-spooks +[^24]: Tom Zito, "Peloquin of Intertel: Intelligence, Security, 'Targets of Opportunity,'" *The Washington Post*, February 20, 1977, pp. L1, L12 (page images in the Weisberg Subject Index Files, Hood College). http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/I%20Disk/Intertel%20on%20Assassination%20Samples%20of/Item%2001.pdf +[^25]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 23: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), Higby Exhibits 5-A to 5-I, pp. 11123-11135: Colson memorandum of January 15, 1971; Caulfield to Dean, January 22, January 25, February 1 and February 3, 1971; Dean to Haldeman, January 26, 1971; Haldeman to Dean, January 28, 1971; Dean to Caulfield, February 5, 1971; unsigned memorandum, Exhibit 5-I. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23.pdf +[^26]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 22: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10429-10431, 10446-10448. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22.pdf +[^27]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Herbert W. Kalmbach, p. 10183; *Book 23*, testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10792-10793; *Book 24*, testimony of Johnnie M. Walters, p. 11623. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf +[^28]: Lucian K. Truscott IV, "Watergate, the Bahamas & Howard Hughes," *The Village Voice*, January 31, 1974. https://villagevoice.com/1974/01/31/watergate-the-bahamas-howard-hughes +[^29]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Final Report, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), testimony of Jeb Stuart Magruder on the Liddy intelligence plan with footnotes 61 to 63 for the February 1972 meeting, and the section on Robert Bennett's suggestion regarding Greenspun's safe. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities +[^30]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Project AZORIAN: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," released January 2010, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 1. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf +[^31]: Memorandum of conversation, President Ford, Henry Kissinger, James Schlesinger, William Colby, David Jones and Donald Rumsfeld, Oval Office, February 7, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Library, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc02.pdf +[^32]: *Howard Hughes Medical Institute v. Lummis*, 596 S.W.2d 171 (Tex. Civ. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1980), No. A2176, decided January 23, 1980 (Brown, C.J.). https://static.case.law/sw2d/596/cases/0171-01.json +[^33]: *California v. Texas*, 437 U.S. 601 (1978) (per curiam, June 22, 1978), with concurring and dissenting opinions. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/437/601 +[^34]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas: Sold by Summa Corp. to Landmark Communications Inc. for price said to be in excess of $8 million," Broadcasting, February 13, 1978. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-02-13-BC.pdf +[^35]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas (ch. 8) Seeks assignment of license from Summa Corp. to KLAS Inc. for $9,587,500," Broadcasting, March 27, 1978. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-03-27-BC.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Isaac C. Kidd Jr..md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Isaac C. Kidd Jr..md index 74029067..3f2bdb44 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Isaac C. Kidd Jr..md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Isaac C. Kidd Jr..md @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Cristol states that Kidd, in interviews in the early 1990s, said the attack was ### Footnotes [^1]: "Adm. Isaac Kidd Dies," The Washington Post, July 2, 1999. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1999/07/02/adm-isaac-kidd-dies/48636275-1034-4d5d-9350-ff83865bb644/ -[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 17, 18, 21, 23. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for Kidd's private statements, as Boston reports them. A shorter affidavit text printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, carries the McNamara and Johnson sentence (paragraph 16 of the declaration) without the Kidd conversations in paragraphs 17 to 25. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm +[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 17, 18, 21, 23. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. A shorter affidavit text printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, carries the McNamara and Johnson sentence (paragraph 16 of the declaration) without the Kidd conversations in paragraphs 17 to 25. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm [^3]: "US Navy Court of Inquiry," The Liberty Incident (website of A. Jay Cristol), https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html. Descriptive text accompanying the posted record; the assignment of Kidd and the date he boarded the ship come from this description. [^4]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, scan pages 106 and 107 (opening, convening letter of June 10, 1967, oath), 117 (adjournment of June 11, boarding at sea, court aboard June 12, Malta June 13), 243 and 244 (adjournment June 15, London June 16), 265 (closing at 1645 on June 16), https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf, and quoted in Ward Boston Jr., Declaration, paragraph 5 (https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf). [^5]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 129, no. 7 (July 2003). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret. Fraser also gives Kidd's death year as 1999. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/James Monroe.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/James Monroe.md index c2b43f3e..b5bfb409 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/James Monroe.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/James Monroe.md @@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ Marks reports that Monroe told The New York Times on August 2, 1977 that "only a [^1]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 9. [^2]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, 1957 Annual Report, officers and staff, "The Society," and address page. Wayback Machine capture of https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf [^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n. -[^4]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007. https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide . Sole source for the 1961-1963 directorship and Rhodes: Price. -[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, note on p. 207 (chapter "Conclusions"). Sole source for the Monroe quotation: Marks. +[^4]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007. https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide . +[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, note on p. 207 (chapter "Conclusions"). [^6]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of John Gittinger. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John F. Kennedy.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John F. Kennedy.md index c1da2d4c..063ab3e3 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John F. Kennedy.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John F. Kennedy.md @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The Foreign Relations of the United States volumes record two exchanges. At the On May 18, 1963, in a letter transmitted through the State Department to Ambassador Barbour, Kennedy wrote to Ben-Gurion: "I am sure you will agree that there is no more urgent business for the whole world than the control of nuclear weapons," recalled that "when we spoke together in May 1961 you said that we might make whatever use we wished of the information resulting from the first visit of American scientists to Dimona and that you would agree to further visits by neutrals as well," and wrote that "development of a nuclear weapons capability by Israel would almost certainly lead other larger countries, that have so far refrained from such development, to feel that they must follow suit." He wrote that he saw "no present or imminent nuclear threat to Israel" from the United Arab Republic and that "we have the capacity to check" any contrary information, and pressed for "your Government's early assent to the proposal first put to you by Ambassador Barbour on April 2." Four and a half lines of the source text remain classified.[^7] -Hersh wrote that in mid-1962 the administration authorized the sale of Hawk surface-to-air missiles to Israel, a departure from past policy, linked to Israel's agreement to allow inspection teams at Dimona, and that the inspections were "largely a whitewash." Hersh wrote that Kennedy invited Meir, one of Ben-Gurion's leading critics, to Palm Beach as "a direct move against Ben-Gurion's leadership." Hersh also wrote that a memorandum from Bundy to Kennedy dated November 22, 1963 indicated a change in policy toward the French, allowing France to use the [[Nevada]] test site for underground testing. Hersh is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^2] +Hersh wrote that in mid-1962 the administration authorized the sale of Hawk surface-to-air missiles to Israel, a departure from past policy, linked to Israel's agreement to allow inspection teams at Dimona, and that the inspections were "largely a whitewash." Hersh wrote that Kennedy invited Meir, one of Ben-Gurion's leading critics, to Palm Beach as "a direct move against Ben-Gurion's leadership." Hersh also wrote that a memorandum from Bundy to Kennedy dated November 22, 1963 indicated a change in policy toward the French, allowing France to use the [[Nevada]] test site for underground testing.[^2] ### Cuba and the CIA @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Congress passed the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection A ### Footnotes [^1]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "John F. Kennedy" (born May 29, 1917, Brookline, Massachusetts; inaugurated January 20, 1961; term ended November 22, 1963). https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy -[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chs. 8 and 9. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chs. 8 and 9. [^3]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," Wilson Center and National Security Archive, record of the meeting of December 19, 1960, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-us-discovery-israels-secret-nuclear-project [^4]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, S. Rept. 94-755, 1976, chronology of the Castro plots ("November 29, John McCone succeeds Allen Dulles as Director, CIA"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf [^5]: Trachtenberg, Marc. "Appendix Eight (Chapter Nine, Note 134): Kennedy and the Israeli Nuclear Program," to *A Constructed Peace*. https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/appendices/appendixVIII.html diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Hull.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Hull.md index 54deda01..8796f27e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Hull.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Hull.md @@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ The next morning, Costa Rican Rural Guards awakened Kelso with automatic rifle f ### Footnotes [^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction" -[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. [^3]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), chapter on other individuals (John Hull; March 7, 1989 reporting; July 31, 1987 SSCI briefing transcript), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/other.html [^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 17: "We're going to blow your fucking head off" diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Van de Kamp.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Van de Kamp.md index ac3628b4..ffb62963 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Van de Kamp.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Van de Kamp.md @@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ Three consecutive grand jury foremen and [[Ben Wagner]], an attorney representin --- ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting shows the Mariposa County district attorney, Bruce Eckerson, resisting the CHP's call to prosecute Sinclair for six months, not acting on the attorney general's instructions: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/). Sole source for the passages so cited. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting shows the Mariposa County district attorney, Bruce Eckerson, resisting the CHP's call to prosecute Sinclair for six months, not acting on the attorney general's instructions: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jose Santacruz Londono.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jose Santacruz Londono.md index 6ddd249c..d38162af 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jose Santacruz Londono.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jose Santacruz Londono.md @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ The Associated Press reported on March 6, 1996 that Santacruz, 54, regarded as t ### Allegations in the Casolaro material -According to [[Cheri Seymour]], [[Michael Riconosciuto]] told [[Danny Casolaro]] and her that [[Robert Booth Nichols]] paid Abbell to "crowbar" a Justice Department inquiry that would have led to the extradition of Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Santacruz Londoño, whom Nichols considered "intelligence people"; she places Santacruz Londoño among the figures of Casolaro's "[[The Octopus]]" investigation. Seymour also wrote that Santacruz Londoño and Rodríguez Orejuela were targets of a DEA Centac investigation that produced indictments in Los Angeles and New York in 1978, that those cases did not go beyond indictment, and that disgruntled DEA agents suspected a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] connection after the Centac 21 task force was dismantled under the [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H.W. Bush]] administrations. Sole source for the passages so cited; the New York court record dates the investigation to 1979 and the indictment in No. 85 CR 596 to 1985.[^8] +According to [[Cheri Seymour]], [[Michael Riconosciuto]] told [[Danny Casolaro]] and her that [[Robert Booth Nichols]] paid Abbell to "crowbar" a Justice Department inquiry that would have led to the extradition of Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Santacruz Londoño, whom Nichols considered "intelligence people"; she places Santacruz Londoño among the figures of Casolaro's "[[The Octopus]]" investigation. Seymour also wrote that Santacruz Londoño and Rodríguez Orejuela were targets of a DEA Centac investigation that produced indictments in Los Angeles and New York in 1978, that those cases did not go beyond indictment, and that disgruntled DEA agents suspected a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] connection after the Centac 21 task force was dismantled under the [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H.W. Bush]] administrations. The New York court record dates the investigation to 1979 and the indictment in No. 85 CR 596 to 1985.[^8] ### Footnotes diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Kenneth Hellstrom.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Kenneth Hellstrom.md index 2f401841..9f5ae13e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Kenneth Hellstrom.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Kenneth Hellstrom.md @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ In late October 1973, Kenneth Hellstrom reported to the Homewood Police Departme Kenneth Hellstrom was murdered in January 1977, shortly after his 1976 testimony against [[John David Norman]], with his body discovered in the snow bearing a slit throat. [[Phillip Paske]] emerged as a prime suspect due to his close association with Norman, including cohabitation in the Chicago apartment for pornography production and assistance in launching The Delta Project during their time in Cook County Jail. The [[Chicago]] investigated the murder, but the case remained cold for decades until revived in 2007 and ultimately went unsolved.[^1] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for this page. Hellstrom is not named in the 1977 House and Senate hearing records, and searches of archive.org and CourtListener found no record of the murder or of a confession by Fred Rogers; the Phillip Paske pages give the killing as January 1977 and February 1976. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. The Phillip Paske pages give the killing as January 1977 and February 1976. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Krista Killen.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Krista Killen.md index 023340dc..28803643 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Krista Killen.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Krista Killen.md @@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ Eugene Horsch announced her death on her [[Facebook]] page. He wrote: "Please le ### Footnotes [^1]: "Krista M. Killen Obituary | 1978 - 2025 | Philadelphia, PA," Philadelphia Cremations, hosted on Tribute Archive. https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/45838508/krista-m.-killen -[^2]: Laker, Barbara, Max Marin, Ryan W. Briggs, and Ellie Rushing. "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html Sole source for the account that Eugene shattered her bedroom door, which the Inquirer gives as told to two friends. -[^3]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026 (the Dark Arts feature). https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html Sole source for the account of the basement room, the lock on the door, the basement warning, the Wynne quote, the amputation and fire details, and the medical examiner's statement. +[^2]: Laker, Barbara, Max Marin, Ryan W. Briggs, and Ellie Rushing. "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html The Inquirer gives the account as told to two friends. +[^3]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026 (the Dark Arts feature). https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html [^4]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Barbara Laker. "A woman missing since 2016 had close ties to the Olney house that's now the target of a massive investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* June 27, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/olney-raid-missing-women-mystery-drugs-20260627.html [^5]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Ellie Rushing. "A troubling photo of a missing woman appeared on Raymond Horsch's erotic website, years before police investigated," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 21, 2026. The article describes Killen as "Horsch's longtime companion, who died of an overdose last year." https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-missing-women-olney-blair-tonzelli-20260821.html -[^6]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings Sole source for the passages so cited; the article spells the name "Krsita" once and "Krista" in the quotation, and attributes the book text to the *New York Post*. +[^6]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings The article spells the name "Krsita" once and "Krista" in the quotation, and attributes the book text to the *New York Post*. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/L. Ron Hubbard.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/L. Ron Hubbard.md index 2f238ce1..43e8736e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/L. Ron Hubbard.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/L. Ron Hubbard.md @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ Hubbard died on Friday, January 24, 1986 at a ranch near San Luis Obispo, Califo [^9]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): Naval Hospital Oakland, report of Board of Medical Survey, 1945; Bureau of Naval Personnel letters on release from active duty; Physical Evaluation Board findings referring to release from active duty on February 16, 1946. [^10]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): letter of resignation, North Hollywood, November 14, 1947; Chief of Naval Personnel to Hubbard, December 13, 1947 (Pers-3121-WQD/wcp); Hubbard's letter withdrawing the resignation; Secretary of the Navy approval of May 12, 1950; acceptance of resignation of May 27, 1950; separation record listing American Defense, Asiatic-Pacific, Victory and expert rifle and pistol. [^11]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): Navy Department letter of November 14, 1972 to Russell Salamon (K. C. Walser, by direction of the Chief of Naval Personnel); letter of the Flag Operations Liaison Office, Eastern United States, A Branch of the Church of Scientology of New York, to the National Personnel Records Center, May 28, 1974; National Personnel Records Center memorandum for the record, December 17, 1984. -[^12]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times (London), 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, and Crowley's letter to Germer of May 22, 1946, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946. Sole source for the August 1, 1945 arrival date, the name Allied Enterprises and the investment figures. +[^12]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times (London), 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, and Crowley's letter to Germer of May 22, 1946, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946. [^13]: Wolfe, Jane, letter to Karl Germer, January 23, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-23-Wolfe-to-Germer.htm. [^14]: Parsons, John W., letters to Aleister Crowley of January 21, February 2, March 6 and July 5, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-21-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-02-02-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-03-06-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-07-05-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm; the pooling-of-resources passage is printed in the transcription of the circa February 1946 letter (1946-02-00-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm). [^15]: Culling, Louis T., letter to Karl Germer, May 12, 1946 (extract), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-05-12-Culling-to-Germer.html. @@ -215,6 +215,6 @@ Hubbard died on Friday, January 24, 1986 at a ranch near San Luis Obispo, Califo [^32]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," Time, March 4, 1974; Hanlon, Joseph, New Scientist, October 17, 1974, and the same passage in Nature's issue of October 18, 1974; Hyman, Ray, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," The Humanist, May/June 1977; CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110020-3, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090024-7 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4 in the STARGATE collection. [^33]: Wilhelm, John L., Washington Post, 1977 (article on the military potential of parapsychology, photographs by David Suter), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. [^34]: Psychological report on six SRI parapsychology subjects, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0 (also -00787R000700090021-5); Office of Technical Service memorandum for the record OTS/BAB 287-77, November 17, 1977, with article on Patrick Price, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0; SRI session transcript of October 4, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130011-6. -[^35]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI work, archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^35]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI work, archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. [^36]: Adams, Jacqueline, Washington Times, January 29, 1986, in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100200068-4. [^37]: "Founding Church of Scientology" funeral service text attributed to L. Ron Hubbard, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020051-4. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lee Hamilton.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lee Hamilton.md index ba9cec64..a81438aa 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lee Hamilton.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lee Hamilton.md @@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ Hamilton co-chaired the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United [^1]: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. "Hamilton, Lee Herbert." bioguide.congress.gov. [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force. *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*. 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, January 1993. [^3]: "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," *Hartford Courant*, May 29, 1992 (reprinted in *The Seattle Times*, May 29, 1992). https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/ -[^4]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the Barcella account. -[^5]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde." *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Sole source for the addendum account. -[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry. -[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton statement about the report as reported by Parry. -[^8]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement of 2010 as reported by Parry. +[^4]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ +[^5]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde." *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html +[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ +[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html +[^8]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ [^9]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (text of H. Res. 585 and floor statement of Rep. Beilenson). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm -[^10]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry. +[^10]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html [^11]: Hamilton, Lee H. "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed." *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993 (Section 4, p. 17). https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html The text states that the staff "conducted over 230 formal interviews and depositions" and finds "virtually no credible evidence." diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Linda Moulton Howe.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Linda Moulton Howe.md index bec0a76f..fc9c5907 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Linda Moulton Howe.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Linda Moulton Howe.md @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Moore said in his speech of July 1, 1989 that in early 1983 "I became aware that ### Footnotes [^1]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), author's biography, photograph caption (p. xvi) and Author's Preface (pp. xvi to xviii), https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014 -[^2]: Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, Chapter 7, "Government Knowledge," pp. 137 to 162 and Appendix 4, same URL. First-person account; sole source for the passages so cited except where another note is given. +[^2]: Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, Chapter 7, "Government Knowledge," pp. 137 to 162 and Appendix 4, same URL. First-person account. [^3]: Philip J. Klass, *Skeptics UFO Newsletter* no. 44, March 1997, p. 3 (Howe's account "published in the December 1987 issue of Just Cause"; Doty's letter of March 3, 1988 published in the June 1988 issue), https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/docs/SUN/SUN44.pdf [^4]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. Howe's statements reach the page through Hastings's telephone conversation with her. [^5]: William L. Moore, 1989b, as quoted in "E B E's," part 11, UFO BBS file UFO1030, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1030.ufo. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lyndon B. Johnson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lyndon B. Johnson.md index 6619f46f..5a225d2d 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lyndon B. Johnson.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lyndon B. Johnson.md @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ As Senate Majority Leader, Johnson made [[Bobby Baker]] his secretary of the Sen [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 236, Notes of a Meeting of the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 9, 1967 (Saunders's handwritten notes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d236 [^5]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967, with source note on Helms's notes of the June 12 meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284 [^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 324, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, June 26, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d324 -[^7]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of Boston's declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for the Kidd conversation. +[^7]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of Boston's declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. [^8]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," *U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings*, July 2003 (Kidd's death year). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret [^9]: Associated Press, Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp [^10]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. The Tribune's text reads "the Israelis' explanation of how the mistake had occurred was not believed"; the Hart quotation is Hart's recollection as the Tribune reported it. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max Millikan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max Millikan.md index 34aa8f7d..37494e62 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max Millikan.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max Millikan.md @@ -54,6 +54,12 @@ relations: start: 1955-06-05 end: 1955-06-10 fn: 16 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]" + role: "panel member, Quantico II; source book papers on thresholds of U.S. effort and economic policy" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 17 --- Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952. @@ -92,19 +98,19 @@ In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director ### Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, 1955 -In June 1955 Millikan was one of eleven experts whom [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited to [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]], Virginia, to study methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. [[Walt Rostow]] of the Center for International Studies was designated its chairman, and the other members included [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Philip Mosely]] and Hans Speier.[^16] +In June 1955 Millikan was one of eleven experts whom [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited to [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]], Virginia, to study methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. [[Walt Rostow]] of the Center for International Studies was designated its chairman. The other members were [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Ellis A. Johnson]], [[Paul Linebarger]], [[Philip Mosely]], [[George Pettee]], [[Stefan Possony]], Hans Speier and [[Charles A. H. Thomson]].[^16] Millikan was also one of the twelve members of the second panel, which was often called Quantico II. That group met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September 1955, and its source book contains two papers by Millikan, "Thresholds of U.S. Effort" and "Economic Policy as an Instrument of Political and Psychological Policy."[^17][^18] ### Funding -[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^17] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^18] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Walt Rostow was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^19] +[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^19] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^20] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Walt Rostow was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^21] -A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files, headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts.[^20] A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead and sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA." The writer places the break with the agency: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^21] +A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files, headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts.[^22] A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead and sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA." The writer places the break with the agency: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^23] ### Death -MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^22] +MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^24] -The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56, and the Dean's report for that year calls him "A valued member of both the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science."[^23] +The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56, and the Dean's report for that year calls him "A valued member of both the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science."[^25] ### Footnotes @@ -124,10 +130,12 @@ The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the [^14]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, April 11, 1958, CIA reading room document 0001477407, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407 [^15]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9 [^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26 -[^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 -[^18]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 -[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 -[^20]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7 -[^21]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2 -[^22]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917 -[^23]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, p. 218, and report of the Dean of Humanities and Social Science, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 +[^17]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Lists Millikan among the twelve members invited on August 16, 1955. +[^18]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Contents list papers 2 ("Thresholds of U. S. Effort") and 3 ("Economic Policy as an Instrument of Political and Psychological Policy") by Max Millikan, Director, Center of International Studies, MIT. +[^19]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 +[^20]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 +[^21]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 +[^22]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7 +[^23]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2 +[^24]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917 +[^25]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, p. 218, and report of the Dean of Humanities and Social Science, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Melvin J. Lasky.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Melvin J. Lasky.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d9f7196c --- /dev/null +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Melvin J. Lasky.md @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +--- +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +title: Melvin J. Lasky +aliases: + - Melvin J. Lasky + - Melvin Lasky + - Melvin Jonah Lasky + - Lasky +category: "Authors & Journalists" +tags: + - Person + - MelvinLasky + - DerMonat + - Encounter + - CongressForCulturalFreedom + - InternationalAssociationForCulturalFreedom + - ColdWar + - CulturalColdWar + - FirstGermanWritersCongress + - BerlinCongress1950 + - UnitedStatesArmy + - CentralIntelligenceAgency + - MichaelJosselson + - FrankWisner + - FordFoundation +summary: "American journalist and editor who founded Der Monat in 1948, helped initiate the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and co-edited Encounter from December 1958 until the magazine closed." +start: 1920 +end: 2004 +location: "New York; Berlin; London; Munich" +relations: + - type: employed_by + with: "[[United States Army]]" + start: 1945-01 + end: 1946 + role: "second lieutenant with the Army's historical branch, attached to the Seventh Army information and historical section" + fn: 3 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[First German Writers' Congress]]" + start: 1947-10 + end: 1947-10 + role: "delivered an address on freedom of the mind at the congress of October 4 to 8, 1947" + fn: 5 + - type: founded + with: "[[Der Monat]]" + start: 1948-10 + role: "founding editor of the German-language journal; first issue October 1, 1948" + fn: 10 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Der Monat]]" + start: 1948-10 + role: "editor with Hellmut Jaesrich; the journal passed from the American High Commission to a private German publishing company on October 1, 1954" + fn: 10 + - type: founded + with: "[[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]" + start: 1950-06 + end: 1950-11 + role: "one of the initiators of the Berlin conference; removed from overt roles by November 1950 under pressure from the CIA" + fn: 11 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Office of Military Government for Germany, United States]]" + start: 1947 + role: "employee of the American occupation government in Berlin, per the CIA history of the congress" + fn: 11 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Encounter]]" + start: 1958-12 + end: 1990-09 + role: "co-editor with Stephen Spender from the December 1958 issue, succeeding Irving Kristol; the BnF record and the September 1990 masthead end the run in 1990, Reason gives June 1991" + fn: 19 +--- + +Melvin Jonah Lasky (1920 to 2004) was an American journalist and magazine editor. He was born in [[New York City]] on January 15, 1920, served as a combat historian with the [[United States Army]] during the Second World War, founded the German-language journal [[Der Monat]] in [[Berlin]] in 1948, helped initiate the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], and co-edited the [[London]] monthly [[Encounter]] from 1958. He died at his home in Berlin on May 19, 2004.[^1][^2] + +### Army service, 1945 to 1946 + +Lasky was a second lieutenant when he began a diary on January 22, 1945 at Fort Totten, New York, while waiting to be shipped to Europe. He concluded it in [[Frankfurt]] on December 19, 1945. As a trained historian he secured a place in the Army's historical branch, attached to the [[Seventh United States Army]] information and historical section, and the diary records the reporting trips he made with frontline units.[^3][^4] A brief excerpt, "Travel Diary in Germany," appeared anonymously in the magazine [[Common Sense]] in June 1945.[^3] Lasky left the military in 1946.[^3] + +The typescript, 250 pages long, was not published until 2022, when [[Charlotte A. Lerg]] edited it as The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky: Into Germany at the End of World War II, with an introduction by Lerg and [[Maren Roth]]. Lasky's assistant, [[Marc Svetov]], found the typescript in three ring binders after Lasky's death.[^3] + +### The Berlin writers' congress, 1947 + +The First German Writers' Congress met from October 4 to 8, 1947, convened by the [[Kulturbund]] with [[Ricarda Huch]] presiding. [[Karol Kubicki]], who attended, placed the congress in the Admiralspalast and wrote that Lasky opened a sustained attack on the Communists, who in their zone were suppressing freedom of the word. The hall split after about thirty minutes, and Kubicki described the congress as the last all-German writers' congress.[^5] [[Jüdische Allgemeine]] places the speech in the Deutsches Theater in East Berlin and reports that Huch alone supported Lasky's criticism of Soviet censorship.[^6] + +Lasky wrote in The Nation in 1967 that he had been invited as a free-lance American journalist to make a brief talk to the first postwar German writers' congress, that his theme was the need to resist all forms of censorship anywhere, that the talk was controversial given the Russian venue, and that there was vigorous discussion. He denied that he had led a walk-out of anti-Communists from the meeting.[^7] The speech, titled "Von der geistigen Freiheit," was printed in Die Neue Zeitung on October 10, 1947 with the reply of the Soviet writer [[Valentin Kataev]], who said he had heard the speech of the unknown writer Lasky and was very glad finally to see a living warmonger.[^8] [[Hans Mayer]] later wrote that it was a speech meant to divide and not to unite.[^9] Der Spiegel wrote in 1954 that Lasky read the speech from his manuscript.[^10] + +Kubicki also wrote that, at Lasky's initiative, the Congress for Cultural Freedom was installed as a permanent institution in the American sector and the journal Der Monat was founded.[^5] + +### Der Monat, 1948 to 1958 + +According to Der Spiegel, a colonel named Textor, the information chief of General [[Lucius D. Clay]], offered Lasky the editorship of a serious monthly in which Soviet ideology was to be fought on the highest cultural level, after the 1947 speech. Lasky brought in the German publicist [[Hellmut Jaesrich]] as co-editor. The first issue appeared on October 1, 1948 in the blockaded city, its manuscripts edited by candlelight, flown to Munich for printing and the bales of finished copies flown back in.[^10] The CIA history of the congress describes the journal as "a journal sponsored by the American occupation government that brought Western writers once more into the ken of the German public." It also calls Lasky "an employee of the American occupation government."[^11] The AP obituary has Lasky reporting in Der Monat on the East German uprising of 1953 and the Hungarian revolution of 1956, and says the magazine caused a scandal in Germany in the 1960s when it came to light that it was partly funded by the CIA.[^2] The writer Edward McLaren wrote that Lasky had received Marshall Aid funding for Der Monat and that in 1947 he wrote a message to General Clay that became known as "The Melvin Lasky Proposal."[^12] + +Der Spiegel reported on October 13, 1954 that a telex of March 1954, signed by Alfred Boerner, head of the Public Affairs division of the American High Commission ([[HICOG]]), instructed Lasky to order no further articles after June 30 because HICOG sponsorship of Der Monat would end with the financial year. From October 1 the journal ceased to be an organ of the American occupation authorities and became a private enterprise, published by a newly founded Verlagsgesellschaft fuer internationale Publizistik. Der Spiegel named it the first case in which a former HICOG periodical was transferred into a German publishing house with private American money. The magazine wrote that the transition was eased by a single grant of 175,000 dollars from the [[Ford Foundation]], that [[John J. McCloy]] and [[Shepard Stone]], formerly director of Public Affairs at HICOG, were among the Ford officials friendly to the magazine, that the grant carried no conditions, and that the Ford representatives declined a seat on the board of the new publishing company.[^10] + +The Ford Foundation's annual report for 1954 states: "Der Monat was established in 1948 by United States Government authorities in an effort to encourage democratic trends in the intellectual life of postwar Germany and to develop contacts between the intellectual leaders of Germany and of the free nations. United States Government support for Der Monat ceased in 1954." The foundation appropriated 175,000 dollars in 1954 to assist the review, covering a three-year period, with the Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Publizistik (International Publications, Inc.) as grantee.[^13] The foundation's grant lists for 1955 through 1958 carry further entries for International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) described as support or publication of the monthly international review Der Monat.[^14] Lasky wrote in The Nation in 1967 that for ten years he had edited Der Monat in Berlin, "until 1954 for the USIA, and thereafter (after a brief losing battle with McCarthyism) under a direct Ford Foundation grant."[^7] + +A 1996 review in [[Partisan Review]] quotes a passage that reads "Thus it was decided to terminate Der Monat, which was financed by the military authorities." The same review states that "It was believed that he was an agent of American intelligence" and that "The documents show that Lasky was anything but persona grata in Washington," and says the journal survived through the support of McCloy and others who had known Lasky in Berlin.[^15] Jüdische Allgemeine states that the Congress for Cultural Freedom financed the magazine for several years, and that the congress was itself fed by intelligence-service money.[^6] The University of Chicago holds the records of Der Monat as a separate collection from the congress's own records.[^16] + +### Berlin, 1949 to 1950 + +Lasky met the former Communists [[Franz Borkenau]] and [[Ruth Fischer]] in Frankfurt in August 1949, and the three hatched a plan for a conference of the non-Communist Left in Berlin the following year. Lasky was 29.[^11] [[Michael Josselson]] took up the plan, and his proposal reached [[Washington, D.C.]] in January 1950, on or about January 25. In late December Lasky sent a proposal of his own to the philosopher [[Sidney Hook]], who replied on January 11, 1950. Officers of the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] met on February 6 and gave Josselson the go-ahead.[^11][^17] + +[[Frank Wisner]], head of the Office of Policy Coordination, approved a 50,000-dollar project on April 7, 1950 and wanted Lasky and [[James Burnham]] kept out of sight in Berlin, for fear that their presence would give ammunition to Communist critics.[^11][^17] According to the CIA history, Lasky "had appointed himself the driving force behind the event," and Josselson cabled that "No other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^17] The same history notes that Communist organs, on the eve of the congress, would accuse Lasky of being an agent of the US Army and of "the American secret service," citing a June 25, 1950 New York Times report headed "Paper in Soviet Zone Hits Culture Parley."[^17] The congress opened at the [[Titania Palace]] in [[West Berlin]] on June 26, 1950.[^11] + +A memorandum of August 4, 1950 from Louis Glaser to [[Frank Lindsay]] recorded Lasky's activities in connection with the congress under the project name PDQUICK.[^17] Wisner's memorandum of August 8, 1950 to C. D. G. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," began that he remained "very disturbed" at the non-observance of his memorandum of April 7, in which he had approved the project "subject to the condition that Lasky would not be permitted to figure publicly in this operation." It called Lasky's conduct "a major blunder," and stated: "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization, then I am unwilling to have OPC continue its backing." A postscript recorded that General Magruder had shown a report on the congress to Secretary Johnson, who had shown it to the President, "who expressed himself as being very well pleased."[^18] The CIA history adds that Wisner described Lasky's visibility as "a major blunder," recognized as such "by our best friends in the Department of State," and that Josselson cabled a protest. In its words, "Lasky had to go, and OPC contrived to have him removed from the project and canceled his operational clearance."[^17] + +The steering committee formally established the congress as a permanent body on November 27, 1950, with [[Denis de Rougemont]] as president of its executive committee, after Lasky and Burnham had been removed from prominent roles.[^11][^17] + +### Encounter, 1958 to 1990 + +Encounter was published in London from October 1953, and its first issue named [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Irving Kristol]] as editors. The mastheads of the issues through November 1958 carry those two names; the December 1958 issue (volume XI, number 6) reads "edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky."[^19] Reason wrote that Lasky took over Encounter from Kristol in 1958.[^20] The [[Bibliotheque nationale de France]] catalogue lists Lasky as directeur de publication from 1958 and Kristol from 1953 to 1958, and gives the run of the magazine as 1953 to 1990, ending with the September 1990 issue.[^21] The September 1990 masthead (volume LXXV, number 2) names Lasky and [[Anthony Hartley]] as editors.[^19] Reason gives the demise as June 1991, the New Criterion places the closure in 1991, and the Associated Press obituary gives Lasky's editorship as running from 1953 to 1991.[^2][^20][^22] A 2025 essay gives the end as 1990.[^12] + +[[Thomas W. Braden]], who had headed the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s International Organizations Division, wrote in 1967: "Money for both the orchestra's tour and the magazine came from the CIA, and few outside the CIA knew about it." He continued that the agency had placed one agent in the Congress for Cultural Freedom and that "Another agent became an editor of Encounter."[^23] + +The [[New Criterion]] obituary states that Lasky graduated from City College of New York in the same class as Kristol and [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], that he moved to London in the late 1950s to take over the co-editorship with Spender, and that his books included The Hungarian Revolution (1957), Africa for Beginners and Utopia and Revolution (1977). It quotes Sidney Hook, writing in 1985, on Lasky's "extraordinary intellectual and moral courage."[^22] + +### The 1966 and 1967 disclosures + +On May 10, 1966, Spender, Lasky and Kristol wrote letters to the editor of the [[New York Times]], published in May 1966.[^24] In a letter to the [[Wall Street Journal]], filed in the CIA's copy with a stamp of April 8, 1974, Lasky wrote that he had not called the congress a CIA front, that "A 'front' in common political usage refers to a phony body set up for manipulative purposes," and that the congress "was never that, although most of its financial support came, as is now well known, from American foundations many of which derived their funds from the CIA."[^25] + +In The Nation of October 2, 1967, replying to an essay by [[Christopher Lasch]] on "The Cultural Cold War" in the issue of September 11, Lasky wrote that he had already stated publicly in the London Times of May 9 that Braden's allegation was untrue; that when he became an editor of Encounter in 1958, at the invitation of the then co-editors, he "had no knowledge of the CIA's involvement and was, then as now, nobody's agent"; and that when he "subsequently became aware that some of the grants which various U.S. donors gave to the Congress for Cultural Freedom to help subsidize Encounter's publishing deficit were not in fact private but covert governmental funds, I did everything in my power to end this. In 1964, Cecil Harmsworth King and the Daily Mirror group in London took over the financial sponsorship of Encounter." He also wrote that he had never been a Communist and that there had been no resignation by him from Encounter. Lasch replied in the same issue that the New York Times of May 9 had reported that Lasky "won a vote of confidence today from the magazine's backers and decided to stay on the job," and asked why Lasky had not confided his suspicions to his colleagues.[^7] + +In 1967, according to McLaren, Lasky wrote to [[Isaiah Berlin]] that "IF there were an agent planted in Encounter …it could only have been Kristol or Spender." As a consequence, McLaren wrote, Spender resigned and Kristol threatened to sue Braden, leaving Lasky the only acting editor. [[Frank Kermode]] returned to the magazine after the [[International Publishing Corporation]] of London took over its financial burden from the CIA. The New York Times later that year reported that Lasky would stay on.[^12] The July 1967 issue of Encounter carried a notice from its trustees, [[Edward Shils]], [[Andrew Shonfield]], Sir [[William Haley]] and [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]], regretting that Spender and Kermode had resigned, stating that Lasky "has agreed to remain as co-Editor," that [[Nigel Dennis]] had been appointed the other co-editor, and that before 1964 the magazine was financially supported by the Congress for Cultural Freedom and subsequently by the International Publishing Corporation, chaired by Cecil H. King. The June 1967 masthead read "Edited by Frank Kermode and Melvin J. Lasky," with Spender as corresponding editor for the United States.[^19][^26] + +McLaren also quotes the philosopher [[Richard Wollheim]], who recalled confronting Lasky and Spender with the rumour that the magazine was CIA-funded several years earlier, when he had been asked to join its board. Lasky answered: "Nothing easier. You can inspect the accounts, and see for yourself."[^12] McLaren states that Lasky went on to admit that he knew about the CIA funding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom from long before 1963. Michael Josselson told a Sunday Telegraph interviewer in 1967 that he was the sole person in the congress who knew its money came from the CIA, a statement McLaren attributes to the writer [[Sarah Miller Harris]].[^12] + +[[Frances Stonor Saunders]]'s 1999 study of the congress's CIA connections is described by Lerg and Roth as focusing on those connections, and as one that "at times jumps to conclusions."[^3] + +### Later work and papers + +In 1975 Lasky published "Ulrike and Andreas" in The New York Times Magazine.[^27] His papers were donated to [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] in 2008 and are held by the Lasky Center for Transatlantic Studies. The collection includes about 3,500 letters, calendars, New York and Berlin diaries, notebooks from travels to Africa and India, and reports from his postwar work for the US Army. Correspondents include [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Daniel Bell]], Isaiah Berlin, [[Friedrich von Hayek]], Sidney Hook, [[George Kennan]], Irving Kristol, [[Golo Mann]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]] and [[Lionel Trilling]].[^3][^28] + +The Lasky Library at the same center holds about 10,000 volumes. The center's holdings complement the congress records at the University of Chicago and the Encounter archive at [[Boston University]].[^28] + +### Death + +Lasky died at his home in Berlin on May 19, 2004, aged 84, of a heart ailment. The AP obituary says he interviewed Winston Churchill, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Konrad Adenauer, Willy Brandt and Vaclav Havel, and that after entering Berlin with Clay's military government contingent he was close to being expelled by Clay in 1948 when Moscow imposed the Berlin Blockade, until Clay reversed course and hired him as an adviser, an account the AP attributes to Lasky's own website.[^2] The New York Times published an obituary headed "Melvin J. Lasky, Cultural Cold Warrior, Is Dead at 84" on May 22, 2004.[^29] The Washington Post obituary, as quoted by Reason, called him an "outspoken anti-communist" and recalled that "His critics enjoyed tweaking him by pointing out a visible irony," since "he looked exactly like V.I. Lenin."[^20] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, catalogue authority record for "Lasky, Melvin J. (1920-2004), Journalist, Herausgeber, Autor" (lifespan 15.01.1920 to 19.05.2004; born New York, died Berlin; linked to Encounter (1953-1991) and Der Monat). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00055073/ +[^2]: Associated Press, "Anti-communist journalist Melvin Lasky dies," May 27, 2004, carried by NBC News. Died at his home in Berlin, aged 84, of a heart ailment on May 19; combat historian during the war; entered Berlin with the military government contingent; co-founded Der Monat in 1948 and reported on the 1953 East German uprising and the 1956 Hungarian revolution; the magazine caused a scandal in Germany in the 1960s when it came to light that it was partly funded by the CIA; 15 years at Der Monat; gives Encounter as edited "from 1953 to 1991"; interviews with Churchill, Eisenhower, Adenauer, Brandt and Havel; the Clay anecdote is attributed by the AP to Lasky's website. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5078030 +[^3]: Charlotte A. Lerg and Maren Roth, introduction to Charlotte A. Lerg, ed., The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky: Into Germany at the End of World War II (Berghahn Books, 2022). Diary begun January 22, 1945 at Fort Totten and concluded in Frankfurt on December 19, 1945; 250-page typescript; Second Lieutenant Lasky; Army Historical Branch and the 7th Army Information and Historical Section; excerpt in Common Sense, June 1945; left the military in 1946; typescript found by Marc Svetov after May 19, 2004; papers donated to Ludwig Maximilian University in 2008; note 2 on Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (Granta, 1999); bibliography entry for the New York Times obituary. https://www.v1.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/LergDiary_intro.pdf and https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/LergDiary +[^4]: Review of Charlotte A. Lerg, ed., The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky, "Reports from a Cold Crater," Los Angeles Review of Books. Account of the bird-dog expeditions and fact-finding trips with frontline troops; the Historical Section; Lasky's entry for April 22 on his colleagues. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/reports-from-a-cold-crater-on-charlotte-a-lergs-the-diary-of-lt-melvin-j-lasky +[^5]: Karol Kubicki, "Erinnerung an einen allerletzten Gesprächsversuch im Kulturbund zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands," memoir of the October 1947 congress, pp. 125 ff. Admiralspalast venue; Lasky's attack on Communist suppression of the word; the hall dividing after thirty minutes; Lasky's initiative for the Congress for Cultural Freedom and Der Monat; the Der Monat imprint. Translated by the drafter. https://zeitschrift-fsed.fu-berlin.de/index.php/zfsed/article/download/745/786/1478 +[^6]: Jüdische Allgemeine, profile of Melvin J. Lasky ("Blattmacher, Wahl-Berliner, Freiheitsfreund"). Born in the Bronx on January 15, 1920 to Jewish-Polish immigrants; military historian with the 7th US Army; First German Writers' Congress speech at the Deutsches Theater, with Ricarda Huch as the only supporter; Congress for Cultural Freedom financing of Der Monat, itself fed by intelligence-service money; Encounter edited from London from 1958; return to Berlin in 1989. https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/blattmacher-wahlberliner-freiheitsfreund +[^7]: Melvin J. Lasky, letter to the editors, and Christopher Lasch, reply, The Nation, October 2, 1967, p. 309 (letters on Lasch's "The Cultural Cold War," The Nation, September 11, 1967), CIA reading room copy of a Saturday Review clipping file, CIA-RDP88-01315R000200270001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000200270001-6 +[^8]: Sabine Rollberg, Von der Auferstehung des Geistes: eine Analyse des Feuilletons der Neuen Zeitung 1945-1949 (inaugural dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Bonn 1981), notes citing Melville Lasky, "Von der geistigen Freiheit," Die Neue Zeitung, October 10, 1947, and the reply of Kataev printed in its introduction: "Ich habe die Rede des unbekannten Schriftstellers Lasky gehört. Ich bin sehr erfreut, endlich einen lebenden Kriegsbrandstifter zu Gesicht zu bekommen." Translated by the reviewer. https://archive.org/details/IA41543108_0013 +[^9]: Hans Mayer, Ein Deutscher auf Widerruf: Erinnerungen (Suhrkamp, 1982), on the 1947 congress: "Es war eine Rede, die Spaltung beabsichtigte, nicht Gemeinsamkeit." https://archive.org/details/eindeutscheraufw0000maye +[^10]: "Monat: Umzug ins Privatquartier," Der Spiegel, October 13, 1954, Press section. Telex of March 1954 signed Alfred Boerner; HICOG sponsorship ending with the financial year; Der Monat a private enterprise from October 1; the Ford Foundation grant of 175,000 dollars, McCloy and Shepard Stone, refusal of a board seat; Lasky's 1947 speech read from his manuscript; Colonel Textor's offer; Hellmut Jaesrich as co-editor; first issue October 1, 1948. Translated by the reviewer. https://archive.org/details/sim_spiegel_1954-10-13_8_42 +[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5. Der Monat "a journal sponsored by the American occupation government"; Lasky as "an employee of the American occupation government"; the August 1949 Frankfurt meeting with Borkenau and Fischer; Lasky "only 29"; Josselson's proposal reaching Washington in January 1950; Wisner's approval of the project outline on April 7 and the fear of ammunition to Communist critics; the Congress opening at the Titania Palace on 26 June 1950; Lasky and Burnham removed from prominent roles; permanent organization in November 1950. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950 +[^12]: Edward McLaren, "How the CIA secretly funded Encounter," guest essay on The Common Reader, September 15, 2025. The Marshall Aid statement and the 1947 message to Clay ("The Melvin Lasky Proposal"); the letter to Isaiah Berlin; Spender's resignation, Kristol's threat to sue Braden, Kermode's return and the New York Times report that Lasky would stay on; the Wollheim recollection and Lasky's reply; Lasky's admission that he knew of the funding from long before 1963; the magazine lasting until 1990; Josselson's statement to the Sunday Telegraph as relayed by Sarah Miller Harris. https://www.commonreader.co.uk/p/stephen-spender-and-the-cia +[^13]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1954, section "Der Monat" (International Affairs). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf +[^14]: Ford Foundation, Annual Reports 1955, 1956, 1957 and 1958, grant lists, entries for International Publications, Inc. ("Support of the monthly international review, 'Der Monat'"; "Publication of the monthly international review, 'Der Monat'"; 1957 and 1958 "International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) Support of the international review 'Der Monat'"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1955-annual-report.pdf and the same path for 1956, 1957 and 1958. +[^15]: Partisan Review, vol. 63, no. 2 (1996), p. 192, review passages on Der Monat ("Thus it was decided to terminate Der Monat, which was financed by the military authorities"), the belief that Lasky was an agent of American intelligence, Lasky's standing in Washington, and the support of McCloy. https://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/books/PR1996V63N2/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page22.html +[^16]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," scope note (Der Monat "form a separate collection"). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF +[^17]: CIA history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom's origins, National Archives, Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel release 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12. Josselson proposal reaching OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950; Lasky's proposal to Hook in late December and Hook's reply of January 11, 1950; the OPC meeting of February 6; Wisner's approval of the 50,000-dollar project on April 7, 1950; Lasky as "the driving force behind the event"; Josselson's cable; note 63 citing New York Times, June 25, 1950, p. 5, "Paper in Soviet Zone Hits Culture Parley"; Louis Glaser to Frank Lindsay, "Activities of Mr. Melvin Lasky in connection with Congress for Cultural Freedom (Project PDQUICK)," August 4, 1950; Wisner to Breckinridge, August 8, 1950, and "a major blunder"; "Lasky had to go"; formal establishment of the congress on November 27, 1950. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf +[^18]: Memorandum for Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," signed F.G.W. (Frank G. Wisner), August 8, 1950, with postscript, CIA reading room copy released March 2006. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530 +[^19]: Encounter mastheads: October 1953 (vol. 1, no. 1, "Edited by Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol"); January, May, June, July, September and November 1958 (same editors); December 1958 (vol. XI, no. 6, "edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky"); January 1959; June 1967 (vol. XXVIII, no. 6, "Edited by Frank Kermode and Melvin J. Lasky," corresponding editor U.S.A. Stephen Spender); September 1990 (vol. LXXV, no. 2, editors Melvin J. Lasky and Anthony Hartley). Scans at https://archive.org/details/encounter-1953-1990 +[^20]: Reason, "Cold Warrior," June 2, 2004. Lasky took over Encounter from Irving Kristol in 1958; the magazine ran until June 1991; quotations from the Washington Post obituary. https://reason.com/2004/06/02/cold-warrior/ +[^21]: Bibliotheque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1953) to vol. 75, no. 2 (Sept. 1990); entries for Lasky, Melvin J. (1920-2004), directeur de publication from 1958, and Kristol, Irving (1920-2009), directeur de publication from 1953 to 1958. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k +[^22]: The New Criterion, "Melvin J. Lasky, 1920-2004," Notes & Comments, June 2004. https://newcriterion.com/article/melvin-j-lasky-1920-2004/ +[^23]: Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14, as excerpted in the CIA reading room copies cia-rdp88-01315r000100430001-9 and cia-rdp88-01315r000200450001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000100430001-9 +[^24]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," note 62, citing letters to the New York Times editor by Stephen Spender, Melvin Lasky and Irving Kristol, May 10, 1966. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^25]: Melvin J. Lasky, letter to the editor, "Encounter and the CIA," The Wall Street Journal (responding to its issue of March 22), CIA reading room copy stamped 8 April 1974, CIA-RDP88-01315R000200270001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000200270001-6 +[^26]: Encounter, July 1967 (vol. XXIX, no. 1), notice by the trustees (Edward Shils, Andrew Shonfield, Sir William Haley, Arthur Schlesinger Jr.) and note on Nigel Dennis as co-editor. https://archive.org/details/encounter-1953-1990 +[^27]: Melvin J. Lasky, "'Ulrike and Andreas,'" The New York Times Magazine, May 21, 1975. CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01194a000100380001-4 +[^28]: American History, Culture and Society, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, "Lasky Archive," description of the Lasky Center for Transatlantic Studies holdings: about 3,500 letters, calendars, New York and Berlin diaries; Lasky Library of about 10,000 volumes; named correspondents; complementary collections at Chicago and Boston University. https://www.en.amerikanistik.uni-muenchen.de/research/archive/lasky-archiv/index.html +[^29]: New York Times, "Melvin J. Lasky, Cultural Cold Warrior, Is Dead at 84," May 22, 2004, Section B, p. 16, as cited in Charlotte A. Lerg and Maren Roth, introduction to The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky, bibliography. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michael Josselson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michael Josselson.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0a80bf41 --- /dev/null +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michael Josselson.md @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +--- +aliases: + - Michael Josselson + - Mike Josselson + - Josselson + - Michael Josselson (1908-1978) +category: "Intelligence & Government" +tags: + - Person + - CentralIntelligenceAgency + - CongressForCulturalFreedom + - InternationalAssociationForCulturalFreedom + - OfficeOfPolicyCoordination + - QKOPERA + - CulturalColdWar + - ColdWar + - InformationControlDivision + - Encounter + - FarfieldFoundation + - Estonia +summary: "Michael Josselson was the Estonian-born CIA officer who ran the Congress for Cultural Freedom from Paris from 1950 until his resignation in 1967 and died in Geneva in 1978." +start: 1908 +end: 1978 +location: "Tartu; Berlin; Paris; New York; Geneva" +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Gimbel Brothers]]" + start: 1928 + end: 1941 + role: "buyer in the Berlin office, then manager of the Paris office (from 1935) and managing director of the European offices (from 1937); buyer for the American market from 1941" + fn: 1 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Office of Military Government for Germany]]" + start: 1946 + end: 1949 + role: "cultural affairs officer in Berlin; chief of intelligence of the Information Control Branch according to the CIA history" + fn: 1 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Office of the United States High Commissioner for Germany]]" + start: 1949 + end: 1950 + role: "public affairs staff" + fn: 1 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]" + start: 1949-04 + role: "applied to join the Office of Policy Coordination in April 1949 while briefly in the United States; a 1948 entry into the Berlin covert action office is given in a secondary biography" + fn: 6 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]" + start: 1950-11 + end: 1967-10 + role: "administrative secretary from November 1950, later executive director; offered his resignation in May 1967, when the General Assembly declined it; left the post at the September 1967 reforms" + fn: 2 + - type: spouse_of + with: "[[Diana Josselson]]" + role: "second wife; completed The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly after his death" + fn: 1 +--- + +Michael Josselson (March 2, 1908, [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]], to January 7, 1978, Geneva) was an Estonian-born former department store buyer who served as a cultural officer in the American occupation of Berlin and then became the administrative secretary of the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] (CCF), an association of writers, scholars and artists that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] financed through covert channels from 1950 until 1966. He ran the congress from Paris for sixteen years, left the post in 1967 after the funding was exposed, and spent his last years in Switzerland writing a biography of the Russian general [[Barclay de Tolly]].[^1] + +### Tartu, Berlin and Gimbels, 1908 to 1937 + +Josselson was born in Tartu on March 2, 1908, the son of a Jewish timber merchant.[^1] The family moved to [[Berlin]] during the [[Russian Revolution]], and he attended secondary school there from 1920 to 1927.[^1] He spent one year each at the [[University of Berlin]] and the [[University of Freiburg]] from 1927 to 1928 and then left school to work as a buyer in the Berlin office of the Gimbel-May department stores.[^1] The CIA history spells the firm "Gimbels-Saks" and says the company made him its chief European buyer.[^2][^3] He was fluent in German, Russian, French and English.[^1] + +By 1935 he had been promoted to manager of the Paris office of [[Gimbel Brothers]]. The CIA history gives the transfer to [[Paris]] as part of his rise to chief European buyer and places his move to [[New York City]] "before the war."[^3] The finding aid for his papers gives 1937 as the year he immigrated to the United States with his French wife to become managing director of the Gimbels European offices in New York.[^1] The war closed the European markets, and in 1941 he returned to buying, this time for the American market, from [[Pittsburgh]].[^1] He was naturalized in 1942.[^1] + +### Army service and the Berlin occupation, 1943 to 1950 + +Josselson was drafted in 1943.[^1] The finding aid says he was assigned to a communications unit in Europe as an interpreter and discharged as a first lieutenant in 1946, remaining in the reserves as a military intelligence officer until 1950.[^1] The CIA history says he "made sergeant" and served as an interrogator in the [[Psychological Warfare Division]] of the [[United States Army]].[^2][^3] The account of [[Frances Stonor Saunders]] places him in the division's intelligence section, on a seven-man team called Kampfgruppe Rosenberg after its leader, Captain [[Albert G. Rosenberg]], which interrogated German prisoners in order to separate Nazis from non-Nazis.[^4] A 2018 biography from the [[German Historical Institute]] also places him in the division's intelligence section from 1945 and names the same team.[^5] + +The division became the [[Information Control Division]] of the military government, which the same biography places under [[Robert A. McClure]].[^5] The finding aid describes Josselson from 1946 to 1949 as a cultural affairs officer for the [[Office of Military Government for Germany]] in Berlin, responsible for the denazification of leading German intellectuals and for editing and distributing anti-Communist propaganda.[^1] The CIA history says that in that period he was chief of intelligence for the military government's Information Control Branch, and that in late September 1946 he was ordered to set up a new Berlin daily ahead of the October 20 elections. According to the history, he took less than two weeks to hire the staff and set the format and political line, and the paper reached a circulation of 100,000. An American official recommended Josselson for an award in January 1947.[^3] + +In Berlin he worked with the composer [[Nicolas Nabokov]], who later joined the Information Control Division and was assigned to its music section.[^4][^5] Saunders quotes Nabokov writing that the two "did a good deal of successful Nazi-hunting and put on ice a few famous conductors, pianists, singers and a number of orchestral musicians."[^4] The CIA history names the conductor [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] and the theater director [[Jürgen Fehling]] among the Germans Josselson helped "rehabilitate," and a note in his papers, quoted by Saunders, says that he spared Furtwängler the denazification procedure.[^3][^4][^5] + +### Recruitment by the CIA + +The finding aid says that Josselson "purportedly became connected" with the CIA during his time with the [[State Department]]'s office in Germany in 1949 and 1950.[^1] The CIA history gives a more specific account. Josselson was a contact of the agency's [[Berlin Operations Base]] and applied to join the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) in April 1949 while briefly in the United States.[^6] The history places him at the beginnings of the anti-Communist counteroffensive at the Waldorf-Astoria and in Paris in the spring of 1949, on leave from his duties as a cultural officer in Germany, and says he told Nabokov that Berlin needed something similar (it cites [[Peter Coleman]], The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 5-6).[^3] The 2018 biography gives a different date for his entry into the agency, placing it in 1948 in the covert action department of the Berlin office, and names [[Lawrence de Neufville]] as the recruiter.[^5] + +The CIA history places the origin of the Berlin congress in Josselson's proposal. [[Ruth Fischer]] had put a Berlin conference idea to OPC officers in 1949, and it sat unused until January 1950, when Josselson "stepped forward" to promote it.[^3] The excerpt of the same study published in Studies in Intelligence places his promotion of the proposal "late in 1949."[^2] The history says Josselson talked with [[Melvin Lasky]] about the proposed conference and that his proposal reached OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950.[^6] On February 6, 1950, OPC officers met and gave Josselson the green light to proceed.[^6] On April 7, 1950, [[Frank Wisner]] approved a project outline with a budget of 50,000 dollars that essentially repeated Josselson's December proposal.[^2][^6] Wisner asked that Lasky and [[James Burnham]] be kept out of sight in Berlin.[^6] When the request reached him, Josselson defended Lasky, cabling that "no other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^6] + +Saunders quotes Josselson describing his new work in 1950 as "a continuation of psychological warfare, only this time directed against the Soviets."[^5] The German Historical Institute biography, citing Saunders, gives the page as 42.[^5] + +### The Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1950 to 1966 + +The congress opened in West Berlin on June 26, 1950, in the [[Titania Palace]].[^2] Josselson kept out of sight during the conference and kept track of everything that transpired, according to the CIA history.[^6] In November 1950 the steering committee made the organization permanent. Josselson resigned his job with the occupation government to become its administrative secretary, a position the Studies in Intelligence excerpt says he held for sixteen years.[^2] The CIA history, in its chapter on the congress, says he kept many of the participants working together "for 17 years."[^7] + +The CIA history says that OPC's Western Europe Division initially handled the congress and that in 1951 Josselson solved a management problem by creating a parallel station that worked with international organizations.[^8] It says that in August 1951 OPC's Special Projects Division was renamed the [[International Organizations Branch]], under [[Tom Braden]], and that the congress project, carried under the cryptonym QKOPERA, found a permanent home in the agency's International Organizations Division, where [[Cord Meyer]] served as its guardian until its liquidation in 1967.[^7][^8] Braden's division took over management of QKOPERA on July 1, 1952. Soon afterward, once CIA security had cleared the philosopher [[Sidney Hook]], Meyer and Josselson traveled to New York to brief him on the agency's interest and to discuss the [[American Committee for Cultural Freedom]], the congress's New York affiliate.[^9] The two agreed in June 1954 that the American Committee had become too controversial, and the history describes the committee's de-funding afterward.[^10] Arnold Beichman recalled of Josselson: "I had no objection to what Josselson was doing, but he wasn't going to do it in my name."[^10] + +The finding aid says that Josselson arranged financing from various sources, including organizations that operated as fronts for CIA money, and that he worked behind the scenes through the 1950s and early 1960s as the congress organized conferences, produced publications and created regional offices.[^1] The CIA history cites a letter of October 22, 1953 from the poet [[Stephen Spender]] to Josselson, from the [[Boston University]] collection of the magazine [[Encounter]], for the awareness in England in late 1953 of American sponsorship of the congress and of Encounter.[^11] Of the funding vehicle that was publicly named as the congress's sponsor, the [[Farfield Foundation]], the history quotes the Encounter co-editor [[Irving Kristol]], writing in 1967, that [[Julius Fleischmann]] "was very much in evidence, yacht and all," and that Encounter's annual deficit was in the vicinity of 40,000 dollars. It adds that Hook, Beichman and William Phillips wrote to Fleischmann to ask about rumors of government money and that Fleischmann told them nothing.[^12][^13] + +The history assigns Josselson's temperament a place in the congress's course. It says the congress balanced anti-Communism against its credibility with the non-Communist left "through the talent of one man," that Josselson "was the key to the Congress's operations and to CIA control of the organization," and that one case officer called him an "expert impresario with the literary and academic prima donnas so essential to the CCF."[^14] It records that he endorsed the effort led by the sociologist [[Edward Shils]] to find "a new idiom" for the congress in the early 1960s, privately denounced William F. Buckley's magazine National Review, later doubted the wisdom of American involvement in Vietnam, and commended Senator [[George McGovern]]'s criticism of the Johnson administration's policy there.[^14] When the congress cabled President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in April 1953 asking clemency for [[Julius Rosenberg]] and [[Ethel Rosenberg]], the history says, Josselson regarded such statements as costing nothing and as enhancing the congress's reputation for integrity with its target audience. The American Committee castigated him for tolerating them, and in a reply to Hook he wrote: "The American Committee seems to recognize only one weapon in the fight against Communism: denunciation. Our methods are different."[^15] + +The history states that from the early 1950s Headquarters "trusted Josselson and followed his lead" in balancing the project's anti-Communist mission against the need for credibility among foreign intellectuals, and that "Without him there would have been no Congress for Cultural Freedom."[^16] Its introduction names agency and overt-organization "brokers" and says "CCF had Michael Josselson."[^17] It also records that he "showed no compunction about putting unwitting American intellectuals on Congressional platforms."[^14] [[John C. Hunt]] worked beside him in the Paris secretariat, and a photograph caption in the history reads that the two "made an effective team."[^14] The [[University of Chicago]] holds Josselson correspondence files for 1952 through 1967 in boxes 201 to 205 of the records of the International Association for Cultural Freedom.[^18] + +### Disclosure and resignation, 1966 to 1967 + +The [[New York Times]] published a series of five articles on the CIA from April 25 to 29, 1966. The third, datelined April 26, said that the agency had supported "anti-Communist but liberal organizations of intellectuals such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom," and it described Encounter as one of the indirect beneficiaries of CIA funds.[^19] + +According to the CIA history, Josselson asked [[McGeorge Bundy]] and [[Shepard Stone]] at the [[Ford Foundation]] in early 1966 to consider taking over the entire congress program. The agency cut its ties to the congress that September, and Josselson and Hunt stayed on in their posts.[^20] The New York Times reported in September 1967 that the congress had been totally financed by a Ford Foundation grant since October 1966, with, according to Josselson, a guarantee of appropriations until 1972.[^21] + +The February 1967 exposure of the [[National Student Association]] came through [[Ramparts]]. The magazine ran an advertisement announcing the article in the New York Times of February 14, 1967, and released the account on February 15, ahead of its March 1967 issue.[^22][^23] The article by [[Sol Stern]] (pages 29 to 39) mentioned the congress only in passing, naming the "Fairfield Foundation" as a frequent contributor to it and recording that the Fairfield Foundation had received 15,000 dollars from the Rabb Foundation, and did not name Josselson.[^20][^24] + +Josselson told the congress's General Assembly on May 13, 1967 that the CIA had supported the congress from 1950 to the summer of 1966.[^25] The New York Times reported that the assembly expressed regret that intelligence funds had financed the congress and that Josselson had accepted them without his colleagues' knowledge. The assembly refused to accept his resignation and asked him to stay, and he agreed.[^25] In an interview published that week he said that he had regretted accepting the money "because the ends do not justify the means."[^25] The CIA history says that Josselson and Hunt offered their resignations to the General Assembly, admitting their CIA connections, and that the assembly "merely 'noted'" them.[^26] + +A clipping in the CIA reading room, whose newspaper is not identified, reports that Josselson revealed on a Sunday that about 40 per cent of the money the congress spent each year went to four cultural journals, among them [[Preuves]] in France, [[Der Monat]] in Germany and Encounter in Britain.[^27] + +A New York Times dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967 reported that the congress had selected Stone, then director of international affairs for the Ford Foundation, as its executive director, to replace Josselson, who had "assumed sole responsibility" for the use of CIA funds from 1950 to the summer of 1966, and that Josselson, a friend of Stone, would remain with the organization as a consultant. The same dispatch quotes Josselson that under the practice then existing he would inform the CIA of the congress's budgetary needs and the agency would then provide him with the name of a foundation likely to favor a request for a grant, and reports that he had offered his resignation earlier in the year and that it had not been accepted at the time.[^21] The CIA history says that in September 1967 the General Assembly approved reforms, named Stone president and chief executive, and renamed the organization the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), and that Josselson and Hunt "resigned for good" at that point.[^26] A dispatch of October 2, published October 3, reported that Stone had been named president and that [[Pierre Emmanuel]], a French poet who had been literary director and deputy secretary general, would replace Josselson, the former executive director of the 17-year-old group and one of its founders, who had resigned.[^28] + +### The International Association for Cultural Freedom + +The finding aid says Josselson continued to advise informally the former associates who created the IACF.[^1] [[Richard Krygier]], secretary of the Australian affiliate, said in 1969 that the affiliate had enjoyed more freedom under Stone than before, when "Mike [Josselson] & Company" had been concerned with the political outlook of affiliates.[^29] + +The University of Chicago finding aid for the association's records lists a correspondence file for Josselson for 1968 to 1975, a file for his "Geneva office" for 1959 to 1961, and an administration file for Josselson for 1963.[^18] + +### Death in Geneva, 1961 to 1978 + +Josselson moved to Switzerland in 1961 to seek treatment for circulatory problems and had already undergone several surgeries.[^1] According to the CIA history, he watched the association from Geneva. A few former colleagues called on him, and agency officers visited from time to time to ask about people and programs he had worked with over his career.[^30] He spent much of his last years on a biography of Barclay de Tolly, the general who commanded the Russian armies retreating before Napoleon in 1812. The CIA history, citing Peter Coleman, says that Josselson saw parallels between his own campaign and Barclay's, although a quick vindication was not one of them.[^30] + +Josselson died in Geneva on January 7, 1978, following heart surgery.[^1] His manuscript was finished except for the bibliography and index. [[Diana Josselson]] completed the book, which was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1980 as The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly.[^1] The CIA history says that only a handful of mourners attended his funeral, among them a CIA official who brought his Distinguished Service Medal, and that his widow refused it. The history suggests she was reacting to the strain of the double life he had led at the congress, citing Coleman's account; its endnote states that the account of the refusal is touching but that it found no corroboration for it in CIA files.[^30] The history is dedicated "To the Memory of Michael Josselson."[^31] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin, "Michael Josselson: An Inventory of His Papers," Biographical Sketch and Scope and Contents, Michael Josselson Papers, 1914-1991 (bulk 1960-1978). Series I (The Commander), Series II (Congress for Cultural Freedom), Series III (Personal). https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00064 +[^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5 (excerpt of a larger classified CIA study; redacted version). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950 +[^3]: CIA classified history of its involvement with anti-Communist groups, National Archives ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 2 of 12 (secret, partly redacted), on Josselson's biography (Gimbels, Army service, the Information Control Branch, the 1946 Berlin newspaper, the rehabilitation of Furtwängler and Fehling), the recommendation for an award dated January 8, 1947 (note 59), the Fischer proposal that OPC officers received without enthusiasm and that sat until January 1950, the spring 1949 Waldorf-Astoria and Paris conferences and the conversation with Nabokov (note 56, citing Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 5-6). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-2.pdf +[^4]: Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York: The New Press, 2000), as reproduced in the Michael Josselson short biography at the Estonian Jewish Museum. Its quotations of Stuart Hampshire and Nabokov, the Kampfgruppe Rosenberg account, and the Furtwängler note are cited there to Saunders 1999 and to Nabokov's own writing. Page numbers are as cited in note 5. https://muuseum.jewish.ee/stories/Josselson.pdf +[^5]: Transatlantic Perspectives (German Historical Institute), "Josselson, Michael," entry (2018), citing Saunders 1999, pp. 10-11, 14 and 42, and Nabokov 1951, p. 263. https://www.transatlanticperspectives.org/entries/michael-josselson/ +[^6]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 3 of 12 (secret, partly redacted), on Josselson as a contact of the Berlin Operations Base and his application to OPC in April 1949, the proposal that reached OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950, the OPC meeting of February 6, 1950, Wisner's approval of April 7, 1950, Josselson's cable on Lasky, and his keeping out of sight during the conference. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf +[^7]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 4 of 12 (on the August 1951 renaming of OPC's Special Projects Division as the International Organizations Branch under Tom Braden) and Part 10 of 12 (chapter five, "The Matchmaker": the sixteen-to-seventeen-year tenure, the QKOPERA project's permanent home in the International Organizations Division where Cord Meyer served as its institutional guardian until its liquidation in 1967, and the observation that Josselson insisted the congress continue indirect political involvement). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-4.pdf and https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf +[^8]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 4 of 12, p. 53, on the 1951 management problems of the Congress for Cultural Freedom and the parallel station Josselson created to work with international organizations, and Part 10 of 12 (the Western Europe Division's initial handling of the congress). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-4.pdf +[^9]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on Braden's division taking over management of QKOPERA on July 1, 1952, the clearance of Sidney Hook, and the New York briefing by Cord Meyer and Josselson. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^10]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the agreement of Meyer and Josselson in June 1954 that the American Committee had become too controversial, the committee's de-funding, Beichman's remark, and Diana Trilling's 1955 letter to Hook. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^11]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 10 of 12, note 9, citing Stephen Spender to Michael Josselson, October 22, 1953, Mugar Memorial Library, Boston University, Encounter Collection, Correspondence box, folder 71. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf +[^12]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 10 of 12, quoting Irving Kristol's 1967 recollection of the Farfield Foundation and Julius Fleischmann. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf +[^13]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the letter of Sidney Hook, Arnold Beichman and William Phillips to Julius Fleischmann. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^14]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12 (chapter five), on Josselson as "the key to the Congress's operations and to CIA control of the organization," the "expert impresario" remark of a case officer, the Shils "new idiom," his views of National Review, Vietnam and Senator McGovern, his placement of unwitting American intellectuals on congress platforms, and the photograph of Josselson and Hunt. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^15]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the April 1953 cable to President Eisenhower, the American Committee's objections, and Josselson's reply to Hook. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^16]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 12 of 12, concluding assessment of Josselson's role. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-12.pdf +[^17]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 1 of 12, introduction on "brokers" between the agency and overt organizations. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-1.pdf +[^18]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," inventory entries including "Josselson, Michael Correspondence, 1968-1975" (Box 356, Folder 9), "Josselson, Michael (Geneva office), 1959-1961" (Box 511, Folder 1), "Administration, Michael Josselson, 1963" (Box 554, Folder 14), and the series of correspondence files in Boxes 201 to 205. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF +[^19]: Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy and other staff members, "C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?" New York Times series, April 25 to 29, 1966, third article (datelined April 26), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP75-00001R000200520008-1 +[^20]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the 1966 talks between the agency and the Ford Foundation, Josselson's request of early 1966, the cutoff of agency ties in September 1966, and the February 1967 Ramparts article (citing Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 222-223 for the April 1966 newspaper coverage). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^21]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Once Aided by C.I.A. Picks Ford Fund Aide to Be Its Director," New York Times, dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967 (the reading room index dates the clipping September 25, 1967), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP69B00369R000200240032-3 +[^22]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 8 of 12, on the Ramparts advertisement in the New York Times of February 14, 1967 and the magazine's early release of its account. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-8.pdf +[^23]: "Ramparts Says C.I.A. Received Student Report," New York Times, February 16, 1967 (the magazine "said yesterday"), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000800100021-3 +[^24]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts, March 1967, pp. 29 to 39. https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia +[^25]: Gloria Emerson, "Resignation Rejected After Disclosure of C.I.A. Aid," New York Times, May 15, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated May 14), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240016-8 +[^26]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the May 1967 offer of resignations by Josselson and Hunt, the assembly's response, and the September 1967 reforms (the study cites Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy (1989), pp. 228-231 for this passage). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^27]: Undated newspaper clipping, "Cultural Group Reveals Secret Support by the CIA," CIA reading room copy. The newspaper is not identified in the copy, and the text says Josselson made the statement on a Sunday. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240015-9 +[^28]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Announces Choice of New Head," New York Times, October 3, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated October 2), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700390029-5 +[^29]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the 1969 remarks of Richard Krygier, secretary of the Australian affiliate. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^30]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 12 of 12, on Josselson's years in Geneva, his work on Barclay de Tolly (citing Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 42-43 and 240-242), and the funeral and medal. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-12.pdf +[^31]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 1 of 12, dedication page. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-1.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morris K. Jessup.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morris K. Jessup.md index 3b8d5386..31996de3 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morris K. Jessup.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Morris K. Jessup.md @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Barker acquired an original copy in 1971 from a friend of Jessup to whom Jessup [^1]: Morris K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO (New York: Citadel Press, 1955), catalog record, Internet Archive item caseforufo0000mkje (metadata: publisher Citadel, date 1955), https://archive.org/details/caseforufo0000mkje. [^2]: Gray Barker, preface dated July 1973, in the same volume, pp. 2 to 6. Barker identified a "confidential source" for the ONR routing and did not name it. -[^3]: Unsigned "Introduction" to the Annotated Edition, in the same volume, pp. 7 to 9; Barker's preface states that the original gives no information on its authorship. Sole source for the passages so cited as to the routing of the book through ONR and the identity of the officers named. +[^3]: Unsigned "Introduction" to the Annotated Edition, in the same volume, pp. 7 to 9; Barker's preface states that the original gives no information on its authorship. [^4]: "Appendix: The first letter received by Mr. Jessup from Carlos Allende," and "Days Later," in M. K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO, Varo Edition, transcribed by the Quantum Future Group, Castelnau-Barbarens, 2003, from the Saucerian Press facsimile of 1973, pp. 15 to 18, https://archive.org/details/THECASEFORTHEUFOVaroEditionM.K.Jessup (djvu text, reread 2026-10-03). [^5]: Naval Research Reviews, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1956), cover caption and "New Chief of Naval Research" and "Admiral Furth Goes Ashore," pp. 22 to 23, Office of Naval Research, https://www.onr.navy.mil/media/document/naval-research-reviews-vol-9-no-1-january-1956 (reopened 2026-10-03). [^6]: "Author A Suicide, Police Say," Miami Herald (Miami), April 22, 1959, p. 9, https://www.newspapers.com/image/619508003/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Myron S. Malkin.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Myron S. Malkin.md index b918a200..913683a4 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Myron S. Malkin.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Myron S. Malkin.md @@ -133,4 +133,4 @@ Malkin died on the Monday before October 26, 1994, of heart failure, according t [^11]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 1, no. 1 (April 1972), advertisement of the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation, 7777 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church (https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_01/V-1_1.pdf); vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), item on the change of name to NUSAC, Inc. (https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf). [^12]: Obituary of Ralph Francis Lumb (1921 to 2023), A. J. Cunningham Funeral Homes. https://ajcunninghamfh.com/tribute/details/2916 [^13]: Arthur Welmas, letter headed "CABAZON INDIAN SECURITY /WSI JOINT VENTURE," at 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California, to La France Specialties, San Diego, dated "May 1" (year not printed), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks -[^14]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). The passage is undated in the text layer. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^14]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). The passage is undated in the text layer. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nikita Khrushchev.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nikita Khrushchev.md index cab9c14b..e34676df 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nikita Khrushchev.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nikita Khrushchev.md @@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L [^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Historical Staff Chronology 1946-65, Volume II, 1956-65," CIA-RDP85B00803R000200050003-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85b00803r000200050003-5. Entries cited: February 14, 1956 (Congress convenes, Khrushchev denounces Stalin); March 27, 1958 (Khrushchev succeeds Bulganin as Soviet premier); October 1956 (Poland, Budapest, Nagy replaced November 4); August 12-18, 1961 (Berlin wall); September 15-27, 1959 (visit to the United States); May 1960 (U-2 shot down, Paris conference); May 7 and May 16, 1963 (Penkovsky and Wynne trial, Penkovsky executed); October 15-16, 1964 (removal, Pravda denunciation). -[^3]: Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, "The Leak of the Century," The Washington Post, March 27, 1994 (adapted from their *Friends in Deed: Inside the U.S.-Israel Alliance*, Hyperion, 1994), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/03/27/the-leak-of-the-century/2c3a48ca-5212-442b-a3a8-52e7703d4b26/. Sole source for the Grayevski, photographer, Manor, Ben-Gurion, courier, Dulles and publication details and for the $1 million appropriation, as reported by the cited authors, who credit Grayevski's and Manor's own confirmation. +[^3]: Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, "The Leak of the Century," The Washington Post, March 27, 1994 (adapted from their *Friends in Deed: Inside the U.S.-Israel Alliance*, Hyperion, 1994), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/03/27/the-leak-of-the-century/2c3a48ca-5212-442b-a3a8-52e7703d4b26/. The cited authors credit Grayevski's and Manor's own confirmation. -[^4]: Middle East Quarterly, article on Israeli intelligence and the great powers in the Cold War, https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/israel-and-the-great-powers-cold-war-role, citing Yossi Melman, "Trade Secrets," Haaretz, March 9, 2006. Sole source for the Barmor, Harel, Dorot, Angleton, mid-April and early June details, as summarized by the Middle East Quarterly. +[^4]: Middle East Quarterly, article on Israeli intelligence and the great powers in the Cold War, https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/israel-and-the-great-powers-cold-war-role, citing Yossi Melman, "Trade Secrets," Haaretz, March 9, 2006. [^5]: Matitiahu Mayzel, "Israeli Intelligence and the Leakage of Khrushchev's 'Secret Speech,'" Journal of Israeli History, vol. 32, no. 2 (2013), pp. 257-283, https://doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2013.822730 (abstract at https://cris.tau.ac.il/en/publications/israeli-intelligence-and-the-leakage-of-khrushchevs-secret-speech/). @@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L [^12]: Memorandum of Conversation, Vienna, June 4, 1961, 3:15 p.m., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XIV, Berlin Crisis 1961-1962, Document 33, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v14/d33; Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, November 21, 1961, Kennedy and Adenauer, Document 219, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v14/d219 (the 3 million figure is Adenauer's statement). -[^13]: Pat Lewis Copeland, "The CIA man," Tulsa Tribune, February 12, 1986, CIA-RDP91-00587R000100020015-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00587r000100020015-5. Sole source for the briefings of Eisenhower and Kennedy, which the profile states in its own voice. +[^13]: Pat Lewis Copeland, "The CIA man," Tulsa Tribune, February 12, 1986, CIA-RDP91-00587R000100020015-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00587r000100020015-5. The profile states the briefings of Eisenhower and Kennedy in its own voice. -[^14]: John Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (New York: Times Books, 1979), page 161 (the Society and foreign leaders including Khrushchev) and page 164 (Gittinger summoned to the White House during the Cuban missile crisis). Sole source for the White House summons. +[^14]: John Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (New York: Times Books, 1979), page 161 (the Society and foreign leaders including Khrushchev) and page 164 (Gittinger summoned to the White House during the Cuban missile crisis). [^15]: Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, Moscow, September 29, 1961, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, Document 21, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21. The editorial note cites Salinger, *With Kennedy*, page 198, and states that a Russian text dated September 28 was also given to Salinger on September 30. @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L [^18]: "Summary Record of the Seventh Meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, October 27, 1962," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, Document 90, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d90. -[^19]: Memorandum from ABC Correspondent John Scali to the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hilsman), undated, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 80, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d80. Sole source for Fomin's settlement proposal and his claim about the Cuban delegate, as reported by Scali. +[^19]: Memorandum from ABC Correspondent John Scali to the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hilsman), undated, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 80, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d80. [^20]: Editorial Note, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 85, citing a four-page paper in the Sorensen papers, Classified Subject Files, Cuba, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d85. Records Scali's statement to Fomin at 7:45 p.m. on October 26, 1962. @@ -177,20 +177,20 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L [^23]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Meeting No. 15, London, England, 4 May 1961, with Penkovsky," CIA Reading Room, document 0000012403, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000012403. -[^24]: Milt Freudenheim, "Ouster of K Linked to Discovery of Spy," Chicago Daily News Service, New York dateline, November 13, 1965, CIA-RDP75-00149R000600250041-7, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000600250041-7. The connection drawn is Greville Wynne's. Sole source for the link between the ouster and the Penkovsky case. +[^24]: Milt Freudenheim, "Ouster of K Linked to Discovery of Spy," Chicago Daily News Service, New York dateline, November 13, 1965, CIA-RDP75-00149R000600250041-7, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000600250041-7. The connection drawn is Greville Wynne's. [^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Current Intelligence Weekly Summary," January 21, 1960, CIA-RDP79-00927A002600020001-2, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp79-00927a002600020001-2. The item "Khrushchev's Latest Statement on Soviet Missile Capabilities" describes the speech at the opening of the USSR Supreme Soviet on January 14. -[^26]: Thomas E. Bearden, "STAR WARS Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and Soviet Weaponization," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900680014-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001900680014-4. Sole source for the scalar weapons passage. The notes cite Max Frankel, "Khrushchev Says Soviet Will Cut Forces a Third; Sees 'Fantastic' Weapon," The New York Times, January 15, 1966. +[^26]: Thomas E. Bearden, "STAR WARS Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and Soviet Weaponization," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900680014-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001900680014-4. The notes cite Max Frankel, "Khrushchev Says Soviet Will Cut Forces a Third; Sees 'Fantastic' Weapon," The New York Times, January 15, 1966. -[^27]: Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain* (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), page 53. Sole source for Lazurkina's statement as the authors relate it. +[^27]: Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain* (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), page 53. -[^28]: Ostrander and Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*, page 91. The authors introduce the remark with "Supposedly." Sole source for the attribution to Khrushchev, as told to the authors by the two Czech scientists. +[^28]: Ostrander and Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*, page 91. The authors introduce the remark with "Supposedly." [^29]: Jerrold L. Schecter, "Khrushchev's Secret Tapes," Time, October 1, 1990, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,971265-1,00.html. The excerpt is translated by Schecter and describes the reminiscences as dictated at Dalneye. -[^30]: Unsigned intelligence commentary, "Did KGB Help to Sell K's Memoirs," undated, written while the Life installments were appearing, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180019-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180019-4. Sole source for the characterization of the material's route to Life and for Khrushchev's denial. +[^30]: Unsigned intelligence commentary, "Did KGB Help to Sell K's Memoirs," undated, written while the Life installments were appearing, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180019-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180019-4. [^31]: Terence Smith, "U.S. Experts on Soviet Find Khrushchev Memoirs," Washington dispatch dated January 20, 1971, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180017-6, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180017-6. The clipping gives the Little, Brown publication date as December 21, 1970. -[^32]: Stewart Alsop, "Who Is Moscow's Mr. X?," column, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180018-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180018-5. The column is dated by its references to the removal of Gomulka "last week," Adzhubei's interview "in late November," and a party congress "next March." Sole source for Louis's KGB affiliation, the Time-Life price and the Swiss bank provision as stated by Alsop, and for Alsop's inference about Shelepin. The column names Rada and her husband Aleksei Adzhubei as having recorded the reminiscences. +[^32]: Stewart Alsop, "Who Is Moscow's Mr. X?," column, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180018-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180018-5. The column is dated by its references to the removal of Gomulka "last week," Adzhubei's interview "in late November," and a party congress "next March." The column names Rada and her husband Aleksei Adzhubei as having recorded the reminiscences. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ninel Kulagina.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ninel Kulagina.md index f24e12da..10a10b6f 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ninel Kulagina.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ninel Kulagina.md @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Jacobsen writes that her case, with that of [[Qian Xuesen]] in [[China]], contri [^14]: DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4 (note 10), section III.B, Institute for Radioengineering and Electronics. [^15]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022 [^16]: Russell Targ and Keith Harary, *The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities* (Villard Books, 1984), "From Moscow to Yerevan," as excerpted in CIA-RDP96-00792R000500400002-7 and CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1 -[^17]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory. +[^17]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory. [^18]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016, quoting Gulyaev, Godik's book *Zagadka ekstrasensov*, and Evgeny Aleksandrov. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html [^19]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014 (interview with Eduard Godik). https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov [^20]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Norwin Meneses.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Norwin Meneses.md index b6b60066..1d19f5e8 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Norwin Meneses.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Norwin Meneses.md @@ -143,27 +143,27 @@ Webb listed the nephews Guillermo, Jaime and Jairo Meneses as Bay Area trafficke [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections J-N (the 1991 arrest in Nicaragua, status of the indictment, entries into the United States, conclusions), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p4.htm -[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. +[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds." [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections F-G ("David Morrison," alleged DEA corruption, DEA use of Meneses as an informant), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p2.htm -[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." [^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html -[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 15: "This thing is a tidal wave." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." +[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 15: "This thing is a tidal wave." [^11]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX (Carlos Cabezas), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p1.htm [^12]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX, sections F-G (assessment of Cabezas' allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p2.htm [^13]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 59-60 (the San Francisco Frogman case, UDN-FARN and PCNE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Southern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html -[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction." +[^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." [^17]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm [^18]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Northern California story, the Frogman Case), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html [^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections H-I (the 1989 indictment and post-indictment activities), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p3.htm -[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^21]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^22]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower." +[^21]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." +[^22]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends." [^23]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm [^24]: San Jose Mercury News, August 18, 1996 (Gary Webb, "Testimony Links U.S. to Drugs-Guns Trade Dealers Got Their 'Own Little Arsenal,'" Dark Alliance series), https://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/clippings/da1.html -[^25]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^25]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. [^26]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section K (the 1992 San Diego prosecution of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p6.htm diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R. S. Hawke.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R. S. Hawke.md index fbb99410..7314a80d 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R. S. Hawke.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R. S. Hawke.md @@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ Accounts of a Livermore group that experienced apparitions after its Geller sess [^1]: R. S. Hawke, "Outline of Acoustic Emission Experiments Performed with a Person Reputed to Have Paranormal Metal Bending Abilities," January 11, 1979, cover letter signed "R. S. Hawke, Engineering Research Division, Electronics Engineering Department," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9 (archive.org mirror of the CIA STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9_djvu.txt) and CIA-RDP96-00787R000500110001-6. [^2]: R. S. Hawke and J. K. Scudder, "Magnetic Propulsion Railguns: Their Design and Capabilities," UCRL-82677, May 8, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6255454; Hawke and Scudder, "Prospects for Generating 1-10 TPa Pressures with a Railgun," UCRL-82296, July 13, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5974977; Hawke, Brooks, Fowler and Peterson, "Results of Railgun Experiments," UCRL-88703, 1983, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6263329; Hawke, "Transition Armature Technology Project, Progress Report No. 1, June 1-July 31, 1991," UCRL-ID-114847, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10107228; U.S. Patent 4,343,223, "Multiple stage railgun," inventors Ronald S. Hawke, Jonathan K. Scudder and Kristian Aaland, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4343223A/en. [^3]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers: Scientific Observations on the Paranormal Powers of Uri Geller* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, as reproduced at https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/. -[^4]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapters on 1974 investigators and on computers; acknowledgements; index entry "Hawke, Ronald S." http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. Geller is the sole source for his account of two successes in four attempts. -[^5]: CIA document CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, "Declassified in Part, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09," archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the passages so cited; the writer and the caller are not named. -[^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), p. 179. Sole source for the passages so cited; Hawke's own wording in *The Geller Papers* differs (note 3). +[^4]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapters on 1974 investigators and on computers; acknowledgements; index entry "Hawke, Ronald S." http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. +[^5]: CIA document CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, "Declassified in Part, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09," archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. The writer and the caller are not named. +[^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), p. 179. Hawke's own wording in *The Geller Papers* differs (note 3). [^7]: Hawke, outline of January 11, 1979, as in note 1; cover letter, reference WT 79-0027A. [^8]: Hawke outline, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5_djvu.txt. [^9]: Unsigned note, "101-06 Lawrence Livermore Lab. Metal Bending - R.S. Hawke," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8_djvu.txt. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R.C. Horsch.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R.C. Horsch.md index a41aa2a1..2b69a826 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R.C. Horsch.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R.C. Horsch.md @@ -256,4 +256,4 @@ On September 16, 2026, Deputy Police Commissioner [[Frank Vanore]] said that inv [^82]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html [^83]: "Philadelphia police identify 58 people in images from investigation into Olney house," *CBS News Philadelphia,* September 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/horsch-investigation-chew-avenue-olney-philadelphia/ [^84]: "Eugene Horsch Denies He's a Serial Killer as Philadelphia Cops Hunt for Missing Women," *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-obviously-serial-killer-former-fbi-agent-12457175 -[^85]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings Sole source for the name Krista in *Empathy*. +[^85]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard Halvorsen.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard Halvorsen.md index 2e4e417c..418076b5 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard Halvorsen.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard Halvorsen.md @@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that the case broke when film found in a malfunctionin ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record. [^2]: Wright, Marilyn. *Traverse City Record-Eagle,* 1976-1977, and *Chicago Tribune,* May 1977, both reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 439-443; the Tribune piece also in U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, 1977. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041 [^3]: *State ex rel. Halvorsen v. Blackburn* (La. 1980) and *State ex rel. Halvorsen v. Maggio* (La. 1982), Louisiana Supreme Court, CourtListener case captions. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Kennedy.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Kennedy.md index ecc10057..ef165bd1 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Kennedy.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Kennedy.md @@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescin [^1]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, 85th Cong., Part 10, July 31 to August 6, 1957, pp. 3591-3593 (members present, including Senator John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy, chief counsel; Chairman McClellan's opening statement; Kennedy's explanation of the charts follows). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi10unit [^2]: _Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963_, vol. XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, doc. 53, Memorandum From Attorney General Kennedy to President Kennedy, October 24, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d53 [^3]: Governor Gavin Newsom, Indeterminate Sentence Parole Release Review, Sirhan Sirhan, B-21014, decision of January 13, 2022 (statement of facts; board hearings of 1975 and August 27, 2021). https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1.13.22-Sirhan-Reverse-Decision.pdf -[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, chapter 8, pp. 99-100. Sole source for the passage on the 1988 interview. +[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, chapter 8, pp. 99-100. [^5]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings, Part 13, August 20-23, 1957, testimony of James R. Hoffa, pp. 4927-4937 (oath, p. 4927; prepared statement, pp. 4929-4930; examination by Kennedy begins p. 4930; antitrust, extortion and nolo contendere exchange, pp. 4931-4932). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi13unit [^6]: Hearings, Part 36 (August 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12, 1958; Hoffa sworn as president of the Teamsters, p. 13278); Part 37 (August 13-20, 1958); Part 40 (September 11-November 17, 1958); Part 54 (June 25-30, 1959); Part 56 (July 10, 13 and 14, 1959; Hoffa "Resumed" with counsel Edward Bennett Williams, pp. 19693 ff.). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi36unit and the corresponding items investigationofi37unit, investigationofi40unit, investigationofi54unit and investigationofi56unit. [^7]: CIA Reading Room, "Summary of DDO File on Robert F. Kennedy, 201-211732," with the request for approval of March 16, 1964 (Project ORSENSE), CIA Reading Room document 07164990. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07164990 -[^8]: FBI memorandum, R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, May 24, 1961, file 92-2713-175,176, NARA record 124-10210-10327 (JFK release), reporting Paul Loeb's account of a May 12, 1961 interview by Agent Papich in Guatemala City. Sole source for Loeb's account of Kennedy's request to Dulles. The April 4, 1961 deportation date is from the report of Blakey, Cornwell and Ewing on Carlos Marcello, House Select Committee on Assassinations, _Report_, vol. IX, pp. 69-75, as summarized by Laura Denk, Assassination Records Review Board, file 4.0.1.3. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/jfk2022/124-10210-10327.pdf and https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/LDENK/WP-DOCS/ORGCRIME/MARCELLO.RTP.PDF +[^8]: FBI memorandum, R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, May 24, 1961, file 92-2713-175,176, NARA record 124-10210-10327 (JFK release), reporting Paul Loeb's account of a May 12, 1961 interview by Agent Papich in Guatemala City. The April 4, 1961 deportation date is from the report of Blakey, Cornwell and Ewing on Carlos Marcello, House Select Committee on Assassinations, _Report_, vol. IX, pp. 69-75, as summarized by Laura Denk, Assassination Records Review Board, file 4.0.1.3. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/jfk2022/124-10210-10327.pdf and https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/LDENK/WP-DOCS/ORGCRIME/MARCELLO.RTP.PDF [^9]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 269 (Goodwin to President Kennedy, November 1, 1961), doc. 270 (editorial note: November 3, 1961 meeting; Robert Kennedy's handwritten notes of 11/7/61; the Special Group (Augmented)), and doc. 278 (memorandum of November 30, 1961, and editorial note on the November 22 version). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d270 [^10]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, _Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report_ (1975), p. 140 (Special Group (Augmented); Taylor named chairman; Goodwin's proposal; Robert Kennedy's role). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^11]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 10, Memorandum From the CIA Project Officer for Operation Mongoose (Harvey) to the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), October 8, 1962, "Sabotage of Cuban-Owned Ship." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d10 @@ -168,24 +168,24 @@ The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescin [^16]: Church Committee interim report (1975), section on the May 7, 1962 briefing of the Attorney General, pp. 131-134, citing Houston testimony of June 2, 1975, p. 14; Edwards testimony of May 30, 1975, p. 17; Edwards memorandum to the Attorney General, May 14, 1962; Hoover memorandum, May 10, 1962; Miller memorandum, April 24, 1962; Helms testimony of September 16, 1975, p. 8; and the Inspector General's Report, pp. 65 and 118. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^17]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, doc. 21, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, September 29, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, September 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21 [^18]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, doc. 23, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, November 9, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, November 11. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d23 -[^19]: Justin Chandler, "'Thank God for Bobby': Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Air University, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, June 2017, pp. 95-96 (citing Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_ (1997), pp. 110-113; Larry Tye, _Bobby Kennedy_ (2016), p. 247; and the Robert F. Kennedy oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, as cited there). Sole source for the oral history quotation is Chandler's citation. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161 +[^19]: Justin Chandler, "'Thank God for Bobby': Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Air University, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, June 2017, pp. 95-96 (citing Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_ (1997), pp. 110-113; Larry Tye, _Bobby Kennedy_ (2016), p. 247; and the Robert F. Kennedy oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, as cited there). https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161 [^20]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 194, Editorial Note (meeting of November 19, 1962, citing Memorandum by Robert Kennedy, November 30, as cited in Schlesinger, _Robert Kennedy and His Times_, p. 550). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d194 -[^21]: Chandler, "Thank God for Bobby," pp. 98-101 (citing Lebow and Stein, _We All Lost the Cold War_ (1994), p. 68; Brugioni, _Eyeball to Eyeball_, p. 178; and Fursenko and Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_, pp. 194 and 197). The Kennedy remark rests on Brugioni as cited by Chandler. Sole source. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161 +[^21]: Chandler, "Thank God for Bobby," pp. 98-101 (citing Lebow and Stein, _We All Lost the Cold War_ (1994), p. 68; Brugioni, _Eyeball to Eyeball_, p. 178; and Fursenko and Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_, pp. 194 and 197). The Kennedy remark rests on Brugioni as cited by Chandler. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161 [^22]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 247, Message From President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev, December 14, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d247 [^23]: Church Committee, _Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans_ (Book III, 1976), Section IV.B, "Wiretap Surveillance of Dr. King and the SCLC: October 1963-June 1966," pp. 115-116, citing Bland to Sullivan memorandum of 9/6/63, Hoover to the Attorney General of 10/7/63 and 10/18/63, and Evans to Belmont memoranda of 10/10/63 and 10/21/63; installation table, p. 116. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee [^24]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), p. 117, citing Burke Marshall testimony of March 3, 1976, pp. 20 and 55. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee -[^25]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), pp. 117-118, citing Edwin O. Guthman testimony of March 16, 1976, pp. 5 and 15-17. Sole source for Guthman's account of what Kennedy told him in 1968. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee -[^26]: FBI, Marilyn Monroe file, Mexico City report covering her February 1962 visit to Mexico (text dated February 21 and 23, 1962), in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. Sole source for the Kennedy meeting. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI +[^25]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), pp. 117-118, citing Edwin O. Guthman testimony of March 16, 1976, pp. 5 and 15-17. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee +[^26]: FBI, Marilyn Monroe file, Mexico City report covering her February 1962 visit to Mexico (text dated February 21 and 23, 1962), in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI [^27]: FBI memorandum, stamped August 1, 1973, file 105-40018 (Marilyn Monroe), concerning Norman Mailer's book on Monroe, in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI [^28]: Department of State outgoing telegram to American embassy Amman and other posts, drafted by NEA (Lucius D. Battle) June 5, 1968, CIA Reading Room document 05161067. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-05161067 [^29]: CIA Reading Room document 07169750, memorandum for the record, "Suspicion of 'Palestinian' Conspiracy Behind Kennedy Assassination," June 14, 1968. The archived OCR is partly illegible at the passage naming the group, so that wording is a paraphrase. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169750 [^30]: CIA Reading Room document 07169746, Deputy Director to FBI, "Sirhan Investigation," July 23, 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169746 [^31]: CIA Reading Room document 07169734, memorandum to the FBI Director regarding Moshe Yaacov Eldar, July 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169734 [^32]: California State Archives, Los Angeles Police Department Records of the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Investigation, ca. 1968-1978 (collection rfkguide), finding aid, Online Archive of California, scope and content and index of interviewees (Cesar, Thane: CSA-K7, K8, K24; Pruszynski, Stus: CSA-K123). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf387002h3/ -[^33]: Philip M. Van Praag, "Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings Utilizing Frequency Selective Integrated Loudness Envelope Evaluation," American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Engineering Sciences Section, abstract C20, 2008. Sole source for the second-gun claim is Van Praag's abstract. https://www.aafs.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/AAFS-2008-C20.pdf -[^34]: Dan E. Moldea, account of his investigation, excerpted from _Confessions of a Guerrilla Writer_ (chapters on Gene Cesar and the polygraph) and his 1987 _Regardie's_ article; Moldea's own statements are the sole source for the interview, the polygraph and his conclusion. http://www.moldea.com/DEM-on-RFK.pdf -[^35]: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., "Governor Newsom Should Not Block," Substack, December 14, 2021. Sole source for his statements. https://robertfkennedyjr.substack.com/p/governor-newsom-should-not-block -[^36]: Linda Deutsch, Associated Press, February 28, 2011, report on Sirhan's parole hearing, as reprinted by Salon. Sole source for Pepper's statements. https://www.salon.com/2011/02/28/assassin_can_t_remember_shooting_robert_kennedy/ +[^33]: Philip M. Van Praag, "Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings Utilizing Frequency Selective Integrated Loudness Envelope Evaluation," American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Engineering Sciences Section, abstract C20, 2008. https://www.aafs.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/AAFS-2008-C20.pdf +[^34]: Dan E. Moldea, account of his investigation, excerpted from _Confessions of a Guerrilla Writer_ (chapters on Gene Cesar and the polygraph) and his 1987 _Regardie's_ article; http://www.moldea.com/DEM-on-RFK.pdf +[^35]: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., "Governor Newsom Should Not Block," Substack, December 14, 2021. https://robertfkennedyjr.substack.com/p/governor-newsom-should-not-block +[^36]: Linda Deutsch, Associated Press, February 28, 2011, report on Sirhan's parole hearing, as reprinted by Salon. https://www.salon.com/2011/02/28/assassin_can_t_remember_shooting_robert_kennedy/ [^37]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, News Release No. 11-25, "DNI Gabbard Releases More Than 60,000 Additional Pages Related to Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassination," May 7, 2025. https://www.odni.gov/3532/pr-11-25/ [^38]: Office of Governor Gavin Newsom, "Governor Newsom Grants Executive Clemency, Reverses Parole Decision for Sirhan Sirhan," press release, January 2022. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/01/13/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-reverses-parole-decision-for-sirhan-sirhan/ [^39]: "California board denies parole for RFK killer Sirhan Sirhan," KTVU, March 1, 2023. https://www.ktvu.com/news/california-board-denies-parole-for-rfk-killer-sirhan-sirhan diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Lang.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Lang.md index 57a29536..fa7dd94d 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Lang.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Lang.md @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ In September 1976, film reels containing child pornography were discovered by te Lang was arrested in September 1976 alongside fellow scout leaders Richard Halvorsen and Raymond Woodall following the identification of participants on the child pornography films from the Dallas discovery. The case was prosecuted by District Attorney [[Harry Connick]] in New Orleans, who became implicated himself through testimony from one of his witnesses during court proceedings. The arrests exposed the depth of the child trafficking network tied to Troop 137, leading to convictions for the involved parties in the boy prostitution and pornography ring.[^1] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for this page. Lang is not named in the 1977 congressional hearing record, which reports the arrest of Halvorsen and Woodall without him and names Halvorsen and Woodall alone as the troop's organizers; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions spell the assistant scoutmaster Harry O. Cramer. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. The hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions spell the assistant scoutmaster Harry O. Cramer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert S. McNamara.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert S. McNamara.md index 0d9f9acd..fc894202 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert S. McNamara.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert S. McNamara.md @@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ In an affidavit released in October 2003, [[Ward Boston]] states that the presid ### Footnotes [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 8. -[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of the declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for the Kidd conversation. +[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of the declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. [^3]: A. Jay Cristol, History News Network, June 12, 2007. Cristol quotes the testimony with ellipses and cites it as released by the U.S. Government Printing Office in 1967. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-you-shouldnt-pay-attention-to-the-claims-that- [^4]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. Hart's and McNamara's statements are as the Tribune reported them. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md index e8ecbdf2..e94d519e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md @@ -149,22 +149,22 @@ On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 660 on the invasion of [^1]: "Hussein, Saddam," Gale reference entry reproduced at Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/middle-eastern-history-biographies/saddam-hussein (birth April 28, 1937; Ba'ath Party membership in 1957; July 16, 1979 replacement of Bakr; purge and firing squads; offensive on September 22, 1980); BBC News, "Timeline: Iraq," http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/737483.stm (1963 and 1968 coups; 1979 takeover; 1980 to 1988 war; June 1981 Osirak raid; 1990 invasion of Kuwait and February 1991 withdrawal; March 2003 invasion). [^2]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. XII, Near East Region; Iraq; Iran; Arabian Peninsula, document 204 (memorandum of discussion at the 420th NSC meeting, October 1, 1959), document 205 (editorial note on the October 7, 1959 attempt) and document 206 (CIA memorandum of October 13, 1959, text not declassified). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v12/d204 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v12/d205 -[^3]: Richard Sale, "Exclusive: Saddam key in early CIA plot," United Press International, April 10, 2003, https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/ (read at https://web.archive.org/web/2003/https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Richard Sale, "Exclusive: Saddam key in early CIA plot," United Press International, April 10, 2003, https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/ (read at https://web.archive.org/web/2003/https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/). [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, vol. XVIII, Near East, 1962-1963, document 153 (memorandum from Stephen O. Fuqua to Sloan, "Iraqi Coup," February 8, 1963, with footnote 2 quoting Komer's memorandum to Kennedy) and document 154 (Rusk to Kennedy, February 9, 1963, "Request for Contingency Authority to Recognize the New Iraqi Regime"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18/d153 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18/d154 [^5]: Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt, review of Eric Jacobsen, "A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime," *Diplomatic History* 37, no. 5 (2013): 1029-59, H-Diplo Article Review (quoting Peter L. Hahn, *Missions Accomplished? The United States and Iraq since World War I*, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 48). https://issforum.org/reviews/PDF/AR455.pdf Wolfe-Hunnicutt's own article is "Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'Etat in Baghdad," *Diplomatic History* 39, no. 1 (2015): 98-125, DOI 10.1093/dh/dht121. [^6]: "Scholar: US more supportive of Kurds than was previously believed," Rudaw, April 29, 2015 (interview with Bryan Gibson on his book *Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War*). https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/290420151 Gibson's earlier book is *Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988* (Praeger, 2010). -[^7]: Hanna Batatu, *The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq* (Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 985-987, quoting the conversation of King Hussein of Jordan with Muhammad Hasanein Haikal, *Al-Ahram*, September 27, 1963 (excerpt reproduced at https://users.wfu.edu/cottrell/ope/archive/0305/0019.html). Sole source for the King Hussein quotations. +[^7]: Hanna Batatu, *The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq* (Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 985-987, quoting the conversation of King Hussein of Jordan with Muhammad Hasanein Haikal, *Al-Ahram*, September 27, 1963 (excerpt reproduced at https://users.wfu.edu/cottrell/ope/archive/0305/0019.html). [^8]: United Nations Security Council, Resolution 487 (1981), adopted at the 2288th meeting, June 19, 1981, preamble and operative paragraphs 1, 2, 5 and 6. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-177213 [^9]: Department of State, information memorandum from Nicholas A. Veliotes and Jonathan T. Howe to Lawrence S. Eagleburger, "Iran-Iraq War: Analysis of Possible U.S. Shift from Position of Strict Neutrality," October 7, 1983, pp. 1-3, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 22 (the quotation on the modification of neutrality is from the briefing book's description of the document). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq22.pdf [^10]: Department of State cable State 346516, "Rumsfeld Visit to Iraq," December 7, 1983, secret, paragraph 2, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 27. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq27.pdf [^11]: U.S. Embassy London to Department of State, London 27572, "Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein," December 21, 1983, secret, paragraphs 2 and 3, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 31. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq31.pdf [^12]: Department of State cable State 086663, Shultz to Embassy Khartoum, "Briefing Notes for Rumsfeld Visit to Baghdad," March 24, 1984, secret, paragraph 2, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 48. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq48.pdf [^13]: Department of State cable State 352124, memorandum of conversation, "Secretary's Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz, November 26, 1984," secret, paragraphs 3, 4 and 10 (transmitted November 29, 1984), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 60. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq60.pdf -[^14]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, executed January 31, 1995, caption and paragraphs 1 to 18 (paragraph 1 service; 3 and 4 spring 1982; 6 June 1982 decision and NSDD; 7 Casey, credits, 1986 message; 8 cluster bombs; 9 non-U.S. weapons; 10 Israeli offer; 11 non-U.S. manufacturers; 13 Bear Spares; 14 Cardoen cluster bombs; 15 NSC files; 16 Cardoen and the CIA; 17 and 18 Cardoen arrest and licenses), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61 (the briefing book's description of the case appears in its document list). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf Sole source for the passages so cited; a sworn declaration of a witness, not an adjudicated finding. +[^14]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, executed January 31, 1995, caption and paragraphs 1 to 18 (paragraph 1 service; 3 and 4 spring 1982; 6 June 1982 decision and NSDD; 7 Casey, credits, 1986 message; 8 cluster bombs; 9 non-U.S. weapons; 10 Israeli offer; 11 non-U.S. manufacturers; 13 Bear Spares; 14 Cardoen cluster bombs; 15 NSC files; 16 Cardoen and the CIA; 17 and 18 Cardoen arrest and licenses), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61 (the briefing book's description of the case appears in its document list). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf A sworn declaration of a witness, not an adjudicated finding. [^15]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm. [^16]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html. [^17]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. -[^18]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; reprinted by TrineDay, 2015), chapter 9, "Promis," and chapter 17, "Agricultural Project." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^18]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; reprinted by TrineDay, 2015), chapter 9, "Promis," and chapter 17, "Agricultural Project." [^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, *United States Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Impact on the Health of the Persian Gulf War Veterans*, hearing of May 25, 1994, S. Hrg. 103-900 (subtitle: *United States Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War*), including the testimony and prepared statement of Dr. Gordon C. Oehler, the chairman's remarks, and the May 25, 1994 committee report. https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesdual00unit [^20]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Details on Iraq's Procurement Network," Special Order, *Congressional Record,* House, August 10, 1992, pp. H7871-H7881 (loans and the "tolerate its activity" passage at H7871; export licenses and Hussein Kamil at H7872; Matrix-Churchill and the holding companies at H7873 and H7875). https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920810g.htm (the host page is titled "US Armed Iraq Through BNL"). [^21]: *United States v. Drogoul*, 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993) (No. 93-8964, decided September 2, 1993). https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/001/1.F3d.1546.93-8964.html @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 660 on the invasion of [^24]: House of Commons, "Matrix Churchill," statement by Sir Nicholas Lyell, HC Deb, November 10, 1992, vol. 213, cc743-58. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1992/nov/10/matrix-churchill [^25]: House of Commons, "Scott Report," HC Deb, February 26, 1996, vol. 272, cc589-694 (Lang's opening statement and the exchange with Menzies Campbell at c590). https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1996/feb/26/scott-report The report is Sir Richard Scott, *Report of the Inquiry into the Export of Defence Equipment and Dual-Use Goods to Iraq and Related Prosecutions* (HMSO, HC 115, 1995-96). [^26]: John Kerry and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* Senate Print 102-140, December 1992, ch. 24, "Appendix: Matters for Further Investigation." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/24appendic.htm -[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.,* March 1993, section on Ari Ben-Menashe, including the summary of his affidavit of February 17, 1991 (p. 73). Sole source for the Iraq passages cited to Ben-Menashe. +[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.,* March 1993, section on Ari Ben-Menashe, including the summary of his affidavit of February 17, 1991 (p. 73). [^28]: United Nations Security Council, Resolution 660 (1990), adopted at the 2932nd meeting, August 2, 1990. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/94220 [^29]: Kathleen Ridolfo, "Saddam Hussein Captured near Tikrit," *RFE/RL Iraq Report* 6, no. 52, December 15, 2003. https://www.rferl.org/a/1343152.html [^30]: "Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq," BBC News, December 30, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6218485.stm diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Salvatore La Russa.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Salvatore La Russa.md index 0ca4952d..5430b27a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Salvatore La Russa.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Salvatore La Russa.md @@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ LaRussa died of a heart attack on Sunday, August 18, 1996. The Inquirer gave the The Inquirer listed four sons, Joseph, Salvatore Jr., Michael and Giovanni, a daughter, Sharlene Pantisano, and five grandchildren.[^1] The Daily News listed three sons and a daughter besides the fifth child, and said that his companion of eight years, [[Nadeen Seuss]], had recently borne him that child, Giovanni, named for a brother who had died 19 years earlier.[^3] [^1]: Anastasia, George, "Salvatore Larussa, 58, Friend Of Mob Figures," *Philadelphia Inquirer*, August 21, 1996, Wayback copy of the articles.philly.com page: https://web.archive.org/web/20150928205738id_/http://articles.philly.com/1996-08-21/news/25645305_1_nicodemo-little-nicky-scarfo-grand-jury-mob-activities -[^2]: West, Ashley, "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 2: Performance," *The Rialto Report*, Podcast 172, September 20, 2026, audio transcript at 20:33 to 21:07 and 28:59 to 29:49 (republishing interviews recorded in 2013): https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/20/ray-horsch-3/ Sole source for the passages so cited. In the transcript, "Sam" without a surname follows the reference to Sam Lake and is used for the buyer, the person complaining and the person said to have made four or five million dollars. +[^2]: West, Ashley, "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 2: Performance," *The Rialto Report*, Podcast 172, September 20, 2026, audio transcript at 20:33 to 21:07 and 28:59 to 29:49 (republishing interviews recorded in 2013): https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/20/ray-horsch-3/ In the transcript, "Sam" without a surname follows the reference to Sam Lake and is used for the buyer, the person complaining and the person said to have made four or five million dollars. [^3]: Caparella, Kitty, "Heart Attack Claims `Sam The Barber'," *Philadelphia Daily News*, August 20, 1996, with the correction published August 21, 1996, Wayback copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2015id_/http://articles.philly.com/1996-08-20/news/25645508_1_heart-transplant-heart-attack-mob [^4]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Organized Crime in Pennsylvania: A Decade of Change, 1990 Report* (1991), p. 159 (entry for Salvatore LaRussa, also known as Samuel LaRussa, Salvatore LaRusso and "Sam the Barber"; the index also lists La Cucina Ristorante, 121 South Street, at p. 159), NCJ 133208: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/133208NCJRS.pdf [^5]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Report on Police Corruption and the Quality of Law Enforcement in Philadelphia* (1974), public document on Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/reportonpoliceco00penn [^6]: Leonetti, Philip, with Scott Burnstein, *Mafia Prince: Inside America's Most Violent Crime Family and the Bloody Fall of La Cosa Nostra* (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2012), pp. 131-133 (lending copy): https://archive.org/details/mafiaprinceinsid0000leon [^7]: Daughen, Joseph R., "It All Began With Bug On One Mobster's Pad," *Philadelphia Daily News*, April 10, 1987, Wayback copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2015id_/http://articles.philly.com/1987-04-10/news/26194567_1_salvatore-testa-scarfo-family-mob-members -[^8]: Anastasia, George, *Blood and Honor: Inside the Scarfo Mob, the Mafia's Most Violent Family* (New York: William Morrow, 1991), p. 277 (lending copy): https://archive.org/details/bloodhonorinside00anas Sole source for the passage so cited; the passage does not name the quoted speaker. +[^8]: Anastasia, George, *Blood and Honor: Inside the Scarfo Mob, the Mafia's Most Violent Family* (New York: William Morrow, 1991), p. 277 (lending copy): https://archive.org/details/bloodhonorinside00anas The passage does not name the quoted speaker. [^9]: Smith, Jim, "Prosecution Rests Case In Scarfo Trial," *Philadelphia Daily News*, May 4, 1987, Wayback copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2015id_/http://articles.philly.com/1987-05-04/news/26163517_1_philadelphia-south-jersey-extortion-case-nicodemo-little-nicky-scarfo [^10]: Anastasia, *Blood and Honor*, p. 211 (lending copy): https://archive.org/details/bloodhonorinside00anas [^11]: Smith, Jim, "Big Scores Easy For Caramandi," *Philadelphia Daily News*, May 1, 1987, Wayback copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2015id_/http://articles.philly.com/1987-05-01/news/26161878_1_nicodemo-little-nicky-scarfo-mafia-members-knife diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Sean McDade.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Sean McDade.md index 0fd38e7d..ddbef29a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Sean McDade.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Sean McDade.md @@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ The rest of what is known of the inquiry comes from Seymour, who met McDade in S ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages attributed to Seymour and McDade. +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. [^2]: Lawton, Valerie, and Allan Thompson, "Spy computer 'trap' probed," *Toronto Star,* August 25, 2000; Thompson, Allan, and Valerie Lawton, "RCMP admit they're investigating 'trap'," *Toronto Star,* August 26, 2000; Lawton, Valerie, and Allan Thompson, "Mounties end probe of Promis," *Toronto Star,* September 16, 2000; texts as forwarded to the CTRL mailing list, https://www.mail-archive.com/ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg49408.html, msg49544.html and msg50988.html; Sallot, Jeff, "Mounties probe software allegations," *The Globe and Mail,* August 26, 2000. [^3]: Government of Canada, Completed Access to Information Requests, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, request A-2023-17635, May 2024, disposition "No records exist," 0 pages. https://search.open.canada.ca/ati/record/rcmp-grc,2024,5,A-2023-17635 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Stefan Kanfer.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Stefan Kanfer.md index 1cc0b8fe..f80da2df 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Stefan Kanfer.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Stefan Kanfer.md @@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ The story was reproduced in the CIA's STARGATE collection (CIA-RDP96-00787R00070 [^2]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time,* March 4, 1974, cover story and Publisher's Letter, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700030001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000700030001-3 [^3]: Magnet, Myron. "Irreplaceable Steve," *City Journal,* 2018. https://www.city-journal.org/article/irreplaceable-steve [^4]: Memorandum for the Record, "Request for Information about Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Paranormal Research Project by Mr. Wilhelm former Time Reporter," April 16, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200200023-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. -[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Vladimir Kotelnikov.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Vladimir Kotelnikov.md index f7606c46..26e91e84 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Vladimir Kotelnikov.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Vladimir Kotelnikov.md @@ -63,5 +63,5 @@ The physicist [[Eduard Godik]] said that because the actions of psychics were li [^4]: "Professor Eduard Godik ob ekstrasensakh s tochki zreniya fiziki," FIAN-Inform. http://www.fian-inform.ru/sobytiya-i-meropriyatiya/item/334-professor-eduard-godik-ob-ekstrasensakh-s-tochki-zreniya-fiziki [^5]: Lev Kolodny, "Biofield Researchers' Equipment, Support from Country's Leaders Noted," *Moskovskaya Pravda*, October 10, 1990, no. 232, p. 3, as abstracted in the Daily SNAP (item SNAP 901023), CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9 [^6]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html -[^7]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory. +[^7]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory. [^8]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William L. Moore.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William L. Moore.md index 79fa122e..7aea6fe3 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William L. Moore.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William L. Moore.md @@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ Moore told a syndicated reporter in August 1990 that AFOSI had approached him an ### Footnotes [^1]: Open Library catalogue records, *The Roswell Incident* (Grosset & Dunlap, 1980; Berkley, 1988) and *The Philadelphia Experiment* (Grosset & Dunlap, 1979), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3384724W -[^2]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, video recorded by Ron Regehr (Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon, https://archive.org/details/bill-moore-1989-mufon) and read here from the automatic caption transcript of a YouTube upload titled "Full, infamous 1989 disinformation confession speech by Bill Moore," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po. The captions mis-render names ("Dodie," "Chandere," "Benowitz," "Muon"), which are corrected here; quotations follow the caption wording and could differ in small details from the printed version in the MUFON UFO Journal of November and December 1989. The text of the speech is the sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, video recorded by Ron Regehr (Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon, https://archive.org/details/bill-moore-1989-mufon) and read here from the automatic caption transcript of a YouTube upload titled "Full, infamous 1989 disinformation confession speech by Bill Moore," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po. The captions mis-render names ("Dodie," "Chandere," "Benowitz," "Muon"), which are corrected here; quotations follow the caption wording and could differ in small details from the printed version in the MUFON UFO Journal of November and December 1989. [^3]: William L. Moore and Jaime H. Shandera, *The MJ-12 Documents: An Analytical Report* (Fund for UFO Research, 1990), pp. 7 to 9, quoting Moore in FOCUS, June 30, 1989, p. 13, and September 30, 1989, p. 8, http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/The-MJ-12-Documents-An-Analytical-Report-Excerpts.pdf (scanned excerpt, read as page images). -[^4]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1023 to UFO1036, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo (part 5), .../1027.ufo (part 8), .../1030.ufo (part 11), .../1036.ufo (part 17). The files were distributed through ParaNet in January 1991 and carry no author line; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Howe 1989. Sole source for the Offutt call, the Minnesota teaching post and the speech logistics. +[^4]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1023 to UFO1036, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo (part 5), .../1027.ufo (part 8), .../1030.ufo (part 11), .../1036.ufo (part 17). The files were distributed through ParaNet in January 1991 and carry no author line; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Howe 1989. [^5]: Moore and Shandera, *MJ-12 Documents*, "The Weitzel Letter (July, 1980)," pp. 6 to 7, quoting Moore's paper of July 1, 1989, same excerpt as note 3. [^6]: Moore and Shandera, *MJ-12 Documents*, "The Cutler-Twining Memo (Jul. 1985)," pp. 61 to 62, same excerpt. [^7]: "Background on Moore/Shandera/Friedman," UFO BBS file UFO1876, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1876.ufo (promotional material for *UFO Cover-Up? Live!*). -[^8]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs* (Constable, 2010), chapters "Aviary" and "The ET Factor" and chapter notes (Moore's speech taken "from the MUFON video, and from Greg Bishop's *Project Beta* (Paraview, 2005)"; Moore "declined to speak to John and myself"), read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Pilkington's account is the sole source for the passages so cited. +[^8]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs* (Constable, 2010), chapters "Aviary" and "The ET Factor" and chapter notes (Moore's speech taken "from the MUFON video, and from Greg Bishop's *Project Beta* (Paraview, 2005)"; Moore "declined to speak to John and myself"), read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Pilkington's account is the [^9]: Richard C. Doty, letter of March 3, 1989 to an unnamed correspondent, http://textfiles.com/ufo/doty.ufo [^10]: Curt Collins, "Bill Moore on Hynek and Vallee," Blue Blurry Lines, https://www.blueblurrylines.com/2019/12/bill-moore-on-hynek-and-vallee.html, quoting Moore on *UFOs Tonite!* (Don Ecker), June 11, 1994, and in *Saucer Smear*, August 10, 2000. The blog was read, the radio program and the issue were not. [^11]: Richard C. Doty, statement of February 21, 2005, quoted in Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, reference 4 to the introduction, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yegor Krasnov.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yegor Krasnov.md index 4fe1c600..7a4d562e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yegor Krasnov.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yegor Krasnov.md @@ -113,18 +113,18 @@ The [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) records that after Krasnov's 2020 arrest th ### Footnotes -[^1]: "ФСБ сообщила о задержании 106 сторонников неонацистской группировки «М.К.У.», якобы созданной под руководством украинских спецслужб" ("FSB reported the detention of 106 supporters of the neo-Nazi group MKU, allegedly created under the leadership of Ukrainian special services"), Meduza, December 13, 2021. https://meduza.io/news/2021/12/13/fsb-soobschila-o-zaderzhanii-106-storonnikov-neonatsistskoy-gruppirovki-m-k-u-yakoby-sozdannoy-pod-rukovodstvom-ukrainskih-spetssluzhb. Sole source for the FSB's birth-year statement and the trial start in spring 2021. +[^1]: "ФСБ сообщила о задержании 106 сторонников неонацистской группировки «М.К.У.», якобы созданной под руководством украинских спецслужб" ("FSB reported the detention of 106 supporters of the neo-Nazi group MKU, allegedly created under the leadership of Ukrainian special services"), Meduza, December 13, 2021. https://meduza.io/news/2021/12/13/fsb-soobschila-o-zaderzhanii-106-storonnikov-neonatsistskoy-gruppirovki-m-k-u-yakoby-sozdannoy-pod-rukovodstvom-ukrainskih-spetssluzhb. [^2]: Andrey Soshnikov, "Что такое «М.К.У.». Рассказываем о «культе» убийств, созданном украинскими скинхедами, и его последователях в России" ("What is MKU: the 'cult' of killings created by Ukrainian skinheads and its followers in Russia"), Current Time (Настоящее Время), March 26, 2021. https://www.currenttime.tv/a/chto-takoe-m-k-u/31171118.html. The outlet noted that those named are under investigation and only a court can find them guilty. [^3]: Marc-André Argentino, "Brotherhood of Blood: Understanding the Origins and Trajectory of the Maniac Murder Cult," GNET, December 4, 2024. https://gnet-research.org/2024/12/04/brotherhood-of-blood-understanding-the-origins-and-trajectory-of-the-maniac-murder-cult/ [^4]: Marc-André Argentino, Arthur Gay and Naomi Bastin, "Nihilism and Terror: How M.K.Y. Is Redefining Terrorism, Recruitment, and Mass Violence," CTC Sentinel, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 2024. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/nihilism-and-terror-how-m-k-y-is-redefining-terrorism-recruitment-and-mass-violence/ [^5]: Aleksey Sokovnin, "ВС запретил движение МКУ" ("Supreme Court banned the MKU movement"), Kommersant, January 16, 2023. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5773015. The FSB's statements on SBU control are attributed to the FSB in the article. [^6]: "Заочно арестован Егор Краснов" ("Egor Krasnov arrested in absentia"), SOVA Center, February 2022. https://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/news/counteraction/2022/02/d45798/ -[^7]: Denis Avidzba and Ivan Zhilin, "Егор Маньяк и его «команда»" ("Egor Maniac and his 'team'"), Novaya Gazeta, March 19, 2021. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/03/19/egor-maniak-i-ego-komanda. Sole source for the ENO leader's statements, including the report of a March 2021 suicide. +[^7]: Denis Avidzba and Ivan Zhilin, "Егор Маньяк и его «команда»" ("Egor Maniac and his 'team'"), Novaya Gazeta, March 19, 2021. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/03/19/egor-maniak-i-ego-komanda. [^8]: Valentyna Letiak, "Різав ножем і знімав на відео: у Дніпрі затримали 19-річного маніяка," Fakty ICTV, January 29, 2020. https://fakty.com.ua/ua/proisshestvija/20200129-rizav-nozhem-i-znimav-na-video-u-dnipri-zatrymaly-19-richnogo-maniyaka/ [^9]: "Планировал массовые убийства: в Днепре орудовал 19-летний маньяк," IPnews, January 29, 2020 (archived May 12, 2021). https://web.archive.org/web/20210512194147id_/https://ipne.ws/novosti-dnepra/kriminal-i-proisshestviya/planiroval-massovye-ubiystva-v-dnepr/ [^10]: "Russia arrests over 100 suspects linked to Ukrainian neo-Nazi group," Euronews (with AFP), December 13, 2021. https://euronews.com/2021/12/13/russia-arrests-over-100-suspects-linked-to-ukrainian-neo-nazi-group [^11]: "Суд в Москве заочно арестовал лидера одной из неонацистских групп Украины," Pravo.ru, February 15, 2022. https://pravo.ru/news/239163/ -[^12]: Belyi Shum, "Что известно об основателе МКУ Егоре Краснове," Telegraph, March 14, 2021. https://telegra.ph/CHto-izvestno-ob-osnovatele-MKU-Egore-Krasnove-03-14. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^12]: Belyi Shum, "Что известно об основателе МКУ Егоре Краснове," Telegraph, March 14, 2021. https://telegra.ph/CHto-izvestno-ob-osnovatele-MKU-Egore-Krasnove-03-14. [^13]: "Егор Маньяк и его «команда». Как ФСБ опять «нашла» в России «украинских нацистов»," Hromadske, March 23, 2021. https://hromadske.ua/ru/posts/egor-manyak-i-ego-komanda-kak-fsb-opyat-nashla-v-rossii-ukrainskih-nacistov [^14]: Aleksey Aleksandrov, "«Из СИЗО создать такую разветвленную сеть сложно». Что в Украине знают об «основателе М.К.У.»," Current Time, December 14, 2021. https://www.currenttime.tv/a/iz-sizo-sozdat-takuyu/31608632.html [^15]: "Russia's FSB Detains More 'Ukrainian Neo-Nazis'. Invests Over a Year in Its 'MKU' Fake," StopFake, December 2021. https://www.stopfake.org/?p=128477. @@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ The [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) records that after Krasnov's 2020 arrest th [^18]: "Уголовное дело возбудили против неонациста Краснова," REN TV, January 11, 2022, quoting the FSB Public Relations Center. https://ren.tv/news/v-rossii/925964-ugolovnoe-delo-vozbudili-protiv-lidera-m-k-u-krasnova [^19]: "Верховный суд признал террористическим движение «Маньяки: культ убийства»," RAPSI, January 16, 2023. https://rapsinews.ru/judicial_news/20230116/308619581.html [^20]: "Верховный суд России объявил движение «М.К.У.» террористической организацией," Meduza, January 16, 2023. https://meduza.io/news/2023/01/16/verhovnyy-sud-rossii-priznal-dvizhenie-m-k-u-manyaki-kult-ubiystv-terroristicheskoy-organizatsiey -[^21]: "Верховный Суд РФ признал М.К.У* террористической организацией," Komsomolskaya Pravda, January 16, 2023. https://www.kp.ru/daily/27452/4706951/. Sole source for the 11 murders and the payment claims. +[^21]: "Верховный Суд РФ признал М.К.У* террористической организацией," Komsomolskaya Pravda, January 16, 2023. https://www.kp.ru/daily/27452/4706951/. [^22]: "Pro-Kremlin Propaganda Says FSB Busted Neo-Nazi Terror Plot in 9 Cities," The Daily Beast, August 2024. https://www.thedailybeast.com/kremlin-claims-it-busted-neo-nazi-terror-plot-in-9-cities/ [^23]: ADL, "Maniac Murder Cult (MKY, MKU, MMC)," Glossary of Extremism. https://extremismterms.adl.org/glossary/maniac-murder-cult-mky-mku-mmc [^24]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, "Georgian National Sentenced to 15 Years in Prison for Soliciting Hate Crimes and Planning Mass Casualty Attack." https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/georgian-national-sentenced-15-years-prison-soliciting-hate-crimes-and-planning-mass diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yuri Kobzarev.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yuri Kobzarev.md index e57d243c..204eb3c7 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yuri Kobzarev.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Yuri Kobzarev.md @@ -76,6 +76,6 @@ The 1978 statement names L. Korabelnikova, the subject of a remote-viewing exper [^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Technical Intelligence Report DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4, "The Soviet Psychoenergetics Research Program (U)," March 22, 1982, sections II.B-II.C and III.A, declassified in part 2011, NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020003-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-nsa-rdp96x00790r000100020003-3 [^3]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320004-5 [^4]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022 -[^5]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory. +[^5]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory. [^6]: Serge Kernbach, "Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview," arXiv:1312.1148 (2013), a secondary survey of Russian open sources. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.1148 [^7]: I. V. Tsykunov, "Telepaticheskaya odisseya Karla Nikolaeva," *Aliter* (2022), citing I. Kogan, "Opyt dalnovideniya L. A. Korabelnikovoy," *Parapsikhologiya i psikhofizika* 2000, no. 1, pp. 13-21. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/telepaticheskaya-odisseya-karla-nikolaeva diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Zafar Iqbal.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Zafar Iqbal.md index 90d90d4f..9ba28070 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Zafar Iqbal.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Zafar Iqbal.md @@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ In written answers to Senator Kerry in 1992, Al Sayegh listed "Zafar Iqbal Chaud [^2]: *Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International*, ordered by the House of Commons to be printed October 22, 1992, paras. 2.198, 2.201. https://archive.org/details/InquiryIntoTheSupervisionOfTheBankOfCreditAndCommerceInternational [^3]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 14, as in note 1. [^4]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 14, note 38. -[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 143. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/outlawbank00jona -[^6]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, "Cast of Characters," p. xvi (entry for Zafar Iqbal), and p. 103. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^7]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 86. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^8]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 81 (Masri's statement to Beaty; the book's index lists pp. 81, 86, 103, 143 and 354 under Zafar Iqbal). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 143. https://archive.org/details/outlawbank00jona +[^6]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, "Cast of Characters," p. xvi (entry for Zafar Iqbal), and p. 103. +[^7]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 86. +[^8]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 81 (Masri's statement to Beaty; the book's index lists pp. 81, 86, 103, 143 and 354 under Zafar Iqbal). [^9]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 10, text on the Abu Dhabi takeover, March 1990. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/10accounta.htm [^10]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 14, "Attempt At Restructuring 1990 and 1991." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/14abudhabi.htm [^11]: *Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International*, paras. 2.198, 2.201. @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ In written answers to Senator Kerry in 1992, Al Sayegh listed "Zafar Iqbal Chaud [^18]: Statement of the majority shareholders, section II, "Cooperation by the Majority Shareholders with U.S. Law Enforcement and Regulatory Investigations," reprinted in *BCCI Hearings before the Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations*, vol. 5 (S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 5). [^19]: Electronic mail, "BCCI," from Thomas McQueeney, headed December 18, 1990, in *BCCI Hearings before the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs*, House of Representatives, vol. 2. https://archive.org/details/BCCIHearingsBeforeTheCommitteeOnBankingFinanceAndUrbanAffairs [^20]: Newspaper article quoting the McQueeney memo as dated December 11, 1990, reprinted in *BCCI Hearings before the Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations*, vol. 2 (archive.org copy). -[^21]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 103. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^21]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 103. [^22]: Chronology, entry for December 13, 1990, in *BCCI Hearings before the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs*, House of Representatives, vol. 1. https://archive.org/details/BCCIHearingsBeforeTheCommitteeOnBankingFinanceAndUrbanAffairs [^23]: *Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International*, paras. 2.272, 2.274. [^24]: *Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International*, para. 2.281. @@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ In written answers to Senator Kerry in 1992, Al Sayegh listed "Zafar Iqbal Chaud [^36]: Newspaper article reprinted in *BCCI Hearings before the Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations*, vol. 2 (archive.org copy). [^37]: Written answers by Al Sayegh, answer to question 46, reprinted in S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 5, p. 832. [^38]: Statement of the majority shareholders, reprinted in *BCCI Hearings before the Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations*, vol. 5 (S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 5), p. 754. Position of the majority shareholders. -[^39]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 354. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^39]: Beaty and Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank*, p. 354. [^40]: Kerry and Brown, ch. 14, text and note 70, citing S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 5, pp. 756-757. -[^41]: Hussain, Thomas. "UAE jails and fines BCCI executives," United Press International, June 14, 1994. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/06/14/UAE-jails-and-fines-BCCI-executives/7650771566400/ Sole source for the passages so cited; its twelve-defendant total (56 years) differs from MEED's (61 years). +[^41]: Hussain, Thomas. "UAE jails and fines BCCI executives," United Press International, June 14, 1994. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/06/14/UAE-jails-and-fines-BCCI-executives/7650771566400/ Its twelve-defendant total (56 years) differs from MEED's (61 years). [^42]: "BCCI executives sentenced," MEED, June 24, 1994. https://www.meed.com/bcci-executives-sentenced/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Albert Stubblebine.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Albert Stubblebine.md index 7a51a46b..21918f78 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Albert Stubblebine.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Albert Stubblebine.md @@ -71,5 +71,5 @@ Stubblebine died February 6, 2017 - his 87th birthday - at his home in [[New Mex [^4]: Jachim, Robert J., memorandum "Briefing for MG A.N. Stubblebine III," October 8, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220022-7; Buzby, Brian, memoranda "CENTER LANE Briefing for CG, USAINSCOM," August 29, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220011-9), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983," December 6, 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984," January 17, 1984 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2); letter of the ACSI to Stubblebine, "CENTER LANE," April 1983 (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220002-9). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8; the scan's table columns are reflowed by OCR and some dates are uncertain. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^5]: Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^6]: Memorandum for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981," July 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. -[^7]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc., board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. Promotional biography; sole source for the quoted title. -[^8]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc., board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. Promotional biography. +[^8]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amnon Rubinstein.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amnon Rubinstein.md index dadbeb8b..b9c99bc1 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amnon Rubinstein.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Amnon Rubinstein.md @@ -89,6 +89,6 @@ After leaving the Knesset he was dean of the Radzyner School of Law at [[Interdi [^2]: Rubinstein, Amnon. Curriculum Vitae, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, https://runi.ac.il/media/te4psgeq/profilecv-he-il.pdf (born 05/09/1931 in Tel Aviv; Knesset membership; government roles and dates; publications). [^3]: "The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya Pays Tribute to Amnon Rubinstein," Honorary Fellow citation signed by Prof. Uriel Reichman, June 1, 2009, https://runi.ac.il/media/fpvpfvlt/amnon-rubinstein.pdf [^4]: "Amnon Rubinstein," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/amnon-rubinstein (Israel Prize 2006, Liberal International, Venice Commission, death on January 18, 2024); "In Memoriam: LI Patron Professor Amnon Rubinstein," Liberal International, https://liberal-international.org/news-articles/in-memoriam-li-patron-professor-amnon-rubinstein/ -[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^6]: Geller, Uri. "Straightening the Record," https://urigeller.com/the-geller-effect/straightening-the-record/ (Geller's own account; sole source for the passages so cited). +[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. +[^6]: Geller, Uri. "Straightening the Record," https://urigeller.com/the-geller-effect/straightening-the-record/ (Geller's own account). [^7]: "Amnon Rubinstein," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/amnon-rubinstein (Shinui founded 1974, Democratic Movement for Change 1977, independent faction 1978, Meretz merger 1992). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ariel Sharon.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ariel Sharon.md index 74c7258a..43dd9b4f 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ariel Sharon.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ariel Sharon.md @@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ In December 1991 [[Christopher Byron]] reported that an unnamed former top offic [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. -[^3]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, p. 42. Sole source for the passage on Sharon's alleged aid; the source is an unnamed former GeoMiliTech official quoted by Byron. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 +[^3]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, p. 42. The source is an unnamed former GeoMiliTech official quoted by Byron. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto Pinochet.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto Pinochet.md index f623ca87..31a561d2 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto Pinochet.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto Pinochet.md @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ On August 24, 2004, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the life sentence [^4]: National Security Archive, "Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973," Electronic Briefing Book No. 8, Peter Kornbluh, 1998, document descriptions including the September 15, 1970 Helms notes, the October 15 and 16, 1970 CIA records, the October 18, 1970 cables on the Schneider plot, the April 15, 1975 DIA report, the June 6, 1975 FBI letter and the January 21, 1982 FBI report on Townley; and FBI Buenos Aires cable to the Director, September 28, 1976 (reproduced in the briefing book as document 23, pp. 1-4). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8.htm and https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/docs/doc23.pdf [^5]: United States Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, Interim Report, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), Chile chapter beginning at p. 225 (Schneider sections, including the findings and the discussion of the shooting of General Schneider and CIA/White House communication during Track II). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf [^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Activities in Chile," September 18, 2000 (report under Section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, the Hinchey Amendment), sections "Relationship with Contreras," "The Schneider Assassination," "Accession of General Augusto Pinochet to the Presidency," "Knowledge of 'Operation Condor'" and "Knowledge of Human Rights Violations." https://permanent.fdlp.gov/websites/www.cia.gov/www.cia.gov/cia/reports/chile/index.html -[^7]: National Security Archive, "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression," Chile Documentation Project, September 19, 2000, summary of the Hinchey report. Sole source for the characterization of the Contreras payment as making him a "paid asset" and for the statement that the Schneider-related payment was apparently withheld from the Senate committee in 1975. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/news/20000919/index.html +[^7]: National Security Archive, "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression," Chile Documentation Project, September 19, 2000, summary of the Hinchey report. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/news/20000919/index.html [^8]: UNESCO, Memory of the World Regional Register for Latin America and the Caribbean, "Archives of Terror, XXth Century" (Paraguay, registration ID 66/2011; institution: Centro de Documentación y Archivos para la defensa de los derechos humanos, Corte Suprema de Justicia). https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/lac/archives-terror-xxth-century [^9]: *United States v. Sampol*, 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (per curiam), argued June 10, 1980, decided September 15, 1980, rehearing denied December 9, 1980. https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/u-s-v-sampol-886429361 [^10]: "Chile Officers To Go To Prison For '76 Murder," Los Angeles Times, reprinted in The Spokesman-Review (Spokane), May 31, 1995. https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/may/31/chile-officers-to-go-to-prison-for-76-murder/ @@ -177,13 +177,13 @@ On August 24, 2004, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the life sentence [^13]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 18/12943 (2017), motion on Colonia Dignidad (German; paraphrased). https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/18/129/1812943.pdf [^14]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 11/1409 (1987), minor interpellation of the Green Party group on Colonia Dignidad (German; paraphrased). https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/11/014/1101409.pdf [^15]: Auswärtiges Amt, "'Colonia Dignidad': Bilanzbericht der Gemeinsamen Kommission," September 21, 2021 (German; paraphrased), including the account of Steinmeier's April 2016 statement. https://auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/chile-node/bilanzbericht-colonia-dignidad/2483426 -[^16]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^16]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). [^17]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), No. 93-241-CR, https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json. -[^18]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^18]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64. [^19]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "James Daniel Theberge (1930-1988)," https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/theberge-james-daniel; "Nomination of James Daniel Theberge To Be United States Ambassador to Chile," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 6, 1981, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/11681a [^20]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Talking points for 28 January 1985 meeting with James D. Theberge, United States Ambassador to Chile," January 23, 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP87M00539R000801050046-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp87m00539r000801050046-5 [^21]: Lydia Chavez, "Congressman Reports Tough Talk From Pinochet," *The New York Times*, December 16, 1984, section 1, page 20. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/world/congressman-reports-tough-talk-from-pinochet.html -[^22]: George Gedda, Associated Press, "Pinochet fears CIA coup, officials say," January 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302230009-6. Attributed to unnamed officials; sole source for the replacement plan as reported. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302230009-6 +[^22]: George Gedda, Associated Press, "Pinochet fears CIA coup, officials say," January 1985, CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302230009-6. Attributed to unnamed officials. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302230009-6 [^23]: UK House of Commons, *Hansard*, "Senator Pinochet," HC Deb 02 March 2000 vol 345 cc571-88 (statement of the Home Secretary, Jack Straw), and written answer of the Solicitor-General, HC Deb 02 March 2000 vol 345 cc336-7W. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/2000/mar/02/senator-pinochet and https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written_answers/2000/mar/02/senator-pinochet [^24]: CNN, transcript of March 2, 2000 (report on Home Secretary Jack Straw's decision and the 35-page statement). https://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0003/02/nd.03.html [^25]: United States Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, minority staff, "Money Laundering and Foreign Corruption: Enforcement and Effectiveness of the Patriot Act, Case Study Involving Riggs Bank" (report released with the July 15, 2004 hearing), Finding 1 (p. 7) and Section B (p. 18). https://archive.org/details/SenateSubcommitteeReportOnMoneyLaunderingAndRiggsBank diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Barbara Studley.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Barbara Studley.md index ff68bd24..29eca6f3 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Barbara Studley.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Barbara Studley.md @@ -135,4 +135,4 @@ The former Israeli intelligence officer [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] writes that a 1985 c [^21]: Sharon Walsh and Saundra Torry, "Washington, Perito Law Firm Losing Additional Attorneys; Name Partner Among Those Leaving," *The Washington Post*, July 20, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1991/07/20/washington-perito-law-firm-losing-additional-attorneys/0a7d8d2e-2958-4283-9860-874855bd0ca6/ [^22]: In re Washington, Perito & Dubuc, 154 B.R. 853 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. June 2, 1993), statement of facts, paragraphs 1 to 3 and 19. https://static.case.law/br/154/cases/0853-01.json [^23]: U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4772, Exhibit B, March 1, 1993. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Exhibit-AB-19930301-D1Y3N102.pdf -[^24]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square, 1992). Index entry "GMT" at p. 155. Sole source for the itemization of $3,242,000 and the $5 million figure. +[^24]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square, 1992). Index entry "GMT" at p. 155. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Barry Seal.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Barry Seal.md index 6fa083cf..04fabcbf 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Barry Seal.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Barry Seal.md @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ The CIA's Inspector General treats N4410F as Seal's aircraft. A CIA memorandum f ### Footnotes [^1]: Mara Leveritt, "Who's afraid of Barry Seal?" *Arkansas Times*, September 28, 2017. https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2017/09/28/whos-afraid-of-barry-seal (Leveritt is the claimant for the interview accounts of Duncan, Welch, Earle and Unglesby and for the court-record summaries.) [^2]: Mara Leveritt, "Mena rides again," *Arkansas Times*, August 25, 1995. https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/1995/08/25/mena-rides-again -[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Sole source for the 56-ton, $3 billion to $5 billion and $500,000-per-flight figures; the Louisiana attorney general letter to Edwin Meese that Webb cites is not carried in the Kerry report. +[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. The Louisiana attorney general letter to Edwin Meese that Webb cites is not carried in the Kerry report. [^4]: Michael Hedges, "Nicaraguan Official Tied to Cocaine Ring," *The Washington Times*, November 19, 1986 (CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00965R000402790019-3). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000402790019-3 [^5]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (Committee Print, December 1988), Cuba and Nicaragua chapter, pp. 68-69 (citing Jacobsen testimony, House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, July 28, 1988), and "Barry Seal and the Cartel," pp. 121-122. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^6]: Washington Times, November 19, 1986, cited in footnote 4. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bernard L. Schwartz.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bernard L. Schwartz.md index 6a3ed2f0..1df46d94 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bernard L. Schwartz.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Bernard L. Schwartz.md @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ Federal Election Commission records list itemized contributions under the name B [^1]: "Bernard Schwartz, antiwar executive who built an arms maker, dies at 98," The New York Times, reprinted by The Boston Globe, March 19, 2024, https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/03/19/metro/bernard-schwartz-antiwar-executive-who-built-an-arms-maker-dies-98 [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851, issued January 3, 1999, declassified in part May 25, 1999), vol. II, pp. 117 to 118 (Loral Space and Communications, Ltd. as the parent of Loral; the 1990 Ford Aerospace acquisition and renaming as Space Systems/Loral), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf -[^3]: Dave Eisenstadt, "Orbiter of Power," Mother Jones, May 1, 1997, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/05/orbiter-power/ Sole source for the $27 million stock-gain figure, the defense-post and White House dinner statements, the Democratic Leadership Council total and the ranking entry ("#1," "Party: Both," "$661,000 total contributions"). +[^3]: Dave Eisenstadt, "Orbiter of Power," Mother Jones, May 1, 1997, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/05/orbiter-power/ [^4]: Loral Space & Communications Ltd., Form 10-K for fiscal year 2005, statements on the July 15, 2003 reorganization filings of Old Loral and certain subsidiaries, the retirement of Bernard L. Schwartz effective March 1, 2006, and the election of Michael B. Targoff as chief executive, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1006269/000095012306003801/y18173e10vk.htm [^5]: Cox Report, vol. I, pp. 49 to 50 and notes 112 to 116 (p. 240), covering the meetings with Ron Brown, the 1994 trade mission, the letter to the President co-signed by Armstrong, Schwartz and Tellep, the November 21, 1998 Schwartz deposition, and the count of five satellite projects; declassification date from the report's front matter, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf [^6]: Cox Report, vol. III, ch. 9, p. 61 (letter of October 6, 1995 from Armstrong, Schwartz and Tellep to the President), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Cheri Seymour.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Cheri Seymour.md index 2001fd86..4023427e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Cheri Seymour.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Cheri Seymour.md @@ -64,6 +64,6 @@ TrineDay published *The Last Circle* in September 2010 (ISBN 978-1-936296-00-2; [^2]: Radio Free Kansas, interview "Cheri Seymour 'The Last Circle,'" October 20, 2010, program notes. https://archive.org/details/CheriSeymourtheLastCircle [^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010; Open Library records 1936296004 and 9781936296002 (599 pages). https://openlibrary.org/search?q=last+circle+seymour+casolaro [^4]: Same as note 2. -[^5]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 17, "The Inslaw Affair," pp. 247 ff. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair. Sole source for the passages so cited (Gates, Stavin and Rudnick statements as she records them). -[^6]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 22, "The Octopus Exposed," pp. 337 ff. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed. Sole source for the Zokosky meeting. +[^5]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 17, "The Inslaw Affair," pp. 247 ff. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair. +[^6]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 22, "The Octopus Exposed," pp. 337 ff. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed. [^7]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 25, "Rachel's Resolution," pp. 393 ff. https://archive.org/details/RachelsResolution diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Claiborne Pell.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Claiborne Pell.md index eac7b110..70c4f57a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Claiborne Pell.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Claiborne Pell.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ The chief of staff who asked Buzby for the status report on November 30, 1983, w From January 1985 to March 1991 Pell employed [[C. B. Scott Jones]], a retired [[United States Navy|Navy]] intelligence officer, as special assistant, "with the purpose of investigating consciousness research being conducted in other countries, primarily the USSR," according to the finding aid to Jones's papers.[^5] The [[Washington Times]] reported in 1989 that Pell, "perhaps Capitol Hill's most unabashed believer, has urged the [[National Science Foundation]], the [[Department of Defense|Defense Department]] and other government agencies to increase psychic research funding" and had a full-time staff member whose exclusive job was monitoring reports of psychic activities.[^6] [[United Press International]], summarizing the [[Providence Journal|Providence Sunday Journal]] of July 17, 1988, reported that Pell attended a national symposium on abduction in 1987, that Jones kept a top secret clearance and earned nearly 50,000 dollars a year, that Pell sat on the advisory board of the [[International Association for Near-Death Studies]] and had helped organize a Washington symposium on near-death experiences two years earlier, and that the psychologist [[Ray Hyman]] of the [[University of Oregon]], who had evaluated military applications of psychic research for the Army, said Pell had "been arguing very forcefully" for a "Manhattan Project-style effort" to catch up with the Russians, which Pell called "vastly exaggerated," saying he favored "a modest increase in financial support" for "intelligent, skeptical" research; the report adds that in 1987 Pell invited Geller to Washington for a demonstration before about 30 congressional and [[Pentagon]] aides.[^7] The version of Emery's Providence Journal story printed in *The [[San Francisco Examiner]]* of August 13, 1988 called Pell "Capitol Hill's best-known student of psychic phenomena, near-death experiences and other areas on the fringes of science," stated that he had had a full-time assistant for three years who promotes "developing human potential," and gave Jones's pay as $48,853 a year with a top-secret clearance (the UPI summary above says "nearly 50,000 dollars" and "top secret"). In that article Pell is reported to have invited Geller in April 1987 with at least one other member of Congress in the audience, and Pell described Hyman's account as "correct but vastly exaggerated."[^8] The *[[Winston-Salem Journal]]* of July 18, 1988, summarizing the same story, reported that Pell, then 69, told the Providence Journal he would "probably spend more time with this" if he were not in the Senate.[^9] The Pell papers at the [[University of Rhode Island]] list three files, "Human Potential Foundation: [[C.B. Scott Jones|Scott Jones]] File" (1987; 1987 to 1994; 1988 to 1991), in the subject file series, box 42, folders 464 to 466.[^10] -Pell created the [[Human Potential Foundation]] in 1989, according to the Jones papers finding aid, and a white paper of February 20, 1992 by [[Robert J. Durant]] states that Pell and the lawyer [[Mark Sandground]] sat on its board and that it was "reportedly funded by [[Laurance Rockefeller]]."[^5][^11] The same paper states that Pell's office was visited by Major General [[Michael Kerby]] of the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] legislative liaison office, who told Jones of a 1987 visit to [[Lee Graham]]; Jones is quoted as saying "Kerby knew of my interest in these matters."[^11] (Sole source for the passages so cited; the paper is hostile to Jones.) +Pell created the [[Human Potential Foundation]] in 1989, according to the Jones papers finding aid, and a white paper of February 20, 1992 by [[Robert J. Durant]] states that Pell and the lawyer [[Mark Sandground]] sat on its board and that it was "reportedly funded by [[Laurance Rockefeller]]."[^5][^11] The same paper states that Pell's office was visited by Major General [[Michael Kerby]] of the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] legislative liaison office, who told Jones of a 1987 visit to [[Lee Graham]]; Jones is quoted as saying "Kerby knew of my interest in these matters."[^11] (The paper is hostile to Jones.) ### Rockefeller, Gibbons and the Clinton White House diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Diana Walsh Pasulka.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Diana Walsh Pasulka.md index 9d838c67..4ff6b158 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Diana Walsh Pasulka.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Diana Walsh Pasulka.md @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Pasulka posted on September 11, 2023 that she was joining the board of the [[Sol [^1]: Signatory entry, "Diana Walsh Pasulka, Ph.D., Professor," in the letter of November 12, 2024, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability. https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO12/20241113/117721/HHRG-118-GO12-Wstate-GallaudetPhDRearAdmiralUSNavyRetT-20241113-SD001.pdf [^2]: Open Library author search for "Pasulka," records for *American Cosmic* (Oxford University Press, 2019), *Encounters* (St. Martin's Press, 2023), and *Heaven Can Wait* (Oxford University Press). https://openlibrary.org/search.json?author=Pasulka -[^3]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024, reviewing *American Cosmic* and *Encounters*. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024, reviewing *American Cosmic* and *Encounters*. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/. [^4]: Micah Hanks, "The Sol Foundation: How a New Think Tank of Academics is Applying 'Cutting-Edge Research' to the UAP Mystery," *The Debrief*, September 12, 2023 (embedding her post of September 11, 2023). https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-how-a-new-think-tank-of-academics-is-applying-cutting-edge-research-the-uap-mystery/ [^5]: Micah Hanks, *The Debrief*, February 12, 2024. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-academias-new-uap-think-tank-releases-videos-of-lectures-from-its-inaugural-symposium/ [^6]: Signatory letter of November 12, 2024, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability (the statement of Tim Gallaudet), https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO12/20241113/117721/HHRG-118-GO12-Wstate-GallaudetPhDRearAdmiralUSNavyRetT-20241113-SD001.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eden Pastora.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eden Pastora.md index 633707c2..7db2a204 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eden Pastora.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eden Pastora.md @@ -90,10 +90,10 @@ Webb wrote that Pastora said the CIA had targeted him after he refused to merge [^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Southern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html [^2]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 50-53 (the case of George Morales and FRS/ARDE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras -[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." [^4]: Associated Press, "Eden Pastora, Nicaraguan revolutionary, dead at 83," June 16, 2020, https://www.news4jax.com/news/2020/06/16/eden-pastora-nicarguan-revolutionary-dead-at-83/ -[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." +[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. [^7]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), Marcos Antonio Aguado section of the Southern Front chapter, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html [^8]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), pp. 37, 50 to 52, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^9]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy: The Cartel, Haiti and Central America*, Part 3, hearing of April 7, 1988, testimony of Jorge Morales (pp. 297 to 300) and videotaped depositions of October 31, 1987, https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0005. Gary Webb, in Dark Alliance (1998), dates the "CIA agents" statement to 1986 congressional testimony, and his chapter notes give April 7, 1986 and March 27, 1987. @@ -107,4 +107,4 @@ Webb wrote that Pastora said the CIA had targeted him after he refused to merge [^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm [^18]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section A (sources of the allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p1.htm [^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm -[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Felix Rodriguez.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Felix Rodriguez.md index 7f395e49..b6793c03 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Felix Rodriguez.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Felix Rodriguez.md @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ The Independent Counsel investigated Gregg and Watson for false testimony about [^2]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the Deputy Inspector General, "Interview of [redacted] concerning his assignment to Bolivia in 1967 and his role in the capture of Ernesto 'Che' Guevara de la Serna," June 3, 1975 (CIA Historical Review Program), published with a summary in Peter Kornbluh, ed., "The Death of Che Guevara: Declassified," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 5, 1997, document 15. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/docs/doc15.pdf and https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/index.html (The memorandum's name fields are redacted and its scan is poorly legible; the identification with Rodriguez is the National Security Archive's.) [^3]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters (Lawrence E. Walsh, August 4, 1993), chapter 29, "Donald P. Gregg" (citing Gregg, Rodriguez, North, Watson, Fiers and Abrams grand jury and Select Committee testimony, North's notebooks, Office of the Vice President chronology of December 15, 1986, and CIA and State cables), and chapter 25, "United States v. Elliott Abrams" (Hill note of October 16, 1986; Abrams HPSCI testimony of October 14, 1986). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_29.htm and https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_25.htm [^4]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "HPSCI Staff Briefing on Crash of C-123 in Nicaragua," OCA 86-3489, October 16, 1986, paragraph 12. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01390r000400550034-9 -[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends." Webb is the sole source for the Fiers "void" testimony and the Miranda and Guirola Beeche passages as cited here. +[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends." [^6]: Walsh, chapter 17, "United States v. Clair E. George" (Rodriguez based at Ilopango and coordinating North's weapons shipments; NHAO flights and lethal resupply "indistinguishable"). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm [^7]: Walsh, chapter 14, "Other Money Matters" (fuel fund deposits by Posada and Rodriguez), https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_14.htm, and chapter 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances" (Posada, alias Ramon Medina, closing out the Ilopango operation after the shootdown), https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm [^8]: Walsh, chapter 19, "United States v. Alan D. Fiers, Jr." (Rodriguez, the C-123K flight from Miami, PRT-250 conversation of August 6, 1986; August 12, 1986 meeting in Gregg's office), and chapter 21, "CIA Subject #1" (Fiers at Ilopango, February 1986). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_19.htm and https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_21.htm diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Garry Nolan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Garry Nolan.md index bc1a4cf9..50fb4838 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Garry Nolan.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Garry Nolan.md @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ The [[Federal Election Commission]] database lists contributions from a Garry No [^12]: The Sol Foundation, home page, "People" section, https://thesolfoundation.org/ , read October 3, 2026. [^13]: Micah Hanks, *The Debrief*, February 12, 2024. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-academias-new-uap-think-tank-releases-videos-of-lectures-from-its-inaugural-symposium/ [^14]: Signatory entry in the letter of November 12, 2024, statement of Tim Gallaudet, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing of November 13, 2024. https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO12/20241113/117721/HHRG-118-GO12-Wstate-GallaudetPhDRearAdmiralUSNavyRetT-20241113-SD001.pdf -[^15]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/ Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^15]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/ [^16]: "New science advisory council forms to help US government 'resolve the UAP mystery,'" *DefenseScoop*, June 17, 2026. https://defensescoop.com/2026/06/17/new-science-advisory-council-forms-to-help-us-government-resolve-the-uap-mystery/ [^17]: Sol Foundation, release "Sol Foundation Co-Founders Named to UAP Science Advisory Council," June 22, 2026 (modified July 13, 2026), https://thesolfoundation.org/sol-foundation-co-founders-named-to-uap-science-advisory-council/ ; Avi Loeb, "More Details on the UAP Science Advisory Council," Medium (avi-loeb.medium.com), June 16, 2026, read in a Wayback Machine copy; Federal Register search for "UAP Science Advisory Council," https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents.json?conditions%5Bterm%5D=%22UAP+Science+Advisory+Council%22 (count 0 on October 3, 2026). [^18]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A receipts, contributor name "NOLAN, GARRY," city Redwood City, queried October 3, 2026 (twenty-five records, 2016 to 2024; employer given as Stanford University or Stanford University School of Medicine). The identity of the donor with the Stanford professor rests on the employer field only. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gilbert Roller.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gilbert Roller.md index 300b40b3..a92ab6bb 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gilbert Roller.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gilbert Roller.md @@ -128,11 +128,11 @@ The Psi Encyclopedia gives Roller's death as 2004, at age 89.[^3] The [[Parapsyc [^9]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, "Research, Investigation and Teaching," p. 228 (C.W. Post College entry) and p. 229 (New School for Social Research entry). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6 [^10]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "Was the Spassky Defeat a Russian Victory?", pp. 152-153. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond [^11]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 153-155, including the book's footnotes citing Winn, *Psychotherapy in the Soviet Union* (1961), and *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* (July 1971, vol. 65, no. 3). Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond -[^12]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 155-156. Sole source for the schedule of transmissions. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond +[^12]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 155-156. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond [^13]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 157-158 (the book states that the quotations are extracts from New York Times accounts of the matches). Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond -[^14]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 159-161. Sole source for the "confidential information" passage and the Soviet investigator's quotation. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond -[^15]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), p. 161, note 6. Sole source for the volunteer experiments. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond -[^16]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 162-163, citing *New York Magazine*, February 24, 1975, for Fischer's situation. Sole source for the SALT passages. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond +[^14]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 159-161. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond +[^15]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), p. 161, note 6. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond +[^16]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), pp. 162-163, citing *New York Magazine*, February 24, 1975, for Fischer's situation. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond [^17]: Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (1975), "Ted Serios Phenomena," pp. 145-146. Open copy: https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond [^18]: CIA CREST, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time* cover story (March 4, 1974), reading-room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100030002-8 [^19]: Parapsychological Association, "Gilbert Roller Fund" page and award notices for 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2014 (Wayback capture of December 29, 2016). https://web.archive.org/web/20161229195421/http://www.parapsych.org/section/9/gilbert_roller_fund.aspx. Parra et al., "Laboratory Research on a Presumably PK-Gifted Subject," acknowledgments (2014 grant). https://archive.org/details/LaboratoryResearchOnAPresumablyPKG diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela.md index 25c75d62..fa8a3048 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ The Colombian president [[Ernesto Samper Pizano]] was accused of accepting 3.7 m ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the Centac, Panama, Northside Bank and Samper passages and for Riconosciuto's claim. +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. [^2]: *United States v. Abbell,* 963 F. Supp. 1178 (S.D. Fla. 1997), notes 22 and 24. https://openjurist.org/963/fsupp/1178 [^3]: *United States v. Abbell,* 271 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 2001). https://openjurist.org/271/f3d/1286 [^4]: U.S. Department of Justice. "Cali Cartel Leaders Plead Guilty to Drug and Money Laundering Conspiracy Charges." Press release 06-646, September 26, 2006, *United States v. Rodriguez-Orejuela,* No. 03-20774-CR-MORENO (S.D. Fla.). https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2006/September/06_crm_646.html diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hal Puthoff.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hal Puthoff.md index ffcc5f80..ec68796f 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hal Puthoff.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hal Puthoff.md @@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ Puthoff became a founding member and scientific advisor to To the Stars Academy [^9]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^10]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf [^11]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "Standard Remote-Viewing Protocol (Local Targets)." SRI International, November 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500400001-4 (copy at CIA-RDP96-00788R001300050001-3). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, H. E., to Manfred Gale, "SRI/Gale Committee Meeting of 24-25 July," August 3, 1979, with the enclosure "Standard Remote Viewing (RV) Procedures: Local Sites," by H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ and E. C. May, August 1979, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100060001-6 (memorandum alone at CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240028-5). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, H. E., R. Targ and E. C. May, Radio Physics Laboratory, SRI International, to Walter B. LaBerge, Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, March 19, 1980, SRI 0-4132, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230031-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. -[^12]: Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 15, 25, 28-29, 57-58, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. The Shannon page image was read directly; podcast and conference statements are quoted there at second hand. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^12]: Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 15, 25, 28-29, 57-58, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. The Shannon page image was read directly; podcast and conference statements are quoted there at second hand. [^13]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal, 1989 telephone conversation with Puthoff, as quoted in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 26-27 (volume not named there; the year falls in *Forbidden Science: Volume Three*). -[^14]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat" (the Denny's statement is Pilkington's narration), https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^14]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat" (the Denny's statement is Pilkington's narration), https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. [^15]: Rockefeller, Laurance S., letter of October 17, 1996 with "Suggested Invitees for the Meeting of Scientists," Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 72, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/ (file "1996 10 17_Laurance Rockefeller to John Gibbons"). The OSTP routing slip addresses the letter to Gibbons; the invitation text and invitee list are enclosures. -[^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source. +[^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. [^17]: U.S. Department of Defense. "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/). Greenewald, John, Jr. "Navy Officially Releases UFO/UAP Videos, Calls Them 'Historical.'" The Black Vault, April 27, 2020 (reproduces the statement and gives the GOFAST date). https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/navy-officially-releases-ufo-uap-videos-calls-them-historical/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Simons.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Simons.md index c46676aa..2eafe0c2 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Simons.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Simons.md @@ -125,19 +125,19 @@ After a long illness, Simons died on March 28, 1972 at his home in [[Yonkers]], ### Footnotes -[^1]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (posted June 1, 2018; birth July 1, 1893 in Velbert; dean of the Graduate Faculty 1943 to June 1950; third president from June 1950; retirement in 1960 and consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation; death March 28, 1972 at his home in Yonkers). Sole source for the presidency narrative, the enrollment figures, the Ford Foundation post, the 1933 blacklisting, the head injury, the eastern-territories post and the unsuccessful parliamentary candidacy. -[^2]: Martin Otto, "Simons, Walter," Neue Deutsche Biographie 24 (2010), p. 441, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz74819.html (genealogy: three sons, including Hans Simons (1893-1972), Dr. iur., Regierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry (SPD), Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz 1931 to 1932, emigrated 1935 to the United States, political science at the New School for Social Research, American citizen 1940, American liaison officer to the Parliamentary Council 1947/49 involved in the making of the Basic Law; Walter Simons as foreign minister 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921 under Fehrenbach, Versailles delegation under Brockdorff-Rantzau, 1918 adviser to Max von Baden, SeSiSo circle with Seeckt and Solf, Kessler a member, Moltke family foundation trusteeship with Kreisau). Sole source for the Basic Law participation and the SeSiSo membership. +[^1]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (posted June 1, 2018; birth July 1, 1893 in Velbert; dean of the Graduate Faculty 1943 to June 1950; third president from June 1950; retirement in 1960 and consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation; death March 28, 1972 at his home in Yonkers). +[^2]: Martin Otto, "Simons, Walter," Neue Deutsche Biographie 24 (2010), p. 441, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz74819.html (genealogy: three sons, including Hans Simons (1893-1972), Dr. iur., Regierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry (SPD), Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz 1931 to 1932, emigrated 1935 to the United States, political science at the New School for Social Research, American citizen 1940, American liaison officer to the Parliamentary Council 1947/49 involved in the making of the Basic Law; Walter Simons as foreign minister 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921 under Fehrenbach, Versailles delegation under Brockdorff-Rantzau, 1918 adviser to Max von Baden, SeSiSo circle with Seeckt and Solf, Kessler a member, Moltke family foundation trusteeship with Kreisau). [^3]: Deutsche Biographie, index entry "Simons, Hans," GND 117397911, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd117397911.html (lifespan 1893-1972; birthplace Velbert; death place Yonkers, NY; occupations listed as Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz, President of the New School for Social Research, Zivilangestellter der OMGUS, Politologe, Jurist, Beamter). -[^4]: Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis, "Hans Simons," https://cau.gelehrtenverzeichnis.de/person/1a828139-7fdf-65ae-69c4-4faa69597c49 (dissertation 1921 at Königsberg; 1920 to 1922 managing director of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik; 1922 to 1923 Regierungsrat and 1923 to 1924 Oberregierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry; 1925 to 1930 director and professor of law at the Hochschule; 1928 to 1930 managing director of the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung; 1930 to 1931 acting Regierungspräsident in Stettin; 1931 to 1932 Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz; 1933 to 1934 self-employed Handelsvertreter; 1943 to 1950 dean; 1947 to 1949 American liaison officer in Frankfurt am Main; 1959 Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; married twice; three children; died 1972 in Yonkers). Sole source for the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung post and the 1933 to 1934 sales-agent entry. +[^4]: Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis, "Hans Simons," https://cau.gelehrtenverzeichnis.de/person/1a828139-7fdf-65ae-69c4-4faa69597c49 (dissertation 1921 at Königsberg; 1920 to 1922 managing director of the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik; 1922 to 1923 Regierungsrat and 1923 to 1924 Oberregierungsrat in the Reich Interior Ministry; 1925 to 1930 director and professor of law at the Hochschule; 1928 to 1930 managing director of the Abraham Lincoln-Stiftung; 1930 to 1931 acting Regierungspräsident in Stettin; 1931 to 1932 Regierungspräsident in Liegnitz; 1933 to 1934 self-employed Handelsvertreter; 1943 to 1950 dean; 1947 to 1949 American liaison officer in Frankfurt am Main; 1959 Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; married twice; three children; died 1972 in Yonkers). [^5]: Thomas Meyer, review of Philipp Heß, "Ein deutscher Amerikaner: Der kosmopolitische Demokrat Hans Simons 1893-1972" (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2018), Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 59 (2019), https://library.fes.de/pdf-files//afs/81895.pdf (dismissal in 1933 and emigration with his second wife and her two daughters; Basic Law deliberations; Ford Foundation adviser and interlocutor; Heuss order with Brecht and Staudinger; death described as ill and tired; family papers assembled by the son of the first marriage, no Nachlass). [^6]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 58 (the Hochschule's association with the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation and the effect of those associations on contacts between Hochschule faculty, foundation administrators and American academics). [^7]: GEPRIS Historisch, "Simons, Hans," Personen-ID 5111597, https://gepris-historisch.dfg.de/person/5111597 (born July 1, 1893 in Velbert; died March 28, 1972 in Yonkers; work location Reichsministerium des Innern; 1928 application for a printing subsidy for the series "Das Werdende Zeitalter" refused). -[^8]: Hans Simons, "Lehre und Lehrer," in Politik als Wissenschaft: Zehn Jahre Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, ed. Ernst Jäckh (Berlin: Hermann Reckendorf, 1931), pp. 203-210, as cited in Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 71 (structure of the Hochschule: permanently associated politicians and lecturers hired on a case-by-case basis). Sole source for the description of the Hochschule's structure. -[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 33 (Hans Simons, "Some European Aspects of International Law," Social Research 2, no. 4 (November 1935): 469-470; Hans Simons, "Collective Security," Social Research 3, no. 4 (November 1936): 388). Sole source for the two articles. -[^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 21 (Alvin Johnson, "Report to the Trustees of the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science in the New School for Social Research, February 1935," Johnson Papers, Nebraska). Sole source for the 1934 addition. -[^11]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B, "Non-Grantees," box 117, folder 3 (Simons, 1933-1943), https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (folder dates as given in the New School for Social Research page citation of the same finding aid). Sole source for this filing. +[^8]: Hans Simons, "Lehre und Lehrer," in Politik als Wissenschaft: Zehn Jahre Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, ed. Ernst Jäckh (Berlin: Hermann Reckendorf, 1931), pp. 203-210, as cited in Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 71 (structure of the Hochschule: permanently associated politicians and lecturers hired on a case-by-case basis). +[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 33 (Hans Simons, "Some European Aspects of International Law," Social Research 2, no. 4 (November 1935): 469-470; Hans Simons, "Collective Security," Social Research 3, no. 4 (November 1936): 388). +[^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 21 (Alvin Johnson, "Report to the Trustees of the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science in the New School for Social Research, February 1935," Johnson Papers, Nebraska). +[^11]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B, "Non-Grantees," box 117, folder 3 (Simons, 1933-1943), https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (folder dates as given in the New School for Social Research page citation of the same finding aid). [^12]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Arnold Brecht lecture notes (NS-02-13-01), biographical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/232 (Brecht in the Research Division of the Graduate Faculty and the Institute of World Affairs, studying Germany's position in European postwar reconstruction (1942) with colleagues Adolph Lowe, Hans Simons and Hans Staudinger). -[^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 74 (Goodwin Watson to Robert D. Leigh, May 12, 1943, RG 262, Entry 75, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Records of the Analysis Division, Records Relating to Personnel). The list also names Kurt Mattusch, Eric Dale, Hans W. Weigert and John H. Herz, and its only non-exile is Bernadotte E. Schmitt. Sole source for the list. +[^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," footnote 74 (Goodwin Watson to Robert D. Leigh, May 12, 1943, RG 262, Entry 75, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Records of the Analysis Division, Records Relating to Personnel). The list also names Kurt Mattusch, Eric Dale, Hans W. Weigert and John H. Herz, and its only non-exile is Bernadotte E. Schmitt. [^14]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272 (scope note on the related Publicity Office record and the "McGrath Report"). [^15]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576 [^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School"; transcript dated October 9, 1957 of his General Seminar lecture "Higher Adult Education: Its Place and Function"). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Speier.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Speier.md index 3c66f4a9..084ac1e0 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Speier.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Speier.md @@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and [^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143-147 and notes 95-110, citing Speier to Carroll, February 2, 1945, RG 208 (OWI), Entry 355, Box 1712, Folder "Wallace Carroll"; Watson to Speier, April 17, 1943, RG 262, Entry 2, Box 66; and Carroll to Bernard, December 4, 1944, Speier Papers Box 2, Folder 3. Allan M. Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942-1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), p. 132 (the July 1944 central directive). Bessner cites Winkler at p. 146 note 106 in connection with the German directives. [^28]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 148-157 and notes 117-148, including the OWI cable of William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, November 20, 1945, RG 208, Entry 358, Box 108 (p. 150 note 124), and Speier to Brecht, August 8, 1947 (p. 157). University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology (trips to Germany for OWI, October 13 to December 2, 1945; Associate Chief of the Division for Occupied Areas, January 1946 to September 1947). [^29]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 164-165 and notes 3, 9 and 11 (Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content -[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 164 (Doris Duke funding passage; sole source); New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235 ; Duke University Libraries, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid +[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 164 (Doris Duke funding passage); New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235 ; Duke University Libraries, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid [^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-170 and notes 1-26 (Institute of World Affairs, "a research center funded by Doris Duke," p. 164; "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics," p. 165; Division of International Studies elected December 17, 1947, p. 169; plans never realized, p. 170). [^32]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 187-195 and notes 76-104, citing U.S. Air Force Project RAND, Conference of Social Scientists, September 14-19, 1947 (RAND R-106, June 9, 1948), pp. 1-8, 95-156, 184, and Speier, The RAND Social Science Program (RAND D-717-PR, February 2, 1950). Participant list at p. 190 note 88; Rosten at pp. 190-191 and note 89. [^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 and note 76 (Ford loan of $100,000, $300,000 credit guarantee, a $150,000 Wells Fargo credit line, extension to $1,000,000 in 1950; other early supporters; RAND became the RAND Corporation on May 14, 1948). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harold Okimoto.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harold Okimoto.md index 86ae333d..653ce692 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harold Okimoto.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harold Okimoto.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ summary: "Honolulu businessman whom Robert Booth Nichols listed as a former empl relations: - type: director_of with: "[[Meridian International Logistics]]" - role: "director of the subsidiary Meridian Arms, per Seymour 1992 (sole source)" + role: "director of the subsidiary Meridian Arms, per Seymour 1992" fn: 5 updated: 2026-10-08 --- @@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ The 1987 continuation wiretap affidavit of the FBI agent [[Thomas Gates]] states ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^2]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 46 and 84. -[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22. Sole source. +[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22. [^4]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine [^5]: Seymour, Cheri. "VORTEX," diary dated February 24, 1992, p. 11. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harry Reid.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harry Reid.md index 94883329..b9af65bd 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harry Reid.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harry Reid.md @@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ relations: with: "[[Robert Bigelow]]" role: "Nevada constituent; Bigelow and Bigelow companies contributed 10,800 dollars to Friends for Harry Reid and 10,000 dollars to the Searchlight Leadership Fund, 1998 to 2010" start: 1998 - fn: 6 -updated: 2026-10-03 + fn: 7 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- [[Harry Reid]] was a [[United States]] Senator from [[Nevada]] who served as the Senate Majority Leader. He was a pivotal figure in the establishment and funding of the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP) and a staunch supporter of the [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) disclosure movement until his death in 2021.[^1] @@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ updated: 2026-10-03 Senator Reid's interest in the UAP topic was sparked by his position as the senator for Nevada, the home of the highly classified [[Area 51]] military installation. This, combined with his friendship with aerospace magnate and paranormal researcher [[Robert Bigelow]], led him to take the issue seriously. He was known on [[Capitol Hill]] as a "bulldog in a pit of vipers," and his determination was crucial in overcoming the stigma and bureaucratic inertia surrounding the UAP issue.[^1] +[[George Knapp]] wrote in a 2023 statement for the record that Reid, then in his first Senate term, was the first person he told outside his newsroom about the 1989 crash-retrieval and reverse-engineering reports, that the two kept a private conversation for the next three decades, and that Reid attended one of the first board meetings of the [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] after Knapp introduced him to the organization.[^2] + ### Funding for AATIP Elizondo wrote that Senator Reid, along with Senators [[Ted Stevens]] of [[Alaska]] and [[Daniel Inouye]] of [[Hawaii]], funded the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AAWSAP), the precursor to AATIP. These three men controlled congressional spending for "black budget" [[Pentagon]] programs, and their bipartisan support was essential for the program's creation. Reid continued to be a champion for the program, later securing an additional $10 million in funding for AATIP, though the funds were ultimately diverted to another program.[^1] @@ -36,55 +38,58 @@ Even after leaving the Senate, Reid remained a powerful advocate for UAP disclos ### Letter to the Deputy Secretary of Defense, June 24, 2009 -On Senate Majority Leader letterhead dated June 24, 2009, Reid wrote to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]: "Beginning this past September, the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] has mandated that the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] assess far-term foreign advanced aerospace threats to the United States," with a scope "from the present out to forty years and beyond." The letter calls the effort the "Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program (AAITP)," states that "much progress has been made with the identification of several highly sensitive, unconventional aerospace-related findings," and asks for assistance "establishing a Restricted Special-Access-Program (SAP) with a Bigoted Access List for specific portions of the AATIP." It lists as protectable "the methodology used to identify, acquire, study, and engineer the advanced technologies," "protection of industry partnerships and participation," and "application and engineering," describing "associated exotic technologies" in "quantum mechanics, nuclear science, electromagnetic theory, gravitics, and thermodynamics." The contact named for questions is [[Robert T. Herbert|Bob Herbert]] of Reid's staff.[^2] +On Senate Majority Leader letterhead dated June 24, 2009, Reid wrote to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]: "Beginning this past September, the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] has mandated that the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] assess far-term foreign advanced aerospace threats to the United States," with a scope "from the present out to forty years and beyond." The letter calls the effort the "Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program (AAITP)," states that "much progress has been made with the identification of several highly sensitive, unconventional aerospace-related findings," and asks for assistance "establishing a Restricted Special-Access-Program (SAP) with a Bigoted Access List for specific portions of the AATIP." It lists as protectable "the methodology used to identify, acquire, study, and engineer the advanced technologies," "protection of industry partnerships and participation," and "application and engineering," describing "associated exotic technologies" in "quantum mechanics, nuclear science, electromagnetic theory, gravitics, and thermodynamics." The contact named for questions is [[Robert T. Herbert|Bob Herbert]] of Reid's staff.[^3] -Attachment 1 to the letter gives the proposed nickname "Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP)," program length "FY09 to FY13 (Preliminary)," program funding "FY09 O&M, FY10-FY13 TBD," and SAP category "Intelligence, DoD Acquisition." The "FY 10 Preliminary Bigoted List of Government Personnel" names Lynn, Reid, Daniel Inouye and Robert T. Herbert of the U.S. Senate, followed by redacted entries including Navy, [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] and [[Under Secretary of Defense]] for Intelligence personnel; a separate "FY 10 Preliminary Bigoted List of Contractor Personnel funded under the AATIP" has three entries, the first reading "Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies LLC (BAASS)" and the other two "BAASS (CTR)."[^2] +Attachment 1 to the letter gives the proposed nickname "Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP)," program length "FY09 to FY13 (Preliminary)," program funding "FY09 O&M, FY10-FY13 TBD," and SAP category "Intelligence, DoD Acquisition." The "FY 10 Preliminary Bigoted List of Government Personnel" names Lynn, Reid, Daniel Inouye and Robert T. Herbert of the U.S. Senate, followed by redacted entries including Navy, [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] and [[Under Secretary of Defense]] for Intelligence personnel; a separate "FY 10 Preliminary Bigoted List of Contractor Personnel funded under the AATIP" has three entries, the first reading "Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies LLC (BAASS)" and the other two "BAASS (CTR)."[^3] ### Appropriation language in DIA papers -Talking points in the packet prepared for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Reid state that "Senators Reid and Inouye co-sponsored a $10M earmark in the July 2008 supplemental" and that "a $12M earmark has been allocated to support the program in FY2010." Neither entry names Stevens.[^3] +Talking points in the packet prepared for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Reid state that "Senators Reid and Inouye co-sponsored a $10M earmark in the July 2008 supplemental" and that "a $12M earmark has been allocated to support the program in FY2010." Neither entry names Stevens.[^4] ### Responses -DIA's talking points for a Reid visit to the DIA Director (May 4, 2009) state that Reid "has a deep interest in the potential threat posed by unconventional aerospace technologies" and that "the continued support and guidance of Senator Reid and Senator Inouye is crucial."[^4] DIA records that a review it completed in November 2009 found "insufficient grounds existed to classify the program, invoke an ACCM, or establish a restricted SAP"; that in November 2009 Lynn and the memorandum's author (name redacted) met Reid, and "we determined the reports were of limited value to DIA" while suggesting the project "could be transitioned to another agency or component better suited to oversee the project."[^5] The talking points in the packet prepared for the Deputy Secretary's November 17, 2009 meeting with Reid record that DIA "learned of counter-intelligence concerns with [[Bigelow Aerospace]]" in August 2008; see the page for [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]].[^3] +DIA's talking points for a Reid visit to the DIA Director (May 4, 2009) state that Reid "has a deep interest in the potential threat posed by unconventional aerospace technologies" and that "the continued support and guidance of Senator Reid and Senator Inouye is crucial."[^5] DIA records that a review it completed in November 2009 found "insufficient grounds existed to classify the program, invoke an ACCM, or establish a restricted SAP"; that in November 2009 Lynn and the memorandum's author (name redacted) met Reid, and "we determined the reports were of limited value to DIA" while suggesting the project "could be transitioned to another agency or component better suited to oversee the project."[^6] The talking points in the packet prepared for the Deputy Secretary's November 17, 2009 meeting with Reid record that DIA "learned of counter-intelligence concerns with [[Bigelow Aerospace]]" in August 2008; see the page for [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]].[^4] ### Contributions from Robert Bigelow and Bigelow companies -[[OpenFEC]] itemized receipts show contributions of 2,000 dollars (two entries of 1,000 dollars, August 7, 1998), 4,000 dollars (two entries of 2,000 dollars, June 12, 2003) and 4,800 dollars (two entries of 2,400 dollars, June 8, 2010) from Robert Bigelow of [[Las Vegas]] to [[Friends for Harry Reid]], the Senate campaign committee. The [[Searchlight Leadership Fund]], registered to Reid as sponsor, received 5,000 dollars from Bigelow on June 13, 2003 and 5,000 dollars from [[Bigelow Development Aerospace]] LLC on June 30, 2004. The [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]] received 28,500 dollars from Bigelow on September 28, 2007 and 28,500 dollars on June 30, 2008.[^6] [[Politico]]'s [[Bryan Bender]] wrote in 2017 that Bigelow "was also a regular contributor to Reid's reelection campaigns, campaign finance records show, at least $10,000 from 1998 to 2008," and in 2021 called him "Reid's longtime UFO svengali (and campaign donor)"; the itemized entries above were not reconciled with that total.[^7] +[[OpenFEC]] itemized receipts show contributions of 2,000 dollars (two entries of 1,000 dollars, August 7, 1998), 4,000 dollars (two entries of 2,000 dollars, June 12, 2003) and 4,800 dollars (two entries of 2,400 dollars, June 8, 2010) from Robert Bigelow of [[Las Vegas]] to [[Friends for Harry Reid]], the Senate campaign committee. The [[Searchlight Leadership Fund]], registered to Reid as sponsor, received 5,000 dollars from Bigelow on June 13, 2003 and 5,000 dollars from [[Bigelow Development Aerospace]] LLC on June 30, 2004. The [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]] received 28,500 dollars from Bigelow on September 28, 2007 and 28,500 dollars on June 30, 2008.[^7] [[Politico]]'s [[Bryan Bender]] wrote in 2017 that Bigelow "was also a regular contributor to Reid's reelection campaigns, campaign finance records show, at least $10,000 from 1998 to 2008," and in 2021 called him "Reid's longtime UFO svengali (and campaign donor)"; the itemized entries above were not reconciled with that total.[^8] ### Reid in Elizondo's account -Elizondo wrote that Lacatski told him in 2009 that the program was funded "through the efforts of a bipartisan group of senators," Reid, Stevens and Inouye, who "controlled congressional spending for black-budget Pentagon programs," and that Reid, "the senator of the state that housed Area 51," was regarded on Capitol Hill "as a bulldog in a pit of vipers." He wrote that Reid "counted Bob among his friends," Bigelow's BAASS being the prime contractor.[^8] The foreword by [[Christopher Mellon]], dated May 16, 2024, states that Elizondo made him aware of an investigation "using $22 million in DoD funds earmarked for UAP analysis by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid in 2008," that the Air Force and most of the intelligence community "refused to support this congressionally funded UAP investigation," and that the Defense Department "worked to kill this short-lived program at its earliest opportunity."[^9] Elizondo's own chapters do not give the year or the amount; the 2008 date and 22 million dollar figure are Mellon's, and the Defense Intelligence Agency papers described below give a 10 million dollar earmark in the July 2008 supplemental and a 12 million dollar earmark for fiscal 2010. +Elizondo wrote that Lacatski told him in 2009 that the program was funded "through the efforts of a bipartisan group of senators," Reid, Stevens and Inouye, who "controlled congressional spending for black-budget Pentagon programs," and that Reid, "the senator of the state that housed Area 51," was regarded on Capitol Hill "as a bulldog in a pit of vipers." He wrote that Reid "counted Bob among his friends," Bigelow's BAASS being the prime contractor.[^9] The foreword by [[Christopher Mellon]], dated May 16, 2024, states that Elizondo made him aware of an investigation "using $22 million in DoD funds earmarked for UAP analysis by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid in 2008," that the Air Force and most of the intelligence community "refused to support this congressionally funded UAP investigation," and that the Defense Department "worked to kill this short-lived program at its earliest opportunity."[^10] Elizondo's own chapters do not give the year or the amount; the 2008 date and 22 million dollar figure are Mellon's, and the Defense Intelligence Agency papers described below give a 10 million dollar earmark in the July 2008 supplemental and a 12 million dollar earmark for fiscal 2010. -Elizondo wrote that the money "programmed for the years 2008 to 12" ran out, that Reid "thought he could come up with another fresh infusion" for 2013 and 2014, and that Stratton "ran point" and obtained 10 million dollars from Reid which "another DoD program had absconded."[^10] He wrote that in late 2017 the reporter [[Helene Cooper]] told him she had met "the now-retired senator Harry Reid, who had unabashedly corroborated his and his colleagues' involvement in funding the original program that led to AATIP and my leadership role," and that "Harry Reid had my back"; the book's photograph section reproduces what it calls an official letter from Reid "countering the later claims made by the Pentagon" that Elizondo had no part in AATIP.[^11] He wrote that Reid vouched for the group with the producers of the 60 Minutes segment of May 2021 and, in his last weeks, was kept briefed by Elizondo's group while ill with pancreatic cancer; that Reid "said he would keep fighting his cancer until Biden signed the act"; that President [[Joe Biden]] signed the second UAP bill two days after Christmas 2021; and that "a day later" Reid died, with his wife Landra and his assistant Katie present.[^12] A Defense Department official of the same surname, Garry Reid, is no relation; see [[Garry Reid]].[^13] +Elizondo wrote that the money "programmed for the years 2008 to 12" ran out, that Reid "thought he could come up with another fresh infusion" for 2013 and 2014, and that Stratton "ran point" and obtained 10 million dollars from Reid which "another DoD program had absconded."[^11] He wrote that in late 2017 the reporter [[Helene Cooper]] told him she had met "the now-retired senator Harry Reid, who had unabashedly corroborated his and his colleagues' involvement in funding the original program that led to AATIP and my leadership role," and that "Harry Reid had my back"; the book's photograph section reproduces what it calls an official letter from Reid "countering the later claims made by the Pentagon" that Elizondo had no part in AATIP.[^12] He wrote that Reid vouched for the group with the producers of the 60 Minutes segment of May 2021 and, in his last weeks, was kept briefed by Elizondo's group while ill with pancreatic cancer; that Reid "said he would keep fighting his cancer until Biden signed the act"; that President [[Joe Biden]] signed the second UAP bill two days after Christmas 2021; and that "a day later" Reid died, with his wife Landra and his assistant Katie present.[^13] A Defense Department official of the same surname, Garry Reid, is no relation; see [[Garry Reid]].[^14] ### AATIP appropriation, special access request and the December 2017 reporting -The *New York Times* article of December 16, 2017 stated that the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program began in 2007 and was "largely funded at the request of Harry Reid, the Nevada Democrat who was the Senate majority leader at the time," with most of the money going to an aerospace company run by Robert Bigelow, "a billionaire entrepreneur and longtime friend of Mr. Reid's." Reid was quoted: "I'm not embarrassed or ashamed or sorry I got this thing going." The article said that contracts it obtained "show a congressional appropriation of just under $22 million beginning in late 2008 through 2011," and quoted Reid on the 2007 origin: Bigelow told him a Defense Intelligence Agency official wanted to visit his [[Utah]] ranch, Reid then met agency officials and summoned Stevens and Inouye to a secure room in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], and "none of the three senators wanted a public debate on the Senate floor," Reid said: "This was so-called black money. Stevens knows about it, Inouye knows about it. But that was it, and that's how we wanted it." Politico's same-day account by Bryan Bender, which said that "Reid and Bigelow did not respond to multiple requests for comment," gave the start as 2009 and said Reid "first secured the appropriation to begin the program in 2009 with the support of the late Senators Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) and Republican Ted Stevens (R-Alaska)."[^14][^7] +The *New York Times* article of December 16, 2017 stated that the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program began in 2007 and was "largely funded at the request of Harry Reid, the Nevada Democrat who was the Senate majority leader at the time," with most of the money going to an aerospace company run by Robert Bigelow, "a billionaire entrepreneur and longtime friend of Mr. Reid's." Reid was quoted: "I'm not embarrassed or ashamed or sorry I got this thing going." The article said that contracts it obtained "show a congressional appropriation of just under $22 million beginning in late 2008 through 2011," and quoted Reid on the 2007 origin: Bigelow told him a Defense Intelligence Agency official wanted to visit his [[Utah]] ranch, Reid then met agency officials and summoned Stevens and Inouye to a secure room in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], and "none of the three senators wanted a public debate on the Senate floor," Reid said: "This was so-called black money. Stevens knows about it, Inouye knows about it. But that was it, and that's how we wanted it." Politico's same-day account by Bryan Bender, which said that "Reid and Bigelow did not respond to multiple requests for comment," gave the start as 2009 and said Reid "first secured the appropriation to begin the program in 2009 with the support of the late Senators Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) and Republican Ted Stevens (R-Alaska)."[^8][^15] -According to [[Gideon Lewis-Kraus]], a senior Defense Intelligence Agency official wrote to Bigelow in 2007 about [[Skinwalker Ranch]], Bigelow connected him to Reid, and Reid enlisted Stevens and Inouye; "in the 2008 Supplemental Appropriations Bill, twenty-two million dollars of so-called black money was set aside." Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies was "the only bidder" on the public solicitation for the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]]. A former intelligence official told Lewis-Kraus that "Reid would call them out of a meeting and say, 'I want you to be doing this. This was appropriated.'" In June 2009 Reid asked that the program be given "restricted special access program" status; in November 2009 the Defense Department denied the request.[^15] +According to [[Gideon Lewis-Kraus]], a senior Defense Intelligence Agency official wrote to Bigelow in 2007 about [[Skinwalker Ranch]], Bigelow connected him to Reid, and Reid enlisted Stevens and Inouye; "in the 2008 Supplemental Appropriations Bill, twenty-two million dollars of so-called black money was set aside." Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies was "the only bidder" on the public solicitation for the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]]. A former intelligence official told Lewis-Kraus that "Reid would call them out of a meeting and say, 'I want you to be doing this. This was appropriated.'" In June 2009 Reid asked that the program be given "restricted special access program" status; in November 2009 the Defense Department denied the request.[^16] -A July 24, 2009 memorandum from Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn on that request was published in a redacted form by the Las Vegas station [[KLAS-TV|KLAS]] on July 25, 2018 (reporters [[George Knapp]] and [[Matt Adams]]) and in a version restoring the names of Luis Elizondo and [[Hal Puthoff]] the following June. Pentagon spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told [[The Black Vault]] on June 13, 2019 that the memo was "authentic," that "DOD received it and responded to Sen. Reid," and that it "makes no change to previous statements" that Elizondo had no assigned AATIP responsibilities in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence.[^16] +A June 24, 2009 memorandum from Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn on that request was published in a redacted form by the Las Vegas station [[KLAS-TV|KLAS]] on June 28, 2018 (reporters George Knapp and [[Matt Adams]])[^17] and linked again in a KLAS report of July 25, 2018,[^18] and in a version restoring the names of Luis Elizondo and [[Hal Puthoff]] the following June. Pentagon spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told [[The Black Vault]] on June 13, 2019 that the memo was "authentic," that "DOD received it and responded to Sen. Reid," and that it "makes no change to previous statements" that Elizondo had no assigned AATIP responsibilities in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence.[^19] ### Statements -Reid told Lewis-Kraus, "I was told for decades that [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] had some of these retrieved materials," that he had tried to obtain a classified approval for himself to see them and "they would not approve that," and that this was why he had requested special access status for AATIP. A July 2020 *Times* article by [[Leslie Kean]] and [[Ralph Blumenthal]] said that he "believed that crashes of vehicles from other worlds had occurred and that retrieved materials had been studied secretly for decades, often by aerospace companies under government contracts," the paper corrected the sentence the next day; Reid told Lewis-Kraus that he admired Kean but had never seen proof of any remnants, and that the Pentagon had not given a reason for refusing his clearance request.[^15] Lewis-Kraus also quotes a former intelligence official on the 2008 appropriation: "people worried that if this all came out, that the government was spending money on this, this will be a bad story."[^15] +Reid told Lewis-Kraus, "I was told for decades that [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed]] had some of these retrieved materials," that he had tried to obtain a classified approval for himself to see them and "they would not approve that," and that this was why he had requested special access status for AATIP. A July 2020 *Times* article by [[Leslie Kean]] and [[Ralph Blumenthal]] said that he "believed that crashes of vehicles from other worlds had occurred and that retrieved materials had been studied secretly for decades, often by aerospace companies under government contracts," the paper corrected the sentence the next day; Reid told Lewis-Kraus that he admired Kean but had never seen proof of any remnants, and that the Pentagon had not given a reason for refusing his clearance request.[^16] Lewis-Kraus also quotes a former intelligence official on the 2008 appropriation: "people worried that if this all came out, that the government was spending money on this, this will be a bad story."[^16] ### Footnotes [^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024. -[^2]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn III, June 24, 2009, with Attachment 1, released by DIA to The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf -[^3]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, final packet for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Senator Reid. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/09117-Final_Packet_Presented_to_DepSecDef.pdf -[^4]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Talking Paper, "Senator Reid Visit to Director, DIA," May 4, 2009. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/DR_Reid_Mtg_May09.pdf -[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Info Memo U-10-2552CE to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, 2010. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/U-10-2552CE-IM-ATL.pdf -[^6]: Federal Election Commission, OpenFEC API, schedule A; Searchlight Leadership Fund is committee C00327395 (sponsor candidate S6NV00028, Harry Reid) and Friends for Harry Reid committee C00204370. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/ -[^7]: Bender, Bryan. "The Pentagon's Secret Search for UFOs." *Politico,* December 16, 2017. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/16/pentagon-ufo-search-harry-reid-216111 (full text read through https://web.archive.org/web/2018id_/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/16/pentagon-ufo-search-harry-reid-216111); Bender, "The Hidden History of How Washington Embraced UFOs," *Politico Magazine,* May 28, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/28/ufos-secret-history-government-washington-dc-487900 -[^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 11 to 15 (Reid indexed at pp. 11 and 13 to 14; Bigelow at p. 15). -[^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Foreword by Christopher Mellon, dated May 16, 2024, pp. xiii to xxii (the Reid passage near p. xv). -[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 88 to 89. -[^11]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 209 to 210 and the photograph section (caption beginning "Official letter from former Senate Majority Leader and AATIP sponsor Harry Reid"). -[^12]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 230 and 235 to 236 (Reid indexed at pp. 235 to 236). -[^13]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), p. 143 (Garry Reid "no relation to our congressional benefactor, Senator Harry Reid"). -[^14]: Cooper, Helene, Ralph Blumenthal and Leslie Kean. "Glowing Auras and 'Black Money': The Pentagon's Mysterious U.F.O. Program." *The New York Times,* December 16, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html (full text read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html). -[^15]: Lewis-Kraus, Gideon. "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously." *The New Yorker,* May 10, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously -[^16]: Greenewald, John, Jr. "Pentagon Reinforces Mr. Luis Elizondo Had 'No Responsibilities' on AATIP; Senator Harry Reid's 2009 Memo Changes Nothing." The Black Vault, June 14, 2019. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/pentagon-reinforces-mr-luis-elizondo-had-no-responsibilities-on-aatip-senator-harry-reids-2009-memo-changes-nothing +[^2]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," July 26, 2023 hearing record, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf +[^3]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn III, June 24, 2009, with Attachment 1, released by DIA to The Black Vault. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf +[^4]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, final packet for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Senator Reid. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/09117-Final_Packet_Presented_to_DepSecDef.pdf +[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Talking Paper, "Senator Reid Visit to Director, DIA," May 4, 2009. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/DR_Reid_Mtg_May09.pdf +[^6]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Info Memo U-10-2552CE to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, 2010. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/U-10-2552CE-IM-ATL.pdf +[^7]: Federal Election Commission, OpenFEC API, schedule A; Searchlight Leadership Fund is committee C00327395 (sponsor candidate S6NV00028, Harry Reid) and Friends for Harry Reid committee C00204370. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/ +[^8]: Bender, Bryan. "The Pentagon's Secret Search for UFOs." *Politico,* December 16, 2017. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/16/pentagon-ufo-search-harry-reid-216111 (full text read through https://web.archive.org/web/2018id_/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/16/pentagon-ufo-search-harry-reid-216111); Bender, "The Hidden History of How Washington Embraced UFOs," *Politico Magazine,* May 28, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/28/ufos-secret-history-government-washington-dc-487900 +[^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 11 to 15 (Reid indexed at pp. 11 and 13 to 14; Bigelow at p. 15). +[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Foreword by Christopher Mellon, dated May 16, 2024, pp. xiii to xxii (the Reid passage near p. xv). +[^11]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 88 to 89. +[^12]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 209 to 210 and the photograph section (caption beginning "Official letter from former Senate Majority Leader and AATIP sponsor Harry Reid"). +[^13]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 230 and 235 to 236 (Reid indexed at pp. 235 to 236). +[^14]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), p. 143 (Garry Reid "no relation to our congressional benefactor, Senator Harry Reid"). +[^15]: Cooper, Helene, Ralph Blumenthal and Leslie Kean. "Glowing Auras and 'Black Money': The Pentagon's Mysterious U.F.O. Program." *The New York Times,* December 16, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html (full text read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html). +[^16]: Lewis-Kraus, Gideon. "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously." *The New Yorker,* May 10, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously +[^17]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "I-Team Exclusive: Nevada senator fought to save secret UFO program," KLAS 8 News Now, posted June 28, 2018, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/i-team-exclusive-nevada-senator-fought-to-save-secret-ufo-program/ +[^18]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "EXCLUSIVE: I-Team obtains some key documents related to Pentagon UFO study," KLAS 8 News Now, aired July 25, 2018, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/exclusive-i-team-obtains-some-key-documents-related-to-pentagon-ufo-study/ +[^19]: Greenewald, John, Jr. "Pentagon Reinforces Mr. Luis Elizondo Had 'No Responsibilities' on AATIP; Senator Harry Reid's 2009 Memo Changes Nothing." The Black Vault, June 14, 2019. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/pentagon-reinforces-mr-luis-elizondo-had-no-responsibilities-on-aatip-senator-harry-reids-2009-memo-changes-nothing diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Igor Smirnov.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Igor Smirnov.md index c90d03b2..c5d7ca21 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Igor Smirnov.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Igor Smirnov.md @@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ The institute's Semantic Stimuli Response Measurements Technology (SSRM Tek), ma [^2]: Tapscott, Mark. "DOD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims; FBI Considered Testing on Koresh." *Defense Electronics*, July 1993, p. 17. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5_djvu.txt Single anonymous participant for the account of the meetings; the Psychotechnologies Corp. memorandum is described but not reproduced. [^3]: Elliott, Dorinda, with John Barry. "A Subliminal Dr. Strangelove." *Newsweek*, August 1994 (online August 21, 1994). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560003-9 and CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150002-4. https://www.newsweek.com/subliminal-dr-strangelove-187766 [^4]: Dukess, Karen. "Computers May Hold Key to Subconscious." *The Moscow Times*, July 16, 1994. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/computers-may-hold-key-to-subconscious -[^5]: "Какое психотропное оружие изобрел сын Виктора Абакумова" [What psychotropic weapon the son of Viktor Abakumov invented]. Rambler Weekend, citing Russian Semyorka (russian7.ru), December 6, 2022. https://weekend.rambler.ru/people/49822355-kakoe-psihotropnoe-oruzhie-izobrel-syn-viktora-abakumova/ Sole source for the passages so cited (parentage, the February 2, 1980 approval, the 1982 and 1984 dates, the account of the Waco proposal, the American offer to relocate him, and the circumstances of his death). +[^5]: "Какое психотропное оружие изобрел сын Виктора Абакумова" [What psychotropic weapon the son of Viktor Abakumov invented]. Rambler Weekend, citing Russian Semyorka (russian7.ru), December 6, 2022. https://weekend.rambler.ru/people/49822355-kakoe-psihotropnoe-oruzhie-izobrel-syn-viktora-abakumova/ [^6]: Targ, Russell, and Keith Harary. *The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities*. New York: Villard Books, 1984, "Authors' Note," pp. 261-263 (excerpt), in the CIA Star Gate files, document CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1_djvu.txt [^7]: Opall, Barbara. "U.S. Explores Russian Mind-Control Technology" and "U.S., Russia Hope To Safeguard Mind-Control Techniques." *Defense News*, January 11-17, 1993, pp. 4 and 29. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150003-3_djvu.txt [^8]: "Computer Psychotechnology, Dr. I. V. Smirnov," trip report on letterhead of C. C. Morris, Research Director, U.S. Global Strategy Council, 1800 K Street N.W., Suite 1102, Washington, D.C., describing a visit of November 20, 1991. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8 (approved for release August 11, 2000). https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560004-8_djvu.txt -[^9]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read in the copy posted to the Infowarrior list, https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). The Waco exchange is Chris Morris's account, recounted to the author, and Rusalkina's statements; sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read in the copy posted to the Infowarrior list, https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). The Waco exchange is Chris Morris's account, recounted to the author, and Rusalkina's statements; [^10]: "Experimental Test of the Possibility of Developing and Using a Semantic Driver," received from Dr. Igor Smirnov, English translation LN169-93 (1993). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560007-5_djvu.txt diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jack Parsons.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jack Parsons.md index 71411ec7..3e58186a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jack Parsons.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jack Parsons.md @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ His mother, Ruth Virginia Parsons, 58, who had been staying at 424 Arroyo Terrac [^7]: FBI, "Hsue-Shen Tsien" file, Los Angeles file 65-4857, report of Special Agent Arthur C. Wittenburg quoting a signed statement of John W. Parsons dated January 11, 1950 (headquarters stamp February 1950), archive.org/details/fbi-file-tsien-hsue-shen (FBIFile_Tsien_Part1). [^8]: FBI Tsien file, Part 1, reports of 1949 and 1950 naming informant T-2 on Professional Unit 122; Part 2, Weinbaum arrested June 16, 1950 for perjury, convicted. [^9]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, memorandum A. M. Thurston to Mr. Clegg, October 23, 1940 (ref. 96-0-55), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1940-10-23-FBI-File.html. -[^10]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles report of November 28, 1942 by Virgil Q. Cox, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1942-11-28-FBI-File.html. Sole source for the informants' statements as quoted. +[^10]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles report of November 28, 1942 by Virgil Q. Cox, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1942-11-28-FBI-File.html. [^11]: FBI Parsons file, Part 1, Los Angeles report of December 7, 1950 and attached extracts of earlier reports (Church of Thelema, 1003 South Orange Grove Avenue; 115th CIC Detachment, Sixth Army report of May 17, 1946; informant statements); Parsons interview (statement that the Church was modeled on "Order of Oriental Templars, an English society"). [^12]: Crowley, Aleister, letter to John W. Parsons, October 19, 1943, 93 Jermyn Street, London, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-10-19-Crowley-to-Parsons.html. [^13]: Crowley, letter to Parsons, March 15, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-03-15-Crowley-to-Parsons.htm. @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ His mother, Ruth Virginia Parsons, 58, who had been staying at 424 Arroyo Terrac [^23]: Cornelius, Jerry, In the Name of the Beast (2005), as cited in the Crowley Timeline, entry for September 13, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Years/1943.html. [^24]: Kansa, Spencer, Wormwood Star (Mandrake of Oxford, 2020), as cited in the Crowley Timeline, entry for June 22, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Years/1943.html. [^25]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html (scanned in the FBI Parsons file, archive.org/details/JohnParsons). -[^26]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946 (August 1, 1945 arrival; Northrup joined the OTO in 1941; Allied Enterprises and the figures; Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^26]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946 (August 1, 1945 arrival; Northrup joined the OTO in 1941; Allied Enterprises and the figures; Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969). [^27]: Wolfe, Jane, letter to Karl Germer, January 23, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-23-Wolfe-to-Germer.htm. [^28]: Parsons, John W., letter to Crowley, circa February 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-02-00-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm. [^29]: Parsons, letter to Crowley, January 21, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-21-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jay Stratton.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jay Stratton.md index 19c5f034..5f1d6a9e 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jay Stratton.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jay Stratton.md @@ -8,21 +8,23 @@ relations: with: "[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]" start: 2009 role: "AAWSAP and AATIP investigator and recruiter of Elizondo; in Elizondo's account helped create AAWSAP, wrote the report on the 2004 Nimitz encounter and the OPLAN Interloper proposal" - fn: 5 + fn: 7 - type: director_of with: "[[UAP Task Force]]" role: "first director, per Elizondo, after the Secretary of Defense announced the task force" - fn: 8 + fn: 10 - type: employed_by with: "[[Radiance Technologies]]" start: 2022-05-12 role: "subject matter expert for intelligence strategy, member of the chief executive's strategy team, per the company release of May 12, 2022" - fn: 9 -updated: 2026-10-08 + fn: 3 +updated: 2026-10-09 summary: "In early 2009, Jay Stratton, along with a colleague, approached Luis Elizondo to recruit him for a highly classified program at the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)." --- [[Jay Stratton]] is a former US Navy intelligence officer who played a crucial role in the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP) and later became the first director of the [[UAP Task Force]]. He was instrumental in recruiting [[Luis Elizondo]] into the UAP investigation effort and was a key investigator and strategist throughout the process.[^1] +This page is not about [[Julius A. Stratton]], the MIT physicist, provost and president (1901 to 1994) who was known to colleagues as "Jay." The UAP Task Force's Jay Stratton is identified in a 2022 release as "John F. Stratton Jr.," who had "recently retired" from a Defense Intelligence Senior Executive post with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]].[^2][^3] + ### Recruitment of Luis Elizondo In early 2009, Jay Stratton, along with a colleague, approached Luis Elizondo to recruit him for a highly classified program at the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA). Stratton, who Elizondo pegged as a fellow special operator, explained that the program, initially known as [[AAWSAP]], was focused on "unconventional technologies" and required a senior intelligence officer to handle counterintelligence and security.[^1] @@ -39,35 +41,36 @@ After Elizondo's resignation from the Pentagon, Stratton remained in the governm ### Charter and the 2021 briefing title -The charter of the task force, dated September 1, 2020 and issued by the [[Naval Intelligence Activity]], states that "Leadership of the Task Force will be designated by the Director of the Naval Intelligence Activity."[^2] The title slide of a briefing for the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] dated May 17, 2021 carries the title Director, UAP Task Force, Naval Intelligence Activity, without printing a name.[^3] +The charter of the task force, dated September 1, 2020 and issued by the [[Naval Intelligence Activity]], states that "Leadership of the Task Force will be designated by the Director of the Naval Intelligence Activity."[^4] The title slide of a briefing for the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] dated May 17, 2021 carries the title Director, UAP Task Force, Naval Intelligence Activity, without printing a name.[^5] ### The triangular photograph -In December 2020 [[The Debrief]] reported a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean, attributed to an F/A-18 pilot. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to [[Susan Gough]] that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^4] +In December 2020 [[The Debrief]] reported a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean, attributed to an F/A-18 pilot. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to [[Susan Gough]] that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^6] -In a statement to [[The Black Vault]], Stratton said: "At the time of this email exchange, the story in The Debrief, and the claim that an F/A-18 pilot had provided a photograph of a triangle emerging from the ocean, I was handling multiple cases." He added: "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." The Black Vault reported that no such photograph "was ever received by the UAPTF." Asked why he did not correct the record, Stratton said: "Keep in mind that's an email on an unclassified system. I don't recall if I corrected it on a separate system at the time, but generally, there was no formal process for publicly addressing inaccuracies related to potentially classified reporting."[^4] +In a statement to [[The Black Vault]], Stratton said: "At the time of this email exchange, the story in The Debrief, and the claim that an F/A-18 pilot had provided a photograph of a triangle emerging from the ocean, I was handling multiple cases." He added: "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." The Black Vault reported that no such photograph "was ever received by the UAPTF." Asked why he did not correct the record, Stratton said: "Keep in mind that's an email on an unclassified system. I don't recall if I corrected it on a separate system at the time, but generally, there was no formal process for publicly addressing inaccuracies related to potentially classified reporting."[^6] ### Stratton in Elizondo's account -Elizondo described Stratton in early 2009 as "a serious male in his midthirties," who "helped create something called the AAWSAP," and who with a colleague he calls "[[Rosemary Caine]]" arrived at his Arlington office wearing blue credentials identifying them as government intelligence officials.[^5] He wrote that Stratton "investigated the incident before I joined the team" and "had written a detailed AAWSAP/AATIP report" on the Nimitz encounter of November 2004, and that pilots later told Stratton they had been debriefed by intelligence officers and saw no follow-up.[^6] He wrote that Stratton drafted the operation plan "Interloper," "a classic 'honey pot,'" with dates, call signs, ship names and radar data, which the Joint Staff declined to give a compartment designation in late 2016, and that Stratton proposed the term unidentified aerial phenomena in place of UFO.[^7] After the resignation, Elizondo wrote, Stratton fielded briefing requests from members of Congress, Navy intelligence leadership tasked him with building a whole-of-government task force with members from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the [[National Reconnaissance Office]], [[NASA]] and the Federal Aviation Administration, the Secretary of Defense announced the UAP Task Force "after a couple of years" and named Stratton its first director, and the [[Legacy Program]] then "started quietly pushing back on Jay."[^8] +Elizondo described Stratton in early 2009 as "a serious male in his midthirties," who "helped create something called the AAWSAP," and who with a colleague he calls "[[Rosemary Caine]]" arrived at his Arlington office wearing blue credentials identifying them as government intelligence officials.[^7] He wrote that Stratton "investigated the incident before I joined the team" and "had written a detailed AAWSAP/AATIP report" on the Nimitz encounter of November 2004, and that pilots later told Stratton they had been debriefed by intelligence officers and saw no follow-up.[^8] He wrote that Stratton drafted the operation plan "Interloper," "a classic 'honey pot,'" with dates, call signs, ship names and radar data, which the Joint Staff declined to give a compartment designation in late 2016, and that Stratton proposed the term unidentified aerial phenomena in place of UFO.[^9] After the resignation, Elizondo wrote, Stratton fielded briefing requests from members of Congress, Navy intelligence leadership tasked him with building a whole-of-government task force with members from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the [[National Reconnaissance Office]], [[NASA]] and the Federal Aviation Administration, the Secretary of Defense announced the UAP Task Force "after a couple of years" and named Stratton its first director, and the [[Legacy Program]] then "started quietly pushing back on Jay."[^10] ### Radiance Technologies -[[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 the hiring of Stratton, as "John F. Stratton Jr.," for the position of subject matter expert for intelligence strategy. The release states that he was "recently retired" from his role as Defense Intelligence Senior Executive with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], with more than 32 years in the national intelligence community, that as a member of the chief executive's strategy team he would lead and develop efforts in scientific and technical intelligence, and that "Most recently, he was the first Director of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force (UAPTF)." It quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]] and quotes Stratton: "I am very excited to join Radiance Technologies."[^9] +[[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 the hiring of Stratton, as "John F. Stratton Jr.," for the position of subject matter expert for intelligence strategy. The release states that he was "recently retired" from his role as Defense Intelligence Senior Executive with the Office of Naval Intelligence, with more than 32 years in the national intelligence community, that as a member of the chief executive's strategy team he would lead and develop efforts in scientific and technical intelligence, and that "Most recently, he was the first Director of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force (UAPTF)." It quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]] and quotes Stratton: "I am very excited to join Radiance Technologies."[^3] -[[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 24, 2022 that "In January 2021 ... Stratton was surprisingly transferred out of the job" at the Task Force, and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^10] In a report posted October 13, 2022, Knapp wrote that Stratton urged Radiance to hire [[Travis Taylor]], and quoted Taylor: "Jay and I are working on growing the capabilities, doing reverse engineering of foreign materials."[^11] [[Liberation Times]] reported on December 3, 2023, in an article in which the attorney [[Daniel Sheehan]] alleged that the CIA supplies Radiance with non-human materials, that "multiple sources" had told it the allegation was untrue and that Stratton and Taylor "are long-time advocates for more transparency on this topic and are in no way involved in any coverup." Details are on Radiance Technologies.[^12] +[[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 23, 2022 (posted 9:12 PM Pacific time) that "In January 2021 ... Stratton was surprisingly transferred out of the job" at the Task Force, and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^11] In a report posted October 13, 2022, Knapp wrote that Stratton urged Radiance to hire [[Travis Taylor]], and quoted Taylor: "Jay and I are working on growing the capabilities, doing reverse engineering of foreign materials."[^12] [[Liberation Times]] reported on December 3, 2023, in an article in which the attorney [[Daniel Sheehan]] alleged that the CIA supplies Radiance with non-human materials, that "multiple sources" had told it the allegation was untrue and that Stratton and Taylor "are long-time advocates for more transparency on this topic and are in no way involved in any coverup." Details are on Radiance Technologies.[^13] ### Footnotes [^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024. -[^2]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Charter for Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force," Ser NW20S0068, September 1, 2020, in the Department of the Navy final response in FOIA case DON-2021-003140, April 22, 2025. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/navy/DON-2021-003140.pdf -[^3]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena" briefing for the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, May 17, 2021, title slide. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/UAPTFHPSCIBriefRedacted.pdf -[^4]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/ -[^5]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 5 to 14. -[^6]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 71 to 73. -[^7]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 143, 147 and 186 (Interloper at pp. 143 and 186; the term UAP at p. 186). -[^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 211 and 223 (task force and first director at p. 223). -[^9]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html -[^10]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), May 24, 2022. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=1136519 -[^11]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022 (Pacific time). https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/ -[^12]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023. Sole source for the Sheehan allegation and the denial so cited. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down +[^2]: Paul E. Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton, 1901 to 1994," Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences, opening paragraph ("Jay, as he was known by nearly all who worked with him"); and MIT News, "President Emeritus Julius Adams Stratton dies at 93," June 29, 1994 (death June 22, 1994). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf ; https://news.mit.edu/1994/stratton-0629 +[^3]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html +[^4]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Charter for Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force," Ser NW20S0068, September 1, 2020, in the Department of the Navy final response in FOIA case DON-2021-003140, April 22, 2025. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/navy/DON-2021-003140.pdf +[^5]: Naval Intelligence Activity, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena" briefing for the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, May 17, 2021, title slide. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/UAPTFHPSCIBriefRedacted.pdf +[^6]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/ +[^7]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 5 to 14. +[^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 71 to 73. +[^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 143, 147 and 186 (Interloper at pp. 143 and 186; the term UAP at p. 186). +[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 211 and 223 (task force and first director at p. 223). +[^11]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/ +[^12]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022 (Pacific time). https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/ +[^13]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jim Schnabel.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jim Schnabel.md index d64688cb..d50c64cc 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jim Schnabel.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jim Schnabel.md @@ -99,17 +99,17 @@ A Science article listed on Schnabel's website is "New Alzheimer's therapy sugge [^8]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), acknowledgments; chapter notes on the Morehouse case and on the Project Landbroker memoranda, including the citation "Released to the author after a FOIA request, 1995. Pages heavily redacted." -[^9]: Joseph W. McMoneagle, memorandum on a production for British television, May 30, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190069-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190069-2. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Joseph W. McMoneagle, memorandum on a production for British television, May 30, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190069-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190069-2. -[^10]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190068-3. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^10]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190068-3. [^11]: Jim Schnabel and Bill Eagles, *The Real X-Files*, one-hour documentary for Channel Four (U.K.), first broadcast August 27, 1995, with a U.S. broadcast on the Discovery Channel on March 12, 1996; Schnabel writer and narrator, Eagles director, Alex Graham of Wall to Wall TV executive producer. Bibliography of Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997). [^12]: Jim Schnabel, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," *The Independent on Sunday*, Sunday Review, August 27, 1995, pp. 10-13, as transcribed by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service and filed in CIA memorandum "US Use of 'Psychic Spies' Reported," August 28, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030073-5. Online edition, https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tinker-tailor-soldier-psi-1598203.html. -[^13]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^13]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1. -[^14]: Bill Eatwell, "Crop Circle Update - Field of Schemes I," *HUFON Report* (Houston UFO Network), posted by the MUFONET-BBS network January 29, 1993, and to Usenet February 11, 1993, https://docs.google.com/document/d/16wziNWOWDT9wAMM4RbrzUuMBboEDxWrX/export?format=txt, reproducing the introduction to the interview prepared for *The Circular*, a reply by George Wingfield, and Eatwell's summary of Jim Schnabel, "Confessions of a Crop Circle Spy," *MUFON UFO Journal*, November 1992. Sole source for the passages so cited; the contents of the MUFON article are as summarized by Eatwell. +[^14]: Bill Eatwell, "Crop Circle Update - Field of Schemes I," *HUFON Report* (Houston UFO Network), posted by the MUFONET-BBS network January 29, 1993, and to Usenet February 11, 1993, https://docs.google.com/document/d/16wziNWOWDT9wAMM4RbrzUuMBboEDxWrX/export?format=txt, reproducing the introduction to the interview prepared for *The Circular*, a reply by George Wingfield, and Eatwell's summary of Jim Schnabel, "Confessions of a Crop Circle Spy," *MUFON UFO Journal*, November 1992. The contents of the MUFON article are as summarized by Eatwell. [^15]: Jim Schnabel, "New Alzheimer's therapy suggested," *Science* 260 (June 18, 1993): 1719-20, PubMed 8323582, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8323582/. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John David Norman.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John David Norman.md index 5720c188..e23ceda4 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John David Norman.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John David Norman.md @@ -52,5 +52,5 @@ Two names in the address book seized from the [[The Finders|Finders]] members [[ [^1]: Moseley, Ray, with Michael Sneed and George Bliss. "Chicago Is Center of National Child Porno Ring." *Chicago Tribune,* May 16, 1977, reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 433-435. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041 [^2]: Testimony of George Bliss and Michael Sneed, U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, Chicago, May 27, 1977, 95th Congress, 1st session. https://archive.org/details/protectionofchil00unit [^3]: *Norman v. Elrod,* 76 Ill. 2d 426, 394 N.E.2d 1043 (Ill. 1979). -[^4]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. [^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "The Finders," FBI Records: The Vault, released November 2019, https://vault.fbi.gov/the-finders. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Singlaub.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Singlaub.md index 0cde2f0d..27b7d2a5 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Singlaub.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Singlaub.md @@ -187,4 +187,4 @@ Singlaub's memoir, Hazardous Duty, written with Malcolm McConnell, appeared in 1 [^24]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, p. 42. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 [^25]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 16 (Robert M. Gates): Gates, SSCI testimony, October 8, 1986, p. 9; Gates, grand jury, May 1, 1991. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_16.htm [^26]: Government's Objection to Arif Durrani's Second Request for Production of Documents, *United States v. Durrani*, D. Conn., B-90-090 (TFGD) and B-86-59 (TFGD), September 9, 1991, p. 7. CIA CREST document 0001474388. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001474388 -[^27]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). Sole source for the itemization; the figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault. +[^27]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). The figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Julius A. Stratton.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Julius A. Stratton.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0ed3d274 --- /dev/null +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Julius A. Stratton.md @@ -0,0 +1,193 @@ +--- +category: "Scientists & Researchers" +tags: + - Person + - MIT + - RadiationLaboratory + - ResearchLaboratoryOfElectronics + - ProjectTroy + - CENIS + - CenterForInternationalStudies + - FordFoundation + - StrattonCommission + - NOAA + - MarineScience + - NationalAcademyOfEngineering + - NationalScienceBoard + - RobertsonPanel + - ColdWar +aliases: + - Julius Adams Stratton + - J. A. Stratton +summary: "MIT physicist and provost who was president of MIT from 1959 to 1966, chairman of the Ford Foundation from 1966 to 1971, and chairman of the commission whose 1969 report recommended NOAA." +born: 1901-05-18 +died: 1994-06-22 +location: "Cambridge, Massachusetts" +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]" + role: "faculty from 1928, provost from 1949, chancellor from 1956, president 1959 to 1966; associated with the Institute from 1920 as an undergraduate" + start: 1928 + end: 1966 + fn: 3 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]" + role: "eleventh president; acting president from November 1957" + start: 1959 + end: 1966 + fn: 9 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Radiation Laboratory]]" + role: "volunteer consultant to the Microwave Section, Division D, National Defense Research Council; loran work" + start: 1940 + end: 1945 + fn: 5 + - type: founded + with: "[[Research Laboratory of Electronics]]" + role: "named it and served as founding director from January 1, 1946; director until appointed provost in 1949" + start: 1946 + end: 1949 + fn: 7 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[United States Department of War]]" + role: "expert consultant to the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson" + start: 1942 + end: 1945 + fn: 5 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Center for International Studies]]" + role: "identified as director in a November 1, 1951 letter from the Psychological Strategy Board; the Center's history names Max Millikan as first director from 1952" + start: 1951 + end: 1952 + fn: 19 + - type: member_of + with: "[[National Science Board]]" + role: "member" + start: 1956 + end: 1962 + fn: 16 + - type: member_of + with: "[[National Science Board]]" + role: "member, second term" + start: 1964 + end: 1967 + fn: 16 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Ford Foundation]]" + role: "trustee from 1955; member of the executive committee in 1965; chairman of the board of trustees from 1966 to 1971" + start: 1955 + end: 1971 + fn: 26 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources]]" + role: "chairman, appointed January 9, 1967; final report transmitted January 9, 1969" + start: 1967 + end: 1969 + fn: 32 + - type: member_of + with: "[[National Academy of Engineering]]" + role: "founding member, first meeting December 10, 1964" + start: 1964 + fn: 13 +--- + +Julius Adams Stratton (May 18, 1901 to June 22, 1994) was a physicist and electrical engineer who was associated with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) for 74 years, first as an undergraduate, then as a professor, founding director of the [[Research Laboratory of Electronics]], provost, chancellor and president. Colleagues knew him as "Jay."[^1] + +Stratton is not the [[Jay Stratton]] who directed the [[UAP Task Force]]. A May 2022 release from [[Radiance Technologies]] announced the hiring of "John F. Stratton Jr.," who had "recently retired" from a Defense Intelligence Senior Executive post with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]].[^2] This page's subject was born in 1901 and died in 1994. + +### Early career and the Radiation Laboratory + +Stratton was born in Seattle, Washington. His father, Julius A. Stratton, was an attorney who founded a law firm in the northwest and later became a judge.[^3] He transferred to MIT from the University of Washington in 1920, received his S.B. in 1923, and in March 1928 received a doctor of science in mathematical physics from the [[Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule]] in Zurich, where he studied under [[Peter Debye]].[^3][^4] He returned to MIT as an assistant professor of electrical engineering, was moved to the physics department in 1930, and was promoted to professor in 1941, the year his book *Electromagnetic Theory* was published.[^3] + +The federal government established the [[Radiation Laboratory]] at MIT in October 1940. Stratton was appointed in November 1940 as a volunteer consultant to the Microwave Section of Division D of the [[National Defense Research Council]], and was seconded to the laboratory, where his first assignment was the [[LORAN]] navigation system.[^5] In August 1942 he became expert consultant to the [[Secretary of War]], [[Henry L. Stimson]], and served in that post until December 1945.[^5] In that post he organized technical advisory committees to the Army Air Forces on ground radar, radar fire control and radar bombing, and then helped establish a development program for aids to all-weather flying.[^6] He chaired the Committee on Electronics of the [[Research and Development Board]] from 1946 to 1948, and he received the Medal for Merit from the Secretary of War in 1946.[^6] + +When the laboratory's work ended, Stratton took over its division of basic research on January 1, 1946. He named it the Research Laboratory of Electronics and served as its founding director until he became provost in 1949.[^4][^7] + +### Provost and president + +In 1949 [[James R. Killian Jr.]], then MIT's president, appointed Stratton the Institute's first provost.[^8] Stratton became a vice president and member of the Corporation in 1951 and was appointed chancellor in 1956, a title the memoir describes as new at MIT.[^8][^9] + +Killian went to Washington in November 1957 as special assistant for science and technology to President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], and Stratton became acting president.[^9] The [[New York Times]] later described his leadership as beginning in 1957, when he was named acting president.[^10] He was elected the eleventh president in 1958, took office on January 1, 1959, and was formally inaugurated on June 15, 1959.[^9][^11] + +His presidency saw the construction of new buildings for chemistry, earth sciences, biology and the Center for Materials Science and Engineering, and the opening of [[McCormick Hall]], the first undergraduate dormitory for women, in 1965. Students suggested that the student center completed in 1966 be named for him.[^11] He was succeeded in 1966, on reaching mandatory retirement age, by [[Howard W. Johnson]].[^10][^12] + +Stratton served on the [[National Academy of Sciences]] Council. In 1963 he chaired a committee formed to study whether engineers should have a national academy. In the fall of 1964 the Academy's president, [[Frederick Seitz]], proposed that the engineers' academy become part of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Council approved the proposal on December 5, 1964.[^13] The [[National Academy of Engineering]] held its first meeting on December 10, 1964, with 25 founding members, Stratton among them.[^13] In 1955 the Academy's president, [[Detlev Bronk]], appointed a seven-member committee headed by Stratton to advise on the relation between loyalty questions and federal grants for unclassified research.[^14] A 1959 biographical sketch lists him as a member of the [[National Science Board]], a trustee and member of the executive committee of the Boston [[Museum of Fine Arts]], a member-trustee of the [[RAND Corporation]] and the [[MITRE Corporation]], and a member of the corporation of the [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]].[^15] + +The National Science Board's list of former members gives his service as 1956 to 1962 and 1964 to 1967.[^16] On March 15, 1962, [[Jerome B. Wiesner]], newly appointed Special Assistant for Science and Technology, and two Bureau of the Budget officials met the Board in closed session about reducing it from twenty-four members to twelve and making the Director of the [[National Science Foundation]] its chairman. Board members objected to the second proposal. Stratton proposed making the Director chairman of the Executive Committee instead, a compromise that was later accepted.[^17] + +### Project Troy, CENIS and the CIA + +The [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT (CENIS) was founded in 1951. [[Max Millikan]] was its first director, a post he took in 1952.[^18] A letter of November 1, 1951 from [[Gordon Gray]], director of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]], to [[Allen Dulles]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] says that "Dr. Stratton, Provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the Center of International Studies," planned to present the Center's program to the Board and its staff on November 7, 1951. Gray wrote that the Center was "a continuation on an established basis of the work recommended by the Troy Report," the [[Project Troy]] study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reported February 1, 1951, that MIT carried out under contract for the State Department.[^19] + +The CIA's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] consulted Stratton on the unidentified flying object problem in 1952 and 1953. A memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence dated October 2, 1952 over the signature of [[H. Marshall Chadwell]], Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, reported that CIA consultants had recommended a study group to analyze the factors in the problem, determine the fields of fundamental science to be investigated, and recommend research. It continued: "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute. Similarly, Project Lincoln, the Air Force's air defense project at MIT, could be charged with some of these responsibilities."[^20] + +A memorandum for the record dated December 3, 1952, signed by [[Philip G. Strong]] of the Office of Scientific Intelligence, records that at 1100 "yesterday morning" Strong met "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." Strong briefed them on new sighting reports, including the Limestone Base case, a Florida scoutmaster case and the Utah motion pictures, and updated Stratton on developments "since our previous discussion of the subject in August." Strong wrote: "Dr. Stratton reiterated his earlier position that this is a subject which must be investigated and he said that probably the best means of getting a thoroughly competent review of the problem would be through Project LINCOLN." Stratton added that, given the delicate position of Lincoln in relation to the Air Force after the "Summer Study Report," acceptance of the project by Lincoln must rest on Air Force concurrence or on an independent proposal from one of the other services. Strong recorded that Stratton "said that Alfred Hill would be the best man to head the group."[^21] [[Albert G. Hill]], an MIT physicist who succeeded Stratton as director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics in 1949 and directed the MIT Lincoln Laboratory from 1952 to 1955, is listed among the Project Troy participants as "A.G. Hill." Albert G. Hill was then director of the Lincoln Laboratory; the memorandum gives the first name as Alfred.[^22][^23] + +Strong wrote that, assuming Lincoln proved impractical, he and the two men explored other locations including Princeton University and the [[California Institute of Technology]], and that Stratton "felt very strongly that Cal Tech would be the better of the two in view of the presence there of Robertson, Lauritson, Spitzer (on temporary duty from Princeton), Millikan's brother and others." Stratton "asked particularly that we keep him informed of the progress that we make in having this problem investigated as he is personally very interested as well as fully aware of the potential danger and implications of the situation."[^21] Strong then lunched at the faculty club with [[Lloyd Berkner]] and [[Jerrold Zacharias]]. Berkner, "while apparently not interested in taking a personal part, felt strongly that the saucer problem should be thoroughly investigated from a scientific point of view." Zacharias suggested [[Shirley Quimby]] of [[Columbia University]], "probably the most expert man in the country on magic and general chicanery." Strong's conclusion was that "it will probably be necessary to secure the full backing of DCI in order that a scientific review of this problem may be laid on."[^21] + +The [[Robertson Panel]], chaired by H. P. Robertson of the California Institute of Technology, met under the Office of Scientific Intelligence from January 14 to 18, 1953; its report of January 17, 1953 is signed by Robertson, [[Luis W. Alvarez]], Berkner, [[Samuel Goudsmit]] and [[Thornton Page]].[^24] On January 27, 1953 Chadwell wrote to "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost" at MIT: "Remembering your request to be kept informed of any progress in the problem of 'unidentified flying objects,' this letter will bring you up to date." The letter states that in December the section of the [[Air Technical Intelligence Center]] charged with investigating sighting reports had given a briefing at the Agency, that it was recommended that CIA assemble a panel of highly qualified personnel, and that "Particular competency in the fields of physics, radar and astronomy was believed desirable." It enclosed the panel report, a list of personnel and the evidence presented, and ended: "Incidentally, knowledge of any interest of CIA in the subject of 'flying saucers' has been carefully restricted, in view of probable misunderstanding if it were publicly known."[^25] + +### Ford Foundation + +The [[Ford Foundation]] made Stratton a trustee in 1955. The foundation's 1965 annual report lists him on the board's executive committee, with [[John J. McCloy]] as chairman and [[Henry T. Heald]], [[Roy E. Larsen]] and [[Charles E. Wyzanski Jr.]] among its other members, and states that McCloy, a board member since 1953 and chairman since 1959, would retire on December 31, 1965, and that Stratton, "president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a trustee of the Foundation since 1955," had "been elected chairman" to replace him.[^26] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported the succession on November 15, 1965, saying that a source close to Stratton had said he accepted the chairmanship, and that as a trustee he had been consulted on the selection of presidential candidates and had supported [[McGeorge Bundy]] as the best man for the job.[^27] + +In a memorandum to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] of December 4, 1965 on his resignation as Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, Bundy wrote: "John McCloy is out of town, so I have spoken to his successor, Jay Stratton, who is a deeply discreet man. Stratton immediately undertook to agree, in the name of the Trustees, to the condition which I have stated in the next to last paragraph," a condition that he be free to accept special assignments from Johnson.[^28] + +Stratton changed several board practices. He introduced a mandatory retirement age and fixed terms for trustees, and set up trustee committees paired with staff divisions on the model of MIT's visiting committees. In an oral history conducted after his term, he described his method: "My procedure has been to involve every member [in discussions], to turn to him for what he thinks on each issue."[^29] He remained chairman until 1971, when he returned to MIT full time.[^30] + +On September 23, 1966 Bundy, by then the foundation's president, wrote to Stratton as chairman of the board of trustees that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars over six years to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^31] + +When Stratton left the board, its resolution said that "He leaves the foundation stronger than he found it, and all who care for its work are deeply in his debt."[^29] + +### Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources + +Public Law 89-454, enacted June 17, 1966, authorized the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources.[^32] The members were appointed by the President on January 9, 1967, and the commission, known as the Stratton Commission, was chaired by Stratton, who was identified in its roster as chairman of the Ford Foundation. Its vice chairman was [[Richard A. Geyer]] of Texas A&M University. The other members included the attorney [[Leon Jaworski]], [[George E. Reedy]], president of Struthers Research and Development Corporation, [[Jacob Blaustein]], director of Standard Oil Company (Indiana), [[John A. Knauss]], dean of the Graduate School of Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island, and, as government members, Under Secretary of the Navy [[Charles F. Baird]], Assistant Secretary of the Interior [[Frank C. DiLuzio]] and [[Robert M. White]], administrator of the Environmental Science Services Administration. The congressional advisers were Senators [[Norris Cotton]] and [[Warren G. Magnuson]] and Representatives [[Alton A. Lennon]] and [[Charles A. Mosher]]. [[Samuel A. Lawrence]] was executive director. Stratton also chaired the commission's Panel on Manpower, Education, and Training.[^32][^33] + +The commission's final report, *Our Nation and the Sea: A Plan for National Action*, was transmitted to Speaker of the House [[John W. McCormack]] on January 9, 1969, over Stratton's signature as chairman. The transmittal letter states that three members, Baird, DiLuzio and White, abstained on the recommendations relating to government organization.[^32] Among the recommendations was the establishment of a major civilian agency, NOAA, to administer federal civil marine and atmospheric programs.[^34] In July 1970 [[Richard Nixon]] sent Congress Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, which created the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]; the plan took effect on October 3, 1970.[^35] Nixon's message to Congress of July 9, 1970 stated: "In formulating these reorganization plans, I have been greatly aided by the work of the President's Advisory Council on Executive Organization (the Ash Council), the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources (the Stratton Commission, appointed by President [Lyndon] Johnson), my special task force on oceanography headed by Dr. James Wakelin and by the information developed during both House and Senate hearings on proposed NOAA legislation."[^35] One outcome of the commission's work was NOAA; its recommendations on international cooperation and the conservation of marine resources were "strongly opposed by fishing and other commercial marine interests."[^36] + +### Later years and death + +Stratton returned to MIT full time in 1971. Beginning in 1972 he worked on a history of the Institute's origins with his administrative assistant, [[Loretta B. Mannix]], who did most of the archival research. After his death, [[Philip N. Alexander]] completed the book, *Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT*, which MIT Press published in 2005.[^30] He had married Catherine Nelson Coffman on June 14, 1935, and they had three daughters.[^30] + +Stratton died of pneumonia on June 22, 1994, at Goddard House, a nursing home in Boston; the New York Times obituary by Eric Pace was published June 24, 1994, and reported that he was awarded 17 honorary degrees.[^10] MIT's news office reported that he was 93 and that his successor, Howard W. Johnson, said his association with the Institute spanned more than 70 years.[^12] Paul E. Gray, then chairman of the MIT Corporation, said Stratton "provided distinguished, wise and compassionate leadership to the Institute."[^12] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: Paul E. Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton, 1901 to 1994," *Biographical Memoirs*, National Academy of Sciences (2007 copyright), opening paragraph ("Jay, as he was known by nearly all who worked with him") and section "Early Years" ("associated for 74 years"). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^2]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies release, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022 (copy in the Internet Archive capture of that date). https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html +[^3]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," sections "Early Years" and "The Young Physicist" (birth May 18, 1901; father; transfer from the University of Washington, admitted to MIT 1920; S.B. June 1923; ETH Zurich under Peter Debye, graduated March 1928; department of physics 1930; professor 1941; *Electromagnetic Theory*, 1941). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^4]: MIT News Office, "Biographical Sketch: Dr. Julius Adams Stratton," release AC0069, June 1959, p. 1 to 2 (gives the ETH doctor of science as 1927 and the appointment as assistant professor of electrical engineering as 1928; Research Laboratory of Electronics, "acted as Director until he was appointed Provost in 1949"). MIT Institute Archives. https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1959/AC0069_195906_006.pdf +[^5]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The War Years" (Radiation Laboratory established October 1940; appointed November 1940 volunteer consultant to the Microwave Section of Division D, National Defense Research Council; loran; August 1942 appointment as expert consultant to the Secretary of War, to December 1945; the memoir prints the middle initial as G). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^6]: MIT News Office, "Biographical Sketch," June 1959, p. 2 (technical advisory committees to the Air Forces; Medal for Merit from the Secretary of War, 1946; Chairman of the Committee on Electronics of the Research and Development Board, 1946 to 1948). https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1959/AC0069_195906_006.pdf +[^7]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The War Years" (January 1, 1946; named by Stratton on the suggestion of John Slater). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^8]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "Senior Leadership" (1949 appointment as first provost; chancellor 1956 "again a new position at MIT"). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^9]: MIT News Office, "Biographical Sketch," June 1959, p. 1 to 2 (inaugurated June 15, 1959; took office January 1; Acting President November 1957; Vice President and Member of the Corporation 1951; Chancellor 1956). https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1959/AC0069_195906_006.pdf +[^10]: Eric Pace, "Julius A. Stratton, 93, Ex-President of M.I.T.," *New York Times*, June 24, 1994, p. A25 (death "Wednesday night" at Goddard House, Boston, of pneumonia; "president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1959 to 1966 and chairman of the Ford Foundation from 1966 to 1971"; leadership "began in 1957 when he was named acting president"; succeeded in 1966 at mandatory retirement age by Howard W. Johnson; 17 honorary degrees). https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/24/obituaries/julius-a-stratton-93-ex-president-of-mit.html +[^11]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "Senior Leadership" (elected 11th president in 1958; new buildings; McCormick Hall 1965; student center 1966). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^12]: "President Emeritus Julius Adams Stratton dies at 93," MIT News, June 29, 1994 (death June 22, 1994; MIT presidency 1959 to 1966; Ford chairmanship 1966 to 1971; statements by Howard W. Johnson and Paul E. Gray, MIT's 14th president and chairman of the MIT Corporation). https://news.mit.edu/1994/stratton-0629 +[^13]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The National Academy of Engineering" (1963 committee; Seitz proposal in the fall of 1964; Council approval December 5, 1964; first meeting December 10, 1964; 25 founding members). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^14]: "Stratton Committee Reports," *Physics Today*, May 1956, reporting that early in 1955 the National Academy of Sciences made public an exchange of letters with the White House on loyalty and government grants for unclassified research, and that Bronk appointed a seven-member committee headed by Stratton. https://physicstoday.aip.org/news/stratton-committee-reports +[^15]: MIT News Office, "Biographical Sketch," June 1959, pp. 2 to 3 (National Science Board; trustee and member of the executive committee of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; trustee of the Ford Foundation; member-trustee of the Rand Corporation; MITRE; Woods Hole). https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/dissemination/diponline/AC0069_NewReleases/NewsRelease_1950/AC0069_1959/AC0069_195906_006.pdf +[^16]: National Science Foundation, National Science Board, "Former Members" ("Stratton, Dr. Julius A., 1956 to 1962 and 1964 to 1967, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"). https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/members/former.jsp +[^17]: National Science Board, *The National Science Board: A History in Highlights, 1950-2000* (NSB 00-215), 1960 to 1962 section (March 15, 1962 closed session with Wiesner and two budget officials; "Stratton proposed making the Director the Chair of the Executive Committee instead"). https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/nsb/documents/2000/nsb00215/nsb00215.pdf +[^18]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (founding in 1951; Max F. Millikan as the Center's first director in 1952). https://cis.mit.edu/history +[^19]: Gordon Gray, Psychological Strategy Board, letter to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0 +[^20]: H. Marshall Chadwell, Assistant Director, Scientific Intelligence, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence through the Deputy Director (Intelligence), "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, with Tab A (paragraph 5), CIA reading room document 0005515933 (page stamp C00015339; second copy 0000015339). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933 +[^21]: Philip G. Strong, OSI, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3; reading room copies 0005515940 and 0000015345 (page stamp C00015345). The memorandum gives the meeting time as "1100 yesterday morning." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940 +[^22]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 237 to 238 and note 41 (list of Project Troy participants, including "A.G. Hill; (MIT, Physicist)"). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content +[^23]: "Albert G. Hill Dies at 86," MIT News, October 25, 1996 (director of the Research Laboratory for Electronics 1949 to 1952; director of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory 1952 to 1955). https://news.mit.edu/1996/hill +[^24]: "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," January 17, 1953, signature block, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000110022-4; "Report of Meetings of Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects Convened by Office of Scientific Intelligence, CIA, January 14 to 18, 1953," CIA-RDP81R00560R000100030027-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000110022-4 +[^25]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714 (page stamp C00015287; second copy 0000015287). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714 +[^26]: Ford Foundation, *Annual Report 1965* (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), opening statement by the president on the retirement of John J. McCloy as chairman effective December 31, 1965 and the election of Julius A. Stratton as chairman; list of trustees and executive committee. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf +[^27]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," *Harvard Crimson*, November 15, 1965 (the article prints his first name as "Julias"). https://thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts +[^28]: McGeorge Bundy, memorandum to President Johnson, "Letter of resignation," December 4, 1965, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964 to 1968*, vol. XXXIII, Document 159. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d159 +[^29]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The Ford Foundation" (oral history quotation; board changes; resolution on his retirement). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^30]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," sections "The Ford Foundation" and "Final Chapters" and the bibliography (return to MIT in 1971; Mannix and Alexander; *Mind and Hand*, MIT Press, 2005; marriage June 14, 1935; three daughters). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^31]: Harm Langenkamp, "'A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement': Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), pp. 15 to 16 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^32]: Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, *Our Nation and the Sea: A Plan for National Action* (Washington: GPO, January 1969), transmittal letter dated January 9, 1969 signed "J. A. Stratton, Chairman" (Public Law 89-454, enacted June 17, 1966; members appointed by the President January 9, 1967; abstentions of Baird, DiLuzio and White), "Members of the Commission" and the commission panel roster (Panel on Manpower, Education, and Training, Julius A. Stratton, Chairman). https://archive.org/details/ournationseaplan00unit +[^33]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources" (committee announced by President Johnson January 9, 1967). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^34]: Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, *Our Nation and the Sea*, recommendations ("Establish a major civilian agency (NOAA) for administration" of federal civil marine and atmospheric programs). https://archive.org/details/ournationseaplan00unit +[^35]: Congressional Research Service, *National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Organization Overview and Issues for Congress* (R47636), background section and note 6 (P.L. 89-454 section 5; the commission "was also known as the Stratton Commission"; Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, effective October 3, 1970; quotation of the President's message of July 9, 1970, H. Doc. 91-366, p. 6). https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R47636.html +[^36]: Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton," section "The Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources" ("One outcome of the COMSER's work was the creation of NOAA"). https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kurt Riezler.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kurt Riezler.md index bef6cd80..f41a36fd 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kurt Riezler.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kurt Riezler.md @@ -218,12 +218,12 @@ The New School Archives hold a faculty vertical file for Riezler (Box 10, Folder [^15]: Zeman and Scharlau, *The Merchant of Revolution*, p. 152 (first payment of one million marks at the end of March 1915; transfer to Bucharest, Zurich and Copenhagen). [^16]: Lyandres, Semion, "The Bolsheviks' 'German Gold' Revisited: An Inquiry into the 1917 Accusations," *Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies*, no. 1106 (Pittsburgh: Center for Russian and East European Studies, February 1995), conclusion, pp. 102-103, on the first million rubles, the Copenhagen organization and its agents. DOI https://doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1995.63. https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/cbp/article/view/63 Lyandres gives the 1915 sum in rubles; Wenzel and Possony give marks. [^17]: Zeman, *Germany and the Revolution in Russia*, document 36, telegram No. 560, Minister in Copenhagen to the Foreign Ministry, April 9, 1917, with note 1 (reply of April 10 from Zimmermann; Radek's account in Platten's pamphlet *Die Reise Lenins durch Deutschland*, Berlin, 1924, p. 66; Radek and Hanecki as Helphand's two closest contacts among the Bolsheviks). -[^18]: Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, editor's introduction, pp. 84-85 and the note on Brecht, Kurt von Fritz and Rheindorf (Brecht's letter to Erdmann of September 8, 1970; Brecht, *Aus nächster Nähe: Lebenserinnerungen 1884-1927*, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 325), including the passage on the Berlin stop and Possony's speculation (Possony, *Lenin. Eine Biographie*, German edition 1965, pp. 262ff). Sole source for the Brecht, von Fritz and Rheindorf statements. +[^18]: Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, editor's introduction, pp. 84-85 and the note on Brecht, Kurt von Fritz and Rheindorf (Brecht's letter to Erdmann of September 8, 1970; Brecht, *Aus nächster Nähe: Lebenserinnerungen 1884-1927*, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 325), including the passage on the Berlin stop and Possony's speculation (Possony, *Lenin. Eine Biographie*, German edition 1965, pp. 262ff). [^19]: Possony, *Lenin: The Compulsive Revolutionary*, chapter "The Sealed Car," on the delay of the train in Berlin and Riezler. Possony gives no source for what Riezler told a friend. [^20]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, p. 137, on the Berlin layover and Riezler's statement to a friend. [^21]: Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, editor's introduction, pp. 85-87 and notes 47, 52, 53 and 54 (re-entry into the Foreign Office on August 5, 1917; the Nadolny memorandum of September 24 and the Michaelis decree of September 29, 1917; the diary entries of October 3, 1917 and January 14, 1918; the request of two million marks, Zeman documents 72 and 78). [^22]: Zeman, *Germany and the Revolution in Russia*, introduction, pp. viii-ix, and the editorial note to telegram No. 40 (January 13, 1915), note 1, giving Riezler's career. -[^23]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, pp. 138-139 and note 32, which cites Riezler's diary (pp. 453-454), Zeman documents 72, 75, 78-79 and 94, and Possony's *Lenin* (pp. 192, 241-242, 248, 255). Sole source for the passage on October 25, 1917 and the Swiss francs. +[^23]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, pp. 138-139 and note 32, which cites Riezler's diary (pp. 453-454), Zeman documents 72, 75, 78-79 and 94, and Possony's *Lenin* (pp. 192, 241-242, 248, 255). [^24]: Pipes, Richard, *Die Russische Revolution*, vol. 2 (Berlin, 1992), p. 467, as cited in Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," p. 160, note 11. [^25]: Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, editor's introduction, p. 87, note 54, citing Zeman, document 129 for the term "Riezlerfonds". [^26]: Zeman and Scharlau, *The Merchant of Revolution*, pp. 240-243 (Helphand received by Riezler in Stockholm; the abbreviated address; Vorovski; the discrediting of Helphand and Erzberger). @@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ The New School Archives hold a faculty vertical file for Riezler (Box 10, Folder [^47]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," p. 167, citing PAAA R 22316, Russland 31k, vol. 1 (Riezler's telegram of July 7, 1918) and Volkogonov, *Lenin. Utopie und Terror* (Düsseldorf, 1993), p. 180. [^48]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," pp. 173-176, on Helfferich's recall on the ninth day, the move to Petrograd and Pskov (arrival August 23, 1918), the diary entry of September 12, 1918 and the appointment of October 7, 1918. [^49]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," pp. 167-171, citing among others Pipes, *Die Russische Revolution* 2, p. 507, the Riezler diary edition, pp. 717 and 719-720, and PAAA R 22316 and R 10109. -[^50]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," p. 168 and note 61, citing Hans von Saucken's memorandum of Riezler's oral account, New York, September 29, 1952, and its addendum of October 31, 1952, printed in Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, pp. 713ff. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^50]: Wenzel, "Auf verlorenem Posten," p. 168 and note 61, citing Hans von Saucken's memorandum of Riezler's oral account, New York, September 29, 1952, and its addendum of October 31, 1952, printed in Erdmann, *Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente*, pp. 713ff. [^51]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, pp. 211-213. [^52]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, pp. 214-215. [^53]: Koolwaay, Jens, "Chronik zu Karl Mannheims Frankfurter Zeit," version 0.3 (July 2, 2007), entries for August 14, 1929, November 8, 1929, December 17 and 21, 1929, January 27 and April 1, 1930, and June 27, 1931. https://wiki.studiumdigitale.uni-frankfurt.de/SOZFRA/images/archive/b/b3/20070723092823%21Chronik.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Louis H. Roddis, Jr..md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Louis H. Roddis, Jr..md index 81777c37..7afea364 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Louis H. Roddis, Jr..md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Louis H. Roddis, Jr..md @@ -8,9 +8,20 @@ summary: "Nuclear Intelligence Panel member who concluded the 1979 Vela satellit born: 1918-09-09 died: 1991-09-15 location: "United States" +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: investigated + with: "[[VELA Satellite]]" + start: 1980-02-11 + end: 1980-02-14 + role: "chairman of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel review of the September 22, 1979 event, per the February 14, 1980 memorandum" + fn: 2 --- -Louis H. Roddis, Jr. played a major role in [[America]]'s postwar nuclear weapons development. He was a member of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP). Roddis concluded that the 1979 [[South Africa]]n-Israeli nuclear test had taken place on a barge or on one of the islands in the South Indian Ocean archipelago. He expressed anger at [[Frank Press]] and the [[White House]] for what he saw as a deliberate effort to downplay and manipulate the facts surrounding the event.[^1] +Louis H. Roddis, Jr. played a major role in [[America]]'s postwar nuclear weapons development. He was a member of the [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]] (NIP). Roddis concluded that the 1979 [[South Africa]]n-Israeli nuclear test had taken place on a barge or on one of the islands of an archipelago between the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. He expressed anger at [[Frank Press]] and the [[White House]] for what he saw as a deliberate effort to downplay and manipulate the facts surrounding the event.[^1] + +A February 14, 1980 memorandum from the chairman of the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee to the Director of Central Intelligence, [[Stansfield Turner]], names Roddis as chairman of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel for its meeting of February 11 to 13, 1980 on the September 22, 1979 [[VELA Satellite|Vela]] event; it states that the attached summary of the panel's views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr." and the attached judgments are completely redacted.[^2] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20. +[^2]: Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Judgments of the DCI's Nuclear Intelligence Panel on the 22 September 1979 Event," February 14, 1980, Secret. Document 6 in NSAEBB 190, with the attached judgments completely redacted. The memorandum names Roddis as panel chairman and gives the meeting dates as February 11-13; Richelson's narrative in the same briefing book names Kerr as chairman. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/06.pdf diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Louis Petrillo.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Louis Petrillo.md index b922ece9..8403f5e1 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Louis Petrillo.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Louis Petrillo.md @@ -83,4 +83,4 @@ That Dr. Louis Petrillo, a psychologist working in New York in 1990 and 1991, an [^1]: "Newspaper says banker involved in loans for Contra arms," United Press International, dated June 10, 1987, reporting a *Miami Herald* story published on the preceding Thursday in its early editions. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/06/10/Newspaper-says-banker-involved-in-loans-for-Contra-arms/9700550296000/ [^2]: "Former Miami Banker Gets Prison Term for Diverting Funds to Contras," *American Banker*, March 31, 1995. https://www.americanbanker.com/news/former-miami-banker-gets-prison-term-for-diverting-funds-to-contras [^3]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, "Bayshore Bank of Florida," Florida profit corporation, document number F64039 (filed January 21, 1982; involuntarily dissolved November 4, 1988), officer and director detail and annual reports 1985 to 1987. https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults?inquiryType=EntityName&searchNameOrder=BAYSHOREBANKOFFLORIDA&searchTerm=Bayshore%20Bank%20of%20Florida -[^4]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (U.S. Department of Justice, March 1993), pp. 137 (August 7, 1991 call, August 17, 1991 letter, later interview), 146 (September 1990 agent meeting, "part-time author") and 148 to 149 (New York meetings of December 1990). https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (U.S. Department of Justice, March 1993), pp. 137 (August 7, 1991 call, August 17, 1991 letter, later interview), 146 (September 1990 agent meeting, "part-time author") and 148 to 149 (New York meetings of December 1990). https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Lynn Schroeder.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Lynn Schroeder.md index 95b3b9e3..2fee6027 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Lynn Schroeder.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Lynn Schroeder.md @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Schroeder and Ostrander's work, which included accounts from figures like [[Edua ### Footnotes [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. -[^2]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-7. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-7. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Manuel Noriega.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Manuel Noriega.md index 36965878..e2013c42 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Manuel Noriega.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Manuel Noriega.md @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Carlton testified that in mid-1982, while serving as Noriega's personal pilot, h ### Spadafora, the Contras and the "rent-a-colonel" -By 1984 the Panamanian physician [[Hugo Spadafora]] was publicly criticizing Noriega for working with Colombian traffickers, and the subcommittee heard testimony from Carlton and Blandón that Noriega had Spadafora tortured and murdered by members of the Defense Forces in September 1985.[^2][^6] Webb wrote that [[Sebastian Gonzalez]], a CIA asset and close friend of [[Norwin Meneses]], was close to Noriega and was suspected of involvement in the beheading of Spadafora, who was a Contra supporter, shortly before Spadafora was to make public information about Noriega's drug involvement, and that [[Rafael Cornejo]] was arrested, tortured and jailed by Noriega's men in 1977 while smuggling cocaine through Panama for Meneses. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^3] [[Robert Owen]]'s April 1, 1985 memorandum to [[Oliver North]], released by the National Security Archive, described Gonzalez as "now involved in drug running out of Panama."[^7] +By 1984 the Panamanian physician [[Hugo Spadafora]] was publicly criticizing Noriega for working with Colombian traffickers, and the subcommittee heard testimony from Carlton and Blandón that Noriega had Spadafora tortured and murdered by members of the Defense Forces in September 1985.[^2][^6] Webb wrote that [[Sebastian Gonzalez]], a CIA asset and close friend of [[Norwin Meneses]], was close to Noriega and was suspected of involvement in the beheading of Spadafora, who was a Contra supporter, shortly before Spadafora was to make public information about Noriega's drug involvement, and that [[Rafael Cornejo]] was arrested, tortured and jailed by Noriega's men in 1977 while smuggling cocaine through Panama for Meneses.[^3] [[Robert Owen]]'s April 1, 1985 memorandum to [[Oliver North]], released by the National Security Archive, described Gonzalez as "now involved in drug running out of Panama."[^7] McNeil told the subcommittee that the State Department had never trusted Noriega and called him "the rent-a-colonel," in tribute to his ability "to simultaneously milk the antagonistic intelligence services of the United States," and that U.S. intelligence agencies, whom he said had become Noriega's clients, took a "see no evil approach." The former NSC staff member [[Norman Bailey]] testified to the [[House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control|House Select Committee]] on Narcotics that when he was at the NSC from 1981 to 1983 "a plethora of human intelligence, electronic intercepts and satellite and overflight photography" constituted "not a smoking gun but rather a twenty-one cannon barrage" of evidence of Noriega's drug and arms dealing, including gunrunning to the Sandinistas, Contras and Salvadoran guerrillas and illegal technology transfers to the Soviet bloc. Customs Commissioner [[William Von Raab]] testified that his service had evidence linking Noriega to narcotics trafficking as early as 1983. In 1985 and 1986, McNeil testified, a formal policy review concluded with a decision "to put Noriega on the shelf until [[Nicaragua]] was settled"; Assistant Secretary of State [[Elliott Abrams]] publicly denied that the delay was because of Nicaragua. [[Daniel Murphy|Admiral Daniel Murphy]] gave the explanation that lower-level information was not passed to policymakers.[^2] @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ The National Security Archive's briefing book prints North's electronic message [[Lawrence Walsh]]'s Final Report records that at a [[Restricted Interagency Group]] meeting in Assistant Secretary of Defense [[Richard Armitage]]'s office on September 19, 1986, North said Noriega had offered to have sabotage conducted inside Nicaragua for $1 million in cash that would not come from the U.S. Government; [[Alan Fiers]] understood the funds would be from Project Democracy. Elliott Abrams's meeting with the State Department officials [[Nicholas Platt]] and [[Charles Hill]] the next day is recorded in Hill's notes: "Noriega offers to do some sabotage (electric pylons) that we training contras to do but which they can't do for 18 mos. Wd get us on the map fast. Do it via mercenaries who may not know who employers are. Brits. Wd do it for cash (not from USG). Wants our go-ahead. Ollie will meet him w/approval of Pdx." Walsh states that "ultimately, the decision was made not to have North cause the $1 million to be paid to Noriega." Fiers testified at the 1992 trial of [[Clair George]] that he said, "No. We don't want to do that."[^8][^7] North met Noriega at a London hotel on September 22, 1986, where, according to North's notebook and the agreed statements of fact in his trial, they discussed a commando training program in Panama with Israeli support and sabotage of major economic targets near [[Managua]], and Noriega "agreed to take immediate actions against the Sandinistas and offered a list of priorities, including an oil refinery, an airport, and the [[Puerto Sandino]] off-load facility."[^2][^7] The Final Report's summary of North's "Quid Pro Quo" conduct lists discussions with Noriega about sabotage "in exchange for U.S. help in rehabilitating Noriega's public image."[^9] -Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image," that North was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though sabotage would be acceptable, that North returned to Panama a month after Spadafora's death to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid, and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^3] The Kerry report dates Spadafora's murder to September 1985, the first North-Noriega meeting to June 1985 and the London meeting to September 1986.[^2] +Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image," that North was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though sabotage would be acceptable, that North returned to Panama a month after Spadafora's death to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid, and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega.[^3] The Kerry report dates Spadafora's murder to September 1985, the first North-Noriega meeting to June 1985 and the London meeting to September 1986.[^2] ### The Kerry Committee, the GAO and the NSC @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ On March 4, 1999 Hoeveler cut the sentence by ten years, to thirty, citing "the ### Footnotes [^1]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXII, *Panama*, "Persons" and doc. 133, "Memorandum of Conversation," New York, October 6, 1976. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v22/d133 [^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), ch. "Panama" (pp. 80 to 98), including appended GAO and NSC correspondence, testimony of Carlton, Blandon, Milian Rodriguez, Kalish, McNeil, Bailey, Lawn, Murphy and Gorman, and the Conclusions. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras -[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Cast of Characters; ch. 5, "God, Fatherland and Freedom"; chs. 11 and 12; Epilogue, "The damage that has been done." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Cast of Characters; ch. 5, "God, Fatherland and Freedom"; chs. 11 and 12; Epilogue, "The damage that has been done." [^4]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (1988), "Noriega and the Cartel" and "Noriega's Rift With the Cartel." https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^5]: "Noriega's Prison Sentence Cut." CBS News/Associated Press, March 5, 1999. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/noriegas-prison-sentence-cut-05-03-1999/ [^6]: Kerry Subcommittee, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, "Panama," testimony of Carlton and Blandon on the murder of Hugo Spadafora in September 1985. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mayer Nudell.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mayer Nudell.md index a396cf1a..21653b70 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mayer Nudell.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mayer Nudell.md @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ On April 26, 1995, at a Common Hour in the Anita Tuvin-Schlechter Auditorium of [^1]: U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 164-174 (1975), August-September 1975 issue, "Foreign Service Nominations" (stating that the President submitted the nominations to the Senate on September 3), p. 15, and "Personnel / Foreign Service, New Appointments," p. 67, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730003 (scan pages 525 and 577); U.S. Department of State, Foreign Service List, August 1975, alphabetical list, p. 9, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067591123 (scan page 80). The abbreviation "JOC" is as printed. [^2]: U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 197-207 (1978), p. 46, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730037 (scan page 402); U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 219-229 (1980), "Personnel: Foreign Service," p. 28, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730052 (scan page 760). [^3]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 230-240 (1981), "Commissioning Tenure Board recommends 21," p. 74, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730060 (scan page 832). -[^4]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., resume packet, fax header "JUN 20 '90 17:01" and page marked "141 P12," with margin note "FSO," in the Danny Casolaro papers, photographs of the Casolaro research files by Christian Hansen at the Missouri State Historical Society, archive.org item casolaro-notebooks, file PromotionalMaterial.pdf, https://archive.org/details/PromotionalMaterial. Sole source for the passages so cited: the firm's own description of Nudell's posts, awards, degrees, memberships and current activities. +[^4]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., resume packet, fax header "JUN 20 '90 17:01" and page marked "141 P12," with margin note "FSO," in the Danny Casolaro papers, photographs of the Casolaro research files by Christian Hansen at the Missouri State Historical Society, archive.org item casolaro-notebooks, file PromotionalMaterial.pdf, https://archive.org/details/PromotionalMaterial. The passages are the firm's own description of Nudell's posts, awards, degrees, memberships and current activities. [^5]: U.S. Department of State, Telephone Directory, January 1984, scan pages 40 and 88, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067603464 (catalog record https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100717024). [^6]: U.S. Department of State, Telephone Directory, January 1985, scan page 11, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067603514. [^7]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 263-273 (1984), "Office for Combatting Terrorism" columns, pp. 57, 66 and (April 1984 issue) 75, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730094 (scan pages 137, 70 and 307). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Riconosciuto.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Riconosciuto.md index cb334063..e5a8f0ee 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Riconosciuto.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Riconosciuto.md @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Danny Casolaro began interviewing Riconosciuto prior to his arrest in March 1991 [^5]: Newspaper clipping on INSLAW and PROMIS, undated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence2." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks [^6]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section "(i) The Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture," printed p. 56. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 [^7]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993. -[^8]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Las Vegas account in this form; the bracketed description of Ammarell is the magazine's. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm +[^8]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. The bracketed description of Ammarell is the magazine's. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm [^9]: Unsigned, undated letter, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence," beginning "The cooperation I have received from the Wackenhut Corporation." The spelling "Amarell" is as printed in the letter. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. -[^10]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). Undated passage. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^10]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). Undated passage. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks [^11]: Letter over the name of Arthur Welmas, headed "CABAZON INDIAN SECURITY /WSI JOINT VENTURE," Indio, California, dated "May 1" (year not printed), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mike Russo.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mike Russo.md index a7e99c86..1a23a31b 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mike Russo.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mike Russo.md @@ -40,6 +40,6 @@ The situation "eventually resolved itself, after Russo complained about a teleph ### Footnotes [^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5. Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Don Curtis and Mike Russo: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. -[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above. [^3]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), quoting Christopher Green; as quoted at https://schwabstack.substack.com/p/spies-of-the-superspectral-order. [^4]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Nelson Rockefeller.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Nelson Rockefeller.md index 7cf0797a..6ffd7964 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Nelson Rockefeller.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Nelson Rockefeller.md @@ -29,6 +29,12 @@ relations: start: 1942 role: "CIAA representative (Mr. N. A. Rockefeller)" fn: 11 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]" + role: "convener, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08-16 + end: 1955-12-05 + fn: 26 --- Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 - January 26, 1979), named after his maternal grandfather and US Senator [[Nelson Aldrich]], was the dominant figure in US-Latin American relations from World War II through the mid-1970s. As coordinator of inter-American affairs (1940-1944), assistant secretary of state for American republic affairs (1944-1945), and later as President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s special assistant for national security, he built the institutional architecture that governed American policy toward [[Latin America]] and shaped the intelligence community's covert operations in the Western Hemisphere. His private vehicles, the [[IBEC]] (International Basic Economy Corporation) and the [[AIA]] (American International Association), extended [[Rockefeller family]] commercial interests into the Brazilian Amazon and beyond. @@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ Rockefeller's office was one of the principal customers of the [[Foreign Broadca Appointed assistant secretary of state for American republic affairs on December 20, 1944 (his entry on duty date), Rockefeller convened the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace at [[Chapultepec Castle]] in [[Mexico City]], which ran from February 21 to March 8, 1945. There he pushed through the Act of Chapultepec (formally adopted March 6, 1945), which authorized a regional military pact making an attack on any American state an attack on all, a Latin American precursor to [[NATO]] that both the State Department and the Soviet Union recognized as a violation of the Yalta accords.[^16] -At Chapultepec, Rockefeller assembled his "Latin American Junta": [[Galo Plaza]] of Ecuador, [[Alberto Lleras Camargo]] of Colombia, and Mexico's [[Ezequiel Padilla]]. These men would become presidents, OAS secretaries-general, and trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation. Rockefeller also arranged for [[Adolf Berle]] to replace [[Jefferson Caffery]] as US ambassador to Brazil.[^17] +At Chapultepec, Rockefeller assembled his "Latin American Junta": [[Galo Plaza]] of Ecuador, [[Alberto Lleras Camargo]] of Colombia, and Mexico's [[Ezequiel Padilla]]. These men would become presidents, OAS secretaries-general, and trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation. Rockefeller also arranged for Adolf Berle to replace [[Jefferson Caffery]] as US ambassador to Brazil.[^17] The Act of Chapultepec killed 180 Latin American resolutions promoting industrialization and protective tariffs, replacing them with an open-door policy for American corporate investment and commitments to road-building that served extractive industries. Rockefeller supported Argentina's [[Juan Perón]]'s admission to the founding United Nations conference over strong objections, adding the Latin American bloc's 19 votes to the Western tally against the Soviets. Adolf Berle warned him privately this would be a political error; Rockefeller ignored the advice and paid with his job when the move was exposed as a violation of Yalta.[^18] @@ -85,17 +91,17 @@ In 1953, Rockefeller accepted appointment as chair of the President's Advisory C On March 3, 1955, Bureau of the Budget Director Rowland Hughes recommended that Eisenhower designate Rockefeller as a member and vice chairman of the OCB and as chairman of a new Planning Coordination Group. Eisenhower approved these recommendations on March 10, 1955. The Planning Coordination Group (PCG), operating within the framework of [[NSC 5412]] governing covert operations, comprised Rockefeller as chairman, the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence. Its function was to "advise and assist the responsible operating agencies in the coordinated development of plans and programs" and to serve as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" for CIA covert operations. CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] and State Department officials refused to cooperate, and their obstruction stymied the PCG's initiatives. Rockefeller recommended the group's abolishment in September 1955 and resigned as Special Assistant to the President in December 1955.[^23] -In this role, he commissioned and partly directed the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico I and II]] strategy panels. Quantico I convened June 5-10, 1955, at the Marine Corps School in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], where eleven experts in Soviet-American relations (including [[W.W. Rostow]] of [[MIT]] as panel chairman, [[C.D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]], and [[Hans Speier]] of the [[RAND Corporation]]) assessed the US position in the psychological dimensions of the Cold War and developed the "Open Skies" proposal that Eisenhower then brought to the Geneva Summit. Quantico II met in late August 1955 in Washington and Quantico to examine the psychological aspects of US national security policy. He brought [[Henry Kissinger]], then a young Harvard academic, in as director of the Special Studies Project of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], whose six panel reports appeared between January 1958 and September 1960; Kissinger directed the project until June 30, 1958.[^24] Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote that the reports shaped the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency strategy.[^25] +In this role, he commissioned and partly directed the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico I and II]] strategy panels. Quantico I convened June 5-10, 1955, at the Marine Corps School in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], where eleven experts in Soviet-American relations (including [[W.W. Rostow]] of [[MIT]] as panel chairman, [[C.D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]], and [[Hans Speier]] of the [[RAND Corporation]]) assessed the US position in the psychological dimensions of the Cold War. The panel's aerial inspection proposal is identified in the Foreign Relations volumes as the genesis of the "Open Skies" offer, which Rockefeller, [[Arthur W. Radford]], [[Harold Stassen]], [[Robert B. Anderson]] and [[Alfred Gruenther]] discussed in Paris and which Eisenhower and Dulles took up at Geneva before the President made it on July 21, 1955.[^24] The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]]'s description of his Special Assistant subseries states that he "played a key role in the development of the Open Skies policy."[^25] Quantico II, which Rockefeller invited on August 16, 1955 to study "the psychological aspects of future United States strategy," met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September, with Major General [[Frederick L. Anderson]], USAF (ret.), as chairman. Its twelve members sought "an optimum, integrated national program within which specific long-term military, economic, technological and ideological programs can be developed and financed."[^26] Bessner dates the Quantico sessions to September 25 to 29, 1955.[^27] Anderson submitted the panel's report, "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy," on November 29, 1955, with a source book of individual papers dated November 1955.[^26][^28] Rockefeller forwarded it to Eisenhower on December 2.[^26] His papers at the Rockefeller Archive Center hold folders for Quantico I and II and a 1956 folder, "Quantico III Meeting," described as a preliminary meeting to the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project.[^25] He brought [[Henry Kissinger]], then a young Harvard academic, in as director of the Special Studies Project of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], whose six panel reports appeared between January 1958 and September 1960; Kissinger directed the project until June 30, 1958.[^29] Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote that the reports shaped the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency strategy.[^30] ### Brazil and the 1964 Coup -By 1964, Rockefeller's instruments were in place for a more decisive intervention. His former CIAA colleague Adolf Berle maintained connections to Brazilian military officers through the State Department and private channels. The CIA's J.C. King coordinated with US Ambassador [[Lincoln Gordon]] and Military Attaché [[Vernon Walters]]. Rockefeller's IBEC had major agricultural and commercial holdings in Brazil, and his brother [[David Rockefeller]]'s [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] was deeply invested in the Brazilian economy.[^26] +By 1964, Rockefeller's instruments were in place for a more decisive intervention. His former CIAA colleague Adolf Berle maintained connections to Brazilian military officers through the State Department and private channels. The CIA's J.C. King coordinated with US Ambassador [[Lincoln Gordon]] and Military Attaché [[Vernon Walters]]. Rockefeller's IBEC had major agricultural and commercial holdings in Brazil, and his brother [[David Rockefeller]]'s [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] was deeply invested in the Brazilian economy.[^31] -The April 1964 coup deposing President [[Joao Goulart]] was welcomed within the Rockefeller network. Planning for the contingency had been underway since at least December 1962: a November 22, 1963 contingency plan showed "heavy emphasis on U.S. armed intervention," and Ambassador Gordon's March 28, 1964 telegram from Rio de Janeiro described Goulart as "now definitely engaged on campaign to seize dictatorial power, accepting the active collaboration of the Brazilian Communist Party." On March 31, 1964, the Joint Chiefs of Staff assigned the code name "Brother Sam" to a naval task force authorized to supply arms and potentially deploy combat troops in support of the coup if needed. [[Operation Brother Sam]] was the military expression of a strategy Rockefeller had been building since Chapultepec. These deliberations are documented in FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXXI, which covers South and Central America and includes the Lincoln Gordon cables and the JCS Brother Sam authorization.[^27] +The April 1964 coup deposing President [[Joao Goulart]] was welcomed within the Rockefeller network. Planning for the contingency had been underway since at least December 1962: a November 22, 1963 contingency plan showed "heavy emphasis on U.S. armed intervention," and Ambassador Gordon's March 28, 1964 telegram from Rio de Janeiro described Goulart as "now definitely engaged on campaign to seize dictatorial power, accepting the active collaboration of the Brazilian Communist Party." On March 31, 1964, the Joint Chiefs of Staff assigned the code name "Brother Sam" to a naval task force authorized to supply arms and potentially deploy combat troops in support of the coup if needed. [[Operation Brother Sam]] was the military expression of a strategy Rockefeller had been building since Chapultepec. These deliberations are documented in FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXXI, which covers South and Central America and includes the Lincoln Gordon cables and the JCS Brother Sam authorization.[^32] ### The Nixon Mission and Latin American Backlash (1969) -In 1969, President [[Richard Nixon]] asked Rockefeller, on Nixon's first full day in office, to assess the effectiveness of the [[Alliance for Progress]] program and prepare a policy report on Latin America. Rockefeller undertook a 20-nation tour in summer 1969. The tour was met with riots, demonstrations, and stone-throwing in nearly every country he visited, a response that shocked official Washington but not those who had watched his career from the other side. The tour's report, delivered to Nixon and titled "Quality of Life in the Americas," recommended reversing recent trends to reduce security assistance to Latin American military governments. The report stated, "At the moment there is only one Castro among the 26 nations of the hemisphere; there can well be more in the future." Its military aid recommendations further deepened US backing for Latin American military dictatorships.[^28] +In 1969, President [[Richard Nixon]] asked Rockefeller, on Nixon's first full day in office, to assess the effectiveness of the [[Alliance for Progress]] program and prepare a policy report on Latin America. Rockefeller undertook a 20-nation tour in summer 1969. The tour was met with riots, demonstrations, and stone-throwing in nearly every country he visited, a response that shocked official Washington but not those who had watched his career from the other side. The tour's report, delivered to Nixon and titled "Quality of Life in the Americas," recommended reversing recent trends to reduce security assistance to Latin American military governments. The report stated, "At the moment there is only one Castro among the 26 nations of the hemisphere; there can well be more in the future." Its military aid recommendations further deepened US backing for Latin American military dictatorships.[^33] ### The Rockefeller Commission (1975) @@ -103,21 +109,21 @@ In 1975, amid the congressional [[Church Committee]] investigations into CIA abu Rockefeller "attempted to head off inclusion of the subject" of CIA assassination plots, restricting consideration of assassinations to the question of Cuba's possible role in the assassination of [[John F. Kennedy]]. When the Commission voted on whether to include assassination investigations, it overrode its own chairman, with [[Ronald Reagan]] (then Governor of California, serving as a commissioner) siding with executive director David Belin against Rockefeller. In a March 10, 1975 memorandum to Commission members, Belin argued that selective investigation of assassination plots would confuse the public and that "the threat of assassination" warranted comprehensive inquiry. The Commission took testimony from CIA General Counsel [[John Warner]] on April 14, 1975. -Despite the Commission's vote to include the assassination material, the Ford White House suppressed it. An entire 86-page section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders" (dated June 5, 1975), covering plots against [[Fidel Castro]], [[Rafael Trujillo]], and references to [[Patrice Lumumba]] and [[Sukarno]], was removed from the final report before public release. Then-Deputy White House Chief of Staff [[Richard Cheney]] made handwritten edits throughout the draft on or around June 1, 1975, altering language describing CIA activities from "unlawful" to merely "improper" in most instances, while drug experiments on US citizens retained the characterization "illegal." White House Counsel [[Philip Buchen]] coordinated the suppression. Commission public affairs director Peter Clapper warned that deleting the section would "cast doubt on the rest of the report" and be perceived as a cover-up; his objection was overridden. Senator [[Frank Church]] personally visited Rockefeller in early May 1975, alleging that CIA documents were being withheld from the Church Committee by the Rockefeller Commission. President Ford wrote to Church on October 31, 1975, urging suppression of assassination findings; Church rejected the request, stating that "the national interest is better served by letting the American people know the true and complete story." These internal documents are collected in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, published February 29, 2016, edited by John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi.[^29] +Despite the Commission's vote to include the assassination material, the Ford White House suppressed it. An entire 86-page section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders" (dated June 5, 1975), covering plots against [[Fidel Castro]], [[Rafael Trujillo]], and references to [[Patrice Lumumba]] and [[Sukarno]], was removed from the final report before public release. Then-Deputy White House Chief of Staff [[Richard Cheney]] made handwritten edits throughout the draft on or around June 1, 1975, altering language describing CIA activities from "unlawful" to merely "improper" in most instances, while drug experiments on US citizens retained the characterization "illegal." White House Counsel [[Philip Buchen]] coordinated the suppression. Commission public affairs director Peter Clapper warned that deleting the section would "cast doubt on the rest of the report" and be perceived as a cover-up; his objection was overridden. Senator [[Frank Church]] personally visited Rockefeller in early May 1975, alleging that CIA documents were being withheld from the Church Committee by the Rockefeller Commission. President Ford wrote to Church on October 31, 1975, urging suppression of assassination findings; Church rejected the request, stating that "the national interest is better served by letting the American people know the true and complete story." These internal documents are collected in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, published February 29, 2016, edited by John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi.[^34] -Rockefeller's chairmanship of the commission investigating the agency he had supervised under Eisenhower was widely considered a conflict of interest. Key findings were withheld or classified. The Commission also added Recommendations 29 (civilian oversight committee) and 20 (periodic declassification reviews) to the report without a Commission vote, under [[White House]] direction.[^30] +Rockefeller's chairmanship of the commission investigating the agency he had supervised under Eisenhower was widely considered a conflict of interest. Key findings were withheld or classified. The Commission also added Recommendations 29 (civilian oversight committee) and 20 (periodic declassification reviews) to the report without a Commission vote, under [[White House]] direction.[^35] ### New York Politics and the Vice Presidency -Rockefeller served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, during which time he built the South Mall (later renamed the [[Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza]]) and pursued the presidency unsuccessfully in 1960, 1964, and 1968, repeatedly blocked by the Republican right wing. On August 20, 1974, President Ford nominated Rockefeller as vice president under Section 2 of the [[25th Amendment]]. After a nearly four-month confirmation process, the Senate confirmed the nomination 90-7 on December 10, 1974, and the House confirmed 287-128 on December 19, 1974. Rockefeller was sworn in as the 41st Vice President on December 19, 1974, the second person appointed vice president under the 25th Amendment (Ford having been the first).[^31] +Rockefeller served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, during which time he built the South Mall (later renamed the [[Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza]]) and pursued the presidency unsuccessfully in 1960, 1964, and 1968, repeatedly blocked by the Republican right wing. On August 20, 1974, President Ford nominated Rockefeller as vice president under Section 2 of the [[25th Amendment]]. After a nearly four-month confirmation process, the Senate confirmed the nomination 90-7 on December 10, 1974, and the House confirmed 287-128 on December 19, 1974. Rockefeller was sworn in as the 41st Vice President on December 19, 1974, the second person appointed vice president under the 25th Amendment (Ford having been the first).[^36] ### Death -Rockefeller died on January 26, 1979, of a heart attack at his townhouse at 13 West 54th Street in Manhattan, in the presence of Megan Marshack, a 25-year-old aide who had worked for him during his vice presidency and to whom he had provided financial assistance in purchasing a condominium nearby. After Rockefeller suffered the cardiac event, Marshack called her friend, television journalist Ponchitta Pierce, to the townhouse; Pierce phoned an ambulance approximately one hour after the attack. Initial reports, quickly corrected, stated he had died at his desk at Rockefeller Center. The circumstances received extensive press coverage but diverted attention from his political legacy.[^32] +Rockefeller died on January 26, 1979, of a heart attack at his townhouse at 13 West 54th Street in Manhattan, in the presence of Megan Marshack, a 25-year-old aide who had worked for him during his vice presidency and to whom he had provided financial assistance in purchasing a condominium nearby. After Rockefeller suffered the cardiac event, Marshack called her friend, television journalist Ponchitta Pierce, to the townhouse; Pierce phoned an ambulance approximately one hour after the attack. Initial reports, quickly corrected, stated he had died at his desk at Rockefeller Center. The circumstances received extensive press coverage but diverted attention from his political legacy.[^37] ### The Pocantico Network -The Rockefeller family's 3,600-acre Pocantico Hills estate in Sleepy Hollow, New York, served as both residence and operational headquarters for family strategic planning. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, co-organized in 1940, became the vehicle for coordinating family philanthropy, "soft" intelligence operations, and policy influence across generations. Nelson used the RBF to channel funds into psychological warfare and counterintelligence programs, with his brother David reluctantly acquiescing to Nelson's demands. The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]], which holds the family papers and is located at Pocantico, holds the primary records for Rockefeller's government and private activities.[^33] +The Rockefeller family's 3,600-acre Pocantico Hills estate in Sleepy Hollow, New York, served as both residence and operational headquarters for family strategic planning. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, co-organized in 1940, became the vehicle for coordinating family philanthropy, "soft" intelligence operations, and policy influence across generations. Nelson used the RBF to channel funds into psychological warfare and counterintelligence programs, with his brother David reluctantly acquiescing to Nelson's demands. The Rockefeller Archive Center, which holds the family papers and is located at Pocantico, holds the primary records for Rockefeller's government and private activities.[^38] ### Footnotes @@ -144,13 +150,18 @@ The Rockefeller family's 3,600-acre Pocantico Hills estate in Sleepy Hollow, New [^21]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 13; Introduction (2017). [^22]: Rockefeller Archive Center biographical summary; Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Letter to Nelson A. Rockefeller Appointing Him Special Assistant to the President," December 15, 1954 (released December 16, 1954), The American Presidency Project (presidency.ucsb.edu). [^23]: Rowland Hughes memorandum, March 3, 1955 (FRUS 1950-55, Intelligence, Document 210, history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d210); Eisenhower approval, March 10, 1955. NSC 5412, "National Security Council Directive on Covert Operations." Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 18 ("Ike's Cold War General"). -[^24]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund. *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.* Doubleday, 1961, list of project staff and preface. https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports-rockefeller-brothers-fund-1961 -[^25]: Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 23 ("Ascent of the Hawk"); Ch. 27. Quantico I panel composition from FRUS 1955-57, Vol. 24, Editorial Note, Document 12 (history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v24/d12). -[^26]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 28-29. -[^27]: FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXXI (South and Central America). Document 12 (March 29, 1964), Ambassador Lincoln Gordon telegram, Rio de Janeiro: Goulart "now definitely engaged on campaign to seize dictatorial power, accepting the active collaboration of the Brazilian Communist Party." Document 15 (April 1, 1964), coup status update. JCS code name "Brother Sam" assigned March 31, 1964 (Document 198, FRUS 1964-68 Vol. XXXI, history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v31). National Security Archive, NSAEBB No. 465 ("Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup"), 2014. Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29 ("Operation Brother Sam"). -[^28]: Nelson A. Rockefeller, "Quality of Life in the Americas" (Report of a Presidential Mission for the Western Hemisphere), 1969. Published in Department of State Bulletin. Colby and Dennett, Ch. 38-40; Appendix A. -[^29]: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975; Removed Section on CIA Assassination Plots," February 29, 2016, edited by John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi (nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2016-02-29/gerald-ford-white-house-altered-rockefeller-commission-report). Documents cited: Document 3 (David W. Belin memorandum to Commission members, "Scope of Commission Investigation - Assassinations," March 10, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library); Document 7 (Testimony of CIA General Counsel John Warner, April 14, 1975); Document 15 (Richard Cheney handwritten edits, c. June 1, 1975); Document 19 (86-page suppressed section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders," June 5, 1975); Document 21 (Ford letter to Church, October 31, 1975); Document 22 (Church response rejecting suppression request, November 4, 1975). -[^30]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 44 ("Hiding the Family Jewels"); Appendix B. -[^31]: 1974 United States vice presidential confirmation: Senate vote 90-7, December 10, 1974; House vote 287-128, December 19, 1974; sworn in December 19, 1974. -[^32]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 40-44. Death circumstances and location (13 West 54th Street townhouse): "Megan Marshack dies at 70; was with Nelson Rockefeller at his death," *Seattle Times*, October 3, 2024; *New York Times* obituary, January 27, 1979. Marshack died October 2, 2024, at age 70. -[^33]: Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 13. Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York (rockarch.org). +[^24]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume V, Austrian State Treaty; Summit and Foreign Ministers Meetings, 1955*, editorial note preceding document 221, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v05/d221, stating "Its genesis lies in the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel which met in June." Document 208 (July 20, 1955, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v05/d208) lists Rockefeller, Radford, Stassen, Robert B. Anderson and Gruenther as "recent arrivals from Paris" at the President's villa meeting of July 20, 1955. +[^25]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers, Washington, DC, Series O, Special Assistant to the President for Foreign Affairs, Subseries 7, and Activities, Series A ("Quantico III Meeting," 1956), https://dimes.rockarch.org/collections/H45i6yf7MUHuaRwQVupvg5. +[^26]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Gives the August 16, 1955 invitations, the twelve members, the November 29 submission, the December 2 letter to the President and the December 5 memorandum "Action Program for Free World Strength." +[^27]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 265 and note 145, citing James Desmond, *Nelson Rockefeller, a Political Biography* (Macmillan, 1964), p. 151. +[^28]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Preface names Rockefeller as "Special Assistant to the President." +[^29]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund. *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.* Doubleday, 1961, list of project staff and preface. https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports-rockefeller-brothers-fund-1961 +[^30]: Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 23 ("Ascent of the Hawk"); Ch. 27. Quantico I panel composition from FRUS 1955-57, Vol. 24, Editorial Note, Document 12 (history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v24/d12). +[^31]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 28-29. +[^32]: FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXXI (South and Central America). Document 12 (March 29, 1964), Ambassador Lincoln Gordon telegram, Rio de Janeiro: Goulart "now definitely engaged on campaign to seize dictatorial power, accepting the active collaboration of the Brazilian Communist Party." Document 15 (April 1, 1964), coup status update. JCS code name "Brother Sam" assigned March 31, 1964 (Document 198, FRUS 1964-68 Vol. XXXI, history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v31). National Security Archive, NSAEBB No. 465 ("Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup"), 2014. Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29 ("Operation Brother Sam"). +[^33]: Nelson A. Rockefeller, "Quality of Life in the Americas" (Report of a Presidential Mission for the Western Hemisphere), 1969. Published in Department of State Bulletin. Colby and Dennett, Ch. 38-40; Appendix A. +[^34]: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975; Removed Section on CIA Assassination Plots," February 29, 2016, edited by John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi (nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2016-02-29/gerald-ford-white-house-altered-rockefeller-commission-report). Documents cited: Document 3 (David W. Belin memorandum to Commission members, "Scope of Commission Investigation - Assassinations," March 10, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library); Document 7 (Testimony of CIA General Counsel John Warner, April 14, 1975); Document 15 (Richard Cheney handwritten edits, c. June 1, 1975); Document 19 (86-page suppressed section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders," June 5, 1975); Document 21 (Ford letter to Church, October 31, 1975); Document 22 (Church response rejecting suppression request, November 4, 1975). +[^35]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 44 ("Hiding the Family Jewels"); Appendix B. +[^36]: 1974 United States vice presidential confirmation: Senate vote 90-7, December 10, 1974; House vote 287-128, December 19, 1974; sworn in December 19, 1974. +[^37]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 40-44. Death circumstances and location (13 West 54th Street townhouse): "Megan Marshack dies at 70; was with Nelson Rockefeller at his death," *Seattle Times*, October 3, 2024; *New York Times* obituary, January 27, 1979. Marshack died October 2, 2024, at age 70. +[^38]: Colby and Dennett, Introduction (2017); Ch. 13. Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York (rockarch.org). diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Oliver North.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Oliver North.md index b97caf7b..e31a23fb 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Oliver North.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Oliver North.md @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ On December 4, 1984, North sent Robert McFarlane a memorandum, "Assistance for t In March 1985 Singlaub took a weapons list drawn up with FDN commander [[Enrique Bermudez]] to North, who made "some additions and subtractions"; Singlaub's European dealer's prices were about half the FDN's previous prices, and North's notes of May 17, 1985 list a "Singlaub deal" for 10,000 AK-47s and record an attempt to dissuade Adolfo Calero from it. The arms arrived in Central America on July 8, 1985.[^8] The congressional committees' report states that a memorandum prepared by Singlaub's associate [[Barbara Studley]], proposing a "conduit" for Soviet weapons to anti-communist insurgents, was presented to North and William J. Casey in 1985; North acknowledged receiving it and dismissed its significance, and a copy was found in his safe.[^9] A memorandum from Studley to North dated October 30, 1985 ends: "General John K. Singlaub has been advised of this information."[^10] -The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that North received drug profits from Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, to buy arms for the Contras, and that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras.[^11] The Final Report places the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986 for Contra weapons.[^3] [[Bill Turner]], a friend of Casolaro's, claimed to have seen papers from [[Danny Casolaro]] connecting North and the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]; Seymour added that North's personal notebooks contained the name [[Ian Stuart Spiro]].[^11] Seymour is the sole source for the passages so cited. +The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that North received drug profits from Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, to buy arms for the Contras, and that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras.[^11] The Final Report places the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986 for Contra weapons.[^3] [[Bill Turner]], a friend of Casolaro's, claimed to have seen papers from [[Danny Casolaro]] connecting North and the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]; Seymour added that North's personal notebooks contained the name [[Ian Stuart Spiro]].[^11] The Enterprise's air operation used the [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango]] base in [[El Salvador]]. North wrote to [[Felix Rodriguez]] in September 1985 asking him to use his influence with Salvadoran Air Force commander [[Juan Rafael Bustillo]] to secure hangar space; the CIA's records, as the writer [[Gary Webb]] reported, show Hangar No. 4 at Ilopango was used by the CIA for covert Contra operations until it was turned over to the NSC and North's Enterprise in 1985, while the adjoining Hangar No. 5 remained CIA-run.[^12] Walsh's Enterprise chapter records that the Salvadoran chief at Ilopango, General Bustillo, ordered the operation's warehouse of parts and supplies there, and that the downing of [[Eugene Hasenfus]] on October 5, 1986 "settled irrevocably the question of CIA assumption" of the Enterprise's operation.[^3] @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ The Enterprise's air operation used the [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango]] base in [[ According to testimony before the [[Kerry Committee]] by the Panamanian official José Blandón, [[Manuel Noriega]] met North in June 1985 on a boat anchored off Panama City to discuss Panamanian cooperation in the war against Nicaragua while the Boland Amendment barred direct or indirect CIA support. Blandón testified that this meeting produced Noriega's agreement to help train Contra troops and to let Contra leaders enter and leave Panama freely, and that at a second meeting Noriega suggested Panamanian units could be used in operations on Nicaraguan territory; Blandón had no information that Noriega acted on North's request. Noriega met Casey in November 1985; a memorandum Casey wrote suggested Noriega left "reassured" and the narcotics issue was not mentioned, and other U.S. officials concluded that Casey had "let Noriega off the hook."[^13] -The Independent Counsel's summary of North's "Quid Pro Quo" admission describes discussions with Noriega about acts of sabotage against the Sandinista government in exchange for U.S. help in rehabilitating Noriega's public image.[^14] Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image"; that North raised the proposal at a top-level meeting but was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though Panamanian help with sabotage would be acceptable; that North returned to Panama a month after the torture-murder of [[Hugo Spadafora]] to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid; and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega.[^15] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited. +The Independent Counsel's summary of North's "Quid Pro Quo" admission describes discussions with Noriega about acts of sabotage against the Sandinista government in exchange for U.S. help in rehabilitating Noriega's public image.[^14] Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image"; that North raised the proposal at a top-level meeting but was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though Panamanian help with sabotage would be acceptable; that North returned to Panama a month after the torture-murder of [[Hugo Spadafora]] to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid; and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega.[^15] ### NHAO and the contractors @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Webb wrote that North installed his courier [[Robert Owen]] as a $50,000 "facili The Kerry Committee report states that the DEA informant [[Barry Seal]] photographed a man identified as Federico Vaughn, a Nicaraguan government official, and [[Pablo Escobar]] loading Seal's plane with drugs; that the Seal operation "was disclosed prematurely by an administration official who leaked to the press evidence supposedly collected" in an effort to influence a pending congressional vote on Contra aid; and that "one individual in the U.S. government, Lt. Col. Oliver North, decided to play politics with the issue."[^13] The House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime found that the phone number Vaughn used in calls from Seal was controlled by the U.S. Embassy; the State Department later reported no evidence of Nicaraguan use for drug shipments to the United States "since the allegations made in 1984 in connection with the Seal case."[^13] -Webb wrote that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on the Seal sting and supplied with evidence; that North said his only involvement was as an observer; that North's diary contained a July 6, 1984 entry, "Freddy coming in late July," and an October 15, 1986 entry, "46 boxes of transcripts of SF Frogman case. Justice never provided"; that four DEA officials testified they were pressed by North and the CIA to leak Vaughn's involvement; and that after Seal was murdered North told the FBI of an "active measures program" by the Sandinistas against him and said he might be targeted by organized crime.[^12][^15] Seal was shot on February 19, 1986, as he parked at the Salvation Army Community Treatment Center in Baton Rouge, and three men were convicted of first-degree murder in 1987.[^17] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited, other than the Seal date. +Webb wrote that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on the Seal sting and supplied with evidence; that North said his only involvement was as an observer; that North's diary contained a July 6, 1984 entry, "Freddy coming in late July," and an October 15, 1986 entry, "46 boxes of transcripts of SF Frogman case. Justice never provided"; that four DEA officials testified they were pressed by North and the CIA to leak Vaughn's involvement; and that after Seal was murdered North told the FBI of an "active measures program" by the Sandinistas against him and said he might be targeted by organized crime.[^12][^15] Seal was shot on February 19, 1986, as he parked at the Salvation Army Community Treatment Center in Baton Rouge, and three men were convicted of first-degree murder in 1987.[^17] ### Drug-related contacts @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Webb wrote that North's courier Robert Owen reported to North in 1985 that a DC- Webb wrote that at a 1984 meeting with DEA officials North suggested that $1.5 million in cocaine cash the DEA planned to seize from the Medellín cartel be turned over to the Contras, which the DEA declined; that a White House leak then blew the DEA operation; and that North wrote that Casey did not want the Contras' "unofficial funds" entering U.S. banks for fear Treasury agents would grow suspicious.[^18] Webb also wrote that North relied on fraudulent end-user certificates from Guatemala and Honduras after Boland, quoting Fiers: "an arms broker will get an intermediary country to issue false end-user certificates."[^19] -Webb further wrote that Dagoberto Núñez, a Costa Rican trafficker working for North and the CIA, signed a contract with the Sandinista agency Heroes and Martyrs Trading Corporation, and quoted a 1986 Owen memo to North: "He believes this will provide an opportunity to use his boats for cover operations, or to implicate the Ortegas and Borge in taking money on the side." In Webb's account, in November 1986 the FBI's "Operation Front Door" interviewed the realtor of [[Ronald Lister]], who said Lister claimed to run a "CIA-approved" security business and had told a neighbor he worked for North and Secord and had sent arms shipments to the Contras; the lead was not pursued.[^12][^20] The former Air Force intelligence officer [[Terry Reed]] claimed North was his CIA contact for a pilot-training program and a machine-tool front in [[Arkansas]], and described an Arkansas State Police "shredding party" to purge the state's [[Mena, Arkansas]] files of nearly a thousand documents including those naming North and Reed; North has denied knowing anything about Reed or Mena.[^12] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited. +Webb further wrote that Dagoberto Núñez, a Costa Rican trafficker working for North and the CIA, signed a contract with the Sandinista agency Heroes and Martyrs Trading Corporation, and quoted a 1986 Owen memo to North: "He believes this will provide an opportunity to use his boats for cover operations, or to implicate the Ortegas and Borge in taking money on the side." In Webb's account, in November 1986 the FBI's "Operation Front Door" interviewed the realtor of [[Ronald Lister]], who said Lister claimed to run a "CIA-approved" security business and had told a neighbor he worked for North and Secord and had sent arms shipments to the Contras; the lead was not pursued.[^12][^20] The former Air Force intelligence officer [[Terry Reed]] claimed North was his CIA contact for a pilot-training program and a machine-tool front in [[Arkansas]], and described an Arkansas State Police "shredding party" to purge the state's [[Mena, Arkansas]] files of nearly a thousand documents including those naming North and Reed; North has denied knowing anything about Reed or Mena.[^12] Webb quoted North's 1991 memoir, *Under Fire*, as saying that the death squads in El Salvador, "under the guise of anti-Communism," terrorized the entire country and murdered nuns, teachers, labor organizers, political opponents and thousands of other civilians, and that most of the activity was the responsibility of the ARENA party and its leader [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]].[^12] @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Seymour wrote that North reportedly attended a White House prayer group that [[N [^8]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 2, pp. 50-51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=74). [^9]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 15, p. 269 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=293); Hartford Courant, "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," May 29, 1992 (memo found in North's safe), https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/ [^10]: Graham Exhibit 1, Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234). -[^11]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^11]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. [^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapters 6, 13 and 20. [^13]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165, December 1988 (Panama chapter; "Barry Seal and the Cartel"; "Bueso-Rosa and the Contras"; Nicaragua chapter). https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^14]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, section on the "Quid Pro Quo" admission and the "Heads of State" documents. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pat Price.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pat Price.md index 8543e918..7491ef56 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pat Price.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pat Price.md @@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ The American Institutes for Research report of September 29, 1995 described the [^2]: Carosa, Chris. "Patrick H. Price: Savior, Savant, or Sacrifice?," May 3, 2022, quoting "Story of Crime Questioned," Los Angeles Evening Citizen News, April 30, 1952. https://chriscarosa.com/2022/05/patrick-h-price-savior-savant-or-sacrifice/ The newspaper text is quoted from this web article. [^3]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. *Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Abilities.* New York: Delacorte Press, 1977, chapter "Pat Price: A Man for All Seasons," read in the archive.org full-text copy of the 2005 reprint, https://archive.org/details/mind-reach-scientists-look-at-psychic-abilities-2005-russell-targ-harold-e.-puth [^4]: Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence," *Studies in Intelligence,* Winter 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. -[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* New York: Dell, 1997, chapters on the SRI work and "The Shamans," and the discussion of Scientology, read in the archive.org full-text copy, https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2 Schnabel's own notes state that "The anecdote about Price and the police dispatcher comes from Targ 1996"; he does not give a source for the Lockheed and Alaska details. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* New York: Dell, 1997, chapters on the SRI work and "The Shamans," and the discussion of Scientology, read in the archive.org full-text copy, https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2 Schnabel's own notes state that "The anecdote about Price and the police dispatcher comes from Targ 1996"; he does not give a source for the Lockheed and Alaska details. [^6]: Stanford Research Institute, "Project SCANATE, Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100480002-4. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2, and part one, executive summary, covering January 1974 to February 1975, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100420001-1. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. All read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^7]: Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence," *Studies in Intelligence,* Winter 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0, section on summer 1973. [^8]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers,* 1997, chapter text and notes to the chapter on Sugar Grove; pseudonyms are listed in the book's "Pseudonyms" page (which includes Richard Kennett, Bill O'Donnell, Peter Maris, Norm Everheart, Ed Rogers, Nick Clancy and Bill and Judy Alvarez). https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pavel Naumov.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pavel Naumov.md index ff6084e7..56530526 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pavel Naumov.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Pavel Naumov.md @@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ When the British delegate [[John Cutten]] asked whether the work implied close c [^2]: Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain* (Prentice-Hall, 1970), chapters 1 and 3 ("Mind-Link, Body-Link") and Partial Bibliography, read in the archive.org copy of the 1984 printing. https://archive.org/details/shelia-ostrander-psychic-discoveries-behind-the-iron-curtain-1984 [^3]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017). [^4]: I. V. Tsykunov, "Ot fantazii k realnosti: kak istoriya Nautilusa otkryla gonku sverkhestestvennykh vooruzheniy mezhdu SSSR i SShA," *Aliter* (2023). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha -[^5]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 32-33. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^6]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 32-33. +[^6]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Richard Ober.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Richard Ober.md index c9bef503..60b9a070 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Richard Ober.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Richard Ober.md @@ -103,5 +103,5 @@ Ober testified to the Rockefeller Commission on March 28, 1975, and to the Churc [^3]: Rockefeller Commission, *Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States* (June 1975), Chapter 11, "Special Operations Group, 'Operation CHAOS,'" pp. 130 to 151, discussion of compartmentation and supervision. https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/rockcomm/pdf/RockComm_Chap11_CHAOS.pdf [^4]: Richard Ober, Memorandum for the Record, "Procedures for Restricted Handling of RYBAT MHCHAOS Traffic," May 29, 1969, CIA Reading Room doc. C01475738. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01475738 [^5]: CIA cable from Richard Ober, September 10, 1971, "RYBAT MHCHAOS," CIA Reading Room doc. C01482292. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01482292 -[^6]: Deborah Davis, *Katharine the Great: Katharine Graham and Her Washington Post Empire* (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), as quoted in "Richard Ober," Spartacus Educational. https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKober.htm Sole source for the passages so cited on a White House office. +[^6]: Deborah Davis, *Katharine the Great: Katharine Graham and Her Washington Post Empire* (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), as quoted in "Richard Ober," Spartacus Educational. https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKober.htm [^7]: Eve Pell, "Private Censorship: Killing 'Katharine the Great,'" *The Nation*, November 12, 1983, as clipped in CIA-RDP90-00845R000201250018-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00845R000201250018-9 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Robert Booth Nichols.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Robert Booth Nichols.md index 10d7ae53..d20a1d34 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Robert Booth Nichols.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Robert Booth Nichols.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ relations: fn: 1 - type: director_of with: "[[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]" - role: "director, senior vice president, chairman of the investment committee (sole source: Seymour)" + role: "director, senior vice president, chairman of the investment committee, per Seymour" fn: 4 created: 2024-04-25 updated: 2026-10-08 @@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ In the spring of 2004 Nichols offered [[Samuel Israel III]], manager of the Bayo [^1]: Annis, Stephen Robert, Assets Recovery Agency. Witness statement in support of an application for a restraint order, *In the Matter of Robert Booth Nichols,* Crown Court at Blackfriars, PCA 2007/0003; Financial and Security Consultancy Agreement, July 11, 2004; Answer of Robert B. Nichols and Ellen M. Nichols, June 12, 2008; all filed in *Bayou Management, LLC v. Nichols,* No. 08-cv-06036 (S.D.N.Y.). https://archive.org/details/SamIsraelIII-BayouManagement-RobertBoothNicholsCourtFilings [^2]: *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. United States,* 939 F.2d 740 (9th Cir. 1991). https://openjurist.org/939/f2d/740 [^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair,* H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, section on Earl Brian, Michael Riconosciuto, Robert Booth Nichols and the Cabazon Indian Reservation, and memorandum of interview with Nichols, January 21, 1992. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport -[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the claims so attributed, many of them from Michael Riconosciuto. +[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. [^5]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 3, 5, 9-13, 46, 79 and 84. Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo. [^6]: OpenCorporates, record and filing list for Meridian International Logistics, Inc., Nevada company C417-1961 (retrieved October 8, 2026). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_nv/C417-1961/filings [^7]: OpenCorporates, record for Meridian Arms Corporation, California company 0853005 (retrieved October 8, 2026). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/0853005 [^8]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua,* March 1993 (Riconosciuto's credibility), and section "Involvement of Robert Booth Nichols," pp. 157-159 and note 58 (p. 159), citing *Booth Nichols v. City of Los Angeles,* No. NCC 31322B, trial transcript, March 11, 1993. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 -[^9]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, chapter 22. [^10]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine [^11]: Nichols, Robert Booth. Videotaped deposition, December 16, 2008, *United States v. Samuel Israel III,* 05 Cr. 1039 (S.D.N.Y.), and *Bayou Management, LLC v. Nichols.* https://archive.org/details/robert-booth-nichols ; docket, *Bayou Management, LLC v. Nichols,* 1:08-cv-06036 (S.D.N.Y.), filed July 2, 2008, terminated April 28, 2010, CourtListener. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Robert Parry.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Robert Parry.md index 353543a6..e68370aa 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Robert Parry.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Robert Parry.md @@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ Parry confirmed the authenticity of letters of recommendation for [[Ari Ben-Mena [^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. [^3]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise Evidence Surfaces." *Consortium News*, July 14, 2011; Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. [^4]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ -[^5]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Barcella e-mail quoted. +[^5]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html [^6]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files: The Ladies' Room Secrets," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile2.html [^7]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups." *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html -[^8]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History." *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html Sole source for the fee figure and the omissions as reported by Parry. +[^8]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History." *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html [^9]: Parry, Robert. "Russian Report on 1980 'October Surprise' Case" (translation page). https://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russianreport1980.html diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Roderick Sinclair.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Roderick Sinclair.md index cc8246af..a49b12eb 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Roderick Sinclair.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Roderick Sinclair.md @@ -31,6 +31,6 @@ The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that nurses at Fremont Hospital, where Sinclair w ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Its description of a civil ruling ordering Mariposa County to pay 70 percent of the claim, and of Eckerson as appointed to replace the CHP report, is contradicted by the court record and by contemporaneous reporting. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Its description of a civil ruling ordering Mariposa County to pay 70 percent of the claim, and of Eckerson as appointed to replace the CHP report, is contradicted by the court record and by contemporaneous reporting. [^2]: *LaBarge v. County of Mariposa,* 798 F.2d 364 (9th Cir. 1986). [^3]: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned." United Press International, September 25, 1983. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ron Robertson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ron Robertson.md index 3b9ac43b..02badbc0 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ron Robertson.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ron Robertson.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Jacobsen places the tests in the winter of 1975 in a laboratory adjacent to Live ### Footnotes -[^1]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), pp. 178-180. Sole source for the barracks, the lead container, the call to Green and the quoted descriptions. -[^2]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapter on scientific research, citing John Wilhelm, *The Search for Superman* (New York: Pocket Books, 1976). PDF at http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. Geller is the sole source for the characterization of Wilhelm's quotation. -[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the call. +[^1]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), pp. 178-180. +[^2]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapter on scientific research, citing John Wilhelm, *The Search for Superman* (New York: Pocket Books, 1976). PDF at http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. +[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. [^4]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted in Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel." diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Pandolfi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Pandolfi.md index 746fbb0f..7cdf1d40 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Pandolfi.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Pandolfi.md @@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ The blogger [[Robert Schaeffer]], quoted by [[Jason Colavito]] in 2019, reported ### Footnotes [^1]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosed with Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf (digitized by Grant Cameron). The transcript is described in the cover letter as "purported"; its authenticity is not otherwise established. -[^2]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letters to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995 (item 46) and March 29, 1997 (item 75), OSTP FOIA 01-22, same collection, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/. Sole source for Farley's statements about Smith, Jones and Green. +[^2]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letters to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995 (item 46) and March 29, 1997 (item 75), OSTP FOIA 01-22, same collection, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/. [^3]: Maccabee, Bruce, letter to John H. Gibbons, January 2, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 73b, same collection. [^4]: Congressional Research Service, "China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers under U.S. Satellite Export Policy: Actions and Chronology," report 98-485 F, entries for April 1996 and September 1998, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/98-485F.html (Shelby statement of September 2000 at note 77); and CRS report RL30220, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19990608_RL30220_8a89fcc3410f43e494c171a03c54353429cabd96.html. [^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, *Report* (Cox Report), 1999, section "Issues" on CIA and Hughes, https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/congress/1999_r/cox/appbod.htm. [^6]: Gerth, Jeff. "Old Concerns Over Data Transfer to China Get New Attention," *The New York Times,* December 7, 1998, reproduced at https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/pandolfi-ron/. [^7]: "CIA being investigated for information given to Hughes," *The Kansas City Star* (Washington Post wire), December 5, 1998, p. A10, https://www.newspapers.com/image/685529422/. -[^8]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* reproduced at http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source for the code name. +[^8]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* reproduced at http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. [^9]: "E B E's," UFO BBS files UFO1024 and UFO1030, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo; Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men,* 2010, PDF at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. -[^10]: Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, section on EarthTech, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^10]: Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, section on EarthTech, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. [^11]: Basterfield, Keith. "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" December 21, 2016, quoting Vallee, *Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 480 (the quoted note refers to Alexander's February 2011 book), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/. For Shannon's list, Loose Threads Report p. 15. -[^12]: Oechsler, Bob, *Alien Update,* as quoted in Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, p. 47, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^13]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert, March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^12]: Oechsler, Bob, *Alien Update,* as quoted in Elizondo and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, p. 47, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. +[^13]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert, March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Reagan.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Reagan.md index 4a354e16..d8a63998 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Reagan.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ronald Reagan.md @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ The House Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding o ### Osirak, June 1981 -The journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that when national security adviser [[Richard V. Allen]] informed Reagan of the Israeli bombing of the Iraqi reactor at Osirak in June 1981, Reagan privately remarked, "Well. Boys will be boys," and that, despite State Department condemnation and proposals from [[Caspar Weinberger]] and others to cancel F-16 sales to [[Israel]], Reagan had no intention of doing so; the suspension of F-16 deliveries was lifted two months later. Hersh is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^4] See [[Osirak bombing]]. +The journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that when national security adviser [[Richard V. Allen]] informed Reagan of the Israeli bombing of the Iraqi reactor at Osirak in June 1981, Reagan privately remarked, "Well. Boys will be boys," and that, despite State Department condemnation and proposals from [[Caspar Weinberger]] and others to cancel F-16 sales to [[Israel]], Reagan had no intention of doing so; the suspension of F-16 deliveries was lifted two months later.[^4] See [[Osirak bombing]]. ### Executive Order 12333 and the 1982 reporting agreement @@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ The May 1988 disclosures that the Reagans consulted the San Francisco astrologer [^1]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "Ronald Reagan: Life Before the Presidency" and facts page (birth February 6, 1911, Tampico, Illinois; inaugurated January 20, 1981; term ended January 20, 1989; died June 5, 2004). https://millercenter.org/president/reagan [^2]: Slosser, Bob. "A Prophecy," from *Reagan Inside Out* (Word Books, 1984), reproduced by the Christian Broadcasting Network. https://cbn.com/article/relationships/prophecy [^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980* ("October Surprise Task Force"), H. Rept. 102-1102, January 3, 1993, Executive Summary, sections A.1 to A.4. https://archive.org/details/14148-h.rp.-1102 -[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. [^5]: Executive Order 12333, "United States Intelligence Activities," December 4, 1981, section 1.7, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941. https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions*, December 1997, ch. XI, "DEA's Response to Information About Contra Drug Trafficking," discussion of the 1982 memorandum of understanding and Smith's letter of February 11, 1982. https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch11p1.htm -[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 9 ("He would have had me by the tail"), the epilogue and chapter 27. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 9 ("He would have had me by the tail"), the epilogue and chapter 27. [^8]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, Volume I, August 4, 1993, ch. 27, "President Reagan," including notes 6, 7, 10, 15, 45 and 50 to 53, 64 and 103 to 119. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_27.htm [^9]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," section on the "Heads of State" documents and note 55. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm [^10]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Executive Summary. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sheila Ostrander.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sheila Ostrander.md index b7fd3c4e..4d0af21b 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sheila Ostrander.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Sheila Ostrander.md @@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Ostrander and Schroeder's work, which included accounts from figures like [[Edua ### Footnotes [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. -[^2]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-8 and 32-33. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-8 and 32-33. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Spencer Oliver.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Spencer Oliver.md index c22cfbef..5f471235 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Spencer Oliver.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Spencer Oliver.md @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ On January 10, 1992, Oliver, chief counsel of the House Foreign Affairs Committe [^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, February 4, 1992, pp. H253 and following (announcement by Representative McEwen; reprinted letter of January 10, 1992; amended memorandum and order of the Eastern District of New York). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h920204-october.htm -[^3]: Reprinted article quoted in the same Congressional Record volume (Stoffberg defense account), above. Sole source for the Hyde quotation as reproduced in that article. +[^3]: Reprinted article quoted in the same Congressional Record volume (Stoffberg defense account), above. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Steven Shaw.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Steven Shaw.md index 4b9c3b69..b5ab049f 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Steven Shaw.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Steven Shaw.md @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Shaw's website describes him as a former president of the [[James Randi Educatio ### Footnotes -[^1]: Banachek, "About," https://banachek.com/about/ (self-published biography; sole source for the passages so cited on birth, upbringing, JREF role, the bullet catch and the burial escape). +[^1]: Banachek, "About," https://banachek.com/about/ (self-published biography). [^2]: Randi, James, "The Project Alpha Experiment: Part 1. The First Two Years," *Skeptical Inquirer,* Summer 1983, and "Part 2. Beyond the Laboratory," Fall 1983, https://archive.org/details/JamesRandiTheProjectAlpha [^3]: Truzzi, Marcello, "Reflections on 'Project Alpha': Scientific Experiment or Conjuror's Illusion?," *Zetetic Scholar,* nos. 12 and 13 (issue numbers printed 11 and 12), August 1987, https://archive.org/details/alpha-project-zetetic-scholar-nos-12-13 [^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Walt Rostow.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Walt Rostow.md index 2c01fb87..2e6c8fc3 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Walt Rostow.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Walt Rostow.md @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ His wife, Elspeth Davies Rostow (1917-2007), is listed as his spouse in the same [^15]: *The Harvard Crimson*, June 1, 1977, article on Harvard's offer to Henry Kissinger, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1977/6/1/kissinger-is-cool-to-harvard-offer/ (the statement about Rostow and MIT carries no attribution to a named person). [^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26 (eleven experts, June 5-10, 1955; membership list; Rostow "designated the panel chairman"); Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rostow's transmittal letter signed as Panel Chairman and Tab 3(b), "Asia Policy" by W. W. Rostow, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5 [^17]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid, "Dwight D. Eisenhower: Papers as President, Miscellaneous Series," container list, "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955 (1)(2)," https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/eisenhower-dwight-papers-as-president/miscellaneous-series.pdf -[^18]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, subject guide, "'Open Skies' and the 1955 Geneva Summit," listing the C. D. Jackson Papers, box 56 (1955 log, "From Quantico to Geneva") and box 75 ("Rostow, Walt W."), https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf +[^18]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, subject guide, "'Open Skies' and the 1955 Geneva Summit," listing the C. D. Jackson Papers, box 56 (1955 log, "From Quantico to Geneva") and box 75 ("Rostow, Walt W."), https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf. The C. D. Jackson Papers finding aid (A72-26) places Log-1955 (1) in Box 68 and the Quantico II papers in Box 91, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf. [^19]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Garden City: Doubleday, 1961), "Consultants and Authors" (listing "Walt W. Rostow") and the Panel IV member list ("Eugene Rostow, dean, Yale University Law School"), https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports [^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume I, Vietnam, 1961*, document 4, memorandum from the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Rostow) to McGeorge Bundy, January 30, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d4 [^21]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 88 (Rostow to Rusk, July 13, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d88 ; document 102 (paper by Rostow, July 21, 1961, "Evaluation of Positive and Negative Forces in Viet-Nam"), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d102 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Wilhelm Reich.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Wilhelm Reich.md index 611f7d46..29af3427 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Wilhelm Reich.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Wilhelm Reich.md @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ On December 9, 1957 Dr. Leon A. Witkin, chief medical officer of the penitentiar ### Footnotes -[^1]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941 (case 100-1849), in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI (reich1). Sole source for the passages so cited: immigration record of admission August 28, 1939, visa No. 19 of August 11, 1939, destination 66 West 12th Street, birth at Dobrzanice, children Eva and Lore. +[^1]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941 (case 100-1849), in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI (reich1). [^2]: Leon A. Witkin, M.D., Chief Medical Officer, U.S. Penitentiary, Lewisburg, to the Director of the FBI, December 9, 1957 ("who died suddenly on November 3, 1957"), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6 (page 21 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. A Bureau memorandum in Part 3 and Time, "Milestones," November 1957, p. 110, as quoted in it, give the death as November 1957 and the cause as a heart attack. [^3]: Witkin to the Director, December 9, 1957; autopsy report of November 26, 1957 signed by L. L. Ashburn, M.D., Chief, Section on Pathologic Anatomy; FBI Laboratory report to Witkin, January 2, 1958 (FBI file 95-72739; Laboratory No. PC-51232 II), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6 (pages 21 to 24 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^4]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alien Enemy Control," NY file 100-8422, synopsis of facts, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. @@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ On December 9, 1957 Dr. Leon A. Witkin, chief medical officer of the penitentiar [^7]: FBI memorandum of May 6, 1941, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^8]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, NY file 100-8422, page 7 (visa under Section 4(D); the Bureau's account of the State Department's statement on the Norwegian party), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1 (page 42 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^9]: Edward A. Tamm, memorandum for Mr. Kramer, May 7, 1941; R. P. Kramer, memorandum for Mr. E. A. Tamm, May 8, 1941 (Bufile 100-14601), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1 (pages 16 and 17 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. -[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Biographical Material, History of the Discovery of the Life Energy, Documentary Supplement No. 2, "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), p. 10, forwarded by the New York office with a memorandum of September 26, 1955, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (page 64 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passage so cited. -[^11]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 7 to 8 (running head "The Einstein Affair"), as reproduced in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 5a, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Biographical Material, History of the Discovery of the Life Energy, Documentary Supplement No. 2, "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), p. 10, forwarded by the New York office with a memorandum of September 26, 1955, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (page 64 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. +[^11]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 7 to 8 (running head "The Einstein Affair"), as reproduced in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 5a, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^12]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, NY file 100-8422, interview pages 8 and 9 (names redacted), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^13]: M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, memorandum of February 14, 1957 (Part 2, pages 123 and 124 of the PDF), "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alban Towers Apartments," Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (reich2), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^14]: "Wilhelm Reich Lectures, New School for Social Research (1940), 2018," New School Archives, box Mixed k_24 (R), folder 3, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58166. @@ -167,26 +167,26 @@ On December 9, 1957 Dr. Leon A. Witkin, chief medical officer of the penitentiar [^20]: Reich to the Police Commissioner, June 2, 1942; Wendell Berge memorandum of June 10, 1942; Bureau letter of July 15, 1942; FBI New York letter of July 27, 1942 signed by P. E. Foxworth, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^21]: Attorney General memorandum of July 16, 1943 (Part 1, page 76 of the PDF); Hoover to the SAC, Newark, July 21, 1943; SAC Newark to the Director, August 10, 1943, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^22]: FBI correspondence of 1947 with the Food and Drug Administration, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. -[^23]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 7 to 9 (running head "The Einstein Affair"), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 5a, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^23]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 7 to 9 (running head "The Einstein Affair"), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 5a, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^24]: "The Red Thread of a Conspiracy" (Orgone Institute Press, 1955), pp. 9 to 10 and 28 to 29, sent to the Director with a New York memorandum of September 26, 1955, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (pages 63 to 66 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Brady's article, "The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich," The New Republic, May 26, 1947, is quoted there; the date also appears in Sharaf's statement to the Bureau (Part 2, page 11 of the PDF). [^25]: Ilse Ollendorff, secretary, for the Wilhelm Reich Foundation, to J. Edgar Hoover, August 5, 1952, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6 (page 20 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The Bureau's reply of August 19, 1952 referred the matter to the FDA Commissioner. -[^26]: Wilhelm Reich, The Oranur Experiment, First Report (1947-1951) (Orgonon, Rangeley, Maine: Wilhelm Reich Foundation, 1951), chapter "Orgone Energy Runs Amok (DOR): The Oranur Sickness," https://archive.org/details/the-oranur-experiment-first-report-1947-1951. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^26]: Wilhelm Reich, The Oranur Experiment, First Report (1947-1951) (Orgonon, Rangeley, Maine: Wilhelm Reich Foundation, 1951), chapter "Orgone Energy Runs Amok (DOR): The Oranur Sickness," https://archive.org/details/the-oranur-experiment-first-report-1947-1951. [^27]: FBI New York letter to the Director, NY 62-10139, pages 1 to 6 (Part 2, pages 10 to 13 of the PDF; Sharaf interview of October 11, 1949), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The student's name is given in the file as William Washington; the account is Sharaf's report to the Bureau. [^28]: Wilhelm Reich to the Justice Department, July 22, 1952, copy in the Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^29]: Reich to Judge John D. Clifford, February 25, 1954, and the Decree of Injunction of March 19, 1954 with FDA press release, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 4c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^30]: Reich v. United States, 239 F.2d 134 (1st Cir. 1956) (decided December 11, 1956), https://static.case.law/f2d/239/cases/0134-01.json. The opinion states that the individual defendants were sentenced to terms of imprisonment; the length of each sentence is from the Bureau memorandum cited in a later note. [^31]: M. A. Jones to Mr. Nichols, memoranda of March 25, 1954 (pages 1 to 3) on the visit of William Moise to the Crime Records Division, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. -[^32]: William Moise, "Information to be transmitted to the FBI," February 26, 1957 (two pages, signed; Part 3, pages 27 and 28 of the PDF), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^33]: Wilhelm Reich, CORE (Cosmic Orgone Engineering) vol. 6, nos. 1 to 4, July 1954, "OROP Desert, Part 1: Space Ships, DOR and Drought," https://archive.org/details/contact-from-space-by-wilhelm-reich. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^34]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), chapter "Contact with the U.S. Air Force," https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space (letters of 29 January, 10 March, 16 March and March 19, 1954 reproduced from the Archives of the Orgone Institute). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^32]: William Moise, "Information to be transmitted to the FBI," February 26, 1957 (two pages, signed; Part 3, pages 27 and 28 of the PDF), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. +[^33]: Wilhelm Reich, CORE (Cosmic Orgone Engineering) vol. 6, nos. 1 to 4, July 1954, "OROP Desert, Part 1: Space Ships, DOR and Drought," https://archive.org/details/contact-from-space-by-wilhelm-reich. +[^34]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), chapter "Contact with the U.S. Air Force," https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space (letters of 29 January, 10 March, 16 March and March 19, 1954 reproduced from the Archives of the Orgone Institute). [^35]: Letter of William Moise, October 9, 1954, reproduced in Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 4c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. -[^36]: Petition for a writ of certiorari of Wilhelm Reich and Michael Silvert, reproduced in Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Parts 5b and 5c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^37]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), pp. 78 to 88, "First Direct Contact with the Air Force Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) in Dayton, Ohio," and "Report to WR of conference at Air Force Technical Intelligence Center," https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. Sole source for the passages so cited; the report is Moise's, published by Reich. +[^36]: Petition for a writ of certiorari of Wilhelm Reich and Michael Silvert, reproduced in Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Parts 5b and 5c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. +[^37]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), pp. 78 to 88, "First Direct Contact with the Air Force Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) in Dayton, Ohio," and "Report to WR of conference at Air Force Technical Intelligence Center," https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. The report is Moise's, published by Reich. [^38]: L. B. Nichols to Mr. Tolson, office memorandum of October 7, 1955, "Wilhelm Reich" (Part 2, page 109 of the PDF), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^39]: M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, memorandum of February 14, 1957 (Part 2, page 124 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. -[^40]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space (1957), passage on the transmission of the 1945 pendulum-law manuscript to the CIA in April 1956 ("my unlawful arrest in Washington on May 1, 1956"), https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space; William Moise statement of February 26, 1957, item 13, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3 ("May 2nd, 1956"). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^40]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space (1957), passage on the transmission of the 1945 pendulum-law manuscript to the CIA in April 1956 ("my unlawful arrest in Washington on May 1, 1956"), https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space; William Moise statement of February 26, 1957, item 13, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3 ("May 2nd, 1956"). [^41]: Reich et al. v. United States, No. 688, 352 U.S. 1004 (February 25, 1957) ("C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied"; petitioners pro se), https://static.case.law/us/352/cases/1004-02.json. -[^42]: David Rosen, review of Christopher Turner, Adventures in the Orgasmatron (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), The Brooklyn Rail, February 2012, https://brooklynrail.org/2012/02/books/wr-the-wanderings-of-a-lost-soul. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^42]: David Rosen, review of Christopher Turner, Adventures in the Orgasmatron (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), The Brooklyn Rail, February 2012, https://brooklynrail.org/2012/02/books/wr-the-wanderings-of-a-lost-soul. [^43]: SAC, Washington Field Office, memorandum to the Director, "Wilhelm Reich aka Dr. Walter Roner," file 100-1849, on the interview of February 25, 1957 (Part 2, pages 129 and 130 of the PDF), Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^44]: SAC, Boston, airtel to the Director, March 12, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6 (page 18 of the PDF), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^45]: William S. Moise to Senator Margaret Chase Smith, March 21, 1957, as transmitted with the Bureau memoranda of 25 and March 27, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ben Wagner.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ben Wagner.md index 67c0dfef..5369683a 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ben Wagner.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Ben Wagner.md @@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ Shortly before his first scheduled court appearance on behalf of D.I.G., Wagner --- ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. No independent record of his disappearance has been found. He is not the Benjamin B. Wagner who was U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California from 2009 to 2016. Sole source for the passages so cited. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. No independent record of his disappearance has been found. He is not the Benjamin B. Wagner who was U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California from 2009 to 2016. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Bernard Weinstein.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Bernard Weinstein.md index 51b43d8b..1369e442 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Bernard Weinstein.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Bernard Weinstein.md @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that Weinstein came to Belgium from France in the earl ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its date for his death (November 1995) conflicts with the commission's listing of him as a fugitive on December 13, 1995, and its placing of An Marchal's and Eefje Lambrecks's bodies with his is contradicted by the reports of their recovery at Jumet; it describes the three victims of November 1995 as teenagers, where the commission's table has adults. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its date for his death (November 1995) conflicts with the commission's listing of him as a fugitive on December 13, 1995, and its placing of An Marchal's and Eefje Lambrecks's bodies with his is contradicted by the reports of their recovery at Jumet; it describes the three victims of November 1995 as teenagers, where the commission's table has adults. [^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, the list of files, and the chronologies of November and December 1995; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf [^3]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire...,* rapport complémentaire, Doc. 713/8-96/97, February 16, 1998, pp. 48-49 and the section on the POSA observations of late August 1995, which dates the observation report once to November 30, 1995, and otherwise to August 30, 1995, consistent with Michaux's identification of September 4; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/dutroux/49K0713008.pdf [^4]: "Sars-la-Buissière: la maison de M. Dutroux vendue à Lobbes." RTBF and Belga, December 12, 2008. https://www.rtbf.be/article/sars-la-buissiere-la-maison-de-m-dutroux-vendue-a-lobbes-5193373 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Cyrus Vance.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Cyrus Vance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5581b58d --- /dev/null +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Cyrus Vance.md @@ -0,0 +1,289 @@ +--- +aliases: + - Cyrus R. Vance + - Cyrus Roberts Vance + - Cy Vance +category: "Intelligence & Government" +tags: + - Person + - CyrusVance + - SecretaryOfState + - JimmyCarter + - IranHostageCrisis + - VELA + - CampDavid + - TrilateralCommission + - RockefellerFoundation + - FederalReserveBankOfNewYork + - Yugoslavia + - Cyprus + - Vietnam + - Detroit1967 +summary: "Cyrus Vance was a lawyer and Pentagon official who served as Secretary of State until he resigned in 1980 over the Iran rescue attempt, and later as United Nations envoy for Yugoslavia and Macedonia." +born: 1917-03-27 +died: 2002-01 +location: "New York, New York" +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Department of Defense]]" + role: "general counsel" + start: 1961 + end: 1962 + fn: 2 + - type: head_of + with: "[[United States Army]]" + role: "Secretary of the Army" + start: 1962-07-05 + end: 1964-01-21 + fn: 2 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Department of Defense]]" + role: "Deputy Secretary of Defense" + start: 1964 + end: 1967 + fn: 2 + - type: appointed + with: "[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]" + reverse: true + role: "envoy to Cyprus" + start: 1967-11-22 + fn: 9 + - type: appointed + with: "[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]" + reverse: true + role: "special representative to South Korea" + start: 1968-02 + fn: 11 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[1967 Detroit riot]]" + role: "Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, in charge of Federal operations" + start: 1967-07-24 + end: 1967-08-02 + fn: 5 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam]]" + role: "chief U.S. negotiator (Army biography); telegrams headed From Harriman and Vance" + start: 1968 + end: 1969 + fn: 12 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Simpson Thacher & Bartlett]]" + role: "associate from 1947, partner from 1956" + start: 1947 + end: 1961 + fn: 2 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Simpson Thacher & Bartlett]]" + role: "partner, 1969 to the 1977 nomination; resumed practice 1980; presiding partner by 1989" + start: 1969 + fn: 4 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Pan American World Airways]]" + role: "director" + start: 1969 + fn: 4 + - type: director_of + with: "[[IBM]]" + role: "member of the board" + fn: 4 + - type: director_of + with: "[[The New York Times Company]]" + role: "director" + fn: 4 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Association of the Bar of the City of New York]]" + role: "president" + start: 1974 + fn: 4 + - type: member_of + with: "[[Trilateral Commission]]" + role: "member, early 1970s" + fn: 1 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]" + role: "trustee; chairman of the board 1975 to 1977" + start: 1970 + end: 1977 + fn: 24 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]" + role: "trustee again until retirement on June 30, 1982" + start: 1980 + end: 1982-06-30 + fn: 24 + - type: appointed + with: "[[Jimmy Carter]]" + reverse: true + role: "Secretary of State" + start: 1977-01-20 + fn: 16 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Department of State]]" + role: "Secretary of State" + start: 1977-01-23 + end: 1980-04-28 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Camp David summit]]" + role: "head of the expert group" + start: 1978-09-05 + end: 1978-09-17 + fn: 19 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]]" + role: "Class C director; chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1989 to 1991" + start: 1989-01 + fn: 25 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]]" + role: "cochairman" + start: 1990 + fn: 2 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]" + role: "director, term expiring 1987 per the 1984-1985 annual report; member of the Executive Committee" + fn: 27 + - type: funded + with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]" + role: "individual donor of 10,000 dollars or more to the council campaign, 1984-1985" + start: 1984 + end: 1985 + fn: 27 + - type: appointed + with: "[[United Nations]]" + reverse: true + role: "Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia" + start: 1991-10-08 + end: 1993-05 + fn: 28 + - type: appointed + with: "[[United Nations]]" + reverse: true + role: "good offices on the differences between Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" + start: 1993-07 + end: 1999-12 + fn: 32 +--- + +Cyrus Roberts Vance (1917 to 2002) was an American lawyer who served as general counsel of the [[Department of Defense]], Secretary of the Army, and Deputy Secretary of Defense, and then as [[Secretary of State]] under [[Jimmy Carter]] from 1977 to 1980. He resigned in April 1980 over the rescue attempt in Iran during the [[Iran hostage crisis]]. Between 1991 and 1999 he served as a [[United Nations]] envoy on the Yugoslav wars and on the dispute between [[Greece]] and the [[Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]].[^1] + +### Early Career and the Preparedness Subcommittee + +Vance was born in [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]] on March 27, 1917. He attended the [[Kent School]] in Connecticut, graduated from [[Yale University]] in 1939 and received his law degree there in 1942.[^2] He served in the [[United States Navy]] from 1942 to 1946, as an instructor in naval ordnance and then on destroyers in the Atlantic and Pacific, and completed his service as a lieutenant.[^2] He was assistant to the president of the [[Mead Corporation]] from 1946 to 1947, then joined the [[New York City|New York]] firm of [[Simpson Thacher & Bartlett]] in 1947 and became a partner in 1956.[^2] From 1957 to 1960 he was special counsel to the [[Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee]] of the [[Senate Armed Services Committee]], and in 1958 he was consulting counsel to the [[Special Committee on Space and Astronautics]].[^2] Senator [[John Sparkman]] stated in 1977 that Vance had worked in the late 1950s as a staff member of the Armed Services Committee and on the Space and Astronautics committee.[^3] + +### Department of Defense and the Army, 1961 to 1967 + +Vance was general counsel of the Department of Defense from 1961 to 1962 and chairman of the Committee on Adjudication of Claims of the Administrative Conference of the United States in 1961 and 1962.[^4] On July 5, 1962 he became Secretary of the Army under [[John F. Kennedy]], a post he held until January 21, 1964. Under his direction the major reorganization of 1962 was implemented, the Army went on alert during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis|Cuban crisis]], the Reserve Components were realigned, and the Army provided troops "in support of civil authorities during the integration of universities in Mississippi and Alabama."[^2] + +From 1964 to 1967 he was Deputy Secretary of Defense under [[Robert S. McNamara]]. [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had made him deputy secretary.[^1] Vance was an early supporter of the [[Vietnam War]]. He later came to oppose it and urged Johnson to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam.[^1] Sparkman described him in 1977 as having served as the President's special representative during crises in [[Panama]], the [[Dominican Republic]], Cyprus and South Korea.[^3] + +### Detroit, 1967 + +At about 11:00 a.m. on Monday, July 24, 1967, Vance received a call at home from McNamara, who was at the [[White House]] with Johnson, asking whether he could go to [[Detroit]] during the [[1967 Detroit riot]]. He reached the Cabinet Room at about 11:50 a.m. and read the telegram from Governor [[George Romney]] of [[Michigan]] requesting Federal troops and the President's reply, which stated that Vance was being sent as Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense to confer with Romney and Mayor [[Jerome P. Cavanagh|Cavanagh]] and to plan such support and assistance as might be necessary.[^5] He named Deputy Attorney General [[Warren Christopher]], Assistant Attorney General [[John Doar]] and the Community Relations Service director [[Roger Wilkins]] among the party that flew to [[Selfridge Air National Guard Base|Selfridge Air Force Base]], where he arrived at 3:10 p.m. and conferred with General [[John L. Throckmorton|Throckmorton]], who had come from [[Fort Bragg]] to command the Army troops.[^5] + +At a meeting at Detroit Police Headquarters at about 4:25 p.m., Vance asked Romney whether he was stating that a condition of insurrection or domestic violence existed that state and local forces could not control; Romney replied that he was not prepared to so state. Vance and Throckmorton, with his staff, "concluded unanimously that there was an insufficient basis at that time to justify the deployment of Federal troops into the city."[^6] The report records a joint press conference at 8:15 p.m. at which Vance said he hoped the situation could be contained without Federal troops, and a private visit from Romney at about 8:30 p.m. in which the governor said he felt strongly that Federal troops should be deployed before nightfall.[^6] After 9:00 p.m. the incident rate rose; at 9:30 p.m. Vance and Throckmorton moved three battalions of paratroopers to the Fairgrounds, and at about 11:10 p.m. Vance recommended to the President, with the concurrence of all members of his team, that Federal troops be deployed. At 11:20 p.m. Johnson signed the proclamation and executive order authorizing the use of Federal troops and federalizing the Michigan Army and Air National Guard.[^7] + +Throckmorton took command of all forces. Regular Army units of Task Force 82 took over the part of the city east of Woodward Avenue, a relief completed at 4:10 a.m. on July 25, and the Michigan National Guard kept the west. The rules of engagement issued to troops under Federal control directed commanders to apply force in a stated order, beginning with unloaded rifles with bayonets fixed and sheathed.[^7] On Saturday, July 29, Vance returned to Washington to report to the President and to attend the first meeting of the President's National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, and announced the [[Small Business Administration]]'s declaration of Detroit as a disaster area, which authorized 3 percent, 30-year loans. A final press conference on August 2 announced that law and order had been restored and that responsibility would return to state authorities at noon; Vance left Detroit at 9:10 p.m. that day.[^8] Robert S. McNamara released the final report on September 12, 1967. Its cover gives Vance's title as Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense.[^5] + +### Cyprus, Korea and the Paris Talks + +On November 22, 1967 Johnson asked the former under secretary of defense to serve as his envoy in the [[Cyprus]] crisis.[^9] Between November 23 and December 4 Vance shuttled among [[Ankara]], [[Athens]] and [[Nicosia]]. A telegram from Nicosia dated December 3 describes a two-hour meeting with [[Archbishop Makarios]] and records that "Makarios was adamant, rejecting para 4 as revised during the night, and refusing any further efforts at compromise."[^10] + +In February 1968, during the crisis that followed the seizure of the [[USS Pueblo]] by [[North Korea]], Vance was sent to [[South Korea]]. He served as the President's special representative to Korea in 1968.[^2] In a memorandum to Johnson dated February 20, 1968 he stated that the objective of his mission was to persuade [[Park Chung-hee]] "that we intend to stand firmly with them in the current crisis," and wrote, "I believe that these objectives were essentially realized." The memorandum records that he arrived in [[Seoul]] on February 11 and found Park incensed over the North Korean raid of January 21 on the presidential mansion and the seizure of the Pueblo on January 23.[^11] + +The Army's official biography calls Vance chief U.S. negotiator at the [[Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam]] from 1968 to 1969.[^2] The delegation's telegrams, however, went out in joint names: a telegram from Paris of October 9, 1968 is headed "From Harriman and Vance," with [[W. Averell Harriman]] as the other name on it.[^12] In December 1968 [[Walt Rostow]] attached to a report for Johnson a note that begins "Cy Vance reports from Paris by secure phone."[^13] Vance received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969.[^2] + +### Private Practice, Boards and the Trilateral Commission + +After 1969 Vance returned to the practice of law in New York.[^1] The biographical sketch printed in the Senate record from the International Who's Who of 1976 to 1977 lists him as a partner of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett from 1956 to 1961 and again from 1969, a director of [[Pan American World Airways]] from 1969, a member of the board of [[IBM]], a director of [[The New York Times Company]], chairman of the board of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and president of the [[Association of the Bar of the City of New York]] from 1974.[^4] Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] told the Foreign Relations Committee in January 1977 that Vance had been president of the bar for the past two years.[^14] In October 1975 Vance headed a world affairs delegation that visited [[China]]; the Rockefeller Foundation's president later published a working paper, "China Diary," recounting the trip.[^15] + +In the early 1970s he became a member of the [[Trilateral Commission]], a private organization founded in 1973 to create closer cooperation among Americans, Europeans and Asians.[^1] In 1976 Carter, also a member, asked Vance to become Secretary of State.[^1] + +### Nomination Hearing, January 1977 + +The Senate table of Carter cabinet nominations records the announcement of Vance as nominee on December 3, 1976, the [[Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] hearing on January 11, 1977, and confirmation by voice vote on January 20, 1977.[^16] The committee chairman announced that the committee would hold Vance's financial statement in its confidential files.[^4] Senator [[Frank Church]] questioned him first. + +Among the witnesses was [[Edward Korry]], the former ambassador to [[Chile]]. Korry testified that he appealed to Vance on December 26, 1975, as one of seven Americans from whom he sought support, after the Senate select committee had issued reports on assassinations and on Chile that named him, and that Vance, then president of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, never acknowledged the letter. He testified that at the [[Century Association|Century Club]] in New York on Friday, February 13, 1976, Vance, "also a member of the Century and a director of the New York Times," approached his luncheon table and said, "The trouble with you, Ed, is that you do not know the difference between a political process and a legal process." Korry asked whether the author [[Ken Kesey]] had in mind "the system of old boy networks" of "a Mr. Geneen, Mr. McCone, Mr. Helms, the brothers Bundy, Mr. Rockefeller, and even a Mr. Vance," and added that he was "not accusing the nominee or Mr. Rockefeller or the Bundys of any prosecutable crime." Church told Korry that the charges were "completely baseless."[^17] + +### Secretary of State, 1977 to 1980 + +The Office of the Historian records that Carter appointed Vance on January 21, 1977, that he entered the office on January 23, and that his appointment terminated on April 28, 1980.[^1] He emphasized negotiation over military confrontation. Over the following two years Vance helped negotiate the [[Panama Canal Treaty]], an Israel-Egypt peace treaty, the restoration of full diplomatic relations with China and a settlement in [[Zimbabwe]].[^1] His resignation letter lists, among the administration's achievements, the Panama Canal Treaty, the Camp David Accords, the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, normalization with China, the [[SALT II]] negotiations and the Zimbabwe settlement.[^18] + +### Camp David + +At the [[Camp David summit]] in September 1978 the American delegation worked in two groups. The political group included Vance, Carter, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Jody Powell]], [[Hamilton Jordan]] and, occasionally, [[Walter Mondale]] and [[Harold Brown]]. The team of experts "met under Vance's direction" and was composed of [[Harold H. Saunders]], [[Alfred L. Atherton Jr.|Alfred L. Atherton]], [[Hermann F. Eilts]], [[Samuel W. Lewis]] and [[William B. Quandt]].[^19] Vance wrote in his memoir that "Not since Theodore Roosevelt mediated the treaty negotiated in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that ended the Russo-Japanese War had an American president even approached what Jimmy Carter was about to attempt," and that the two American groups "worked in the closest harmony."[^19] + +### Vela, 1979 + +A [[VELA Satellite|VELA]] satellite recorded a double flash on September 22, 1979. A September 25, 1979 memorandum for the record by [[Richard M. Moose]] records that Vance would raise the matter at a scheduled dinner of the Quadripartite Group of the United States, United Kingdom, France and West Germany.[^20] Ambassador [[Thomas Watson]] in [[Moscow]] sent a restricted "Nodis Cherokee" message on October 26, 1979, "meant for Secretary Vance and his close associates only," recommending discussions with the Soviet Union about the Vela incident.[^20] A later Department reply, which Vance instructed, stated that Washington had delayed because the "initial information was highly inconclusive" and that U.S. "allies were concerned that precipitate action might complicate other important issues."[^20] A November 19, 1979 briefing paper prepared for either Vance or President Carter summarized a New Zealand message expressing "considerable doubts" about the rainwater.[^20] + +On January 9, 1980 Vance's special assistant told the staff of [[Gerard C. Smith]] that the secretary agreed the conclusions of the panel report on the event should be made public, and Vance supported "some kind of UN sanctions if there is no progress with South Africa on the nuclear issue." On January 12, 1980 Vance sent the embassy in [[South Africa]] the panel's conclusions together with instructions to resume nuclear talks, stating that "we have decided to make another attempt to reach a nuclear settlement with South Africa."[^20] + +### Iran and the Resignation + +Iranian students and militants seized the American embassy in [[Tehran]] on November 4, 1979 and took 52 Americans hostage. By spring 1980 the negotiations for their release had failed, and Carter decided on a rescue mission. Vance was the only adviser to Carter who opposed that rescue mission.[^21] + +The National Security Council was convened on Friday, April 11, 1980 while Vance was on vacation in [[Florida]]. Warren Christopher, the deputy secretary of state, attended and objected to the use of force, and the members decided to attempt the rescue.[^21][^22] Vance wrote in his memoir, "When I returned to Washington late Monday afternoon, Christopher informed me of the meeting. Stunned and angry that such a momentous decision had been made in my absence, I went to see the president very early the next morning and spelled out my strong objections to the rescue mission."[^21] According to his later recollection he objected to Carter again before the National Security Council met on April 15, and the President's Daily Diary records a meeting between the two men from 12:10 to 12:47 p.m. that day.[^22] Vance wrote that on Thursday, April 17 he told Carter he would have to resign if the mission went forward.[^21] + +Vance dated his resignation letter, handwritten, April 21, 1980, and wrote that he delivered it to the President in the map room of the White House that afternoon. It begins, "I have the greatest respect and admiration for you and it is with a heavy heart that I submit my resignation," and continues, "I wish I could support you in it. But for the reasons we have discussed I cannot."[^18][^21] Carter accepted the resignation on April 28, writing: "Because you could not support my decision regarding the rescue operation in Iran, you have made the correct decision to resign."[^23] Carter wrote in his diary for April 27 that Harold Brown and Brzezinski "did not know about it ahead of time in any specific terms, although they both had suspected it was coming."[^21] The rescue mission was scheduled for April 24 and failed; the hostages were released on January 20, 1981 after 444 days in captivity.[^21] The Senate confirmed [[Edmund Muskie]] as his successor on May 7, 1980 by a vote of 94 to 2.[^16] The Office of the Historian states that Vance resigned because he believed a military operation would be in vain and would damage the negotiations for the hostages' release.[^1] + +### Return to Private Practice and Later Boards + +Vance resumed the practice of law with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in 1980.[^2] He had been a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1970 until he became Secretary of State, and chairman of its board of trustees from 1975 to 1977. The board listing for December 31, 1976 shows him as chairman and a member of the Executive Committee, with [[John D. Rockefeller III|John D. Rockefeller 3rd]] as honorary chairman and, among the trustees, [[W. Michael Blumenthal]], [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Vernon Jordan]], [[Paul Volcker]], [[Lane Kirkland]] and [[Bill Moyers]]. The president's report for 1976 states that Vance became the third trustee in the Foundation's history to be named Secretary of State, "the others being John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk."[^15] He rejoined the board in 1980 and retired effective June 30, 1982, having also served on its Executive and Finance Committees.[^24] + +Vance was a Class C director of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] from January 1989. A circular of December 28, 1989 states that the Board of Governors reappointed him effective January 1, 1990 and redesignated him chairman of the board and Federal Reserve agent for 1990, and describes him as presiding partner of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett.[^25] He served as chairman for 1989 through 1991, and the Board of Governors reappointed him a Class C director for the term beginning January 1, 1993.[^26] In 1990 he was cochairman of the [[Financial Services Volunteer Corps]], a project of the State Department and the [[Agency for International Development]].[^2] + +The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] annual report for July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 lists Vance among the directors with a term expiring in 1987, on the Executive Committee chaired by [[David Rockefeller]], on the Campaign Executive Committee, among the Vice Chairmen of the Board in the report's historical roll of officers, and among the individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more to the council's campaign. He chaired the advisory group of the council's European-American Project, presided over a September 13, 1984 conference held with the Dayan Center of [[Tel Aviv University]] and wrote the foreword to its transcript, and chaired a March 1985 conference on "Central America as a European-American Issue."[^27] + +### United Nations Envoy on Yugoslavia + +On October 8, 1991 Secretary-General [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] appointed Vance as his Personal Envoy for Yugoslavia.[^28] The Security Council's resolution 721 of November 27, 1991 refers to the Secretary-General's letter of November 24 on the mission of his Personal Envoy and to the agreement signed in Geneva on November 23, 1991.[^29] Vance and [[David Owen|Lord Owen]] served as co-chairmen of the Steering Committee of the [[International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia]]. In November 1992 they recommended a United Nations observer deployment in Macedonia.[^28] + +Talks were held in Geneva from January 2 to 5, 1993. The texts of the Vance-Owen agreements on constitutional principles and on a cessation of hostilities, signed by [[Alija Izetbegović]], [[Radovan Karadžić]] and [[Mate Boban]] and witnessed by Vance and Owen, bear the date Geneva, January 30, 1993; a further text on interim arrangements, witnessed by Vance and Owen, bears the date New York, March 25, 1993.[^30] Successive Bosnian blueprints, including the Vance-Owen plan, were "repudiated by one side or the other."[^28] In May 1993 [[Thorvald Stoltenberg]] replaced Vance as Personal Envoy.[^28] + +### Nagorno-Karabakh, 1992 + +On March 20, 1992 Vance spent about half a day in [[Stepanakert]] as an envoy of the UN Secretary-General, after stops in [[Baku]] and [[Yerevan]] on March 18 and 19. According to a 2017 account by Emil Sanamyan, a recording of the visit captures Vance saying, "It is time to try to find a way to peace," shortly before his delegation boarded the cars of Karabakh officials.[^31] + +### Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia + +In July 1993 Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] appointed Vance to carry out his good offices on the differences between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece. Vance held numerous talks in that post until he resigned in December 1999, for personal reasons.[^32] The Secretary-General's appeal to the two governments to resume negotiations refers to "his Special Representative, Mr. Cyrus Vance."[^28] + +Vance died in January 2002. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] issued a statement on Sunday, published by the United Nations on January 14, 2002, saying that Vance "undertook many important missions for the United Nations, notably in the former Yugoslavia," and called him "a great servant of his country, of the United Nations and of humanity."[^32] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Cyrus Roberts Vance (1917-2002)." https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/vance-cyrus-roberts +[^2]: U.S. Army Center of Military History, "Cyrus Roberts Vance," Secretaries of the Army biographical sketch. Copy at https://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/p/2005/CMH_2/www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/sw-sa/vance.htm +[^3]: Vance Nomination, hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 95th Cong., 1st sess., on the nomination of Hon. Cyrus R. Vance to be Secretary of State, January 11, 1977 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1977), opening statement of Chairman John Sparkman, p. 1. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf +[^4]: Vance Nomination (1977), "Biographical Sketch of Cyrus Vance," p. 4, and the exchange on "Mr. Vance's Financial Statement," p. 4. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf +[^5]: Cyrus R. Vance, "Final Report Concerning the Detroit Riots, July 23 through August 2, 1967" (Department of Defense, released by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara September 12, 1967, press release 856-67), cover and pp. 1-8. National Criminal Justice Reference Service copy. https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/82468NCJRS.pdf +[^6]: Vance, "Final Report Concerning the Detroit Riots," pp. 8-16 (arrival at Selfridge, meeting at Police Headquarters, press conference, conversation with Governor Romney). https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/82468NCJRS.pdf +[^7]: Vance, "Final Report Concerning the Detroit Riots," pp. 16-20 (deployment decision, proclamation and executive order, Task Force 82, rules of engagement). https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/82468NCJRS.pdf +[^8]: Vance, "Final Report Concerning the Detroit Riots," pp. 20-26 (July 25 to August 2, including the Saturday, July 29 return to Washington and the departure on August 2). https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/82468NCJRS.pdf +[^9]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVI, Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, document 307, editorial note. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v16/d307 +[^10]: Telegram 875, Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, Nicosia, December 3, 1967, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVI, document 340. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v16/d340 +[^11]: Memorandum, Cyrus R. Vance to President Johnson, Washington, February 20, 1968, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXIX, part 1, document 181. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v29p1/d181 +[^12]: Telegram 805 (Delto), Embassy in France to the Department of State, Paris, October 9, 1968, "From Harriman and Vance," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. VII, document 54. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/d54 +[^13]: Situation report by the Executive Secretary of the Department of State, December 4, 1968, with Walt Rostow's covering note, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. VII, document 245. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/d245 +[^14]: Vance Nomination (1977), statement of Senator Patrick Moynihan, p. 3. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf +[^15]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1976, "Trustees and Trustee Committees," December 31, 1976, and President's report. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1976-1.pdf +[^16]: U.S. Senate, "Jimmy Carter Cabinet Nominations" (table of announcement, hearing, receipt and confirmation dates and votes). https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/Carter_cabinet.htm +[^17]: Vance Nomination (1977), statement and prepared statement of Edward M. Korry, and the exchange with Senator Church, pp. 56-61. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-95shrg81894/pdf/CHRG-95shrg81894.pdf +[^18]: Letter, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance to President Carter, Washington, April 21, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 22. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d22 +[^19]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, document 26, editorial note on the U.S. delegation at Camp David, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 218-219. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf +[^20]: National Security Archive, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," posted December 6, 2016, documents 6, 19, 22, 27, 30 and 31. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979 +[^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 21, editorial note, quoting Cyrus R. Vance, Hard Choices, pp. 409-411, and Jimmy Carter, White House Diary, p. 423. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d21 +[^22]: Minutes of National Security Council meetings, April 11, 1980 (document 250) and April 15, 1980 (document 254), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XI, part 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d250 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v11p1/d254 +[^23]: Letter, President Carter to Secretary of State Vance, Washington, April 28, 1980, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XXVIII, document 23. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v28/d23 +[^24]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1982, report on the Board of Trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1982-1.pdf +[^25]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10327, December 28, 1989, "Election and Appointment of Directors of this Bank." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1989_10327.pdf +[^26]: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Circular No. 10614, January 12, 1993, "Appointment of Director." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/ny%20circulars/nycirc_1993_10614.pdf +[^27]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985): Officers and Directors; Executive Committee; Campaign Executive Committee and the partial list of individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more (Development Activities); European-American Project advisory group; meetings list; publications list. CIA reading room scan at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5 +[^28]: United Nations Department of Public Information, "Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR" (background), as of 1996. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm +[^29]: United Nations Security Council, resolution 721 (1991), November 27, 1991. https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/721(1991) +[^30]: "The Vance-Owen Plan," Agreement relating to Bosnia and Herzegovina; Agreement for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and agreement on interim arrangements (texts dated Geneva, January 30, 1993 and New York, March 25, 1993), PA-X Peace Agreements Database, University of Edinburgh, agreement 606. https://pax.peaceagreements.org/media/documents/ag606_57b49610b7498.pdf +[^31]: Emil Sanamyan, "From the Archives: Ex-Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in Karabakh," Dornsife Armenian Studies, University of Southern California, October 23, 2017. https://dornsife.usc.edu/armenian/?p=926 +[^32]: United Nations, "Annan pays tribute to memory of 'great servant' Cyrus Vance," UN News, January 14, 2002. https://news.un.org/en/node/24942 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Dorothy Payne Whitney.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Dorothy Payne Whitney.md index a849e76d..200ab281 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Dorothy Payne Whitney.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Dorothy Payne Whitney.md @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ She died in 1968.[^1] The FBI's 1969 summary of her son's background lists her a [^10]: Alvin Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 280. [^11]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 30, Johnson's letter of April 1922 to Dorothy Straight. [^12]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 35. -[^13]: Tara Mastrelli, "'In the Name of Freedom': a Review of Judith Friedlander's *A Light in Dark Times* (2018, Columbia University Press)," *International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society* 34 (2021), pp. 125-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-019-09344-5, notes citing the New School Archives and Special Collections and the Dartington Hall Trust Archives; the board tenure, the post-1929 foundation support and the Dartington Hall attribution come from these notes. The characterization of founders by Judith Friedlander, *A Light in Dark Times* (Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 307, which quotes in full a 1952 letter by Johnson, is reported through Mastrelli's review. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^13]: Tara Mastrelli, "'In the Name of Freedom': a Review of Judith Friedlander's *A Light in Dark Times* (2018, Columbia University Press)," *International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society* 34 (2021), pp. 125-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-019-09344-5, notes citing the New School Archives and Special Collections and the Dartington Hall Trust Archives; the board tenure, the post-1929 foundation support and the Dartington Hall attribution come from these notes. The characterization of founders by Judith Friedlander, *A Light in Dark Times* (Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 307, which quotes in full a 1952 letter by Johnson, is reported through Mastrelli's review. [^14]: New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records (MssCol 922), Series IV, box 171, folder 15, "Elmhirst Fund 1934-1935," https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922. [^15]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes of September 1969 on interviews with Milton C. Rose and Harriett K. Evison, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1. [^16]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Miscellaneous Information"), citing the Washington Times-Herald of December 6, 1952, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1." diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frank Wisner.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frank Wisner.md index 4b5d39d8..888a7732 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frank Wisner.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frank Wisner.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- created: 2026-05-15 -updated: 2026-05-16 +updated: 2026-10-09 title: Frank Wisner aliases: - Frank Gardiner Wisner @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags: - 1940s - 1950s category: "Intelligence & Government" -summary: "Frank Wisner was the CIA officer who founded and directed the Office of Policy Coordination - the agency's political warfare arm - from 1948 to 1958, organized the stay-behind networks across Europe (Operation Gladio), and suffered a mental breakdown after the Hungarian Revolution's failure, eventually committing suicide with a shotgun at his Maryland farm on October 29, 1965." +summary: "Frank Wisner founded and directed the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination from 1948 to 1958, organized the stay-behind networks across Europe, broke down after the Hungarian Revolution and shot himself in 1965." born: 1909-06-23 died: 1965-10-29 location: "Washington, D.C." @@ -32,19 +32,21 @@ The OPC was established in 1948 under National Security Council directive NSC 10 Under Wisner the OPC became the dominant organization within the CIA, eventually absorbing the clandestine collection functions and becoming the Directorate of Plans (the clandestine service) under Wisner as Deputy Director for Plans from 1952. The programs he organized included: -[[Operation Gladio|Stay-behind networks]]: The OPC organized "stay-behind" networks in West European countries - primarily Italy, France, West Germany, and smaller NATO members - which were designed to conduct resistance and sabotage operations if the Soviet Union occupied Western Europe. These networks, known in Italy as Gladio, were staffed with former resistance fighters, intelligence personnel, and in some cases former fascists retained for their paramilitary skills and anti-communist reliability. +Stay-behind networks: The OPC organized "stay-behind" networks in West European countries - primarily Italy, France, West Germany, and smaller NATO members - which were designed to conduct resistance and sabotage operations if the Soviet Union occupied Western Europe. These networks, known in Italy as Gladio, were staffed with former resistance fighters, intelligence personnel, and in some cases former fascists retained for their paramilitary skills and anti-communist reliability. Anti-Soviet operations in Eastern Europe: The OPC organized programs to support anti-Soviet resistance movements in Poland, Ukraine, Albania, and other countries, parachuting agents and supplies into Soviet-controlled territory. Most of these operations were penetrated by Soviet intelligence from early stages - partly through the [[Kim Philby]] connection - and resulted in the death or capture of the inserted agents. Political action: In Italy and France, the OPC organized substantial programs to support non-communist political parties, labor unions, and media, counteracting Soviet-funded communist party influence. These programs were more successful than the paramilitary operations.[^1] +In 1950 Wisner approved a 50,000-dollar project for a Berlin conference of non-Communist intellectuals, the event that became the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]. The project outline, which essentially reiterated a December proposal by [[Michael Josselson]], was approved on April 7, 1950 on the condition, in Wisner's words, "that Lasky would not be permitted to figure publicly in this operation": he wanted the project's initiator, the former Army historian [[Melvin J. Lasky|Melvin Lasky]], and [[James Burnham]] kept out of sight in Berlin.[^2] Josselson defended Lasky when the request reached him, cabling that "No other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^3] On August 4, 1950 a memorandum from Louis Glaser to Frank Lindsay recorded Lasky's activities in connection with the congress under the project name PDQUICK.[^4] On August 8, 1950 Wisner wrote to C. D. G. Breckinridge that he remained "very disturbed" at the non-observance of his April memorandum, called Lasky's conduct "a major blunder," and stated: "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization, then I am unwilling to have OPC continue its backing." A postscript recorded that General Magruder had shown a report on the congress to Secretary Johnson, who showed it to the President, "who expressed himself as being very well pleased."[^5] The CIA history states that Burnham was happy to step aside, that Wisner described Lasky's visibility as "a major blunder," recognized as such "by our best friends in the Department of State," and that "Lasky had to go, and OPC contrived to have him removed from the project and canceled his operational clearance." The steering committee made the congress a permanent body on November 27, 1950.[^6] + ### Hungary and Breakdown -The [[Hungarian Revolution]] of October-November 1956 was the defining catastrophe of Wisner's career. Radio Free Europe, which the OPC had established and which operated under CIA direction, had broadcast material encouraging Hungarian resistance with language that could reasonably have been interpreted as implying the United States would provide military support if Hungarians revolted. When Soviet tanks crushed the revolution in November 1956, the United States did not intervene. +The Hungarian Revolution of October-November 1956 was the defining catastrophe of Wisner's career. Radio Free Europe, which the OPC had established and which operated under CIA direction, had broadcast material encouraging Hungarian resistance with language that could reasonably have been interpreted as implying the United States would provide military support if Hungarians revolted. When Soviet tanks crushed the revolution in November 1956, the United States did not intervene. Wisner had traveled to Europe to observe the situation and was in Budapest as the uprising was crushed. The experience - watching Soviet armor destroy a popular uprising that American broadcasts had encouraged while the United States did nothing - produced a psychological breakdown from which he never fully recovered. He was diagnosed with manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) and hospitalized. He returned to the CIA but never regained his operational authority. -He was assigned as London station chief in 1959, a posting that reflected his diminished status within the agency hierarchy. He resigned in 1962.[^2] +He was assigned as London station chief in 1959, a posting that reflected his diminished status within the agency hierarchy. He resigned in 1962.[^7] ### Death @@ -55,4 +57,9 @@ Evan Thomas's 1995 account *The Very Best Men* placed Wisner alongside [[Richard ### Footnotes [^1]: Weiner, Tim. *Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA.* Doubleday, 2007. Mitrovich, Gregory. *Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956.* Cornell University Press, 2000. -[^2]: Thomas, Evan. *The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA.* Simon & Schuster, 1995. Pisani, Sallie. *The CIA and the Marshall Plan.* University Press of Kansas, 1991. \ No newline at end of file +[^2]: CIA history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom's origins, National Archives, ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12; and Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5 (project outline reiterating Josselson's December proposal; approval of April 7, 1950). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf and https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950 +[^3]: ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12 (Josselson's cable). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf +[^4]: Louis Glaser to Frank Lindsay, "Activities of Mr. Melvin Lasky in connection with Congress for Cultural Freedom (Project PDQUICK)," August 4, 1950, Political and Psychological Staff Job 78-016R, box 1, folder 4, as cited in ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3. +[^5]: Memorandum for Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," signed F.G.W., August 8, 1950, with postscript, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530 +[^6]: ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12 (Burnham stepping aside, the August memorandum, "Lasky had to go," the November 27, 1950 establishment of the congress). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf +[^7]: Thomas, Evan. *The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA.* Simon & Schuster, 1995. Pisani, Sallie. *The CIA and the Marshall Plan.* University Press of Kansas, 1991. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Gerald S. Walker.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Gerald S. Walker.md index 3d62acb6..e3bcf51b 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Gerald S. Walker.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Gerald S. Walker.md @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ A Gerald S. Walker is named, with [[Carter Cornick]] and [[Eugene Propper]], on ### Footnotes -[^1]: "Salvador officer implicated in deaths," Associated Press, in Sun Herald (Biloxi, Mississippi), June 27, 1985, p. 28, https://www.newspapers.com/image/743543906/. Sole source for the passages so cited (the account attributes them to an unnamed U.S. Embassy official). +[^1]: "Salvador officer implicated in deaths," Associated Press, in Sun Herald (Biloxi, Mississippi), June 27, 1985, p. 28, https://www.newspapers.com/image/743543906/. The account attributes the passages to an unnamed U.S. Embassy official. [^2]: U.S. Department of State, *Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts*, Panama (E) entries, editions of 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986, https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1983wash_1, https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1984wash_1, https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffor1985wash and https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1986wash_1. [^3]: Report on the Avila depositions, The Mercury (Manhattan, Kansas), June 28, 1985, p. 8, https://www.newspapers.com/image/424690396/. [^4]: Miami Herald, June 27, 1985, p. 21, https://www.newspapers.com/image/631400709/. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Goodwin Watson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Goodwin Watson.md index bf7e92ac..7da30bf4 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Goodwin Watson.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Goodwin Watson.md @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 19 [^15]: CIA Reading Room, Records of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (National Archives records description, compiled by Walter W. Weinstein): "Goodwin Watson was Director of the Division from November 15, 1941, until November 15, 1943, when he was succeeded by Theodore Newcomb." The same description states that the division was set up as a section in the fall of 1941. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp08t00376r000100250001-1 [^16]: CIA Reading Room 0000624360, Listening to the World for 50 Years: "On 17 November, Dr. Goodwin Watson, a social psychologist from Columbia University, became the first chief of the analysis section." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000624360 [^17]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 122 (Newcomb, "who was second only to Watson in the Analysis Division," in a note of February 15, 1943). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 -[^18]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman" (Duke University dissertation on Hans Speier), p. 138 (Watson left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal and Speier became Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people; note 70) and p. 143 ("Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst," note 90, citing Theodore Newcomb to Colonel S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943, RG 262, Entry 73, Box 35, and Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). Sole source for Speier's title. +[^18]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman" (Duke University dissertation on Hans Speier), p. 138 (Watson left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal and Speier became Acting Chief Analyst, overseeing thirty people; note 70) and p. 143 ("Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst," note 90, citing Theodore Newcomb to Colonel S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943, RG 262, Entry 73, Box 35, and Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). [^19]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942; "Watson remained in London only a short time, but a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 [^20]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 58 (Watson's memorandum to Graves of April 27, 1942; his London memorandum on the BBC monitoring system and his list of posts; Graves's memorandum to Leigh of November 17, 1942, calling the recommendation "not feasible"; the Bureau of the Budget's disallowance of funds for expansion of the Analysis Division). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 [^21]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, pp. 39 and 45 (Watson to the Portland office, March 23, 1942; Watson to Free, April 4, 1942). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 @@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 19 [^37]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 4-6 (Watson's statement: Dean William F. Russell's letter, the 57 signers, the 188 students, the psychologists who wrote, the educators, and the Eastern Sociological Society resolution of April 25, 1942). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett [^38]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 8-9 (Watson's list of 36 organizations in which he paid dues, attended conventions, held office or gave time; his statement that he was never a member of an organization known to him to be communist in origin or control). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett [^39]: Hearings before the Special Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., acting under H. Res. 105, on the fitness for continuance in federal employment of Goodwin B. Watson and William E. Dodd, Jr., employees of the Federal Communications Commission, and Robert Morss Lovett, an employee of the Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943), Appendix D, H. Rept. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. (May 14, 1943), pp. 327-334, with the subcommittee report of April 21, 1943 (the "inquest of office"; the definition of subversive activity; the twelve organizations; the findings on Watson, Schuman and Dodd; the proposed text of Section 304). https://archive.org/details/1943-watson-dodd-lovett -[^40]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe's reading of Watson's testimony and of the 1934 article "The Great Choice, Reformation or Transformation"). Sole source for the words attributed on the floor to Watson in the passage so cited. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89 +[^40]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943, Rep. Keefe's reading of Watson's testimony and of the 1934 article "The Great Choice, Reformation or Transformation"). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89 [^41]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 4583 (House, May 18, 1943, Rep. Kerr on Section 304; page as cited in United States v. Lovett). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89 [^42]: Roop, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, History, Part I, 1941-1947, p. 193 and note (the two men's work after the cutoff and their resignations; Schuman's earlier resignation and return to Williams College; the note prints the effective date as 21 November 1943, against the November 15, 1943 date in the statute as quoted in United States v. Lovett; the Senate approving the rider "4 8 to 32" after four votes against, as the text prints it, against the Senate vote of 69 to 0 on an earlier conference report recorded in Lovett). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 [^43]: Youth After Conflict (New York: Association Press, 1947), https://archive.org/details/youthafterconfli0000good; Action for Unity (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1947), https://archive.org/details/actionforunity0000good @@ -246,5 +246,5 @@ An obituary of Watson by Newcomb appeared in the American Psychologist in May 19 [^46]: Teachers College, Columbia University, annual report 2010, "Bringing It All Back Home" (the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, "founded in 1965 under the editorship of TC psychology professor Goodwin Watson"). https://www.tc.edu/newsroom/publications/annual-report/2010/articles/bringing-it-all-back-home/ [^47]: Samuel Baskin, Sister Patricia Jean Manion, Goodwin Watson and James P. Dixon, Innovation in Higher Education: Developments, Research, and Priorities, New Dimensions in Higher Education no. 19, ed. Everett H. Hopkins (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, April 1967; Duke University, contract OEC-2-6-061722-1742), "About the Authors" (p. iii) and Watson's section III, "Innovation: Processes, Practice, and Research" (pp. 66-82). ERIC ED013380. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED013380.pdf [^48]: Union Institute & University, "History" (captured by the Internet Archive in 2023 and 2024): "1964 Founded as the Union for Research and Experimentation in Higher Education (UREHE) by 10 college presidents. Royce (Tim) Pitkin named first chairman. 1965 The UREHE consortium was first headquartered in Yellow Springs, OH., Antioch faculty member Dr. Samuel Baskin became the consortium's first president in 1965. 1969 The name "The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities" is adopted." https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://myunion.edu/who-is-union-institute-university/ -[^49]: Pearson Clinical, author page for Goodwin Watson (publisher's biography). Sole source for the passage so cited. https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/products/authors/watson-goodwin.html +[^49]: Pearson Clinical, author page for Goodwin Watson (publisher's biography). https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/products/authors/watson-goodwin.html [^50]: Theodore M. Newcomb, "Goodwin Watson (1899-1976)," American Psychologist 34, no. 5 (May 1979): 433-434 (bibliographic record). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078567 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/James D. Theberge.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/James D. Theberge.md index b1c7eb90..707f631f 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/James D. Theberge.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/James D. Theberge.md @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ The New York Times obituary of January 24, 1988 states that he "died of a heart [^1]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "James Daniel Theberge (1930-1988)," Department History, People, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/theberge-james-daniel. Appointment, credential and termination dates for Nicaragua and Chile. [^2]: "Nomination of James Daniel Theberge To Be United States Ambassador to Chile," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 6, 1981, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/11681a. Born December 28, 1930 in Oceanside, N.Y.; Marine Corps, Buenos Aires, Inter-American Development Bank, CSIS, Ambassador to Nicaragua 1975-77, Institute for Conflict and Policy Studies 1977-79, Planning Research Corp. 1979-81, special adviser at the Department of Defense since 1981. -[^3]: "Nomination of James D. Theberge To Be Ambassador to Nicaragua," White House press release, May 30, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0248/whpr19750530-004.pdf. Gives birth in New York, New York, and the Oxford and Harvard degrees and Heidelberg study. Sole source for the Oxford instructorship and Heidelberg years, which the 1981 announcement does not repeat. +[^3]: "Nomination of James D. Theberge To Be Ambassador to Nicaragua," White House press release, May 30, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0248/whpr19750530-004.pdf. Gives birth in New York, New York, and the Oxford and Harvard degrees and Heidelberg study. [^4]: Georgetown University Library, "James Theberge Papers," Archival Resources, finding aid for collection 10585, https://findingaids.library.georgetown.edu/repositories/15/resources/10585. Born "in Oceanside, Long Island, New York circa 1931"; died "of a heart attack on a visit to Jamaica in January, 1988. He was 57 years old." [^5]: "James D. Theberge; Former Ambassador, 56," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1988, section 1, page 34, https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/obituaries/james-d-theberge-former-ambassador-56.html. [^6]: Hoover Institution Library and Archives, "James Daniel Theberge papers, 1963-1988," Online Archive of California, collection 88016, biographical chronology, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2k400284. Chronology cites Contemporary Authors Online (Gale, 2000) and records the death at Montego Bay, Jamaica, on January 20, 1988. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John L. Wilhelm.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John L. Wilhelm.md index 1ac8e1d2..52d1b783 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John L. Wilhelm.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/John L. Wilhelm.md @@ -75,6 +75,6 @@ After Time, Wilhelm was managing editor of the American Association for the Adva [^6]: Hanlon, Joseph. "Spoon-bending science," *New Scientist,* 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080018-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^7]: Hyman, Ray. "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," review of Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, *Mind-Reach* (Delacorte, 1977), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^8]: Wilhelm, John L. "Psychic Spying? The Central Intelligence Agency, the Pentagon and the Russians Probe the Military Potential of Parapsychology," *Washington Post,* August 7, 1977 (title and date as given in Jacobsen and in the CIA memorandum cited at note 10). -[^9]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited (Koslov's statements). +[^9]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^10]: OTS/BAB Memo 287-77, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," November 17, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020020-8 and sanitized copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^11]: "John Wilhelm, Longtime AFIO Member and Journalist," Association of Former Intelligence Officers, October 17, 2025. https://www.afio.com/obituaries/2025/10/17/john-wilhelm-longtime-afio-member-and-journalist/ diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonard N. Weigner.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonard N. Weigner.md index b39096a6..864e72ea 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonard N. Weigner.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonard N. Weigner.md @@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ Colonel Leonard N. Weigner was a U.S. military officer whose CIA career is confi The unsigned "Investigative Leads" memo, whose author, date, and provenance are unknown, claims that Weigner was the senior officer who directed [[Marion Pettie]] to embed within Washington counterculture circles as an intelligence asset beginning in the late 1950s or early 1960s. The memo describes this as part of an arrangement also involving newspaper publisher [[Charles Marsh]] and [[Ira Eaker|General Ira Eaker]], in which Pettie's alleged counterintelligence training was arranged and his subsequent activities in Washington's bohemian milieu were directed by Weigner.[^1] -No corroborating primary source for this specific claim exists. The anonymous memo is the sole source for Weigner's alleged relationship with Pettie. The Finders investigation documents in the 2019 FBI Vault release (FOIA case number 1372462-0) do not mention Weigner.[^1] - ### Footnotes [^1]: Minnick, Wendell L. "The Finders: The CIA and the Cult of Marion David Pettie." *Unclassified*, No. 35, Winter 1995. Unsigned "Investigative Leads" memo, no author or date, mid-1990s circulation. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonid Vasiliev.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonid Vasiliev.md index ac878eec..45a1aaec 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonid Vasiliev.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Leonid Vasiliev.md @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ A [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] briefing on "Soviet Activities in Psychoen [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. [^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^3]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-7. -[^4]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited. Quoting Vinokurov and Gurtovoy, Психотронная война, pp. 147-149. +[^4]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Quoting Vinokurov and Gurtovoy, Психотронная война, pp. 147-149. [^5]: Anfilov, Gleb. "Is Telepathy Possible?" *The Soviet Review*, vol. 2, no. 6 (June 1961), pp. 3-7, translated from Znanie-Sila, 1960, no. 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-social-science-review_1961-06_2_6 [^6]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. [^7]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 26-27. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Peter Zokosky.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Peter Zokosky.md index 48f58bfd..c47d40f2 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Peter Zokosky.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Peter Zokosky.md @@ -51,6 +51,6 @@ He was an investor in the Cabazon Indian Reservation and a skeet range, though h --- ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. The special counsel's report records the Picatinny meeting date as disputed and found no support for the presence of Contra leaders or Earl Brian at Lake Cahuilla. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. The special counsel's report records the Picatinny meeting date as disputed and found no support for the presence of Contra leaders or Earl Brian at Lake Cahuilla. [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* March 1993, pp. 56-64. [^3]: Seymour, Cheri. "VORTEX," diary dated February 24, 1992, p. 11. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Philip Arthur Thompson.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Philip Arthur Thompson.md index 2aab3b4f..1fa66047 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Philip Arthur Thompson.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Philip Arthur Thompson.md @@ -159,24 +159,24 @@ The Third District affirmed the conviction in an unpublished opinion filed Decem [^1]: People v. Thompson, No. A025390 (Cal. Ct. App., 1st Dist., Div. 4, Jan. 13, 1986). https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/ca-court-of-appeal/1843801.html [^2]: Findings and Recommendations, Thompson v. Dickinson, No. 2:11-cv-1318 GEB AC (E.D. Cal., dated May 28, 2014, filed May 29, 2014), Doc. 35. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-caed-2_11-cv-01318/pdf/USCOURTS-caed-2_11-cv-01318-3.pdf -[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^4]: Eric Laughlin, "Thompson guilty of murder," Mountain Democrat (Placerville), April 9, 2008 (Wayback copy of newsmakingnews.com reprint). https://web.archive.org/web/20110414121657/http://www.newsmakingnews.com/laughlin,eric,phillip,arthur,thompson,verdict,4,8,08.htm [^5]: Larry Maatz, "The mystery of the disappearing actress deepens," San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle, January 11, 1981, p. B2 (transcription). http://www.maebrussell.com/SF-Wash.%20State%20crime/Mystery%20of%20Disappearing%20Actress.html [^6]: Bob Calhoun, "Yesterday's Crimes: What Happened to Valerie McDonald?", SF Weekly, May 5, 2016. https://www.sfweekly.com/news/yesterdays-crimes-what-happened-to-valerie-mcdonald/ [^7]: Seattle Post-Intelligencer special report on the national missing, February 26, 2003 (Wayback copy). https://web.archive.org/web/20091127110111/http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/109939_nationalmissing26.shtml [^8]: Bob Calhoun, "Yesterday's Crimes: CIA Plots, Canadian Shootouts and the Disappearance of Valerie McDonald", SF Weekly, May 13, 2016. https://www.sfweekly.com/news/yesterdays-crimes-cia-plots-canadian-shootouts-and-the-disappearance-of-valerie-mcdonald/ [^9]: People v. Thompson (1983) 145 Cal.App.3d 918, 193 Cal.Rptr. 782, Crim. No. 42215 (Cal. Ct. App., 2d Dist., Div. 1, Aug. 11, 1983). https://static.case.law/cal-app-3d/145/cases/0918-01.json -[^10]: Kenn Thomas and Jim Keith, *The Octopus: Secret Government and the Death of Danny Casolaro* (Feral House), appendix reproducing Casolaro's file index, file codes PR\CW\CR-03 to CR-06. https://archive.org/details/the-octopus Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^11]: Danny Casolaro papers, Folder 7 (Acc. 5516): transcript headed "TAPE TRANSCRIPTION FROM 3-28-84" (Riconosciuto interviewed by Ted Gunderson) and Casolaro's notes of a telephone conversation with Riconosciuto. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^12]: Unsigned letter to "Dear Pat" (Patrick Moriarty), c. April 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, Wackenhut correspondence file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^10]: Kenn Thomas and Jim Keith, *The Octopus: Secret Government and the Death of Danny Casolaro* (Feral House), appendix reproducing Casolaro's file index, file codes PR\CW\CR-03 to CR-06. https://archive.org/details/the-octopus +[^11]: Danny Casolaro papers, Folder 7 (Acc. 5516): transcript headed "TAPE TRANSCRIPTION FROM 3-28-84" (Riconosciuto interviewed by Ted Gunderson) and Casolaro's notes of a telephone conversation with Riconosciuto. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^12]: Unsigned letter to "Dear Pat" (Patrick Moriarty), c. April 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, Wackenhut correspondence file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks [^13]: Whitney Alyse Webb, *One Nation Under Blackmail*, endnote quoting Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle* (TrineDay, 2010), p. 301. https://archive.org/details/one-nation-under-blackmail-all -[^14]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, ch. 25, "Rachel's Resolution," pp. 404-405. https://archive.org/details/RachelsResolution Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^14]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, ch. 25, "Rachel's Resolution," pp. 404-405. https://archive.org/details/RachelsResolution [^15]: Thomas and Keith, *The Octopus*, text near pp. 28-36, citing Jonathan Littman and Taylor, "Bizarre Murders Puzzle Cops," San Francisco Chronicle, December 30, 1991. https://archive.org/details/the-octopus -[^16]: Ted L. Gunderson to Hon. Victor Dahman, October 6, 1983, Danny Casolaro papers, Misc. Docs file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^17]: "Statement of Michael J. Riconosciuto," February 16, 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, Misc. Docs file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^16]: Ted L. Gunderson to Hon. Victor Dahman, October 6, 1983, Danny Casolaro papers, Misc. Docs file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^17]: "Statement of Michael J. Riconosciuto," February 16, 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, Misc. Docs file. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks [^18]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, ch. 17, "The Inslaw Affair," p. 344. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair [^19]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," Desert Sun (Palm Springs), March 21, 1985, p. 1 (reprint). https://www.maebrussell.com/Inslaw/Desert%20Sun%203-21-85.html -[^20]: "Transcript of Meeting," Alan D. Boyack, Ted Gunderson and Michael James Riconosciuto, May 5, 1991, Tacoma, Washington, pp. 19-21. https://archive.org/details/CasolaroTranscriptBoyackGundersonRiconsosciuto Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^20]: "Transcript of Meeting," Alan D. Boyack, Ted Gunderson and Michael James Riconosciuto, May 5, 1991, Tacoma, Washington, pp. 19-21. https://archive.org/details/CasolaroTranscriptBoyackGundersonRiconsosciuto [^21]: Cheri Seymour, "VORTEX" summary dated February 24, 1992, attached to her affidavit notarized in Mariposa County, October 1992. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument [^22]: United States Department of Justice, report of investigation into the death of Daniel J. Casolaro. https://archive.org/details/DOJReportOnDanielJCasolaro [^23]: Bob Calhoun, "Yesterday's Crimes: A Box of Bones and the Disappearance of Valerie McDonald", SF Weekly, May 19, 2016. https://www.sfweekly.com/archives/yesterdays-crimes-a-box-of-bones-and-the-disappearance-of-valerie-mcdonald/article_54507c94-4364-51d0-968e-f93582d23a9c.html diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Raymond Woodall.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Raymond Woodall.md index 18166d82..948e47aa 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Raymond Woodall.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Raymond Woodall.md @@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that Woodall ran an escort service that began with adu ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record. [^2]: Wright, Marilyn. *Traverse City Record-Eagle,* 1976-1977, and *Chicago Tribune,* May 1977, both reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 439-443; the Tribune piece also in U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, 1977. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041 diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Russell Targ.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Russell Targ.md index 9d17215e..72ee0d02 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Russell Targ.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Russell Targ.md @@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ Targ requested his CIA files in May 1994, "moved from number 540 in line to numb [^4]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf [^5]: Harold E. Puthoff, Russell Targ and Edwin C. May, "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment," Stanford Research Institute, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7.pdf [^6]: Proceedings, International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society, Washington, D.C., September 19 to 21, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4.pdf -[^7]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6, citing William J. Broad, "Pentagon is said to Focus on ESP for Wartime Use," *The New York Times,* January 10, 1984, section C. Sole source for the account of the 1976 test as carried here. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf +[^7]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6, citing William J. Broad, "Pentagon is said to Focus on ESP for Wartime Use," *The New York Times,* January 10, 1984, section C. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf [^8]: Targ, Russell. "Remote Viewing at Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s: A Memoir," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 77-88, reprinted from Targ and Katra, *Mind-to-Mind* (1996); read in a Wayback Machine copy of the journal's PDF. diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Sue Todd.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Sue Todd.md index d68d20f0..c7ecd946 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Sue Todd.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Sue Todd.md @@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ Sue Todd was a police detective in Hercules, [[California]]. According to [[Cher ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source; no record of Todd or of the Hercules homicide case was found in the congressional or Justice Department reports or in the *Toronto Star*'s coverage of 2000. +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics.md index d5db1b5c..acc4e8de 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics.md @@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ At a joint session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Science [^1]: "In memory of V. A. Kotel'nikov," *Automation and Remote Control* 66, no. 4 (2005), pp. 674-675. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10513-005-0111-4.pdf [^2]: "Yuri Vasilyevich Gulyaev (on his 60th birthday)," *Akusticheskiy Zhurnal* 42, no. 2 (1996), pp. 293-294. https://www.akzh.ru/pdf/1996_2_293-294.pdf [^3]: "Kobzarev Yuri Borisovich," Heroes of the Country (Geroi Strany), biography by Sergei Kargapoltsev. http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=14432 -[^4]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory. +[^4]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory. [^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Technical Intelligence Report DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4, "The Soviet Psychoenergetics Research Program (U)," March 22, 1982, sections I.B, II.A, III.A-B and Appendix II, declassified in part 2011, NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020003-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-nsa-rdp96x00790r000100020003-3 [^6]: Henry E. Shinol, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, DIA note of July 14, 1987 and slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320004-5 [^7]: "Professor Eduard Godik ob ekstrasensakh s tochki zreniya fiziki," FIAN-Inform, report on the presentation of Godik's book *Zagadka ekstrasensov: chto uvideli fiziki* at the Lebedev Physical Institute. http://www.fian-inform.ru/sobytiya-i-meropriyatiya/item/334-professor-eduard-godik-ob-ekstrasensakh-s-tochki-zreniya-fiziki [^8]: Lev Kolodny, "Biofield Researchers' Equipment, Support from Country's Leaders Noted," *Moskovskaya Pravda*, October 10, 1990, no. 232, p. 3, as abstracted in the Daily SNAP (item SNAP 901023), CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9 [^9]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/ [^10]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html -[^11]: Taratorin (note 4). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^11]: Taratorin (note 4). [^12]: A. I. Kozlova, interview with Yu. V. Gulyaev and E. E. Godik, "Fizicheskie polya biologicheskikh obektov," *Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR*, no. 8 (1983), as listed in the bibliography of Serge Kernbach, "Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview," arXiv:1312.1148 (2013). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.1148 [^13]: Kotelnikov obituary (note 1), listing him as chief editor of *Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR*; Kolodny (note 10) on the *Doklady* paper. [^14]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014. https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md index e5fa81e7..5e4b076d 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md @@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ The Army's INSCOM project list for the program records, among three projects use [^3]: *Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR*, ST-CS-01-169-72, Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army, July 1972, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300020001-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300020001-6, Section II and the literature survey. [^4]: *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research*, DST-1810S-387-75, Defense Intelligence Agency, September 1975 (authors Louis F. Maire III and Major J. D. LaMothe, U.S. Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency), CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2, section on the Naumov trial. The study attributes the characterization of Naumov's offense to Lev Regelson. [^5]: Committee for State Security at the USSR Council of Ministers, "Report on the Work of the Committee for State Security in 1975," No. 709-A/06, March 30, 1976, signed Andropov, U.S. Library of Congress, Dmitrii A. Volkogonov Papers, translated by Svetlana Savranskaya, National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB191/KGB%201976-03-30%20Annual%20Report.pdf. -[^6]: Flora Lewis, "Emigre Tells of Research in Soviet in Parapsychology for Military Use," *The New York Times*, June 19, 1977, pp. 1 and 20, as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080032-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080032-9. Stern is the sole source for the Moscow laboratory under the KGB. +[^6]: Flora Lewis, "Emigre Tells of Research in Soviet in Parapsychology for Military Use," *The New York Times*, June 19, 1977, pp. 1 and 20, as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080032-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080032-9. [^7]: *Project Grill Flame*, Defense Intelligence Agency, January 1983 (SRI/GF-0225, authors including Harold E. Puthoff and Edwin May), sections on the USSR, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800060001-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001800060001-7. [^8]: "Army's Role in a Sensitive, Close-Hold DoD Project," Army briefing script on psychoenergetics (undated), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020023-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200020023-5. [^9]: Information paper, "GRILL FLAME," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140004-2. [^10]: Memorandum for the Deputy Director for Intelligence, "Resources for Assessment of Foreign Developments in Parapsychology," OSWR-054-95, September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100180001-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000100180001-8. [^11]: Analysis of a remote viewing experiment of URDF-3, July 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700050003-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000700050003-9 (the viewer's name is redacted in the released copy; a copy dated December 4, 1975 is CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040002-1). [^12]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700270002-4. -[^13]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997). Schnabel is the sole source for the South Africa case, the Geller account and the Kogan funding. +[^13]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997). diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Mossad.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Mossad.md index 9bf660f6..f7737ca3 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Mossad.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/Mossad.md @@ -134,17 +134,17 @@ The Kahan Commission, reporting on the Sabra and Shatila massacres, wrote that I ### Iran, 1980 and 1981 -[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that in the fall of 1980 Begin ordered the military intelligence chief [[Yehoshua Sagi]] and the Mossad's "acting director" Nachum Admoni to create an Iran-Israel Joint Committee of military intelligence and Mossad to supply arms to Iran; that [[David Kimche]], whom he called head of Tevel, was its senior member; and that after [[Yitzhak Shamir]] became prime minister members including Kimche were forced out and Eitan ran the committee.[^16][^17] Ben-Menashe is the sole source for these passages. The Mossad's own list gives Hofi as head from 1974 to 1982 and Admoni from 1982, and the Kahan Commission describes Admoni as deputy head until September 12, 1982.[^1][^14] The House October Surprise Task Force wrote that Eitan and Saguy had told the Israeli government they never met Ben-Menashe and that his Israeli military file showed work as a translator; Ben-Menashe was acquitted in New York in November 1990.[^18] See [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]]. +[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that in the fall of 1980 Begin ordered the military intelligence chief [[Yehoshua Sagi]] and the Mossad's "acting director" Nachum Admoni to create an Iran-Israel Joint Committee of military intelligence and Mossad to supply arms to Iran; that [[David Kimche]], whom he called head of Tevel, was its senior member; and that after [[Yitzhak Shamir]] became prime minister members including Kimche were forced out and Eitan ran the committee.[^16][^17] The Mossad's own list gives Hofi as head from 1974 to 1982 and Admoni from 1982, and the Kahan Commission describes Admoni as deputy head until September 12, 1982.[^1][^14] The House October Surprise Task Force wrote that Eitan and Saguy had told the Israeli government they never met Ben-Menashe and that his Israeli military file showed work as a translator; Ben-Menashe was acquitted in New York in November 1990.[^18] See [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]]. ### PROMIS, according to Ben-Menashe -Ben-Menashe wrote that Eitan, as counterterrorism adviser to Begin and then to Shamir, took an interest in the software program [[PROMIS]]; that in 1982 [[Earl Brian]] approached Eitan about selling it to foreign intelligence agencies; that Eitan decided to have a "trap door" installed to give Israeli agents access to the computers of any service that bought it; that Ben-Menashe recruited his childhood friend [[Yehuda Ben-Hanan]], of Software and Engineering Consultants in California, to build the external access; that Eitan selected Jordan to test it and that Brian sold it through his company [[Hadron]]; and that [[Robert Maxwell]] "made a fortune out of it" through his companies.[^19] Ben-Menashe is the sole source for these passages. See [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. +Ben-Menashe wrote that Eitan, as counterterrorism adviser to Begin and then to Shamir, took an interest in the software program [[PROMIS]]; that in 1982 [[Earl Brian]] approached Eitan about selling it to foreign intelligence agencies; that Eitan decided to have a "trap door" installed to give Israeli agents access to the computers of any service that bought it; that Ben-Menashe recruited his childhood friend [[Yehuda Ben-Hanan]], of Software and Engineering Consultants in California, to build the external access; that Eitan selected Jordan to test it and that Brian sold it through his company [[Hadron]]; and that [[Robert Maxwell]] "made a fortune out of it" through his companies.[^19] See [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. ### Vanunu and the Mirror Group, 1986 Hersh wrote that copies of the photographs [[Mordecai Vanunu]] took inside Dimona were made available in London, before the Sunday Times published, to an Israeli intelligence agent masquerading as an American reporter; that they were sent by courier to the office of Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]], who ordered Mossad to get Vanunu out of London and into Israeli custody; that "no kidnapping could take place in England for diplomatic reasons"; and that Vanunu was enticed by a Mossad agent named Cindy Hanin Bentov (a pseudonym; see [[Cindy Hanin Bentov]]) to leave for Rome a few days before publication, where, according to Vanunu's account to relatives, he was drugged and returned to Israel by ship.[^20] -Ben-Menashe told Hersh that after Vanunu's photographs reached the Israeli leadership he and others were told that "Peres said, 'Let's make him an example'" rather than assassinating him; that the foreign editor of the Daily Mirror, [[Nicholas Davies]], "provided the framework" for the Sunday Mirror's hostile story of September 28, which went to Maxwell, publisher of the Mirror Group; and that Maxwell told him "I know what has to happen. I have already spoken to your bosses."[^21] The Sunday Mirror's reporters Tony Frost and Mark Souster were ordered by their editor to take the photographs to the Israeli embassy; the senior deputy editor John C. Parker understood that Maxwell had given the order; the news editor Peter J. Miller said that "the line we were instructed to take cost the Sunday Mirror a world-beating exclusive"; and the editor Michael Malloy acknowledged discussing the story with Maxwell, said there was "nothing sinister or strange" in it, and recalled that Maxwell ordered the photographs shown to the Israelis.[^21] Ben-Menashe is the sole source for his own account of the meeting with Maxwell and of the instructions; the Mirror staff statements are those of the persons named. +Ben-Menashe told Hersh that after Vanunu's photographs reached the Israeli leadership he and others were told that "Peres said, 'Let's make him an example'" rather than assassinating him; that the foreign editor of the Daily Mirror, [[Nicholas Davies]], "provided the framework" for the Sunday Mirror's hostile story of September 28, which went to Maxwell, publisher of the Mirror Group; and that Maxwell told him "I know what has to happen. I have already spoken to your bosses."[^21] The Sunday Mirror's reporters Tony Frost and Mark Souster were ordered by their editor to take the photographs to the Israeli embassy; the senior deputy editor John C. Parker understood that Maxwell had given the order; the news editor Peter J. Miller said that "the line we were instructed to take cost the Sunday Mirror a world-beating exclusive"; and the editor Michael Malloy acknowledged discussing the story with Maxwell, said there was "nothing sinister or strange" in it, and recalled that Maxwell ordered the photographs shown to the Israelis.[^21] The Mirror staff statements are those of the persons named. ### Uri Geller diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md index e11e0454..1c0081bc 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ The CIA's STARGATE collection includes the 1972 paper by [[Stuart J. Freedman]] [^8]: "The First American Visit to Dimona," in Avner Cohen, *Israel and the Bomb* documents, National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/israel/documents/first/index.html. [^9]: John J. Fialka, "Why the AEC Failed to Tell of Lost Nuclear Materials," *The Washington Star*, March 23, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060009-6. [^10]: John J. Fialka, "Missing-Uranium Report Withheld," *The Washington Star* (1978), CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060006-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060006-9. -[^11]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4. Duckett is the sole source for the CIA's view of the diversion question. +[^11]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4. [^12]: Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, *The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974* (CIA History Staff, 1992), chapter 2, "Developing the U-2," pp. 56 to 57, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%202.pdf. [^13]: Minutes, "Conference on Aerial Phenomena," Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, February 16, 1949, transcribed at https://ufologie.patrickgross.org/bb/caop16feb1949-01.htm (pages 01, 02, 03, 05 and 18). [^14]: FBI New York letter to the Director, NY 62-10139, Sharaf interview of October 11, 1949, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (PDF pages 10 to 13), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/California Attorney General's Office.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/California Attorney General's Office.md index 7897cb21..44bc403d 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/California Attorney General's Office.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/California Attorney General's Office.md @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Three consecutive grand jury foremen sought help from the [[California Attorney --- ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DARPA.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DARPA.md index 53885cd0..1d375282 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DARPA.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DARPA.md @@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ Federal award records list 113 DARPA prime contract awards to SRI International [^4]: Caterinicchia, "Poindexter leaving DARPA," *Nextgov/FCW*, August 13, 2003 (letter addressed to "DARPA director, Anthony Tether"). https://www.nextgov.com/people/2003/08/poindexter-leaving-darpa/201670/ [^5]: Peter Watson, *War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology*. Basic Books, 1978. [^6]: Ray Hyman, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," *The Humanist*, May/June 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4.pdf -[^7]: Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3 (journal and date not given in the clipping; c. 1981). Sole source for the team's composition as described here and for the Army Kirlian contract; Hyman dates the visit December 8, 1972. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf +[^7]: Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3 (journal and date not given in the clipping; c. 1981). Hyman dates the visit December 8, 1972. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf [^8]: CIA Office of Research and Development memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2.pdf [^9]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), p. 138 (index entry "Agency (ARPA), 138-39"); Hyman, who was present at the visit, gives December 8, 1972. [^10]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time*, March 4, 1974, cover story, CIA reading room copy CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8.pdf -[^11]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6. The thesis calls Lawrence "DARPA's director" (its footnote 71 cites McRae, Mind Wars, 1984, p. 107); the 1974 Time account gives his title as DoD projects manager for ARPA, and the Institute for Defense Analyses history lists Lukasik as director from 1971 and Heilmeier as the director appointed under Currie, who became Director of Defense Research and Engineering in 1973. Sole source for the 1976 Targ test. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf +[^11]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" master's thesis, Defense Intelligence College, November 1992, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6. The thesis calls Lawrence "DARPA's director" (its footnote 71 cites McRae, Mind Wars, 1984, p. 107); the 1974 Time account gives his title as DoD projects manager for ARPA, and the Institute for Defense Analyses history lists Lukasik as director from 1971 and Heilmeier as the director appointed under Currie, who became Director of Defense Research and Engineering in 1973. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6.pdf [^12]: David Suter, article for *The Washington Post*, continued from page B5, undated clipping reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.pdf [^13]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (Winter 1977), CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.pdf [^14]: Harold E. Puthoff, Russell Targ and Edwin C. May, "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment," Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7.pdf @@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ Federal award records list 113 DARPA prime contract awards to SRI International [^21]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "SUN STREAK" special access program background, CIA-RDP96-00789R000700260002-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R000700260002-5.pdf [^22]: Edwin C. May and Wanda L. W. Luke, "A Long-Term, Integrated, Basic and Applied Research Plan (U)" (draft), May 10, 1991, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1; the same passage appears in "A Comprehensive Research Plan for Anomalous Mental Phenomena (U)," CIA-RDP96-00789R003100080001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1.pdf [^23]: ARPA memorandum ARPA-AS-TS-67-20, "Project BIZARRE," September 27, 1967, signed Richard S. Cesaro, Acting Director, Advanced Sensors, declassified copy. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/rhwvuj-tzy4b/08.pdf -[^24]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017). Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^24]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017). [^25]: Congressional Record, House, September 24, 2003, pp. H8500 to H8550, Conference Report on H.R. 2658, Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2004 (House Report 108-283), Sec. 8131 and Joint Explanatory Statement. https://sgp.fas.org/congress/2003/tia.html [^26]: Dan Caterinicchia, "Poindexter leaving DARPA," *Nextgov/FCW*, August 13, 2003. https://www.nextgov.com/people/2003/08/poindexter-leaving-darpa/201670/ [^27]: DARPA, "Bridging the Bio-Electronic Divide," January 19, 2016 (paraphrased). https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/bridging-the-bio-electronic-divide diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DEA.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DEA.md index 6c82cc65..1e452e84 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DEA.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/DEA.md @@ -71,13 +71,13 @@ A Senate subcommittee report found that the DEA used the former smuggler Barry S ### Costa Rica: Kelso Investigation -In 1986, [[Joseph Kelso]], a CIA and U.S. Customs informant, gathered testimony from six witnesses willing to testify that DEA agents in Costa Rica were skimming cocaine from seizures, making counterfeit money and protecting cocaine labs including on Contra bases. [[Gary Webb]] wrote that DEA agent [[Robert Nieves]] had Kelso arrested and threatened his life, that Kelso was beaten and deported, that his evidence tapes were turned over to [[Oliver North]] through [[Robert Owen]], who threw them away when the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke, that the DEA never investigated, and that DEA Administrator Jack Lawn told Congress he had never heard of the case. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^7] +In 1986, [[Joseph Kelso]], a CIA and U.S. Customs informant, gathered testimony from six witnesses willing to testify that DEA agents in Costa Rica were skimming cocaine from seizures, making counterfeit money and protecting cocaine labs including on Contra bases. [[Gary Webb]] wrote that DEA agent [[Robert Nieves]] had Kelso arrested and threatened his life, that Kelso was beaten and deported, that his evidence tapes were turned over to [[Oliver North]] through [[Robert Owen]], who threw them away when the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke, that the DEA never investigated, and that DEA Administrator Jack Lawn told Congress he had never heard of the case.[^7] ### Blandon in DEA Files The Justice Department Inspector General found the first mention of [[Danilo Blandon]] in DEA files was a March 1983 debriefing of a confidential source in Los Angeles, followed by a January 1985 source report that Blandon supplied cocaine to [[Norwin Meneses]] and a February 1986 report that he had attended a Contra support conference in Miami in December 1982. The Inspector General wrote that this was "treated as background intelligence" and that the DEA opened a case on Blandon in August 1986 when an informant walked into the Riverside office. A judge granted Blandon political asylum on August 19, 1985, after a January 1983 denial.[^8] -Webb wrote that the DEA opened a NADDIS file on Blandon on May 24, 1983, on a tip that he belonged to a cocaine trafficking organization; that in early 1984, while his asylum application was under State Department review, an informant told the DEA he was "the head" of his own Los Angeles distribution organization; that the DEA opened a NADDIS file on his wife [[Chepita Blandon]] on March 15, 1985, before she was granted asylum that year; that State Department policy was to check with the DEA before approving asylum; and that the Inspector General found the Blandons' immigration records "in disarray." Webb is the sole source for the NADDIS dates and the quoted finding.[^9] +Webb wrote that the DEA opened a NADDIS file on Blandon on May 24, 1983, on a tip that he belonged to a cocaine trafficking organization; that in early 1984, while his asylum application was under State Department review, an informant told the DEA he was "the head" of his own Los Angeles distribution organization; that the DEA opened a NADDIS file on his wife [[Chepita Blandon]] on March 15, 1985, before she was granted asylum that year; that State Department policy was to check with the DEA before approving asylum; and that the Inspector General found the Blandons' immigration records "in disarray."[^9] Webb wrote that after Blandon's 1992 arrest the government dropped charges against Chepita Blandon, granted her citizenship, reduced his sentence to twenty-eight months and released him on unsupervised probation as a full-time paid informant. The Inspector General found Blandon was sentenced to 48 months, reduced to 28 on a government motion for substantial cooperation, found no sign the leniency rested on anything but his cooperation, and concluded an INS agent improperly obtained him a green card in 1994 despite his felony conviction because the agent wanted to avoid the effort of obtaining travel documents the proper way.[^8] @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Webb wrote that after Blandon's 1992 arrest the government dropped charges again Norwin Meneses approached the DEA Costa Rica office in July 1986. The Inspector General found that the agent, [[Sandalio Gonzalez]], checked DEA databases, found no warrants, and in December 1986 sent Meneses and a DEA informant ("DEA CI-1") to Los Angeles, where in January 1987 they met Blandon, [[Ivan Torres]] and others. The San Francisco FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office, and FBI agent [[Douglas Aukland]], were surprised. On July 24, 1987, the Costa Rica office formally established Meneses as an informant, noted "no pending charges known at this time," obtained a 45-day visa for him in September 1987 and another in November, deactivated him on December 23, 1989, reactivated him briefly in May 1990 and paid him $7,377.50 over thirteen payments. Meneses had been indicted under seal in San Francisco in February 1989. In a debriefing on February 10, 1987, Meneses told Gonzalez he had personally paid $5,000 "on numerous occasions" to a DEA agent in the San Francisco area three to four years earlier "for protection," and that the agent worked with corrupt San Francisco police officials. Gonzalez forwarded the memorandum to headquarters; a DEA Office of Professional Responsibility official replied by telephone on March 16, 1987, that the allegation had been made in June 1985, investigated and found false (the office had issued a clearance letter to the agent on February 3, 1986), and no further action was taken. The FBI had polygraphed two persons who made the earlier allegation, Jairo Meneses and Renato Pena, in July 1986 and its examiner concluded they were deceptive in denying they had lied.[^10] -Webb called the January 1987 operation "Operation Perico" and wrote that the CIA operative "Roberto" accompanied Meneses, that the DEA conducted it without informing Aukland, that the debriefing reports captured admissions that CIA representatives were aware of Contra drug activity and did not mind, that the San Francisco office cabled Costa Rica that it did not know "who was being targeted," and that headquarters was asked "whether an indictment of Meneses by the San Francisco FBI will result in national security problems with other agencies." Webb also wrote that Meneses worked as a DEA informant from 1985 to 1991 despite the 1989 indictment, that Nieves was his control agent, and that the DEA public affairs chief James McGivney offered an interview with Meneses on condition that reporters omit Blandon's DEA ties. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^11] +Webb called the January 1987 operation "Operation Perico" and wrote that the CIA operative "Roberto" accompanied Meneses, that the DEA conducted it without informing Aukland, that the debriefing reports captured admissions that CIA representatives were aware of Contra drug activity and did not mind, that the San Francisco office cabled Costa Rica that it did not know "who was being targeted," and that headquarters was asked "whether an indictment of Meneses by the San Francisco FBI will result in national security problems with other agencies." Webb also wrote that Meneses worked as a DEA informant from 1985 to 1991 despite the 1989 indictment, that Nieves was his control agent, and that the DEA public affairs chief James McGivney offered an interview with Meneses on condition that reporters omit Blandon's DEA ties.[^11] Webb quoted Senator [[John Kerry]] telling Lawn in 1987 that the head of the Costa Rica office told the committee "the infrastructure that was used to supply the Contras was used to smuggle drugs," and quoted the Costa Rican prosecutor Jorge Chavarria saying the DEA "knew about the Contras and drugs... They were looking in the other direction."[^12] The subcommittee's own report of December 1988 stated that despite "obvious and widespread trafficking through the war zones of northern Costa Rica" it was "unable to find a single case against a drug trafficker operating in those zones which was made on the basis of a tip or report by an official of a U.S. intelligence agency."[^6] @@ -97,15 +97,15 @@ The Inspector General reproduced CIA memoranda of October 25, November 5 and Dec DEA agent [[Celerino Castillo]], assigned to the Guatemala City office, which covered El Salvador, from 1985 to 1990, opened an investigation of the pilot Grasheim, who Castillo wrote had crash-landed near Tamiami, Florida, in May 1986 claiming to be a "secret agent," and whose Salvadoran home was searched on September 1, 1986. At a briefing on October 30, 1986, U.S. Customs agent Richard Rivera told Ambassador [[Edwin Corr]] Customs had investigated Grasheim for years for illegal export of weapons and "hi-tech" equipment; Corr asked that any investigation be "very discreet." On November 21, 1986, the Guatemala country attache Robert Stia closed the DEA case, recording that "the drug aspect" was concluded and that the information went to Customs and the [[Internal Revenue Service]].[^13] -Webb wrote that Castillo discovered Contra cocaine trafficking at [[Ilopango Airbase]], began sending reports to DEA headquarters in January 1986 listing names, destinations, tail numbers and criminal records without reply, that Corr requested an internal review and the DEA told him Castillo's information was "totally inaccurate" and ordered the investigation closed, that Castillo was forced to retire, and that the DEA later claimed under the Freedom of Information Act it had no such reports, a claim Webb said the Inspector General exposed as false. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^14] The Inspector General reported that Castillo refused an interview unless he could record it and have Representative [[Maxine Waters]] present, found that Castillo had passed such information in 1986 and that the Ilopango investigation was closed amid sensitive covert supply operations, found his broader conclusions unsupported, and recorded that Castillo resigned in 1992.[^13] +Webb wrote that Castillo discovered Contra cocaine trafficking at [[Ilopango Airbase]], began sending reports to DEA headquarters in January 1986 listing names, destinations, tail numbers and criminal records without reply, that Corr requested an internal review and the DEA told him Castillo's information was "totally inaccurate" and ordered the investigation closed, that Castillo was forced to retire, and that the DEA later claimed under the Freedom of Information Act it had no such reports, a claim Webb said the Inspector General exposed as false.[^14] The Inspector General reported that Castillo refused an interview unless he could record it and have Representative [[Maxine Waters]] present, found that Castillo had passed such information in 1986 and that the Ilopango investigation was closed amid sensitive covert supply operations, found his broader conclusions unsupported, and recorded that Castillo resigned in 1992.[^13] ### San Diego Reverse Sting -Webb wrote that Blandon, recruited as a full-time paid informant, reestablished contact with [[Ricky Ross]], released in 1993 and attempting to go straight with the Freeway Academy youth center, calling and paging him constantly, and that Ross's probation officer James Galipeau said, "The son-of-a-bitch called him while he was in the car with his probation officer!" On March 2, 1995, at the Bonita Plaza Mall in Chula Vista, DEA agents watched [[Leroy Brown|"Chico" Brown]] hand $169,445 to Blandon's Colombian associate for 100 kilos of cocaine in a booby-trapped Chevy Blazer, and agent Charles Jones said agents blocked the vehicle and activated a kill switch. Webb is the sole source.[^15] The Inspector General found the DEA opened its investigation of Ross in October 1994 after Ross contacted Blandon, that Ross was convicted over an entrapment defense and, with two prior felony drug convictions, received a mandatory life sentence, and that Ross's claim of retaliation for his 1991 testimony against sheriff's deputies was not supported.[^8] +Webb wrote that Blandon, recruited as a full-time paid informant, reestablished contact with [[Ricky Ross]], released in 1993 and attempting to go straight with the Freeway Academy youth center, calling and paging him constantly, and that Ross's probation officer James Galipeau said, "The son-of-a-bitch called him while he was in the car with his probation officer!" On March 2, 1995, at the Bonita Plaza Mall in Chula Vista, DEA agents watched [[Leroy Brown|"Chico" Brown]] hand $169,445 to Blandon's Colombian associate for 100 kilos of cocaine in a booby-trapped Chevy Blazer, and agent Charles Jones said agents blocked the vehicle and activated a kill switch.[^15] The Inspector General found the DEA opened its investigation of Ross in October 1994 after Ross contacted Blandon, that Ross was convicted over an entrapment defense and, with two prior felony drug convictions, received a mandatory life sentence, and that Ross's claim of retaliation for his 1991 testimony against sheriff's deputies was not supported.[^8] ### October 1995 Meeting With Webb -Webb wrote that in October 1995 Assistant U.S. Attorney David Hall warned him his reporting could endanger Blandon; that on October 19 Special Agent in Charge [[Craig Chretien]] and six agents met him at the National City regional office and asked him to omit Blandon's DEA ties; that agent [[Chuck Jones]] denied knowing of Blandon's Contra drug history yet confirmed the DEA knew; that Chretien offered information about Meneses in exchange; that eight days later Nieves resigned as head of the International Division and Chretien was promoted to replace him; and that Nieves later joined Guardian Technologies, a company associated with Oliver North. Freelance journalist [[Georg Hodel]] located Meneses in a Nicaraguan prison before the DEA's brokered interview materialized. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^16] +Webb wrote that in October 1995 Assistant U.S. Attorney David Hall warned him his reporting could endanger Blandon; that on October 19 Special Agent in Charge [[Craig Chretien]] and six agents met him at the National City regional office and asked him to omit Blandon's DEA ties; that agent [[Chuck Jones]] denied knowing of Blandon's Contra drug history yet confirmed the DEA knew; that Chretien offered information about Meneses in exchange; that eight days later Nieves resigned as head of the International Division and Chretien was promoted to replace him; and that Nieves later joined Guardian Technologies, a company associated with Oliver North. Freelance journalist [[Georg Hodel]] located Meneses in a Nicaraguan prison before the DEA's brokered interview materialized.[^16] ### Footnotes diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md index 88a93307..841f042a 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ In *Phillippi v. Central Intelligence Agency and George H. Bush, Director* the C ### NUMEC, Israel and the Director's knowledge -The Washington Star reported on March 2, 1978 that [[Carl E. Duckett]], whom the Star called the CIA's former chief of research and technology and the Post the CIA's third-ranking official at the time, told [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] officials in a closed February 1976 briefing that Helms had told President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1968 that the CIA had evidence [[Israel]] possessed atomic bombs, and that Johnson replied "Don't tell anyone else, even [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Robert McNamara]]." Helms, then operating a private consulting firm, said "I have no recollection of any such conversation," and when asked whether he would deny any of the events Duckett described said "I don't say they didn't happen." The Washington Post of the same date reported that, according to the classified record of the briefing, Duckett also said the CIA considered the question of whether highly enriched uranium had been diverted from the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation plant at Apollo, Pennsylvania "academic" because Israel had developed its own weapons, and that "if any such scheme was under consideration, he would have known about it and he never heard so much as a rumor." Duckett is the sole source for the 1968 conversation; [[Walt Rostow]], Johnson's national security adviser in 1968, told the Times he could not remember the events.[^9] A Washington Star article of March 23, 1978 reported that the Atomic Energy Commission, "confused and embarrassed by the worst loss of nuclear materials in its history," had decided in 1966 to conceal the loss of 202 pounds of highly enriched uranium from the Apollo plant from the public, according to a document released by the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee.[^10] +The Washington Star reported on March 2, 1978 that [[Carl E. Duckett]], whom the Star called the CIA's former chief of research and technology and the Post the CIA's third-ranking official at the time, told [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] officials in a closed February 1976 briefing that Helms had told President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1968 that the CIA had evidence [[Israel]] possessed atomic bombs, and that Johnson replied "Don't tell anyone else, even [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Robert McNamara]]." Helms, then operating a private consulting firm, said "I have no recollection of any such conversation," and when asked whether he would deny any of the events Duckett described said "I don't say they didn't happen." The Washington Post of the same date reported that, according to the classified record of the briefing, Duckett also said the CIA considered the question of whether highly enriched uranium had been diverted from the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation plant at Apollo, Pennsylvania "academic" because Israel had developed its own weapons, and that "if any such scheme was under consideration, he would have known about it and he never heard so much as a rumor." [[Walt Rostow]], Johnson's national security adviser in 1968, told the Times he could not remember the events.[^9] A Washington Star article of March 23, 1978 reported that the Atomic Energy Commission, "confused and embarrassed by the worst loss of nuclear materials in its history," had decided in 1966 to conceal the loss of 202 pounds of highly enriched uranium from the Apollo plant from the public, according to a document released by the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee.[^10] ### Bush, Turner and psychic research @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ William J. Casey served from January 28, 1981 until he resigned on January 29, 1 [^6]: "Biography, James R. Schlesinger," Central Intelligence Agency, CIA-RDP75B00380R000400150017-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75b00380r000400150017-8; Garthoff, *Directors of Central Intelligence*, table of Directors. [^7]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, *Project MKULTRA, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, 95th Cong., 1st sess., August 3, 1977 (prepared statement of Admiral Stansfield Turner; Church Committee summary of MKULTRA), https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/9D/9D9A27BD7241E2074EAF81C7FC2C86CF_MK.Ultra_Senate.Hearings.pdf. [^8]: *Phillippi v. Central Intelligence Agency*, 546 F.2d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 1976), https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/546/546.F2d.1009.76-1004.html. -[^9]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4. Duckett is the sole source for the 1968 conversation. +[^9]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4. [^10]: John J. Fialka, "Why the AEC Failed to Tell of Lost Nuclear Materials," *The Washington Star*, March 23, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060009-6. [^11]: Dolan M. McKelvy, *Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier*, Air War College research report, Air University, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3, citing Ronald M. McRae, *Mind Wars* (1984), p. 103. [^12]: Michael E. Zarbo, *Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?*, Defense Intelligence College thesis, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002600250001-6. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Federal Bureau of Investigation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Federal Bureau of Investigation.md index cd8aecf0..ad699599 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Federal Bureau of Investigation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Federal Bureau of Investigation.md @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ relations: with: "[[Alvin Johnson]]" reverse: true start: 1930 - role: "met regularly with FBI officials to report on the New School faculty, by his own acknowledgment in private letters; sole source" + role: "met regularly with FBI officials to report on the New School faculty, by his own acknowledgment in private letters" fn: 20 --- @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ The Justice Department Inspector General's 1997 review found five FBI files on [ On December 12, 1986, the Los Angeles FBI office teletyped headquarters that it saw no connection between Lister and "Front Door," the Bureau's investigation of alleged neutrality violations in the covert arms sales to Iran, which the Independent Counsel later took over. Headquarters asked that Lister be questioned about [[Richard Secord]], [[Albert Hakim]] and Stanford Technology, and on December 22, 1986, Lister denied knowing them. On December 23 the Bureau suspended Front Door inquiries pending the appointment of Special Counsel [[Lawrence Walsh]]. On February 3, 1987, an informant reported that Lister had told a neighbor over drinks that he worked for [[Oliver North]] and Secord and had sent arms shipments to the Contras. Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Crossan Andersen]] reported this to Public Integrity Section attorney William Hendricks III, who advised that the drug investigation could continue so long as it did not conflict with Front Door, and Andersen asked that Lister and the neighbor not be interviewed, citing the effect on the drug case.[^6] -[[Gary Webb]] wrote that FBI agent [[Douglas Aukland]] was assigned to Operation Front Door in November 1986 and investigated connections between Lister and North's arms ring, and that the Los Angeles office declared "no connection." Webb is the sole source for the November 1986 assignment date.[^7] +[[Gary Webb]] wrote that FBI agent [[Douglas Aukland]] was assigned to Operation Front Door in November 1986 and investigated connections between Lister and North's arms ring, and that the Los Angeles office declared "no connection."[^7] ### Meneses, Blandon and the San Francisco Case @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Webb wrote that in 1982 the FBI identified [[Fernando Sanchez]] and [[Horacio Pe The Inspector General found that the San Francisco FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office were surprised in early 1987 to learn that the DEA's Costa Rica office had taken Meneses and a DEA informant to Los Angeles in December 1986 to meet [[Danilo Blandon]]; Aukland, the lead FBI agent on the Los Angeles Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force case, was upset not to have interviewed Meneses first. In February 1987 the agencies agreed Meneses could be used as a source if he pleaded guilty to a cocaine charge in San Francisco; the San Francisco FBI opened a case and held it inactive. The Los Angeles case closed in July 1987. In February 1989, shortly before the statute of limitations expired, the San Francisco FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office obtained a sealed indictment of Meneses; the Inspector General found the warrant was entered in the FBI database, contrary to the Mercury News account, and that Meneses was not arrested while working for the DEA. An FBI informant had told Special Agent Donald Hale in October 1987 that Meneses was telling associates he was a CIA informant, which was why he had not been arrested. The Inspector General found no evidence of a CIA connection and attributed the outcome to poor coordination and shifting views on whether Meneses was a target or an informant.[^9] -Webb gave a different account of the same February 1987 events: San Francisco FBI agents presented U.S. Attorney [[Joseph Russoniello]] a memo charging Meneses with running a continuing criminal enterprise, and Russoniello's office rejected it within a week, citing a "cooperation agreement" that Justice Department investigators later determined never existed. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^10] +Webb gave a different account of the same February 1987 events: San Francisco FBI agents presented U.S. Attorney [[Joseph Russoniello]] a memo charging Meneses with running a continuing criminal enterprise, and Russoniello's office rejected it within a week, citing a "cooperation agreement" that Justice Department investigators later determined never existed.[^10] ### Contra Drug Information in FBI Hands @@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ The Justice Department Office of Professional Responsibility reported that in ea [^2]: HSCA Outside Contact Report 008624, FBI notes of January 26, 1978, request on "Fred Lee Crisman Vol. 1 of 3," NARA record 180-10085-10264, dated May 18, 1978, https://archive.org/details/crisman_fbifile ; same record at https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=149142 [^3]: FBI Office Memorandum, March 22, 1950, FBI FOIA cover sheet "Guy Hottel (3-22-1950)," https://archive.org/details/GuyHottel [^4]: Department of the Army, ACSI (DAMI-ISH) action memorandum "FBI Support of GRILL FLAME," April 30, 1979, and memorandum thru Director FBI for Assistant Director, Training Division, "Nomination of FBI Member to Assist on Army Project," signed E. R. Thompson, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440022-9, -0023-8 and -0024-7, https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440022-9 -[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997), Chapter V (Ronald Lister), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch05p1.htm -[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." +[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." [^9]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Executive Summary section III, and Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/exsump1.htm and https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch03p2.htm -[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." [^11]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^12]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter XI, section D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch11p1.htm [^13]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair*, report by Senators John Kerry and Hank Brown (December 1992), section on Operation C-Chase, https://archive.org/details/thebcciaffair_202003 @@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ The Justice Department Office of Professional Responsibility reported that in ea [^17]: SAC, Washington Field Office, memorandum to the Director, file 100-1849, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 2 (PDF pages 129 and 130), https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^18]: Witkin to the Director, December 9, 1957, with autopsy report of November 26, 1957 and FBI Laboratory report of January 2, 1958, same file, Part 6 (PDF pages 21 to 24). [^19]: Boston airtel of March 12, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. -[^20]: Peter Rutkoff and William Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 226. Sole source for the FBI reporting. -[^21]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 226 and note 22, p. 296: "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives." The note names no author for the memorandum. Sole source for the enemy alien monitoring. +[^20]: Peter Rutkoff and William Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 226. +[^21]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 226 and note 22, p. 296: "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives." The note names no author for the memorandum. [^22]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 135. [^23]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 228. [^24]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), p. 370. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service.md index b2998713..ff0d8494 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service.md @@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ On November 8, 2005 [[John D. Negroponte]], the Director of National Intelligenc [^3]: Helena Huntington Smith, "It Pays to Listen," *Collier's*, January 30, 1943, pp. 43-44, which states "Its godfather was Breckinridge Long of the State Department, who foresaw that we might one day be cut off from accustomed sources of news in foreign countries. He took it up with Chairman Fly of the FCC." https://archive.org/details/colliers111janspri_201908. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on Assistant Secretary of State Breckinridge Long, "godfather" of FBIS, and his letter of September 10, 1941 to FCC chairman James L. Fly. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/. [^4]: Federal Communications Commission, Seventh Annual Report, fiscal year 1941, section on the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service, "created February 26, 1941, by the Federal Communications Commission in cooperation with the Defense Communications Board." https://archive.org/details/fcc_DOC-308657A1. [^5]: Roop, Part I, p. 9, on the President's allotment of $150,000 on February 25, 1941, its transfer the next day, the "birth date" of the service on February 26, 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. -[^6]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 132, which describes "a late 1940 meeting between Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and FDR" and the allocation of $150,000 on February 25, 1941. Stimson was Secretary of War from July 1940; Roop (note 7) gives the Secretary of State without naming him. Sole source for the Stimson meeting. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718. +[^6]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 132, which describes "a late 1940 meeting between Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and FDR" and the allocation of $150,000 on February 25, 1941. Stimson was Secretary of War from July 1940; Roop (note 7) gives the Secretary of State without naming him. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718. [^7]: Roop, Part I, pp. 5-6, quoting the account that "Toward the end of 1940 the Secretary of State, in an informal discussion with President Roosevelt, suggested that a government unit should be established to monitor and analyze propaganda beamed to the United States." https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. [^8]: Roop, Part I, p. 9, on the FCC's Radio Intelligence Division and its National Defense Activities, quoting the FCC as "the only group staffed and equipped" for the monitoring work. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. [^9]: Roop, Part I, p. 9, on the service's beginnings "in an old garage at 316 F Street Northeast," and p. 49, "In April a move was made to 1424 K St., N.W., where four floors were assigned to FBMS." Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," photograph caption, "FBIS headquarters from 1942-1947 at 1424 K Street, NW, in Washington." https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/. @@ -293,14 +293,14 @@ On November 8, 2005 [[John D. Negroponte]], the Director of National Intelligenc [^30]: Roop, Part I, p. 46, that Watson and Leites "were sent to London in September 1942" to set up analysis, and that "a two-man analysis staff remained" through the war. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. [^31]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on the Central European Radio Analysis, begun January 1943 by the German Section, and the Radio Report on the Far East, first published August 24, 1942 (RG 262, Entry 34, Box 1). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-45-no-5/fbis-against-the-axis-1941-1945-u/. [^32]: Roop, Part I, pp. 121-122 (Leigh's announcement of April 19, 1943; Graves on May 13, 1943; Eugene Katz's letter of June 18, 1943). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947 -[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-133, on Speier's report sent "a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor," Free and Watson's reading of his work "with the greatest of interest," the February 1942 offer, and the Analysis Division as the "heart" of the service. Sole source for the offer and its date. +[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-133, on Speier's report sent "a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor," Free and Watson's reading of his work "with the greatest of interest," the February 1942 offer, and the Analysis Division as the "heart" of the service. [^34]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 132, note 51, citing Harold Graves to Hans Speier and Ernst Kris, December 23, 1941, and Lloyd Free to Hans Speier, January 31, 1942, RG 262, Entry 2, Box 66. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718. [^35]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 134, which places the letter of May 26, 1942 two months after Speier entered the Analysis Division and quotes it as stating that, "as a result of investigation," he had "been rated eligible on suitability for the position of Senior Political Analyst" (note 59: United States Civil Service Commission to Hans Speier, May 26, 1942, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718. -[^36]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 135, on Speier's colleagues George, Leites and Henry Kellermann and on Watson's praise, with the quoted phrases "extraordinarily good job of analysis" and "nobody in the United States whom I would willingly trade for him" (note 62). Sole source for these quotations. -[^37]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 138 and p. 143 (note 90), on Watson leaving "under pressure from enemies of the New Deal" and Speier becoming acting chief analyst, overseeing thirty people. Sole source for the sequence. +[^36]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 135, on Speier's colleagues George, Leites and Henry Kellermann and on Watson's praise, with the quoted phrases "extraordinarily good job of analysis" and "nobody in the United States whom I would willingly trade for him" (note 62). +[^37]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 138 and p. 143 (note 90), on Watson leaving "under pressure from enemies of the New Deal" and Speier becoming acting chief analyst, overseeing thirty people. [^38]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 143 and note 90 (Theodore Newcomb to Col. S. A. Greenwell, December 4, 1943; Speier's Application for Federal Employment, Speier Papers, Box 2, Folder 5): "Speier replaced Watson as Acting Chief Analyst." [^39]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145, on Speier's transfer on "May 22, 1944" from the Analysis Division to the Office of War Information, with Wallace Carroll as his immediate superior. -[^40]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 136-137, on the memorandum of October 29, 1943, the seventeen of twenty-five predictions, Mark Abrams, Representative Joseph Martin and Senator Alexander Wiley. Sole source for these claims. +[^40]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 136-137, on the memorandum of October 29, 1943, the seventeen of twenty-five predictions, Mark Abrams, Representative Joseph Martin and Senator Alexander Wiley. [^41]: Roop, Part I, p. 189, on Dies's letter to Fly of November 18, 1941, which expressed "deep concern" and named thirteen organizations. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. [^42]: Roop, Part I, pp. 190-191, on Fly's reply that Watson "belonged to only one of the 13 organizations Dies named," the Senate Appropriations Committee's deletion of the rider, Dodd's hiring as an editor in December 1941, and Watson's testimony of February 4, 1942. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. Roop and Mercado spell the analyst's surname "Schumann"; Bessner writes "Schuman." [^43]: Roop, Part I, pp. 191-192, on Dies's House speech of February 1, 1943, listing 39 "communists," with Dodd, Watson and Schumann at the head of the list. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. @@ -312,13 +312,13 @@ On November 8, 2005 [[John D. Negroponte]], the Director of National Intelligenc [^49]: Congressional Record, 78th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 89, p. 3068 (House, April 7, 1943). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_april-06-may-13-1943_89 [^50]: Roop, Part I, pp. 192-193, on the subcommittee under Congressman Kerr, which started hearings on April 2, 1943 and reported on 21 April, the findings of "subversive activity" and "unfit," the three named men, and the statement that the subcommittee "was later accused of having its final report prepared before the men were called to testify." Roop states that the subcommittee was named by the Un-American Activities Committee. The printed hearings give the authority as House Resolution 105, adopted February 9, 1943, directed to the Committee on Appropriations (Hearings, pp. iii-v), and give the sitting at which Watson's testimony begins as April 9, 1943, against Roop's April 2. *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), likewise describes a special subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, appointed under a House resolution, whose report is H. Rep. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. The Monthly Catalog lists H. Rept. 448 (May 14, 1943, pursuant to H. Res. 105, "submitted by Mr. Kerr") on Watson, Dodd and Lovett; a February 1943 newspaper report names Kerr, a North Carolina Democrat, as chairman of the subcommittee. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303. [^51]: Hearings (as above), Appendix D, H. Rept. No. 448, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 327-334, including the finding that Schuman's case did not support a recommendation of unfitness and the findings on Watson and Dodd. -[^52]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943). Sole source for the words attributed on the floor to Watson. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89 +[^52]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, pp. 4554-4555 (House, May 17, 1943). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-14-june-14-1943_89 [^53]: Hearings (as above), pp. 100-105 and 118-119. [^54]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, p. 4583 (House, May 18, 1943), the page cited in *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946). [^55]: Roop, Part I, p. 193, on the Senate's four rejections, its approval of the rider by 48 to 32, and the President's signature while denouncing the rider and declaring it unconstitutional. [^56]: Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1943, section 304, 57 Stat. 431, 450, as quoted in *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946). Roop, Part I, p. 193, note, gives the effective cutoff as November 21, 1943, where the statute as quoted gives 15 November. The enacted text also excepted accrued leave and salary and payment for jury or armed-forces service; the text proposed in the subcommittee's report (Hearings, p. 328) omitted the November 15 date and the reappointment clause. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303. [^57]: *United States v. Lovett*, 328 U.S. 303 (1946), argued May 3-6, 1946, decided June 3, 1946, opinion of Justice Black. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/303. Mercado's article gives the middle name as "Morse." -[^58]: Roop, Part I, pp. 194-195, on the attacks on Rhodes, Menefee and Speier; Fly's letter to J. Edgar Hoover of April 28, 1942, and the two informant reports, one calling the New York school a "refuge for exiled European communists" and the other calling it "a nest of pro-Nazi activities." Sole source for the informant reports is Roop's account of the FBIS file. +[^58]: Roop, Part I, pp. 194-195, on the attacks on Rhodes, Menefee and Speier; Fly's letter to J. Edgar Hoover of April 28, 1942, and the two informant reports, one calling the New York school a "refuge for exiled European communists" and the other calling it "a nest of pro-Nazi activities." [^59]: Roop, Part I, p. 196, on Cox, the Atlanta station case, the FCC's referral to the Justice Department, the House's naming of Cox as chairman in early 1943, and the appointment of Eugene Garey as investigator. [^60]: Roop, Part I, p. 197, on the removal of "three-fourths of FBIS personnel files," the subpoena of ten employees at 8:00 a.m., and "Star Chamber testimony," citing Leigh's article "Politicians vs. Bureaucrats" (subtitle "The case of FCC Chairman Fly and Congressman Cox"), *Harper's Magazine*, January 1945. https://harpers.org/archive/1945/01/politicians-vs-bureaucrats. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. [^61]: Roop, Part I, p. 198, on the single irregularity found at FBIS and the list of charges, including "masquerading," "intelligence" and "glorified news gathering agency." Mercado renders the last phrase as "glorified news agency." diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Technology Division.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Technology Division.md index ea69ca51..74ecd768 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Technology Division.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Foreign Technology Division.md @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ Department of Defense spokesperson Sue Gough told The War Zone, in an article of [^8]: Air Force Regulation 80-17, 19 September 1966, paragraphs 3b to 3e, Condon Report Appendix B, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-b.htm [^9]: Special Report of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project "Blue Book," March 1966, with Tab A (LeBailly memorandum of September 28, 1965) and distribution list, Condon Report Appendix A and Section V, chapter 2, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-a.htm and https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s5chap02.htm [^10]: Condon Report, Section VI, chapter 4, references, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s6chap04.htm -[^11]: Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994), chapter on the origin of stealth, https://archive.org/details/skunk-works-apersonal-memoir-of-my-years-at-lockheed-ben-rrich (text lines 437 to 440 and 516 to 552). Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^11]: Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994), chapter on the origin of stealth, https://archive.org/details/skunk-works-apersonal-memoir-of-my-years-at-lockheed-ben-rrich (text lines 437 to 440 and 516 to 552). [^12]: Billy Cox, "The hunt for missing pieces," Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 3, 2015, reproduced at https://mail.project1947.com/articles/The_hunt_for_missing_pieces.pdf. [^13]: USAspending.gov award records, contracts FA860409D7975, FA860409D7976, FA860409D7977 and Ball Aerospace order 0182 under FA860409D7976, retrieved October 4, 2026. https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_IDV_FA860409D7976_9700/ [^14]: USAspending.gov award records, Advanced Technical Exploitation Program II contracts FA860415D7975, FA860415D7976, FA860415D7977 and NOVASTAR contracts FA860422DB005 through FA860422DB009, with task-order and subaward lists, retrieved October 4, 2026. https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_IDV_FA860422DB008_9700/ (pattern; substitute each contract number). @@ -183,4 +183,4 @@ Department of Defense spokesperson Sue Gough told The War Zone, in an article of [^21]: "Contracts for May 6, 2026," Air Force section, U.S. Department of Defense contract announcements, reproduced at https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2026/05/dod-contracts_4479042.htm [^22]: WiSC Enterprises, "Program Management Analyst - Junior," ClearanceJobs listing 8962579, posted June 8, 2026, https://api.clearancejobs.com/jobs/8962579/program-management-analyst-junior ; https://careers-wiscenterprises.icims.com/jobs/1675/program-management-analyst---junior/job [^23]: Joseph Trevithick and Tyler Rogoway, "Aliens Or Not, Secret Crash Retrieval Programs Are A Very Real Thing," The War Zone, June 15, 2023, https://www.twz.com/aliens-or-not-secret-crash-retrieval-programs-are-a-very-real-thing -[^24]: Leslie Kean and Ross Coulthart, "Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin," The Debrief, June 5, 2023, https://thedebrief.org/intelligence-officials-say-u-s-has-retrieved-non-human-craft/ . Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^24]: Leslie Kean and Ross Coulthart, "Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin," The Debrief, June 5, 2023, https://thedebrief.org/intelligence-officials-say-u-s-has-retrieved-non-human-craft/ . diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/House October Surprise Task Force.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/House October Surprise Task Force.md index acf3035f..4bd9ed1e 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/House October Surprise Task Force.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/House October Surprise Task Force.md @@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ On February 4, 1992, the day before the House debate on House Resolution 258, Re [^3]: Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980, *Rules of the Task Force*, adopted March 11, 1992, Rules 6 and 9. https://archive.org/details/RulesOfTheOctoberSurpriseTaskForce [^4]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 17, "BCCI's Lawyers and Lobbyists." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/17law.htm [^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (H. Res. 585; text of the resolution and floor statements). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm -[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html Sole source for the Dymally and Barnes statements as reported by Parry. -[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012; and "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ and https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Russian report details as reported by Parry. -[^8]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html Sole source for the trap door memo and the October Surprise Group claims as reported by Parry. -[^9]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the extension request as reported by Parry. +[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html +[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012; and "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ and https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html +[^8]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html +[^9]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ [^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum, CIA reading room document 0000984226 (undated), titled "BCCI and October Surprise Task Force", https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000984226 -[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, February 4, 1992, pp. H253 and following (announcement by Rep. McEwen of a privileged resolution; reprinted account of the Stoffberg letter). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h920204-october.htm Sole source for the Hyde quotation as reproduced in the reprinted article. +[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, February 4, 1992, pp. H253 and following (announcement by Rep. McEwen of a privileged resolution; reprinted account of the Stoffberg letter). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h920204-october.htm diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Internal Revenue Service.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Internal Revenue Service.md index 5d1bd6ce..32f1581c 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Internal Revenue Service.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Internal Revenue Service.md @@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ In 1994 [[Nelson Bunker Hunt]] and [[William Herbert Hunt]] paid about 160 milli [^10]: Gwynne, S.C. "Bunker Hunt," *Texas Monthly,* September 2001. https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/bunker-hunt/ [^11]: U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, "Wyden Unveils Ongoing Investigation into Private Equity Billionaire Leon Black's Tax Planning and Financial Ties with Jeffrey Epstein," July 25, 2023, https://www.finance.senate.gov/chairmans-news/wyden-unveils-ongoing-investigation-into-private-equity-billionaire-leon-blacks-tax-planning-and-financial-ties-with-jeffrey-epstein ; "Leon Black's $158 Million Sent to Epstein Draws Senate Probe." *Bloomberg,* July 25, 2023. [^12]: Witkin, Gordon, Peter Cary, and Angel Martinez. "Through a glass, very darkly: Cops, spies and a very odd investigation." *U.S. News & World Report,* December 27, 1993 / January 3, 1994; Dean, Eddie. "Finders' Keeper." *Washington City Paper*, May 24, 1996. https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/287890/finders-keeper/ -[^13]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^13]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory.md index 8c2b823c..483df619 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ relations: with: "[[NASA]]" start: 1958-12-03 role: "formally transferred from the Army to NASA" - fn: 6 + fn: 7 - type: director_of with: "[[Frank Malina]]" start: 1944-06 @@ -49,42 +49,43 @@ relations: start: 1944 end: 1950 role: "section chief and theoretician, Jet Propulsion Laboratory" - fn: 3 + fn: 4 - type: employed_by with: "[[Sidney Weinbaum]]" reverse: true end: 1950-06 role: "laboratory employee, reported by FBI informants as county organizer of Professional Unit 122" - fn: 3 + fn: 4 created: 2026-10-05 -updated: 2026-10-05 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a laboratory of the [[California Institute of Technology]] in the Arroyo Seco at Pasadena. Its historian, Erik Conway, writes that GALCIT Project No. 1 "officially became the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in June 1944," remaining a Caltech organization though not yet a division of the Institute, with [[Theodore von Kármán]] as chair of its executive board.[^1] The project's history is given at [[GALCIT Rocket Research Project]]. ### Army period -[[Frank Malina]] drew on Caltech faculty and outside hires: the electrical engineer [[William Pickering]] set up guidance and controls, the aeronautics professor [[Louis Dunn]] became assistant director and later director, and [[Homer J. Stewart]] headed research and analysis.[^1] The laboratory built three series of complete rockets: the Private (about eight feet tall, range about ten miles, first complete rocket), the WAC Corporal (first fired October 11, 1945 at [[White Sands Proving Ground]], New Mexico) and the guided Corporal, which the Army in 1950 asked to be made a deployable nuclear-weapon system; in May 1952 the Army ordered 200 Corporal missiles.[^1] Conway records that Malina and [[Qian Xuesen]] enlarged some of the Private's fins into wings, with unsuccessful results.[^1] The Sergeant contract followed in 1954, shortly before Pickering became the third director.[^1] The laboratory worked with the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] at [[Redstone Arsenal]], where Army leaders had settled [[Wernher von Braun]]'s group, and the launch of Explorer 1 took place at about 2:00 a.m. on February 1, 1958.[^2] +[[Frank Malina]] drew on Caltech faculty and outside hires: the electrical engineer [[William Pickering]] set up guidance and controls, the aeronautics professor [[Louis Dunn]] became assistant director and later director, and [[Homer J. Stewart]] headed research and analysis.[^1] The laboratory built three series of complete rockets: the Private (about eight feet tall, range about ten miles, first complete rocket), the WAC Corporal (first fired October 11, 1945 at [[White Sands Proving Ground]], New Mexico) and the guided Corporal, which the Army in 1950 asked to be made a deployable nuclear-weapon system; in May 1952 the Army ordered 200 Corporal missiles.[^1] Conway records that Malina and [[Qian Xuesen]] enlarged some of the Private's fins into wings, with unsuccessful results.[^1] The Sergeant contract followed in 1954, shortly before Pickering became the third director.[^1] The laboratory worked with the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] at [[Redstone Arsenal]], where Army leaders had settled [[Wernher von Braun]]'s group, and the launch of Explorer 1 took place at 10:48 p.m. Eastern Standard Time on January 31, 1958.[^2][^3] ### Security cases of 1950 to 1952 The laboratory's staff and records appear in the FBI files of 1950 to 1952. -The FBI's Los Angeles reports on [[Sidney Weinbaum]], a Jet Propulsion Laboratory employee, record Informant T-2 as stating that he was a member of Professional Unit 122 of the Communist Party in Pasadena and its county organizer, and that Qian, then section chief at the laboratory, had been entertained at the Weinbaum home and had corresponded with the Weinbaums before Weinbaum's hiring.[^3] The report also notes that "as of a recent date" Weinbaum had been terminated from the laboratory; he was arrested for perjury on June 16, 1950, the same date on which the "denial of consent" to Qian dated June 6, 1950 was delivered to Caltech.[^3] Weinbaum was convicted.[^3] +The FBI's Los Angeles reports on [[Sidney Weinbaum]], a Jet Propulsion Laboratory employee, record Informant T-2 as stating that he was a member of Professional Unit 122 of the Communist Party in Pasadena and its county organizer, and that Qian, then section chief at the laboratory, had been entertained at the Weinbaum home and had corresponded with the Weinbaums before Weinbaum's hiring.[^4] The report also notes that "as of a recent date" Weinbaum had been terminated from the laboratory; he was arrested for perjury on June 16, 1950, the same date on which the "denial of consent" to Qian dated June 6, 1950 was delivered to Caltech.[^4] Weinbaum was convicted.[^4] -When the FBI recovered seven GALCIT Project No. 1 reports from [[Jack Parsons]] in December 1950, the laboratory advised the FBI by letter of December 29, 1950 that, in the present active sense, three were confidential, one restricted and three unclassified, and that all could be downgraded to unclassified; it stated that it had no authority to downgrade them because the Air Force had sponsored the research. The FBI recorded a statement that security regulations at the laboratory during Parsons's employment had been lax, with no charge-out system for reports.[^4] The Army's Counter Intelligence Division advised in 1951 that the work had continued under the administrative direction of the Army Chief of Ordnance and that some papers contained proprietary information of [[Aerojet]] and [[Thiokol]].[^4] +When the FBI recovered seven GALCIT Project No. 1 reports from [[Jack Parsons]] in December 1950, the laboratory advised the FBI by letter of December 29, 1950 that, in the present active sense, three were confidential, one restricted and three unclassified, and that all could be downgraded to unclassified; it stated that it had no authority to downgrade them because the Air Force had sponsored the research. The FBI recorded a statement that security regulations at the laboratory during Parsons's employment had been lax, with no charge-out system for reports.[^5] The Army's Counter Intelligence Division advised in 1951 that the work had continued under the administrative direction of the Army Chief of Ordnance and that some papers contained proprietary information of [[Aerojet]] and [[Thiokol]].[^5] -Malina, the laboratory's first director, was the subject of the 1952 sealed indictment described on his page.[^5] +Malina, the laboratory's first director, was the subject of the 1952 sealed indictment described on his page.[^6] ### Transfer to NASA -The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed July 29, did not change the status of JPL or the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]]. Pickering and the NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan wanted the laboratory moved into [[NASA]], the Army resisted, and JPL was formally transferred on December 3, 1958. Pickering said the principal consideration for Caltech was the opportunity to leave classified military research for space science.[^6] +The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed July 29, did not change the status of JPL or the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. Pickering and the NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan wanted the laboratory moved into [[NASA]], the Army resisted, and JPL was formally transferred on December 3, 1958. Pickering said the principal consideration for Caltech was the opportunity to leave classified military research for space science.[^7] ### Footnotes [^1]: Conway, Erik M., "From Rockets to Spacecraft: Making JPL a Place for Planetary Science," Engineering & Science (Caltech), no. 4 (2007), pp. 4-8, calteches.library.caltech.edu/702/2/Spacecraft.pdf. [^2]: Conway, Engineering & Science no. 4 (2007), pp. 8-10. -[^3]: FBI, "Hsue-Shen Tsien," Los Angeles file 65-4857, reports of 1949 and 1950 (Informant T-2; Weinbaum; denial of consent letter of June 6, 1950; Weinbaum arrest June 16, 1950), archive.org/details/fbi-file-tsien-hsue-shen (FBIFile_Tsien_Part1 and Part2). -[^4]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2 (reports of December 1950 and January 1951; Army and Air Force memoranda of 1951), archive.org/details/JohnParsons. -[^5]: FBI, "Frank J. Malina," Los Angeles file 100-8196, memoranda of 1952 and 1953, archive.org/details/FrankMalina (Frank Malina 02). -[^6]: Conway, Engineering & Science no. 4 (2007), p. 10. +[^3]: NASA, "Explorer 1," section "The Launch" (Cape Canaveral, Florida, 10:48 p.m. EST, Jan. 31, 1958), https://www.nasa.gov/mission/explorer-1/; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, "Explorer 1" (launch date Jan. 31, 1958), https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/explorer-1/; U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1958," entry for 31 January 1958 (Jupiter C missile RS-29 placed Explorer I into orbit), https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1958.html +[^4]: FBI, "Hsue-Shen Tsien," Los Angeles file 65-4857, reports of 1949 and 1950 (Informant T-2; Weinbaum; denial of consent letter of June 6, 1950; Weinbaum arrest June 16, 1950), archive.org/details/fbi-file-tsien-hsue-shen (FBIFile_Tsien_Part1 and Part2). +[^5]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2 (reports of December 1950 and January 1951; Army and Air Force memoranda of 1951), archive.org/details/JohnParsons. +[^6]: FBI, "Frank J. Malina," Los Angeles file 100-8196, memoranda of 1952 and 1953, archive.org/details/FrankMalina (Frank Malina 02). +[^7]: Conway, Engineering & Science no. 4 (2007), p. 10. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/LASD Major Violators.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/LASD Major Violators.md index 8f3c5b3a..226986fb 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/LASD Major Violators.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/LASD Major Violators.md @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ The [[Los Angeles Police Department]] Inspector General reported to the City Cou ### Footnotes -[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 14, "It's bigger than I can handle." Sole source for the passages so cited (trailers, staffing, Fossey, the Guzzetta, Lichtman and Garner anecdotes). +[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 14, "It's bigger than I can handle." [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997), chapter II.E, "Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Investigation of Blandon"; chapter on Lister; and chapter IV on the Big Spender cases. https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p2.htm (text copy at https://archive.org/details/crack-oigreport). [^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States* (96-0143-IG), Volume I, "The California Story," January 29, 1998, paragraphs 83 to 88 and 222 to 224. https://archive.org/details/ciaig-contra-crack-vols [^4]: "Scandals Damage LA Sheriff's Department," Associated Press, in *The Seattle Times*, December 16, 1990. https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19901216/1109823/scandals-damage-la-sheriffs-department diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.md index bdcfe025..6b50b346 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ In January 1979 Hawke wrote an outline of acoustic emission experiments with two [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 11. -[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. [^4]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers* (Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/; Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (Jonathan Cape, 1986). [^5]: Geller and Playfair, *The Geller Effect*, citing John Wilhelm, *The Search for Superman* (Pocket Books, 1976). [^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown, 2017). diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Missile and Space Intelligence Center.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Missile and Space Intelligence Center.md index ca759c4d..8b7c8f78 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Missile and Space Intelligence Center.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Missile and Space Intelligence Center.md @@ -33,106 +33,113 @@ relations: with: "[[Dynetics]]" start: 2015-01 role: "$172 million support contract reported January 26, 2015 (work expected complete January 25, 2020); HHM402-19-D-0023, $737,992,267 ceiling, reported November 6, 2019" - fn: 16 + fn: 21 - type: contractor_to with: "[[Parsons Government Services]]" start: 2018-05 role: "HHM402-18-D-0004, $164,693,682 ceiling; Parsons Corporation 2026 position on COMET announced August 25, 2026" - fn: 3 + fn: 8 - type: contractor_to with: "[[COLSA Corp.]]" start: 2016-09-28 role: "potential five-year, $103 million scientific computing contract announced September 28, 2016" - fn: 17 + fn: 22 - type: contractor_to with: "[[COLSA Corp.]]" start: 2021-09-28 role: "Scientific Computing Operations, Analysis, and Applications contract HHM402-21-D-0151; total contract ceiling value stated as $217,439,429.92 in the justification dated August 31, 2023" - fn: 22 + fn: 27 - type: contractor_to with: "[[Science Applications International Corporation]]" start: 2026-08-31 role: "position on COMET stated in Form 8-K exhibit of August 31, 2026" - fn: 9 + fn: 14 - type: contractor_to with: "[[Integration Innovation]]" start: 2026-09-08 role: "announced Small Business position on COMET" - fn: 11 + fn: 16 - type: contractor_to with: "[[Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation]]" start: 2026-09-17 role: "announced prime position on COMET" - fn: 13 + fn: 18 created: 2026-10-04 -updated: 2026-10-04 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- ### Organization and history The Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) is a component of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] located at [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Huntsville, Alabama]]. A December 2025 DIA overview briefing posted by the Huntsville chamber of commerce gives its mission as "Provide premier technical and foundational analysis of foreign weapon systems to prevent and decisively win wars," and its lineage as three stages: [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] (Army research and development), 1956; [[Army Intelligence Agency]], 1985; Defense Intelligence Agency, 1992.[^1] The briefing lists threat systems by initial operating capability from the SA-2 (1959) and the AT-1 antitank guided missile (1956) through a "DEW System" and the S-400 (both 2018), and lists "Ballistic Missile Systems," "Anti-Tank Guided Missile Systems," "Anti-Satellite Systems," "Command and Control Systems," "Directed Energy Weapons" and "Air and Missile Defense Systems" as its categories.[^1] +Between the 1956 and 1985 stages, the record shows a Missile Intelligence Office and then a Missile Intelligence Agency under the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and later [[U.S. Army Missile Command|MICOM]] at Redstone Arsenal. An Assistant Chief of Staff for Missile Intelligence joined Army Ordnance Missile Command headquarters on April 1, 1960, and on February 9, 1956 the 283d Ordnance Detachment (Technical Intelligence) was assigned to Redstone Arsenal.[^2] The Missile Intelligence Office revised a Soviet SS-1 (SCUD) study in the first half of 1962.[^3] During the October 1962 Cuban missile crisis representatives of MICOM's Missile Intelligence Agency supplied the missile expertise used to identify the type and threat of the bases under construction.[^4] A July 1985 agency recruiting brochure traces the lineage to the Army Ballistic Missile Agency of February 1956, an Army Special Security Office established in June 1956, a six-person Technical Intelligence Division, redesignation as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Missile Intelligence on March 31, 1960 (the Army chronology gives April 1, 1960), the Directorate of Missile Intelligence on August 1, 1962, one of six major production elements of the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1967, and the Missile Intelligence Agency on June 17, 1970.[^5] On April 30, 1985 the Army Chief of Staff directed the Army Intelligence Agency to assume command of the Missile Intelligence Agency, which had operated under the MICOM commander. On August 1, 1985 the Missile Intelligence Agency was redesignated the U.S. Army Missile and Space Intelligence Center.[^6] + The same briefing describes the analytic cycle as "Technical analysis to characterize threat weapon systems, quantify their performance, understand operational employment, and identify vulnerabilities to enable their defeat," drawing on HUMINT, COMINT, OSINT, GEOINT, MASINT, [[ELINT]] and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence together with modeling and simulation.[^1] It states that the Huntsville campus is the largest in DIA's real property portfolio: 52 buildings on Redstone Arsenal, 341,000 square feet of workspace and 305 acres under management, with the Shelby Center constructed in 1999. It records about 15,000 square feet of contractor SCIF space supporting the center, "growing to ~43K sq ft in near future," and lists planned military construction including a Material Exploitation Center of 102,000 square feet and a Modeling Analysis and Computing Exploitation facility of 154,000 square feet.[^1] ### Materiel Exploitation Center -On August 25, 2026 DIA leaders held a ribbon-cutting for the Materiel Exploitation Center, which [[256 Today]] described as "nearly 92,000-square-foot," and as Phase I of the center's Advanced Analysis Complex, "a project more than 20 years in the making." The report states that "Congress allocated more than $150 million for the first phase, which includes nine high bays for the exploitation of large foreign weapons systems, specialized scientific laboratories, secure intelligence spaces, logistics capabilities, vehicle maintenance and supporting infrastructure." MSIC chief [[Steven Rush]] is quoted: "We're responsible for over 700 weapons systems to analyze, exploit and inform the intelligence community and acquisition community for impact to the warfighter." DIA Deputy Director [[Sharon Rose]] is quoted: "A lot of what we'll do behind these walls is highly sensitive and we can't get into the details." Only select government and military personnel were admitted to the event.[^2] Parsons Corporation announced its position on the Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing vehicle on the same date.[^2][^3] +On August 25, 2026 DIA leaders held a ribbon-cutting for the Materiel Exploitation Center, which [[256 Today]] described as "nearly 92,000-square-foot," and as Phase I of the center's Advanced Analysis Complex, "a project more than 20 years in the making." The report states that "Congress allocated more than $150 million for the first phase, which includes nine high bays for the exploitation of large foreign weapons systems, specialized scientific laboratories, secure intelligence spaces, logistics capabilities, vehicle maintenance and supporting infrastructure." MSIC chief [[Steven Rush]] is quoted: "We're responsible for over 700 weapons systems to analyze, exploit and inform the intelligence community and acquisition community for impact to the warfighter." DIA Deputy Director [[Sharon Rose]] is quoted: "A lot of what we'll do behind these walls is highly sensitive and we can't get into the details." Only select government and military personnel were admitted to the event.[^7] Parsons Corporation announced its position on the Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing vehicle on the same date.[^7][^8] ### Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing -The Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET) vehicle was solicited by the DIA Virginia Contracting Activity, 4545 Fowler Road, Redstone Arsenal, under presolicitation HHM402-25-R-0025 (September 23, 2025); a special notice of September 9, 2025 invited small businesses to an industry technical exchange meeting, and the final request for proposals, numbered HHM40226COMET, was posted April 23, 2026 under NAICS 541715. The December 2025 briefing states "10 years (base 5 years with 5 x 1-year options) with $14B ceiling," lists the five areas as "Foundational & Technical Intelligence Analysis, Foreign Material Exploitation, IT Operations, Modeling & Simulation, and Business Processes," and notes "COMET - Delayed release due to furlough."[^1][^4] +The Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET) vehicle was solicited by the DIA Virginia Contracting Activity, 4545 Fowler Road, Redstone Arsenal, under presolicitation HHM402-25-R-0025 (September 23, 2025); a special notice of September 9, 2025 invited small businesses to an industry technical exchange meeting, and the final request for proposals, numbered HHM40226COMET, was posted April 23, 2026 under NAICS 541715. The December 2025 briefing states "10 years (base 5 years with 5 x 1-year options) with $14B ceiling," lists the five areas as "Foundational & Technical Intelligence Analysis, Foreign Material Exploitation, IT Operations, Modeling & Simulation, and Business Processes," and notes "COMET - Delayed release due to furlough."[^1][^9] -The 355-page request for proposals prices its contract line items 0001 through 0005 as "Informational CLIN Only: Labor for Offensive Missile System Analysis Support, in accordance with the Performance Work Statement," with a base ordering period of July 5, 2026 to July 4, 2031, an option period of July 5, 2031 to July 4, 2036 and a second option of July 5, 2036 to January 4, 2037.[^5] Its background section defines the exploitation area: "Foreign Materiel Exploitation (FME) involves the reverse-engineering of foreign weapon systems to analyze and understand their capabilities and vulnerabilities. MSIC's exploitation laboratories are equipped with advanced capabilities in several critical areas, including software reverse-engineering (SWRE), radiofrequency (RF) and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) analysis, materials science, adversarial-AI, computed tomography (CT) imaging, and microelectronics." Evaluation item 7.2.2.4 asks offerors to describe expertise "in reverse engineering of foreign weapon systems to characterize the capabilities, characteristics, performance, and vulnerabilities of the weapon systems," with techniques named as "software reverse engineering, RF analysis, EO/IR analysis, materials science, inertial measurement unit testing, 3D X-Ray computed tomography imaging, microelectronics, and Field Programable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)." Another item asks for expertise "in handling, storage, and disposal of explosives, caustic materials, and other hazards inherent in weapon systems; execution of explosive ordnance disassembly and render-safe; and live-fire support."[^5] +The 355-page request for proposals prices its contract line items 0001 through 0005 as "Informational CLIN Only: Labor for Offensive Missile System Analysis Support, in accordance with the Performance Work Statement," with a base ordering period of July 5, 2026 to July 4, 2031, an option period of July 5, 2031 to July 4, 2036 and a second option of July 5, 2036 to January 4, 2037.[^10] Its background section defines the exploitation area: "Foreign Materiel Exploitation (FME) involves the reverse-engineering of foreign weapon systems to analyze and understand their capabilities and vulnerabilities. MSIC's exploitation laboratories are equipped with advanced capabilities in several critical areas, including software reverse-engineering (SWRE), radiofrequency (RF) and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) analysis, materials science, adversarial-AI, computed tomography (CT) imaging, and microelectronics." Evaluation item 7.2.2.4 asks offerors to describe expertise "in reverse engineering of foreign weapon systems to characterize the capabilities, characteristics, performance, and vulnerabilities of the weapon systems," with techniques named as "software reverse engineering, RF analysis, EO/IR analysis, materials science, inertial measurement unit testing, 3D X-Ray computed tomography imaging, microelectronics, and Field Programable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)." Another item asks for expertise "in handling, storage, and disposal of explosives, caustic materials, and other hazards inherent in weapon systems; execution of explosive ordnance disassembly and render-safe; and live-fire support."[^10] -The title used for the labor lines matches that of an earlier MSIC requirement, "Offensive Missile System Analysis Support" (MSIC-OMS-2021, presolicitation posted March 4, 2021), described in its notice as "model development, simulation, and hardware & analysis activities related to Offensive Missile Sysrems Support & Analysis, including extensive hardware exploitation." The performance work statement for that requirement, dated August 8, 2019, states: "Efforts to test, analyze, evaluate, document, and reproduce missile system hardware obtained by the U.S. shall also be required."[^6] +The title used for the labor lines matches that of an earlier MSIC requirement, "Offensive Missile System Analysis Support" (MSIC-OMS-2021, presolicitation posted March 4, 2021), described in its notice as "model development, simulation, and hardware & analysis activities related to Offensive Missile Sysrems Support & Analysis, including extensive hardware exploitation." The performance work statement for that requirement, dated August 8, 2019, states: "Efforts to test, analyze, evaluate, document, and reproduce missile system hardware obtained by the U.S. shall also be required."[^11] -The solicitation's questions-and-answers matrix records the following exchange. Asked whether the Government planned to award to all offerors meeting the FAR 2.101 definition of qualifying offeror, the Government answered: "Yes, the Government confirms that we intend to award IDIQ contracts to ALL 'Qualifying Offerors' who meet the requirements defined in FAR 2.101 and this solicitation. There is no predetermined ceiling on the number of awards, and the Government will not limit awards based on numerical quotas or competitive ranking." A second answer states that "Twenty (20) percent of the total IDIQ awards are set aside exclusively for Small Business concerns."[^7] [[Washington Technology]] reported in March 2026 that "COMET is a new requirement with no incumbents."[^8] +The solicitation's questions-and-answers matrix records the following exchange. Asked whether the Government planned to award to all offerors meeting the FAR 2.101 definition of qualifying offeror, the Government answered: "Yes, the Government confirms that we intend to award IDIQ contracts to ALL 'Qualifying Offerors' who meet the requirements defined in FAR 2.101 and this solicitation. There is no predetermined ceiling on the number of awards, and the Government will not limit awards based on numerical quotas or competitive ranking." A second answer states that "Twenty (20) percent of the total IDIQ awards are set aside exclusively for Small Business concerns."[^12] [[Washington Technology]] reported in March 2026 that "COMET is a new requirement with no incumbents."[^13] ### Contractor announcements of COMET positions -[[Parsons Corporation]] announced on August 25, 2026 that it had been awarded a position on COMET, "valued at an estimated $14 billion."[^3] [[Science Applications International Corporation]] stated in a Form 8-K exhibit dated August 31, 2026: "SAIC was awarded a position on the estimated $14 billion Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing ('COMET') multiple-award, indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity ('IDIQ') contract with the Missile and Space Intelligence Center ('MSIC')," adding that backlog "does not include estimates of revenues to be derived from multiple-award, IDIQ contracts, but rather we record backlog and bookings when task orders are awarded."[^9] [[Modern Technology Solutions]] announced a position on September 2, 2026.[^10] [[Integration Innovation]] (i3) announced on September 8, 2026 that it "has secured a Small Business position" and named four mission areas, including "Foreign Materiel Exploitation."[^11] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on September 9, 2026 that it leads its own team and "holds positions on two other winning COMET teams: one led by SAIC and one through its [[Radiance Ignite Technologies]] joint venture," with a performance period of July 21, 2026 to January 1, 2037.[^12] [[Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation]] announced on September 17, 2026 "a prime position," giving "an estimated ceiling of more than $14 billion."[^13] +[[Parsons Corporation]] announced on August 25, 2026 that it had been awarded a position on COMET, "valued at an estimated $14 billion."[^8] [[Science Applications International Corporation]] stated in a Form 8-K exhibit dated August 31, 2026: "SAIC was awarded a position on the estimated $14 billion Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing ('COMET') multiple-award, indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity ('IDIQ') contract with the Missile and Space Intelligence Center ('MSIC')," adding that backlog "does not include estimates of revenues to be derived from multiple-award, IDIQ contracts, but rather we record backlog and bookings when task orders are awarded."[^14] [[Modern Technology Solutions]] announced a position on September 2, 2026.[^15] [[Integration Innovation]] (i3) announced on September 8, 2026 that it "has secured a Small Business position" and named four mission areas, including "Foreign Materiel Exploitation."[^16] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on September 9, 2026 that it leads its own team and "holds positions on two other winning COMET teams: one led by SAIC and one through its [[Radiance Ignite Technologies]] joint venture," with a performance period of July 21, 2026 to January 1, 2037.[^17] [[Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation]] announced on September 17, 2026 "a prime position," giving "an estimated ceiling of more than $14 billion."[^18] -The [[Government Accountability Office]] docket B-424401.1 records a protest by Radiance Ignite Technologies, Inc. against solicitation HHM40225R0025, agency Defense Intelligence Agency, filed April 9, 2026 and dismissed April 22, 2026; the proposal due date in the solicitation was April 27, 2026.[^14][^4] +The [[Government Accountability Office]] docket B-424401.1 records a protest by Radiance Ignite Technologies, Inc. against solicitation HHM40225R0025, agency Defense Intelligence Agency, filed April 9, 2026 and dismissed April 22, 2026; the proposal due date in the solicitation was April 27, 2026.[^9][^19] ### Predecessor contracts -MSIC contracting has run through the Virginia Contracting Activity under PIID prefix HHM402. A 2012 notice for "Integrated System Production & JRAAC Operations" (HHM402-12-R-0084) describes the Joint Research Assessment and Analysis Center as "a digital computer laboratory" developed "to provide a simulation infrastructure that supports the analysis of the capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities of threat systems," names threat systems in the center's mission area as "surface-to-air-missiles (SAMS), short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs), anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), and directed energy weapon (DEW) systems," and calls the requirement a follow-on to HHM402-07-D-0016 with [[Sparta, Inc.]][^15] +MSIC contracting has run through the Virginia Contracting Activity under PIID prefix HHM402. A 2012 notice for "Integrated System Production & JRAAC Operations" (HHM402-12-R-0084) describes the Joint Research Assessment and Analysis Center as "a digital computer laboratory" developed "to provide a simulation infrastructure that supports the analysis of the capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities of threat systems," names threat systems in the center's mission area as "surface-to-air-missiles (SAMS), short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs), anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), and directed energy weapon (DEW) systems," and calls the requirement a follow-on to HHM402-07-D-0016 with [[Sparta, Inc.]][^20] -Washington Technology reported on January 26, 2015 that [[Dynetics]] had won a $172 million Defense Intelligence Agency contract to support the center, with work at Redstone Arsenal expected to be completed by January 25, 2020.[^16] [[Parsons Government Services]] was awarded, as reported by AFCEA SIGNAL on May 9, 2018, HHM402-18-D-0004, a five-year contract with a potential five-year option and a ceiling of $164,693,682, for "modeling and simulation architecture analytical tools, model development and integration, integrated forces analysis, and C4 exploitation and analysis," completion expected May 7, 2028, awarded through full and open competition with two offers.[^3] [[GovConWire]] reported on September 29, 2016, citing the [[Department of Defense]] announcement of September 28, that [[COLSA Corp.]] had won a potential five-year, $103 million scientific computing contract, with three proposals received and completion expected September 27, 2021.[^17] +Washington Technology reported on January 26, 2015 that [[Dynetics]] had won a $172 million Defense Intelligence Agency contract to support the center, with work at Redstone Arsenal expected to be completed by January 25, 2020.[^21] [[Parsons Government Services]] was awarded, as reported by AFCEA SIGNAL on May 9, 2018, HHM402-18-D-0004, a five-year contract with a potential five-year option and a ceiling of $164,693,682, for "modeling and simulation architecture analytical tools, model development and integration, integrated forces analysis, and C4 exploitation and analysis," completion expected May 7, 2028, awarded through full and open competition with two offers.[^8] [[GovConWire]] reported on September 29, 2016, citing the [[Department of Defense]] announcement of September 28, that [[COLSA Corp.]] had won a potential five-year, $103 million scientific computing contract, with three proposals received and completion expected September 27, 2021.[^22] -A February 26, 2019 synopsis for "Defensive Systems Analysis Support (DSAS)" states that "required expertise shall include detailed knowledge of missile structures, propulsion systems," guidance and control techniques, position, navigation and timing techniques, advanced upper stage systems, and, in its words, "countermeasures, and counter-countermeasures, radar systems, electronic designs, antenna designs, transmitters, aerodynamic principles, sensors, computers, power sources, and optics."[^18] On November 6, 2019 [[AFCEA SIGNAL]] reported that Dynetics (HHM402-19-D-0023) was awarded a five-year base, five-year option contract with a ceiling of $737,992,267 for support services to the center, work at Redstone Arsenal and Huntsville, completion October 31, 2029, "full and open solicitation, and one offer was received."[^16] +A February 26, 2019 synopsis for "Defensive Systems Analysis Support (DSAS)" states that "required expertise shall include detailed knowledge of missile structures, propulsion systems," guidance and control techniques, position, navigation and timing techniques, advanced upper stage systems, and, in its words, "countermeasures, and counter-countermeasures, radar systems, electronic designs, antenna designs, transmitters, aerodynamic principles, sensors, computers, power sources, and optics."[^23] On November 6, 2019 [[AFCEA SIGNAL]] reported that Dynetics (HHM402-19-D-0023) was awarded a five-year base, five-year option contract with a ceiling of $737,992,267 for support services to the center, work at Redstone Arsenal and Huntsville, completion October 31, 2029, "full and open solicitation, and one offer was received."[^21] -A synopsis posted December 28, 2020 for "FME Laboratory Operations" states that the center "requires contractor support to accomplish diverse scientific and technical intelligence missions associated with the Missile and Space Intelligence Center, Program Management Division (MSIC4) and the Joint Foreign Material Program Office (JFMPO)," and that the scope "addresses laboratory operation, laboratory support requirements, cross-functional logistic support requirements, and [[Foreign Materiel Exploitation|Joint Captured Material Exploitation Center]] (JCMEC) support for the JFMPO," as a single-award indefinite-delivery contract with a five-year base and five-year option ordering period.[^19] +A synopsis posted December 28, 2020 for "FME Laboratory Operations" states that the center "requires contractor support to accomplish diverse scientific and technical intelligence missions associated with the Missile and Space Intelligence Center, Program Management Division (MSIC4) and the Joint Foreign Material Program Office (JFMPO)," and that the scope "addresses laboratory operation, laboratory support requirements, cross-functional logistic support requirements, and [[Foreign Materiel Exploitation|Joint Captured Material Exploitation Center]] (JCMEC) support for the JFMPO," as a single-award indefinite-delivery contract with a five-year base and five-year option ordering period.[^24] -A 2024 sources-sought notice for Defensive Systems Analysis (April 24, 2024; response due June 3, 2024) describes market research on industry capability to support a possible multiple-award contract with a five-year base and five-year option, and states that "the contractor shall support the acquisition/exploitation of defensive systems foreign materiel." Its performance work statement, section 3.2.1 (Hardware Examination and Characterization), reads: "The contractor shall extract firmware and data from digital electronic devices contained in key hardware subsystems, document findings and reverse engineer firmware," and "shall evaluate firmware and software devices for vulnerabilities to electronic attack including cyber operations." Section 3.4.1 covers "Radar and Missile Hardware Prototypes."[^20] +A 2024 sources-sought notice for Defensive Systems Analysis (April 24, 2024; response due June 3, 2024) describes market research on industry capability to support a possible multiple-award contract with a five-year base and five-year option, and states that "the contractor shall support the acquisition/exploitation of defensive systems foreign materiel." Its performance work statement, section 3.2.1 (Hardware Examination and Characterization), reads: "The contractor shall extract firmware and data from digital electronic devices contained in key hardware subsystems, document findings and reverse engineer firmware," and "shall evaluate firmware and software devices for vulnerabilities to electronic attack including cyber operations." Section 3.4.1 covers "Radar and Missile Hardware Prototypes."[^25] -In June 2023 Radiance announced that [[Peraton]] had been awarded a $284 million task order, "SCAR" (Countering Advanced Conventional Weapons Analytical Requirements), under the DIA Solutions for Intelligence Analysis 3 program, with a one-year base and four option years, and that Radiance was a team member; the release describes "analysis of foreign weapon systems across all MSIC's missions and disciplines, including air and missile defense systems, ballistic missiles, anti-tank guided missiles, and directed energy weapons." Radiance executive vice president Karl Walli is quoted: "While Radiance has supported MSIC for over 15 years."[^21] +In June 2023 Radiance announced that [[Peraton]] had been awarded a $284 million task order, "SCAR" (Countering Advanced Conventional Weapons Analytical Requirements), under the DIA Solutions for Intelligence Analysis 3 program, with a one-year base and four option years, and that Radiance was a team member; the release describes "analysis of foreign weapon systems across all MSIC's missions and disciplines, including air and missile defense systems, ballistic missiles, anti-tank guided missiles, and directed energy weapons." Radiance executive vice president Karl Walli is quoted: "While Radiance has supported MSIC for over 15 years."[^26] ### Scientific computing and congressional funding -The 2021 competition for "Scientific Computing Operations, Analysis, and Applications" (SCOAA), contract HHM402-21-D-0151, went to COLSA. A justification for other than full and open competition, control number J-FV23 0010, dated August 31, 2023, states that the requested increase is $85,000,000 for the base ordering period, "approximately 39% of the total contract ceiling value of $217,439,429.92 (base plus option periods)." It continues: "In the acquisition planning phase, the ceiling was contemplated at $345,000,000 and the acquisition plan was approved at this amount. A large influx of Congressionally Directed funding (approximately $45,000,000 in FY23) resulted in the award of numerous Task Orders that were not originally anticipated. An additional $40,000,000 is anticipated by MSIC Resource Managers in FY24." The base period "ends 27 September 2026"; the option period runs through September 27, 2031 and a six-month extension through March 27, 2032. The services support production of assessments of "foreign ground-based air defense missiles, ballistic missiles, ballistic missile defense systems, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-satellite and directed energy weapons, as well as their associated command, control, communications, and computer (C4) systems." Section 8 records that "a competitive solicitation issued in 2021 yielded three proposal submissions." Section 11 states: "Congressionally directed awards are anticipated in the future" and "Any follow-on actions are anticipated to be full and open competition."[^22] +The 2021 competition for "Scientific Computing Operations, Analysis, and Applications" (SCOAA), contract HHM402-21-D-0151, went to COLSA. A justification for other than full and open competition, control number J-FV23 0010, dated August 31, 2023, states that the requested increase is $85,000,000 for the base ordering period, "approximately 39% of the total contract ceiling value of $217,439,429.92 (base plus option periods)." It continues: "In the acquisition planning phase, the ceiling was contemplated at $345,000,000 and the acquisition plan was approved at this amount. A large influx of Congressionally Directed funding (approximately $45,000,000 in FY23) resulted in the award of numerous Task Orders that were not originally anticipated. An additional $40,000,000 is anticipated by MSIC Resource Managers in FY24." The base period "ends 27 September 2026"; the option period runs through September 27, 2031 and a six-month extension through March 27, 2032. The services support production of assessments of "foreign ground-based air defense missiles, ballistic missiles, ballistic missile defense systems, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-satellite and directed energy weapons, as well as their associated command, control, communications, and computer (C4) systems." Section 8 records that "a competitive solicitation issued in 2021 yielded three proposal submissions." Section 11 states: "Congressionally directed awards are anticipated in the future" and "Any follow-on actions are anticipated to be full and open competition."[^27] ### Footnotes [^1]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Missile and Space Intelligence Center," overview briefing, December 2025 (UNCLASSIFIED), slides "MSIC Mission, Vision & Values," "MSIC Long History of Protecting Warfighters," "MSIC in Huntsville," "MSIC Major Changes." https://hsvchamber.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/DIA-MSIC-Redstone-Update-2025.pdf -[^2]: "What happens behind these walls? DIA opens new Materiel Exploitation Center at Redstone Arsenal," 256 Today, August 26, 2026. https://256today.com/what-happens-behind-these-walls-dia-opens-new-materiel-exploitation-center-at-redstone-arsenal/ -[^3]: "Parsons Supporting DIA's Missile and Space Intelligence Center," AFCEA SIGNAL, May 9, 2018. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/contracting/parsons-supporting-dias-missile-and-space-intelligence-center ; Loren Blinde, "Parsons wins spot on COMET contract," Intelligence Community News, August 28, 2026. https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/parsons-wins-spot-on-comet-contract/ -[^4]: SAM.gov notices: "Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET)," presolicitation HHM402-25-R-0025 (September 23, 2025); special notice "Opportunity for Small Business Participation in COMET" (September 9, 2025); solicitation HHM40226COMET (April 23, 2026). https://sam.gov/opp/89a9fc7e2aeb4a1191c75a3bb38e3bd7/view -[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency Virginia Contracting Activity, Request for Proposals HHM40225R0025 (COMET), schedule pages 2 to 6 of 355 and Amendment 5, sections 1.1.2 and 7.2.2.4. https://sam.gov/opp/89a9fc7e2aeb4a1191c75a3bb38e3bd7/view -[^6]: SAM.gov, "Offensive Missile System Analysis Support," MSIC-OMS-2021 (posted March 4, 2021), with "Performance Work Statement for Offensive Missile System Analysis and Support," August 8, 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/f006072d810c4ec28a1cd14980bdf9f3/view -[^7]: COMET presolicitation questions-and-answers matrix (Section M, "Evaluation Criteria," and "Section 9.3.1" rows), attached to SAM.gov notice HHM402-25-R-0025. https://sam.gov/opp/c3462f4d4988435694f9d28fc53b7127/view -[^8]: "DIA starts bidding $14B analysis support contract," Washington Technology, March 2026. https://www.washingtontechnology.com/companies/2026/03/dia-starts-bidding-14b-analysis-support-contract/411842/ -[^9]: Science Applications International Corporation, Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1, August 31, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001571123/000157112326000131/saic08312026ex991earningsr.htm -[^10]: Jane Edwards, "MTSI Wins Spot on DIA COMET Missile & Space Intel Support Contract," GovConWire, September 3, 2026. https://www.govconwire.com/articles/mtsi-dia-comet-missile-space-intel-contract-spot -[^11]: "i3 Awarded Small Business Position on $14 Billion COMET Contract Supporting the Missile and Space Intelligence Center," Integration Innovation, Inc., September 8, 2026. https://orangeslices.ai/i3-awarded-small-business-position-on-14-billion-comet-contract-supporting-the-missile-and-space-intelligence-center/ -[^12]: "Radiance Technologies Wins Position on $14B MSIC COMET Contract," PR Newswire, September 9, 2026. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/radiance-technologies-wins-position-on-14b-msic-comet-contract-302874291.html -[^13]: "INTUITIVE Awarded Position on DIA MISC COMET IDIQ," Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation, September 17, 2026. https://irtc-hq.com/intuitive-awarded-position-on-dia-misc-comet-idiq/ -[^14]: Government Accountability Office, bid protest docket B-424401.1, Radiance Ignite Technologies, Inc. https://www.gao.gov/docket/b-424401.1 -[^15]: SAM.gov, "Integrated System Production & JRAAC Operations," HHM402-12-R-0084 (posted May 4, 2012). https://sam.gov/opp/d1ce1d9f0c1c8a521e578b659de55299/view -[^16]: Mark Hoover, "Dynetics wins $172M contract to support DIA space intelligence center," Washington Technology, January 26, 2015. https://www.washingtontechnology.com/2015/01/dynetics-wins-172m-contract-to-support-dia-space-intelligence-center/342184/ ; "DIA Selects Dynetics to Support its Missile and Space Intelligence Center," AFCEA SIGNAL, November 6, 2019. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/contracting/dia-selects-dynetics-support-its-missile-and-space-intelligence-center -[^17]: Mary-Louise Hoffman, "DIA Taps Colsa for $103M Missile & Space Intell Center Support Contract," GovConWire, September 29, 2016. https://www.govconwire.com/articles/colsa-wins-potential-103m-idiq-for-dia-missile-space-intell-center-tech-support -[^18]: SAM.gov, "Defensive Systems Analysis Support (DSAS)," synopsis posted February 26, 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/680db3eb2ad3adfce382cd3c1446d80f/view -[^19]: SAM.gov, "SYNOPSIS: FME Laboratory Operations," posted December 28, 2020. https://sam.gov/opp/ab8c769f1afd4a13960adf006100412d/view -[^20]: SAM.gov, "Defensive Systems Analysis" sources sought HHM402_DSA (April 24, 2024) and "Defensive Systems Analysis PWS Rev1," section 3.2.1 and 3.4.1. https://sam.gov/opp/a84ff165d27e450bafeb3f41105b33a8/view -[^21]: "Radiance Technologies Joins Peraton to Deliver S&TI Solutions to MSIC," PR Newswire, June 2, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/radiance-technologies-joins-peraton-to-deliver-sti-solutions-to-msic-301841456.html -[^22]: Defense Intelligence Agency Virginia Contracting Activity, "Justification for Other Than Full and Open Competition," control number J-FV23 0010, August 31, 2023, sections 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 (SAM.gov notice, attachment JOFOC.pdf). https://sam.gov/opp/2a9b36a56ea74d919b3efb6e1d2c911a/view +[^2]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1956," entry for 9 February 1956, and "Introduction," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1956.html and https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html (entry for 1 April 1960) +[^3]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1962" (part a), entry for January to June 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1962a.html +[^4]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1962" (part b), entry for October 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1962b.html +[^5]: U.S. Army Missile Intelligence Agency, recruiting brochure, July 1985, "History of the Missile Intelligence Agency," p. 4. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dodmilintel/33 +[^6]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1985," entries for 30 April 1985 and 1 August 1985. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1985.html +[^7]: "What happens behind these walls? DIA opens new Materiel Exploitation Center at Redstone Arsenal," 256 Today, August 26, 2026. https://256today.com/what-happens-behind-these-walls-dia-opens-new-materiel-exploitation-center-at-redstone-arsenal/ +[^8]: "Parsons Supporting DIA's Missile and Space Intelligence Center," AFCEA SIGNAL, May 9, 2018. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/contracting/parsons-supporting-dias-missile-and-space-intelligence-center ; Loren Blinde, "Parsons wins spot on COMET contract," Intelligence Community News, August 28, 2026. https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/parsons-wins-spot-on-comet-contract/ +[^9]: SAM.gov notices: "Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET)," presolicitation HHM402-25-R-0025 (September 23, 2025); special notice "Opportunity for Small Business Participation in COMET" (September 9, 2025); solicitation HHM40226COMET (April 23, 2026). https://sam.gov/opp/89a9fc7e2aeb4a1191c75a3bb38e3bd7/view +[^10]: Defense Intelligence Agency Virginia Contracting Activity, Request for Proposals HHM40225R0025 (COMET), schedule pages 2 to 6 of 355 and Amendment 5, sections 1.1.2 and 7.2.2.4. https://sam.gov/opp/89a9fc7e2aeb4a1191c75a3bb38e3bd7/view +[^11]: SAM.gov, "Offensive Missile System Analysis Support," MSIC-OMS-2021 (posted March 4, 2021), with "Performance Work Statement for Offensive Missile System Analysis and Support," August 8, 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/f006072d810c4ec28a1cd14980bdf9f3/view +[^12]: COMET presolicitation questions-and-answers matrix (Section M, "Evaluation Criteria," and "Section 9.3.1" rows), attached to SAM.gov notice HHM402-25-R-0025. https://sam.gov/opp/c3462f4d4988435694f9d28fc53b7127/view +[^13]: "DIA starts bidding $14B analysis support contract," Washington Technology, March 2026. https://www.washingtontechnology.com/companies/2026/03/dia-starts-bidding-14b-analysis-support-contract/411842/ +[^14]: Science Applications International Corporation, Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1, August 31, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001571123/000157112326000131/saic08312026ex991earningsr.htm +[^15]: Jane Edwards, "MTSI Wins Spot on DIA COMET Missile & Space Intel Support Contract," GovConWire, September 3, 2026. https://www.govconwire.com/articles/mtsi-dia-comet-missile-space-intel-contract-spot +[^16]: "i3 Awarded Small Business Position on $14 Billion COMET Contract Supporting the Missile and Space Intelligence Center," Integration Innovation, Inc., September 8, 2026. https://orangeslices.ai/i3-awarded-small-business-position-on-14-billion-comet-contract-supporting-the-missile-and-space-intelligence-center/ +[^17]: "Radiance Technologies Wins Position on $14B MSIC COMET Contract," PR Newswire, September 9, 2026. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/radiance-technologies-wins-position-on-14b-msic-comet-contract-302874291.html +[^18]: "INTUITIVE Awarded Position on DIA MISC COMET IDIQ," Intuitive Research and Technology Corporation, September 17, 2026. https://irtc-hq.com/intuitive-awarded-position-on-dia-misc-comet-idiq/ +[^19]: Government Accountability Office, bid protest docket B-424401.1, Radiance Ignite Technologies, Inc. https://www.gao.gov/docket/b-424401.1 +[^20]: SAM.gov, "Integrated System Production & JRAAC Operations," HHM402-12-R-0084 (posted May 4, 2012). https://sam.gov/opp/d1ce1d9f0c1c8a521e578b659de55299/view +[^21]: Mark Hoover, "Dynetics wins $172M contract to support DIA space intelligence center," Washington Technology, January 26, 2015. https://www.washingtontechnology.com/2015/01/dynetics-wins-172m-contract-to-support-dia-space-intelligence-center/342184/ ; "DIA Selects Dynetics to Support its Missile and Space Intelligence Center," AFCEA SIGNAL, November 6, 2019. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/contracting/dia-selects-dynetics-support-its-missile-and-space-intelligence-center +[^22]: Mary-Louise Hoffman, "DIA Taps Colsa for $103M Missile & Space Intell Center Support Contract," GovConWire, September 29, 2016. https://www.govconwire.com/articles/colsa-wins-potential-103m-idiq-for-dia-missile-space-intell-center-tech-support +[^23]: SAM.gov, "Defensive Systems Analysis Support (DSAS)," synopsis posted February 26, 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/680db3eb2ad3adfce382cd3c1446d80f/view +[^24]: SAM.gov, "SYNOPSIS: FME Laboratory Operations," posted December 28, 2020. https://sam.gov/opp/ab8c769f1afd4a13960adf006100412d/view +[^25]: SAM.gov, "Defensive Systems Analysis" sources sought HHM402_DSA (April 24, 2024) and "Defensive Systems Analysis PWS Rev1," section 3.2.1 and 3.4.1. https://sam.gov/opp/a84ff165d27e450bafeb3f41105b33a8/view +[^26]: "Radiance Technologies Joins Peraton to Deliver S&TI Solutions to MSIC," PR Newswire, June 2, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/radiance-technologies-joins-peraton-to-deliver-sti-solutions-to-msic-301841456.html +[^27]: Defense Intelligence Agency Virginia Contracting Activity, "Justification for Other Than Full and Open Competition," control number J-FV23 0010, August 31, 2023, sections 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 (SAM.gov notice, attachment JOFOC.pdf). https://sam.gov/opp/2a9b36a56ea74d919b3efb6e1d2c911a/view diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NASA.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NASA.md index d29b89ab..fc994415 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NASA.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NASA.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- created: 2026-05-15 -updated: 2026-10-08 +updated: 2026-10-09 title: NASA aliases: - National Aeronautics and Space Administration @@ -106,33 +106,37 @@ On January 16, 2013, NASA announced a $17.8 million contract to [[Bigelow Aerosp [[Wernher von Braun]], recruited through [[Operation Paperclip]], was the first director of the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]], serving from 1960 to 1970.[^29] [[Alan Filreis]] wrote that von Braun's admissions in U.S. Army records show him to have been "an S.S. major" who frequently visited the underground rocket factory at Dora, that during one visit, according to documents shown on CNN, von Braun attended a meeting that discussed rounding up citizens off the streets of France to be brought to Dora, and that on March 23 NASA held a "Wernher von Braun birthday reception" at Marshall in Huntsville, Alabama.[^30] +The Marshall center opened at [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Huntsville, Alabama]], on July 1, 1960, when the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] and Army Ordnance Missile Command lost their space missions, about 4,000 civilian employees and $100 million in buildings and equipment at Redstone and Cape Canaveral.[^31] President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] dedicated the center on September 8, 1960.[^31] + [[Arthur Rudolph]], Operations Director at the Mittelwerk underground V-2 factory, became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1954, worked in the U.S. rocket program until his retirement from NASA in 1969, and received NASA's Distinguished Service Award at his retirement.[^29] Filreis described the 1969 award as going to Rudolph "for his work as project director of the Saturn V moon rocket."[^30] The [[Office of Special Investigations]] (OSI) of the Justice Department interviewed Rudolph twice and recommended a denaturalization action; a prosecution memorandum dated April 21, 1983 went to the Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and a memorandum of December 2, 1983 concerned the "Agreement in Rudolph Case." Under the written agreement he would leave the United States and renounce his citizenship, and he agreed not to contest allegations that he participated in the persecution of unarmed civilians at Mittelwerk; the government agreed to withhold any announcement until he had departed.[^29] Rudolph went to Germany in October 1984. He denied wrongdoing, and said that he "tried to help the poor forced laborers to have their conditions improved" and that he renounced his citizenship only to avoid the sensationalism and cost of litigation in light of his health and age.[^29] Former Congresswoman [[Elizabeth Holtzman]] asked NASA to rescind the medal, and the agency refused.[^29] Filreis reports that [[Eli Rosenbaum]], who negotiated the agreement for the OSI, said that any contention that the agreement bars the government from revoking Rudolph's medals "is utter nonsense."[^30] -In 1989 Rudolph applied at the U.S. Consulate in Hamburg for a visa to reenter the United States, and was denied. In 1990 he flew to Canada, where the Canadian authorities, alerted by OSI, briefly detained him and released him on bond pending deportation proceedings; Ohio Congressman James Traficant championed his cause. The Canadian court concluded that Rudolph "called for, made use of and directed" slave laborers at Mittelwerk. He was sent back to Germany in 1992, and then sued the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State and four OSI attorneys, claiming that the government had misled him into believing it had sufficient evidence to file a denaturalization suit when a key witness had exculpated him in a sworn declaration. The OSI report states that the suit was dismissed on the ground that it was barred by sovereign immunity, and that he died in Germany in 1996.[^29] A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report carried by the Detroit Jewish News on February 26, 1993 dates the agreement to 1983 and reports that a federal judge in San Jose dismissed Rudolph's suit, in which he argued that the agreement was made under duress and contained elements of fraud, and that a Canadian court had found that he directed forced labor by foreign prisoners at Mittelwerk during 1943 to 1945.[^31] +In 1989 Rudolph applied at the U.S. Consulate in Hamburg for a visa to reenter the United States, and was denied. In 1990 he flew to Canada, where the Canadian authorities, alerted by OSI, briefly detained him and released him on bond pending deportation proceedings; Ohio Congressman James Traficant championed his cause. The Canadian court concluded that Rudolph "called for, made use of and directed" slave laborers at Mittelwerk. He was sent back to Germany in 1992, and then sued the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State and four OSI attorneys, claiming that the government had misled him into believing it had sufficient evidence to file a denaturalization suit when a key witness had exculpated him in a sworn declaration. The OSI report states that the suit was dismissed on the ground that it was barred by sovereign immunity, and that he died in Germany in 1996.[^29] A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report carried by the Detroit Jewish News on February 26, 1993 dates the agreement to 1983 and reports that a federal judge in San Jose dismissed Rudolph's suit, in which he argued that the agreement was made under duress and contained elements of fraud, and that a Canadian court had found that he directed forced labor by foreign prisoners at Mittelwerk during 1943 to 1945.[^32] ### Space Shuttle Program Leadership, 1973 to 1980 -"Myron (Mike) Malkin was the Headquarters Shuttle Program Director from 1973 to 1980," according to NASA's biography of the STS-1 program personnel.[^32] The New York Times obituary of [[Myron S. Malkin]] describes him as the first director of the shuttle program, a physicist who led the effort to bring the orbiter, external tank and solid rocket boosters together as one system, and who left the agency before the first flight in April 1981.[^33] A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Office of Training schedule for a nine-week Senior Seminar (forwarded August 4, 1978) lists "Dr. Myron S. Malkin Space Shuttle Program Director, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)" as the speaker on the shuttle program.[^34] Under the author name "Malkin, M. S.," NASA's Technical Reports Server holds his papers on the program from 1974 to 1979, among them "The Space Shuttle - Key considerations" (1975) and "Planning Space Shuttle's maiden voyage" (1979, with R. F. Freitag).[^35] +"Myron (Mike) Malkin was the Headquarters Shuttle Program Director from 1973 to 1980," according to NASA's biography of the STS-1 program personnel.[^33] The New York Times obituary of [[Myron S. Malkin]] describes him as the first director of the shuttle program, a physicist who led the effort to bring the orbiter, external tank and solid rocket boosters together as one system, and who left the agency before the first flight in April 1981.[^34] A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Office of Training schedule for a nine-week Senior Seminar (forwarded August 4, 1978) lists "Dr. Myron S. Malkin Space Shuttle Program Director, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)" as the speaker on the shuttle program.[^35] Under the author name "Malkin, M. S.," NASA's Technical Reports Server holds his papers on the program from 1974 to 1979, among them "The Space Shuttle - Key considerations" (1975) and "Planning Space Shuttle's maiden voyage" (1979, with R. F. Freitag).[^36] ### Jack Parsons and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory -The Jet Propulsion Laboratory grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in Pasadena. The FBI's file on [[Jack Parsons]] records a letter of December 29, 1950 from the laboratory on the classification of seven Jet Propulsion Laboratory reports under GALCIT Project No. 1 that were in Parsons' possession at the end of his employment at Hughes Aircraft.[^36] +The Jet Propulsion Laboratory grew from GALCIT Project No. 1 in Pasadena. The FBI's file on [[Jack Parsons]] records a letter of December 29, 1950 from the laboratory on the classification of seven Jet Propulsion Laboratory reports under GALCIT Project No. 1 that were in Parsons' possession at the end of his employment at Hughes Aircraft.[^37] ### Brookings Institution 1960 Report -The report "Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs," prepared by [[Donald N. Michael]] with the collaboration of Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright for NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, was issued by the [[Brookings Institution]] in December 1960. It states that "the discovery of intelligent life in other parts of the universe is not likely in the immediate future, it could nevertheless happen at any time," and that "Whenever it does occur its consequences for earth attitudes and values may be profound." It then recommends that a long-term research effort begin with "A continuing determination of emotional and intellectual understanding and attitudes regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life."[^37] +The report "Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs," prepared by [[Donald N. Michael]] with the collaboration of Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright for NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, was issued by the [[Brookings Institution]] in December 1960. It states that "the discovery of intelligent life in other parts of the universe is not likely in the immediate future, it could nevertheless happen at any time," and that "Whenever it does occur its consequences for earth attitudes and values may be profound." It then recommends that a long-term research effort begin with "A continuing determination of emotional and intellectual understanding and attitudes regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life."[^38] -A later section of the report on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life states that "face-to-face meetings with it will not occur within the next twenty years (unless its technology is more advanced than ours, qualifying it to visit earth)," that "artifacts left at some point in time by these life forms might possibly be discovered through our space activities on the Moon, Mars, or Venus," and that if there is any contact in the next twenty years "it would most likely be by radio."[^37] +A later section of the report on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life states that "face-to-face meetings with it will not occur within the next twenty years (unless its technology is more advanced than ours, qualifying it to visit earth)," that "artifacts left at some point in time by these life forms might possibly be discovered through our space activities on the Moon, Mars, or Venus," and that if there is any contact in the next twenty years "it would most likely be by radio."[^38] ### NASA Response to the 1977 White House UFO Inquiry -In July 1977, [[Frank Press]], the director of science and technology policy in the [[Executive Office of the President]], wrote to NASA Administrator [[Robert Frosch]] suggesting that NASA answer UFO-related mail and consider whether it should conduct an active research program on UFOs. In a letter dated December 21, 1977, Frosch agreed that NASA would continue to answer UFO mail, and he wrote that "I would therefore propose that NASA take no steps to establish research in this area or to convene a symposium on this subject."[^38] Frosch wrote that "There is an absence of tangible or physical evidence available for thorough laboratory analysis," that "we stand ready to respond to any bona fide physical evidence from credible sources," and that "institutionally, we retain an open mind, a keen sense of scientific curiosity and a willingness to analyze technical problems within our competence."[^38] +In July 1977, [[Frank Press]], the director of science and technology policy in the [[Executive Office of the President]], wrote to NASA Administrator [[Robert Frosch]] suggesting that NASA answer UFO-related mail and consider whether it should conduct an active research program on UFOs. In a letter dated December 21, 1977, Frosch agreed that NASA would continue to answer UFO mail, and he wrote that "I would therefore propose that NASA take no steps to establish research in this area or to convene a symposium on this subject."[^39] Frosch wrote that "There is an absence of tangible or physical evidence available for thorough laboratory analysis," that "we stand ready to respond to any bona fide physical evidence from credible sources," and that "institutionally, we retain an open mind, a keen sense of scientific curiosity and a willingness to analyze technical problems within our competence."[^39] -NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA is not engaged in a research program involving these phenomena, nor is any other government agency."[^38] +NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA is not engaged in a research program involving these phenomena, nor is any other government agency."[^39] + +### Footnotes [^1]: NASA, "NASA History" (nasa.gov/history/: "Since October 1, 1958, when NASA opened for business"; NASA "was built on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)"); National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, signed by the President July 29, 1958, NASA History Office, history.nasa.gov/spaceact.html (National Archives Record Group 255). [^2]: Targ, Russell, Phyllis Cole and Harold Puthoff, "Development of Techniques to Enhance Man/Machine Communication," Final Report, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, August 1974, NASA CR-157886, contract 953653 under NAS7-100, SRI project 2613; foreword by NASA and JPL; abstract on the NASA Technical Reports Server, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790003559 (accession N79-11730; full text at ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19790003559/downloads/19790003559.pdf). -[^3]: Beaumont, Roger A., "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," undated article, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, citing "n.a., 'Space Experiment in ESP is Described,' New York Times, February 23, 1971, p. 40." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Beaumont, Roger A., "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," undated article, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, citing "n.a., 'Space Experiment in ESP is Described,' New York Times, February 23, 1971, p. 40." [^4]: Puthoff, H. E., and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1976, NTRS 19760042112 (funding NAS7-100), ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19760042112. [^5]: NASA, "Edgar Dean Mitchell (Captain, USN, Ret.) NASA Astronaut (Former)," biographical data, nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/mitchell_edgar.pdf (Group 5, April 1966; lunar module pilot, launch January 31, 1971, return February 9, 1971; "founded the Institute of Noetic Sciences in 1973, one year after retiring from government service"). [^6]: Mitchell, Edgar D., "Introduction: From Outer Space to Inner Space," in Mitchell, ed. John White, *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974, pp. 32-34 (archive.org lending copy psychicexplorati0000unse). @@ -140,31 +144,32 @@ NASA's 1978 information sheet on unidentified flying objects states that "NASA i [^8]: Mitchell, Edgar, with Dwight Williams, *The Way of the Explorer: An Apollo Astronaut's Journey Through the Material and Mystical Worlds*, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996, pp. 48-49 and 60-61, with a footnote on p. 61 stating that "The results of the experiment were published in the June 1971 issue of the Journal of Parapsychology" (archive.org lending copy wayofexplorer00mitc). [^9]: Mitchell, Edgar D., "An ESP Test From Apollo 14," Journal of Parapsychology, vol. 35, no. 2 (June 1971), pp. 89-107; the page range is confirmed in the journal's 1971 index, archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1971_35_index. [^10]: Puharich, Andrija, ed., proposal on "direct brain action" based on a submission by Captain Edgar D. Mitchell, undated (c. 1972), CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, section on the Apollo 14 experiment. -[^11]: Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, report with date of publication July 1972, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300010001-7, footnote 82 citing "An ESP Test from Appollo 14, Journal of Parapsychology, Volume 35, Number 2, June 1971." Sole source for the 150 attempts figure. -[^12]: Zinchenko, V. P., A. N. Leontiev, B. F. Lomov, A. R. Luria and others, "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?," Voprosy Filosofii (Problems of Philosophy), no. 9, 1973, translated by Maria Mihajlovic and Christopher Bird, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500320001-3 (the author list is partly illegible in the scan). Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^11]: Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, report with date of publication July 1972, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300010001-7, footnote 82 citing "An ESP Test from Appollo 14, Journal of Parapsychology, Volume 35, Number 2, June 1971." +[^12]: Zinchenko, V. P., A. N. Leontiev, B. F. Lomov, A. R. Luria and others, "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?," Voprosy Filosofii (Problems of Philosophy), no. 9, 1973, translated by Maria Mihajlovic and Christopher Bird, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500320001-3 (the author list is partly illegible in the scan). [^13]: "An Experimental Psychic Probe of the Planet Jupiter, 1973," transcript of the Swann and Sherman sessions of April 27, 1973 (Annex A, Sherman; Annex B, Swann, "Swann-Sherman Jupiter Touchdown Probe," printed pp. 12-13 of the PDF), Stargate collection, CIA reference NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040010-3, hosted by The Black Vault at documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/cia/NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040010-3.pdf. [^14]: NASA, "Pioneer 10," science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-10/ (key dates: "Dec. 4, 1973: Pioneer 10's closest approach to Jupiter"); NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, Pioneer 10, nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-012A. [^15]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, photojournal PIA01484, "First Evidence of Jupiter Ring," "taken by Voyager 1 on March 4, 1979," photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01484. -[^16]: May, Antoinette, "Back From Beyond," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210010-1 (publication date not recovered). Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^17]: McKelvy, Dolan M., "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier," Air War College, Air University, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^18]: Anderson, Jack, column in the Washington Post, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3 (undated; the column is in the first person and names "my associates Dale Van Atta and Joseph Spear"; it refers to a January 1982 event). Sole source for the passage so cited. -[^19]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017; Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^16]: May, Antoinette, "Back From Beyond," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210010-1 (publication date not recovered). +[^17]: McKelvy, Dolan M., "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier," Air War College, Air University, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3. +[^18]: Anderson, Jack, column in the Washington Post, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3 (undated; the column is in the first person and names "my associates Dale Van Atta and Joseph Spear"; it refers to a January 1982 event). +[^19]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017; Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997. [^20]: NASA, "UAP: NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study," science.nasa.gov/uap (Statement of Task; Appointment of Members; Terms of Reference), as archived by the Wayback Machine, snapshot of January 8, 2023, web.archive.org/web/20230108061915/https://science.nasa.gov/uap. [^21]: NASA, "NASA Announces Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Study Team Members," October 21, 2022, nasa.gov/feature/nasa-announces-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-study-team-members/. [^22]: NASA UAP Independent Study Team, *UAP Independent Study Team Final Report*, NASA, September 14, 2023, foreword (printed p. 6), "Organization of this report" and recommendations, science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/uap-independent-study-team-final-report.pdf. [^23]: NASA, press release "NASA Shares UAP Independent Study Report; Names Director," release 23-106, September 14, 2023, nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-shares-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-independent-study-report. -[^24]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Admitted That Alien Craft Are Visiting Earth," The Black Vault, March 13, 2015, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=665, quoting a taped interview by J. L. Ferrando. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^25]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Talks About UFOs on Paranormal Borderline," The Black Vault, April 6, 2016, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=2403, biography and "Background on UFO Sightings." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^24]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Admitted That Alien Craft Are Visiting Earth," The Black Vault, March 13, 2015, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=665, quoting a taped interview by J. L. Ferrando. +[^25]: Greenewald, John, "Astronaut Gordon Cooper Talks About UFOs on Paranormal Borderline," The Black Vault, April 6, 2016, theblackvault.com/casefiles/?p=2403, biography and "Background on UFO Sightings." [^26]: NASA, "NASA To Test Bigelow Expandable Module On Space Station," release 13-024, January 16, 2013, nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-to-test-bigelow-expandable-module-on-space-station/. [^27]: NASA, "Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)," nasa.gov/international-space-station/bigelow-expandable-activity-module-beam/ (mission overview: launch 4/8/16, installation 4/16/16). [^28]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Standard Form 1449, order HHM402-08-C-0072, signed September 22, 2008, awardee Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, LLC, released in FOIA-00269-2018, documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/FOIA-00269-2018-.pdf. [^29]: U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division, *Striving for Accountability in the Aftermath of the Holocaust: The Office of Special Investigations*, chapter "Arthur Rudolph - An Honored Rocket Scientist," pp. 331-340 and notes 4-6, 10, 13-15 (note 6: von Braun, "first Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, serving from 1960 to 1970"; note 13: "Dec. 2, 1983 memo to DAAG Richard from Director Sher re 'Agreement in Rudolph Case'"; note 15: "NASA Refuses to Rescind Award," Washington Post, February 12, 1985), justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2011/03/14/12-2008osu-accountability.pdf. -[^30]: Filreis, Alan, "NASA's Nazis," Literature of the Holocaust, writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nasa-nazis.html (the essay's date is not on the page; it refers to a CNN documentary broadcast "in March of last year"). Sole source for the von Braun reception and the Rosenbaum statement. -[^31]: "U.S. Court Dismisses Ex-Nazi's Suit," Jewish Telegraphic Agency report, Detroit Jewish News, February 26, 1993, Bentley Historical Library copy, digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1993.02.26.001/52/download_text (retrieved from the Wayback Machine). Sole source for the San Jose dismissal. -[^32]: NASA, biographies page for the STS-1 flight of April 12-14, 1981, entry for Myron (Mike) Malkin. https://www.nasa.gov/history/sts1/pages/bios.html -[^33]: Warren E. Leary, "Myron S. Malkin Is Dead at 70; Designed Space Shuttle Program," *New York Times*, October 26, 1994, Section B, page 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/obituaries/myron-s-malkin-is-dead-at-70-designed-space-shuttle-program.html -[^34]: Memorandum, OTR 78-8495, August 4, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001000050045-7. CIA CREST. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81m00980r001000050045-7 -[^35]: NASA Technical Reports Server, citations 75A13711 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19750029639) and 79A44248 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790060235), author "Malkin, M. S." -[^36]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2, report on a December 29, 1950 letter from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, archive.org/details/JohnParsons. -[^37]: Michael, Donald N., with Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright, *Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs*, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., December 1960, NASA NTRS 19640053196, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19640053196 (PDF page 58 for the summary passage; PDF pages 242-243, printed pp. 182-183, for the section on the discovery of extraterrestrial life). -[^38]: NASA Headquarters, Office of External Relations, Information Sheet 78-1, "Unidentified Flying Objects," 1978, quoting Frosch's letter of December 21, 1977 to Frank Press; copy from the Department of Defense reading room as archived by the Wayback Machine (snapshot 2022-11-13) of www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/nasa_u1.pdf. +[^30]: Filreis, Alan, "NASA's Nazis," Literature of the Holocaust, writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nasa-nazis.html (the essay's date is not on the page; it refers to a CNN documentary broadcast "in March of last year"). +[^31]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1960," entries for 1 July 1960 and 8 September 1960. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html +[^32]: "U.S. Court Dismisses Ex-Nazi's Suit," Jewish Telegraphic Agency report, Detroit Jewish News, February 26, 1993, Bentley Historical Library copy, digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1993.02.26.001/52/download_text (retrieved from the Wayback Machine). +[^33]: NASA, biographies page for the STS-1 flight of April 12-14, 1981, entry for Myron (Mike) Malkin. https://www.nasa.gov/history/sts1/pages/bios.html +[^34]: Warren E. Leary, "Myron S. Malkin Is Dead at 70; Designed Space Shuttle Program," *New York Times*, October 26, 1994, Section B, page 13. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/26/obituaries/myron-s-malkin-is-dead-at-70-designed-space-shuttle-program.html +[^35]: Memorandum, OTR 78-8495, August 4, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001000050045-7. CIA CREST. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81m00980r001000050045-7 +[^36]: NASA Technical Reports Server, citations 75A13711 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19750029639) and 79A44248 (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790060235), author "Malkin, M. S." +[^37]: FBI, "John Whiteside Parsons," file 65-59589, Part 2, report on a December 29, 1950 letter from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, archive.org/details/JohnParsons. +[^38]: Michael, Donald N., with Jack Baranson, Raymond A. Bauer, Richard L. Meier, Aaron B. Nadel, Herbert A. Shepard, Herbert E. Striner and Christopher Wright, *Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs*, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., December 1960, NASA NTRS 19640053196, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19640053196 (PDF page 58 for the summary passage; PDF pages 242-243, printed pp. 182-183, for the section on the discovery of extraterrestrial life). +[^39]: NASA Headquarters, Office of External Relations, Information Sheet 78-1, "Unidentified Flying Objects," 1978, quoting Frosch's letter of December 21, 1977 to Frank Press; copy from the Department of Defense reading room as archived by the Wayback Machine (snapshot 2022-11-13) of www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/nasa_u1.pdf. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md index c28c56d5..61a7aab2 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md @@ -105,14 +105,14 @@ The NSA released transcripts of intercepts made after the June 8, 1967, attack o [^4]: U.S. Senate, Report of the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, S. Rept. 103-1, Executive Summary, January 13, 1993. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_rpt/pow-exec.html [^5]: "Proposed Grill Flame Protocol: Proposed SRI International Applied Remote Viewing Protocol," SRI 9-4107, March 23, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300070001-1, biography of Harold E. Puthoff, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300070001-1. [^6]: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part Two: Research Report," final report covering January 1974 through February 1975, SRI International, December 1, 1975, section on "West Virginia Site (S3)," "West Virginia Site (S1)" and "Urals Site," CIA-RDP96-00788R001300030001-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300030001-5; and SRI Proposal for Research ISH 73-146, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part One," October 1, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100001-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000700100001-5, which names Price in the same passage. -[^7]: John L. Wilhelm, "The CIA, the Pentagon and the Russians: The Military Potential of Parapsychology," *The Washington Post* (c. 1977), as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3. Wilhelm is the sole source for the NSA monitor, the "satellite interrogation station," the exclamation and the security investigation. +[^7]: John L. Wilhelm, "The CIA, the Pentagon and the Russians: The Military Potential of Parapsychology," *The Washington Post* (c. 1977), as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3. [^8]: "Army's Role in a Sensitive, Close-Hold DoD Project," Army briefing script on psychoenergetics (undated), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020023-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200020023-5. [^9]: Staff paper on termination of the Army Grill Flame program, 1982, and "Center Lane Historical Overview," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001500180001-7 and CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2. [^10]: Memorandum, "Detachment G Reorganization," 902d Military Intelligence Group Security Support Detachment, September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700350013-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700350013-3. [^11]: Memorandum for the record, "NSA Involvement in GRILL FLAME," Lt. Col. Robert J. Jachim, August 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230009-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700230009-1. [^12]: INSCOM commanding general's memorandum and talking paper, May 4, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7. [^13]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc. (1993), pp. 73 to 80, released by the Department of Justice Office of Information Policy on September 30, 2013 (AG/13-00675 (F)), https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf. -[^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, pp. 67 to 68, https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Aviv is the sole source for these statements, which the report records as his account to committee investigators. +[^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, pp. 67 to 68, https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. The report records these statements as Aviv's account to committee investigators. [^15]: Affidavit of Eugene F. Yeates, Chief, Office of Policy, National Security Agency, *Citizens Against Unidentified Flying Objects Secrecy v. National Security Agency*, Civil Action No. 80-1562 (D.D.C. 1980), https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/assets/files/affadavit_yeates.pdf (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/assets/files/affadavit_yeates.pdf). [^16]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991). Hersh attributes the account of the KH-11 scheduling to an unnamed former NSA official. [^17]: National Security Agency, letter from Louis F. Giles, Director of Policy, to A. Jay Cristol, FOIA Case 40039A, July 2, 2003. https://irp.fas.org/nsa/liberty.html diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/National Reconnaissance Office.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/National Reconnaissance Office.md index d61bb0c2..7e4ad668 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/National Reconnaissance Office.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/National Reconnaissance Office.md @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Congress created the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnai [^6]: U.S. House of Representatives, Conference Report 106-457 on H.R. 1555, November 5, 1999, joint explanatory statement, Title VII ("Neither the House bill nor the Senate amendment contained a similar provision"). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt457/html/CRPT-106hrpt457.htm [^7]: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Public Law 106-120, approved December 3, 1999, Title VII, secs. 701 to 709. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ120/pdf/PLAW-106publ120.pdf [^8]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, The NRO at the Crossroads, November 1, 2000, cover page and Appendix G, "Commission Member Biographies," pp. 135 to 136. Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf -[^9]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, August 11, 2003, NRO press release 2003-03. Sole source for Kerrey's statement that he wrote the Act and recruited Goss. https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf +[^9]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, August 11, 2003, NRO press release 2003-03. https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf [^10]: In-Q-Tel, "Our Milestones." https://www.iqt.org/about/our-milestones [^11]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent.* William Morrow, 2024. [^12]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs. *Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency,* hearing, July 26, 2023. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Pentagon.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Pentagon.md index 45efa082..ea4236d2 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Pentagon.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Pentagon.md @@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ On September 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] gave the kickoff [^17]: Department of Defense, "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020, archived capture of https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (Wayback Machine, August 10, 2025) [^18]: Greenewald, John, Jr., "Pentagon Reinforces Mr. Luis Elizondo Had 'No Responsibilities' on AATIP; Senator Harry Reid's 2009 Memo Changes Nothing," The Black Vault, June 14, 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/pentagon-reinforces-mr-luis-elizondo-had-no-responsibilities-on-aatip-senator-harry-reids-2009-memo-changes-nothing [^19]: Greenewald, John, "The DoD Inspector General Complaint of Luis Elizondo: A Document Archive," The Black Vault, March 18, 2025, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-dod-inspector-general-complaint-of-luis-elizondo-a-document-archive/ -[^20]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024. Sole source for the passage so cited. -[^21]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024, pp. 80 to 84. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^22]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024. Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^20]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024. +[^21]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024, pp. 80 to 84. +[^22]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* New York: William Morrow, 2024. [^23]: Department of the Navy, "Establishment of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," press release, August 14, 2020, archived capture of https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2314280/establishment-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-task-force/ [^24]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 13, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF [^25]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record," Volume I, February 2024, p. 15, https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ On September 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] gave the kickoff [^27]: Department of Defense, "DoD Announces the Establishment of the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG)," press release, November 23, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2853121/dod-announces-the-establishment-of-the-airborne-object-identification-and-manag/ [^28]: Deputy Secretary of Defense, memorandum, "Establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," July 15, 2022. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jul/20/2003039074/-1/-1/1/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THE-ALL-DOMAIN-ANOMALY-RESOLUTION-OFFICE.PDF [^29]: 50 U.S.C. 3373, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3373 -[^30]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998, Chapter 2. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^30]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998, Chapter 2. [^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Northern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html [^32]: Boyd, Charles Graham, oral history interview, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Boyd.Charles.Graham.pdf [^33]: "This Week in Universal News: The March on the Pentagon, 1967," National Archives, Unwritten Record blog, https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/?p=4211 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Air Force.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Air Force.md index 2cb43431..05ceaeff 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Air Force.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Air Force.md @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ relations: role: "Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, concurred on September 29, 1978 in a Defense Department remote viewing working group and kept a focal point" fn: 3 --- -The [[U.S. Air Force]] is the aerial service of the [[Department of Defense]]. In this vault's records it appears in the remote viewing program, the detection of a 1979 flash over the South Indian Ocean, the recruitment of the Nicaraguan Contra commander, and the investigations office whose agent [[Richard Doty]] figures in the UFO record. +The [[U.S. Air Force]] is the aerial service of the [[Department of Defense]]. In this vault's records it appears in the remote viewing program, the detection of a 1979 flash over the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the recruitment of the Nicaraguan Contra commander, and the investigations office whose agent [[Richard Doty]] figures in the UFO record. ### Foreign Technology Division and the psychoenergetics program @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The Air Force accounted for 12 percent of SAIC's consolidated revenue in fiscal ### Footnotes -[^1]: Defense Intelligence Agency, *Government-Sponsored Research in Psychoenergetics,* February 1989, section 2 ("The Service Years"), CIA-RDP96-00789R002200440001-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. +[^1]: Defense Intelligence Agency, *Government-Sponsored Research in Psychoenergetics,* February 1989, section 2 ("The Service Years"), CIA-RDP96-00789R002200440001-9. [^2]: Same, section on the Air Force Foreign Technology Division. [^3]: Headquarters United States Air Force, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, letter to Dr. Jack Vorona, DIA/DT, "DOD Program on Remote Viewing," September 29, 1978, signed James L. Brown, Major General, USAF, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410026-7. [^4]: "Key Players Grill Flame," list, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200270002-9. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Customs.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Customs.md index b9efed4a..ff8d3c0e 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Customs.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Customs.md @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The same report described the arms dealer [[Richard Brenneke]] as a man who bega ### Joseph Kelso -[[Joseph Kelso]] was, in [[Gary Webb]]'s account, a CIA informant who worked for Customs after being arrested by the service for trying to buy Harpoon missiles for Iraq, given a new identity as "Richard Williams," and sent worldwide for four years. In 1986 he gathered testimony in [[Costa Rica]] from six witnesses willing to testify that [[DEA]] agents were skimming cocaine, making counterfeit money and protecting cocaine labs on Contra bases. Webb wrote that a junior Customs agent mistakenly reported the findings to the DEA agents under investigation, that Kelso was arrested and threatened by DEA agent [[Robert Nieves]], and that after Kelso gave tapes of the witness interviews to his lawyer, Customs enforcement chief William Rosenblatt telephoned [[Oliver North]] "to find out whether Kelso/Williams was working with the intelligence community," with North sending [[Robert Owen]] to collect the tapes, which Owen threw away when the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke. Kelso was imprisoned for violating probation by going to Costa Rica. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^4] +[[Joseph Kelso]] was, in [[Gary Webb]]'s account, a CIA informant who worked for Customs after being arrested by the service for trying to buy Harpoon missiles for Iraq, given a new identity as "Richard Williams," and sent worldwide for four years. In 1986 he gathered testimony in [[Costa Rica]] from six witnesses willing to testify that [[DEA]] agents were skimming cocaine, making counterfeit money and protecting cocaine labs on Contra bases. Webb wrote that a junior Customs agent mistakenly reported the findings to the DEA agents under investigation, that Kelso was arrested and threatened by DEA agent [[Robert Nieves]], and that after Kelso gave tapes of the witness interviews to his lawyer, Customs enforcement chief William Rosenblatt telephoned [[Oliver North]] "to find out whether Kelso/Williams was working with the intelligence community," with North sending [[Robert Owen]] to collect the tapes, which Owen threw away when the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke. Kelso was imprisoned for violating probation by going to Costa Rica.[^4] ### The Lister Flow Chart @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ In a July 2007 email to her superior Matthew Menchel, Assistant U.S. Attorney An [^1]: Drug Enforcement Administration, "DEA History: The Early Years," https://www.dea.gov/es/node/1045 [^2]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), chapters on Panama, the Southern Front and the Contra supply network, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^3]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), section on Richard Brenneke and the chapter on the Contra supply network, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras -[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 17: "We're going to blow your fucking head off." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 17: "We're going to blow your fucking head off." [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter V (Ronald Lister) and note 46, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch05p1.htm [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter X (Celerino Castillo), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/special/9712/ch10p2.htm [^7]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair*, report by Senators John Kerry and Hank Brown (December 1992), sections on Operation C-Chase and on BCCI's intelligence and security operations, https://archive.org/details/thebcciaffair_202003 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Navy.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Navy.md index 3c93c1fc..2ea6718b 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Navy.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/U.S. Navy.md @@ -194,16 +194,16 @@ The NSA released a 1981 cryptologic history report, "Attack on a SIGINT Collecto [^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rept. 94-755, 94th Congress, 2nd session (1976), chapter XVII, p. 387. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf [^9]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session, August 3, 1977, colloquy of Admiral Turner and Senator Schweiker on subproject 54 (PDF pp. 44 to 45). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf [^10]: *Human Drug Testing by the CIA, 1977*, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session, on S. 1893, September 20 and 21, 1977, pp. 130 to 131 (running headers of the reprint). https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/human_drug_testing_by_the_cia_1977_hearings_before_us_senate.pdf -[^11]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, Book Two (opening history of government psi research). Sole source for the Air Force and skipper denials and for the Bergier and Messadie account. -[^12]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book Two (Pat Price and Ingo Swann at Sugar Grove, 1973). Sole source for the security investigation passages. +[^11]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, Book Two (opening history of government psi research). +[^12]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book Two (Pat Price and Ingo Swann at Sugar Grove, 1973). [^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, OTS/CB Memo #76-18, memorandum for the record, "Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Investigation into Parapsychology," February 4, 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090006-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200090006-7 [^14]: Stanford Research Institute, undated research summary on psychoenergetic processes, with tasks including shielded rooms, submarine tracking and physical effects, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010004-6 (undated; its references run to 1977 publications). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000010004-6 [^15]: Commander, Naval Intelligence Command, Ser 01/8116, memorandum to Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, "DoD Program on Remote Viewing," September 14, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410025-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200410025-8 [^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, response to Senate Appropriations Committee congressionally directed action on STAR GATE, undated, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900010001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900010001-9 -[^17]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book One (Fort Meade unit tasking). Sole source for the A-6 passage. +[^17]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Book One (Fort Meade unit tasking). [^18]: David Fravor, oral statement, in *Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency*, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, Committee on Oversight and Accountability, House of Representatives, July 26, 2023, Serial No. 118-53. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm [^19]: Ryan Graves, oral statement, same hearing, July 26, 2023. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm -[^20]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*, William Morrow, 2024, chapter 15, "USS Roosevelt," pp. 139 to 145. Sole source for the twenty-two encounters and the videos' transmittal. +[^20]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*, William Morrow, 2024, chapter 15, "USS Roosevelt," pp. 139 to 145. [^21]: U.S. Navy Chief of Information and N2/N6 Public Affairs, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena RTQ," internal working document, statement attributed to Joseph Gradisher, April 2019 (updated April 24, 2019, 1525), released through The Black Vault. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/RTQ_Unidentified-Aerial-Phenomen.pdf [^22]: Deanna Paul, "How frustrated pilots got the Navy to stop dismissing their UFO sightings," *The Washington Post*, April 25, 2019, reprinted by the *Anchorage Daily News*: https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2019/04/25/how-frustrated-pilots-got-the-navy-to-stop-dismissing-ufo-sightings/ [^23]: "Navy Confirms UFO Videos Posted by Blink 182 Rocker Are Real and Should Not Have Been Released," NBC San Diego, September 18, 2019, quoting Navy spokesman Joseph Gradisher. https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/national-international/navy-confirms-ufo-videos-are-real-and-should-not-have-been-released/1965555/ @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ The NSA released a 1981 cryptologic history report, "Attack on a SIGINT Collecto [^33]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, executive summary, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm [^34]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, chapter 4, "Paul B. Thompson," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_04.htm [^35]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, chapter 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm -[^36]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*, Random House, 1991, chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 167 to 168. Sole source for the Barbour passages; Hersh cites a declassified cable on file at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and, for Clifford, the Johnson Library's National Security Council notes. +[^36]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*, Random House, 1991, chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 167 to 168. Hersh cites a declassified cable on file at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and, for Clifford, the Johnson Library's National Security Council notes. [^37]: U.S. Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5) on 8 June 1967, with endorsements, as released by the Judge Advocate General: summary of events (PDF pp. 8 to 10), CINCUSNAVEUR first endorsement of June 18, 1967 (PDF pp. 34 to 38, paragraphs 2 and 15), and Naval Communications Command sixth endorsement (PDF p. 3). https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf (the original is held by the U.S. Government; a photocopy is held as Liberty (Ship) Court of Inquiry records, Hoover Institution Library and Archives, collection 86041, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4p30341f). [^38]: Report of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Fact Finding Team, "USS Liberty Incident," June 1967, introduction and roster of persons visited. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/liberty/173.pdf [^39]: National Security Agency, "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the U.S.S. Liberty," U.S. Cryptologic History, Special Series, Crisis Collection, vol. 1, 1981, pp. 34 to 35 (declassified November 8, 2006, MDR 51712), copy at the National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/nsa10.pdf; release summary at https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-s-liberty-attack/ diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/UAP Task Force.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/UAP Task Force.md index ff46722f..a3edb4cf 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/UAP Task Force.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/UAP Task Force.md @@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ relations: with: "[[Jay Stratton]]" reverse: true role: "first director, per Luis Elizondo and a Radiance Technologies release of May 12, 2022" - fn: 18 + fn: 21 - type: member_of with: "[[David Grusch]]" reverse: true start: 2019 end: 2021 role: "member as National Reconnaissance Office reservist, per his statement of July 26, 2023" - fn: 20 -updated: 2026-10-08 + fn: 23 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- The UAP Task Force (UAPTF) was a Navy-led interagency unit for the collection and analysis of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) reports. Its establishment was approved by [[David L. Norquist]], Deputy Secretary of Defense, on August 4, 2020, and announced by the [[Department of Defense]] on August 14, 2020.[^1] Its charter, issued by the [[Naval Intelligence Activity]] on September 1, 2020, calls it a "Congressionally mandated, Deputy Secretary of Defense directed" entity.[^2] The unit was succeeded by the [[Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group]] (AOIMSG) in November 2021 and by the [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO) under a memorandum dated July 15, 2022.[^3][^4] @@ -67,37 +67,43 @@ The May 17, 2021 briefing gives the multi-sensor share as 55 percent of the 144 ### Public claims and Pentagon responses -On April 10, 2021 [[The Debrief]] reported on leaked photographs and video attributed to the task force. The [[Pentagon]] spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told the outlet: "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations." Gough declined to comment on whether any objects in the images had been identified and cited operations security.[^15] [[Jeremy Corbell]] reported that the night-vision video relates to a July 2019 incident involving the [[USS Russell]] off San Diego.[^15] +On April 10, 2021 [[The Debrief]] reported on leaked photographs and video attributed to the task force. The [[Pentagon]] spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] told the outlet: "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations." Gough declined to comment on whether any objects in the images had been identified and cited operations security.[^15] [[Jeremy Corbell]] reported that the night-vision video, which Corbell published on April 8, 2021, relates to a July 2019 incident involving the [[USS Russell]] off San Diego.[^15] -A December 2020 article in The Debrief described a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to Susan Gough that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^16] In a statement to The Black Vault, [[Jay Stratton]] said "I was handling multiple cases" at the time, and "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." He said that no such photograph was received by the task force.[^16] The article's author, [[Tim McMillan]], told the same outlet that its information "came from multiple sources with direct access to early UAPTF intelligence documents."[^16] +On April 21, 2021 [[The Black Vault]] asked Gough whether her statement covered the leaked briefing slides. [[John Greenewald]] wrote that she replied: "The only thing that my statement confirms is that the photos and videos in that Mystery Wire article are photos and videos taken by Navy personnel. I have nothing for you on anything else in the article."[^16] The statement she forwarded said she was confirming that the cockpit photographs and videos the Mystery Wire article calls "Sphere," "Acorn" and "Metallic Blimp," and the videos taken with a night-vision device in the Extraordinary Beliefs article, "were taken by Navy personnel," and: "I have nothing for you regarding any other images or depictions in those articles." Greenewald wrote that in his reading the original statement applied to the briefing slides as well.[^16] + +Corbell told [[Fox News]] on May 28, 2021: "The Pentagon did actually confirm that the footage that I obtained and released is authentic Navy footage."[^17] + +At the May 17, 2022 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence hearing, Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence [[Scott Bray]] showed a night-vision video of triangles and said the Navy was "now reasonably confident that these triangles correlate to unmanned aerial systems in the area," the triangular appearance being "a result of light passing through the night vision goggles and then being recorded by an SLR camera." Committee chairman [[André Carson]] named "Mr. Corbell" in his opening statement.[^18] + +A December 2020 article in The Debrief described a photograph of a triangular object rising from the ocean. Emails of December 3 and 4, 2020, released under FOIA case 21-F-0299, include a message from the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations office to Susan Gough that reads "Jay [Stratton] tells me the photo is part of the active investigation, so it would probably be withheld from release for that reason."[^19] In a statement to The Black Vault, [[Jay Stratton]] said "I was handling multiple cases" at the time, and "We had photographs from F/A-18 pilots, instances of UAP that appeared triangular/pyramidal, and other unrelated cases." He said that no such photograph was received by the task force.[^19] The article's author, [[Tim McMillan]], told the same outlet that its information "came from multiple sources with direct access to early UAPTF intelligence documents."[^19] ### Leadership and testimony -[[Luis Elizondo]]'s account identifies Jay Stratton as the task force's first director.[^17] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 that Stratton had joined as a subject matter expert and described him as the first director of the UAPTF.[^18] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 24, 2022 that in January 2021 Stratton was "surprisingly transferred out of the job."[^19] Elizondo, in his 2024 book, says that Stratton built the task force from the ground up, that Stratton was named its first director after the Secretary of Defense announced it, and that the task force briefed members of Congress and the National Security Council. He also says that the [[Legacy Program]] pushed back against the task force's work.[^17] +[[Luis Elizondo]]'s account identifies Jay Stratton as the task force's first director.[^20] [[Radiance Technologies]] announced on May 12, 2022 that Stratton had joined as a subject matter expert and described him as the first director of the UAPTF.[^21] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] reported on May 23, 2022 (posted 9:12 PM Pacific time) that in January 2021 Stratton was "surprisingly transferred out of the job."[^22] Elizondo, in his 2024 book, says that Stratton built the task force from the ground up, that Stratton was named its first director after the Secretary of Defense announced it, and that the task force briefed members of Congress and the National Security Council. He also says that the [[Legacy Program]] pushed back against the task force's work.[^20] -The witness record of the July 26, 2023 House Oversight subcommittee hearing lists [[David Grusch]] as "Former National Reconnaissance Office Representative, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, Department of Defense." In his written statement Grusch said that he was "my agency's co-lead in unidentified anomalous phenomena and trans medium object analysis" and was responsible for "reporting to the UAP Task Force." He said that he served as a reservist for the National Reconnaissance Office and "was a member of the UAP Task Force from 2019 to 2021."[^20] He said that "In 2019, the UAP Task Force Director asked me to identify all special access programs and controlled access programs," and that he was "informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse engineering program to which I was denied access."[^20] +The witness record of the July 26, 2023 House Oversight subcommittee hearing lists [[David Grusch]] as "Former National Reconnaissance Office Representative, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, Department of Defense." In his written statement Grusch said that he was "my agency's co-lead in unidentified anomalous phenomena and trans medium object analysis" and was responsible for "reporting to the UAP Task Force." He said that he served as a reservist for the National Reconnaissance Office and "was a member of the UAP Task Force from 2019 to 2021."[^23] He said that "In 2019, the UAP Task Force Director asked me to identify all special access programs and controlled access programs," and that he was "informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse engineering program to which I was denied access."[^23] -Asked by [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] whether he sat on "the unidentified anomalous phenomenon task force created in the 2020 NDAA," Grusch answered "Yes." He also said that he "did actually help author" the task force's 2019 security classification guide, which he described as written "with the Director."[^20] +Asked by [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] whether he sat on "the unidentified anomalous phenomenon task force created in the 2020 NDAA," Grusch answered "Yes." He also said that he "did actually help author" the task force's 2019 security classification guide, which he described as written "with the Director."[^23] -At the May 17, 2022 hearing, [[Scott Bray]] said that "Almost 2 years ago, in August of 2020, Deputy Secretary of Defense Norquist directed the establishment of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force within the Department of the Navy." The subcommittee chairman, [[André Carson]], called it "the third version of this task force in DOD."[^21] Asked about a reported incident at [[Malmstrom Air Force Base]], [[Ronald Moultrie]] passed the question to Bray. Bray said "That data is not within the holdings of the UAP Task Force," "I have not seen the official data on that," and "We have not looked at that incident."[^21] Asked about any government study between [[Project Blue Book]] and the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]], Moultrie said "I am familiar with Blue Book. I am familiar with AATIP. I haven't seen other documented studies that have been done by DOD in that regard."[^21] +At the May 17, 2022 hearing, Scott Bray said that "Almost 2 years ago, in August of 2020, Deputy Secretary of Defense Norquist directed the establishment of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force within the Department of the Navy." The subcommittee chairman, André Carson, called it "the third version of this task force in DOD."[^18] Asked about a reported incident at [[Malmstrom Air Force Base]], [[Ronald Moultrie]] passed the question to Bray. Bray said "That data is not within the holdings of the UAP Task Force," "I have not seen the official data on that," and "We have not looked at that incident."[^18] Asked about any government study between [[Project Blue Book]] and the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]], Moultrie said "I am familiar with Blue Book. I am familiar with AATIP. I haven't seen other documented studies that have been done by DOD in that regard."[^18] ### AATIP and the official account -Elizondo's account, which places him in charge of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), treats the UAPTF as its successor.[^17] An undated information memorandum from [[Garry Reid]], Director for Defense Intelligence in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, refers to events of December 18, 2017 and states: "To the best of my knowledge, he had no job responsibilities related to the AATIP. The AATIP was terminated in 2012." The same memorandum says that Elizondo "has provided three different explanations for his sudden resignation."[^22] Elizondo's resignation letter, dated October 3, 2017, took effect October 4, 2017, and is in the same release.[^22] +Elizondo's account, which places him in charge of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), treats the UAPTF as its successor.[^20] An undated information memorandum from [[Garry Reid]], Director for Defense Intelligence in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, refers to events of December 18, 2017 and states: "To the best of my knowledge, he had no job responsibilities related to the AATIP. The AATIP was terminated in 2012." The same memorandum says that Elizondo "has provided three different explanations for his sudden resignation."[^24] Elizondo's resignation letter, dated October 3, 2017, took effect October 4, 2017, and is in the same release.[^24] -The AARO historical record report of March 2024 says that "Unlike AAWSAP, AATIP was never an official DoD program," and that "AAWSAP/AATIP was terminated in 2012 upon the completion of its deliverables due to DIA and DoD concerns about the project." The report lists the UAPTF separately under the heading "August 2020-November 2021." It says the task force "helped standardize, destigmatize, and increase the volume of UAP reporting," and that its "methods and processes directly led to the identification of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) high altitude balloons that traversed over the continental United States." It attributes that last claim to "AARO discussions with UAPTF leadership."[^23] +The AARO historical record report of March 2024 says that "Unlike AAWSAP, AATIP was never an official DoD program," and that "AAWSAP/AATIP was terminated in 2012 upon the completion of its deliverables due to DIA and DoD concerns about the project." The report lists the UAPTF separately under the heading "August 2020-November 2021." It says the task force "helped standardize, destigmatize, and increase the volume of UAP reporting," and that its "methods and processes directly led to the identification of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) high altitude balloons that traversed over the continental United States." It attributes that last claim to "AARO discussions with UAPTF leadership."[^25] ### Successor offices and the statute Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Kathleen Hicks]] directed the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security on November 23, 2021 to establish the AOIMSG "as the successor to the U.S. Navy's Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force," with an Airborne Object Identification and Management Executive Council (AOIMEXEC) to oversee it.[^3] -Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, enacted December 27, 2021, required the Secretary of Defense, within 180 days, to establish an office "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act."[^24] +Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, enacted December 27, 2021, required the Secretary of Defense, within 180 days, to establish an office "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act."[^26] A memorandum dated July 15, 2022 established the AARO "to carry out the duties that were to be fulfilled by the AOIMSG." It directed the Secretary of the Navy to "disestablish the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF) no later than the date the AARO is established," and to support "the transfer of any data, analysis, or other relevant material, to the AARO."[^4] -Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, enacted December 23, 2022, required an office, to be established within 120 days, "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on December 26, 2021." The office was to be "known as the 'All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.'"[^25] Section 1673 of the same act directs a secure mechanism for reporting "any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development."[^25] +Section 1683 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, enacted December 23, 2022, required an office, to be established within 120 days, "to carry out the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, as in effect on December 26, 2021." The office was to be "known as the 'All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.'"[^27] Section 1673 of the same act directs a secure mechanism for reporting "any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development."[^27] -The AARO report says that AOIMSG "had not achieved initial operating capability before subsequent legislation in the FY2022 NDAA resulted in it being renamed to AARO."[^23] The July 15, 2022 memorandum states that its amendments were approved "to meet the DoD requirements in section 1683 of the NDAA for FY 2022."[^4] +The AARO report says that AOIMSG "had not achieved initial operating capability before subsequent legislation in the FY2022 NDAA resulted in it being renamed to AARO."[^25] The July 15, 2022 memorandum states that its amendments were approved "to meet the DoD requirements in section 1683 of the NDAA for FY 2022."[^4] ### Footnotes @@ -116,13 +122,15 @@ The AARO report says that AOIMSG "had not achieved initial operating capability [^13]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," June 25, 2021, pp. 2 to 9. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625.pdf [^14]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, transcript, remarks of [[Adam Schiff]], who said the ODNI reported "144 UAPs between 2004 and 2021, 80 percent of which were recorded on multiple instruments"; the ODNI report counts 80 of 144. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf [^15]: Susan Gough as quoted in Tim McMillan's report "Pentagon Confirms Leaked UFO Images Are Authentic," The Debrief, April 10, 2021. https://thedebrief.org/pentagon-confirms-leaked-ufo-images-are-authentic/ -[^16]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299, reproducing emails of December 3 and 4, 2020 and a statement from Jay Stratton. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/ -[^17]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024). Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^18]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html -[^19]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), May 24, 2022. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=1136519 -[^20]: David Grusch, statement, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, witness list and question period. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm -[^21]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, statements of Ronald S. Moultrie and Scott W. Bray, the chairman's opening remarks, and the question period. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf -[^22]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, information memoranda from Garry Reid, Director for Defense Intelligence, "Response to Your Questions on the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) and Actions of Former DoD Employee Luis Elizondo," and "Update on Media Reporting Related to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program," both undated, with Elizondo's resignation letter at Tab B. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/18-F-0324_Docs.pdf -[^23]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I," cleared for open publication March 6, 2024, pp. 22 to 24 and notes 69 to 70. https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF -[^24]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law 117-81, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of office, organizational structure, and authorities to address unidentified aerial phenomena." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ81/html/PLAW-117publ81.htm -[^25]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Public Law 117-263, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," and Sec. 1673, "Unidentified anomalous phenomena reporting procedures" (50 U.S.C. 3373b). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ263/html/PLAW-117publ263.htm +[^16]: John Greenewald, "Confusion Surrounds Leaked UFO Images; Pentagon Declines to Comment," The Black Vault, April 22, 2021. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/confusion-surrounds-leaked-ufo-images-pentagon-declines-to-comment/ +[^17]: Charles Creitz, Fox News, May 28, 2021, "Leaked footage of UFO 'harassing' US warship is 'authentic': Jeremy Corbell." https://www.foxnews.com/media/leaked-footage-ufo-harassing-us-warship-authentic.amp +[^18]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, statements of Ronald S. Moultrie and Scott W. Bray, the chairman's opening remarks, and the question period. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114761/documents/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf +[^19]: The Black Vault, "FOIA-Released Emails Mention Alleged Triangular UAP Photo; Former UAP Task Force Director Speaks Out," FOIA case 21-F-0299, reproducing emails of December 3 and 4, 2020 and a statement from Jay Stratton. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-released-emails-mention-alleged-triangular-uap-photo-former-uap-task-force-director-speaks-out/ +[^20]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024). +[^21]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html +[^22]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/ +[^23]: David Grusch, statement, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, witness list and question period. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm +[^24]: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, information memoranda from Garry Reid, Director for Defense Intelligence, "Response to Your Questions on the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) and Actions of Former DoD Employee Luis Elizondo," and "Update on Media Reporting Related to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program," both undated, with Elizondo's resignation letter at Tab B. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/18-F-0324_Docs.pdf +[^25]: All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, "Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I," cleared for open publication March 6, 2024, pp. 22 to 24 and notes 69 to 70. https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-2024-0263-AARO-HISTORICAL-RECORD-REPORT-VOLUME-1-2024.PDF +[^26]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law 117-81, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of office, organizational structure, and authorities to address unidentified aerial phenomena." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ81/html/PLAW-117publ81.htm +[^27]: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Public Law 117-263, Sec. 1683, "Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office," and Sec. 1673, "Unidentified anomalous phenomena reporting procedures" (50 U.S.C. 3373b). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ263/html/PLAW-117publ263.htm diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Witness Protection Program.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Witness Protection Program.md index bc319923..29e2365f 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Witness Protection Program.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Witness Protection Program.md @@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ The Witness Security Program, which the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Ma [^1]: U.S. Marshals Service, "Witness Security," archived September 22, 2026. http://web.archive.org/web/20260922082044/https://www.usmarshals.gov/what-we-do/witness-security [^2]: Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The Pinochet Dictatorship Declassified: Confessions of a DINA Hit Man," National Security Archive, November 22, 2023. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-11-22/pinochet-dictatorship-declassified-confessions-dina-hit-man [^3]: Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The Pinochet Regime at 50: The Assassination of General Carlos Prats and Sofía Cuthbert," National Security Archive, October 1, 2024. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2024-10-01/pinochet-regime-50-assassination-general-carlos-prats-and-sofia -[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/Iron March.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/Iron March.md index f4870fa0..6907d029 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/Iron March.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/Iron March.md @@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ Fascist Forge separated itself from other sites with a mandatory entrance exam i [^1]: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. "The Iron March Forum and the Evolution of the 'Skull Mask' Neo-Fascist Network." https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-iron-march-forum-and-the-evolution-of-the-skull-mask-neo-fascist-network/ [^2]: Southern Poverty Law Center. "James Mason," Extremist Files. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/james-mason [^3]: Bellingcat. "Massive White Supremacist Message Board Leak: How to Access and Interpret the Data." November 6, 2019. https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2019/11/06/massive-white-supremacist-message-board-leak-how-to-access-and-interpret-the-data/ -[^4]: BBC News Russian Service. Andrei Soshnikov, "'Наполовину русский': история москвича Алишера Мухитдинова и его глобальной фашистской сети" (in Russian), January 30, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-51301305 Sole source for the details of Mukhitdinov's family, residence and contacts with the reporters; the relative's career is attributed there to two BBC sources with access to personal databases. +[^4]: BBC News Russian Service. Andrei Soshnikov, "'Наполовину русский': история москвича Алишера Мухитдинова и его глобальной фашистской сети" (in Russian), January 30, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-51301305 The relative's career is attributed there to two BBC sources with access to personal databases. [^5]: Meduza. "How a Moscow man from an Uzbek family started the world's biggest neo-Nazi forum." February 4, 2020. https://meduza.io/en/feature/2020/02/04/how-a-moscow-man-from-an-uzbek-family-started-the-world-s-biggest-neo-nazi-forum [^6]: Bellingcat. "Transnational White Terror: Exposing Atomwaffen And The Iron March Networks." December 19, 2019. https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/12/19/transnational-white-terror-exposing-atomwaffen-and-the-iron-march-networks/ [^7]: The Ferret. "Named: the Scots businessman linked to neo-Nazi groups." https://www.theferret.scot/neo-nazi-haggiss-iron-march/ [^8]: LSM (Latvian Public Broadcasting). Report on the Iron March account "Latvian_Integralist." November 12, 2019. https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/senior-national-alliance-figure-apologises-for-cloud-of-far-right-messages.a338044/ -[^9]: Iron March Dossiers. "John Cartwright II, aka Blood and Iron, Moderator of Neo-Nazi Forum Iron March." March 13, 2020. https://ironmarch.noblogs.org/post/2020/03/13/john-cartwright-ii-moderator-of-neo-nazi-forum-iron-march/ Sole source for the Navy membership and Skype participation. +[^9]: Iron March Dossiers. "John Cartwright II, aka Blood and Iron, Moderator of Neo-Nazi Forum Iron March." March 13, 2020. https://ironmarch.noblogs.org/post/2020/03/13/john-cartwright-ii-moderator-of-neo-nazi-forum-iron-march/ [^10]: George Washington University Program on Extremism. "Atomwaffen Division (AWD)." https://extremism.gwu.edu/node/5386 [^11]: United States Department of Justice. "Neo-Nazi Leader Sentenced to Five Years in Federal Prison for Explosives Charges." Office of Public Affairs, January 9, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/neo-nazi-leader-sentenced-five-years-federal-prison-explosives-charges (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2018id_/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/neo-nazi-leader-sentenced-five-years-federal-prison-explosives-charges) [^12]: Maryland Coordination and Analysis Center, reproducing the United States Department of Justice release "White Supremacist Leader Found Guilty of Conspiring to Destroy Regional Power Grid." https://mcac.maryland.gov/?p=7387 (original: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/white-supremacist-leader-found-guilty-conspiring-destroy-regional-power-grid) @@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ Fascist Forge separated itself from other sites with a mandatory entrance exam i [^25]: CBC News. "Navy investigating reservist who encouraged fellow members of neo-Nazi web forum to enlist." December 4, 2019. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/navy-reservist-iron-march-data-1.5382424 [^26]: CBC News. "Leak of thousands of posts from defunct neo-Nazi forum offers clues to identify Canadian members." 2019. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/iron-march-message-board-canadian-forces-1.5353201 [^27]: Scripps News (Newsy) with Bellingcat. "We found more active duty military in leaked neo-Nazi forum." https://www.scrippsnews.com/us-news/military/we-found-more-active-duty-military-in-leaked-neo-nazi-forum -[^28]: Iron March Dossiers. "Thomas Adam Guba: Samuel Shapiro, Naval Medical Logistics Command Employee and Fascist Iron March User." February 27, 2020. https://ironmarch.noblogs.org/post/2020/02/27/thomas-adam-guba-naval-medical-logistics-command-member-and-fascist-iron-march-user/ Sole source for this identification. -[^29]: Iron March Dossiers. "Van Ramsey Laws-Spencer: Neo-Nazi Organizer on Iron March and Active Marine." March 4, 2020. https://ironmarch.noblogs.org/post/2020/03/04/van-ramsey-lawsspencer-neo-nazi-organizer-on-iron-march-and-active-marine/ Sole source for this identification. +[^28]: Iron March Dossiers. "Thomas Adam Guba: Samuel Shapiro, Naval Medical Logistics Command Employee and Fascist Iron March User." February 27, 2020. https://ironmarch.noblogs.org/post/2020/02/27/thomas-adam-guba-naval-medical-logistics-command-member-and-fascist-iron-march-user/ +[^29]: Iron March Dossiers. "Van Ramsey Laws-Spencer: Neo-Nazi Organizer on Iron March and Active Marine." March 4, 2020. https://ironmarch.noblogs.org/post/2020/03/04/van-ramsey-lawsspencer-neo-nazi-organizer-on-iron-march-and-active-marine/ [^30]: Reuters, "British police officer convicted of belonging to neo-Nazi group," published by Cyprus Mail, April 1, 2021. https://cyprus-mail.com/2021/04/01/british-police-officer-convicted-of-belonging-to-neo-nazi-group [^31]: Police Professional. "Neo-Nazi police officer jailed for four years." April 30, 2021. https://policeprofessional.com/?p=132121 [^32]: Reuters, "UK ex-police officer jailed for belonging to neo-Nazi group," published by The Business Standard, April 30, 2021. https://www.tbsnews.net/node/239737 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Sandinistas.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Sandinistas.md index b25c3aa2..c6ee252c 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Sandinistas.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Sandinistas.md @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ A five-person Provisional Government directorate took office in 1979: [[Violeta In the election of November 4, 1984, about 75 percent of registered voters went to the polls, the FSLN won 67 percent of the vote, the presidency and 61 of the 96 seats in the National Assembly. The Library of Congress study states that foreign observers generally reported the election to be fair, while opposition groups said Front domination of government organs, mass organizations and much of the media precluded a truly open election. Ortega was sworn in on January 10, 1985, the seventh anniversary of the assassination of the editor [[Pedro Joaquín Chamorro]]. The Front lost the 1990 elections, and a government headed by Violeta Barrios de Chamorro was installed in April 1990.[^1] -Webb wrote that after taking power the Sandinistas imprisoned or executed captured National Guard officers, and that former officers who escaped into El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica became the founding cadre of the [[Contras]], reassembled by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] starting in 1980.[^4] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited. The congressional Committees describe the Contras as three elements: former National Guardsmen and right-wing figures, anti-Somocistas who had supported the revolution but felt betrayed, and Nicaraguans who opposed the Sandinistas' increasingly anti-democratic regime; "initial support" came from another country, understood to be [[Argentina]], which organized and supplied paramilitary forces in early 1981.[^2] +Webb wrote that after taking power the Sandinistas imprisoned or executed captured National Guard officers, and that former officers who escaped into El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica became the founding cadre of the [[Contras]], reassembled by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] starting in 1980.[^4] The congressional Committees describe the Contras as three elements: former National Guardsmen and right-wing figures, anti-Somocistas who had supported the revolution but felt betrayed, and Nicaraguans who opposed the Sandinistas' increasingly anti-democratic regime; "initial support" came from another country, understood to be [[Argentina]], which organized and supplied paramilitary forces in early 1981.[^2] ### United States policy and the Contra war @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ On October 5, 1986 a C-123 cargo aircraft belonging to the Enterprise run by [[O The Kerry Committee found that the U.S. [[United States Department of State|State Department]], in an International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, noted "no evidence" of the use of Nicaragua to ship drugs to the United States "since the allegations made in 1984" in connection with the case of the [[DEA]] informant [[Barry Seal]]. Seal, working undercover after being caught smuggling drugs, flew to Nicaragua with cameras installed in his plane and obtained photographs of [[Federico Vaughn]], whom U.S. authorities identified as a Nicaraguan government official, and [[Pablo Escobar]] loading the plane with drugs; the committee found this material "became the central evidence thereafter used by U.S. officials citing Sandinista involvement in narcotics." After the operation was exposed Vaughn disappeared, and the [[House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime]] found that the telephone number Vaughn used in calls he received from Seal was controlled by the U.S. Embassy.[^3] The Kerry report also states that the Seal operation "directed at officials of the Sandinista government in Managua was prematurely announced publicly by U.S. government officials, shortly before a crucial Congressional vote on Contra aid, thereby jeopardizing an ongoing DEA investigation," and that DEA officials testified before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime on July 28, 1988 that in June 1985 North suggested that $1.5 million in drug money carried aboard Seal's plane be given to the Contras, which DEA rejected.[^3][^9] -Webb wrote that the CIA informed the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] in April 1984 that "although uncorroborated reports indicating Nicaraguan involvement in the shipping of cocaine to the United States had been received, CIA was unable to confirm reports implicating high-level Sandinistas in drug trafficking," that [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] officials reached the same conclusion two years later, that Reagan displayed a photograph of Vaughn, "a top aide to one of the nine commandantes," loading an aircraft with drugs, and that the House Judiciary Committee investigation found Vaughn likely a U.S. double agent whose house had been "continuously rented" by the U.S. Embassy since 1981 and who was associated with [[Norwin Meneses]] and North. Webb also wrote that the former Sandinista intelligence officer [[Enrique Miranda]] became a CIA asset, DEA informant and right-hand man to Meneses from 1989 to 1991.[^4] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited. +Webb wrote that the CIA informed the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] in April 1984 that "although uncorroborated reports indicating Nicaraguan involvement in the shipping of cocaine to the United States had been received, CIA was unable to confirm reports implicating high-level Sandinistas in drug trafficking," that [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] officials reached the same conclusion two years later, that Reagan displayed a photograph of Vaughn, "a top aide to one of the nine commandantes," loading an aircraft with drugs, and that the House Judiciary Committee investigation found Vaughn likely a U.S. double agent whose house had been "continuously rented" by the U.S. Embassy since 1981 and who was associated with [[Norwin Meneses]] and North. Webb also wrote that the former Sandinista intelligence officer [[Enrique Miranda]] became a CIA asset, DEA informant and right-hand man to Meneses from 1989 to 1991.[^4] The Kerry Committee recorded two other approaches. In a closed session on June 25, 1987 the money launderer [[Ramon Milian Rodriguez]] testified that he had offered to help entrap the Sandinistas in a drug sting in return for dropping charges against him; [[Felix Rodriguez]] denied his version of a meeting in which Milian offered drug money to the Contras, and no action was taken by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] or CIA. A Miami attorney who in 1985 met lawyers for the [[Medellin Cartel]] in [[Bogota]] and later its leaders in [[Medellin]] told the DEA in October 1986, and passed a polygraph on his account, that a Bogota lawyer for the Cartel said [[Jorge Ochoa]] "finances both Sandinista and anti-Sandinista forces in Nicaragua by setting up drug operations there"; the Cartel proposed to collect intelligence on guerrillas for six months to a year in return for amnesty, and the DEA and FBI broke off contact with the attorney.[^3] @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ The Kerry Committee recorded two other approaches. In a closed session on June 2 [^1]: Merrill, Tim L., ed. *Nicaragua: A Country Study*, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (December 1993; DTIC ADA288675), chs. 1 and 5, "The Rise of the FSLN," "Sandinista Guerrilla Movement, 1961-79," "Sandinista People's Army, 1979-90" and the account of the 1984 election. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA288675 [^2]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, Part I, chs. 1 and 2, and "Iran-Contra Chronology." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit [^3]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), chapters on Nicaragua and Costa Rica, Cuba, Panama and the Cartel, and Panama (testimony of Blandon, Westrate, Milian Rodriguez and the "Miami Attorney"; DEA debriefs of October 21 and November 13, 1986; Jacobsen testimony, House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, July 28, 1988; Conclusions). https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras -[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, ch. 1, "A pretty secret kind of thing"; Glossary of Organizations and Locations; ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, ch. 1, "A pretty secret kind of thing"; Glossary of Organizations and Locations; ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends." [^5]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I (August 4, 1993), Part I, "The Reagan Administration's Contra Policy" and "The Funding Cut-Off." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_i.htm [^6]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 1, "United States v. Robert C. McFarlane." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm [^7]: International Court of Justice, *Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)*, Judgment of June 27, 1986 (merits), case overview and discontinuance order of September 26, 1991. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/70 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ARMSCOR.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ARMSCOR.md index e0465b8b..3915c601 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ARMSCOR.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ARMSCOR.md @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ An Open Secrets report of October 2017, based on South African military document [^3]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002). https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json [^4]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control (undated). https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/ [^5]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2522, *Federal Register* 62, no. 56 (March 24, 1997), p. 13933. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-24/html/97-7273.htm -[^6]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017. Sole source for the 1990 memorandum and the China resale. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/ +[^6]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/ diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ASCO.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ASCO.md index 03dcf3a0..a7e98473 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ASCO.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/ASCO.md @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ For the aerospace company, see [[ASCO Industries NV]]. Both entities featured in the [[X-Dossier]] investigation into the [[Marc Dutroux]] network. Achats Services Commerces was the secondhand car business of [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]]; the writer S. Dovey wrote that it provided white Mercedes vehicles used in child abductions. ASCO Industries NV was an aerospace factory owned by [[Roger Boas]], where, Dovey wrote, the witness X1 described the production of snuff films.[^1] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Agape Lodge.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Agape Lodge.md index 8cccbe85..7a8b6ab0 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Agape Lodge.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Agape Lodge.md @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ The wartime record places the following in defense or military technical work: P [^21]: Crowley, letter to Smith, April 1, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-04-01-Crowley-to-Smith.html; Smith, letter to Crowley, June 10, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-06-10-Smith-to-Crowley.html. [^22]: Crowley, letter to Smith, postmarked November 3, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-11-03-Crowley-to-Smith.html. [^23]: Smith, letter to Crowley, September 14, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-09-14-Smith-to-Crowley.html. -[^24]: FBI Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, file 100-189320-2, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html. Sole source for the passages so cited; the informant's name is not given. +[^24]: FBI Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, file 100-189320-2, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html. The informant's name is not given. [^25]: FBI file on John Whiteside Parsons, Part 1, report of the Dayton, Ohio field office recording the statement of Major Sam Bruno, Security Division, Command Provost Marshal's Office, Air Materiel Command, as in note 1. [^26]: FBI file on John Whiteside Parsons, Part 1, Los Angeles report of December 1950 with extracts of earlier reports (Oklahoma City file 100-189380-2; Los Angeles file 100-17453), as in note 1. [^27]: Crowley, letter to John W. Parsons, October 19, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-10-19-Crowley-to-Parsons.html. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Anthropic.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Anthropic.md index 9c8e2ca3..9dfdd941 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Anthropic.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Anthropic.md @@ -137,4 +137,4 @@ Pope Leo XIV's 40,000-word encyclical "Magnifica Humanitas" was published in May [^30]: Miriam Waldvogel and Nitasha Tiku, "AI researcher who warned of disaster is now a target of the right," The Washington Post, September 10, 2026 (Anchorage Daily News reprint, September 11, 2026). https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2026/09/10/ai-researcher-who-warned-of-disaster-is-now-a-target-of-the-right/ [^31]: Hunter Ryerson, "EXCLUSIVE: Jacob Coxon Worked With Doomer PR Firm," Pirate Wires, September 24, 2026. https://www.piratewires.com/p/jacob-coxon-worked-with-ai-doomer-firm [^32]: Elizabeth Dias, "Is Claude Conscious? Inside Anthropic's Quest to Instill Morality Into Its A.I. Models," The New York Times, September 29, 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/29/us/anthropic-claude-morals-ai.html -[^33]: "Anthropic tried to persuade Pope that AI could be conscious," The Telegraph, republished by Yahoo News, October 2, 2026, reporting the New York Times account. https://www.yahoo.com/news/science/articles/anthropic-tried-persuade-pope-ai-131853948.html Sole source for the timing of Olah's approach to the Pope's advisers. +[^33]: "Anthropic tried to persuade Pope that AI could be conscious," The Telegraph, republished by Yahoo News, October 2, 2026, reporting the New York Times account. https://www.yahoo.com/news/science/articles/anthropic-tried-persuade-pope-ai-131853948.html diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/BDM Corporation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/BDM Corporation.md index a8c3be01..c7728744 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/BDM Corporation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/BDM Corporation.md @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ The General Accounting Office's online bid protest index returns decisions whose [^1]: BDM International, Inc., Form S-1/A, filed June 26, 1995, "Corporate History," SEC accession 0000950112-95-001766, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950112-95-001766.txt. The 1996 Form 10-K (0000870763-97-000002) repeats the founders' names. [^2]: BDM International, Inc., Form 10-K for 1996, filed March 18, 1997, accession 0000870763-97-000002, Items 1 and 3, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000870763-97-000002.txt. -[^3]: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, "2001 Navigator Award Winners" (Dr. Joseph V. Braddock, Founder, BDM), https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards, read in the Wayback Machine capture https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, "2001 Navigator Award Winners" (Dr. Joseph V. Braddock, Founder, BDM), https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards, read in the Wayback Machine capture https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards. [^4]: DTIC AD0407469, AD0614286, AD0745926, AD0731500, AD0774567 (RADC-TR-73-325, BDM/A90) and AD0920469, read in the archive.org items of the same identifiers, for example https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0774567. Titles and dates for all but AD0774567 are from archive.org metadata; the AD0774567 text was read directly. [^5]: DTIC reports ADA058363 (DNA 4434T, BDM/W-77-474-TR), ADA064144 (DNA 4628T), ADA084651 (DNA 4962T, BDM/W-79-058-BR), ADA084659 (DNA 4355T-3, BDM/W-79-089-TR), ADA383295 (DNA 5661F-1, BDM/W-79-597-TR) and ADA099400 (DNA 5173F, BDM/W-79-532-TR, authors E. J. Bitinas, W. J. Christensen, J. Kenworthy and R. S. Smith), each read in the archive.org item of the same identifier, for example https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA099400. [^6]: BDM Corporation, "A Study of Strategic Lessons Learned in Vietnam," DTIC ADA096424 to ADA096428, with the Strategic Studies Institute transmittal of March 9, 1981, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA096424. @@ -167,9 +167,9 @@ The General Accounting Office's online bid protest index returns decisions whose [^23]: "SEC awards data pact," Business Briefly, Baltimore Sun (Baltimore), January 5, 1989, p. 1D, https://www.newspapers.com/image/378257935/ [^24]: Schnabel, Jim. "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," The Independent (London), Sunday Review, August 27, 1995, pp. 10-13, as transcribed by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200090001-7 (also CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5), read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200090001-7. [^25]: "Addendum to MFR, dtd 10 Dec 85," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700030001-1. -[^26]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc. board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. The page is a promotional biography written for the company; sole source for the quoted title. -[^27]: Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group page of this vault, drawing on Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 16-22, 166, 187-188, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which quotes Alexander, *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities* (2011). Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^28]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen, *The Trickster and the Paranormal* (2001), and a transcript of Inman. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^26]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc. board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. The page is a promotional biography written for the company. +[^27]: Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group page of this vault, drawing on Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 16-22, 166, 187-188, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which quotes Alexander, *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities* (2011). +[^28]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen, *The Trickster and the Paranormal* (2001), and a transcript of Inman. [^29]: BDM International, Inc., Schedule 14D-9, filed November 26, 1997 (letter to stockholders; "Background of the Offer"; Stockholders Agreement; severance and employment arrangements; press release of November 21, 1997), accession 0000950152-97-008353, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008353.txt; TRW Inc., Schedule 14D-1, same date, accession 0000950152-97-008369, Item 9 (about 930 million dollars), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008369.txt. [^30]: TRW Inc., Form 8-K, accession 0000950152-97-008891, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100030/0000950152-97-008891.txt. [^31]: BDM International, Inc., Form 15-12G, filed December 29, 1997, accession 0000950152-97-008867, EDGAR filing index https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008867-index.html. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bank of Credit and Commerce International.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bank of Credit and Commerce International.md index 9d19297f..34deb8cf 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bank of Credit and Commerce International.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bank of Credit and Commerce International.md @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ The liquidators, [[Touche Ross]], reported a year into the liquidation that the [^15]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 17, "BCCI's Lawyers and Lobbyists." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/17law.htm [^16]: "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," *Hartford Courant*, May 29, 1992. https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/ [^17]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 8, "BCCI and Law Enforcement: The Justice Department and the U.S. Customs Service." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/08just.htm -[^18]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History." *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html Sole source for the fee figure and the omissions as reported by Parry. +[^18]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History." *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html [^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum, undated, "BCCI and October Surprise Task Force," approved for release August 2003. CIA Reading Room document 0000984226. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000984226 [^20]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force, *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, H. Rept. 102-1102, January 3, 1993, Legislative History (task force formed February 5, 1992 under H. Res. 258). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^21]: "BCCI small depositors paid in UAE," United Press International, October 11, 1997. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1997/10/11/BCCI-small-depositors-paid-in-UAE/2814876542400/ diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies.md index 67544940..c7d0a9b7 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies.md @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ DIA's October 30, 2009 memorandum lists 26 technical reports delivered in fiscal Talking points prepared for the Deputy Secretary of Defense's November 17, 2009 meeting with Senator Reid contain the entry "August 2008: DIA learned of counter-intelligence concerns with Bigelow Aerospace, the parent company of Bigelow Aerospace Advance Space Studies. These concerns do not appear to be directly related to Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Application Program (AAWSAP)." The next entry reads "September 2008: DIA awarded the contract to the sole bidder." The document does not state the nature of the concerns. The talking points are attached to a memorandum signed by [[James Clapper|James R. Clapper Jr.]], [[Under Secretary of Defense]] for Intelligence, recommending against a Special Access Program; it states that the program manager and his leadership "saw no justification for Special Access protections based on the content of the FY09 deliverables or the anticipated FY10 work."[^9] -Sole source for the August 2008 counterintelligence sentence: the November 17, 2009 talking points as released. The redactions leave the nature of the concerns and the component that learned of them unstated. +The redactions leave the nature of the concerns and the component that learned of them unstated. ### Appropriation as described in DIA papers @@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ The [[Robert Thomas Bigelow Educational Foundation]] Inc (EIN 93-3962948) and th ### Footnotes [^1]: Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon: An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UAP Program*. RTMA, 2021. Elizondo, Luis. *IMMINENT: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*. Morrow, 2024. -[^2]: Keith Basterfield, "More BAASS AAWSAP documents emerge," June 5, 2025. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/06/more-baass-aawsap-documents-emerge.html . Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon*. RTMA, 2021, Appendix 1 (as described by Basterfield). Sole source for the contents and circulation history of the two files. -[^3]: Keith Basterfield, "There was a BAASS AAWSAP administrator before Robert Bigelow," June 28, 2025. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/06/there-was-baass-aawsap-administrator.html . Sole source for the passage quoted from the Ten Month Report. -[^4]: Keith Basterfield, "The BAASS 'Project Campus,'" July 7, 2025, quoting the BAASS Ten Month Report (July 30, 2009). https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/07/the-baass-project-campus.html . Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Keith Basterfield, "More BAASS AAWSAP documents emerge," June 5, 2025. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/06/more-baass-aawsap-documents-emerge.html . Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon*. RTMA, 2021, Appendix 1 (as described by Basterfield). +[^3]: Keith Basterfield, "There was a BAASS AAWSAP administrator before Robert Bigelow," June 28, 2025. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/06/there-was-baass-aawsap-administrator.html . +[^4]: Keith Basterfield, "The BAASS 'Project Campus,'" July 7, 2025, quoting the BAASS Ten Month Report (July 30, 2009). https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2025/07/the-baass-project-campus.html . [^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^6]: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, final response letter of June 20, 2023, case 2022-HQFO-00386, to Marc Cecotti, signed Jimmy Wolfrey, Senior Director, FOIA Operations and Management, and one-page enclosure "BAASS Goals 2011/2012," as posted by Marc Cecotti on X, June 20, 2023. https://x.com/MC05A/status/1671217484685246478 ; images https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FzFa762X0AA4b7W.jpg (letter) and https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FzFa76yXwAE4d8N.png (enclosure). [^7]: Keith Basterfield, "Was the Department of Homeland Security keen to take on the AAWSAP?," June 22, 2023, https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/06/was-department-of-homeland-security.html ; "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html . diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Brunswick Corporation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Brunswick Corporation.md index a3c440d4..b4773e90 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Brunswick Corporation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Brunswick Corporation.md @@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ The 1995 report records a provision of 11.5 million dollars in the second quarte [^2]: Brunswick Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1994 (filed March 23, 1995), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/14930/0000014930-95-000003.txt. Discontinued operations and the Costa Mesa exclusion. [^3]: Brunswick Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1995 (filed March 28, 1996), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/14930/0000014930-96-000002.txt. Sale to Technical Products Group, Inc. and the Costa Mesa reserve. [^4]: "RAW, Rifleman's Assault Weapon for Urban Warfare, October 1976," Brunswick Corporation Defense Division, proprietary data cover sheet, hand-marked "BD|AI|PM-03," in "Promotional Material," Danny Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/PromotionalMaterial.pdf. -[^5]: "The US Army's Doomed Plan for a Rocket-Propelled Bowling Ball," Vice, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/yp3g3b/the-us-armys-doomed-plan-for-a-rocket-propelled-bowling-ball. Sole source for the May 1977 hiring, the Marine Corps use and the sale to L-3. +[^5]: "The US Army's Doomed Plan for a Rocket-Propelled Bowling Ball," Vice, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/yp3g3b/the-us-armys-doomed-plan-for-a-rocket-propelled-bowling-ball. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Cali Drug Cartel.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Cali Drug Cartel.md index b061d382..39ff59ab 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Cali Drug Cartel.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Cali Drug Cartel.md @@ -54,6 +54,6 @@ Historically, during [[Jimmy Carter]]'s presidency, his human rights foreign pol [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know" [^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters -[^4]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. Sole source for the 1992 bomb-case details; the Cali cartel buyers are Semana's report of the arrested men's confessions and of an unnamed Salvadoran government source. -[^5]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. The Cali cartel buyers are Semana's report of the arrested men's confessions and of an unnamed Salvadoran government source. +[^5]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. [^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 12: "This guy talks to God" diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Center for International Studies.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Center for International Studies.md index bcdc11ed..221c7aea 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Center for International Studies.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Center for International Studies.md @@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ relations: role: "director" start: 1970 end: 1972 - fn: 44 + fn: 47 - type: head_of with: "[[Eugene Skolnikoff]]" reverse: true role: "director" start: 1972 end: 1987 - fn: 46 + fn: 49 - type: participant_in with: "[[Hans Speier]]" reverse: true @@ -144,35 +144,37 @@ In June 1955 [[Nelson Rockefeller]] arranged meetings at [[Quantico, Virginia|Qu Oster reported that a 1958 and 1959 study by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, on "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing" Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits, was financed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] at a total of $12,000. Oster placed the study under [[Project MKUltra]].[^7] A CIA memorandum of November 18, 1958, states that MKULTRA Subproject 90 has been approved and that $12,000 of the project's funds has been obligated to cover its expenses. The memorandum does not name the institution.[^30] -Philip G. Strong of the agency's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] wrote a memorandum for the record titled "Meeting with Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." It records Strong's belief that a review of the UFO problem would require "the full backing and support of DCI Smith." The memorandum is cited in the notes to [[Gerald K. Haines]]'s history of the agency's role in UFO study.[^31] +[[Philip G. Strong]] of the agency's [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] wrote a memorandum for the record, dated December 3, 1952 and titled "Flying Saucers," on a meeting the previous morning at 1100 with "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." Strong briefed them on new sighting reports and on developments "since our previous discussion of the subject in August." He wrote: "Dr. Stratton reiterated his earlier position that this is a subject which must be investigated and he said that probably the best means of getting a thoroughly competent review of the problem would be through Project LINCOLN." Stratton said that acceptance by Lincoln must rest on Air Force concurrence or on an independent proposal from one of the other services, and that "Alfred Hill would be the best man to head the group." Princeton and the California Institute of Technology were explored as alternatives, and Stratton "felt very strongly that Cal Tech would be the better of the two." Strong's conclusion was that "it will probably be necessary to secure the full backing of DCI in order that a scientific review of this problem may be laid on."[^31] On October 2, 1952 [[H. Marshall Chadwell]] had written to the Director of Central Intelligence that "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute," and on January 27, 1953 Chadwell wrote to Stratton, as Provost, to report on the panel convened in January.[^32][^33] The memorandum is cited in the notes to [[Gerald K. Haines]]'s history of the agency's role in UFO study.[^34] The issue of Time dated February 24, 1967 refers to "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies" and states: "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" It quotes Millikan, "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," as saying: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^4] ### The end of the contracts, 1966 and 1967 -A clipping in agency files from the [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," reports that the [[University of Pennsylvania]] said it "has no knowledge" of any CIA people on its campus or faculty in answer to a charge by Representative [[Adam Clayton Powell]]. Powell said he had received "unverified information" that CIA personnel were associated with the university and with MIT. The clipping states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts, and states that the contracts were for research on international developments, particularly Communism, and China.[^32] +A clipping in agency files from the [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," reports that the [[University of Pennsylvania]] said it "has no knowledge" of any CIA people on its campus or faculty in answer to a charge by Representative [[Adam Clayton Powell]]. Powell said he had received "unverified information" that CIA personnel were associated with the university and with MIT. The clipping states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts, and states that the contracts were for research on international developments, particularly Communism, and China.[^35] -A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^33] +A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^36] -A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead at 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, was sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy. It reads: "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA on the grounds that it was improper for a university to conceal, not only what it was doing, but also who was paying the bill." The writer states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and continues: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms." The writer also states that MIT "properly acted four or five years ago when it adopted the present guidelines."[^34] +A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead at 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, was sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy. It reads: "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA on the grounds that it was improper for a university to conceal, not only what it was doing, but also who was paying the bill." The writer states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and continues: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms." The writer also states that MIT "properly acted four or five years ago when it adopted the present guidelines."[^37] ### Protests, the Cambridge Project and the Review Panel, 1969 to 1971 -The MIT Dean of Humanities and Social Science reported that the center's offices on the fourth floor of the Hermann Building received a mass visit in early October 1969, of perhaps two hundred people, "students, a few staff members, and a substantial but uncertain number of persons without any M.I.T. affiliation," protesting MIT's "alleged complicity in the waging of the Viet Nam war and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy." The visit was described as peaceable. The Hermann Building was closed temporarily before the November Action of that year. The Department of Economics reported demonstrations and confrontations, "many directed at the Center for International Studies." In 1970 to 1971 the Dean reported that the center, "though still the target of a small group of vocal critics," had an essentially peaceful year.[^35][^36] The Tech of October 21, 1969 dates the demonstration at the center to October 10 and reports that Dean Robert L. Bishop was speaking to staff members of the center "to determine whether disciplinary action should be taken against those involved in the peaceful work stoppage at CIS." Everett E. Hagen wrote in a letter printed in the same issue that if any building were entered again with obstructionist intent or effect, he trusted the faculty and students would understand the importance of promptly suspending the students and hauling all participants into court. Another letter under the heading "Two CIS Replies" states: "They really believe that the Center for International Studies does secret work for the Department of Defense. They really believe that Project Cambridge will record information about dissenters."[^37] +The MIT Dean of Humanities and Social Science reported that the center's offices on the fourth floor of the Hermann Building received a mass visit in early October 1969, of perhaps two hundred people, "students, a few staff members, and a substantial but uncertain number of persons without any M.I.T. affiliation," protesting MIT's "alleged complicity in the waging of the Viet Nam war and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy." The visit was described as peaceable. The Hermann Building was closed temporarily before the November Action of that year. The Department of Economics reported demonstrations and confrontations, "many directed at the Center for International Studies." In 1970 to 1971 the Dean reported that the center, "though still the target of a small group of vocal critics," had an essentially peaceful year.[^38][^39] The Tech of October 21, 1969 dates the demonstration at the center to October 10 and reports that Dean Robert L. Bishop was speaking to staff members of the center "to determine whether disciplinary action should be taken against those involved in the peaceful work stoppage at CIS." Everett E. Hagen wrote in a letter printed in the same issue that if any building were entered again with obstructionist intent or effect, he trusted the faculty and students would understand the importance of promptly suspending the students and hauling all participants into court. Another letter under the heading "Two CIS Replies" states: "They really believe that the Center for International Studies does secret work for the Department of Defense. They really believe that Project Cambridge will record information about dissenters."[^40] -In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by [[William F. Pounds]], Dean of the [[MIT Sloan School of Management|Sloan School]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the [[Lincoln Laboratory]] and the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]]. Johnson's letter asked the panel "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research and in its responsibility for service to the nation." The panel's first report of May 31, 1969 recommended a standing committee on the special laboratories and concluded "that the Poseidon program at this stage of its development is inappropriate for M.I.T. sponsorship." Its final report was due in October 1969.[^38][^39] +In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by [[William F. Pounds]], Dean of the [[MIT Sloan School of Management|Sloan School]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the [[Lincoln Laboratory]] and the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]]. Johnson's letter asked the panel "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research and in its responsibility for service to the nation." The panel's first report of May 31, 1969 recommended a standing committee on the special laboratories and concluded "that the Poseidon program at this stage of its development is inappropriate for M.I.T. sponsorship." Its final report was due in October 1969.[^41][^42] -The Cambridge Project, a program of computer methods for the behavioral sciences organized by behavioral and computer scientists at MIT and [[Harvard University]], began in June 1969. The MIT Provost's report states that it "has been funded by the Behavioral Sciences Branch of ARPA through the Defense Supply Service of the Army" and that [[Project MAC]] contributed to its planning.[^40] The 1969 to 1970 report states that the project was "supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under a contract in which Professor Joseph C. R. Licklider is principal investigator," and that "During the summer and fall of 1969, the project was the subject of much controversy" at both universities. It lists Pool, who directed the center's communications work, as starting a program called the General Implicator, and Rosemarie S. Rogers and William E. Griffith, both of the center, as testing procedures by which a computer can categorize policy documents.[^41] +The Cambridge Project, a program of computer methods for the behavioral sciences organized by behavioral and computer scientists at MIT and [[Harvard University]], began in June 1969. The MIT Provost's report states that it "has been funded by the Behavioral Sciences Branch of ARPA through the Defense Supply Service of the Army" and that [[Project MAC]] contributed to its planning.[^43] The 1969 to 1970 report states that the project was "supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under a contract in which Professor Joseph C. R. Licklider is principal investigator," and that "During the summer and fall of 1969, the project was the subject of much controversy" at both universities. It lists Pool, who directed the center's communications work, as starting a program called the General Implicator, and Rosemarie S. Rogers and William E. Griffith, both of the center, as testing procedures by which a computer can categorize policy documents.[^44] -The center's annual report for 1968 to 1969 describes four areas of work: economic and political development, international communication, military and foreign policy, and communism, revisionism and revolution. It lists a joint project with Chile's Oficina de Planificacion Nacional under Millikan, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Richard Eckaus; a 1968 seminar on Title IX of the Foreign Assistance Act organized "at the request of the Agency for International Development" and chaired by Millikan and [[Lucian Pye]]; Pool's simulations of Soviet communications patterns; political-military exercises by Bloomfield; and a book in progress on communism and guerrilla warfare in Latin America by Halperin.[^42] The 1969 to 1970 report lists a study by [[Daniel Ellsberg]] of the process by which American foreign policy is formulated in periods of crisis, begun in late April 1970, and the 1970 to 1971 report lists work by [[William Bundy]] on "the events that led to the 1965 decision on Vietnam."[^43][^44] +The center's annual report for 1968 to 1969 describes four areas of work: economic and political development, international communication, military and foreign policy, and communism, revisionism and revolution. It lists a joint project with Chile's Oficina de Planificacion Nacional under Millikan, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Richard Eckaus; a 1968 seminar on Title IX of the Foreign Assistance Act organized "at the request of the Agency for International Development" and chaired by Millikan and [[Lucian Pye]]; Pool's simulations of Soviet communications patterns; political-military exercises by Bloomfield; and a book in progress on communism and guerrilla warfare in Latin America by Halperin.[^45] The 1969 to 1970 report lists a study by [[Daniel Ellsberg]] of the process by which American foreign policy is formulated in periods of crisis, begun in late April 1970, and the 1970 to 1971 report lists work by [[William Bundy]] on "the events that led to the 1965 decision on Vietnam."[^46][^47] ### Directors -Millikan directed the center from 1952. The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56; MIT's archival note for his papers gives February 1, 1952 as the start of his directorship.[^8][^43] The center's history states that during his more than fifteen years as director he urged faculty members to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^2] +Millikan directed the center from 1952. The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56; MIT's archival note for his papers gives February 1, 1952 as the start of his directorship.[^8][^46] The center's history states that during his more than fifteen years as director he urged faculty members to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^2] -The President's report for 1970 to 1971 states that the center worked "under the directorship of Professor Everett E. Hagen," and the Department of Economics report for the same year states that "Professor Everett E. Hagen has become Director of the Center for International Studies."[^44][^45] The report for 1971 to 1972 records that Hagen became Professor Emeritus at the end of the academic year and that [[Eugene Skolnikoff]], head of the Department of Political Science since the fall of 1970, was appointed director to replace him, and that the center ceased to be part of the School of Humanities and Social Science and became "an inter-School center reporting directly to the Provost."[^46] The reports for 1972 to 1973 and 1973 to 1974 describe the center as under Skolnikoff's directorship, with a program on technology and international relations.[^47][^48] +The President's report for 1970 to 1971 states that the center worked "under the directorship of Professor Everett E. Hagen," and the Department of Economics report for the same year states that "Professor Everett E. Hagen has become Director of the Center for International Studies."[^47][^48] The report for 1971 to 1972 records that Hagen became Professor Emeritus at the end of the academic year and that [[Eugene Skolnikoff]], head of the Department of Political Science since the fall of 1970, was appointed director to replace him, and that the center ceased to be part of the School of Humanities and Social Science and became "an inter-School center reporting directly to the Provost."[^49] The reports for 1972 to 1973 and 1973 to 1974 describe the center as under Skolnikoff's directorship, with a program on technology and international relations.[^50][^51] -From 1972 to 1987 the director was Skolnikoff, a political scientist who had studied engineering and who, according to the center's history, laid the groundwork for further science-related projects on international issues.[^2] In 2002 the center's associate director was [[Stephen Van Evera]], and a symposium marking the center's fiftieth anniversary described Walt Rostow as "co-founder of CIS in 1951."[^49] +From 1972 to 1987 the director was Skolnikoff, a political scientist who had studied engineering and who, according to the center's history, laid the groundwork for further science-related projects on international issues.[^2] In 2002 the center's associate director was [[Stephen Van Evera]], and a symposium marking the center's fiftieth anniversary described Walt Rostow as "co-founder of CIS in 1951."[^52] + +A letter of November 1, 1951 from [[Gordon Gray]], director of the Psychological Strategy Board, to Allen W. Dulles of the Central Intelligence Agency calls [[Julius A. Stratton]] "Provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the Center of International Studies," and says he would present the Center's program to the Board and its staff on November 7, 1951.[^53] ### Footnotes @@ -206,22 +208,26 @@ From 1972 to 1987 the director was Skolnikoff, a political scientist who had stu [^28]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with CIA memorandum of July 25, 1955, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5 [^29]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 [^30]: CIA, memorandum for the Comptroller, "MKULTRA, Subproject No. 90," November 18, 1958, CIA reading room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493 -[^31]: Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence (1997), notes 23 to 25, citing Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Meeting with Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html -[^32]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7 -[^33]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4 -[^34]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, Director of Central Intelligence, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. Writer's name redacted in the copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2 -[^35]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, Robert L. Bishop, pp. 195 to 196 (demonstration of October 1969; Hermann Building closure) and Department of Economics report, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 -[^36]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, p. 175. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071 -[^37]: The Tech (MIT), vol. 89, Tuesday, October 21, 1969, article by Lee Giguere on the committee investigating the disruption of the Center for International Studies, and letters under "Two CIS Replies." http://tech.mit.edu/V89/PDF/V89-N38.pdf -[^38]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, description of the Review Panel on Special Laboratories formed by President Howard W. Johnson in 1969, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry. https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html -[^39]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (Review Panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds; Johnson's letter; first report of May 31, 1969; recommendations). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053 -[^40]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Provost (Project MAC section by Joseph C. R. Licklider), pp. 465 to 466. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053 -[^41]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, report of the Provost, "The Cambridge Project," pp. 31 to 37 ("Organization and Financial Support"). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 -[^42]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, Center for International Studies, pp. 321 to 326. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053 -[^43]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, pp. 218 to 220. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 -[^44]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Center for International Studies, pp. 206 to 208. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071 -[^45]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Department of Economics, p. 185. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071 -[^46]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor 1971 to 1972, Center for International Studies (Kepes's section) and Department of Political Science, p. 215. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160087 -[^47]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1972 to 1973, Center for International Studies, pp. 59 to 60. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/159994 -[^48]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1973 to 1974, Center for International Studies. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160002 -[^49]: MIT News, "CIS panels discuss issues of security, human rights," report on the symposium of May 16, 2002, marking the center's fiftieth anniversary. https://news.mit.edu/2002/cis-0522 +[^31]: Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3 (reading room copies 0005515940 and 0000015345). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940 +[^32]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, Tab A paragraph 5, CIA reading room document 0005515933. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933 +[^33]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost, MIT, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714 +[^34]: Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence (1997), notes 23 to 25, citing Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Meeting with Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. Max Millikan, Director of CENIS." https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html +[^35]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7 +[^36]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4 +[^37]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, Director of Central Intelligence, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. Writer's name redacted in the copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2 +[^38]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, Robert L. Bishop, pp. 195 to 196 (demonstration of October 1969; Hermann Building closure) and Department of Economics report, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 +[^39]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, School of Humanities and Social Science, report of the Dean, p. 175. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071 +[^40]: The Tech (MIT), vol. 89, Tuesday, October 21, 1969, article by Lee Giguere on the committee investigating the disruption of the Center for International Studies, and letters under "Two CIS Replies." http://tech.mit.edu/V89/PDF/V89-N38.pdf +[^41]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, description of the Review Panel on Special Laboratories formed by President Howard W. Johnson in 1969, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry. https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html +[^42]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (Review Panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds; Johnson's letter; first report of May 31, 1969; recommendations). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053 +[^43]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, report of the Provost (Project MAC section by Joseph C. R. Licklider), pp. 465 to 466. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053 +[^44]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, report of the Provost, "The Cambridge Project," pp. 31 to 37 ("Organization and Financial Support"). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 +[^45]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President 1969, Center for International Studies, pp. 321 to 326. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053 +[^46]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, pp. 218 to 220. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 +[^47]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Center for International Studies, pp. 206 to 208. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071 +[^48]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1970 to 1971, Department of Economics, p. 185. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160071 +[^49]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor 1971 to 1972, Center for International Studies (Kepes's section) and Department of Political Science, p. 215. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160087 +[^50]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1972 to 1973, Center for International Studies, pp. 59 to 60. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/159994 +[^51]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President and the Chancellor Issue 1973 to 1974, Center for International Studies. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160002 +[^52]: MIT News, "CIS panels discuss issues of security, human rights," report on the symposium of May 16, 2002, marking the center's fiftieth anniversary. https://news.mit.edu/2002/cis-0522 +[^53]: Gordon Gray, Psychological Strategy Board, letter to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Congress for Cultural Freedom.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Congress for Cultural Freedom.md index cc059426..fcc61694 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Congress for Cultural Freedom.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Congress for Cultural Freedom.md @@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ relations: start: 1950-06 end: 1966 role: "principal funder through covert conduits; the executive director told the General Assembly in May 1967 that the support ran from 1950 to the summer of 1966" - fn: 20 + fn: 29 - type: funded with: "[[Farfield Foundation]]" reverse: true start: 1953 role: "front foundation that channeled CIA money to the congress; 843,668 dollars recorded for 1958" - fn: 10 + fn: 14 - type: funded with: "[[Ford Foundation]]" reverse: true start: 1957-10 end: 1978-03 role: "two-year grant of 500,000 dollars from fall 1957, 250,000 dollars a year through 1962, 7,000,000 dollars six-year grant announced 1966, terminal grant early 1978" - fn: 25 + fn: 34 - type: founded with: "[[Melvin Lasky]]" reverse: true @@ -66,123 +66,147 @@ relations: reverse: true start: 1950-11 end: 1967-10 - role: "administrative secretary, later executive director; offered his resignation in May 1967 and was replaced in October 1967" - fn: 21 + role: "administrative secretary from November 1950, later executive director; offered his resignation in May 1967, when the General Assembly declined to accept it and asked him to stay; resigned for good at the September 1967 reforms; succeeded by Pierre Emmanuel (announced October 2, 1967; a September 25, 1967 dispatch had instead named Stone executive director and kept Josselson as a consultant)" + fn: 30 - type: head_of with: "[[Nicolas Nabokov]]" reverse: true role: "secretary general (Langenkamp); president (University of Chicago finding aid); resigned on the reorganization into the IACF" - fn: 23 + fn: 32 - type: head_of with: "[[Shepard Stone]]" reverse: true start: 1967-10 role: "president of the International Association for Cultural Freedom" - fn: 21 + fn: 30 - type: head_of with: "[[Raymond Aron]]" reverse: true start: 1966 end: 1967-05 role: "chair of the new board of directors; resigned in May 1967" - fn: 26 + fn: 35 --- The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) was an association of writers, scholars and artists formed at a conference in [[West Berlin]] in June 1950, with administrative headquarters in [[Paris]]. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) financed it through covert channels from its founding until the summer of 1966. After the funding was exposed in 1966 and 1967 the organization was renamed the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), which closed its last offices in 1978.[^1] ### Founding in Berlin, 1950 -In August 1949 [[Melvin Lasky]], then a 29-year-old journalist and the founding editor of the German-language journal [[Der Monat]], met the former Communists [[Franz Borkenau]] and [[Ruth Fischer]] in [[Frankfurt]] and hatched a plan for a conference of the non-Communist left in Berlin the following year. Der Monat was sponsored by the American occupation government.[^1] [[Michael Josselson]], a cultural officer for the occupation government, took up the plan in late 1949. The proposal reached Washington in January 1950. The [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) drew up a project proposal with a budget of 50,000 dollars, and [[Frank Wisner]], its head, approved the outline on April 7, 1950 and asked that Lasky and [[James Burnham]] be kept out of sight in Berlin.[^1] +In August 1949 [[Melvin Lasky]], then a 29-year-old journalist and the founding editor of the German-language journal [[Der Monat]], met the former Communists [[Franz Borkenau]] and [[Ruth Fischer]] in [[Frankfurt]] and hatched a plan for a conference of the non-Communist left in Berlin the following year. Der Monat was sponsored by the American occupation government.[^1] [[Michael Josselson]], a cultural officer for the occupation government, took up the plan in late 1949. The proposal reached Washington in January 1950. The [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) drew up a project proposal with a budget of 50,000 dollars, and [[Frank Wisner]], its head, approved the outline on April 7, 1950 and asked that Lasky and [[James Burnham]] be kept out of sight in Berlin.[^1] Lasky had appointed himself the driving force behind the event, and when Wisner's wish reached Josselson he cabled that "No other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^2] The CIA history notes that Communist organs would accuse Lasky, on the eve of the congress, of being an agent of the US Army and "the American secret service," citing a New York Times report of June 25, 1950, "Paper in Soviet Zone Hits Culture Parley."[^2] In the CIA history's words, "Lasky had to go, and OPC contrived to have him removed from the project and canceled his operational clearance."[^2] -Wisner's memorandum of August 8, 1950 to "Mr. Breckinridge" stated that he would not continue backing the operation "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization." He described the damage resulting from Lasky's conduct as "a major blunder."[^2] The inaugural conference was funded by the CIA through [[Marshall Plan]] counterpart funds.[^3] +The CIA history places OPC's formal go-ahead on February 6, 1950, when officers met and gave Michael Josselson the green light to proceed.[^3] Josselson had applied to join the Office of Policy Coordination in April 1949, while briefly in the United States, after contact with the agency's Berlin Operations Base.[^3] -The congress opened on June 26, 1950 in the [[Titania Palace]] in Berlin with almost 200 delegates and about 4,000 other attendees.[^1] The University of Chicago finding aid dates the founding conference June 26 to 30.[^4] [[Peter Coleman]] wrote that the opening ceremony took place on Monday, June 25, and the closing rally on Thursday, June 28.[^5] The honorary chairmen were [[John Dewey]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Benedetto Croce]], [[Karl Jaspers]] and [[Jacques Maritain]].[^1] American delegates included [[Sidney Hook]], Burnham, [[James T. Farrell]], [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]], [[Robert Montgomery]] and [[David Lilienthal]].[^1] Leadership of the sessions fell to the Italian socialist [[Ignazio Silone]] and to [[Arthur Koestler]]. At the closing rally on June 29, Koestler read the congress's Freedom Manifesto before a crowd the CIA study estimates at 15,000, calling out "Friends, freedom has seized the offensive!"[^1] Coleman, who reprinted the text, wrote that Koestler drafted the manifesto, that it had fourteen numbered paragraphs, and that [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] and [[A. J. Ayer]] moved amendments to paragraphs 10, 13 and 14. Trevor-Roper objected to a draft paragraph declaring that totalitarians "who deny spiritual freedom to others do not enjoy the right to citizenship in the free republic of the spirit"; Silone, Lie, Frode Jacobson (as Coleman spelled the names) and Ayer supported him, and Koestler withdrew the paragraph.[^5] The first paragraph reads: "We hold it to be self-evident that intellectual freedom is one of the inalienable rights of man." The eleventh reads: "We hold that the theory and practice of the totalitarian state are the greatest challenge which man has been called on to meet in the course of civilised history."[^5] +Wisner's memorandum of August 8, 1950 to "Mr. Breckinridge" stated that he would not continue backing the operation "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization." He described the damage resulting from Lasky's conduct as "a major blunder."[^4] The memorandum opened by recalling that Wisner had approved the project on April 7, 1950 "subject to the condition that Lasky would not be permitted to figure publicly in this operation."[^4] The inaugural conference was funded by the CIA through [[Marshall Plan]] counterpart funds.[^5] + +The congress opened on June 26, 1950 in the [[Titania Palace]] in Berlin with almost 200 delegates and about 4,000 other attendees.[^1] The University of Chicago finding aid dates the founding conference June 26 to 30.[^6] [[Peter Coleman]] wrote that the opening ceremony took place on Monday, June 25, and the closing rally on Thursday, June 28.[^7] The honorary chairmen were [[John Dewey]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Benedetto Croce]], [[Karl Jaspers]] and [[Jacques Maritain]].[^1] American delegates included [[Sidney Hook]], Burnham, [[James T. Farrell]], [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]], [[Robert Montgomery]] and [[David Lilienthal]].[^1] Leadership of the sessions fell to the Italian socialist [[Ignazio Silone]] and to [[Arthur Koestler]]. At the closing rally on June 29, Koestler read the congress's Freedom Manifesto before a crowd the CIA study estimates at 15,000, calling out "Friends, freedom has seized the offensive!"[^1] Coleman, who reprinted the text, wrote that Koestler drafted the manifesto, that it had fourteen numbered paragraphs, and that [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] and [[A. J. Ayer]] moved amendments to paragraphs 10, 13 and 14. Trevor-Roper objected to a draft paragraph declaring that totalitarians "who deny spiritual freedom to others do not enjoy the right to citizenship in the free republic of the spirit"; Silone, Lie, Frode Jacobson (as Coleman spelled the names) and Ayer supported him, and Koestler withdrew the paragraph.[^7] The first paragraph reads: "We hold it to be self-evident that intellectual freedom is one of the inalienable rights of man." The eleventh reads: "We hold that the theory and practice of the totalitarian state are the greatest challenge which man has been called on to meet in the course of civilised history."[^7] In November 1950 the steering committee made the organization permanent. Josselson became its administrative secretary and held that post for 16 years. Lasky and Burnham had been removed from prominent roles by then.[^1] ### CIA funding and conduits -The CIA's International Organizations Division, supervised by [[Thomas W. Braden]], earmarked 200,000 dollars in 1951 for the consolidation of the congress, with affiliate committees in London, Oslo, Berlin, Frankfurt, Vienna, Rome, New Delhi, Tokyo and New York.[^3] In his account in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] of May 20, 1967, titled "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Braden wrote: "We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Another agent became an editor of [[Encounter]]."[^6] He also wrote that money for the magazine's publication "came from the CIA."[^6] +The CIA's International Organizations Branch, which OPC's Special Projects Division had become in August 1951 under [[Thomas W. Braden]],[^8] earmarked 200,000 dollars in 1951 for the consolidation of the congress, with affiliate committees in London, Oslo, Berlin, Frankfurt, Vienna, Rome, New Delhi, Tokyo and New York.[^5] The congress's QKOPERA project found a permanent home in the agency's International Organizations Division, where [[Cord Meyer]] acted as its guardian until its liquidation in 1967.[^9] In his account in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] of May 20, 1967, titled "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Braden wrote: "We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Another agent became an editor of [[Encounter]]."[^10] He also wrote that money for the magazine's publication "came from the CIA."[^10] -In 1964 the House subcommittee on foundations, chaired by [[Wright Patman]], named eight CIA front foundations or funds.[^7] A [[Dallas]] newspaper report of February 1967 listed the Gotham Foundation, the Michigan Fund and the Price, Monroe and Heights funds among them, and named as other believed fronts the Knickerbocker Foundation, the Metropolitan Foundation, the Northcraft Educational Fund and the Victoria Strauss foundation.[^8] A United Press International report of September 1964 said that the Internal Revenue Service had confidentially told Patman that the CIA had contributed money to the [[J. M. Kaplan Fund]].[^9] +In 1964 the House subcommittee on foundations, chaired by [[Wright Patman]], named eight CIA front foundations or funds.[^11] A [[Dallas]] newspaper report of February 1967 listed the Gotham Foundation, the Michigan Fund and the Price, Monroe and Heights funds among them, and named as other believed fronts the Knickerbocker Foundation, the Metropolitan Foundation, the Northcraft Educational Fund and the Victoria Strauss foundation.[^12] A United Press International report of September 1964 said that the Internal Revenue Service had confidentially told Patman that the CIA had contributed money to the [[J. M. Kaplan Fund]].[^13] -The [[Farfield Foundation]] of New York is the best documented of the conduits. Langenkamp describes it as a front "set up to channel funds to the CIA's target organizations, mainly the CCF," and records 843,668 dollars from it to the congress in 1958.[^10] When [[Nicolas Nabokov]] sought support for a proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists, about 35,000 dollars of its cost was provided by Farfield, according to the same report.[^10] The congress's own records hold Farfield correspondence files for 1953 through 1956.[^4] +The [[Farfield Foundation]] of New York is the best documented of the conduits. Langenkamp describes it as a front "set up to channel funds to the CIA's target organizations, mainly the CCF," and records 843,668 dollars from it to the congress in 1958.[^14] When [[Nicolas Nabokov]] sought support for a proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists, about 35,000 dollars of its cost was provided by Farfield, according to the same report.[^14] The congress's own records hold Farfield correspondence files for 1953 through 1956.[^6] -The [[Karl Hoblitzelle Foundation]] of Dallas was named in February 1967 as one of several foundations through which the CIA passed funds. The Dallas report gave the foundation's contributions from 1959 to 1965 as 505,700 dollars, of which 250,000 dollars was listed as coming from anonymous donors. A foundation trustee denied knowledge of any CIA money.[^8] +The [[Karl Hoblitzelle Foundation]] of Dallas was named in February 1967 as one of several foundations through which the CIA passed funds. The Dallas report gave the foundation's contributions from 1959 to 1965 as 505,700 dollars, of which 250,000 dollars was listed as coming from anonymous donors. A foundation trustee denied knowledge of any CIA money.[^12] ### Publications -Encounter was a magazine of literature, arts and politics published in London from October 1953, edited by [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Irving Kristol]] and published for the congress. Catalog records list Melvin Lasky as an editor, and the Library of Congress record gives the editors as Spender and Kristol from 1956 and Lasky and Nigel Denis from 1969.[^11] Braden wrote that the CIA paid for its publication.[^6] Spender, Lasky and Kristol wrote to the [[New York Times]] on May 10, 1966.[^12] Kristol had been executive secretary of the [[American Committee for Cultural Freedom]], the congress's American affiliate. In 1955 [[Michael Harrington]] wrote in [[Dissent]] that Kristol, in that post, had supported Sidney Hook's general outlook on civil liberties.[^13] +Encounter was a magazine of literature, arts and politics published in London from October 1953, edited by [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Irving Kristol]] and published for the congress. Catalog records list Melvin Lasky as an editor, and the Library of Congress record gives the editors as Spender and Kristol from 1956 and Lasky and Nigel Denis from 1969.[^15] The Bibliotheque nationale de France catalogue lists Lasky as directeur de publication from 1958 and Irving Kristol from 1953 to 1958.[^16] The masthead of the December 1958 issue reads "edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky," the issues through November 1958 name Spender and Kristol, the June 1967 masthead reads "Edited by Frank Kermode and Melvin J. Lasky," and the July 1967 issue announces Nigel Dennis as co-editor.[^17] Braden wrote that the CIA paid for its publication.[^10] Spender, Lasky and Kristol wrote to the [[New York Times]] on May 10, 1966.[^18] Kristol had been executive secretary of the [[American Committee for Cultural Freedom]], the congress's American affiliate. In 1955 [[Michael Harrington]] wrote in [[Dissent]] that Kristol, in that post, had supported Sidney Hook's general outlook on civil liberties.[^19] -[[Preuves]] was a French-language review published in Paris under the title "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," edited by [[François Bondy]]. The Bibliothèque nationale de France dates it 1951 to 1975, and the University of Chicago finding aid describes it as appearing monthly between 1951 and 1969. Its papers are in Series VII of the congress's records.[^14] Der Monat, the German-language journal that Lasky founded, is held in a separate collection of the same archive.[^15] [[Tempo Presente]], directed by [[Nicola Chiaromonte]] and Silone, began with its number 1 of April 1956.[^16] [[Quadrant]], an Australian quarterly review sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and edited by [[James McAuley]], began with its volume 1, number 1 for summer 1956 to 1957.[^17] [[Cuadernos]] (Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura) was a Spanish-language review issued from Paris beginning with a March to May 1953 number.[^18] The finding aid lists folders for Tempo Presente (1956), Quadrant (1961 to 1966), Cuadernos (budget and distribution, 1950 to 1966; a Cuadernos folder for 1963 to 1966 is cross-referenced to the correspondence of [[Julián Gorkin]]), [[Quest]] (1955 to 1968) and [[Mundo Nuevo]] (1965 to 1971).[^15] +Der Spiegel reported in October 1954 that sponsorship of Der Monat by the American High Commission ended with the financial year, that the journal became a private enterprise on October 1, 1954, and that the Ford Foundation had given a single grant of 175,000 dollars to ease the transition.[^20] The Ford Foundation's annual report for 1954 states that United States Government support for Der Monat ceased in 1954 and records an appropriation of 175,000 dollars covering a three-year period, with the Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Publizistik (International Publications, Inc.) as grantee.[^21] Lasky wrote in 1967 that he edited Der Monat "until 1954 for the USIA, and thereafter (after a brief losing battle with McCarthyism) under a direct Ford Foundation grant."[^22] -The congress's journals also included [[Transition]], published in [[Uganda]], whose editor was arrested and imprisoned for months on a sedition charge in the wake of the 1966 to 1967 disclosures. Mundo Nuevo was a literary journal for Latin American readers, and the [[Ford Foundation]] gave it three years of support.[^19] +[[Preuves]] was a French-language review published in Paris under the title "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," edited by [[François Bondy]]. The Bibliothèque nationale de France dates it 1951 to 1975, and the University of Chicago finding aid describes it as appearing monthly between 1951 and 1969. Its papers are in Series VII of the congress's records.[^23] Der Monat, the German-language journal that Lasky founded, is held in a separate collection of the same archive.[^24] [[Tempo Presente]], directed by [[Nicola Chiaromonte]] and Silone, began with its number 1 of April 1956.[^25] [[Quadrant]], an Australian quarterly review sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and edited by [[James McAuley]], began with its volume 1, number 1 for summer 1956 to 1957.[^26] [[Cuadernos]] (Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura) was a Spanish-language review issued from Paris beginning with a March to May 1953 number.[^27] The finding aid lists folders for Tempo Presente (1956), Quadrant (1961 to 1966), Cuadernos (budget and distribution, 1950 to 1966; a Cuadernos folder for 1963 to 1966 is cross-referenced to the correspondence of [[Julián Gorkin]]), [[Quest]] (1955 to 1968) and [[Mundo Nuevo]] (1965 to 1971).[^24] + +The congress's journals also included [[Transition]], published in [[Uganda]], whose editor was arrested and imprisoned for months on a sedition charge in the wake of the 1966 to 1967 disclosures. Mundo Nuevo was a literary journal for Latin American readers, and the [[Ford Foundation]] gave it three years of support.[^28] ### Officers and directors -Josselson ran the congress from Paris for 16 to 17 years. In May 1967 he told the General Assembly that the congress had received CIA support from 1950 to the summer of 1966 and that he had accepted it without his colleagues' knowledge. The assembly issued a statement of regret, asked him to stay on, and he agreed.[^20] The New York Times reported in October 1967 that [[Pierre Emmanuel]], a French poet who had been literary director and deputy secretary general, had succeeded Josselson, who had resigned.[^21] Josselson said that no one else in the congress had been involved in the CIA arrangement.[^20] +Josselson ran the congress from Paris for 16 to 17 years. In May 1967 he told the General Assembly that the congress had received CIA support from 1950 to the summer of 1966 and that he had accepted it without his colleagues' knowledge. The assembly issued a statement of regret, asked him to stay on, and he agreed.[^29] The New York Times reported in October 1967 that [[Pierre Emmanuel]], a French poet who had been literary director and deputy secretary general, had succeeded Josselson, who had resigned.[^30] Josselson said that no one else in the congress had been involved in the CIA arrangement.[^29] -Nabokov, a composer, was the congress's secretary general in the early 1950s.[^22] A University of Chicago finding aid lists him as president and John C. Hunt as executive director of the congress, and records that both resigned when the congress was reorganized and that Stone was named president of the IACF.[^23] In February 1954 [[Shepard Stone]] wrote to [[John J. McCloy]] that "you know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know."[^24] +Nabokov, a composer, was the congress's secretary general in the early 1950s.[^31] A University of Chicago finding aid lists him as president and John C. Hunt as executive director of the congress, and records that both resigned when the congress was reorganized and that Stone was named president of the IACF.[^32] In February 1954 [[Shepard Stone]] wrote to [[John J. McCloy]] that "you know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know."[^33] -[[Denis de Rougemont]], the Swiss writer, met Stone and Nabokov in 1954 on the congress's funding. He and Nabokov wrote to the New York Times on May 19, 1966.[^12][^24] +[[Denis de Rougemont]], the Swiss writer, met Stone and Nabokov in 1954 on the congress's funding. He and Nabokov wrote to the New York Times on May 19, 1966.[^18][^33] -Stone, who had directed the Ford Foundation's international affairs work, became president of the IACF in October 1967.[^21] [[Raymond Aron]], the French sociologist, was asked by Stone to chair the new board of directors in 1966. He resigned in May 1967 when he judged that the organization was moving in the wrong direction.[^25][^26] +Stone, who had directed the Ford Foundation's international affairs work, became president of the IACF in October 1967.[^30] [[Raymond Aron]], the French sociologist, was asked by Stone to chair the new board of directors in 1966. He resigned in May 1967 when he judged that the organization was moving in the wrong direction.[^34][^35] ### The Ford Foundation, 1957 to 1967 -Stone, then in charge of the foundation's international affairs program, asked the trustees to take over the congress's costs. In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the congress's conferences and seminars, and Stone's division then gave 250,000 dollars a year through the end of 1962.[^25] In February 1961 the trustees barred grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other income, and a year later they added institutions receiving funds from undisclosed United States government sources.[^25] Stone then proposed a guarantee of "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years." The proposal failed. A later plan for a consortium of 15 to 20 million dollars over ten years also failed, because the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] would not join without a substantial Ford contribution.[^25] +Stone, then in charge of the foundation's international affairs program, asked the trustees to take over the congress's costs. In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the congress's conferences and seminars, and Stone's division then gave 250,000 dollars a year through the end of 1962.[^34] In February 1961 the trustees barred grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other income, and a year later they added institutions receiving funds from undisclosed United States government sources.[^34] Stone then proposed a guarantee of "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years." The proposal failed. A later plan for a consortium of 15 to 20 million dollars over ten years also failed, because the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] would not join without a substantial Ford contribution.[^34] -In 1966, after [[Henry Heald]] was replaced by [[McGeorge Bundy]] as president, Bundy wrote to [[Julius A. Stratton]], the foundation's chairman, on September 23, 1966 that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the congress over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^25] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records a 1,500,000 dollar grant "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" and states that the new board of trustees was headed by Aron.[^26] +In 1966, after [[Henry Heald]] was replaced by [[McGeorge Bundy]] as president, Bundy wrote to [[Julius A. Stratton]], the foundation's chairman, on September 23, 1966 that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the congress over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^34] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records a 1,500,000 dollar grant "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" and states that the new board of trustees was headed by Aron.[^35] -Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the congress despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]] called the congress "a gamble, but an important one."[^25] In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were cut by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^25] +Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the congress despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]] called the congress "a gamble, but an important one."[^34] In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were cut by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^34] -A foundation evaluation by [[Craufurd Goodwin]] dated November 3, 1977 put the foundation's total grants to the congress and the IACF at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades. Langenkamp's table of grants totals 10,934,750 dollars.[^25] +A foundation evaluation by [[Craufurd Goodwin]] dated November 3, 1977 put the foundation's total grants to the congress and the IACF at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades. Langenkamp's table of grants totals 10,934,750 dollars.[^34] ### Exposure, 1966 and 1967 -The New York Times published a series of five articles on the CIA by [[Tom Wicker]], [[John W. Finney]], [[Max Frankel]], [[E. W. Kenworthy]] and other staff members from April 25 to 29, 1966, under the first title "C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?" The third article, datelined April 26 and published April 27, said that the CIA had supported "anti-Communist but liberal organizations of intellectuals such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and some of their newspapers and magazines," and described Encounter as an indirect beneficiary of CIA funds.[^25][^27] Josselson told the General Assembly on May 13, 1967 that CIA support had run from 1950 to the summer of 1966.[^20] +The New York Times published a series of five articles on the CIA by [[Tom Wicker]], [[John W. Finney]], [[Max Frankel]], [[E. W. Kenworthy]] and other staff members from April 25 to 29, 1966, under the first title "C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?" The third article, datelined April 26 and published April 27, said that the CIA had supported "anti-Communist but liberal organizations of intellectuals such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and some of their newspapers and magazines," and described Encounter as an indirect beneficiary of CIA funds.[^34][^36] Josselson told the General Assembly on May 13, 1967 that CIA support had run from 1950 to the summer of 1966.[^29] -In March 1967 [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account (pages 29 to 39). It named a "Fairfield Foundation" as "a frequent contributor to the Congress for Cultural Freedom, previously identified in The New York Times as having received CIA funds," and recorded that the Rabb Foundation made a 15,000 dollar grant to that foundation in 1963.[^28] Braden's article of May 20, 1967 defended the program as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts and wrote that Frank Wisner, "in my view, was an authentic American hero."[^6] +According to the CIA history, Josselson asked McGeorge Bundy and Shepard Stone in early 1966 to consider taking over the entire congress program. The agency cut its ties to the congress that September, and Josselson and [[John C. Hunt]] stayed on in their posts.[^9] The same study describes the 1966 separation as an "amicable separation" that the agency arranged.[^37] -On February 15, 1967 President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] named [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[John Gardner]] and [[Richard Helms]] to a committee to review government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The committee worked for 43 days. Its recommendation, accepted on March 29, 1967, was that "no federal agency shall provide any covert financial assistance or support, direct or indirect, to any of the nation's educational or private voluntary organizations."[^7] A May 1967 circular from the CIA's deputy director for plans, [[Desmond FitzGerald]], stated that "covert funding overseas of foreign-based international organizations is permitted."[^7] +In March 1967 [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account (pages 29 to 39). It named a "Fairfield Foundation" as "a frequent contributor to the Congress for Cultural Freedom, previously identified in The New York Times as having received CIA funds," and recorded that the Rabb Foundation made a 15,000 dollar grant to that foundation in 1963.[^38] Braden's article of May 20, 1967 defended the program as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts and wrote that Frank Wisner, "in my view, was an authentic American hero."[^10] -On May 13, 1967 the congress's General Assembly held an extraordinary session in Paris. According to the New York Times, the assembly expressed regret that CIA funds had been used to finance the congress and that the executive director had accepted them without his colleagues' knowledge. It also named a committee to examine the congress's structure and draw up a new charter.[^20] +On February 15, 1967 President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] named [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[John Gardner]] and [[Richard Helms]] to a committee to review government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The committee worked for 43 days. Its recommendation, accepted on March 29, 1967, was that "no federal agency shall provide any covert financial assistance or support, direct or indirect, to any of the nation's educational or private voluntary organizations."[^11] A May 1967 circular from the CIA's deputy director for plans, [[Desmond FitzGerald]], stated that "covert funding overseas of foreign-based international organizations is permitted."[^11] + +On May 13, 1967 the congress's General Assembly held an extraordinary session in Paris. According to the New York Times, the assembly expressed regret that CIA funds had been used to finance the congress and that the executive director had accepted them without his colleagues' knowledge. It also named a committee to examine the congress's structure and draw up a new charter.[^29] + +The New York Times reported that the assembly refused to accept the resignation of Josselson, who had accepted the funds without his colleagues' knowledge, and that he agreed to stay on.[^29] The CIA history records that Josselson and Hunt offered their resignations at the same session, admitting their CIA connections, and that the assembly "merely 'noted'" them.[^9] The two resigned for good at the September 1967 reforms, when the assembly named Stone president and chief executive.[^9] + +Within Encounter the disclosures produced their own dispute. In The Nation of October 2, 1967 Lasky wrote that when he became an editor of Encounter in 1958 he "had no knowledge of the CIA's involvement and was, then as now, nobody's agent," and that when he later became aware that some grants to the congress were covert governmental funds "I did everything in my power to end this. In 1964, Cecil Harmsworth King and the Daily Mirror group in London took over the financial sponsorship of Encounter."[^22] According to Edward McLaren, Lasky wrote to [[Isaiah Berlin]] that "IF there were an agent planted in Encounter …it could only have been Kristol or Spender"; Spender then resigned, Kristol threatened to sue Braden, and Lasky was left as the only acting editor. Frank Kermode returned after the International Publishing Corporation of London took over the magazine's financial burden from the CIA.[^39] The magazine's trustees announced in July 1967 that Spender and Kermode had resigned, that Lasky had "agreed to remain as co-Editor," and that Nigel Dennis was appointed the other co-editor.[^17] McLaren also quotes [[Richard Wollheim]], who recalled asking Lasky and Spender about the rumour of CIA funding when he was asked to join the board; Lasky answered: "Nothing easier. You can inspect the accounts, and see for yourself."[^39] McLaren states that Lasky went on to admit that he knew of the CIA funding of the congress from long before 1963.[^39] ### The International Association for Cultural Freedom, 1967 to 1978 -The congress was renamed the IACF in 1967. Stone left the Ford Foundation after thirteen years to lead it.[^29] Stone was its president from October 1967, and Pierre Emmanuel was its director.[^21] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for Ford money.[^25] +The congress was renamed the IACF in 1967. Stone left the Ford Foundation after thirteen years to lead it.[^40] Stone was its president from October 1967, and Pierre Emmanuel was its director.[^30] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for Ford money.[^34] -In 1972 the Ford Foundation renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]].[^25] The same year the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the congress.[^30] A terminal grant ran from January 1 to March 31, 1978, and the IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^25] +A New York Times dispatch dated September 25, 1967 reported that the congress had selected Stone as its executive director to replace Josselson and that Josselson would remain with the organization as a consultant. In it Josselson said that under the practice then existing he would inform the CIA of the congress's budgetary needs and the agency would give him the name of a foundation likely to favor a request for a grant.[^41] The October 3 article described Stone as president and said Pierre Emmanuel would replace Josselson, who had resigned.[^30] + +In 1972 the Ford Foundation renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]].[^34] The same year the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the congress.[^42] A terminal grant ran from January 1 to March 31, 1978, and the IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^34] ### Footnotes [^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950 -[^2]: Memorandum from F.G.W. (Frank G. Wisner) to Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," August 8, 1950, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530 -[^3]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement: Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), introduction and note 12. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^4]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series I and II, Box 134, Folders 3 to 6 (Farfield Foundation correspondence, 1953 to 1956), and Series III, Subseries 1 ("Berlin 1950, June 26-30, Founding Conference"). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF -[^5]: Peter Coleman, "Arthur Koestler and the Congress for Cultural Freedom," Polanyiana 2005, nos. 1-2, pp. 192 to 195 (opening on Monday June 25 in the Titania Palace; the fourteen-paragraph Freedom Manifesto reprinted with the Trevor-Roper and Ayer amendments; the closing ceremony on Thursday June 28 before 15,000). https://polanyiana.org/articles/polanyiana-2005-1-2-14_peter-coleman-arthur-koestler-and-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom.pdf -[^6]: Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14. -[^7]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), sections on the 1964 Patman hearings ("Patman Eight") and the Katzenbach Committee, including the committee's recommendation and FitzGerald's May 1967 circular. The February 15, 1967 appointment date is from the editorial note to Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. 33, document 260. -[^8]: "CIA Funds Reported Sent to Dallas Body; Foundation Trustee Denies Knowledge of Any Donations," Dallas News, February 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000100140020-7 -[^9]: Daniel Rapoport, United Press International report on Patman and the Kaplan Fund, September 1964, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400260004-9 -[^10]: Langenkamp, pp. 9 to 10 and note 44 (Farfield as a front set up to channel funds mainly to the CCF; about 35,000 dollars from Farfield for the proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists), and Table 3, "Grants to the CCF, 1958-1959 / 1963-1964" (Farfield Foundation, New York, 843,668 in the 1958 column). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^11]: Library of Congress catalog record for Encounter (issues from October 1953; "Published for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1953-"; editors "<1956-> : Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol; <1969-> : Melvin J. Lasky and Nigel Denis"); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," Spender, Kristol and Lasky as directeurs de publication (ISSN 0013-7073); Eton College Library catalogue record B53860. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k and https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B53860 -[^12]: Langenkamp, note 62, citing letters to the New York Times by Nabokov and Rougemont, May 19, 1966, and by Stephen Spender, Melvin Lasky and Irving Kristol, May 10, 1966. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^13]: "On the Committee for Cultural Freedom," Dissent, 1967, reprinting Michael Harrington's article from the Spring 1955 issue. CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000100600001-0 -[^14]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb343490202, "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," François Bondy, directeur de publication, 1951-1975 (ISSN 0032-7980); University of Chicago Library finding aid, Scope Note, Series VII, "Preuves Papers, 1951-1969." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343490202 and https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF -[^15]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series II, Series VII (Preuves Papers) and the Der Monat, Tempo Presente, Quadrant, Cuadernos, Quest and Mundo Nuevo folders. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF -[^16]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue records cb32631877b and cb319416808, "Tempo presente. Informazione e discussione. [Mensile.] Dir. : Nicola Chiaromonte e Ignazio Silone. Anno I. Num. 1, aprile 1956"; Library of Congress catalog record 7945222 (Chiaromonte and Silone as editors). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32631877b -[^17]: Library of Congress catalog record for Quadrant (Sydney; "Vol. 1, no. 1 (summer 1956-7)"; "Editor: 1957- J. McAuley"; sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and, from winter 1957, the Australian Association for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb32402678d, "Quadrant. An Australian quarterly review. Ed. : James McAuley. Vol. I. N° 1, Summer 1956-57." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32402678d -[^18]: Library of Congress catalog record 11493571, "Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura" ("Began with: No. 1 (marzo/mayo 1953)"; issued by the Congress for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34410523v (1953-1965, ISSN 0590-1502). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34410523v -[^19]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 (the Transition editor's arrest and imprisonment on a sedition charge), and Table 2 (Ford's three-year support for Mundo Nuevo, described as the CCF's literary journal directed to Latin American audiences). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^20]: Gloria Emerson, "Resignation Rejected After Disclosure of C.I.A. Aid," New York Times, May 15, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated May 14). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240016-8 -[^21]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Announces Choice of New Head," New York Times, October 3, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated October 2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700390029-5 -[^22]: Langenkamp, discussion of the Rockefeller applications for the CCF's 1953 conferences (note 37), identifying Nabokov as CCF secretary general. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^23]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Historical Note (Nabokov as president, John C. Hunt as executive director, Shepard Stone named president of the IACF). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF -[^24]: Langenkamp, note 50, quoting Shepard Stone to John J. McCloy, February 25, 1954, as cited by Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe, p. 223. Rougemont's 1954 meeting with Stone and Nabokov is in the same passage. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^25]: Langenkamp, pp. 13 to 19 and notes 58 to 82 (the 1957 grant and the 250,000 dollar annual payments; the 1961 and 1962 trustee rules; the 2,000,000 dollar guarantee proposal and the 15 to 20 million dollar consortium; Bundy's letter of September 23, 1966 and the 7,000,000 dollar six-year grant; the 1966 review by Ward and Perkins; Sutton's September 1967 recommendation and the reduced installments; Heaps and the 1972 renewal; the 1978 terminal grant; Goodwin's 1977 evaluation with the 8,400,000 dollar total; the April 1966 New York Times articles). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^26]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1966 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34, and grant table, p. 96. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf -[^27]: Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy and other staff members, New York Times series on the Central Intelligence Agency, April 25 to 29, 1966, third article (dispatch of April 26), CIA reading room copy of the full series. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP75-00001R000200520008-1 -[^28]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts, March 1967, pp. 29 to 39 (the passage on the Rabb Foundation and the Fairfield Foundation). https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia -[^29]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1967 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf -[^30]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the Ford Foundation grant of 50,000 dollars for Encounter's promotion in the United States and the press release of November 16, 1972 on the petition. +[^2]: CIA history, ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12, text and note 63. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf +[^3]: CIA classified history of its involvement with anti-Communist groups, National Archives ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 3 of 12 (secret, partly redacted), on the February 6, 1950 meeting, the April 1949 application, and the Berlin Operations Base contact. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf +[^4]: Memorandum from F.G.W. (Frank G. Wisner) to Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," August 8, 1950, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530 +[^5]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement: Cold War Alignments between the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and the Central Intelligence Agency," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), introduction and note 12. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^6]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series I and II, Box 134, Folders 3 to 6 (Farfield Foundation correspondence, 1953 to 1956), and Series III, Subseries 1 ("Berlin 1950, June 26-30, Founding Conference"). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF +[^7]: Peter Coleman, "Arthur Koestler and the Congress for Cultural Freedom," Polanyiana 2005, nos. 1-2, pp. 192 to 195 (opening on Monday June 25 in the Titania Palace; the fourteen-paragraph Freedom Manifesto reprinted with the Trevor-Roper and Ayer amendments; the closing ceremony on Thursday June 28 before 15,000). https://polanyiana.org/articles/polanyiana-2005-1-2-14_peter-coleman-arthur-koestler-and-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom.pdf +[^8]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 4 of 12, on the August 1951 renaming of OPC's Special Projects Division as the International Organizations Branch and Braden's appointment to it. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-4.pdf +[^9]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 10 of 12 (QKOPERA's permanent home in the International Organizations Division; Cord Meyer as guardian until 1967) and Part 11 of 12 (1966 Ford talks; September 1966 cutoff; May 1967 resignations "merely noted"; September 1967 reforms and final resignations; the study cites Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 228-231 for the resignation passage). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf and https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^10]: Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14. +[^11]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), sections on the 1964 Patman hearings ("Patman Eight") and the Katzenbach Committee, including the committee's recommendation and FitzGerald's May 1967 circular. The February 15, 1967 appointment date is from the editorial note to Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. 33, document 260. +[^12]: "CIA Funds Reported Sent to Dallas Body; Foundation Trustee Denies Knowledge of Any Donations," Dallas News, February 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000100140020-7 +[^13]: Daniel Rapoport, United Press International report on Patman and the Kaplan Fund, September 1964, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400260004-9 +[^14]: Langenkamp, pp. 9 to 10 and note 44 (Farfield as a front set up to channel funds mainly to the CCF; about 35,000 dollars from Farfield for the proposed Hamburg assembly of scientists), and Table 3, "Grants to the CCF, 1958-1959 / 1963-1964" (Farfield Foundation, New York, 843,668 in the 1958 column). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^15]: Library of Congress catalog record for Encounter (issues from October 1953; "Published for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1953-"; editors "<1956-> : Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol; <1969-> : Melvin J. Lasky and Nigel Denis"); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," Spender, Kristol and Lasky as directeurs de publication (ISSN 0013-7073); Eton College Library catalogue record B53860. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k and https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B53860 +[^16]: Bibliotheque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1953) to vol. 75, no. 2 (Sept. 1990). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k +[^17]: Encounter, October 1953, December 1958, June 1967 and July 1967 issues. https://archive.org/details/encounter-1953-1990 +[^18]: Langenkamp, note 62, citing letters to the New York Times by Nabokov and Rougemont, May 19, 1966, and by Stephen Spender, Melvin Lasky and Irving Kristol, May 10, 1966. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^19]: "On the Committee for Cultural Freedom," Dissent, 1967, reprinting Michael Harrington's article from the Spring 1955 issue. CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000100600001-0 +[^20]: "Monat: Umzug ins Privatquartier," Der Spiegel, October 13, 1954. https://archive.org/details/sim_spiegel_1954-10-13_8_42 +[^21]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1954. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf +[^22]: Melvin J. Lasky, letter, The Nation, October 2, 1967, p. 309 (CIA reading room copy CIA-RDP88-01315R000200270001-6). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000200270001-6 +[^23]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb343490202, "Preuves : cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture," François Bondy, directeur de publication, 1951-1975 (ISSN 0032-7980); University of Chicago Library finding aid, Scope Note, Series VII, "Preuves Papers, 1951-1969." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343490202 and https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF +[^24]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Series II, Series VII (Preuves Papers) and the Der Monat, Tempo Presente, Quadrant, Cuadernos, Quest and Mundo Nuevo folders. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF +[^25]: Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue records cb32631877b and cb319416808, "Tempo presente. Informazione e discussione. [Mensile.] Dir. : Nicola Chiaromonte e Ignazio Silone. Anno I. Num. 1, aprile 1956"; Library of Congress catalog record 7945222 (Chiaromonte and Silone as editors). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32631877b +[^26]: Library of Congress catalog record for Quadrant (Sydney; "Vol. 1, no. 1 (summer 1956-7)"; "Editor: 1957- J. McAuley"; sponsored by the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom and, from winter 1957, the Australian Association for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb32402678d, "Quadrant. An Australian quarterly review. Ed. : James McAuley. Vol. I. N° 1, Summer 1956-57." https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32402678d +[^27]: Library of Congress catalog record 11493571, "Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura" ("Began with: No. 1 (marzo/mayo 1953)"; issued by the Congress for Cultural Freedom); Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue record cb34410523v (1953-1965, ISSN 0590-1502). https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34410523v +[^28]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 (the Transition editor's arrest and imprisonment on a sedition charge), and Table 2 (Ford's three-year support for Mundo Nuevo, described as the CCF's literary journal directed to Latin American audiences). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^29]: Gloria Emerson, "Resignation Rejected After Disclosure of C.I.A. Aid," New York Times, May 15, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated May 14). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240016-8 +[^30]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Announces Choice of New Head," New York Times, October 3, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated October 2). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700390029-5 +[^31]: Langenkamp, discussion of the Rockefeller applications for the CCF's 1953 conferences (note 37), identifying Nabokov as CCF secretary general. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^32]: University of Chicago Library, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," Historical Note (Nabokov as president, John C. Hunt as executive director, Shepard Stone named president of the IACF). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF +[^33]: Langenkamp, note 50, quoting Shepard Stone to John J. McCloy, February 25, 1954, as cited by Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe, p. 223. Rougemont's 1954 meeting with Stone and Nabokov is in the same passage. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^34]: Langenkamp, pp. 13 to 19 and notes 58 to 82 (the 1957 grant and the 250,000 dollar annual payments; the 1961 and 1962 trustee rules; the 2,000,000 dollar guarantee proposal and the 15 to 20 million dollar consortium; Bundy's letter of September 23, 1966 and the 7,000,000 dollar six-year grant; the 1966 review by Ward and Perkins; Sutton's September 1967 recommendation and the reduced installments; Heaps and the 1972 renewal; the 1978 terminal grant; Goodwin's 1977 evaluation with the 8,400,000 dollar total; the April 1966 New York Times articles). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^35]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1966 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34, and grant table, p. 96. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf +[^36]: Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy and other staff members, New York Times series on the Central Intelligence Agency, April 25 to 29, 1966, third article (dispatch of April 26), CIA reading room copy of the full series. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP75-00001R000200520008-1 +[^37]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5 (introduction: "until the Agency arranged an amicable separation from the Congress in 1966"). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950 +[^38]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts, March 1967, pp. 29 to 39 (the passage on the Rabb Foundation and the Fairfield Foundation). https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia +[^39]: Edward McLaren, "How the CIA secretly funded Encounter," The Common Reader, September 15, 2025. https://www.commonreader.co.uk/p/stephen-spender-and-the-cia +[^40]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1967 (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf +[^41]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Once Aided by C.I.A. Picks Ford Fund Aide to Be Its Director," New York Times, dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP69B00369R000200240032-3 +[^42]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the Ford Foundation grant of 50,000 dollars for Encounter's promotion in the United States and the press release of November 16, 1972 on the petition. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Council on Foreign Relations.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Council on Foreign Relations.md index ee84e6a4..867c0e04 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Council on Foreign Relations.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Council on Foreign Relations.md @@ -86,17 +86,22 @@ relations: reverse: true end: 2023-06-30 role: "president, 1,868,393 dollars reportable compensation in the return for the year to June 2023" - fn: 32 + fn: 33 - type: head_of with: "[[David Rubenstein]]" reverse: true role: "chairman in the return for the year to June 2023" - fn: 32 + fn: 33 - type: funded with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]" reverse: true start: 2002 role: "Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellowship in Business and Foreign Policy, first holder Bennett Freeman" + fn: 29 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Cyrus Vance]]" + reverse: true + role: "director, term expiring 1987; Executive Committee; Vice Chairman of the Board" fn: 28 created: 2026-10-01 updated: 2026-10-09 @@ -182,27 +187,29 @@ General fund expenditures were 6,778,300 dollars against total funding of 6,718, The report lists as directors, at press time, Harold Brown, Stanley Hoffmann, Nicholas Katzenbach, Lane Kirkland, Juanita Kreps, Robert Scalapino, [[Brent Scowcroft]], Stephen Stamas, Philip Geyelin, McColough, Donald McHenry, Peterson, William D. Rogers, Vance, Marina Whitman, Walter Wriston, Graham Allison, Warren Christopher, Richard Gelb, Alan Greenspan, [[Bobby Ray Inman]], Jeane Kirkpatrick, Lewis Preston and Clifton Wharton. Of these twenty-four, Brown, Allison, Christopher, Kirkland, Greenspan, Kreps and Whitman appear in the Trilateral Commission's North American roster of July 1981.[^1][^25] A letter from McCloy dated June 27, 1985, printed in the report, refers to David Rockefeller's "44 years of close and active association with the Council" and to his "relinquishment of his leadership on the Board."[^1] +In the report's Officers and Directors table Cyrus Vance appears in the column of directors with terms expiring in 1987. He is listed on the Executive Committee chaired by David Rockefeller (with Warren Christopher, [[Theodore Hesburgh]], Lane Kirkland, McColough, Peterson and [[Lewis T. Preston]]), among the members of the Campaign Executive Committee, and, in the report's historical roll of officers, among the Vice Chairmen of the Board with Grayson Kirk. He chaired the advisory group of the Studies Program's European-American Project ([[Robert D. Hormats]], vice chairman), presided over a September 13, 1984 conference held with the Dayan Center of [[Tel Aviv University]] and wrote the foreword to its printed transcript, and chaired a March 1985 conference on "Central America as a European-American Issue."[^28] + ### The Bernard L. Schwartz fellowship and the Greenberg Center, 2002 -On March 20, 2002, the council announced that [[Bennett Freeman]] had been named the first Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy. The fellowship was placed in the council's new [[Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies]]. The release states: "This fellowship is funded by Bernard L. Schwartz, Chairman and CEO of Loral Space & Communications Ltd."[^28] +On March 20, 2002, the council announced that [[Bennett Freeman]] had been named the first Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy. The fellowship was placed in the council's new [[Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies]]. The release states: "This fellowship is funded by Bernard L. Schwartz, Chairman and CEO of Loral Space & Communications Ltd."[^29] -Two months earlier, on January 9, 2002, [[Space Systems/Loral]] had signed a consent agreement with the State Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls. The agreement set a civil penalty of $20,000,000, of which $14,000,000 was payable and $6,000,000 was suspended, and recorded that the company neither admitted nor denied the allegations in a draft charging letter.[^29] The draft charging letter, addressed to the president of Loral Space & Communications, alleged "Sixty-four (64) violations" in connection with the aftermath of the February 1996 Long March 3B failure.[^30] +Two months earlier, on January 9, 2002, [[Space Systems/Loral]] had signed a consent agreement with the State Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls. The agreement set a civil penalty of $20,000,000, of which $14,000,000 was payable and $6,000,000 was suspended, and recorded that the company neither admitted nor denied the allegations in a draft charging letter.[^30] The draft charging letter, addressed to the president of Loral Space & Communications, alleged "Sixty-four (64) violations" in connection with the aftermath of the February 1996 Long March 3B failure.[^31] ### Foreign Affairs -Foreign Affairs published "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in July 1947 over the signature "X," credited by the journal to George F. Kennan; the article called for "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."[^31] +Foreign Affairs published "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in July 1947 over the signature "X," credited by the journal to George F. Kennan; the article called for "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."[^32] ### Recent filings -The Council's Form 990 for the year ended June 30, 2023 reports revenue of 106,930,600 dollars, expenses of 83,166,400 dollars and year-end assets of 719,707,600 dollars; the same series of returns on the [[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer shows revenue of 59,633,100 dollars and assets of 438,237,900 dollars for the year to June 2011.[^2] The 2023 return lists contributions of 63,113,857 dollars, Foreign Affairs revenue of 11,709,500, individual membership revenue of 9,036,200 and corporate membership revenue of 1,103,843, with 711 employees and 34 voting members of the governing body. It describes the membership as "over 5,000," states that the members elect all voting directors, and gives the year of founding as 1921.[^32] +The Council's Form 990 for the year ended June 30, 2023 reports revenue of 106,930,600 dollars, expenses of 83,166,400 dollars and year-end assets of 719,707,600 dollars; the same series of returns on the [[ProPublica]] Nonprofit Explorer shows revenue of 59,633,100 dollars and assets of 438,237,900 dollars for the year to June 2011.[^2] The 2023 return lists contributions of 63,113,857 dollars, Foreign Affairs revenue of 11,709,500, individual membership revenue of 9,036,200 and corporate membership revenue of 1,103,843, with 711 employees and 34 voting members of the governing body. It describes the membership as "over 5,000," states that the members elect all voting directors, and gives the year of founding as 1921.[^33] -[[Richard Haass]] is shown as president through June 30, 2023 with reportable compensation of 1,868,393 dollars and 59,851 dollars of other compensation; [[Michael Froman]] is named as principal officer. Other reported compensation includes 524,534 dollars to the chief investment officer, [[Giovanna Ban]], 519,740 to the executive vice president and chief financial officer, Keith Olson, 459,793 to the director of studies, [[James M. Lindsay]], 330,419 to the editor of Foreign Affairs, [[Daniel Kurtz-Phelan]], and 280,205 to the distinguished fellow [[Martin Indyk]]. [[David Rubenstein]] is chairman, [[Blair Effron]] and [[Jami Miscik]] vice-chairmen, and the directors include [[Thad Allen]], [[Ashton B. Carter]] (through October 2022), [[Kenneth I. Chenault]], [[Laurence D. Fink]] (through June 30, 2023), [[Timothy F. Geithner]] (through June 30, 2023), [[James P. Gorman]], [[Stephen J. Hadley]], [[Jeh Johnson]], [[William H. McRaven]], [[Janet Napolitano]], [[Meghan O'Sullivan]], [[Ruth Porat]], [[Laurene Powell Jobs]], [[Frances F. Townsend]], [[Daniel H. Yergin]] and [[Fareed Zakaria]]. Schedule O reports business relationships between Haass and directors Effron, [[Stephen C. Freidheim]] and [[Nicholas Beim]]; between Rubenstein and Carter and Yergin; between Miscik and Gorman; and between directors [[James Manyika]] and Porat. Schedule I lists fellowship payments including 596,458 dollars for nine International Affairs Fellows, 288,750 dollars for four fellows in national security, 119,350 dollars for six in Japan, 100,000 dollars for one Edward R. Murrow press fellow and 80,000 dollars for one Stanton nuclear security fellow. The donor schedule is redacted in the public copy.[^32] +[[Richard Haass]] is shown as president through June 30, 2023 with reportable compensation of 1,868,393 dollars and 59,851 dollars of other compensation; [[Michael Froman]] is named as principal officer. Other reported compensation includes 524,534 dollars to the chief investment officer, [[Giovanna Ban]], 519,740 to the executive vice president and chief financial officer, Keith Olson, 459,793 to the director of studies, [[James M. Lindsay]], 330,419 to the editor of Foreign Affairs, [[Daniel Kurtz-Phelan]], and 280,205 to the distinguished fellow [[Martin Indyk]]. [[David Rubenstein]] is chairman, [[Blair Effron]] and [[Jami Miscik]] vice-chairmen, and the directors include [[Thad Allen]], [[Ashton B. Carter]] (through October 2022), [[Kenneth I. Chenault]], [[Laurence D. Fink]] (through June 30, 2023), [[Timothy F. Geithner]] (through June 30, 2023), [[James P. Gorman]], [[Stephen J. Hadley]], [[Jeh Johnson]], [[William H. McRaven]], [[Janet Napolitano]], [[Meghan O'Sullivan]], [[Ruth Porat]], [[Laurene Powell Jobs]], [[Frances F. Townsend]], [[Daniel H. Yergin]] and [[Fareed Zakaria]]. Schedule O reports business relationships between Haass and directors Effron, [[Stephen C. Freidheim]] and [[Nicholas Beim]]; between Rubenstein and Carter and Yergin; between Miscik and Gorman; and between directors [[James Manyika]] and Porat. Schedule I lists fellowship payments including 596,458 dollars for nine International Affairs Fellows, 288,750 dollars for four fellows in national security, 119,350 dollars for six in Japan, 100,000 dollars for one Edward R. Murrow press fellow and 80,000 dollars for one Stanton nuclear security fellow. The donor schedule is redacted in the public copy.[^33] -Five of the directors named in the 2023 return (Rubenstein, Manyika, O'Sullivan, Townsend and Yergin) are members of the North American group in the Trilateral Commission's list of September 6, 2024, on which five Council fellows also appear.[^33] +Five of the directors named in the 2023 return (Rubenstein, Manyika, O'Sullivan, Townsend and Yergin) are members of the North American group in the Trilateral Commission's list of September 6, 2024, on which five Council fellows also appear.[^34] ### Jeffrey Epstein -Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|Epstein Library]], one headed "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein" and one "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," neither dated on its face, describe [[Jeffrey Epstein]] as "a former member of the Trilateral Commission and a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations." No Council membership roll appears in the documents examined.[^34] An exchange of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Epstein and the Council's director of events concerns travel and a weekend event.[^35] +Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|Epstein Library]], one headed "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein" and one "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," neither dated on its face, describe [[Jeffrey Epstein]] as "a former member of the Trilateral Commission and a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations." No Council membership roll appears in the documents examined.[^35] An exchange of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Epstein and the Council's director of events concerns travel and a weekend event.[^36] ### Footnotes @@ -233,11 +240,12 @@ Two biographical statements in the [[Department of Justice]]'s [[Epstein Files|E [^25]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "As of July 1, 1981," reprinted in Congressional Research Service, The Trilateral Commission, Issue Packet IP0092 (Library of Congress, 1981), https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19810501_IP0092_2d3ea09e2c6068af730f41d315f4ea490bc91878.pdf [^26]: Memoranda, National Intelligence Officer for China to Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for National Intelligence, July 26, 1976 (NIO 1215-76) and September 7, 1976 (NIO 1426-76), CIA-RDP83B00100R000100130019-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00100r000100130019-2 [^27]: Letter, Stansfield Turner to Alton Frye, Director, International Affairs Fellowships, Council on Foreign Relations, September 12, 1979, CIA-RDP80B01554R003300220008-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01554r003300220008-8 -[^28]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Bennett Freeman Named First Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy," press release dated March 20, 2002, https://www.cfr.org/articles/bennett-freeman-named-first-bernard-l-schwartz-senior-fellow-business-and-foreign -[^29]: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Office of Defense Trade Controls, consent agreement with Space Systems/Loral, Inc., January 9, 2002, Exhibit 10.1 to Loral Space & Communications Ltd. Form 8-K, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001006269/000095012302000193/y56456ex10-1.txt -[^30]: U.S. Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Draft Charging Letter to Space Systems/Loral, Inc. (undated), https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=032ef245db15df00d0a370131f96192b -[^31]: "X" (George F. Kennan), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs, vol. 25, no. 4, July 1947, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct -[^32]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of Council on Foreign Relations Inc for the year ended June 30, 2023 (tax year 2022), Parts I, III, VI, VII, VIII, Schedules B, I and O, IRS e-file XML object 202430169349300598, https://apps.irs.gov/pub/epostcard/990/xml/2024/2024_TEOS_XML_01A.zip (member 2024_TEOS_XML_01A/202430169349300598_public.xml) -[^33]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "Last updated September 6, 2024," North American Group, https://archive.org/details/tc-membership-list-sept-6-2024-1 -[^34]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725190, and "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725191, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725190.pdf and https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725191.pdf -[^35]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, emails of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Jeffrey Epstein and the Council on Foreign Relations director of events, EFTA00751793, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00751793.pdf +[^28]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985): Officers and Directors; committee lists; Campaign Executive Committee; historical officers; Studies Program and European-American Project (advisory group list); Meetings; Publications. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5 +[^29]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Bennett Freeman Named First Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow in Business and Foreign Policy," press release dated March 20, 2002, https://www.cfr.org/articles/bennett-freeman-named-first-bernard-l-schwartz-senior-fellow-business-and-foreign +[^30]: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Office of Defense Trade Controls, consent agreement with Space Systems/Loral, Inc., January 9, 2002, Exhibit 10.1 to Loral Space & Communications Ltd. Form 8-K, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001006269/000095012302000193/y56456ex10-1.txt +[^31]: U.S. Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Draft Charging Letter to Space Systems/Loral, Inc. (undated), https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=032ef245db15df00d0a370131f96192b +[^32]: "X" (George F. Kennan), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs, vol. 25, no. 4, July 1947, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct +[^33]: Internal Revenue Service, Form 990 of Council on Foreign Relations Inc for the year ended June 30, 2023 (tax year 2022), Parts I, III, VI, VII, VIII, Schedules B, I and O, IRS e-file XML object 202430169349300598, https://apps.irs.gov/pub/epostcard/990/xml/2024/2024_TEOS_XML_01A.zip (member 2024_TEOS_XML_01A/202430169349300598_public.xml) +[^34]: The Trilateral Commission, membership list "Last updated September 6, 2024," North American Group, https://archive.org/details/tc-membership-list-sept-6-2024-1 +[^35]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, "Biographical Information of Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725190, and "About Jeffrey E. Epstein," EFTA00725191, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725190.pdf and https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00725191.pdf +[^36]: Department of Justice, Epstein Library, emails of November 8 and 15, 2010 between Jeffrey Epstein and the Council on Foreign Relations director of events, EFTA00751793, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00751793.pdf diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/EG&G.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/EG&G.md index 76716487..80c37d1a 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/EG&G.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/EG&G.md @@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ The reported decisions in the Groom Lake waste cases, [[Frost v. Perry]] and [[K [^4]: URS Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2003, filed January 22, 2004, business description ("In August 2002, we acquired Carlyle-EG&G Holdings Corp. and Lear Siegler Services, Inc.") and executive officers, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/102379/000095014904000182/f95747e10vk.htm [^5]: Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974, chapter 3, p. 130, in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 434, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%203.pdf [^6]: Pedlow and Welzenbach, chapter 6, "The U-2's Intended Successor: Project OXCART, 1956-1968," pp. 274 to 275, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%206.pdf -[^7]: "The secret airline you've perhaps seen but never heard of," 100 Knots, https://www.100knots.com/the-secret-airline-youve-perhaps-seen-but-never-heard-of/ ; Andrew Curran, "U.S. Air Force scouting for new operator of Janet B737s," ch-aviation, November 14, 2023, https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/134054-us-air-force-scouting-for-new-operator-of-janet-b737s ; Aviacionline, "USAF seeks new contractor to manage JANET's 737-600s," https://www.aviacionline.com/usaf-seeks-new-contractor-to-manage-janets-737-600s (states the mission "was long operated by EG&G"). Sole source for the passages so cited; no contract document or FAA record was opened. -[^8]: KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, report by George Knapp (the transcript file gives no date; Lazar's 1989 broadcasts are May and November 1989), as transcribed in the compilation "Bob Lazar interview transcript dump," Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/bob-lazar-em-grande-entrevista-especial-legendado-em-portugues.-www.braufonet.com.br (file Bob lazar em grande entrevista especial ... _djvu.txt, lines 1318 to 1340 and 2846 to 2856; the compiler and the broadcast date are not given in the file). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: "The secret airline you've perhaps seen but never heard of," 100 Knots, https://www.100knots.com/the-secret-airline-youve-perhaps-seen-but-never-heard-of/ ; Andrew Curran, "U.S. Air Force scouting for new operator of Janet B737s," ch-aviation, November 14, 2023, https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/134054-us-air-force-scouting-for-new-operator-of-janet-b737s ; Aviacionline, "USAF seeks new contractor to manage JANET's 737-600s," https://www.aviacionline.com/usaf-seeks-new-contractor-to-manage-janets-737-600s (states the mission "was long operated by EG&G"). No contract document or FAA record was opened. +[^8]: KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, report by George Knapp (the transcript file gives no date; Lazar's 1989 broadcasts are May and November 1989), as transcribed in the compilation "Bob Lazar interview transcript dump," Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/bob-lazar-em-grande-entrevista-especial-legendado-em-portugues.-www.braufonet.com.br (file Bob lazar em grande entrevista especial ... _djvu.txt, lines 1318 to 1340 and 2846 to 2856; the compiler and the broadcast date are not given in the file). [^9]: "EWD NOTES 10/16/02, Eric Davis Meeting with Adm. Wilson," pp. 1 and 5, as leaked in 2019, in The Black Vault, "The 'Admiral Wilson Leak,'" https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/the-admiral-wilson-leak-an-analysis/ (PDF https://documents2.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wilsonleak.pdf); Wilson's statements to Billy Cox of the Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 2020, as reproduced there. The authorship and provenance of the notes are unverified; Davis has not commented. [^10]: Kasza v. Browner, 133 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir. 1998), opinion of Judge Rymer, Harvard Caselaw Access Project, https://static.case.law/f3d/133/cases/1159-01.json [^11]: Frost v. Perry, 161 F.R.D. 434 (D. Nev. 1995) (Pro, J.), Harvard Caselaw Access Project, https://static.case.law/frd/161/cases/0434-01.json diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Effective Altruism Foundation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Effective Altruism Foundation.md index cbda3278..7ea3ed04 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Effective Altruism Foundation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Effective Altruism Foundation.md @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Knutsson put questions to EAF and Open Philanthropy in October and November 2019 [^2]: Open Philanthropy grant pages, Effective Altruism Foundation: "European Policy Research" (April 2020, 15,358 dollars; investigators Zachary Robinson and Alexander Berger), "European Policy Research and Advocacy" (October 2020, 375,000 dollars; investigator Zachary Robinson), "European Policy Research and Advocacy" (January 2022, 697,268 dollars) and "European Policy Research and Advocacy" (April 2022, 200,000 dollars, Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness), each archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy-2022/ and https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy-2022-2/ [^3]: Effective Altruism Foundation and Foundational Research Institute, "EAF's Guidelines for Discussing Astronomical Stakes (shared)," first written March 2019, last updated September 10, 2019; copy hosted on simonknutsson.com, Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030171253id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/EAFs-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Astronomical-Stakes-2019-10-12.pdf [^4]: Nick Beckstead, "Guidelines for Discussing Longtermism and Existential Risks," last updated July 3, 2019; Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030163925id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/Beckstead-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Longtermism-and-Existential-Risks-1.6.pdf -[^5]: Simon Knutsson, "Problems in effective altruism and existential risk and what to do about them," simonknutsson.com, published October 16, 2019, last updated July 1, 2022. https://www.simonknutsson.com/problems-in-effective-altruism-and-existential-risk-and-what-to-do-about-them/ Sole source for the July 2019 messages and the statements about funding and the grant; Knutsson describes himself as employed by Stockholm University. +[^5]: Simon Knutsson, "Problems in effective altruism and existential risk and what to do about them," simonknutsson.com, published October 16, 2019, last updated July 1, 2022. https://www.simonknutsson.com/problems-in-effective-altruism-and-existential-risk-and-what-to-do-about-them/ Knutsson describes himself as employed by Stockholm University. [^6]: Simon Knutsson, "Message exchange with EAF," simonknutsson.com, November 12, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/message-exchange-with-eaf/ Knutsson did not publish Torges's replies and summarizes them. [^7]: Simon Knutsson, "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," simonknutsson.com, November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project Knutsson did not publish Levine's replies and summarizes them. -[^8]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda Sole source for the June 2019 date and for Vinding. +[^8]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Elm Guest House.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Elm Guest House.md index 43fc221b..f2c72555 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Elm Guest House.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Elm Guest House.md @@ -40,6 +40,6 @@ In October 2012 the Labour MP [[Tom Watson]] asked Prime Minister [[David Camero ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It gives twenty-three men detained where the inquiry gives twenty people arrested including the Kasirs, and describes Cyril Smith as confirmed as a visitor, where the inquiry found no politician or VIP identified. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It gives twenty-three men detained where the inquiry gives twenty people arrested including the Kasirs, and describes Cyril Smith as confirmed as a visitor, where the inquiry found no politician or VIP identified. [^2]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. *Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse Linked to Westminster: Investigation Report,* February 2020, Part B.3, "The 1980s," paras. 9-12. https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-b-allegations-child-sexual-abuse-linked-westminster/b3-1980s.html [^3]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. *Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse Linked to Westminster,* February 2020, Part D.7, "Allegations connected to Elm Guest House," paras. 70-74. https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-d-police-responses-allegations-westminster-child-sexual-abuse/d7-allegations-connected-elm-guest-house.html diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Enigma Labs.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Enigma Labs.md index fd909bf3..03716774 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Enigma Labs.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Enigma Labs.md @@ -149,6 +149,6 @@ The Black Vault published the release with a write-up headed "FOIA Response Reve ### Footnotes [^1]: Colin Lodewick, "This startup wants to help organize your UFO sightings," Fortune, July 13, 2022. https://fortune.com/2022/07/13/enigma-labs-uap-unidentified-aerial-phenomenon-startup/ -[^2]: Enigma Labs, FAQ page (enigmalabs.io/faq), Internet Archive captures of November 12, 2023 (http://web.archive.org/web/20231112052159/https://enigmalabs.io/faq), February 5, 2024 (http://web.archive.org/web/20240205181411/https://enigmalabs.io/faq), January 14, 2025 (http://web.archive.org/web/20250114122228/https://enigmalabs.io/faq) and October 10, 2025 (http://web.archive.org/web/20251010160228/https://enigmalabs.io/faq); entries "How are you funded?" (Prismic first publication August 23, 2023, last publication January 24, 2024), "Are you government-affiliated?" and "Why do Enigma Labs employees use pseudonyms?". Sole source for the company's statements about itself. +[^2]: Enigma Labs, FAQ page (enigmalabs.io/faq), Internet Archive captures of November 12, 2023 (http://web.archive.org/web/20231112052159/https://enigmalabs.io/faq), February 5, 2024 (http://web.archive.org/web/20240205181411/https://enigmalabs.io/faq), January 14, 2025 (http://web.archive.org/web/20250114122228/https://enigmalabs.io/faq) and October 10, 2025 (http://web.archive.org/web/20251010160228/https://enigmalabs.io/faq); entries "How are you funded?" (Prismic first publication August 23, 2023, last publication January 24, 2024), "Are you government-affiliated?" and "Why do Enigma Labs employees use pseudonyms?". [^3]: Department of Defense, Freedom of Information Division, final response 23-F-0711 to John Greenewald Jr., The Black Vault, July 3, 2025, 50 pages with cover letter signed by Pamela Andrews, Chief, FOIA, with the messages quoted above appearing at release pages 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 50 and 51 (as numbered in the footer of the pages). https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/osd/23-F-0711.pdf [^4]: The Black Vault, "FOIA Response Reveals Contact Between AARO and Enigma Labs, Details Remain Largely Redacted." https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/foia-response-reveals-contact-between-aaro-and-enigma-labs-details-remain-largely-redacted/ diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ford Foundation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ford Foundation.md index 1dc50118..5a36659f 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ford Foundation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ford Foundation.md @@ -84,38 +84,43 @@ relations: start: 1957-10 end: 1962-12 role: "two-year grant of 500,000 dollars from fall 1957, then 250,000 dollars a year through 1962" - fn: 37 + fn: 40 - type: funded with: "[[International Association for Cultural Freedom]]" start: 1966-09 end: 1978-03 role: "grant of 7,000,000 dollars announced 1966; renewed 1972 at 400,000 dollars a year" - fn: 46 + fn: 50 - type: funded with: "[[Rand Corporation]]" start: 1948-05 role: "interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars after RAND's separation from Douglas Aircraft; loan extended to 1,000,000 dollars in 1950" - fn: 66 + fn: 71 - type: funded with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]" start: 1952-04 role: "grant of 875,000 dollars to the Center for International Studies in spring 1952" - fn: 62 + fn: 67 - type: funded with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]" start: 1964-10 end: 1965-09 role: "grant of 1,000,000 dollars under American education in world affairs in fiscal 1965" - fn: 69 + fn: 74 - type: owned with: "[[East European Fund]]" role: "subsidiary, per Langenkamp" - fn: 71 + fn: 76 - type: funded with: "[[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]]" start: 1954 role: "helped establish the center at Stanford University; grant of 3,411,590 dollars for five years in fiscal 1954" - fn: 74 + fn: 79 + - type: funded + with: "[[Der Monat]]" + start: 1954 + role: "175,000-dollar appropriation covering three years, grantee International Publications, Inc." + fn: 37 --- The Ford Foundation is a philanthropic foundation chartered in Michigan in 1936 by [[Edsel Ford]] with an initial gift of 25,000 dollars.[^1] Ford Motor Company stock valued at 417 million dollars passed to it after the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and [[Henry Ford]] in 1947. By New Year's Eve 1950 the endowment stood at 492 million dollars, and its assets dwarfed those of the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the two largest American foundations until then.[^2] From April 1951 the foundation's officers were approached by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and the [[U.S. Department of State]] about channeling Cold War projects through the foundation. It financed the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] (CCF) from 1957 until the successor organization, the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), was dissolved in March 1978. @@ -174,87 +179,99 @@ Dulles repeatedly sought to recruit the foundation's fellows. In 1958 he invited In February 1961 the trustees disallowed grants to tax-exempt organizations that could not fully account for their other sources of income. In 1962 they added that institutions receiving funds from "undisclosed United States Government sources" did not qualify.[^36] +In 1954 the foundation appropriated 175,000 dollars for the Berlin monthly [[Der Monat]], covering three years; its annual report states that the journal "was established in 1948 by United States Government authorities" and that "United States Government support for Der Monat ceased in 1954." The grantee was the Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Publizistik (International Publications, Inc.), the journal's publisher.[^37] Der Spiegel reported that John J. McCloy and Shepard Stone, formerly director of Public Affairs at the American High Commission, were among the foundation's officers friendly to the magazine, that the grant carried no conditions, and that the foundation declined a seat on the publisher's board.[^38] The foundation's grant lists for 1955 to 1958 continue to carry entries for International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) for support of Der Monat.[^39] + ### The Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1957 to 1967 -In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the expansion of the CCF's international activities, including conferences, seminars and study groups, and an outreach program for intellectuals from Poland and Hungary. Stone's International Affairs Division then extended annual support of 250,000 dollars through the end of 1962.[^37] Langenkamp writes that the CCF "finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant" at the same time that the cover of the agency's network of front organizations was blown.[^38] +In the fall of 1957 the foundation approved a two-year grant of 500,000 dollars toward the expansion of the CCF's international activities, including conferences, seminars and study groups, and an outreach program for intellectuals from Poland and Hungary. Stone's International Affairs Division then extended annual support of 250,000 dollars through the end of 1962.[^40] Langenkamp writes that the CCF "finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant" at the same time that the cover of the agency's network of front organizations was blown.[^41] -In 1962 Stone proposed that the foundation guarantee "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years," so that other foundations could later take over part of the burden. The proposal foundered, despite the support of McCloy.[^39] In 1964 Stone sought a consortium of foundations to raise "a fund of approximately $15-20 million over the next ten years." The Rockefeller entities would not raise that sum without a substantial Ford contribution, and the consortium did not form.[^40] +In 1962 Stone proposed that the foundation guarantee "some $2,000,000 per year for the next five years," so that other foundations could later take over part of the burden. The proposal foundered, despite the support of McCloy.[^42] In 1964 Stone sought a consortium of foundations to raise "a fund of approximately $15-20 million over the next ten years." The Rockefeller entities would not raise that sum without a substantial Ford contribution, and the consortium did not form.[^43] -An attempt to have the foundation adopt full sponsorship of the CCF also failed under Heald. [[Michael Josselson]], the CCF's executive director, later reported that Heald "had little use for culture and equally little use for the earlier CIA involvement."[^41] +An attempt to have the foundation adopt full sponsorship of the CCF also failed under Heald. [[Michael Josselson]], the CCF's executive director, later reported that Heald "had little use for culture and equally little use for the earlier CIA involvement."[^44] -In 1964 [[Wright Patman]], chairman of the subcommittee on foundations of the House, held a public hearing at which he named eight of the CIA's funding instruments, the so-called "Patman Eight."[^42] +In 1964 [[Wright Patman]], chairman of the subcommittee on foundations of the House, held a public hearing at which he named eight of the CIA's funding instruments, the so-called "Patman Eight."[^45] ### The 1966 and 1967 disclosures and the International Association for Cultural Freedom -From April 25 to 29, 1966 the [[New York Times]] published a series of articles on the CIA's funding of private organizations. The April 27 article mentioned the CCF and its magazine [[Encounter]].[^43] [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] wrote to Bundy, who had succeeded Heald in March 1966, asking whether he could "illuminate or reinforce" the CCF's application. Bundy assured him that the foundation would give the CCF's needs careful consideration.[^44] Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the CCF despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]], president of [[Cornell University]], wrote that the CCF was "a gamble, but an important one."[^45] +From April 25 to 29, 1966 the [[New York Times]] published a series of articles on the CIA's funding of private organizations. The April 27 article mentioned the CCF and its magazine [[Encounter]].[^46] [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] wrote to Bundy, who had succeeded Heald in March 1966, asking whether he could "illuminate or reinforce" the CCF's application. Bundy assured him that the foundation would give the CCF's needs careful consideration.[^47] Bundy asked the foundation's Overseas Development Division for a review. Its vice president, [[Champion Ward]], judged in favor of the CCF despite reservations, and [[James A. Perkins]], president of [[Cornell University]], wrote that the CCF was "a gamble, but an important one."[^48] -On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Stratton, then chairman of the board of trustees, that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the CCF over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^46] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records that "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" the foundation granted 1.5 million dollars, that the congress would use the funds for general support and to strengthen its emphasis on less-developed countries and dialogue with East European intellectuals, and that its new board of trustees was headed by Raymond Aron.[^47] +According to the CIA's classified history, Michael Josselson asked McGeorge Bundy and Shepard Stone in early 1966 to consider taking over the entire congress program. The New York Times articles of April 1966 gave impetus to talks between the agency and the foundation that had recently resumed, and Bundy and Stone were ready to talk.[^49] -In March 1967 the San Francisco magazine [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account.[^48] In April 1967 [[Jason Epstein]] published "The CIA and the Intellectuals" in the [[New York Review of Books]]. In May 1967 Thomas Braden, a former chief of the CIA's International Organizations Division, defended the program in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts. The article disclosed, without naming names, agents placed in the CCF and on the editorial board of Encounter.[^49] +On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Stratton, then chairman of the board of trustees, that the foundation would make a grant of 7,000,000 dollars to the CCF over six years. "It may raise a few eyebrows among those who know or think they know the previous financial history of the Congress," Bundy wrote, "but it is the right thing to do at the right time."[^50] The foundation's annual report for 1966 records that "in further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom" the foundation granted 1.5 million dollars, that the congress would use the funds for general support and to strengthen its emphasis on less-developed countries and dialogue with East European intellectuals, and that its new board of trustees was headed by Raymond Aron.[^51] -On May 13, 1967, at an extraordinary session of the CCF General Assembly in Paris, Josselson disclosed the organization's financial history and the CIA's role in it. The assembly expressed regret that Josselson had accepted CIA money without informing his colleagues.[^50] [[Raymond Aron]], whom Stone had asked to chair the new board, resigned when he judged the organization to be moving in the wrong direction.[^51] +The New York Times reported in September 1967 that the congress had been totally financed by a Ford Foundation grant since October 1966 and, according to Josselson, with a guarantee of appropriations until 1972. It reported that Josselson had said in May that 1.5 million dollars was given by the foundation to the congress for 1966-67.[^52] -The CCF was renamed the IACF. In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the foundation's International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were reduced by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^52] +In March 1967 the San Francisco magazine [[Ramparts]] reported the CIA's funding of the [[National Student Association]]. [[Sol Stern]] wrote the account.[^53] In April 1967 [[Jason Epstein]] published "The CIA and the Intellectuals" in the [[New York Review of Books]]. In May 1967 Thomas Braden, a former chief of the CIA's International Organizations Division, defended the program in the [[Saturday Evening Post]] as a counteroffensive against Communist fronts. The article disclosed, without naming names, agents placed in the CCF and on the editorial board of Encounter.[^54] -Shepard Stone, who had been with the foundation for thirteen years, left in 1967 for Paris to lead the IACF, and [[Pierre Emmanuel]] became its director.[^53] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for foundation money.[^54] In 1972 the foundation, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]], renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year. The IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^54] +On May 13, 1967, at an extraordinary session of the CCF General Assembly in Paris, Josselson disclosed the organization's financial history and the CIA's role in it. The assembly expressed regret that Josselson had accepted CIA money without informing his colleagues.[^55] [[Raymond Aron]], whom Stone had asked to chair the new board, resigned when he judged the organization to be moving in the wrong direction.[^56] -In a 1977 evaluation of the grant files, [[Craufurd Goodwin]] called the foundation's involvement with the CCF and IACF "one of the most interesting and complex involvements of the Ford Foundation over the course of its relatively brief history," and put the total of its grants at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades.[^55] +The CCF was renamed the IACF. In September 1967 [[Francis X. Sutton]], vice president of the foundation's International Affairs Division, recommended five more years of support with more non-American financing. Bundy did not reverse the grant, but the last three installments were reduced by nearly 1,000,000 dollars in total.[^57] -In 1972 the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the CCF.[^56] +Shepard Stone, who had been with the foundation for thirteen years, left in 1967 for Paris to lead the IACF, and [[Pierre Emmanuel]] became its director.[^58] Stone's fundraising in Europe and Japan did not produce a lasting replacement for foundation money.[^59] In 1972 the foundation, on the recommendation of its program officer [[David Heaps]], renewed support for five years at 400,000 dollars a year. The IACF was dissolved on March 31, 1978.[^59] + +In a 1977 evaluation of the grant files, [[Craufurd Goodwin]] called the foundation's involvement with the CCF and IACF "one of the most interesting and complex involvements of the Ford Foundation over the course of its relatively brief history," and put the total of its grants at 8,400,000 dollars over two decades.[^60] + +In 1972 the foundation granted 50,000 dollars to promote Encounter in the United States. Seventy-three American and English writers and editors protested the grant in a petition organized by [[Partisan Review]], which had itself been rescued more than once by CIA money channeled through the CCF.[^61] ### The Katzenbach Committee and the end of covert grants, 1967 -After the 1967 disclosures, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] established a committee composed of [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], Under Secretary of State, [[John W. Gardner]], Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, and [[Richard Helms]], the CIA director. Its inquiry concerned government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The [[Church Committee]] describes the committee's life as 43 days, and states that President Johnson accepted its recommendations on March 29, 1967.[^57] The committee's report, as printed in the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] series, recommended that no federal agency provide covert financial assistance to educational or private voluntary organizations.[^58] +After the 1967 disclosures, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] established a committee composed of [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], Under Secretary of State, [[John W. Gardner]], Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, and [[Richard Helms]], the CIA director. Its inquiry concerned government activities that might "endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community." The [[Church Committee]] describes the committee's life as 43 days, and states that President Johnson accepted its recommendations on March 29, 1967.[^62] The committee's report, as printed in the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] series, recommended that no federal agency provide covert financial assistance to educational or private voluntary organizations.[^63] -On June 4, 1968 [[Dean Rusk]] advised Johnson, in a follow-up on the committee's work: "It seems to me far better to let the CIA matter wither away and let a new administration take a fresh look at the possibilities."[^59] The report of the Rusk committee states that Johnson directed termination of the covert support no later than December 31, 1967; Langenkamp writes that the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among them Radio Free Europe and [[Radio Liberty]].[^60] +On June 4, 1968 [[Dean Rusk]] advised Johnson, in a follow-up on the committee's work: "It seems to me far better to let the CIA matter wither away and let a new administration take a fresh look at the possibilities."[^64] The report of the Rusk committee states that Johnson directed termination of the covert support no later than December 31, 1967; Langenkamp writes that the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among them Radio Free Europe and [[Radio Liberty]].[^65] ### Grants to Massachusetts Institute of Technology -The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^61] The [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS) of MIT began operating in the fall of 1951. Millikan, a professor of economics who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted its directorship in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 the Ford trustees granted CENIS 875,000 dollars to found a research program in international communication, according to [[Daniel Bessner]].[^62] The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 400,000 dollars for MIT under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^63] +The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^66] The [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS) of MIT began operating in the fall of 1951. Millikan, a professor of economics who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted its directorship in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 the Ford trustees granted CENIS 875,000 dollars to found a research program in international communication, according to [[Daniel Bessner]].[^67] The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 400,000 dollars for MIT under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^68] -The foundation's annual report for 1954 describes a program of research in economic development and political stability, carried on by the center, that "also received long-term Foundation support," research "mainly in India, Indonesia and Italy."[^64] The report's grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carries four columns (unpaid December 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid September 30, 1954). "Completion of field project in Indonesia by Center for International Studies" shows 50,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954. "Research in economic and political development by Center for International Studies" shows 175,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954, and a new grant of 750,000 dollars in 1954 unpaid at September 30, 1954. A further MIT entry, "Research on international communications," shows 500,000 dollars unpaid at both dates, and "Research on international affairs" 5,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953.[^64][^65] +The foundation's annual report for 1954 describes a program of research in economic development and political stability, carried on by the center, that "also received long-term Foundation support," research "mainly in India, Indonesia and Italy."[^69] The report's grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carries four columns (unpaid December 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid September 30, 1954). "Completion of field project in Indonesia by Center for International Studies" shows 50,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954. "Research in economic and political development by Center for International Studies" shows 175,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953 and paid in 1954, and a new grant of 750,000 dollars in 1954 unpaid at September 30, 1954. A further MIT entry, "Research on international communications," shows 500,000 dollars unpaid at both dates, and "Research on international affairs" 5,000 dollars unpaid at the end of 1953.[^69][^70] ### Grants to RAND Corporation -After RAND separated from [[Douglas Aircraft]] on May 14, 1948, it lobbied for and received from Henry Ford II of the foundation an interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and a credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars. In 1950 the foundation extended the loan to 1,000,000 dollars, and it eventually converted the loan into a grant.[^66] In a memorandum of May 5, 1951 to Gaither, [[Hans Speier]], director of the RAND social science department, advised that before the foundation came to the aid of government-related projects it should establish that its action was "unobjectionable in the light of Foundation objectives and reputation, both in the United States and in the European country concerned."[^67] Speier, one of the foundation's RAND consultants, wrote that private organizations could "play the role which overt government effort can no longer assume."[^68] +After RAND separated from [[Douglas Aircraft]] on May 14, 1948, it lobbied for and received from Henry Ford II of the foundation an interest-free loan of 100,000 dollars and a credit guarantee of 300,000 dollars. In 1950 the foundation extended the loan to 1,000,000 dollars, and it eventually converted the loan into a grant.[^71] In a memorandum of May 5, 1951 to Gaither, [[Hans Speier]], director of the RAND social science department, advised that before the foundation came to the aid of government-related projects it should establish that its action was "unobjectionable in the light of Foundation objectives and reputation, both in the United States and in the European country concerned."[^72] Speier, one of the foundation's RAND consultants, wrote that private organizations could "play the role which overt government effort can no longer assume."[^73] ### Grants to the Council on Foreign Relations -The foundation funded the 1953 study group on relations with the Soviet Union described in the McCloy letter above. The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 1,000,000 dollars to the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] under the heading American education in world affairs.[^69] +The foundation funded the 1953 study group on relations with the Soviet Union described in the McCloy letter above. The fiscal 1965 annual report lists a grant of 1,000,000 dollars to the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] under the heading American education in world affairs.[^74] ### Grants to the International Institute for Strategic Studies -The fiscal 1965 annual report states that the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] in London received a grant of 550,000 dollars for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations and library resources.[^70] +The fiscal 1965 annual report states that the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] in London received a grant of 550,000 dollars for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations and library resources.[^75] ### The East European Fund and Columbia University -Langenkamp writes that the foundation's Free Russia Fund, soon renamed the [[East European Fund]], was created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees from behind the Iron Curtain, to further their appreciation of the "free world" and to acquire intelligence about Soviet conduct. [[George F. Kennan]] proposed these projects, and Kennan later admitted that the exile projects he had proposed were ones the State Department had failed to realize.[^71] +Langenkamp writes that the foundation's Free Russia Fund, soon renamed the [[East European Fund]], was created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees from behind the Iron Curtain, to further their appreciation of the "free world" and to acquire intelligence about Soviet conduct. [[George F. Kennan]] proposed these projects, and Kennan later admitted that the exile projects he had proposed were ones the State Department had failed to realize.[^76] -Langenkamp notes that [[Philip E. Mosely]] advised the Rockefeller Foundation against an intelligence unit proposed by the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, which Langenkamp calls the "Eurasia Institute." Mosely later ran a Russian program at Columbia University that secured support through the East European Fund, which Langenkamp describes as the Ford Foundation's subsidiary.[^72] +Langenkamp notes that [[Philip E. Mosely]] advised the Rockefeller Foundation against an intelligence unit proposed by the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, which Langenkamp calls the "Eurasia Institute." Mosely later ran a Russian program at Columbia University that secured support through the East European Fund, which Langenkamp describes as the Ford Foundation's subsidiary.[^77] ### Behavioral sciences and the Center for Advanced Study -The foundation helped establish the [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]] at [[Stanford University]].[^73] The foundation's annual report for fiscal 1954 records that the major grant among sixteen in the behavioral sciences, 3,411,590 dollars, supported the center for five years, that it began operations at Stanford in September 1954, and that thirty-eight scholars formed its first group of fellows.[^74] +The foundation helped establish the [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]] at [[Stanford University]].[^78] The foundation's annual report for fiscal 1954 records that the major grant among sixteen in the behavioral sciences, 3,411,590 dollars, supported the center for five years, that it began operations at Stanford in September 1954, and that thirty-eight scholars formed its first group of fellows.[^79] ### Parapsychology -The [[Parapsychology Foundation]] was founded in 1951 by [[Eileen Garrett|Eileen J. Garrett]] with the support of [[Frances P. Bolton]], and was chartered in Delaware on December 14 of that year.[^75] +The [[Parapsychology Foundation]] was founded in 1951 by [[Eileen Garrett|Eileen J. Garrett]] with the support of [[Frances P. Bolton]], and was chartered in Delaware on December 14 of that year.[^80] ### The 1969 tax reform hearings -In 1969 the [[House Ways and Means Committee]] began hearings on general tax reform and devoted its first week of testimony to foundations. Wright Patman was the first witness.[^76] McGeorge Bundy defended travel and study grants totaling more than 130,000 dollars to eight former staff members of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]. Smith writes that the grants "raised suspicion, resembling too closely political favors." Bundy's testimony was not well received, and he later acknowledged as much.[^76] +In 1969 the [[House Ways and Means Committee]] began hearings on general tax reform and devoted its first week of testimony to foundations. Wright Patman was the first witness.[^81] McGeorge Bundy defended travel and study grants totaling more than 130,000 dollars to eight former staff members of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]. Smith writes that the grants "raised suspicion, resembling too closely political favors." Bundy's testimony was not well received, and he later acknowledged as much.[^81] -The grants are recorded in the Rockefeller Archive Center grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy."[^77] Smith also writes that a 1967 foundation grant to the Cleveland chapter of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] for a voter registration drive was felt by many to have helped secure the mayoral victory of [[Carl Stokes]], and that the foundation's involvement in the voter registration drives of the [[Southern Regional Council]] offended officials in the South. After Congress passed the [[Tax Reform Act of 1969]], Bundy urged foundations to make the new regulations effective, so that they would become "permanent safeguards against abuse."[^78] +The grants are recorded in the Rockefeller Archive Center grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy."[^82] Smith also writes that a 1967 foundation grant to the Cleveland chapter of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] for a voter registration drive was felt by many to have helped secure the mayoral victory of [[Carl Stokes]], and that the foundation's involvement in the voter registration drives of the [[Southern Regional Council]] offended officials in the South. After Congress passed the [[Tax Reform Act of 1969]], Bundy urged foundations to make the new regulations effective, so that they would become "permanent safeguards against abuse."[^83] ### The 2001 Durban conference -In 2003 the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] published a two-month investigation by [[Edwin Black]], the first part of a series titled "Funding Hate." The series described the foundation as a multimillion-dollar funder of human rights groups that attended the 2001 United Nations World Conference Against Racism in [[Durban]].[^79] It reported that the [[Palestinian Committee for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment]], known as LAW, received three Ford grants totaling 1.1 million dollars since 1997. It reported that the [[Palestinian NGO Network]] received Ford grants totaling 1.4 million dollars from 1999 to 2002, plus a 270,000 dollar supplement. More than a dozen activist groups received well over one million dollars in Ford grants earmarked for advertising, public meetings and advocacy at the conference. Ford's Cairo office, the series reported, extended more than 35 million dollars to about 272 Arab and Palestinian organizations in 2000 and 2001.[^79] +In 2003 the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] published a two-month investigation by [[Edwin Black]], the first part of a series titled "Funding Hate." The series described the foundation as a multimillion-dollar funder of human rights groups that attended the 2001 United Nations World Conference Against Racism in [[Durban]].[^84] It reported that the [[Palestinian Committee for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment]], known as LAW, received three Ford grants totaling 1.1 million dollars since 1997. It reported that the [[Palestinian NGO Network]] received Ford grants totaling 1.4 million dollars from 1999 to 2002, plus a 270,000 dollar supplement. More than a dozen activist groups received well over one million dollars in Ford grants earmarked for advertising, public meetings and advocacy at the conference. Ford's Cairo office, the series reported, extended more than 35 million dollars to about 272 Arab and Palestinian organizations in 2000 and 2001.[^84] -The foundation's communications vice president, [[Alex Wilde]], initially declined to answer questions. He later sent a written statement: "We have seen no indication that our grantees in Durban or elsewhere engaged in anti-Semitic speech or activities. The Foundation does not support hate speech of any kind."[^80] +The foundation's communications vice president, [[Alex Wilde]], initially declined to answer questions. He later sent a written statement: "We have seen no indication that our grantees in Durban or elsewhere engaged in anti-Semitic speech or activities. The Foundation does not support hate speech of any kind."[^85] ### Records at the Rockefeller Archive Center -The Ford Foundation's records are held at the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The series cited on this page are the Oral History Project (FA618), the Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621), the Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703), the Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617), the General Correspondence (FA735), the Office Files of David Bell (FA624), the Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568), the Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141) and the grant files (FA732).[^81] +The Ford Foundation's records are held at the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The series cited on this page are the Oral History Project (FA618), the Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621), the Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703), the Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617), the General Correspondence (FA735), the Office Files of David Bell (FA624), the Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568), the Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141) and the grant files (FA732).[^86] + +### Stratton's chairmanship, 1966 to 1971 + +The foundation's 1965 annual report lists Julius A. Stratton on the board's executive committee, chaired by McCloy, and names him to succeed McCloy as chairman.[^27] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported the succession on November 15, 1965, saying that a source close to Stratton said he had accepted the chairmanship and that, as a trustee, he had been consulted on the selection of presidential candidates and had supported Bundy as the best man for the job.[^87] In a memorandum of December 4, 1965 Bundy told President Lyndon B. Johnson: "John McCloy is out of town, so I have spoken to his successor, Jay Stratton, who is a deeply discreet man. Stratton immediately undertook to agree, in the name of the Trustees, to the condition which I have stated in the next to last paragraph."[^88] + +Stratton changed board practice. Officers had been instructed not to talk with a trustee unless the president of the foundation was present, and board meetings left little time for discussion. He introduced a mandatory retirement age and fixed terms for trustees, and set up trustee committees paired with staff divisions, on the model of MIT's visiting committees. In an oral history he described his method: "My procedure has been to involve every member [in discussions], to turn to him for what he thinks on each issue."[^89] He was chairman from 1966 to 1971.[^90] When he left the board, its resolution said that "He leaves the foundation stronger than he found it, and all who care for its work are deeply in his debt."[^89] ### Footnotes @@ -294,48 +311,57 @@ The Ford Foundation's records are held at the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] in [^34]: Langenkamp, note 21, quoting Braden as cited in Joel Kotek, "Youth Organizations as a Battlefield in the Cold War," in The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945-1960, ed. Giles Scott-Smith and Hans Krabbendam (London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 152, and Langenkamp's remark that it is not clear whether the statement is true. [^35]: Langenkamp, note 57, citing 1958 and 1959 CIA correspondence (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, General Correspondence, FA735), John B. Howard's oral history of February 15, 1973, and Henry T. Heald's oral history of February 25, 1972, pp. 26 to 27 (Box 35, Folder 180), for the 1958 Washington briefing and Heald's repetition of the position to McCone. [^36]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 58, citing the Executive Committee minutes of February 10, 1961 in the Shepard Stone Papers (Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College), as cited by Berghahn, p. 227, and the 1962 addition. -[^37]: Langenkamp, p. 12 and notes 53 to 55 (the fall 1957 two-year grant of $500,000; the seminars and outreach program; the annual support of $250,000 extended through 1962). -[^38]: Langenkamp, p. 21 ("finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant"). -[^39]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 59, citing Stone to McCloy, memorandum of June 12, 1962 (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 232 to 233, for the "$2,000,000 per year for the next five years" proposal and its failure. -[^40]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 60, citing Stone to Josselson, June 10, 1964 (Harry Ransom Center, Josselson Papers, Box 21, Folder 1), and Josselson's report (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 236 to 237, for the consortium proposal of $15 to 20 million over ten years. -[^41]: Michael Josselson, report on the financial history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, read to the General Assembly on May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3 (Josselson Papers, Box 27, Folder 2), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 16, on Heald's attitude toward the full-sponsorship proposal. -[^42]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," describing the 1964 public hearing of Wright Patman, chairman of the Subcommittee on Foundations, at which eight CIA funding instruments were named (the "Patman Eight"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf -[^43]: Langenkamp, note 61, citing the New York Times articles of April 25 to 29, 1966, with the CCF mentioned in the April 27 article. -[^44]: Langenkamp, p. 14 and note 63, citing Schlesinger to Bundy, April 25, 1966, and Bundy's reply of May 3, 1966 (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Papers, New York Public Library, Box 20, Folder 3). -[^45]: Langenkamp, pp. 14 to 15 and notes 64 to 66, citing the Overseas Development Division review, Ward's recommendation of July 15, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of McGeorge Bundy, FA617, Box 11, Folder 136), and James A. Perkins, "The Congress for Cultural Freedom," August 15, 1966, Rockefeller Archive Center, Catalogued Report 011014 (Perkins then being president of Cornell University). -[^46]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465), for the $7,000,000 grant and the quoted sentences. -[^47]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34 (grant of "$1.5 million" in "further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom"; use of the funds; the new board headed by "the French scholar, Raymond Aron"), and the grant table, p. 96 (Congress for Cultural Freedom, General support, 1,500,000); the same 1,500,000 line appears in the "Annual Report 1967" grant table, p. 129. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf -[^48]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 68, citing Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts 5, No. 9 (March 1967), pp. 29 to 38. -[^49]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and notes 69 and 70, citing Jason Epstein, "The CIA and the Intellectuals," New York Review of Books, April 20, 1967, and Thomas Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is Immoral," Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967. -[^50]: Josselson, report read to the Extraordinary Meeting of the General Assembly, Paris, May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3, as cited in Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 71 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Reel 2135), and the assembly's expression of regret. -[^51]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and note 75 (Raymond Aron's resignation; Sutton to Bell, memorandum "Congress Finance Proposal," September 20, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of David Bell, FA624, Box 12, Folder 179). -[^52]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and notes 73 and 74 (Josselson to Sutton, September 20, 1967; Sutton to Bundy and Bell, memorandum "Congress for Cultural Freedom," September 21, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of Francis X. Sutton, FA568, Box 71, Folder 5), for the recommendation of five more years and the reduction of the last three installments by nearly $1,000,000. -[^53]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1967" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10 (Shepard Stone, after thirteen years, left "for Paris, to lead the International Association for Cultural Freedom"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf -[^54]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 and notes 76 to 81 (Stone's fundraising failures in Europe and Japan; the 1972 five-year renewal at $400,000 a year on the positive review by David Heaps; the IACF's dissolution in 1978). -[^55]: Craufurd Goodwin, memorandum "Evaluation International Association for Cultural Freedom," November 3, 1977 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Section 3, Reel 2174), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 19 and note 82. Langenkamp's Table 2 totals 10,934,750 dollars, which differs from the 8,400,000 dollar figure quoted from the evaluation. -[^56]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the press release of November 16, 1972 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 07200090, FA732D, Reel 1750), on the $50,000 grant to Encounter and the protest by seventy-three writers and editors organized by Partisan Review. -[^57]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection on the Katzenbach Committee, describing its membership, its mandate ("endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community"), the 43-day life of the committee, and President Johnson's acceptance of its recommendations on March 29, 1967. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf -[^58]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXIII, document 260, editorial note on the committee appointed to review the CIA's relationships with private American voluntary organizations and its March 29, 1967 report. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d260 -[^59]: Langenkamp, p. 25 and note 95, citing Rusk to President Johnson, June 4, 1968 (Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, White House Central Files, Confidential File, Box 192, Oversize Attachment Packet 1). -[^60]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917-1972, vol. VII, document 186, "Report to the President of the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities" (the Rusk committee; the editorial note dates its release to about May 27, 1967), stating that the President directed termination of the support no later than December 31, 1967 and that the process was completed before that date. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1917-72PubDipv07/d186 For the exceptions, Langenkamp, note 94 (the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among which were Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^61]: Church Committee, Book I (1976), subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed research institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb and funded for more than a decade. -[^62]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 255 to 256 and notes 105 to 109 (CENIS operating from fall 1951; Millikan's appointment in February 1952; the $875,000 grant "in the spring of 1952"), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, "The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969" (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 18 and 36 to 42. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content -[^63]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf -[^64]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, program statement "Economic Development and Political Stability," p. 45. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf -[^65]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 86 (column headings: unpaid Dec. 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid Sept. 30, 1954). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf -[^66]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 and note 76 (May 14, 1948 separation; the $100,000 interest-free loan and $300,000 credit guarantee "from Henry Ford II of the Ford Foundation"; the extension of the loan to $1,000,000 in 1950; its conversion into a grant). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content -[^67]: Langenkamp, note 10, citing Hans Speier to H. Rowan Gaither, memorandum of May 5, 1951 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither, FA621, Box 1, Folder 3). -[^68]: Langenkamp, p. 3 and note 10, quoting the Speier memorandum on the role of private organizations. -[^69]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," grant tables, entry for Council on Foreign Relations, $1,000,000, under the heading American education in world affairs. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf -[^70]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," narrative on international affairs, stating that the Institute for Strategic Studies, in London, "received a grant of $550,000 for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations, and library resources." https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf -[^71]: Langenkamp, p. 5 and note 22 (the Free Russia Fund, soon the East European Fund, created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees; Kennan's admission about the projects the State Department had failed to realize). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf -[^72]: Langenkamp, note 36, citing David C. Engerman, "Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America's Soviet Experts" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 39 to 40, and Philip E. Mosely's memorandum "Eurasian Research Institute," October 19, 1948 (Rockefeller Archive Center, FA308, Box 407, Folder 2744). -[^73]: Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), timeline entry noting that Ford helped establish the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf -[^74]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1954" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1954), section "The Behavioral Sciences" (sixteen grants; "the major grant was that of $3,411,590 to support for five years the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences"; operations began at Stanford, California, in September 1954; thirty-eight scholars as the first group of fellows). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf -[^75]: Society for Psychical Research, "Parapsychology Foundation (PF)," psi encyclopedia. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/parapsychology-foundation/ -[^76]: James Allen Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation: The Tax Reform Act of 1969," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source (December 20, 2019), on the first week of hearings, Patman as the first witness, Bundy's defense of the RFK-staff grants of more than $130,000 and his acknowledgment that his testimony was not well received. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/ -[^77]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," citing the Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation records, grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy" (Foundation Administered Project 06890762). -[^78]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," on the 1967 Cleveland CORE grant, the Southern Regional Council voter drives, and Bundy's later urging of foundations to make the regulations effective, citing Bundy, "President's Review," Ford Foundation Annual Report 1969, p. xv. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/ -[^79]: Edwin Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 16, 2003, the first part of the "Funding Hate" series, reporting the LAW grants ($1.1 million since 1997), the PNGO grants ($1.4 million from 1999 to 2002 plus a $270,000 supplement), the more than one million dollars earmarked for Durban by more than a dozen groups, and the Cairo office's more than $35 million to about 272 organizations in 2000 and 2001. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists -[^80]: Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists" (JTA, October 16, 2003), reporting Wilde's initial refusal to answer questions and the written statement he later provided. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists -[^81]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, series cited on this page: Oral History Project (FA618); Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621); Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703); Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617); General Correspondence (FA735); Office Files of David Bell (FA624); Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568); Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141); grant files (FA732). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^37]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1954, section "Der Monat." https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf +[^38]: "Monat: Umzug ins Privatquartier," Der Spiegel, October 13, 1954. https://archive.org/details/sim_spiegel_1954-10-13_8_42 +[^39]: Ford Foundation, Annual Reports 1955 to 1958, grant lists. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1957-annual-report.pdf (and the same path for 1955, 1956 and 1958) +[^40]: Langenkamp, p. 12 and notes 53 to 55 (the fall 1957 two-year grant of $500,000; the seminars and outreach program; the annual support of $250,000 extended through 1962). +[^41]: Langenkamp, p. 21 ("finally achieved self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957-1962 grant"). +[^42]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 59, citing Stone to McCloy, memorandum of June 12, 1962 (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 232 to 233, for the "$2,000,000 per year for the next five years" proposal and its failure. +[^43]: Langenkamp, p. 13 and note 60, citing Stone to Josselson, June 10, 1964 (Harry Ransom Center, Josselson Papers, Box 21, Folder 1), and Josselson's report (Shepard Stone Papers), as cited by Berghahn, pp. 236 to 237, for the consortium proposal of $15 to 20 million over ten years. +[^44]: Michael Josselson, report on the financial history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, read to the General Assembly on May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3 (Josselson Papers, Box 27, Folder 2), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 16, on Heald's attitude toward the full-sponsorship proposal. +[^45]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," describing the 1964 public hearing of Wright Patman, chairman of the Subcommittee on Foundations, at which eight CIA funding instruments were named (the "Patman Eight"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf +[^46]: Langenkamp, note 61, citing the New York Times articles of April 25 to 29, 1966, with the CCF mentioned in the April 27 article. +[^47]: Langenkamp, p. 14 and note 63, citing Schlesinger to Bundy, April 25, 1966, and Bundy's reply of May 3, 1966 (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Papers, New York Public Library, Box 20, Folder 3). +[^48]: Langenkamp, pp. 14 to 15 and notes 64 to 66, citing the Overseas Development Division review, Ward's recommendation of July 15, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of McGeorge Bundy, FA617, Box 11, Folder 136), and James A. Perkins, "The Congress for Cultural Freedom," August 15, 1966, Rockefeller Archive Center, Catalogued Report 011014 (Perkins then being president of Cornell University). +[^49]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12 (on the 1966 talks with the Ford Foundation and Josselson's request of early 1966, citing the New York Times series of April 1966). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf +[^50]: Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465), for the $7,000,000 grant and the quoted sentences. +[^51]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34 (grant of "$1.5 million" in "further support of the Congress for Cultural Freedom"; use of the funds; the new board headed by "the French scholar, Raymond Aron"), and the grant table, p. 96 (Congress for Cultural Freedom, General support, 1,500,000); the same 1,500,000 line appears in the "Annual Report 1967" grant table, p. 129. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf +[^52]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Once Aided by C.I.A. Picks Ford Fund Aide to Be Its Director," New York Times, dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967, CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP69B00369R000200240032-3 +[^53]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and note 68, citing Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts 5, No. 9 (March 1967), pp. 29 to 38. +[^54]: Langenkamp, p. 15 and notes 69 and 70, citing Jason Epstein, "The CIA and the Intellectuals," New York Review of Books, April 20, 1967, and Thomas Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is Immoral," Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967. +[^55]: Josselson, report read to the Extraordinary Meeting of the General Assembly, Paris, May 13, 1967, pp. 2 to 3, as cited in Langenkamp, p. 16 and note 71 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Reel 2135), and the assembly's expression of regret. +[^56]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and note 75 (Raymond Aron's resignation; Sutton to Bell, memorandum "Congress Finance Proposal," September 20, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of David Bell, FA624, Box 12, Folder 179). +[^57]: Langenkamp, p. 17 and notes 73 and 74 (Josselson to Sutton, September 20, 1967; Sutton to Bundy and Bell, memorandum "Congress for Cultural Freedom," September 21, 1967, Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of Francis X. Sutton, FA568, Box 71, Folder 5), for the recommendation of five more years and the reduction of the last three installments by nearly $1,000,000. +[^58]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1967" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1967), president's review, p. 10 (Shepard Stone, after thirteen years, left "for Paris, to lead the International Association for Cultural Freedom"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1967-annual-report.pdf +[^59]: Langenkamp, pp. 17 to 19 and notes 76 to 81 (Stone's fundraising failures in Europe and Japan; the 1972 five-year renewal at $400,000 a year on the positive review by David Heaps; the IACF's dissolution in 1978). +[^60]: Craufurd Goodwin, memorandum "Evaluation International Association for Cultural Freedom," November 3, 1977 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 05700395, FA732D, Section 3, Reel 2174), as quoted in Langenkamp, p. 19 and note 82. Langenkamp's Table 2 totals 10,934,750 dollars, which differs from the 8,400,000 dollar figure quoted from the evaluation. +[^61]: Langenkamp, note 93, citing the press release of November 16, 1972 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, Grant File 07200090, FA732D, Reel 1750), on the $50,000 grant to Encounter and the protest by seventy-three writers and editors organized by Partisan Review. +[^62]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection on the Katzenbach Committee, describing its membership, its mandate ("endanger the integrity and independence of the educational community"), the 43-day life of the committee, and President Johnson's acceptance of its recommendations on March 29, 1967. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf +[^63]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXIII, document 260, editorial note on the committee appointed to review the CIA's relationships with private American voluntary organizations and its March 29, 1967 report. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d260 +[^64]: Langenkamp, p. 25 and note 95, citing Rusk to President Johnson, June 4, 1968 (Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, White House Central Files, Confidential File, Box 192, Oversize Attachment Packet 1). +[^65]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917-1972, vol. VII, document 186, "Report to the President of the Committee on Overseas Voluntary Activities" (the Rusk committee; the editorial note dates its release to about May 27, 1967), stating that the President directed termination of the support no later than December 31, 1967 and that the process was completed before that date. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1917-72PubDipv07/d186 For the exceptions, Langenkamp, note 94 (the recommendations were implemented with a few exceptions, among which were Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^66]: Church Committee, Book I (1976), subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed research institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb and funded for more than a decade. +[^67]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 255 to 256 and notes 105 to 109 (CENIS operating from fall 1951; Millikan's appointment in February 1952; the $875,000 grant "in the spring of 1952"), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, "The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969" (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 18 and 36 to 42. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content +[^68]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf +[^69]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, program statement "Economic Development and Political Stability," p. 45. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf +[^70]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report for 1954, grant list for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 86 (column headings: unpaid Dec. 31, 1953; grants in 1954; payments in 1954; unpaid Sept. 30, 1954). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf +[^71]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 and note 76 (May 14, 1948 separation; the $100,000 interest-free loan and $300,000 credit guarantee "from Henry Ford II of the Ford Foundation"; the extension of the loan to $1,000,000 in 1950; its conversion into a grant). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content +[^72]: Langenkamp, note 10, citing Hans Speier to H. Rowan Gaither, memorandum of May 5, 1951 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither, FA621, Box 1, Folder 3). +[^73]: Langenkamp, p. 3 and note 10, quoting the Speier memorandum on the role of private organizations. +[^74]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," grant tables, entry for Council on Foreign Relations, $1,000,000, under the heading American education in world affairs. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf +[^75]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965," narrative on international affairs, stating that the Institute for Strategic Studies, in London, "received a grant of $550,000 for further internationalization and for expansion of research, conferences, publications, translations, and library resources." https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf +[^76]: Langenkamp, p. 5 and note 22 (the Free Russia Fund, soon the East European Fund, created to accommodate defectors, exiles and refugees; Kennan's admission about the projects the State Department had failed to realize). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^77]: Langenkamp, note 36, citing David C. Engerman, "Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America's Soviet Experts" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 39 to 40, and Philip E. Mosely's memorandum "Eurasian Research Institute," October 19, 1948 (Rockefeller Archive Center, FA308, Box 407, Folder 2744). +[^78]: Ford Foundation, "Ford Foundation 70 Years" (2007), timeline entry noting that Ford helped establish the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1743/2007-ford_foundation_70_years.pdf +[^79]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1954" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1954), section "The Behavioral Sciences" (sixteen grants; "the major grant was that of $3,411,590 to support for five years the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences"; operations began at Stanford, California, in September 1954; thirty-eight scholars as the first group of fellows). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf +[^80]: Society for Psychical Research, "Parapsychology Foundation (PF)," psi encyclopedia. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/parapsychology-foundation/ +[^81]: James Allen Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation: The Tax Reform Act of 1969," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source (December 20, 2019), on the first week of hearings, Patman as the first witness, Bundy's defense of the RFK-staff grants of more than $130,000 and his acknowledgment that his testimony was not well received. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/ +[^82]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," citing the Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation records, grant file "Travel And Study Awards For Members Of The Staff Of The Late Senator Robert F. Kennedy" (Foundation Administered Project 06890762). +[^83]: Smith, "From Populist Crusade to Comprehensive Regulation," on the 1967 Cleveland CORE grant, the Southern Regional Council voter drives, and Bundy's later urging of foundations to make the regulations effective, citing Bundy, "President's Review," Ford Foundation Annual Report 1969, p. xv. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/from-populist-crusade-to-comprehensive-regulation-the-tax-reform-act-of-1969/ +[^84]: Edwin Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 16, 2003, the first part of the "Funding Hate" series, reporting the LAW grants ($1.1 million since 1997), the PNGO grants ($1.4 million from 1999 to 2002 plus a $270,000 supplement), the more than one million dollars earmarked for Durban by more than a dozen groups, and the Cairo office's more than $35 million to about 272 organizations in 2000 and 2001. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists +[^85]: Black, "Part 1: Ford funded Durban activists" (JTA, October 16, 2003), reporting Wilde's initial refusal to answer questions and the written statement he later provided. https://www.jta.org/2003/10/16/default/part-1-ford-funded-durban-activists +[^86]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Ford Foundation Records, series cited on this page: Oral History Project (FA618); Office Files of H. Rowan Gaither (FA621); Office Files of Robert M. Hutchins (FA703); Office Files of McGeorge Bundy (FA617); General Correspondence (FA735); Office Files of David Bell (FA624); Office Files of Francis X. Sutton (FA568); Francis X. Sutton Papers (FA1141); grant files (FA732). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf +[^87]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," Harvard Crimson, November 15, 1965. https://thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts +[^88]: McGeorge Bundy, memorandum to President Johnson, "Letter of resignation," December 4, 1965, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964 to 1968, vol. XXXIII, Document 159. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d159 +[^89]: Paul E. Gray, "Julius Adams Stratton, 1901 to 1994," Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences, section "The Ford Foundation." https://www.nasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stratton-julius.pdf +[^90]: Eric Pace, "Julius A. Stratton, 93, Ex-President of M.I.T.," New York Times, June 24, 1994, p. A25. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/24/obituaries/julius-a-stratton-93-ex-president-of-mit.html diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International.md index 678550cc..090a0af9 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Hughes was a high-standing member of FGBMFI and a keynote speaker at a dinner ev --- ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. It counts five FGBMFI members at the 1970 meeting. It describes Micheletti as placed in office by the generals. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. It counts five FGBMFI members at the 1970 meeting. It describes Micheletti as placed in office by the generals. [^2]: Slosser, Bob. "The Prophecy." CBN. https://cbn.com/article/relationships/prophecy [^3]: Congressional Research Service. *Honduran Political Crisis, June 2009-January 2010,* R41064, February 1, 2010. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R41064.html [^4]: "Jimmy Hughes Speaks To KESQ After Charges Dropped." KESQ, July 2, 2010. https://kesq.com/news/2010/07/02/jimmy-hughes-speaks-to-kesq-after-charges-dropped/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gambino Crime Family.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gambino Crime Family.md index 6f6dcd3f..51714372 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gambino Crime Family.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Gambino Crime Family.md @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ According to [[Cheri Seymour]], FBI wiretaps in the Los Angeles inquiry into [[M ### The Wackenhut-Cabazon allegation -Seymour wrote that [[Bill Hamilton]], president of [[INSLAW]], believed that the joint venture between the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] and the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] was connected to government-sanctioned drug trafficking and to money laundering by organized crime groups such as the Gambino family, with [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s role being to help these groups use the [[NSA]]'s bank-surveillance version of [[PROMIS]] to launder drug proceeds. Sole source for the passages so cited; Hamilton's belief is reported by Seymour and the allegation is not repeated in the court records above.[^5] +Seymour wrote that [[Bill Hamilton]], president of [[INSLAW]], believed that the joint venture between the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] and the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] was connected to government-sanctioned drug trafficking and to money laundering by organized crime groups such as the Gambino family, with [[Michael Riconosciuto]]'s role being to help these groups use the [[NSA]]'s bank-surveillance version of [[PROMIS]] to launder drug proceeds. Hamilton's belief is reported by Seymour and the allegation is not repeated in the court records above.[^5] ### Footnotes diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp..md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp..md index be36606b..7e67bbf5 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp..md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp..md @@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ In its September 9, 1991 objection to Arif Durrani's second request for document [^1]: Hartford Courant, "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," May 29, 1992. https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/ [^2]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987 (Senate Select Committee, Hart Senate Office Building; examined by Charles Kerr), Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216), Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234). [^3]: State of Delaware, Division of Corporations, Entity Details, GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp., File Number 2015058, formation date 8/15/1983, registered agent Corporation Guarantee and Trust Company, Rodney Square, 1000 North King Street, Wilmington. https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/Ecorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx -[^4]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, pp. 42, 44. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 Sole source for the unnamed former official's statement and the Carbaugh memorandum. +[^4]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?," *New York*, December 16, 1991, pp. 42, 44. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 [^5]: Mark Phythian, ed., *Under the Counter and Over the Border* (Springer, 2013), p. 65. [^6]: "Former Miami Banker Gets Prison Term for Diverting Funds to Contras," *American Banker*, March 31, 1995. https://www.americanbanker.com/news/former-miami-banker-gets-prison-term-for-diverting-funds-to-contras [^7]: *Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Contras* (National Security Archive, 1987), p. 444. @@ -154,4 +154,4 @@ In its September 9, 1991 objection to Arif Durrani's second request for document [^22]: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, news release PR-139-87, August 7, 1987. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/press-releases-federal-deposit-insurance-corporation-7031/fdic-transfers-insured-deposits-bayshore-bank-florida-miami-florida-641646 [^23]: Frank Bovenkerk and Michael Levi, eds., *The Organized Crime Community* (Springer, 2007), p. 22. [^24]: Government's Objection to Arif Durrani's Second Request for Production of Documents, *United States v. Durrani*, D. Conn., September 9, 1991, p. 7. CIA CREST 0001474388. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001474388 -[^25]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). Sole source for the itemization; the figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault. +[^25]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). The figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Hughes Aircraft Company.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Hughes Aircraft Company.md index 7bf9173e..ba921fb7 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Hughes Aircraft Company.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Hughes Aircraft Company.md @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ A Department of Justice document in the INSLAW files describes [[Bill Turner]] ( [^7]: Day, Dwayne A., and Nicholas W. Watkins, "From TACSAT to JUMPSEAT: Hughes and the top secret Gyrostat satellite gamble," *The Space Review*, December 21, 2020. https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4096/1 [^8]: Day and Watkins (note 7), quoting Anthony Iorillo's newsletter for Hughes Space Division alumni. The identification of HS-318 as JUMPSEAT is the authors' own. [^9]: General Motors Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1993, notes on acquisition of Hughes and stockholders' equity, SEC EDGAR accession 0000040730-94-000002. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40730/0000040730-94-000002.txt -[^10]: Green, Christopher Canfield, *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007, sections "GM NAO Research & Development Center, 3/85 - 9/93" and pre-1985 activities; the CV's own account of his career, sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf +[^10]: Green, Christopher Canfield, *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007, sections "GM NAO Research & Development Center, 3/85 - 9/93" and pre-1985 activities; the CV's own account of his career, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf [^11]: General Motors Form 10-K for fiscal 1993 (note 9), Item 2 (properties) and Item 1 (backlog). [^12]: General Motors Form 10-K for fiscal 1993 (note 9), Item 3 (legal proceedings) and notes on acquisitions. [^13]: General Motors Corporation, Form 8-K filed April 14, 1997 (announcement of January 16, 1997), SEC EDGAR accession 0000040730-97-000015, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40730/0000040730-97-000015.txt; and Form 8-K filed December 18, 1997 (completion on December 17, 1997), accession 0000040730-97-000037, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40730/0000040730-97-000037.txt diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Human Potential Foundation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Human Potential Foundation.md index 3c9c1c9a..abb5edd7 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Human Potential Foundation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Human Potential Foundation.md @@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ Under Projects the container tree names the Center for the Study of Extraterrest ### Footnotes [^1]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, "C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers" (COU:4004), biographical note and Series 4 scope note, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346 and https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/311786. -[^2]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635. [^3]: Jones letters to Gibbons of February 17, May 26, June 10, December 2 and December 13, 1994, and February 9, March 31 and August 23, 1995, as listed in the Paradigm Research Group index, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller_Initiative_Documents.htm, and attachments to RID-8-23-95-2.htm (letters of May 16 and August 17, 1995); Patti Solis and William M. Webster IV to Jones, RID-12-15-94.htm and RID-12-21-94.htm. [^4]: Jones to Gibbons, February 17, 1994, with Gibbons's note signed JHG and dated 3/29/94, http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/RID-2-17-94.htm. -[^5]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," text and note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," text and note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html. [^6]: Center for Psychology and Social Change, *CenterPiece*, September 1993, p. 2, https://johnemackinstitute.org/CenterPiece_1993_0900.pdf. [^7]: Dinah Eng, "The day that cosmic cultures meet," *Pensacola News Journal*, May 17, 1995, p. 7, https://www.newspapers.com/image/267898730/; the same text appeared as "Conferees seek plan for dealing with 'Them'," *The News-Star* (Monroe, La.), May 19, 1995, p. 13, https://www.newspapers.com/image/1245983088/. [^8]: William J. Clinton Presidential Library, "When Cosmic Cultures Meet - Collection Finding Aid," 2008-1575-F, https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/36409. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/IBM.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/IBM.md index 0fcab377..59d55732 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/IBM.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/IBM.md @@ -163,33 +163,33 @@ In November 1994 the [[National Security Council]] approved a supercomputer sale ### Richard Garwin and the Vela data -[[Richard L. Garwin]] was associated with IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. [[Seymour Hersh]] describes him as a member of an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite|Vela]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion in the South Indian Ocean in 1979, and as known for independence as a government consultant.[^25] The [[National Security Archive]] describes Garwin as then with IBM's James Watson Laboratory at Columbia University and the body as a White House panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], on which Garwin served. It states that Garwin, who had first read the Vela data as indicating a nuclear event, changed his view while on the panel, and quotes an October 19, 1979 letter in which Garwin wrote that "I would bet 2 to 1 in favor of the hypothesis" that the incident was a nuclear explosion.[^26] +[[Richard L. Garwin]] was associated with IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. [[Seymour Hersh]] describes him as a member of an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite|Vela]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion between the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans in 1979, and as known for independence as a government consultant.[^25] The [[National Security Archive]] describes Garwin as then with IBM's James Watson Laboratory at Columbia University and the body as a White House panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], on which Garwin served. It states that Garwin, who had first read the Vela data as indicating a nuclear event, changed his view while on the panel, and quotes an October 19, 1979 letter in which Garwin wrote that "I would bet 2 to 1 in favor of the hypothesis" that the incident was a nuclear explosion.[^26] ### Footnotes [^1]: *In re South African Apartheid Litigation* (*Ntsebeza v. Daimler AG*), 617 F. Supp. 2d 228 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 8, 2009) (headquarters of IBM in Armonk; aiding and abetting denationalization and apartheid pleaded against IBM; Khulumani claims against IBM dismissed with leave to amend, amended complaint due May 1, 2009). https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/617/cases/0228-01.json [^2]: Complaint, *Grossman v. International Business Machines Corp.* (E.D.N.Y., signature block dated "February __, 2001"), including footnote 3 of the complaint on the Dehomag and Watson history, paragraphs 19 and 22, and counts I and II. Copy from the Wayback Machine raw capture: https://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/https://www.asser.nl/upload/documents/DomCLIC/Docs/NLP/Switzerland/Grossman_v_IBM_US_10-02-2001.pdf. Sections citing this note state the plaintiffs' allegations as the complaint states them. [^3]: E. F. Codd, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," *Communications of the ACM* 13, no. 6 (June 1970), pp. 377-387 (author's affiliation: IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose; "Received September, 1969; revised February, 1970"). https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf -[^4]: Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation* (Crown, 2001; page numbers here are those of the 2002 paperback printing with the new afterword): Hollerith leasing policy, pp. 26-27; Hollerith's 1910 license to Heidinger and the creation of Dehomag, p. 30; Watson's 90 percent demand and Heidinger's 10 percent, pp. 44 and 75; Dehomag and the 1933 census, p. 89; 1939 census, p. 169; Bergen-Belsen scene, p. 22; award of the Merit Cross, pp. 131-134; Watson's note to Hull of May 16, 1940, the reply (letter of Hull to Watson dated May 20, 1940, per Black's endnote, IBM files) and the June 6, 1940 letter, pp. 213-217; reaction in Germany and at Dehomag, p. 219. Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/ibmholocaustt00blac. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation* (Crown, 2001; page numbers here are those of the 2002 paperback printing with the new afterword): Hollerith leasing policy, pp. 26-27; Hollerith's 1910 license to Heidinger and the creation of Dehomag, p. 30; Watson's 90 percent demand and Heidinger's 10 percent, pp. 44 and 75; Dehomag and the 1933 census, p. 89; 1939 census, p. 169; Bergen-Belsen scene, p. 22; award of the Merit Cross, pp. 131-134; Watson's note to Hull of May 16, 1940, the reply (letter of Hull to Watson dated May 20, 1940, per Black's endnote, IBM files) and the June 6, 1940 letter, pp. 213-217; reaction in Germany and at Dehomag, p. 219. Lending copy: https://archive.org/details/ibmholocaustt00blac. [^5]: Terry W. Hartle, "An eager vendor in deadly computations," review of Edwin Black, *IBM and the Holocaust*, *Christian Science Monitor*, March 2001. https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0301/p16s1.html -[^6]: Sam Jaffe, Bloomberg, April 12, 2001. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-04-11/ibm-the-holocaust-and-my-grandfather. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^7]: "IBM Holocaust suit dropped," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency*, March 29, 2001 (dateline Washington). https://www.jta.org/2001/03/29/default/ibm-holocaust-suit-dropped. Sole source for the withdrawal quotations as reported. +[^6]: Sam Jaffe, Bloomberg, April 12, 2001. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-04-11/ibm-the-holocaust-and-my-grandfather. +[^7]: "IBM Holocaust suit dropped," *Jewish Telegraphic Agency*, March 29, 2001 (dateline Washington). https://www.jta.org/2001/03/29/default/ibm-holocaust-suit-dropped. [^8]: [[B. J. Archer]], "The Los Alamos Computing Facility during the Manhattan Project," Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-UR-21-20164 (draft, February 17, 2021), pp. 1-4. Archer cites R. B. Lazarus et al., "Computing at LASL in the 1940s and 1950s," LA-6943-H, and L. Hoddeson et al., *Critical Assembly*, for the April 4, 1944 delivery date. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.05705 [^9]: D. R. Israel, *The Integration of Air Traffic Control and Air Defense*, MITRE Corporation, SR-6, September 1959 (Defense Documentation Center copy), pp. 3-4. https://ftp.mirrorservice.org/sites/www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/mitre/charm/ESD-TDR-63-390_The_Integration_of_Air_Traffic_Control_and_Air_Defense_195909.pdf -[^10]: IBM, "SAGE," IBM Heritage. https://www.ibm.com/history/sage. Sole source for the division of work and the 80 percent revenue figure, which are IBM's own statements. +[^10]: IBM, "SAGE," IBM Heritage. https://www.ibm.com/history/sage. The division of work and the 80 percent revenue figure are IBM's own statements. [^11]: [[Samuel S. Snyder]], *History of NSA General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers* (Department of Defense, 1964): IBM influence and early computer philosophy, p. 7; Stretch contacts of 1955 and fixed-price offer, pp. 40-41; SILO, PLANTATION and TRACTOR contracts, pp. 41-42; May 1, 1957 manual, p. 42; April 1958 purchase description and April 30, 1958 letter contracts, p. 45; January 1962 delivery and 32 percent cost overrun, pp. 45-46. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3121322/Document-02.pdf [^12]: Memorandum, Robert McFarlane to Ronald Reagan, August 1, 1984, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. X, Eastern Europe, doc. 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v10/d30 [^13]: Memorandum, Kenneth W. Dam to George P. Shultz, June 12, 1985, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981-1988*, vol. V, Soviet Union, March 1985-October 1986, doc. 40, note 1. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v05/d40 -[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). [^15]: *In re Inslaw, Inc.*, 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. Jan. 25, 1988), findings of fact 34 (PROMIS versions on PDP 11/70, IBM, Wang, Honeywell and Burroughs computers) and 192 and 202 (IBM request for the Department of Justice letter; co-marketing agreement). https://static.case.law/br/83/cases/0089-01.json -[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992): LEAA versions, p. 47; Riconosciuto's allegation on the Canadian agencies, p. 52; appeal of May 7, 1991, pp. 39-40. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Sole source for the Riconosciuto allegation as recorded by the committee. +[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992): LEAA versions, p. 47; Riconosciuto's allegation on the Canadian agencies, p. 52; appeal of May 7, 1991, pp. 39-40. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. [^17]: *In re International Business Machines Corp.*, 687 F.2d 591 (2d Cir. Aug. 13, 1982), Background section (docket *United States v. International Business Machines Corp.*, 69 Civ. 200, S.D.N.Y., filed January 17, 1969). https://static.case.law/f2d/687/cases/0591-01.json [^18]: *United States v. International Business Machines Corp.*, 66 F.R.D. 154 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 1974), No. 69 Civ. 200 (DNE). https://static.case.law/frd/66/cases/0154-01.json [^19]: "Impact of AT&T, IBM decisions," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 11, 1982. https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0111/011144.html -[^20]: Thomas Conrad, "U.S. Data Processing Corporations Are Supplying South Africa with the Brains of Its Military and Police Services," *Multinational Monitor* 3, no. 4 (April 1982). https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1982/04/conrad.html. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^21]: "South Africa: IBM, ICL Accused of Apartheid Collaboration," allAfrica, November 15, 2002, quoting the Khulumani complaint as filed in the Eastern District of New York. https://allafrica.com/stories/200211150560.html. Sole source for the quotation as reported. +[^20]: Thomas Conrad, "U.S. Data Processing Corporations Are Supplying South Africa with the Brains of Its Military and Police Services," *Multinational Monitor* 3, no. 4 (April 1982). https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1982/04/conrad.html. +[^21]: "South Africa: IBM, ICL Accused of Apartheid Collaboration," allAfrica, November 15, 2002, quoting the Khulumani complaint as filed in the Eastern District of New York. https://allafrica.com/stories/200211150560.html. [^22]: *Khulumani v. Barclay National Bank Ltd.*, 504 F.3d 254 (2d Cir. Oct. 12, 2007) (per curiam). https://static.case.law/f3d/504/cases/0254-01.json [^23]: *Balintulo v. Ford Motor Co.*, 796 F.3d 160 (2d Cir. July 27, 2015). https://static.case.law/f3d/796/cases/0160-01.json [^24]: "Israel Gets High-Speed Computers," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, page dated January 1, 1995. https://wisconsinproject.org/israel-gets-high-speed-computers -[^25]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 11. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^25]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 11. [^26]: National Security Archive, "Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash, September 1979," December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md index bbb2771c..2556c873 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias Cardoen.md @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The product list includes demolition charges, Bangalore torpedo charges, hand gr ### Iraqi sales and the Israeli approach -According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], whose book is the sole source for the passages so cited, Cardoen obtained a brokering license from [[ARMSCOR]], the South African state arms maker, after an application to [[SIBAT]], the [[Israel|Israeli]] foreign defense sales office, was refused in 1979. By 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq with the help of Armscor and of individuals connected to the CIA, among them [[Alan Sanders]] of [[ITICO]], who supplied cluster-bomb blueprints.[^7] +According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], Cardoen obtained a brokering license from [[ARMSCOR]], the South African state arms maker, after an application to [[SIBAT]], the [[Israel|Israeli]] foreign defense sales office, was refused in 1979. By 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq with the help of Armscor and of individuals connected to the CIA, among them [[Alan Sanders]] of [[ITICO]], who supplied cluster-bomb blueprints.[^7] Ben-Menashe also wrote that in 1985 he approached Sanders to buy cluster bombs for Israel and was told that Cardoen would sell to anyone who paid. He wrote that in September 1988 he was sent to Chile to offer Cardoen a license to produce [[Uzi]]s and [[Galil assault rifles]] in exchange for ending the Iraq trade, and that Cardoen introduced him to [[Mark Thatcher]] during the visit.[^7] @@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin [^1]: Industrias CARDOEN, "Division Defensa," bilingual sales sheet, undated, hand-marked "BD|AI|PM-04," in "Promotional Material," Danny Casolaro papers, photographs published as casolaro-notebooks, Internet Archive, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/PromotionalMaterial.pdf (PDF pages 1 and 2 of 21; the order of items checked against all 21 pages). [^2]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act, No. 93-241-CR, decided August 29, 1995 (original order December 28, 1994; hearing November 18 and 23, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json. -[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 166-170. Sole source for the passages so cited (1983 arrest and plea, Beydoun's 1984 offer, 1984 deliveries and earnings, the CIA statement of July 16, 1991). -[^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. Sole source for the agreement; the quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery. +[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 166-170. +[^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. The quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery. [^5]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html (January 2016). The declaration was reported sealed in the court file. [^6]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. Addresses paragraphs 15 to 18 of the January 31, 1995 declaration. -[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited, including the 1979 SIBAT refusal, the 1985 Sanders contacts, the 1988 Chile visit and the April 1992 charge date. -[^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the Beydoun, Johnson and Moyle passages and the quoted White House statement. +[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). +[^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64. [^9]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H140 (reprinted article by William Tuohy and Douglas Frantz, "Three British Executives Cleared in Iraq Arms Sale Case"). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm [^10]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, January 21, 1993, immediately preceding the page marker H140 (an unattributed reprinted report on testimony in the Matrix Churchill trial). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm [^11]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm @@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin [^13]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Swissco Management Group, Inc.; Order Denying Permission To Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48964-48965 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23363, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23363.pdf. Registry detail for H19133, https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/SWISSCO%20MANAGEMENT/Page1. [^14]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, entity name search "Swissco Management Group," document H19133, detail record and name history, https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ByName; officer search "Giangrandi Augusto," https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/ByOfficerOrRegisteredAgent. [^15]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74 (the affidavit of February 17, 1991). -[^16]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis" and the sidebar "Colorful Characters, Prized Product Lend Spice To Case," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the affidavit's contents as reported there. +[^16]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis" and the sidebar "Colorful Characters, Prized Product Lend Spice To Case," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. [^17]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2395, 61 Federal Register 29784-29785 (June 12, 1996), FR Doc. 96-14826, entry 3, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-06-12/pdf/96-14826.pdf. -[^18]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. Sole source for the helicopter seizure, the 1992 civil suit and the statement that Johnson was the only person convicted. +[^18]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. [^19]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998) (published opinion, Tjoflat, Birch and Roney, JJ.), on appeal from No. 93-241-CR (S.D. Fla.), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf. [^20]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2206, "Rescission of Suspended Exports Regarding Teledyne Wah Chang Albany," 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf; Public Notice 2207, 60 Fed. Reg. 30150, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13835.pdf. [^21]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Augusto Giacomo Giangrandi Valenzuela, Also Known As Augusto Giangrandi," entered September 15, 1994, published September 22, 1994, FR Doc. 94-23471, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1994/09/22/94-23471/action-affecting-export-privileges-augusto-giacomo-giangrandi-valenzuela-also-known-as-augusto. [^22]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm. -[^23]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html. Sole source for the grand jury passage and for Houlihan's filing as reported. +[^23]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html. [^24]: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, "Most wanted Chilean arms dealer concealed ties to companies with help from Panama's offshore industry," September 2022, https://www.icij.org/inside-icij/2022/09/most-wanted-chilean-arms-dealer-concealed-ties-to-companies-with-help-from-panamas-offshore-industry/. [^25]: "Suprema rechaza extradición Cardoen," Emol, August 24, 2020, https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2020/08/24/995884/Suprema-rechaza-extradicion-Cardoen.html. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Institute of World Affairs.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Institute of World Affairs.md index 10218f1f..5c536069 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Institute of World Affairs.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Institute of World Affairs.md @@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ Lorwin, engaged as a consultant during this period, wrote a 1953 report on the N [^5]: Duke University Libraries, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, abstract and biographical/historical note. https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid [^6]: Duke University Libraries, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, abstract, scope and content, related material, and subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959" (Boxes 50-51). https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound [^7]: Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, "Our Founder" (the age of 23; the photograph caption "Service for the U.S. Government during WWII, 1944-1945"). https://dorisduke.org/who-we-are/our-founder -[^8]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 (the Institute "a research center funded by Doris Duke"; the sentence carries no footnote citing a source for the funding, and note 2 on the page concerns other international relations centers). Sole source for the Doris Duke funding passage. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content +[^8]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 (the Institute "a research center funded by Doris Duke"; the sentence carries no footnote citing a source for the funding, and note 2 on the page concerns other international relations centers). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^9]: M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany, SUNY, "Adolph Lowe Papers, 1915-1996," abstract, biographical/historical note. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ger022 [^10]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-166 and notes 3-17 (Speier to Lowe, February 13, 1944; Lowe to Speier, February 23, 1944; Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier to Riezler, February 3, 1944; Speier to Staudinger, March 3, 1944; Speier to Salomon, March 5, 1944). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Lowe, Adolph, resignation letter, 1951," Box 2, Folder 2. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27144 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/International Signal and Control.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/International Signal and Control.md index 5823497b..ab8456ee 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/International Signal and Control.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/International Signal and Control.md @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Paul Foot wrote that ISC went bust in 1989 and that Ferranti went bust too, "wit [^1]: Glenn Frankel, "British Firm Claims It Was Duped by Pa. Arms Maker," *Washington Post*, September 29, 1989, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/09/29/british-firm-claims-it-was-duped-by-pa-arms-maker/5b675f69-e5e0-4c25-9aee-ced8b8e07efa/. [^2]: SEC Digest, November 7, 1991, "James Guerin and Twenty Others Indicted" (Litigation Release LR-13077, announced October 31, 1991, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Crim. Nos. 91-601 and 91-602), https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1991/dig110791.pdf. -[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168 to 169. Sole source for the Rockeye fuze, the Ivy and Kentron passage, the CIA-approval statement and the cluster-bomb agreement; the market-division quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery. +[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168 to 169. The market-division quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery. [^4]: "Guerin 'home' to complete sentence," *LNP* (LancasterOnline), January 3, 2005, https://lancasteronline.com/news/guerin-home-to-complete-sentence/article_ab95d10d-7b72-511a-8c23-a388df496dfb.html. [^5]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002) (Greenberg, J.), https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json. The opinion gives the 67-count indictment, Ivy's positions, plea and affidavit, the 1982 public offering, and the dates of verdict, sentence, affirmance (August 12, 1999) and certiorari denial (January 24, 2000). It dates the indictment October 30, 1991; the district court's 2002 opinion in note 15 dates it October 31, 1991. [^6]: Ministry of Defence letter of 12 September 1989 to Charles Powell, 10 Downing Street, Powell's reply of 13 September 1989, and a Prime Minister's private office note of 2 October 1989 on the meeting about Ferranti, in Prime Minister's papers (file PO-CH-NL 0500 PART A), Margaret Thatcher Foundation archive, https://archive.margaretthatcher.org/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200500%20PART%20A.pdf. The Ministry of Defence letter is marked "secret" and "commercial in confidence." Its account of the Pakistan contract is the Ministry's own understanding, which it describes as in "considerable doubt." @@ -148,17 +148,17 @@ Paul Foot wrote that ISC went bust in 1989 and that Ferranti went bust too, "wit [^8]: Dan Nephin, "James Guerin, who died Feb. 10, masterminded Lancaster County's largest fraud at $1B-plus," *LNP* (LancasterOnline), February 20, 2022, https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/james-guerin-who-died-feb-10-masterminded-lancaster-countys-largest-fraud-at-1b-plus/article_28d01f02-9102-11ec-a536-0f7e5967191d.html. [^9]: "Ferranti calls in Coopers & Lybrand to investigate ISC contracts," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), September 17, 1989, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=208120. [^10]: Science Museum Group Collection, "Ferranti International Signal plc" (record for the company), https://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/people/ap9749/ferranti-international-signal-plc. -[^11]: "Guerin's company pleads guilty to $700m International Signal fraud," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), article metadata dated September 25, 1990, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=222346. Sole source for the Parent Industries plea and the $4.4 million settlement. +[^11]: "Guerin's company pleads guilty to $700m International Signal fraud," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), article metadata dated September 25, 1990, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=222346. [^12]: "Ferranti gets losses under control but it will be a long, hard climb out of the pit," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), article metadata dated June 23, 1992, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=184616. [^13]: "James Guerin has finally admitted fraud and tax evasion," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), article metadata dated December 9, 1991, https://techmonitor.ai/?p=184145. -[^14]: *United States v. Jasin*, 25 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Pa. 1998) (DuBois, J.), No. Crim. 91-602-08, decided August 12, 1998, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/25/cases/0551-01.json. The memorandum describes the jury verdict of December 10, 1992, the Striker missile part of the conspiracy, Jasin's position as president of ISC Technology, and his testimony about "Washington approval" (N.T. November 24, 1992, at 70). Sole source for the 1998 sentencing findings. +[^14]: *United States v. Jasin*, 25 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Pa. 1998) (DuBois, J.), No. Crim. 91-602-08, decided August 12, 1998, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/25/cases/0551-01.json. The memorandum describes the jury verdict of December 10, 1992, the Striker missile part of the conspiracy, Jasin's position as president of ISC Technology, and his testimony about "Washington approval" (N.T. November 24, 1992, at 70). [^15]: *United States v. Jasin*, 215 F. Supp. 2d 552 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (DuBois, J.), memorandum and order of August 8, 2002, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/215/cases/0552-01.json. The opinion quotes Guerin's letter (Def.'s Ex. 14 at 52), Shinehouse's testimony (T. Nov. 30, 1992, at 149), and the government's closing and 2001 reply, and vacates the December 10, 1992 conviction and the July 16, 1998 judgment. -[^16]: Maurice Possley, "Thomas Jasin," National Registry of Exonerations, posted January 10, 2013, https://exonerationregistry.org/cases/11260. Sole source for the dismissal of charges after the 2002 ruling. +[^16]: Maurice Possley, "Thomas Jasin," National Registry of Exonerations, posted January 10, 2013, https://exonerationregistry.org/cases/11260. [^17]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/ (undated). [^18]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2522, "Statutory Debarment Under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," *Federal Register* 62, no. 56 (March 24, 1997), p. 13933, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-24/html/97-7273.htm. -[^19]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/. Sole source for the SADF correspondence, the Italy and Hong Kong channels, the resale to China and the CIA claims. -[^20]: "Ties to convict could be questioned," *Tampa Bay Times*, December 17, 1993, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/17/ties-to-convict-could-be-questioned/. Sole source for Inman's April 27, 1992 letter and his acknowledgment of secret work with Guerin. +[^19]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/. +[^20]: "Ties to convict could be questioned," *Tampa Bay Times*, December 17, 1993, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/17/ties-to-convict-could-be-questioned/. [^21]: "Inman withdraws from nomination," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 19, 1994, https://csmonitor.com/1994/0119/19242.html. [^22]: "Weapons-smuggling plot tied to Pa. executive on trial for trade violations," *Baltimore Sun*, November 10, 1992, https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/11/10/weapons-smuggling-plot-tied-to-pa-executive-on-trial-for-trade-violations/. -[^23]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132, https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm. Sole source for the Byrne and Allivane passage and for the statement about Guerin's conviction. -[^24]: Paul Foot, "Per Ardua," *London Review of Books* 18, no. 3 (1996), https://www.lrb.co.uk/v18/n03/paul-foot/per-ardua. Sole source for the characterization of ISC's purpose and the 30,000-job figure. +[^23]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132, https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm. +[^24]: Paul Foot, "Per Ardua," *London Review of Books* 18, no. 3 (1996), https://www.lrb.co.uk/v18/n03/paul-foot/per-ardua. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/KLAS-TV.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/KLAS-TV.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0b48db1b --- /dev/null +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/KLAS-TV.md @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +--- +aliases: + - KLAS-TV + - KLAS + - KLAS TV + - KLAS-TV Channel 8 + - KLAS Channel 8 + - 8 News Now + - 8newsnow +category: "Private Organization" +tags: + - Organization + - TelevisionStation + - CBSAffiliate + - LasVegas + - Nevada + - HowardHughes + - HankGreenspun + - LandmarkCommunications + - NexstarBroadcasting + - ITeam + - GeorgeKnapp + - BobLazar + - SkinwalkerRanch + - AAWSAP + - MysteryWire +summary: "KLAS-TV is Las Vegas's CBS channel 8, owned by Hank Greenspun's Las Vegas Sun until 1968, Howard Hughes until 1978, and Landmark until 2014, when Nexstar agreed to buy it." +location: "Las Vegas, Nevada" +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: owned + with: "[[Hank Greenspun]]" + reverse: true + end: 1968 + role: "owner and publisher of the Las Vegas Sun, which sold the station to Howard R. Hughes after an application filed in October 1967" + fn: 2 + - type: owned + with: "[[Howard Hughes]]" + reverse: true + start: 1968 + end: 1978 + role: "buyer in the 1968 FCC approval, named as Howard R. Hughes in trade press and as Hughes Tool Company in the station record; the estate sold the station in 1978" + fn: 3 + - type: owned + with: "[[Landmark Communications]]" + reverse: true + start: 1978 + end: 2014 + role: "owner of 100 percent of the licensee in 1984; the seller in 2014 was Landmark Media Enterprises, LLC" + fn: 1 + - type: owned + with: "[[Nexstar Broadcasting Group]]" + reverse: true + start: 2014 + role: "purchaser under a definitive agreement announced November 21, 2014 for $145.0 million plus working capital; the FCC public file lists Nexstar Media Inc. as licensee" + fn: 13 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[George Knapp]]" + reverse: true + start: 1981 + role: "general assignment reporter from 1981 and chief reporter of the I-Team investigative unit from 1995, per the station biography" + fn: 16 +--- + +KLAS-TV is the CBS-affiliated television station on channel 8 in [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]. The 1984 TV Factbook gives July 8, 1953 as the date it began operation.[^1] Its owner through 1968 was [[Hank Greenspun]], publisher of the [[Las Vegas Sun]]. [[Howard Hughes]] bought it in 1968, and after his death the estate sold it to [[Landmark Communications]] in 1978. Landmark agreed to sell it to [[Nexstar Broadcasting Group]] in 2014. The station's best-known reporter is [[George Knapp]], whose UFO coverage began with a 1989 series on [[Bob Lazar]]. + +### Greenspun ownership, 1953 to 1968 + +The 1984 Factbook lists the licensee as KLAS Inc., with Landmark Communications holding 100 percent ownership.[^1] Trade press from 1967 identifies the licensee as Las Vegas Television Inc. In October 1967 an application for FCC approval of the sale of KLAS-TV by H. M. Greenspun to the industrialist Howard R. Hughes was on file, at a price of about $4.5 million. Greenspun gave financial difficulties as his reason for selling. He cited losses from a fire that destroyed the Las Vegas Sun building in 1964. The same report describes Hughes as having been acquiring hotels and properties in Las Vegas during the preceding year. The application showed that as of June 30, 1967 Las Vegas Television Inc. had total assets of $979,282 and a net loss of $6,735 for the six months then ended, that the original cost of land, buildings, tower, antenna, transmitter and other properties was $1,091,969, and that Mark Smith would be retained as station manager. The report states that Hughes Tool Company owned four Las Vegas hotels and casinos, the Sands, Desert Inn, Castaways and Frontier.[^2] + +### Hughes ownership, 1968 to 1978 + +Broadcasting reported on February 19, 1968 that the FCC had approved the transfer. The item gives the price as $3,650,000 in cash plus the assumption of obligations, which it estimated would bring the total to about $4.5 million. The buyer is named as Howard R. Hughes, identified as president and owner of [[Hughes Aircraft Company]], which held 21 percent of [[Teleprompter Corporation]], and as the owner of [[Hughes Tool Company]] and of real estate in the Las Vegas area.[^3] The 1984 Factbook records the FCC approval as February 14, 1968, with the buyer named as Hughes Tool Company.[^1] The two records name the buyer differently, and both appear here. + +The station passed through the Hughes estate after his death in 1976. Broadcasting reported in its issue of February 13, 1978 that KLAS-TV was sold by [[Summa Corporation]] to Landmark Communications for a price said to be in excess of $8 million. It identified the seller as owned by the estate of Howard Hughes, with [[William R. Lummis]] as executor of the Hughes Nevada interests, and identified Landmark's largest stockholder and chairman as [[Frank Batten]], with Landmark owning WTAR-AM-TV and WKEZ(FM) in Norfolk, Virginia, and publishing the Ledger-Star and Virginian-Pilot there.[^4] The FCC filing reported in Broadcasting on March 27, 1978 sought assignment of the license from Summa Corporation to KLAS Inc. for $9,587,500; it states that since the death of its sole stockholder, Howard R. Hughes, the estate had been divesting broadcast interests, and that KLAS-TV was the only broadcast station in the estate.[^5] The FCC approved the estate's sale of the station on May 15, 1978.[^1] The Ninth Circuit's opinion of December 27, 1977 in a defamation suit by Robert Maheu captions the defendant as Hughes Tool Company, now named Summa Corporation, and describes Hughes as the sole owner of Summa.[^6] + +Knapp's report "How KLAS-TV became a part of Howard Hughes' empire," posted July 18, 2018 as the station marked 65 years in southern Nevada, states that the money Hughes spent in Las Vegas is how he purchased Channel 8 in 1968.[^7] + +[[Robert Maheu]], a former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent, ran Hughes's Nevada operations. He contracted through his own company to manage the hotels, casinos and other properties that Hughes acquired in Las Vegas after November 1966.[^8] The FCC approval and trade press name Hughes and Hughes Tool Company as the buyer.[^2][^3] + +The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities later recorded Greenspun's name in connection with Hughes interests. [[Jeb Stuart Magruder]] testified that [[John Mitchell]] suggested as additional targets the chairman of the [[Democratic National Committee]], [[Larry O'Brien]], and Greenspun, whom Magruder described as a Las Vegas publisher who allegedly had explosive material damaging to [[Edmund Muskie|Senator Muskie]] in his office safe.[^9] The report also states that [[Robert Bennett]] suggested that Greenspun's safe contained information of interest to both Hughes and the Committee for the Re-election of the President.[^10] These statements date to 1972, four years after Greenspun sold KLAS-TV. + +### Landmark and Nexstar ownership + +Landmark Communications held the station from 1978, and in 1984 held 100 percent of the licensee.[^1] The seller named in the 2014 announcement was [[Landmark Media Enterprises]], LLC.[^11] Nexstar's annual report for 2014 states that on February 13, 2015 it completed the acquisition of the outstanding equity of KLAS, LLC, the owner of KLAS, for $145.0 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, from Landmark Television, LLC and Landmark Media Enterprises, LLC.[^12] + +On November 21, 2014 Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced in an 8-K press release that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the equity interests and assets of KLAS-TV from Landmark Media Enterprises for $145.0 million plus working capital.[^11] Nexstar's chief executive [[Perry Sook]] stated that the purchase price was less than 6.0 times the average 2015 and 2016 pro-forma projected cash flow, including expected synergies.[^11] An exhibit to a Nexstar 8-K for January 21, 2015 (filed January 22) describes the transaction, under the defined term "Las Vegas Acquisition," with total consideration of $145.0 million.[^13] Trade press dated the announcement November 21, 2014.[^14] + +The FCC public file for the station lists facility ID 35042 and identifies the licensee as Nexstar Media Inc., at 3228 Channel 8 Drive in Las Vegas.[^15] + +### The I-Team + +The station biography for Knapp states that he has been chief reporter of the Channel 8 I-Team investigative unit since 1995.[^16] The station launched the Mystery Wire website on November 6, 2019 as an archive of its UFO, Area 51 and military program coverage, on the thirtieth anniversary of the first part of the 1989 Lazar series.[^17] KLAS ran Knapp and [[Matt Adams]] reports on the Pentagon's aerospace threat program under the "I-Team Exclusive" label in 2018.[^18][^19] + +### George Knapp's reporting + +Knapp joined KLAS in 1981 as a general assignment reporter, after working as a part-time studio cameraman and production assistant at [[KLVX-TV]], Channel 10, according to the station biography.[^16] + +#### The 1989 Bob Lazar series + +A 2026 KLAS report on Lazar describes a live Knapp interview in May 1989 with a man in silhouette, which it calls a bombshell that launched a push for disclosure, and says the public learned Lazar's name months later.[^20] On November 6, 1989 KLAS aired the first part of a nine-part series titled "UFOs: The Best Evidence." The station's 2019 retrospective describes it as the highest rated local news series ever aired in Las Vegas, and in it Knapp said the station spent nearly 8 months putting the original series together.[^17] + +Knapp testified in 2025 that after he appealed on the air for people with knowledge of the program to contact him, more than two dozen sources spoke to the station. He wrote that six people who spoke with him by telephone in the newsroom were visited the next day by government agents or security personnel from former employers, who in his account told them to keep quiet. He wrote that someone had been listening to the phone in his office.[^21] + +#### Skinwalker Ranch and the National Institute for Discovery Science + +In his 2023 statement to Congress Knapp wrote that he first met [[Robert Bigelow]] in 1989 in connection with the subject, and that Bigelow created the [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS) in 1996 with a science advisory board of academics and former astronauts.[^22] Internet Archive captures of the NIDS site from December 2000 and December 2001 list a science advisory board that included [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Jessica Utts]] and [[Jacques Vallee]], with [[John B. Alexander]] among the staff.[^23] + +Knapp is credited on two books about the [[Skinwalker Ranch]] reporting. [[Hunt for the Skinwalker]] (2005, Paraview Pocket Books) is catalogued under the name of [[Colm Kelleher]] alone, while a 2017 audiobook edition credits Kelleher, Knapp and David Bendena.[^24] [[Skinwalkers at the Pentagon]] (2021, independently published) lists [[James Lacatski]], Kelleher and Knapp as authors.[^24] [[The Black Vault]] obtained records showing that the manuscript was submitted to the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review in March 2020 and cleared as amended on May 11, 2021, with changes concerning personally identifiable information and the names of certain government employees.[^25] + +#### The AAWSAP and AATIP reporting, 2017 to 2018 + +Knapp's account of the program starts from the December 2017 [[New York Times]] story on the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP). In his 2023 statement he wrote that the story was accurate in many respects but wrong in stating that $22 million secured by Reid, [[Daniel Inouye]] and [[Ted Stevens]] funded AATIP. In his account the money went to the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]] (AAWSAP), a [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] program initiated and managed by Lacatski, whose contract was awarded to a subsidiary of [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]].[^22] + +On June 28, 2018 KLAS posted a Knapp and Adams report on a letter of June 24, 2009 from Senator [[Harry Reid]] to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]. The report states that the letter described the study as focused on "advanced aerospace threats and disruptive aerospace technologies," said it was already a success, and was copied to only 14 people. [[Luis Elizondo]] told the station that the letter was legitimate.[^18] The letter was released by DIA to The Black Vault and is written on the letterhead of the Majority Leader.[^26] A second Knapp and Adams report, first aired on July 25, 2018, described a presentation by Hal Puthoff, chief scientist of that company, in June 2018 as the first public presentation about the study.[^19] + +The Black Vault's FOIA records show that DIA released the contract records for Contract HHM402-08-R-0211 on October 13, 2022, with 13 pages withheld in full.[^27] A KLAS report of March 27, 2026, credited to John Forest and Knapp, states that Reid, Inouye and Stevens began the study in 2007 and that it cost $22 million in total.[^28] + +#### The May 2022 report on the UAP Task Force + +On May 23, 2022 at 9:12 p.m. Pacific time KLAS posted Knapp's report on the [[UAP Task Force]], under the headline "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men." The report stated that in January 2021 [[Jay Stratton]] "was surprisingly transferred out of the job" and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^29] On October 13, 2022 KLAS posted a further Knapp report on [[Radiance Technologies]], headlined "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?"[^30] + +#### Congressional statements + +On July 26, 2023 the [[House Committee on Oversight and Accountability]] held a hearing titled "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency." The printed record lists a "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. [[Tim Burchett]]."[^31] On September 9, 2025 Knapp appeared before the [[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]] at a hearing titled "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection." His written statement identifies him as chief investigative reporter for KLAS-TV.[^21][^32] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: Television Digest Factbook, *TV Factbook 1984*, KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, Ch. 8, licensee KLAS Inc., ownership Landmark Communications 100 percent, began operation July 8, 1953, sale to Hughes Tool Co. by H. M. Greenspun and Las Vegas Sun approved by FCC February 14, 1968 (Television Digest 8:8, 9), sale by the estate of Howard R. Hughes to the present owner approved May 15, 1978 (Television Digest 18:7), https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1984-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1984-NEB-USVI.pdf +[^2]: "Application for FCC approval of the sale of KLAS-TV Las Vegas by H. M. Greenspun to industrialist Howard R. Hughes (CLOSED CIRCUIT, Aug. 28) ... for about $4.5 million," with Greenspun's account of the 1964 fire at the Las Vegas Sun building, *Broadcasting*, October 23, 1967, https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-10-23-BC.pdf +[^3]: "KLAs-Tv Las Vegas: Sold by H. M. Greenspun to Howard R. Hughes for $3,650,000 in cash plus assumption of obligations that is estimated to bring price up to approximately $4.5 million," FCC approvals of station transfers, *Broadcasting*, February 19, 1968, https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-02-19-BC.pdf +[^4]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas: Sold by Summa Corp. to Landmark Communications Inc. for price said to be in excess of $8 million," station sales announced the previous week, *Broadcasting*, February 13, 1978, https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-02-13-BC.pdf +[^5]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas (ch. 8) Seeks assignment of license from Summa Corp. to KLAS Inc. for $9,587,500," FCC applications, *Broadcasting*, March 27, 1978, https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-03-27-BC.pdf +[^6]: *Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.*, 569 F.2d 459 (9th Cir. Dec. 27, 1977), https://static.case.law/f2d/569/cases/0459-01.json +[^7]: George Knapp, "How KLAS-TV became a part of Howard Hughes' empire," KLAS-TV 8 News Now, posted July 18, 2018, 8:36 a.m. Pacific time, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/news/how-klas-tv-became-a-part-of-howard-hughes-empire/amp +[^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), ch. 8, "The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters," introduction and sections I-II, pp. 931-936 and n. 7 (Hughes memorandum to Maheu), https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities +[^9]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, section on the Liddy intelligence plan, testimony of Jeb Stuart Magruder, with footnotes 61 to 63 for the February 1972 meeting, https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities +[^10]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, section on the Hunt and Liddy activities and on Robert Bennett's contacts with the Central Intelligence Agency and the Hughes organization, https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities +[^11]: Nexstar Broadcasting Group, Inc., press release, "Acquisition of KLAS-TV for $145 Million in Accretive Transaction," Irving, Texas and Las Vegas, Nevada, November 21, 2014, Form 8-K filed November 24, 2014 (accession 0001142417-14-000066), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1142417/000114241714000066/pressrelease.htm +[^12]: Nexstar Broadcasting Group, Inc., Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, filed March 2, 2015 (accession 0001564590-15-001137), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1142417/000156459015001137/nxst-10k_20141231.htm +[^13]: Nexstar Broadcasting Group, Inc., exhibit to Form 8-K for January 21, 2015, filed January 22, 2015 (accession 0001193125-15-017490), describing the "Las Vegas Acquisition" of KLAS-TV for total consideration of $145.0 million, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1142417/000119312515017490/d856385dex11.htm +[^14]: "Nextstar to Acquire KLAS-TV for $145 Million," TV Technology, November 21, 2014, https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/nextstar-to-acquire-klastv-for-145-million +[^15]: Federal Communications Commission, public file, TV station profile for KLAS-TV, facility ID 35042, licensee Nexstar Media Inc., 3228 Channel 8 Drive, Las Vegas, https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/tv-profile/KLAS-TV +[^16]: KLAS-TV, "George Knapp," station biography, 8 News Now, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=364 +[^17]: Greg Haas, "Mystery Wire launches 30 years after 'UFOs: The Best Evidence'," KLAS 8 News Now, posted November 6, 2019, updated November 19, 2019, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/area51/mystery-wire-launches-30-years-after-ufos-the-best-evidence/ +[^18]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "I-Team Exclusive: Nevada senator fought to save secret UFO program," originally posted on 8NewsNow.com June 28, 2018, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/i-team-exclusive-nevada-senator-fought-to-save-secret-ufo-program/ +[^19]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "EXCLUSIVE: I-Team obtains some key documents related to Pentagon UFO study," originally aired July 25, 2018, KLAS-TV, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/exclusive-i-team-obtains-some-key-documents-related-to-pentagon-ufo-study/ +[^20]: John Forest, "Bob Lazar's UFO claims gain traction with 'S4' success," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 16, 2026, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/bob-lazars-ufo-claims-gain-traction-with-s4-success/ +[^21]: George Knapp, written testimony "For the Record," Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf +[^22]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," submitted by Rep. Burchett for the record, hearing of July 26, 2023, 4 pp., House Committee Repository, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf +[^23]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," nidsci.org, Internet Archive capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html ; capture of December 14, 2001, https://web.archive.org/web/20011214082825/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html +[^24]: Open Library, work records for "Hunt for the skinwalker" (2005, Paraview Pocket Books, ISBN 9781416505211), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5850693W ; "Hunt for the Skinwalker" audio edition (2017, Dreamscape Media, credits Colm A. Kelleher, George Knapp and David Bendena), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL24850199W ; work record for "Skinwalkers at the Pentagon" (2021, Independently published, ISBN 9798487639653, credits James T Lacatski, Colm A. Kelleher and George Knapp), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL37495767W +[^25]: The Black Vault, "New Documents Detail Slow, Multi-Agency Vetting of 'Skinwalkers at the Pentagon'," posted August 12, 2025 (FOIA case 22-F-0035), https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/new-documents-detail-slow-multi-agency-vetting-of-skinwalkers-at-the-pentagon/ +[^26]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn, June 24, 2009, released by DIA to The Black Vault, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf +[^27]: The Black Vault, "The Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) Documentation," originally published April 2022 and updated, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-advanced-aerospace-weapon-system-applications-program-aawsap-documentation/ +[^28]: John Forest and George Knapp, "Nevada Senator Harry Reid's hidden interest in UFOs," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted March 27, 2026, 10:25 a.m. Pacific time, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/nevada-senator-harry-reids-hidden-interest-in-aliens-and-ufos/ +[^29]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 p.m. Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/ +[^30]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022, 11:16 p.m. Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/ +[^31]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, GovInfo CHRG-118hhrg53022, index entry "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. Burchett," https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm +[^32]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/restoring-public-trust-through-uap-transparency-and-whistleblower-protection/ diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Los Angeles Times.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Los Angeles Times.md index f7c84195..61e327e2 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Los Angeles Times.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Los Angeles Times.md @@ -87,6 +87,6 @@ The [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s Office of the Inspector Gener [^8]: Lauder, George V., memorandum for the DCI, "Meeting with the Los Angeles Times," undated, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00845R000100660002-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00845r000100660002-3 [^9]: CIA Office of Legislative Liaison, OLL 84-2588/1, July 26, 1984, with attached Los Angeles Times articles of July 18 and 19, 1984, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90B01370R000400620011-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01370r000400620011-8 [^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 27 (https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb); U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), sections "Barry Seal and the Cartel" and the Nicaragua chapter (https://archive.org/details/KerryCommitteeReport). Webb's characterization of the story as a hoax is his own; the Kerry report does not use the word. -[^11]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (same source as note 10). Sole source for the Cabezas letter and McManus's reply. +[^11]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (same source as note 10). [^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), chapter 1. https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch01p1.htm -[^13]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 and epilogue (same source as note 10). Sole source for the passages so cited on Katz's earlier reporting, the named sources, Cornejo's remark and the 1998 coverage. +[^13]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 and epilogue (same source as note 10). diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Massachusetts Institute of Technology.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Massachusetts Institute of Technology.md index f6cc0ceb..61b898b8 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Massachusetts Institute of Technology.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Massachusetts Institute of Technology.md @@ -24,125 +24,131 @@ relations: with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]" role: "Center for International Studies, MKULTRA Subproject 90" start: 1958-11 - fn: 16 + fn: 20 - type: employed_by with: "[[Jack P. Ruina]]" reverse: true role: "professor of electrical engineering; chairman of the 1979 to 1980 Vela panel" - fn: 23 + fn: 27 - type: employed_by with: "[[Seth Lloyd]]" reverse: true role: "professor of mechanical engineering" - fn: 26 + fn: 30 - type: head_of with: "[[James Killian]]" reverse: true role: "president; first chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board" - fn: 22 + fn: 26 - type: funded with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]" reverse: true role: "ten donations totaling 850,000 dollars, 2002 to 2017" start: 2002 end: 2017 - fn: 26 + fn: 30 - type: contractor_to with: "[[State Department]]" role: "Project Troy study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reporting to the Secretary of State (October 1950 to February 1951)" start: 1950-10 end: 1951-02 - fn: 2 + fn: 5 - type: funded with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]" reverse: true role: "Center for International Studies; CIA money reported 1951, $300,000 reported 1967" start: 1951 - fn: 6 + fn: 10 - type: employed_by with: "[[Max Millikan]]" reverse: true role: "economist; first director of the Center for International Studies (February 1952)" start: 1952-02 - fn: 2 + fn: 5 --- The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] is a private university in [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]. Its name appears in CIA records through the [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS), in [[Project MKUltra]], in the Agency's 1952 and 1953 planning for a scientific panel on unidentified flying objects, and through the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]] and [[Lincoln Laboratory]]; in the 1979 to 1980 [[VELA Satellite]] panel chaired by [[Jack P. Ruina]]; and in the 2020 report on [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s donations. ### The 1953 CIA approach on unidentified flying objects -In the Agency's account of its role in the study of unidentified flying objects, [[Gerald K. Haines]] wrote that [[H. Marshall Chadwell]] "urged Smith to establish an external research project of top-level scientists to study the problem of UFOs," and the notes to the account cite a memorandum for the record by [[Philip G. Strong]] of the [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]], "Meeting with Dr. [[Julius A. Stratton]], Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. [[Max Millikan]], Director of CENIS," in which "Strong believed that in order to undertake such a review they would need the full backing and support of DCI Smith." The notes also cite a letter from Chadwell to Stratton of January 27, 1953. The panel that met in January 1953 was the [[Robertson Panel]], chaired by [[H. P. Robertson]] of the [[California Institute of Technology]].[^1] +In the Agency's account of its role in the study of unidentified flying objects, [[Gerald K. Haines]] wrote that [[H. Marshall Chadwell]] "urged Smith to establish an external research project of top-level scientists to study the problem of UFOs," and the notes to the account cite a memorandum for the record by [[Philip G. Strong]] of the [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]], "Meeting with Dr. [[Julius A. Stratton]], Executive Vice President and Provost, MIT and Dr. [[Max Millikan]], Director of CENIS," in which, in Strong's words, "it will probably be necessary to secure the full backing of DCI in order that a scientific review of this problem may be laid on." A memorandum of October 2, 1952 over the signature of Chadwell states that "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute. Similarly, Project Lincoln, the Air Force's air defense project at MIT, could be charged with some of these responsibilities."[^1] Strong's memorandum for the record is dated December 3, 1952, and the meeting took place the previous morning; Stratton named "Alfred Hill" as the best man to head the group.[^2] Chadwell's letter to Stratton as Provost is dated January 27, 1953.[^3] The panel that met in January 1953 was the [[Robertson Panel]], chaired by [[H. P. Robertson]] of the [[California Institute of Technology]].[^4] ### The Center for International Studies -The center grew out of [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT convened in October 1950 for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts and on wider political warfare.[^2] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY," and that [[James Killian]], pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase of four research initiatives, one of which concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^2] The center began operating in the fall of 1951, and in February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^2] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^3] Bessner reports that Millikan asked a Ford Foundation official, Gaither, for funds soon after arriving, that [[Hans Speier]] then visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's scope, and that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952.[^2] The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^4] The Ford Foundation's annual report for fiscal 1965 lists a grant of 400,000 dollars to MIT for the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^5] +The center grew out of [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT convened in October 1950 for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts and on wider political warfare.[^5] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY," and that [[James Killian]], pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase of four research initiatives, one of which concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^5] The center began operating in the fall of 1951, and in February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^5] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^6] Bessner reports that Millikan asked a Ford Foundation official, Gaither, for funds soon after arriving, that [[Hans Speier]] then visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's scope, and that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952.[^5] The Church Committee's Book I describes a research institute at a major American university that the CIA helped establish in 1951 and funded for more than a decade, at the request of Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]]. The report does not name the institute.[^7] The Ford Foundation's annual report for fiscal 1965 lists a grant of 400,000 dollars to MIT for the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies.[^8] -Time of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^6] [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the center "was set up in 1951 with CIA money," and that a 1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, was paid through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] as part of "Project MK-ULTRA."[^7] +A letter of November 1, 1951 from [[Gordon Gray]] of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] describes Stratton, then MIT's provost, as director of the Center.[^9] -Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^8] +Time of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^10] [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the center "was set up in 1951 with CIA money," and that a 1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, was paid through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] as part of "Project MK-ULTRA."[^11] -A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files states that on April 26 Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were "subject to misinterpretation."[^9] A letter of April 21, 1971 to [[Richard Helms]] on the center's letterhead, from a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and that "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^10] +Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^12] -A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^11] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953. +A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files states that on April 26 Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were "subject to misinterpretation."[^13] A letter of April 21, 1971 to [[Richard Helms]] on the center's letterhead, from a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that MIT "adopted a policy that rejected the extremists demands to refuse contracts from intelligence agencies, but which did insist that any such contracts be overt and avowed," and that "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^14] -In a statement made in 1954 for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]'s security clearance, Killian described "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director.[^12] Bessner describes LEXINGTON as an Air Force summer study of a nuclear-powered airplane.[^13] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^14] Killian's statement also describes a 1952 summer study of the Lincoln Laboratory, whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^12] +A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^15] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953. + +In a statement made in 1954 for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]'s security clearance, Killian described "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director.[^16] Bessner describes LEXINGTON as an Air Force summer study of a nuclear-powered airplane.[^17] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^18] Killian's statement also describes a 1952 summer study of the Lincoln Laboratory, whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^16] ### MKULTRA Subproject 90 -A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^15] +A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^19] -The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^16] +The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^20] -The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^17] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation. +The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^21] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation. ### MIT's 1979 committee report -An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^18] +An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^22] ### The special laboratories -The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^19] +The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^23] -In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by Dean [[William F. Pounds]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory. The panel was asked "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research."[^20] +In 1969 MIT President [[Howard W. Johnson]] formed a Review Panel on Special Laboratories, chaired by Dean [[William F. Pounds]], to examine the relationship between MIT and the Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory. The panel was asked "to evaluate the implications that the laboratories have for the Institute in its prime responsibility for education and research."[^24] -The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^21] +The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^25] ### Advisory boards -The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^22] +The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^26] ### The Vela panel -The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^23] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^24] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^25] +The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^27] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^28] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^29] ### Epstein donations, 2002 to 2020 -The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^26] +The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^30] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Haines, Gerald K. "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," *Studies in Intelligence* (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52" and "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," text and notes 24, 25 and 36. https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html -[^2]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Millikan's appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content. -[^3]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history -[^4]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf -[^5]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf -[^6]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8 (passage on the center). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 -[^7]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 -[^8]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 -[^9]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7 -[^10]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2 -[^11]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7 -[^12]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4 -[^13]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40. Killian's 1954 affidavit, cited in the note above, gives the sponsor as the Atomic Energy Commission. -[^14]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (MIT, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802 -[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested. -[^16]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493 -[^17]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960). -[^18]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6 -[^19]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/). -[^20]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry, https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html ; and Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds), https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053 -[^21]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8 -[^22]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0 -[^23]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test -[^24]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20. -[^25]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers. -[^26]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf +[^1]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, Tab A paragraph 5, CIA reading room document 0005515933. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933 +[^2]: Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940 +[^3]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Dr. Julius A. Stratton, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714 +[^4]: Haines, Gerald K. "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," *Studies in Intelligence* (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52" and "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," text and notes 24, 25 and 36. https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html +[^5]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Millikan's appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content. +[^6]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history +[^7]: U.S. Senate, "Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence," S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), section "Covert Use of Academic and Voluntary Organizations," subsection "CIA Use of Private Foundations, Pre-1967," item (1), describing the unnamed institute established in 1951 at the request of Under Secretary of State James Webb. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf +[^8]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), grant tables, entry for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, $400,000, under the Harvard-M.I.T. Joint Center for Urban Studies. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf +[^9]: Gordon Gray, Psychological Strategy Board, letter to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0 +[^10]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8 (passage on the center). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 +[^11]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 +[^12]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 +[^13]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7 +[^14]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2 +[^15]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7 +[^16]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4 +[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40. Killian's 1954 affidavit, cited in the note above, gives the sponsor as the Atomic Energy Commission. +[^18]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (MIT, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802 +[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested. +[^20]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493 +[^21]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960). +[^22]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6 +[^23]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/). +[^24]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Standing Committee on Special Laboratories records, 1969 to 1972, American Institute of Physics, catalog entry, https://history.aip.org/catalog/icos/262.html ; and Report of the President 1969, report of the Vice President for Special Laboratories, pp. 675 to 676 (panel chaired by Dean William F. Pounds), https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160053 +[^25]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8 +[^26]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0 +[^27]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test +[^28]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20. +[^29]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers. +[^30]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Medellin Cartel.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Medellin Cartel.md index b646ed14..650579aa 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Medellin Cartel.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Medellin Cartel.md @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ A November 8, 1988 cable to CIA headquarters forwarded an FBI Miami request for The CIA Inspector General's second volume recorded that a Colombian pilot testified at the trial of a Medellín drug lord that he flew arms to Contra forces and cocaine to Florida, and that the Miami Herald in October 1990 linked the Nicaraguan consul [[Adolfo Chamorro]] to that network; that analysts of the Directorate of Intelligence described the counternarcotics effort of the mid-1980s as "consumed" with the Medellín Cartel, with Central America "just a blip on the scope"; and that an independent contractor said that if there was trafficking from Nicaragua it was "probably" by the Medellín cartel.[^17] The convicted trafficker [[Enrique Miranda]] told investigators that [[Marcos Aguado]] flew weapons to Medellín and returned with cocaine stored at Ilopango; the Inspector General reported that no information was found to support the allegation, and that no information was found indicating that CIA tried to develop independent information on Aguado.[^18] Lister told the Inspector General he went with [[Danilo Blandon|Blandón]] on trips to Colombia and was present when Blandón dealt with Colombian suppliers Roger Sandino and Aparicio Moreno.[^5] -Webb reported that Colombian trafficker [[Allen Raul Rudd]] told Justice Department officials in 1988 that Escobar claimed the Cartel had made a deal with Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]] to supply U.S. weapons to the Contras in return for free passage for cocaine to the United States, and that Escobar said photographs existed of planes with guns being unloaded in Colombia and of Bush with Jorge Ochoa in front of suitcases of money; Webb wrote that by 1993 Escobar was dead and Ochoa jailed and the photographs were not heard of again. Sole source for the passages so cited. Webb also reported that Meneses's organization ran parallel to the Medellín distribution networks and that Miranda said Aguado boasted of flying weapons from the Salvadoran military to the Colombian cartels, a claim Miranda doubted until a Salvadoran Air Force colonel and associates were arrested in 1992 for selling bombs and high explosives to Colombian dealers.[^19] +Webb reported that Colombian trafficker [[Allen Raul Rudd]] told Justice Department officials in 1988 that Escobar claimed the Cartel had made a deal with Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]] to supply U.S. weapons to the Contras in return for free passage for cocaine to the United States, and that Escobar said photographs existed of planes with guns being unloaded in Colombia and of Bush with Jorge Ochoa in front of suitcases of money; Webb wrote that by 1993 Escobar was dead and Ochoa jailed and the photographs were not heard of again. Webb also reported that Meneses's organization ran parallel to the Medellín distribution networks and that Miranda said Aguado boasted of flying weapons from the Salvadoran military to the Colombian cartels, a claim Miranda doubted until a Salvadoran Air Force colonel and associates were arrested in 1992 for selling bombs and high explosives to Colombian dealers.[^19] ### The Seal aircraft, the CIA records and the Mena inquiries @@ -138,5 +138,5 @@ The Kerry report recorded that grand jury probes of Seal's associates who operat [^26]: Kathy Kiely, "CIA admits training at Mena," *Arkansas Democrat-Gazette*, November 9, 1996, pp. 1A, 12A (summarizing the declassified summary of the Inspector General's Report of Investigation on Mena). Copy: https://archivesspace.wilkes.edu/files/normanmailer/65.9_HG2_HarlotsGhostSequelResearch_ArkansasDemocraticGazetteArticles_1996November9.pdf [^27]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the record, "C-123K - Review of Additional Records," December 24, 1996, case Mena 96-0036-IG (CIA Reading Room 0001289850). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289850 [^28]: Letter, CIA Inspector General to Rep. James A. Leach, 1998 (CIA Reading Room 0001289865). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289865 -[^29]: R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., "The Arkansas Drug Shuttle," *The American Spectator*, August 1995, pp. 16-18 (copy attached to the CIA Public Affairs note to the Acting DCI, July 19, 1995, CIA Reading Room 0001289860). Sole source for Brown's account of the flights and for the Reed and Patterson statements as reported there. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289860 +[^29]: R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., "The Arkansas Drug Shuttle," *The American Spectator*, August 1995, pp. 16-18 (copy attached to the CIA Public Affairs note to the Acting DCI, July 19, 1995, CIA Reading Room 0001289860). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289860 [^30]: CIA memorandum for the record, "Video Tape Review: National Empowerment Network, American Investigator, 'Mena, Arkansas Under Investigation,' aired February 8, 1996," February 22, 1996 (CIA Reading Room 0001289764). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289764 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Meridian International Logistics.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Meridian International Logistics.md index 5c5eb9c5..c7e07293 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Meridian International Logistics.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Meridian International Logistics.md @@ -116,14 +116,14 @@ The House report records that Hamilton and Riconosciuto told its investigators N [^5]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Angelo Commito, Edward Sciandra, Michael Del Gaizo, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), paragraphs 3, 5, 9-13, 46, 69, 76, 79 and 84; Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing MIL as "at that time suspected as a 'source of funding'"; the affidavit places the wording under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf) [^6]: *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. United States,* 939 F.2d 740 (9th Cir. July 19, 1991) (No. 90-55281); the brief at note 2 describes MIL as "a Nevada corporation which has its primary place of business in Los Angeles." https://static.case.law/f2d/939/cases/0740-01.json [^7]: Moldea, Dan E. *Hollywood Confidential: A True Story of Wiretapping, Friendship, and Betrayal,* chapter 1 excerpt. https://www.moldea.com/BPFH-ChapterOne.pdf -[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 351 and 356. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair . Sole source for the Giaquinto resignation. +[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 351 and 356. https://archive.org/details/TheInslawAffair . [^9]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine (1992-12-DEC-JAN) [^10]: Seymour, Cheri. "VORTEX," diary dated February 24, 1992, affidavit page notarized October 28, 1992, pp. 11-12; Internet Archive item VORTEXDocument records Seymour's later statement that it was written hurriedly under duress and before she verified its contents. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument -[^11]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passage so cited. -[^12]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6," which Seymour wrote were by John Cohen, from conversations with Thomas Gates). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed +[^11]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* TrineDay, 2010. +[^12]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6," which Seymour wrote were by John Cohen, from conversations with Thomas Gates). https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed [^13]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair,* H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, section on Danny Casolaro and notes 212-217. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport [^14]: Same, notes 134 and 222. [^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, pp. 55-58. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 -[^16]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* pp. 337-342, interview of Peter Zokosky, February 14, 2001, from Seymour's and O'Meara's notes. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed . Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^16]: Seymour, *The Last Circle,* pp. 337-342, interview of Peter Zokosky, February 14, 2001, from Seymour's and O'Meara's notes. https://archive.org/details/TheOctopusExposed . [^17]: Bua report (note 15), pp. 157-159 and note 58 (on p. 159), citing *Booth Nichols v. City of Los Angeles,* No. NCC 31322B, trial transcript, March 11, 1993, pp. 32 et seq. [^18]: House report (note 13), notes 213 and 214 (Stavin sworn statement, March 13, 1992, pp. 23-24; memorandum of interview with Nichols, January 21, 1992). diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Miami Herald.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Miami Herald.md index d22b75f3..64e62de1 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Miami Herald.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Miami Herald.md @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ On November 28, 2018 Julie K. Brown published "Perversion of Justice" in the Her [^1]: Bernstein, Carl. "The CIA and the Media," *Rolling Stone*, October 20, 1977 (https://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php; read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2012/http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php). Bernstein attributes the statements to unnamed CIA officials. [^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976, section "Covert Relationships with the United States Media." https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf -[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, notes to chapter 27 ("Whether similar pressures were applied to Ceppos"). https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb Sole source for the passages so cited on the cable and the Latin American desk editor. +[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, notes to chapter 27 ("Whether similar pressures were applied to Ceppos"). https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb [^4]: Colby, W. E., letter to Bernard L. Barker, ER 74-1109, March 28, 1974, CIA Reading Room document C01482054 (released January 18, 2017). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01482054 [^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Wackenhut Corporation," headquarters file, memorandum on the Florida "war on crime," January 1967, in the FBI file posted at https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation (Wackenhut Corp.-HQ-1). [^6]: "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" Associated Press, in the FBI Tampa file on Wackenhut (Wackenhut Corp.-Tampa-1), same archive item as note 5. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/National Institute for Discovery Science.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/National Institute for Discovery Science.md index c1189813..2627a082 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/National Institute for Discovery Science.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/National Institute for Discovery Science.md @@ -9,19 +9,25 @@ summary: "The National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDS) was a privately fu start: 1995 end: 2004 location: "Las Vegas, Nevada, USA" -updated: 2026-10-02 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- The [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS) was a privately funded research organization founded by billionaire [[Robert Bigelow]] in 1995. The organization was dedicated to the scientific study of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) and other paranormal phenomena.[^1] +[[George Knapp]] wrote in a 2023 statement to Congress that Bigelow created NIDS in 1996 with a science advisory board of PhD-level academics, two former astronauts and scientists who had worked for or consulted with military and intelligence agencies, and that Senator [[Harry Reid]] attended one of the first board meetings after Knapp arranged an introduction.[^2] + ### Research and Investigations NIDS conducted research into a wide range of anomalous phenomena, including UAP sightings, cattle mutilations, and other paranormal events. The organization was known for its scientific approach to these topics, and it employed a team of scientists and researchers to investigate cases and analyze data.[^1] One of the most well-known projects undertaken by NIDS was the investigation of [[Skinwalker Ranch]], a property in [[Utah]] with a long history of strange and often terrifying phenomena. NIDS conducted a multi-year investigation of the ranch, documenting a wide range of anomalous activity.[^1] +### Science Advisory Board and staff + +The institute's personnel page as captured on December 6, 2000 listed a Science Advisory Board of [[Warren Burggren]] (chairman), [[Douglas P. Ferraro]], [[Albert A. Harrison]], [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Melvin Morse]], [[Martin Piltch]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Theodore Rockwell]], [[John F. Schuessler]], [[Jessica Utts]], [[Jacques Vallee]] and [[Jim Whinnery]]. The staff list named Robert Bigelow as president and founder, [[Colm Kelleher]] as deputy administrator (molecular biology and biochemistry), [[John B. Alexander]] as "Discrete Project Scout," [[Eric W. Davis]] (aerospace physics and astrophysics), [[George E. Onet]] (veterinary pathology) and [[Marcel Kuijsten]] (communications officer and webmaster).[^3] + ### Press Report of April 1997 -The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]] wrote in April 1997 (reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* on April 29) that research scientists who had taken control of a 480-acre [[Uintah County, Utah|Uintah County]] ranch near [[Randlett, Utah|Randlett]] the previous fall remained there although they had not seen the phenomena that its former owners, [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman, described. A spokesman for the [[Las Vegas]]-based institute said the researchers had yet to see flying craft, cattle mutilations or the "balls of light" that the Shermans said killed dogs. [[John B. Alexander]], identified as the institute's director for scientific liaison, was quoted: "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind." The story described Bigelow as a Las Vegas real estate magnate who founded the institute and who bought the ranch in September 1996, three months after the Shermans first told their account publicly in the *Deseret News*; it said two scientists and a veterinarian had set up an observation post, that the institute had not released details to other UFO researchers who were frustrated by that, and that Alexander said findings would be posted on the institute's web page (accessnv.com/nids).[^2] +The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]] wrote in April 1997 (reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* on April 29) that research scientists who had taken control of a 480-acre [[Uintah County, Utah|Uintah County]] ranch near [[Randlett, Utah|Randlett]] the previous fall remained there although they had not seen the phenomena that its former owners, [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman, described. A spokesman for the [[Las Vegas]]-based institute said the researchers had yet to see flying craft, cattle mutilations or the "balls of light" that the Shermans said killed dogs. John B. Alexander, identified as the institute's director for scientific liaison, was quoted: "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind." The story described Bigelow as a Las Vegas real estate magnate who founded the institute and who bought the ranch in September 1996, three months after the Shermans first told their account publicly in the *Deseret News*; it said two scientists and a veterinarian had set up an observation post, that the institute had not released details to other UFO researchers who were frustrated by that, and that Alexander said findings would be posted on the institute's web page (accessnv.com/nids).[^4] ### Connection to AATIP @@ -30,4 +36,6 @@ The work of NIDS was a precursor to the research conducted by the [[Advanced Aer ### Footnotes [^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024. -[^2]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/. +[^2]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," July 26, 2023 hearing record, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf +[^3]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html +[^4]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Open Philanthropy.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Open Philanthropy.md index 025b81a4..feeb301f 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Open Philanthropy.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Open Philanthropy.md @@ -166,6 +166,6 @@ On Open Philanthropy's share of effective altruism funding, two compilations giv [^24]: Open Philanthropy, "RAND Corporation, AI Evaluation and Testing," September 2025, archived. http://web.archive.org/web/20251025225511id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/rand-corporation-ai-evaluation-and-testing/ [^25]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," grant page, award date July 2019, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel. Archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/ [^26]: Open Philanthropy grant pages for the Effective Altruism Foundation: April 2020, 15,358 dollars; October 2020, 375,000 dollars; January 2022, 697,268 dollars; April 2022, 200,000 dollars (Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness). Archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy-2022/ , https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-european-policy-research-and-advocacy-2022-2/ -[^27]: Simon Knutsson, "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," simonknutsson.com, November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project Sole source; Knutsson did not publish the replies. +[^27]: Simon Knutsson, "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," simonknutsson.com, November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project Knutsson did not publish the replies. [^28]: Benjamin Todd, "How are resources in effective altruism allocated across issues?," 80,000 Hours, August 9, 2021, section on 2019 funding by cause area. https://80000hours.org/2021/08/effective-altruism-allocation-resources-cause-areas/ [^29]: "Historical EA funding data," spreadsheet linked from the Effective Altruism Forum post of that title, last updated November 7, 2023; columns OPP, GW, EAF (which in this sheet denotes the EA Funds, not the Effective Altruism Foundation), ACE, SFF, FTX, annual totals 2012 to 2023 (estimate). https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/ZbaDmowkXbTBsxvHn/historical-ea-funding-data Percentages and the 2012 to 2022 sum computed from the sheet's dollar figures. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ordo Templi Orientis.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ordo Templi Orientis.md index 940f5ebe..01d1c5a7 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ordo Templi Orientis.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ordo Templi Orientis.md @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Crowley's unpublished diaries for 1943 and 1944 and typescripts in the [[Yorke C [^10]: Starr, The Unknown God, as cited in the Crowley Timeline, entry for April 19, 1934, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Years/1934.html. [^11]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, A. M. Thurston to Mr. Clegg, October 23, 1940, name check of John Whiteside Parsons requested by Brig. Gen. Sherman Miles, G-2 (result: "NO RECORD WAS LOCATED"), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1940-10-23-FBI-File.html; Agape Lodge minutes, June 13, 1941, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1941/1941-06-13-Meeting-Minutes.html; War Department, Office of the Chief of Engineers, letter to 2nd Lt. Grady L. McMurtry, August 9, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-08-09-War-Department-to-McMurtry.html. [^12]: FBI file on John Whiteside Parsons, Part 1 (Los Angeles report of December 1950 summarizing the Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, provost marshal record), archive.org/details/JohnParsons, file "John Parsons 01." -[^13]: FBI Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, file 100-189320-2, transcribed at aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html. Sole source for the passages so cited; the informant's statements are quoted as the informant's. +[^13]: FBI Oklahoma City letter to the Bureau, March 31, 1944, file 100-189320-2, transcribed at aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/Parsons/1944-03-31-FBI-File.html. The informant's statements are quoted as the informant's. [^14]: Germer, Karl, letter to Jane Wolfe, March 12, 1942, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1942/1942-03-12-Germer-to-Wolfe.htm. [^15]: Smith, Wilfred T., letter to Crowley, February 3, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-02-03-Smith-to-Crowley.html. [^16]: Schneider, Max, letter to Karl Germer, Hollywood, March 27, 1943, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1943/1943-03-27-Schneider-to-Germer.html. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Radiance Technologies.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Radiance Technologies.md index 6707ed53..87dda970 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Radiance Technologies.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Radiance Technologies.md @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ relations: role: "subawardee ('TECHNICAL SERVICES', subaward DSC3104B, eleven rows) under General Services Administration award GS05T13BMC0003, 'Foreign Materiel Exploitation Engineering and Maintenance Support'" fn: 45 created: 2026-10-03 -updated: 2026-10-04 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- Radiance Technologies is a 100 percent employee-owned prime contractor headquartered in [[Huntsville]], [[Alabama]], that describes its work as cybersecurity, systems engineering, prototyping and integration, and operational and strategic intelligence, including scientific and technical intelligence.[^1] Its Alabama corporate record shows incorporation in Madison County on June 1, 1998 under the name CDES, Inc., with a legal name change to Radiance Technologies, Inc. on February 2, 1999; company releases give 1999 as the founding year.[^2] A release dated September 9, 2026 gives more than 1,200 employee-owners.[^3] @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ The [[Small Business Administration]] list of active mentor-protege agreements ( Radiance announced on April 22, 2022 (a Friday) that [[Travis Taylor]], described in the announcement as a scientist, author, engineer and television star, had joined as a principal research scientist. Chief executive Bill Bailey was quoted: "Dr. Taylor is an outstanding and highly qualified scientist whose inventive way of thinking will be a great asset for Radiance."[^18] -A Radiance release dated May 12, 2022, "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," announced the hiring of [[Jay Stratton]] (John F. Stratton Jr.), "recently retired" from his role as Defense Intelligence Senior Executive with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], as a member of the chief executive's strategy team for scientific and technical intelligence work. It describes him as "the first Director of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force (UAPTF)," and quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]]: "Jay's extensive experience in the Intelligence Community will be valuable in identifying and cultivating new strategic teaming opportunities within both industry and government."[^19] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] wrote on May 24, 2022 that "In January 2021 ... Stratton was surprisingly transferred out of the job" at the [[UAP Task Force]], and that Taylor said of Stratton, "he and I have been colleagues for a long time." Knapp wrote that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^20] +A Radiance release dated May 12, 2022, "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," announced the hiring of [[Jay Stratton]] (John F. Stratton Jr.), "recently retired" from his role as Defense Intelligence Senior Executive with the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], as a member of the chief executive's strategy team for scientific and technical intelligence work. It describes him as "the first Director of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force (UAPTF)," and quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]]: "Jay's extensive experience in the Intelligence Community will be valuable in identifying and cultivating new strategic teaming opportunities within both industry and government."[^19] [[George Knapp]] of [[KLAS-TV]] wrote on May 23, 2022 (posted 9:12 PM Pacific time) that "In January 2021 ... Stratton was surprisingly transferred out of the job" at the [[UAP Task Force]], and that Taylor said of Stratton, "he and I have been colleagues for a long time." Knapp wrote that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^20] ### Statements by company officials @@ -482,9 +482,9 @@ In June 2023 [[The War Zone]] reported that NASIC includes a Foreign Materiel Ex [^17]: U.S. Small Business Administration, "Active Mentor-Protege Agreements," file "Active Firm List 10-1-26 with Details including Mentors (Exportable)," effective October 1, 2026, updated October 2, 2026. https://legacy.sba.gov/document/support-active-mentor-protege-agreements ; Bright Path Research LLC, news item of February 2025. https://brightpathresearch.com/news-BPR-SPA [^18]: "Radiance Technologies Appoints TV Personality Dr. Travis S. Taylor as a Principal Research Scientist; CEO Bill Bailey Quoted," ExecutiveGov, April 22, 2022. https://www.executivegov.com/?p=233066 [^19]: "John F. Stratton Jr. Joins Radiance Technologies as SME for Intel Strategy," Radiance Technologies, PR Newswire, May 12, 2022, read in the Internet Archive capture of the same date. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512145721/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-f-stratton-jr-joins-radiance-technologies-as-sme-for-intel-strategy-301546258.html -[^20]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), May 24, 2022. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=1136519 +[^20]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," 8 News Now (KLAS), posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/ [^21]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022 (Pacific time). https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/ -[^22]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023, read in the present version and in an Internet Archive capture of December 2023. Sole source for the Sheehan statements so cited. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down ; https://web.archive.org/web/20231204/https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down +[^22]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023, read in the present version and in an Internet Archive capture of December 2023. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down ; https://web.archive.org/web/20231204/https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down [^23]: Federal Election Commission API, committee C00372979, /schedules/schedule_b/ filtered by recipient names "ROGERS" and "TURNER," with committee records C00367862, C00373001 and C00611962 and candidate records H2AL03032 and H2OH03067, fetched October 3, 2026. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_b/?committee_id=C00372979 [^24]: Government Accountability Office, Bid Protest Docket, Radiance Technologies, Inc. (TORFP-24-005), file number B-422615.1, Internet Archive capture of February 6, 2025. https://www.gao.gov/docket/b-422615.1 [^25]: Radiance Technologies, "About Us" (George Clark, John Dennis, Scott Dublin; March 15, 1999), Wayback capture of July 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170711221013/https://www.radiancetech.com/about-us/ ; "Who We Are," Wayback capture of September 23, 2020 (same three names). https://web.archive.org/web/20200923061034/https://www.radiancetech.com/who-we-are/ @@ -548,6 +548,6 @@ In June 2023 [[The War Zone]] reported that NASIC includes a Foreign Materiel Ex [^83]: Senate Lobbying Disclosure Act database, Venn Strategies reports for the client Employee-Owned Contractors Roundtable, affiliated-organization fields: 2019 amended reports (c3cc1cc3-b62d-4912-8f2a-1b9860a8f9b1, 009b449c-7468-4a0f-8c46-3fe923a39cc6, 712e0254-257f-479f-bb15-e662062e948e, 9d6729fd-6e52-4087-b25a-006844aa9593), 2020 amended reports (ec57a71a-f736-4605-95fb-9ce9451779af, c4fa4e76-8351-477d-b6af-c731d194d637, 6e730121-4948-46c2-ae6e-ed2404fa568f), fourth-quarter 2020 (b82fc02a-0133-4a1b-afb8-8b6fa34bcfb8), 2021 reports (385d74d8-5048-4ac0-b5b2-7474540b730f, 6e6ed7db-5fb1-44d4-ba93-05aaeefc5cbd, c94c47aa-b819-4f8b-9823-abc581d48539, 88eb6018-3dea-4cac-a8fc-27ce4c07b6c9), first-quarter 2022 (2c310bce-8a23-41e0-8d75-270364d7dbbc) and first-quarter 2023 (a15d3709-503a-4420-9d86-b1417e132890); Roundtable second-quarter 2024 report (03ce544f-80b8-40f1-aaa5-ab75bb216774) and third-quarter 2024 report (2733b6d1-9f17-46be-b3de-8dd14dc20471); Venn Strategies for Radiance Technologies, Inc., second-quarter 2024 report (8ffd2c47-9cc1-4808-a2bb-b73a6d788e39) and third-quarter 2024 report (af9b42a2-b245-4019-bc3d-b7b8a648afb8); Employee-Owned Contractors Roundtable, "About Us," 2026 Membership List, https://ecrcoalition.com/about-us/ ; Regulations.gov, Docket DARS-2024-0017, comment DARS-2024-0017-0013, https://www.regulations.gov/comment/DARS-2024-0017-0013 ; Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement final rule, 89 Fed. Reg. 82183 (October 10, 2024), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-10-10/html/2024-23226.htm [^84]: Federal Election Commission, candidate record H8AL05208 (Robert Clayton Hinchman, Alabama 5th District, 2018, party GOP); WAFF, "Clayton Hinchman receives endorsements from local military, business leaders," 2018. https://www.waff.com/story/38320177/clayton-hinchman-receives-endorsements-from-local-military-business-leaders/ ; https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/H8AL05208/ [^85]: Federal Election Commission, Hinchman for Congress (C00648162), Schedule A and committee totals; Schedule B record of the Radiance PAC disbursement (image 201804239111724609). https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?committee_id=C00648162 -[^86]: Steve Skojec, "The Banality of Ontological Shock," The Skojec File, December 7, 2023 (transcription of a Twitter Space statement by Daniel Sheehan). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://skojecfile.steveskojec.com/p/the-banality-of-ontological-shock +[^86]: Steve Skojec, "The Banality of Ontological Shock," The Skojec File, December 7, 2023 (transcription of a Twitter Space statement by Daniel Sheehan). https://skojecfile.steveskojec.com/p/the-banality-of-ontological-shock [^87]: Joseph Trevithick and Tyler Rogoway, "Aliens Or Not, Secret Crash Retrieval Programs Are A Very Real Thing," The War Zone, June 15, 2023. https://www.twz.com/aliens-or-not-secret-crash-retrieval-programs-are-a-very-real-thing [^88]: Inspector General, Department of Defense, "Use of Foreign Materiel Exploitation Results," Audit Report No. 98-005, October 8, 1997, executive summary and Part I. https://media.defense.gov/1997/Oct/08/2001715489/-1/-1/1/98-005.pdf (archived: https://web.archive.org/web/2026/https://media.defense.gov/1997/Oct/08/2001715489/-1/-1/1/98-005.pdf) diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rand Corporation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rand Corporation.md index b26695de..e8752905 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rand Corporation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rand Corporation.md @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ In Le Matin des magiciens, [[Jacques Bergier]] and [[Louis Pauwels]] wrote that [^1]: Peter Watson, *War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology*. Basic Books, 1978. pp. 388-394 (Ch. 21), 462-468 (App. II); Mai Elliott, *RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era*. RAND CP-564, 2010; Anthony Russo, "Looking Backward: RAND and Vietnam," *Ramparts*, October 1972; RAND report series: RM-4507/3-ISA (March 1965), RM-4911-2-ISA/ARPA (1966), RM-5446-1-ISA/ARPA (October 1967), RM-5462-1 (November 1969), RM-6131-1 (September 1970). [^2]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 187-200 and notes 76-123; conference participants at p. 190 note 88; Rosten at pp. 190-191 note 89; Weaver at p. 192; Q clearance at p. 198. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content. Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (sfz123260), and the University at Albany Speier Papers finding aid (GER-084) give the same RAND dates. -[^3]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 89 ("He came to RAND through Allen Wallis"); introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"). Sole source for the Rosten route. +[^3]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 89 ("He came to RAND through Allen Wallis"); introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"). [^4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction p. 13 (the OWI connection with Rosten; Speier recruited several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND), pp. 132-137 (February 1942 offer; Principal Political Analyst, November 1942; Acting Chief Analyst after Watson's departure, p. 137) and pp. 145-146 (transfer to the Overseas Operations Branch, May 22, 1944). [^5]: Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (New York: Oxford University Press, 1944), Preface (work begun April 1, 1941). [^6]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 187 note 76. @@ -114,4 +114,4 @@ In Le Matin des magiciens, [[Jacques Bergier]] and [[Louis Pauwels]] wrote that [^10]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. [^11]: Maire, Louis F., III, and J. D. LaMothe. *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research*, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2. [^12]: Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. *Le Matin des magiciens*, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141. -[^13]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^13]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rockefeller Foundation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rockefeller Foundation.md index 1977f450..198546fe 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rockefeller Foundation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rockefeller Foundation.md @@ -18,24 +18,38 @@ relations: start: 1933 end: 1943 role: "co-funded University in Exile appointments and the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication" - fn: 8 + fn: 10 - type: funded with: "[[Max Ascoli]]" start: 1931 role: "fellowship that brought him to the United States" - fn: 22 + fn: 24 - type: funded with: "[[Princeton Listening Center]]" start: 1939-11 end: 1941-06 role: "foundation funding for the listening center, per the Princeton finding aid and Mercado" - fn: 26 + fn: 28 - type: funded with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]" role: "grants to the Institute's predecessor projects and to Institute studies; donor listed in the historical note" start: 1941-03 end: 1951 - fn: 21 + fn: 23 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Cyrus Vance]]" + reverse: true + role: "trustee 1970 to 1977; chairman of the board 1975 to 1977" + start: 1970 + end: 1977 + fn: 7 + - type: director_of + with: "[[Cyrus Vance]]" + reverse: true + role: "trustee again 1980 until retirement effective June 30, 1982" + start: 1980 + end: 1982-06-30 + fn: 8 --- The Rockefeller Foundation, chartered in 1913 and endowed from the [[Standard Oil]] fortune, was the largest of the [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.|Rockefeller]] family's philanthropies and the institutional model for the family's approach to social engineering through medicine, education, and agriculture. Across the first half of the twentieth century its public-health campaigns in [[Latin America]] (against hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever) prepared the ground for American corporate penetration of the region, easing the human suffering that accompanied plantation agriculture and resource extraction without addressing its causes. By the Cold War the Foundation had become a reservoir of national-security policy talent, supplying secretaries of state and trustees who moved between its board and the highest levels of US government, and a funder of psychiatric research that intersected the CIA's mind-control programs. @@ -60,35 +74,37 @@ The Foundation's survey programs doubled as intelligence-gathering. The Harvard The Foundation's board functioned as a recruiting pool for US foreign policy. In 1952, as [[John Foster Dulles]] prepared to become Eisenhower's secretary of state, he turned over the chair of the Foundation to [[John D. Rockefeller III|John D. Rockefeller 3rd]] and tapped his friend [[Dean Rusk]] for the presidency. When [[John F. Kennedy]] formed his cabinet in December 1960, Robert Lovett, a Foundation trustee, declined State, Defense, and Treasury and instead recommended Rusk, then the Foundation's president, who took the call from the president-elect while attending a board meeting and became secretary of state; trustee [[Chester Bowles]] joined him as undersecretary. Earlier figures linking the Foundation to the foreign-policy establishment included UN undersecretary-general [[Ralph Bunche]] (a former grantee and trustee), [[Council on Foreign Relations]] guiding light Fosdick, Union Theological Seminary president Henry Pitney Van Dusen, and Colombia's [[Alberto Lleras Camargo]], who collaborated with Nelson Rockefeller and became a Foundation trustee.[^6] +The chairman of the board at the end of 1976 was [[Cyrus Vance]], a trustee from 1970 who had chaired the board since 1975. The trustees listed as of December 31, 1976 included [[W. Michael Blumenthal]], [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Vernon Jordan]], [[Lane Kirkland]], [[Bill Moyers]], [[Robert V. Roosa]], [[Frederick Seitz]], [[Paul Volcker]] and [[Clifton R. Wharton, Jr.|Clifton Wharton]], with John D. Rockefeller 3rd as honorary chairman. The president's report for 1976 states that in the selection of Americans to serve the incoming administration of [[Jimmy Carter]] the chairman of the board, Vance, had been appointed Secretary of State and the chairman of its Audit Committee, Blumenthal, Secretary of the Treasury, and that "Mr. Vance becomes the third Trustee in the history of the Foundation to be named Secretary of State, the others being John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk."[^7] In October 1975 Vance had headed a world affairs delegation to China, which the president's report mentions in connection with a Foundation working paper, "China Diary."[^7] He rejoined the board in 1980 and retired effective June 30, 1982, having served on its Executive and Finance Committees; the 1982 report notes the retirement in the same year of the chairman, Hesburgh, and of the former chairman, Vance, whose combined service on the board was 30 years.[^8] + ### Mind-Control Research Funding -The Foundation's reach extended into the psychiatric research that the CIA would later exploit. In 1943 it funded the establishment of the [[Allan Memorial Institute]] at [[McGill University]] in Montreal (the book renders the name "Allen"), the psychiatric institute later directed by [[D. Ewen Cameron]], whose depatterning experiments became [[MKULTRA]] Subproject 68. The Foundation also funded [[Sensory Deprivation]] research, the technique of strapping subjects in a sealed box cut off from light, sound, smell, and touch; in March 1955 the [[National Institutes of Health]] began CIA-funded experiments using the standard method minus the practice of releasing subjects on request, after which mind-control experiments spread under funding directed by [[Sidney Gottlieb]] of the CIA's [[TSS|Technical Services Staff]], part of an old-boy network that included Nelson Rockefeller's former CIAA associate [[J.C. King]]. Colby and Dennett note that Nelson "needed little introduction to MKULTRA," the CIA's use of the health and welfare bureaucracy for mind-control work having begun during his own tenure as undersecretary of HEW.[^7] +The Foundation's reach extended into the psychiatric research that the CIA would later exploit. In 1943 it funded the establishment of the [[Allan Memorial Institute]] at [[McGill University]] in Montreal (the book renders the name "Allen"), the psychiatric institute later directed by [[D. Ewen Cameron]], whose depatterning experiments became [[MKULTRA]] Subproject 68. The Foundation also funded [[Sensory Deprivation]] research, the technique of strapping subjects in a sealed box cut off from light, sound, smell, and touch; in March 1955 the [[National Institutes of Health]] began CIA-funded experiments using the standard method minus the practice of releasing subjects on request, after which mind-control experiments spread under funding directed by [[Sidney Gottlieb]] of the CIA's [[TSS|Technical Services Staff]], part of an old-boy network that included Nelson Rockefeller's former CIAA associate [[J.C. King]]. Colby and Dennett note that Nelson "needed little introduction to MKULTRA," the CIA's use of the health and welfare bureaucracy for mind-control work having begun during his own tenure as undersecretary of HEW.[^9] ### New School for Social Research -The Foundation paired with the [[New School for Social Research]] in 1933 to bring German and Central European scholars to the University in Exile. [[Alvin Johnson]] and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933. The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^8] Johnson later went to Raymond Fosdick, then the Foundation's president, for travel and two-year stipends for five scholars, and the Foundation supplied expert information on who was a Nazi or Fascist.[^9] +The Foundation paired with the [[New School for Social Research]] in 1933 to bring German and Central European scholars to the University in Exile. [[Alvin Johnson]] and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933. The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^10] Johnson later went to Raymond Fosdick, then the Foundation's president, for travel and two-year stipends for five scholars, and the Foundation supplied expert information on who was a Nazi or Fascist.[^11] -The New School's history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000, [[Hiram J. Halle]] gave the whole $60,000 for the University in Exile, and that additional funding from the Foundation "enabled him to enlarge his rescue efforts."[^10] [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as associated with the Foundation, which he says spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars.[^11] +The New School's history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000, [[Hiram J. Halle]] gave the whole $60,000 for the University in Exile, and that additional funding from the Foundation "enabled him to enlarge his rescue efforts."[^12] [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as associated with the Foundation, which he says spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars.[^13] -The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee scholar program states that Foundation officers worked closely with Johnson, with whom they had been working since 1933, and that the Foundation depended on the Emergency Committee to find permanent employment for scholars and on the [[United States Department of State]] to secure non-quota visas.[^12] Johnson's memoir has his request to Fosdick growing from five scholars to fifteen and then twenty-five, then to a project of one hundred, which Fosdick put to his trustees and approved the next day; the New York Times obituary of June 9, 1971 states that the Foundation "approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres."[^13] The Foundation's grant records group the New School's files under the refugee-scholar program, with a separate file for the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] and wartime projects including Totalitarian Communication Studies and War and Peace Studies.[^14] A July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson, written after the French government barred French males of military age from leaving Paris, is filed in the Foundation's records.[^15] +The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee scholar program states that Foundation officers worked closely with Johnson, with whom they had been working since 1933, and that the Foundation depended on the Emergency Committee to find permanent employment for scholars and on the [[United States Department of State]] to secure non-quota visas.[^14] Johnson's memoir has his request to Fosdick growing from five scholars to fifteen and then twenty-five, then to a project of one hundred, which Fosdick put to his trustees and approved the next day; the New York Times obituary of June 9, 1971 states that the Foundation "approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres."[^15] The Foundation's grant records group the New School's files under the refugee-scholar program, with a separate file for the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] and wartime projects including Totalitarian Communication Studies and War and Peace Studies.[^16] A July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson, written after the French government barred French males of military age from leaving Paris, is filed in the Foundation's records.[^17] -The Foundation funded the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] at the New School, led by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]], which analyzed radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and was coordinated with the British Broadcasting Corporation and government agencies. Foundation funding ended in 1943, and many of the researchers later held federal posts. John Foster Dulles, a Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation to continue work in this field after the war in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^16] +The Foundation funded the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] at the New School, led by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]], which analyzed radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and was coordinated with the British Broadcasting Corporation and government agencies. Foundation funding ended in 1943, and many of the researchers later held federal posts. John Foster Dulles, a Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation to continue work in this field after the war in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^18] -The Foundation's grants reached the [[Institute of World Affairs]] through its predecessor projects and through studies run by the Institute. Its grants for the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication were $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942.[^17] A study titled "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction," compiled by the Institute from 1944 to 1949, was funded by the Foundation "in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^18] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941, was financed by the Foundation and "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^19] A folder for [[Joseph H. Willits]] for 1941 to 1952 concerns a Foundation grant for the project of [[Hans Neisser]] titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^20] The Institute's historical note reports its funding for 1943 to 1951 at $630,000, with the Foundation among its donors.[^21] +The Foundation's grants reached the [[Institute of World Affairs]] through its predecessor projects and through studies run by the Institute. Its grants for the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication were $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942.[^19] A study titled "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction," compiled by the Institute from 1944 to 1949, was funded by the Foundation "in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^20] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941, was financed by the Foundation and "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^21] A folder for [[Joseph H. Willits]] for 1941 to 1952 concerns a Foundation grant for the project of [[Hans Neisser]] titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^22] The Institute's historical note reports its funding for 1943 to 1951 at $630,000, with the Foundation among its donors.[^23] ### Refugee Scholar Fellowships, 1931 to 1933 -The Italian anti-fascist [[Max Ascoli]] came to the United States in 1931 on a Foundation fellowship; Ascoli wrote in 1954 that the offer was made in the spring of 1931 by the Foundation's representative in Italy, [[Luigi Einaudi]].[^22][^23] In 1933 Johnson recruited Ascoli, with the Austrian scholar [[Erich Hula]], as one of two additional Rockefeller scholars for the University in Exile, and Ascoli joined the Graduate Faculty in late 1933.[^24] +The Italian anti-fascist [[Max Ascoli]] came to the United States in 1931 on a Foundation fellowship; Ascoli wrote in 1954 that the offer was made in the spring of 1931 by the Foundation's representative in Italy, [[Luigi Einaudi]].[^24][^25] In 1933 Johnson recruited Ascoli, with the Austrian scholar [[Erich Hula]], as one of two additional Rockefeller scholars for the University in Exile, and Ascoli joined the Graduate Faculty in late 1933.[^26] ### Belém Virus Laboratory -In the Brazilian Amazon the Foundation's medical infrastructure directly served the development drive. The BR-010 highway pushed south from [[Belem|Belém]] toward [[Juscelino Kubitschek|Kubitschek's]] new capital at Brasília, "shielded from the jungle's malarial counterattacks by mosquito control programs and scientists from the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Belém Virus Laboratory," the same road network that opened uncontacted indigenous territories to settlement and mining.[^25] +In the Brazilian Amazon the Foundation's medical infrastructure directly served the development drive. The BR-010 highway pushed south from [[Belem|Belém]] toward [[Juscelino Kubitschek|Kubitschek's]] new capital at Brasília, "shielded from the jungle's malarial counterattacks by mosquito control programs and scientists from the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Belém Virus Laboratory," the same road network that opened uncontacted indigenous territories to settlement and mining.[^27] ### Princeton Listening Center and Wartime Monitoring -The Foundation's money reached American radio monitoring before the government had a monitoring service of its own. The [[Princeton Listening Center]] was launched in November 1939 at [[Princeton University]] with Foundation funding, and its finding aid states that it was financed by the Foundation and continued its work until June 1941, when the [[Federal Communications Commission]] took over; [[Stephen C. Mercado]] likewise gives the absorption by the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] as June.[^26] Daniel Bessner writes that Washington organizations "used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to Graduate Faculty members," some of whom could not work directly for the government because they remained foreign nationals.[^27] +The Foundation's money reached American radio monitoring before the government had a monitoring service of its own. The [[Princeton Listening Center]] was launched in November 1939 at [[Princeton University]] with Foundation funding, and its finding aid states that it was financed by the Foundation and continued its work until June 1941, when the [[Federal Communications Commission]] took over; [[Stephen C. Mercado]] likewise gives the absorption by the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] as June.[^28] Daniel Bessner writes that Washington organizations "used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to Graduate Faculty members," some of whom could not work directly for the government because they remained foreign nationals.[^29] -A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, Princeton and the Foundation. [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] wrote a memo for [[Lloyd Free]] on July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment" at inaccuracies in the article, among them its claim of a joint project.[^28] +A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, Princeton and the Foundation. [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] wrote a memo for [[Lloyd Free]] on July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment" at inaccuracies in the article, among them its claim of a joint project.[^30] ### Footnotes @@ -98,25 +114,27 @@ A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, [^4]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 3; Ch. 5. [^5]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 9; Ch. 10. [^6]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 12; Ch. 18; Ch. 23. -[^7]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18. -[^8]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of The New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 86, p. 91 and p. 94. -[^9]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366-367. -[^10]: Histories of The New School, "University in Exile." https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile -[^11]: Daniel Morris Bessner, The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State (Duke University dissertation, 2013), p. 84 and note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101 -[^12]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked closely with Alvin Johnson of the New School for Social Research, with whom they had been working since 1933; the Emergency Committee found permanent employment for scholars). -[^13]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366 to 367; "Dr. Alvin Johnson Of New School Dies," The New York Times, June 9, 1971, p. 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/09/archives/dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school-dies-dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school.html -[^14]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file groups "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," "New School for Social Research - Totalitarian Communication Studies," and "War and Peace Studies," https://dimes.rockarch.org. -[^15]: Rockefeller Archive Center, REsource story "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program" (letter from Marc Bloch to Alvin Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550). -[^16]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/ -[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 130-131. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content -[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256 -[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285 -[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198 -[^21]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235 -[^22]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Also Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/. -[^23]: "The Reporter's Notes," The Reporter, September 23, 1954, pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5. -[^24]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118. -[^25]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 22. -[^26]: Princeton University Library, "Princeton Listening Center Records, 1939-1941" (AC015), finding aid. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC015. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on the Princeton Listening Center's launch in November 1939 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and on its absorption by FBIS in June. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm. -[^27]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 138. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718. -[^28]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article of July 1941 and Graves's memo of 9 July 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. +[^7]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1976, text on the Foundation's trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1976-1.pdf +[^8]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1982, text on the Foundation's trustees. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1982-1.pdf +[^9]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18. +[^10]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of The New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 86, p. 91 and p. 94. +[^11]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366-367. +[^12]: Histories of The New School, "University in Exile." https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile +[^13]: Daniel Morris Bessner, The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State (Duke University dissertation, 2013), p. 84 and note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101 +[^14]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked closely with Alvin Johnson of the New School for Social Research, with whom they had been working since 1933; the Emergency Committee found permanent employment for scholars). +[^15]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366 to 367; "Dr. Alvin Johnson Of New School Dies," The New York Times, June 9, 1971, p. 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/09/archives/dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school-dies-dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school.html +[^16]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file groups "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," "New School for Social Research - Totalitarian Communication Studies," and "War and Peace Studies," https://dimes.rockarch.org. +[^17]: Rockefeller Archive Center, REsource story "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program" (letter from Marc Bloch to Alvin Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550). +[^18]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/ +[^19]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 130-131. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content +[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256 +[^21]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285 +[^22]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198 +[^23]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235 +[^24]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Also Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/. +[^25]: "The Reporter's Notes," The Reporter, September 23, 1954, pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5. +[^26]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118. +[^27]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 22. +[^28]: Princeton University Library, "Princeton Listening Center Records, 1939-1941" (AC015), finding aid. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC015. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on the Princeton Listening Center's launch in November 1939 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and on its absorption by FBIS in June. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm. +[^29]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 138. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718. +[^30]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article of July 1941 and Graves's memo of 9 July 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Scientology.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Scientology.md index 099ce804..13a509fa 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Scientology.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Scientology.md @@ -147,5 +147,5 @@ On November 16, 1977 officers of the CIA's [[Office of Technical Service]] brief [^17]: CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0 (psychological report, SRI parapsychology study); "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," Time, March 4, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8; Hanlon, Joseph, New Scientist, October 17, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110020-3, and the same passage in Nature, October 18, 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090024-7; Hyman, Ray, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," The Humanist, May/June 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4; letter to the fellows of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, December 5, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080012-1; reading notes on Wilhelm's The Search for Superman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100040006-1. [^18]: Wilhelm, John L., Washington Post, 1977 (article on the military potential of parapsychology), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3; Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Technical Service, Memorandum for the Record OTS/BAB 287-77, November 17, 1977, with attached article on Patrick Price, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0. [^19]: SRI remote viewing session transcript, October 4, 1973 (Hugh Crane, Pat Price, Russell Targ, Hal Puthoff, Ann Price), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130011-6. -[^20]: Ortega, Tony, "Scientology and the Spoonbenders: Jon Atack on a previously unpublished Ingo Swann essay," tonyortega.org, July 8, 2017, tonyortega.org/?p=41121, quoting Atack and Hugh B. Urban. Sole source for the OT III and OT VII statements and for the date and venue of the Swann paper; the claimants are named in the text. -[^21]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, read in the archive.org full-text copy, the chapter on the SRI work and its note 12. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^20]: Ortega, Tony, "Scientology and the Spoonbenders: Jon Atack on a previously unpublished Ingo Swann essay," tonyortega.org, July 8, 2017, tonyortega.org/?p=41121, quoting Atack and Hugh B. Urban. The claimants are named in the text. +[^21]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, read in the archive.org full-text copy, the chapter on the SRI work and its note 12. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sky Watcher.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sky Watcher.md index e29c45df..80548444 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sky Watcher.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Sky Watcher.md @@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ The Defense Department's response to Barber's January 2025 claims, given by spok [^2]: Michael Ramsey, "Skywatcher video of 'summoned' UFOs coming soon: Ross Coulthart," NewsNation, updated April 7, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/summoned-ufos-video-ross-coulthart/ [^3]: Skywatcher, "About." https://skywatcher.ai/about (retrieved October 3, 2026). [^4]: Ross Coulthart, "Is the Trump administration running a covert UFO program?," NewsNation Reality Check, published about August 2026 (retrieved October 3, 2026 showing "2 months ago"). https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/ -[^5]: Jimmy, "Skywatcher: The Disclosure Team That Disappeared - I Tracked Their Helicopter," UAP Files, August 12, 2026. https://uapf.substack.com/p/skywatcher-the-disclosure-team-that . Sole source for the domain registration and YouTube creation dates cited here. -[^6]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story . Colavito reports Greenstreet's reporting at second hand. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Jimmy, "Skywatcher: The Disclosure Team That Disappeared - I Tracked Their Helicopter," UAP Files, August 12, 2026. https://uapf.substack.com/p/skywatcher-the-disclosure-team-that . +[^6]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story . Colavito reports Greenstreet's reporting at second hand. [^7]: Skywatcher, home page and FAQ. https://skywatcher.ai/ (retrieved October 3, 2026). [^8]: Skywatcher, "Research." https://skywatcher.ai/research (retrieved October 3, 2026). [^9]: SEC EDGAR full-text search, phrases "Skywatcher," "Sky Watcher," "Skywatcher Technologies," "Jake Barber," forms D, October 3, 2026. https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22Skywatcher%22&forms=D diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Southern Air Transport.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Southern Air Transport.md index f4daddbe..04dcc2c2 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Southern Air Transport.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Southern Air Transport.md @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ On the aircraft identity, the CIA Inspector General's December 24, 1996 review o The CIA Inspector General's 1998 report recorded that on January 21, 1987 Deputy Director [[Robert Gates]] sent Assistant Secretary of State [[Morton Abramowitz]] a memorandum stating that the Customs office in New Orleans was investigating an allegation of drug trafficking by Southern Air Transport crew members, that the source was a senior official of the FDN, and that the official feared the scandal "could redound badly on FDN interests"; Gates's transmittal letter attributes the allegations to [[Mario Calero]]. A February 23, 1991 [[DEA]] cable stated that Southern Air Transport was "of record" in the DEA's database from January 1985 to September 1990 for alleged involvement in cocaine trafficking, and that an August 1990 entry alleged that $2 million was delivered to the company's business sites and that several pilots and executives were suspected of smuggling "narcotics currency."[^17] -[[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that the Miami [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] informant [[Wanda Palacios]] reported in 1986 that she saw Southern Air planes loaded with cocaine and unloading guns in [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]], in 1983 and October 1985, that she accompanied [[Pablo Escobar]] to the landing site and spoke with [[Jorge Ochoa]], who said he worked with the CIA, and that the recovered flight logs showed flights to Barranquilla in October 1985; Southern Air said the planes carried drilling equipment. Webb wrote that [[Enrique Miranda]] testified cocaine from Ilopango was loaded onto Salvadoran Air Force aircraft and Southern Air planes under the supervision of [[Marcos Aguado]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], that Southern Air officials denied involvement and sued news organizations, and that the informant [[Allen Raul Rudd]] reported Escobar's statement that planes like C-130s flew guns to Colombia and cocaine to U.S. military bases. Webb is the sole source for these passages.[^18] +[[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that the Miami [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] informant [[Wanda Palacios]] reported in 1986 that she saw Southern Air planes loaded with cocaine and unloading guns in [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]], in 1983 and October 1985, that she accompanied [[Pablo Escobar]] to the landing site and spoke with [[Jorge Ochoa]], who said he worked with the CIA, and that the recovered flight logs showed flights to Barranquilla in October 1985; Southern Air said the planes carried drilling equipment. Webb wrote that [[Enrique Miranda]] testified cocaine from Ilopango was loaded onto Salvadoran Air Force aircraft and Southern Air planes under the supervision of [[Marcos Aguado]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], that Southern Air officials denied involvement and sued news organizations, and that the informant [[Allen Raul Rudd]] reported Escobar's statement that planes like C-130s flew guns to Colombia and cocaine to U.S. military bases.[^18] ### Later operations @@ -110,6 +110,6 @@ Southern Air Transport's operations continued under the Southern Air name after [^15]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Piowaty, FBI 302, June 22, 1987). [^16]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the record, "C-123K - Review of Additional Records," December 24, 1996, case Mena 96-0036-IG (CIA Reading Room 0001289850). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289850 [^17]: CIA Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States* (96-0143-IG), Volume II: The Contra Story (October 8, 1998), "Allegations Involving Other Companies Associated With the Contras" and the Gates transmittal letter. https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/pilots.html -[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the Palacios, Miranda and Rudd passages as carried here. +[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends." [^19]: American Bankruptcy Institute case summary, cited in footnote 2. [^20]: Ivan Nadalet, "Atlas Air completes acquisition of Southern Air," ch-aviation, April 8, 2016. https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/45363-atlas-air-completes-acquisition-of-southern-air diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Spartacus International.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Spartacus International.md index 5c66501c..c5e73dbc 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Spartacus International.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Spartacus International.md @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ relations: role: "guide listing, advertising and Spartacus Club discount scheme" fn: 5 --- -Spartacus International was the Amsterdam-based publisher of the *Spartacus International Gay Guide* (in its thirteenth edition in 1983, edited by [[John Stamford]]) and of the Spartacus Club, a membership scheme that supplied guide copies, discounts and "Holiday Help Portfolios." In 1986 the *[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]* reported that the Club's Manila portfolio led its reporters to boys for hire, and the organisation had been named in testimony to the U.S. Senate in 1984; the British writer S. Dovey has since assigned it a larger role in a network of brothels, concierges and film production, an account whose sole source is Dovey's own book.[^1][^2][^3] +Spartacus International was the Amsterdam-based publisher of the *Spartacus International Gay Guide* (in its thirteenth edition in 1983, edited by [[John Stamford]]) and of the Spartacus Club, a membership scheme that supplied guide copies, discounts and "Holiday Help Portfolios." In 1986 the *[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]* reported that the Club's Manila portfolio led its reporters to boys for hire, and the organisation had been named in testimony to the U.S. Senate in 1984; the British writer S. Dovey has since assigned it a larger role in a network of brothels, concierges and film production, an account found in Dovey's own book.[^1][^2][^3] ### Publisher and club @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Bruno Gmünder Verlag of Berlin published the guide from 1987 and credited it to ### Footnotes [^1]: Mahmood, Mazher. "Scandal of Britons who buy young boys for £3 a night," *The Sunday Times* (London), August 3, 1986 (Insight), photographic copy at https://spotlightonabuse.wordpress.com/2013/03/16/scandal-of-britons-who-buy-young-boys-for-3-a-night-3-8-86/ [^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, *Child Pornography and Pedophilia*, hearings, 98th Cong., 2d sess., part 1, November 29 and 30, 1984, statement of Defense for Children International. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/98673NCJRS.pdf -[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited, including the account of the Elm Guest House sign, of Stamford's 1972 charge and clerical status, of the Belgian charge and his death, and of snuff-film and Operation Framework links. +[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. [^4]: Spartacus International Gay Guide, 13th edition, 1983, order brochure ("Spartacus Club," "Holiday Help Portfolios," "Holiday Introductions," "Alex writing paper"), published by Spartacus, P.O. Box 3496, Amsterdam. https://fighting-words.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/spartacus1983ocr.pdf [^5]: Letters from Spartacus, Amsterdam, to the Elm Guest House: Laurie Page for John D. Stamford, Director, August 25, 1981; Peter Glencross, Business Manager, to Harry Kasir, October 23, 1981; and advertisement, "Elm Guest House ... 10% Discount to Spartacus Club Members." https://archive.org/details/elm-guest-house-spartacus [^6]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, *Westminster* investigation report, part D, chapter D.7, "Allegations connected to Elm Guest House," paragraphs 71 to 72. https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-d-police-responses-allegations-westminster-child-sexual-abuse/d7-allegations-connected-elm-guest-house.html diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Swissco Management Group.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Swissco Management Group.md index e52927e8..bf2a446a 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Swissco Management Group.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Swissco Management Group.md @@ -102,11 +102,11 @@ The Commerce Department's Bureau of Export Administration entered an order on Se [^6]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, detail by entity name, document number M24568, SWISSCO LEASING, INC., https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/SWISSCO%20LEASING/Page1 (accessed October 8, 2026). [^7]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, detail by entity name, document number A28561, SWISSCO CORPORATE CENTRE, LTD., https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/SWISSCO%20CORPORATE/Page1 (accessed October 8, 2026). [^8]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, officer or registered agent name lists for "Giangrandi," "Ondarza Jorge," "Mijares Anthony" and "Kaplan Abbey," https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/OfficerRegisteredAgentName/Giangrandi/Page1 (accessed October 8, 2026). The lists show entity names and numbers only. -[^9]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. Sole source for the helicopter seizure, the 1992 civil suit, the Graham fund-raiser and the account of Johnson as the only person convicted. +[^9]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. [^10]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Edward A. Johnson; Order Denying Permission to Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48962 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23362, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23362.pdf. [^11]: Office of the Solicitor General, brief for the United States in opposition, *Johnson v. United States*, https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/johnson-v-us-opposition. [^12]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2206, "Rescission of Suspended Exports Regarding Teledyne Wah Chang Albany," 60 Federal Register 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf. [^13]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), reissued order of August 29, 1995 (original December 28, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json. [^14]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf. -[^15]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/. Paraphrased. Sole source for the Miami registration narrative and the two crimes and fine. +[^15]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/. Paraphrased. [^16]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Augusto Giacomo Giangrandi Valenzuela, Also Known As Augusto Giangrandi," entered September 15, 1994, published September 22, 1994, FR Doc. 94-23471, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1994/09/22/94-23471/action-affecting-export-privileges-augusto-giacomo-giangrandi-valenzuela-also-known-as-augusto. Respondent's street address omitted. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Aviary.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Aviary.md index d675f4e8..5531aea0 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Aviary.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/The Aviary.md @@ -95,15 +95,15 @@ The blogger [[Robert Schaeffer]] reported in 2019, in a passage quoted by [[Jaso ### Footnotes -[^1]: "E B E's," parts 5, 11 and 17, UFO BBS text files UFO1024, UFO1030 and UFO1036, textfiles.com mirror, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo, .../1030.ufo and .../1036.ufo. The files carry no author line in the portions read; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Hastings 1989. The Greenwood quotations are as quoted in part 17. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^2]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs.* 2010, chapters on the Laughlin conference, Doty, "The Man in the White Coat" and "How to Believe Weird Things," read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Green's statements are first-person quotations and reported speech in the book; sole source for the passages so cited. Also gives 18 October for the broadcast of UFO Cover-Up Live and says Colonel Barry Hennessey ran the AFOSI special projects unit at the Pentagon, and that Hennessey and Moore both denied he was Falcon. -[^3]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* November/December issue, year not stated, reproduced with editorial interpolations at think-aboutit.com, Wayback Machine capture of August 31, 2013, http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source for the roster. +[^1]: "E B E's," parts 5, 11 and 17, UFO BBS text files UFO1024, UFO1030 and UFO1036, textfiles.com mirror, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1024.ufo, .../1030.ufo and .../1036.ufo. The files carry no author line in the portions read; the text cites Moore 1989a and 1989b, Greenwood 1989 and Hastings 1989. The Greenwood quotations are as quoted in part 17. +[^2]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs.* 2010, chapters on the Laughlin conference, Doty, "The Man in the White Coat" and "How to Believe Weird Things," read in a PDF copy at https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. Green's statements are first-person quotations and reported speech in the book; Also gives 18 October for the broadcast of UFO Cover-Up Live and says Colonel Barry Hennessey ran the AFOSI special projects unit at the Pentagon, and that Hennessey and Moore both denied he was Falcon. +[^3]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* November/December issue, year not stated, reproduced with editorial interpolations at think-aboutit.com, Wayback Machine capture of August 31, 2013, http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. [^4]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf. -[^5]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert. "Alien Autopsy Producer Sues UFO Contactee, Former CIA Scientist, and Ex-Congressman over Stalled UFO Documentary," March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Colavito, Jason, quoting Schaeffer, Robert, and Kiviat, Robert. "Alien Autopsy Producer Sues UFO Contactee, Former CIA Scientist, and Ex-Congressman over Stalled UFO Documentary," March 23, 2019, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/alien-autopsy-producer-sues-ufo-contactee-former-cia-scientist-and-ex-congressman-over-stalled-ufo-documentary. [^6]: Hastings, Robert. Statement of March 1, 1989, as quoted in "E B E's," part 16, UFO BBS file UFO1035, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1035.ufo. The denials by Moore and Doty and the account of the "real Falcon" are in that file's own narration, not in the Hastings quotation. [^7]: Timothy Good, ed., *The UFO Report 1990*, "Editor's Foreword" (London, April 1989), pp. vii to viii (October 14, 1988); Barry Taff, UFO BBS file UFO135 ("When the final product aired on October 14 of that year"); Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), pp. 193 to 196; Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure* ("The show finally aired on October 14, 1988"); Internet Archive upload description ("Broadcast 10/14/88"). Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men*, gives 18 October. [^8]: Moore, William L., lecture of July 1, 1989, MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, as quoted in "E B E's," part 17, UFO BBS file UFO1036, https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1036.ufo (which cites Moore 1989b). -[^9]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs* (Peregrine Communications; copyright notice 2010), introduction; Section 1, "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: 'The Aviary,'" "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989"; Section 2, Chapter 4 and references 4a, 4b and 5, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (OCR text read). Collins's account is the sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs* (Peregrine Communications; copyright notice 2010), introduction; Section 1, "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: 'The Aviary,'" "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989"; Section 2, Chapter 4 and references 4a, 4b and 5, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (OCR text read). Collins's account is the [^10]: William L. Moore, "UFOs and the U.S. Government, Part I," address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, video recorded by Ron Regehr (Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon, https://archive.org/details/bill-moore-1989-mufon), read in the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po; captions mis-render names ("Dodie," "Chandere") and are corrected here. [^11]: Richard C. Doty, letter of March 3, 1989, http://textfiles.com/ufo/doty.ufo [^12]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Troop 137.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Troop 137.md index 9b5f3dad..f01af53e 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Troop 137.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Troop 137.md @@ -37,4 +37,4 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that the case broke when film found in a broken-down c [^1]: Wright, Marilyn. *Traverse City Record-Eagle,* 1976-1977, reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041 [^2]: *Chicago Tribune,* May 1977, reprinted in *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 439-443, and in U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, 1977. https://archive.org/details/protectionofchil00unit -[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions (*State v. Cramer,* 362 So.2d 581, La. 1978) give Harry O. Cramer. Neither Lang, Sialle, Campbell nor Berlage appears in the 1977 hearing record. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions (*State v. Cramer,* 362 So.2d 581, La. 1978) give Harry O. Cramer. Neither Lang, Sialle, Campbell nor Berlage appears in the 1977 hearing record. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/University of California.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/University of California.md index 4c87eb9d..ddfc6284 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/University of California.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/University of California.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ tags: category: "Private Organization" summary: "The University of California is a public university system whose physics Nobel laureate Luis Alvarez served on the ad hoc expert panel that analyzed VELA satellite data from the suspected 1979 South Atlantic nuclear explosion." --- -The University of California is a public university system in [[California]]. The physics department at the [[University of California]] was home to [[Luis Alvarez]], a Nobel laureate who was a key colleague of [[Jack P. Ruina]] on an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion in the South Indian Ocean in 1979.[^1] +The University of California is a public university system in [[California]]. The physics department at the [[University of California]] was home to [[Luis Alvarez]], a Nobel laureate who was a key colleague of [[Jack P. Ruina]] on an ad hoc panel of distinguished scientists tasked with studying the [[VELA Satellite]] data related to a probable nuclear explosion between the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans in 1979.[^1] ### Footnotes diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation.md index 0b8aa590..69073cd0 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation.md @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ From September 1987 the vice president for national security studies and program [^5]: Office of Scientific and Technical Information catalog records: R. F. Lumb, "Safeguards issue," INMM annual meeting, Boston, May 31, 1972 (OSTI 4459698); D. E. George, "Contributions to National and International Safeguards Programs by Independent Technical Auditors" (OSTI 4694701); Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corp., Falls Church, drafts Report No. 139 and Report No. 141, December 1973 (OSTI 4257532 and 4283735). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4459698 [^6]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 2, no. 4 (Winter 1974), "Low Named NuSAC Vice President." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_02/V-2_4.pdf [^7]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1980), announcement of appointments by Lumb as president of NUSAC, Incorporated, McLean, Virginia. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_09/V-9_1.pdf -[^8]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc." and "Steve Barrett Joins NUSAC, Inc." Sole source for the quoted statement is the announcement issued in the parent's name. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf +[^8]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc." and "Steve Barrett Joins NUSAC, Inc." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf [^9]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 3 (Fall 1979), "Three NUSAC Appointments"; vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1979-1980), item on the election of Brian J. L. Berry to the NUSAC board. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_3.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_4.pdf [^10]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports of about 1979 to 1982, sections on NUSAC, Incorporated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. [^11]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 10, no. 1 (Spring 1981), "Personnel" (Dale A. Moul; Darrell A. Hyde of Union Carbide Nuclear Division joining NUSAC effective May 1). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_10/V-10_1.pdf @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ From September 1987 the vice president for national security studies and program [^18]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report for 1985, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, NUSAC and the Security Programs and Systems divisions, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. [^19]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report for 1986, same sections, same folder. [^20]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site, same folder. -[^21]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm +[^21]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm [^22]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report in the same folder, pages on the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center and the lists of officers and major subsidiaries. The report's last pages carry the 1989 results and a first-quarter 1990 interim report; it is placed here as the 1989 report. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. [^23]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA216700, "Guide to Camouflage for Developers, Volume 1," 1989, citation and search record (authors; performing organization Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corp., Fairfax, Virginia; 114 pages). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA216700 [^24]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA243669, "Survey of Vulnerability Methodological Needs," distribution list. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA243669.pdf diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Corporation.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Corporation.md index df535d40..4a353130 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Corporation.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Corporation.md @@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ relations: - type: owned with: "[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]]" role: "wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia" - fn: 44 + fn: 46 + - type: owned + with: "[[Wackenhut Services]]" + role: "wholly owned Florida subsidiary, listed at 100 percent in the Form 10-K for fiscal 1994; government-services subsidiary later known as G4S Government Solutions and Centerra Group" + fn: 3 --- Wackenhut Corporation is a security and investigative firm founded in 1954 by [[George R. Wackenhut]] and three other former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Special Agents. Initially named [[Special Agent Investigators]], it expanded to physical security and was renamed Wackenhut Corporation in 1958. Headquartered in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], [[Florida]], Wackenhut grew to become one of the world's largest security and investigative firms, with operations across the United States and internationally. The [[San Francisco]] Chronicle described it as being "led by former officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Agency, Defense Department and federal law enforcement."[^1][^2] @@ -34,71 +38,75 @@ Wackenhut Corporation is a security and investigative firm founded in 1954 by [[ Wackenhut provides security and investigative services to businesses, industries, and various [[United States|U.S.]] Government agencies. Its services include guard and electronic security for various facilities, personnel background reports, pre-employment screening, polygraph examinations, and criminal investigations. The company also develops sophisticated computerized security systems through its subsidiary, [[Wackenhut Electronic Systems Corporation]].[^1] +The largest client of the corporation was the [[Department of Energy]], which accounted for about 20 percent of consolidated revenue in fiscal 1994. The [[Savannah River Site]] contract (9 percent of revenue) and the [[Rocky Flats Plant]] contract (5 percent) were the largest of its department contracts.[^3] Its subsidiary [[Wackenhut Services]], Inc. reported revenues $8.1 million lower in 1994 than in 1993 because the department reduced manpower requirements.[^3] + +Department of Energy guard-services contracts held by Wackenhut Services, Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC08-87NV10559 (Nevada Operations Office, first recorded September 15, 1987), DE-AC09-88SR18002, DE-AC09-93SR18292 and DE-AC09-99SR18950 (Savannah River Operations Office; the last from October 15, 1999 to December 31, 2009, about $901.6 million obligated) and DE-AC34-91RF00025 (Rocky Flats Office, first transactions November 1990).[^4] + Notable contracts include providing security for the [[Nevada Test Site]], the [[Alaskan Pipeline]], and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore Labs]], as well as numerous American embassies abroad.[^1] ### Leadership and Government Connections -The company's leadership has historically included executives and managers with extensive backgrounds in the FBI, CIA, [[NSA]], and other military and governmental security fields. Its board of directors has featured prominent former government officials such as [[Stansfield Turner]] (former CIA director), [[Clarence Kelley]] (former FBI director), [[Frank Carlucci]] (former CIA deputy director and Defense Secretary), [[James Rowley]] (former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] director), [[Bobby Ray Inman]] (former acting chairman of President Bush's foreign intelligence advisory board and former CIA deputy director), and [[Joseph Carroll]] (former Director, [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]).[^1] Jim Keith's 1996 book *The Octopus* lists former CIA deputy director Frank Carlucci and former CIA deputy director Bobby Ray Inman among the current and past members of the Wackenhut board.[^3] +The company's leadership has historically included executives and managers with extensive backgrounds in the FBI, CIA, [[NSA]], and other military and governmental security fields. Its board of directors has featured prominent former government officials such as [[Stansfield Turner]] (former CIA director), [[Clarence Kelley]] (former FBI director), [[Frank Carlucci]] (former CIA deputy director and Defense Secretary), [[James Rowley]] (former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] director), [[Bobby Ray Inman]] (former acting chairman of President Bush's foreign intelligence advisory board and former CIA deputy director), and [[Joseph Carroll]] (former Director, [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]).[^1] Jim Keith's 1996 book *The Octopus* lists former CIA deputy director Frank Carlucci and former CIA deputy director Bobby Ray Inman among the current and past members of the Wackenhut board.[^5] [[William J. Casey]], former CIA director under [[Ronald Reagan]], served as Wackenhut's outside legal counsel before his appointment.[^1] ### The CIA Security File -On March 14, 1963, [[Fred R. Youngblood]], chief of the nonofficial cover branch of the CIA's [[Central Cover Staff]], met George R. Wackenhut at the [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]] home of [[Wes Reynolds]], a former FBI agent who represented the company in Washington, "to explore its potential for cover support." His memorandum of March 26 records a firm of 1,100 employees with offices in eleven cities and [[Puerto Rico]]. Wackenhut "freely states that he trades on the reputation of the FBI by publicizing widely the 21 ex-FBI agents, including two former Assistant Directors of the FBI, in his management." He said he would be "willing to dispatch teams to set up personal security systems for foreign chiefs of state whom the Agency wants protected" and was "amenable to any reasonable application of his capabilities to Agency problems," including financing an overt operation set up at the agency's behest if it did not pay for itself. Youngblood found him "a clean-cut, energetic, ambitious young business man" who "is interested in profits, but it is my impression he is sincerely eager to do what he can to assist the government and feels that CIA offers one possible opportunity."[^4] +On March 14, 1963, [[Fred R. Youngblood]], chief of the nonofficial cover branch of the CIA's [[Central Cover Staff]], met George R. Wackenhut at the [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]] home of [[Wes Reynolds]], a former FBI agent who represented the company in Washington, "to explore its potential for cover support." His memorandum of March 26 records a firm of 1,100 employees with offices in eleven cities and [[Puerto Rico]]. Wackenhut "freely states that he trades on the reputation of the FBI by publicizing widely the 21 ex-FBI agents, including two former Assistant Directors of the FBI, in his management." He said he would be "willing to dispatch teams to set up personal security systems for foreign chiefs of state whom the Agency wants protected" and was "amenable to any reasonable application of his capabilities to Agency problems," including financing an overt operation set up at the agency's behest if it did not pay for itself. Youngblood found him "a clean-cut, energetic, ambitious young business man" who "is interested in profits, but it is my impression he is sincerely eager to do what he can to assist the government and feels that CIA offers one possible opportunity."[^6] -A memorandum for the record of July 28, 1975, summarizes the file. The agency opened files on Wackenhut and his company in May 1960 "for the purpose of obtaining cover support for Western Hemisphere Agency employees assigned to Florida." He "was investigated by this Agency with favorable results, and a Covert Security Approval for his use was granted on 21 November 1961. Subsequently, his company provided cover backstopping to Western Hemisphere employees stationed in the [[Miami]], Florida, area. In April of 1967 due to the notoriety that Mr. Wackenhut had received in connection with his activities in Florida, Mr. Wackenhut's Covert Security Approval was rescinded and this Agency severed our relations with him." That January Governor [[Claude Kirk]] had made Wackenhut the unpaid director of a privately financed "war on crime," staffed by the company's investigators.[^5][^6] +A memorandum for the record of July 28, 1975, summarizes the file. The agency opened files on Wackenhut and his company in May 1960 "for the purpose of obtaining cover support for Western Hemisphere Agency employees assigned to Florida." He "was investigated by this Agency with favorable results, and a Covert Security Approval for his use was granted on 21 November 1961. Subsequently, his company provided cover backstopping to Western Hemisphere employees stationed in the [[Miami]], Florida, area. In April of 1967 due to the notoriety that Mr. Wackenhut had received in connection with his activities in Florida, Mr. Wackenhut's Covert Security Approval was rescinded and this Agency severed our relations with him." That January Governor [[Claude Kirk]] had made Wackenhut the unpaid director of a privately financed "war on crime," staffed by the company's investigators.[^7][^8] -On April 24, 1968, a year after the severance, the chief of the [[JMWAVE]] station in Miami sent headquarters a telepouch dispatch, subject "Wackenhut Corporation," reporting that the *[[Miami Herald]]* business section of April 23 "carried an article reflecting that the Wackenhut Corp., a Coral Gables, Florida firm, had announced an agreement to purchase the Reliable Reporting Service, Inc., Rockville Center, New York, which provides pre-insurance and pre-employment reports for more than 400 clients in the insurance, financial and industrial fields." It went to the chief of the Western Hemisphere Division "as a matter of information."[^7] Routing slips of September and December 1969 added to the file the card of the manager of [[Wackenhut Protective Systems]] in [[Rockville, Maryland]]. In March 1971 the agency's security office approved a contact clearance for a Wackenhut employee. On April 20, 1971, the special agent in charge, [[Arthur C. Sheridan]], wrote to the Miami field office that "restrictions imposed on the use of Subject corporation in 1967 still apply and were recently reaffirmed in a cable dated 16 July 1970." The chief of a project with the cryptonym VENOM wanted contact with two Wackenhut men, [[Manuel J. Chavez]] and [[Junius Jaffe Mallin]]. "It is recognized that Subject firm could be an operational asset to [[Project VENOM]] in certain circumstances," Sheridan wrote, but "this office can accomplish its mission without the necessity of utilizing Subject corporation." Other records of the same Miami security office show VENOM collecting on the armed exile groups in the city: on [[Gerald Patrick Hemming|Gerry Hemming]] and [[Roy Hargraves]] in July 1970, when they were reported to be planning a missile attack on [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo]] to be blamed on [[Cuba]], and on [[Ricardo Morales Navarrete|Ricardo Morales]], whom the project had used briefly in 1964 and who in May 1971 was presenting himself at a Miami hotel as an agency operative "with mission to make an approach to local mafia."[^8] +On April 24, 1968, a year after the severance, the chief of the [[JMWAVE]] station in Miami sent headquarters a telepouch dispatch, subject "Wackenhut Corporation," reporting that the *[[Miami Herald]]* business section of April 23 "carried an article reflecting that the Wackenhut Corp., a Coral Gables, Florida firm, had announced an agreement to purchase the Reliable Reporting Service, Inc., Rockville Center, New York, which provides pre-insurance and pre-employment reports for more than 400 clients in the insurance, financial and industrial fields." It went to the chief of the Western Hemisphere Division "as a matter of information."[^9] Routing slips of September and December 1969 added to the file the card of the manager of [[Wackenhut Protective Systems]] in [[Rockville, Maryland]]. In March 1971 the agency's security office approved a contact clearance for a Wackenhut employee. On April 20, 1971, the special agent in charge, [[Arthur C. Sheridan]], wrote to the Miami field office that "restrictions imposed on the use of Subject corporation in 1967 still apply and were recently reaffirmed in a cable dated 16 July 1970." The chief of a project with the cryptonym VENOM wanted contact with two Wackenhut men, [[Manuel J. Chavez]] and [[Junius Jaffe Mallin]]. "It is recognized that Subject firm could be an operational asset to [[Project VENOM]] in certain circumstances," Sheridan wrote, but "this office can accomplish its mission without the necessity of utilizing Subject corporation." Other records of the same Miami security office show VENOM collecting on the armed exile groups in the city: on [[Gerald Patrick Hemming|Gerry Hemming]] and [[Roy Hargraves]] in July 1970, when they were reported to be planning a missile attack on [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo]] to be blamed on [[Cuba]], and on [[Ricardo Morales Navarrete|Ricardo Morales]], whom the project had used briefly in 1964 and who in May 1971 was presenting himself at a Miami hotel as an agency operative "with mission to make an approach to local mafia."[^10] -The same item went on April 30, 1968, from the Office of Security to its New York field office "for your information only."[^9] The National Archives' index of the agency's file on the company lists, among records not yet reproduced here, a memorandum of April 25, 1967, from the deputy director of security, [[Victor R. White]], to the [[CIA Counterintelligence Staff|counterintelligence staff]] on "DCI opposition to the use of private investigative firm"; a *[[Washington Star]]* clipping of November 8, 1971, circulated to the director of security, on the retired Air Force Lieutenant General [[Joseph F. Carroll]], the first director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the retired Vice Admiral [[William Raborn]], director of central intelligence from 1965 to 1966, joining the Wackenhut board; a note of February 4, 1974, on a telephone call from Raborn "trying to arrange an appointment with [[William Colby|Colby]] for himself and Mr. Mayo"; a three-page memorandum from Howard Osborn to the director of February 6, 1974, on the company that "contains a recommendation for approval"; and a note from the director of February 11, 1974, "concerning telephonic contact with Admiral Raborn of Wackenhut Corp."[^10] +The same item went on April 30, 1968, from the Office of Security to its New York field office "for your information only."[^11] The National Archives' index of the agency's file on the company lists, among records not yet reproduced here, a memorandum of April 25, 1967, from the deputy director of security, [[Victor R. White]], to the [[CIA Counterintelligence Staff|counterintelligence staff]] on "DCI opposition to the use of private investigative firm"; a *[[Washington Star]]* clipping of November 8, 1971, circulated to the director of security, on the retired Air Force Lieutenant General [[Joseph F. Carroll]], the first director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the retired Vice Admiral [[William Raborn]], director of central intelligence from 1965 to 1966, joining the Wackenhut board; a note of February 4, 1974, on a telephone call from Raborn "trying to arrange an appointment with [[William Colby|Colby]] for himself and Mr. Mayo"; a three-page memorandum from Howard Osborn to the director of February 6, 1974, on the company that "contains a recommendation for approval"; and a note from the director of February 11, 1974, "concerning telephonic contact with Admiral Raborn of Wackenhut Corp."[^12] -The 1975 memorandum ends: "In November of 1974 it was learned that Wackenhut Corporation was providing guard coverage to Global Marine Development, Incorporated (GMDI), [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], a firm that the Agency office of DDS&T was dealing with. This Agency made no attempt to persuade GMDI to terminate their contract with Wackenhut Corporation, and it is assumed that GMDI is still receiving guard coverage from them." Global Marine Development built and operated the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]] for the [[Directorate of Science and Technology]], which used the ship in the summer of 1974 to raise part of a sunken Soviet submarine in [[Project Azorian]]. The [[Los Angeles Times]] disclosed the operation on February 7, 1975.[^5][^11] +The 1975 memorandum ends: "In November of 1974 it was learned that Wackenhut Corporation was providing guard coverage to Global Marine Development, Incorporated (GMDI), [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], a firm that the Agency office of DDS&T was dealing with. This Agency made no attempt to persuade GMDI to terminate their contract with Wackenhut Corporation, and it is assumed that GMDI is still receiving guard coverage from them." Global Marine Development built and operated the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]] for the [[Directorate of Science and Technology]], which used the ship in the summer of 1974 to raise part of a sunken Soviet submarine in [[Project Azorian]]. The [[Los Angeles Times]] disclosed the operation on February 7, 1975.[^7][^13] ### The Domestic Contact Service File -A second agency file on the company, case 65805 of the [[Domestic Contact Service]], the overt office that debriefed businessmen and travellers, opens seven months after the Office of Security severed relations. On November 27, 1967, Gus C. Guerrero of the Miami field office met the vice president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., who "is cognizant of all contractual services in being with the company in foreign countries" and "will make arrangements for Guerrero to meet with Mr. Wackenhut and other members of the corporation whom he feels will be able to assist us." The company was "attempting to establish investigative and guard service agencies in several Latin American countries and are well established in [[Colombia]] at the present time." Information reports of January 2 and 10, 1968, on guerrilla operations, business, and government in Colombia and [[Ecuador]], each beginning "During a recent business trip," followed within weeks.[^12] +A second agency file on the company, case 65805 of the [[Domestic Contact Service]], the overt office that debriefed businessmen and travellers, opens seven months after the Office of Security severed relations. On November 27, 1967, Gus C. Guerrero of the Miami field office met the vice president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., who "is cognizant of all contractual services in being with the company in foreign countries" and "will make arrangements for Guerrero to meet with Mr. Wackenhut and other members of the corporation whom he feels will be able to assist us." The company was "attempting to establish investigative and guard service agencies in several Latin American countries and are well established in [[Colombia]] at the present time." Information reports of January 2 and 10, 1968, on guerrilla operations, business, and government in Colombia and [[Ecuador]], each beginning "During a recent business trip," followed within weeks.[^14] -Process sheets of 1970 and 1971, with [[Justin Gleichauf]] as field office chief and R. Heller of the international division as case officer, list the company as the contact for reports on [[Panama]] ("Attempt to Establish Intelligence Apparatus in US," "List of Suspects of Subversive Activities"), [[Brazil]] ("Background on Carlos Lacerda"), [[Guatemala]], Ecuador, a photograph of a probable Soviet Mi-10 helicopter at [[Medellín]], and, in the months around the election of [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chile]]: "Expectation of Allende Victory/Fear of Industrial Violence/Interest in Developing Industrial Security Measures" (July 28, 1970), "Alessandri Leading in Election Preference/Fear of Urban Terrorism" (September 2), "[[El Mercurio]] Fear of Urban Terrorism/Security Measures" (September 10), "LAN-Chile Officials Desire Background Checks on Employees to Determine Anti-Communist Sentiments" and "Key Positions in [[LAN Chile|LAN-Chile]] Airlines Given to Allende Regime Sympathizers" (December, both marked "Air Force report"), "Concern re Security of LAN-Chile Aircraft" (December 15), "Chile: The Threat of a New Cuba" (December 16), "Background Information on Reverend [[Roger Vekemans]], S.J., Alleged Left-Wing Priest Affiliated with the Christian Democratic Party," and "Boycott of Chilean Newsprint/Anti-Allende Propaganda" (December 7, 1971). In March 1970 Wackenhut guards hired to see a deported Panamanian through Miami airport onto a LAN-Chile flight copied the list of Miami contacts in his luggage for the Salvadoran consul and for the agency.[^13] +Process sheets of 1970 and 1971, with [[Justin Gleichauf]] as field office chief and R. Heller of the international division as case officer, list the company as the contact for reports on [[Panama]] ("Attempt to Establish Intelligence Apparatus in US," "List of Suspects of Subversive Activities"), [[Brazil]] ("Background on Carlos Lacerda"), [[Guatemala]], Ecuador, a photograph of a probable Soviet Mi-10 helicopter at [[Medellín]], and, in the months around the election of [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chile]]: "Expectation of Allende Victory/Fear of Industrial Violence/Interest in Developing Industrial Security Measures" (July 28, 1970), "Alessandri Leading in Election Preference/Fear of Urban Terrorism" (September 2), "[[El Mercurio]] Fear of Urban Terrorism/Security Measures" (September 10), "LAN-Chile Officials Desire Background Checks on Employees to Determine Anti-Communist Sentiments" and "Key Positions in [[LAN Chile|LAN-Chile]] Airlines Given to Allende Regime Sympathizers" (December, both marked "Air Force report"), "Concern re Security of LAN-Chile Aircraft" (December 15), "Chile: The Threat of a New Cuba" (December 16), "Background Information on Reverend [[Roger Vekemans]], S.J., Alleged Left-Wing Priest Affiliated with the Christian Democratic Party," and "Boycott of Chilean Newsprint/Anti-Allende Propaganda" (December 7, 1971). In March 1970 Wackenhut guards hired to see a deported Panamanian through Miami airport onto a LAN-Chile flight copied the list of Miami contacts in his luggage for the Salvadoran consul and for the agency.[^15] -On September 21, 1970, George Wackenhut "invited me to a demonstration of a new device his company has developed," Gleichauf reported: a transmitter "less than the size of a half pack of cigarettes" made by the subsidiary Electro-Finders, Inc., which "can be used to track vehicles as well as persons," carried "in a heel" or at the waist, recently tested by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]. The [[Technical Services Division]] asked for a demonstration in November, and a cable under case 55539 reported that two men, Riley and Rohrer (the second name uncertain in the scan), would "be picked up by [redacted] of the Wackenhut Corporation and taken to the demonstration." Two technicians visited Coral Gables and the company was invited to demonstrate in Washington at agency expense; in May 1972 Gleichauf, by then chief of the [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]] office, forwarded a brochure from "an old friend" at the company, "the system is now available on the market," recalling one of the visiting technicians as Paul Reilly.[^14] +On September 21, 1970, George Wackenhut "invited me to a demonstration of a new device his company has developed," Gleichauf reported: a transmitter "less than the size of a half pack of cigarettes" made by the subsidiary Electro-Finders, Inc., which "can be used to track vehicles as well as persons," carried "in a heel" or at the waist, recently tested by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]. The [[Technical Services Division]] asked for a demonstration in November, and a cable under case 55539 reported that two men, Riley and Rohrer (the second name uncertain in the scan), would "be picked up by [redacted] of the Wackenhut Corporation and taken to the demonstration." Two technicians visited Coral Gables and the company was invited to demonstrate in Washington at agency expense; in May 1972 Gleichauf, by then chief of the [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]] office, forwarded a brochure from "an old friend" at the company, "the system is now available on the market," recalling one of the visiting technicians as Paul Reilly.[^16] -On October 1, 1973, "a former Agency staffer now employed by the Wackenhut Corporation" passed the Miami office a tip from the Dade County Organized Crime Bureau, "with the understanding that Wackenhut would in turn convey it to the Agency": a man had been arrested "apparently in the course of installing a mike or wire," had "immediately claimed that he was on a mission for the CIA and apparently successfully avoided charges and publicity," and was "the top wire man for local State's Attorney [[Richard Gerstein]]," who "is known for his efforts to bring local conspiracy charges against the Watergate group, a plan which we believe [[Archibald Cox]] successfully blocked," and "we believe has also acted on behalf of Dade County Sheriff E. Wilson Purdy." The officer noted "for the record, we maintain some slight contact with a few Wackenhut employees, several of whom are former Agency staffers," and reported it "in the belief that [[Angus Thuermer]] and perhaps others might wish to be forewarned." In December the office recorded that a Wackenhut man had become a senior Latin American security executive of a company whose name reads as [[ITT]], "in view of the considerable interest expressed from time to time in any Agency involvement" with it. In January 1974 the company "offered this information gratuitously" on a "Cuban Terrorist Program Designed to Affect US-Bahamian Relations": "for security reasons, they have made this look like a report to a client, thus 'addressee' and 'firm' refer to CIA." A copy went to the "WH Station."[^15] +On October 1, 1973, "a former Agency staffer now employed by the Wackenhut Corporation" passed the Miami office a tip from the Dade County Organized Crime Bureau, "with the understanding that Wackenhut would in turn convey it to the Agency": a man had been arrested "apparently in the course of installing a mike or wire," had "immediately claimed that he was on a mission for the CIA and apparently successfully avoided charges and publicity," and was "the top wire man for local State's Attorney [[Richard Gerstein]]," who "is known for his efforts to bring local conspiracy charges against the Watergate group, a plan which we believe [[Archibald Cox]] successfully blocked," and "we believe has also acted on behalf of Dade County Sheriff E. Wilson Purdy." The officer noted "for the record, we maintain some slight contact with a few Wackenhut employees, several of whom are former Agency staffers," and reported it "in the belief that [[Angus Thuermer]] and perhaps others might wish to be forewarned." In December the office recorded that a Wackenhut man had become a senior Latin American security executive of a company whose name reads as [[ITT]], "in view of the considerable interest expressed from time to time in any Agency involvement" with it. In January 1974 the company "offered this information gratuitously" on a "Cuban Terrorist Program Designed to Affect US-Bahamian Relations": "for security reasons, they have made this look like a report to a client, thus 'addressee' and 'firm' refer to CIA." A copy went to the "WH Station."[^17] -By March 1974 Gleichauf, "the former Chief of the Miami and Dallas Field Offices," was himself employed at the Coral Gables headquarters and passing on what a co-worker had heard in [[Algeria]] about the identification of "CIA agents." On June 25, 1975, the chief of the service's [[Denver]] office, James M. Sommerville, answered a headquarters inquiry, prompted by a German newspaper article and repeated by a local FBI agent, about a private organization in Denver "staffed with ex-government types and performing such things as telephone taps for wealthy private citizens." His staff recalled that "shortly after the CIA expose first appeared in the New York Times, we received in the mail a brochure from The Wackenhut Corporation, 262 Havana, Denver, Colorado," describing "a private investigative service with capabilities beyond that of the average private investigator in that they are staffed with men and women formerly employed by the FBI, Secret Service and DIA," and "we also believe that under the list of services they offered was some type of electronic surveillance." They had thrown it away, and passed the recollection to the FBI "stressing that this was indeed a long shot."[^16] +By March 1974 Gleichauf, "the former Chief of the Miami and Dallas Field Offices," was himself employed at the Coral Gables headquarters and passing on what a co-worker had heard in [[Algeria]] about the identification of "CIA agents." On June 25, 1975, the chief of the service's [[Denver]] office, James M. Sommerville, answered a headquarters inquiry, prompted by a German newspaper article and repeated by a local FBI agent, about a private organization in Denver "staffed with ex-government types and performing such things as telephone taps for wealthy private citizens." His staff recalled that "shortly after the CIA expose first appeared in the New York Times, we received in the mail a brochure from The Wackenhut Corporation, 262 Havana, Denver, Colorado," describing "a private investigative service with capabilities beyond that of the average private investigator in that they are staffed with men and women formerly employed by the FBI, Secret Service and DIA," and "we also believe that under the list of services they offered was some type of electronic surveillance." They had thrown it away, and passed the recollection to the FBI "stressing that this was indeed a long shot."[^18] -On June 22, 1976, headquarters opened a new case under the same number, "LA Division Request for Contact of Wackenhut Corporation Officer." The officer was [[Bruce Berckmans]], the company's director of international operations, "a former staff agent under the LPGLOBE program" who "was asked to resign from the Agency in 1970." Through [[Tom Clines]] of the Latin America Division he "has requested contact with an Agency representative as he has information which may be of interest to the Agency," believed to concern "political developments in [[Jamaica]]"; the division "has no operational interest in Berckmans nor his company," and the Office of General Counsel had concurred. At the Wackenhut offices on June 24 Berckmans produced a letter of grievances over his forced resignation for the inspector general and said he was considering a suit; on June 28 he telephoned to say "he has decided not to sue the Agency," and on July 2 offered himself as "a normal DCD contact." The Miami office closed case 65805 on June 30, 1977: "action completed."[^17] +On June 22, 1976, headquarters opened a new case under the same number, "LA Division Request for Contact of Wackenhut Corporation Officer." The officer was [[Bruce Berckmans]], the company's director of international operations, "a former staff agent under the LPGLOBE program" who "was asked to resign from the Agency in 1970." Through [[Tom Clines]] of the Latin America Division he "has requested contact with an Agency representative as he has information which may be of interest to the Agency," believed to concern "political developments in [[Jamaica]]"; the division "has no operational interest in Berckmans nor his company," and the Office of General Counsel had concurred. At the Wackenhut offices on June 24 Berckmans produced a letter of grievances over his forced resignation for the inspector general and said he was considering a suit; on June 28 he telephoned to say "he has decided not to sue the Agency," and on July 2 offered himself as "a normal DCD contact." The Miami office closed case 65805 on June 30, 1977: "action completed."[^19] ### Federal Contracts, the Board, and the Files -The law firm of Senator [[George Smathers]] of Florida found the way around the 1893 federal statute that barred employees of private detective agencies from government work by creating a Wackenhut subsidiary that supplied only guards. The first large federal contracts, at [[Cape Canaveral]] and the Nevada Test Site, followed. The early board included Captain [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], General [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]], and the [[John Birch Society]] leader [[Ralph E. Davis]]. After the [[Fair Credit Reporting Act]] took effect in 1971 the company cut its files from about 2.5 million names to about 250,000, and in 1975 it gave them to the [[Church League of America]] of [[Wheaton, Illinois]], to which [[George Wackenhut]] was a major contributor, keeping the right to consult them. The files are now in the [[Tamiment Library]] at [[New York University]].[^18][^19] +The law firm of Senator [[George Smathers]] of Florida found the way around the 1893 federal statute that barred employees of private detective agencies from government work by creating a Wackenhut subsidiary that supplied only guards. The first large federal contracts, at [[Cape Canaveral]] and the Nevada Test Site, followed. The early board included Captain [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], General [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]], and the [[John Birch Society]] leader [[Ralph E. Davis]]. After the [[Fair Credit Reporting Act]] took effect in 1971 the company cut its files from about 2.5 million names to about 250,000, and in 1975 it gave them to the [[Church League of America]] of [[Wheaton, Illinois]], to which [[George Wackenhut]] was a major contributor, keeping the right to consult them. The files are now in the [[Tamiment Library]] at [[New York University]].[^20][^21] -The retired FBI agent [[William Hinshaw]] told Connolly: "It is known throughout the industry that if you want a dirty job done, call Wackenhut." [[Philip Agee]] said: "I don't have the slightest doubt that the CIA and Wackenhut overlap." Asked whether his company was an arm of the CIA, George Wackenhut answered, "No!" At the end of the interview he said to the reporter: "You've done an awful lot of research. How would you like to run all our [[New York City|New York]] operations?" Connolly reported that in June 1991 the head of the company's special investigations division, [[Wayne Black]], traveled to [[Caracas]] on an [[Abu Dhabi]] passport for a client, [[Blanca Ibanez]], to discredit the security chief of President [[Carlos Andres Perez]].[^18] +The retired FBI agent [[William Hinshaw]] told Connolly: "It is known throughout the industry that if you want a dirty job done, call Wackenhut." [[Philip Agee]] said: "I don't have the slightest doubt that the CIA and Wackenhut overlap." Asked whether his company was an arm of the CIA, George Wackenhut answered, "No!" At the end of the interview he said to the reporter: "You've done an awful lot of research. How would you like to run all our [[New York City|New York]] operations?" Connolly reported that in June 1991 the head of the company's special investigations division, [[Wayne Black]], traveled to [[Caracas]] on an [[Abu Dhabi]] passport for a client, [[Blanca Ibanez]], to discredit the security chief of President [[Carlos Andres Perez]].[^20] ### Horsch -The [[Philadelphia]] filmmaker [[R.C. Horsch]] said in a recorded interview that after leaving high school in 1961 he worked freelance for Wackenhut, "a security firm staffed by FBI agents," until about 1965. "I bugged telephones and committed burglaries for them," he said. "The burglaries were mostly to install electronics or bug telephones or just things like burglarizing a potential client to demonstrate that their security was not up to par." He said one regular client, introduced as "Mr. Smith," was [[Howard Hunt|E. Howard Hunt]] of the CIA, and described jobs at the [[Fairchild Hiller]] plant in [[Hagerstown, Maryland]], in [[Trenton, New Jersey]], and in Philadelphia. Horsch was convicted in later years of forgery, counterfeiting, and passport fraud.[^20] The CIA memorandum of March 26, 1963, lists Philadelphia among the company's offices.[^4] When the Secret Service arrested Horsch, then Raymond Hoersch, for counterfeiting in December 1974, authorities described him as unemployed and quoted him as saying that he "hadn't worked for 11 years."[^21] In May 1962 [[Charles B. Flack Jr.]], a former FBI agent, merged his investigative firm into Wackenhut and became district manager of its Philadelphia office at 2 Penn Center Plaza, with responsibility, as he wrote to the FBI, "for the operation in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey area." From April 24, 1962, to January 5, 1965, FBI headquarters barred its offices from any contact with the company, on the ground that it had used misleading advertisements and traded on the former FBI affiliation of its staff, and that its officials had "reportedly engaged in personal misconduct and questionable business activities." The company's prospectus of March 1966 listed among its ten largest customers of 1965 the "Republic Aviation Division of Fairchild Hiller Corporation," whose plant was at [[Farmingdale, New York|Farmingdale]] on [[Long Island]], and described a service guiding industrial concerns through [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] security regulations; it stated that the company "does not engage in business espionage."[^22] On May 18, 1967, George Wackenhut told the Senate subcommittee of [[Edward V. Long]] under oath: "as a private investigating concern the Wackenhut Corp. has never in its entire history tapped a telephone wire. I am under oath, sir. So help me God, we never tapped a telephone wire." Asked about miniature transmitters, he said: "We have used them. We used the radio transmitters until the ban against them last year by the [[Federal Communications Commission]]." He also denied under oath that a 1957 report of his on corruption in [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]] drew on wiretaps; in a letter to the subcommittee of June 5, 1967, he wrote that "there were a few references to information in the Miami Beach report which had been obtained by others from the tapping of a telephone line."[^23] No document located names a Hoersch or Horsch in connection with the company. +The [[Philadelphia]] filmmaker [[R.C. Horsch]] said in a recorded interview that after leaving high school in 1961 he worked freelance for Wackenhut, "a security firm staffed by FBI agents," until about 1965. "I bugged telephones and committed burglaries for them," he said. "The burglaries were mostly to install electronics or bug telephones or just things like burglarizing a potential client to demonstrate that their security was not up to par." He said one regular client, introduced as "Mr. Smith," was [[Howard Hunt|E. Howard Hunt]] of the CIA, and described jobs at the [[Fairchild Hiller]] plant in [[Hagerstown, Maryland]], in [[Trenton, New Jersey]], and in Philadelphia. Horsch was convicted in later years of forgery, counterfeiting, and passport fraud.[^22] The CIA memorandum of March 26, 1963, lists Philadelphia among the company's offices.[^6] When the Secret Service arrested Horsch, then Raymond Hoersch, for counterfeiting in December 1974, authorities described him as unemployed and quoted him as saying that he "hadn't worked for 11 years."[^23] In May 1962 [[Charles B. Flack Jr.]], a former FBI agent, merged his investigative firm into Wackenhut and became district manager of its Philadelphia office at 2 Penn Center Plaza, with responsibility, as he wrote to the FBI, "for the operation in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey area." From April 24, 1962, to January 5, 1965, FBI headquarters barred its offices from any contact with the company, on the ground that it had used misleading advertisements and traded on the former FBI affiliation of its staff, and that its officials had "reportedly engaged in personal misconduct and questionable business activities." The company's prospectus of March 1966 listed among its ten largest customers of 1965 the "Republic Aviation Division of Fairchild Hiller Corporation," whose plant was at [[Farmingdale, New York|Farmingdale]] on [[Long Island]], and described a service guiding industrial concerns through [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] security regulations; it stated that the company "does not engage in business espionage."[^24] On May 18, 1967, George Wackenhut told the Senate subcommittee of [[Edward V. Long]] under oath: "as a private investigating concern the Wackenhut Corp. has never in its entire history tapped a telephone wire. I am under oath, sir. So help me God, we never tapped a telephone wire." Asked about miniature transmitters, he said: "We have used them. We used the radio transmitters until the ban against them last year by the [[Federal Communications Commission]]." He also denied under oath that a 1957 report of his on corruption in [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]] drew on wiretaps; in a letter to the subcommittee of June 5, 1967, he wrote that "there were a few references to information in the Miami Beach report which had been obtained by others from the tapping of a telephone line."[^25] No document located names a Hoersch or Horsch in connection with the company. ### Schaefer -[[Gerard John Schaefer]], the Martin County deputy convicted of two murders in 1973, worked as a security guard in Florida in 1970, between his dismissal from two teaching posts and his entry into the Wilton Manors police, for Wackenhut by one account and Florida Power & Light by another.[^24] +[[Gerard John Schaefer]], the Martin County deputy convicted of two murders in 1973, worked as a security guard in Florida in 1970, between his dismissal from two teaching posts and his entry into the Wilton Manors police, for Wackenhut by one account and Florida Power & Light by another.[^26] ### Florida, 1967 -On January 13, 1967, FBI headquarters instructed its Florida offices to give Kirk's investigators nothing: "The Bureau does not recognize the Wackenhut Corporation as a properly constituted law enforcement agency." The order was repeated by telephone on April 3, after Kirk had seen the attorney general. [[Hank Messick]], the Miami Herald crime reporter whose articles had led to the indictment of two county sheriffs in 1966, and to whom the bureau had itself been passing leads, joined Wackenhut that December and left after six weeks. "I quit the Wackenhut Corp. because I have reluctantly concluded a cruel hoax is being perpetrated upon the people of Florida," he said. He objected that the company kept as a private client Sir [[Stafford Sands]], the former Bahamian minister with gambling interests, while it was supposed to be pursuing [[Meyer Lansky]]. Wackenhut replied: "I do not find it necessary to dignify Mr. Messick's remarks with a reply." In September 1967 the Miami office reported the reaction of an informant inside the [[Bonanno crime family|Bonanno family]] to press reports that a "contract" had been let on the Dade County state attorney, Richard Gerstein, a tip that "had been 'leaked' to the press by GERSTEIN'S office, which had received the tip from a Wackenhut Detective Agency source." The informant "stated that this was the biggest laugh to hit Miami in some time, in that GERSTEIN was, and still is, 'their' number one connection in the Miami area." He said: "Them guys, including Wackenhut, and all the locals haven't yet come close to us. The only people who have the proper line on us are those in the FBI."[^25] A former Wackenhut detective, [[Norman Casper]], later worked as an informant for the [[Internal Revenue Service]] against the [[Castle Bank and Trust|Castle Bank]] in the [[Bahamas]].[^26] +On January 13, 1967, FBI headquarters instructed its Florida offices to give Kirk's investigators nothing: "The Bureau does not recognize the Wackenhut Corporation as a properly constituted law enforcement agency." The order was repeated by telephone on April 3, after Kirk had seen the attorney general. [[Hank Messick]], the Miami Herald crime reporter whose articles had led to the indictment of two county sheriffs in 1966, and to whom the bureau had itself been passing leads, joined Wackenhut that December and left after six weeks. "I quit the Wackenhut Corp. because I have reluctantly concluded a cruel hoax is being perpetrated upon the people of Florida," he said. He objected that the company kept as a private client Sir [[Stafford Sands]], the former Bahamian minister with gambling interests, while it was supposed to be pursuing [[Meyer Lansky]]. Wackenhut replied: "I do not find it necessary to dignify Mr. Messick's remarks with a reply." In September 1967 the Miami office reported the reaction of an informant inside the [[Bonanno crime family|Bonanno family]] to press reports that a "contract" had been let on the Dade County state attorney, Richard Gerstein, a tip that "had been 'leaked' to the press by GERSTEIN'S office, which had received the tip from a Wackenhut Detective Agency source." The informant "stated that this was the biggest laugh to hit Miami in some time, in that GERSTEIN was, and still is, 'their' number one connection in the Miami area." He said: "Them guys, including Wackenhut, and all the locals haven't yet come close to us. The only people who have the proper line on us are those in the FBI."[^27] A former Wackenhut detective, [[Norman Casper]], later worked as an informant for the [[Internal Revenue Service]] against the [[Castle Bank and Trust|Castle Bank]] in the [[Bahamas]].[^28] -In the course of Governor Kirk's campaign Wackenhut told the legislature that "overlord of the whole state's criminal syndicates" was [[Santos Trafficante, Jr.|Santo Trafficante]], "longtime [[Trafficante crime family|Tampa Mafia]] boss, now living in Miami." The clippings are in the FBI's Miami file on the company. Trafficante's casino manager in [[Havana]], [[Lewis McWillie]], had been visited there in 1959 by his friend [[Jack Ruby]], and a CIA memorandum in the [[Warren Commission]]'s files reported that Trafficante, while held by [[Fidel Castro]]'s government that year, was "frequently visited" by "an American gangster" named "Ruby." McWillie told the House committee in 1978 that he had twice visited the detention camp and seen Trafficante there, and was not clear whether Ruby had gone with him. The FBI's four files on the company contain no reference to Ruby, to McWillie, or to a Wackenhut office in [[Texas]] before 1968.[^26][^27][^28] +In the course of Governor Kirk's campaign Wackenhut told the legislature that "overlord of the whole state's criminal syndicates" was [[Santos Trafficante, Jr.|Santo Trafficante]], "longtime [[Trafficante crime family|Tampa Mafia]] boss, now living in Miami." The clippings are in the FBI's Miami file on the company. Trafficante's casino manager in [[Havana]], [[Lewis McWillie]], had been visited there in 1959 by his friend [[Jack Ruby]], and a CIA memorandum in the [[Warren Commission]]'s files reported that Trafficante, while held by [[Fidel Castro]]'s government that year, was "frequently visited" by "an American gangster" named "Ruby." McWillie told the House committee in 1978 that he had twice visited the detention camp and seen Trafficante there, and was not clear whether Ruby had gone with him. The FBI's four files on the company contain no reference to Ruby, to McWillie, or to a Wackenhut office in [[Texas]] before 1968.[^28][^29][^30] ### The Assassinations Committee -The security file reached the public through the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]]. On January 6, 1978, the committee's chief counsel, [[G. Robert Blakey]], sent the CIA a request for 38 files. Item 18 was E. Howard Hunt. Item 19 was "[[Jim Garrison]] aka Wackenhut Corp.," item 28 "Garrison 1967 investigation," and item 36 "Southern Research Corp." The [[National Photographic Interpretation Center]] answered on January 30 that it had "no documented information or files on the [[Southern Research Company|Southern Research Corporation]], presently known as the Wackenhut Corporation." The [[CIA Office of Logistics|Office of Logistics]] found under item 36 contract actions with Wackenhut for 1970 to 1975 in the management information system of the Directorate of Science and Technology. [[Bruce Solie]] of the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] certified on July 18, 1978, that committee staff had reviewed the Wackenhut file "in conjunction with the HSCA's investigation into the deaths of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr." His memorandum adds: "Under procedures established with the HSCA, certain items of information were not reviewed by HSCA staff members. These items were placed in envelopes, sealed, appropriately identified, and put back into the security file prior to HSCA review." Material the staff did see was marked "with a green circular dot."[^29] +The security file reached the public through the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]]. On January 6, 1978, the committee's chief counsel, [[G. Robert Blakey]], sent the CIA a request for 38 files. Item 18 was E. Howard Hunt. Item 19 was "[[Jim Garrison]] aka Wackenhut Corp.," item 28 "Garrison 1967 investigation," and item 36 "Southern Research Corp." The [[National Photographic Interpretation Center]] answered on January 30 that it had "no documented information or files on the [[Southern Research Company|Southern Research Corporation]], presently known as the Wackenhut Corporation." The [[CIA Office of Logistics|Office of Logistics]] found under item 36 contract actions with Wackenhut for 1970 to 1975 in the management information system of the Directorate of Science and Technology. [[Bruce Solie]] of the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] certified on July 18, 1978, that committee staff had reviewed the Wackenhut file "in conjunction with the HSCA's investigation into the deaths of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr." His memorandum adds: "Under procedures established with the HSCA, certain items of information were not reviewed by HSCA staff members. These items were placed in envelopes, sealed, appropriately identified, and put back into the security file prior to HSCA review." Material the staff did see was marked "with a green circular dot."[^31] -The pairing of the names goes back to [[New Orleans]]. The lawyers who defended [[Clay Shaw]] against District Attorney Garrison's conspiracy charge, [[Edward Wegmann]] and his brother William, engaged two firms of former federal agents, Wackenhut and [[Holloway Associates]] of Texas. Edward Wegmann's files, given to the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] by his daughter in 1995, show Wackenhut men reporting to the defense with the WDSU television reporter [[Rick Townley]] on April 19, 1967, and interviewing the Cuban exile [[Carlos Bringuier]] on May 9. The researcher who first went through the files wrote that Wackenhut "was the same company that did the reports for [[Eastern Air Lines|Eastern Airlines]] in the dismissal proceedings against [[David Ferrie]]. The firm was then called Southern Research." The company's own histories do not mention the name, and the phrase "presently known as" first appears in Blakey's letter. [[Louisiana]]'s corporate register shows a Southern Research Company, Inc., chartered in [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] on December 2, 1958, which absorbed a polygraph firm, [[Truth Verification of Louisiana]], in 1973 and is still in business, with sister companies in [[Baton Rouge]] and [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]]. Its New Orleans company, Southern Research Company of New Orleans, Inc., was chartered on September 5, 1963. It filed notice of dissolution on October 5, 1967, and was dissolved on December 13. The Wackenhut Corporation had qualified to do business in Louisiana on May 3, 1965. Shaw was arrested on March 1, 1967. The CIA rescinded George Wackenhut's security approval the following month.[^30] +The pairing of the names goes back to [[New Orleans]]. The lawyers who defended [[Clay Shaw]] against District Attorney Garrison's conspiracy charge, [[Edward Wegmann]] and his brother William, engaged two firms of former federal agents, Wackenhut and [[Holloway Associates]] of Texas. Edward Wegmann's files, given to the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] by his daughter in 1995, show Wackenhut men reporting to the defense with the WDSU television reporter [[Rick Townley]] on April 19, 1967, and interviewing the Cuban exile [[Carlos Bringuier]] on May 9. The researcher who first went through the files wrote that Wackenhut "was the same company that did the reports for [[Eastern Air Lines|Eastern Airlines]] in the dismissal proceedings against [[David Ferrie]]. The firm was then called Southern Research." The phrase "presently known as" is from Blakey's letter. [[Louisiana]]'s corporate register shows a Southern Research Company, Inc., chartered in [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] on December 2, 1958, which absorbed a polygraph firm, [[Truth Verification of Louisiana]], in 1973 and is still in business, with sister companies in [[Baton Rouge]] and [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]]. Its New Orleans company, Southern Research Company of New Orleans, Inc., was chartered on September 5, 1963. It filed notice of dissolution on October 5, 1967, and was dissolved on December 13. The Wackenhut Corporation had qualified to do business in Louisiana on May 3, 1965. Shaw was arrested on March 1, 1967. The CIA rescinded George Wackenhut's security approval the following month.[^32] -The New Orleans office of Southern Research was run by [[Joseph Oster]], a former city police detective who had worked for [[Guy Banister]]. A credit report of July 1960 in a CIA security file describes him as vice president of "Southern Research, Inc., whose home office is in Shreveport," a firm of ten or twelve employees, and as having come to it from "[[Guy Banister Associates|Guy B------ Associates]], Inc." Oster told a lawyer for the Assassination Records Review Board in January 1996 that he had left Banister "because Banister was getting more involved in controversial political causes, to the detriment of attracting paying clients," that he had investigated Ferrie for Eastern Air Lines in 1962 and 1963, and that he had gone with the district attorney's men to Ferrie's house on the night of the assassination. He left the firm in the middle 1960s. The president of the Shreveport company, [[Thomas Ostendorff]], gave the board its file on Ferrie, number 11-N-224. Wegmann's records, the board wrote, "indicate that the Shaw defense team had retained Southern Research Company as of mid-1967," a witness before the [[Orleans Parish]] grand jury was asked in January 1969 whether he had been "interviewed by Southern Research or any investigating firm that is doing Shaw's investigation," and a file on [[Gordon Novel]] records that Southern Research interviewed his lawyer, [[Steven Plotkin]], on April 7, 1967. "Mr. Oster stated that neither he nor Southern Research had worked for the Clay Shaw defense team." The board's lawyer noted "the conflicting accounts we have found."[^31] +The New Orleans office of Southern Research was run by [[Joseph Oster]], a former city police detective who had worked for [[Guy Banister]]. A credit report of July 1960 in a CIA security file describes him as vice president of "Southern Research, Inc., whose home office is in Shreveport," a firm of ten or twelve employees, and as having come to it from "[[Guy Banister Associates|Guy B------ Associates]], Inc." Oster told a lawyer for the Assassination Records Review Board in January 1996 that he had left Banister "because Banister was getting more involved in controversial political causes, to the detriment of attracting paying clients," that he had investigated Ferrie for Eastern Air Lines in 1962 and 1963, and that he had gone with the district attorney's men to Ferrie's house on the night of the assassination. He left the firm in the middle 1960s. The president of the Shreveport company, [[Thomas Ostendorff]], gave the board its file on Ferrie, number 11-N-224. Wegmann's records, the board wrote, "indicate that the Shaw defense team had retained Southern Research Company as of mid-1967," a witness before the [[Orleans Parish]] grand jury was asked in January 1969 whether he had been "interviewed by Southern Research or any investigating firm that is doing Shaw's investigation," and a file on [[Gordon Novel]] records that Southern Research interviewed his lawyer, [[Steven Plotkin]], on April 7, 1967. "Mr. Oster stated that neither he nor Southern Research had worked for the Clay Shaw defense team." The board's lawyer noted "the conflicting accounts we have found."[^33] -On April 14, 1967, the FBI's [[FBI Domestic Intelligence Division|Domestic Intelligence Division]] recorded that [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Ramsey Clark]] had told reporters the bureau had investigated Shaw and cleared him. "This is not true and we so informed the Attorney General." The New Orleans office, it went on, had told "[[Charles R. Carson (Wackenhut)|Charles R. Carson]], a Wackenhut Corporation investigator, and [[Dean Andrews]]" only that it had no comment, and the bureau "has no intention of telling these or any other individuals that the Attorney General's statement is incorrect." A witness told the review board at a public hearing that the former FBI employee [[William Walter]] had said to Garrison in 1973 "that the FBI through Wackenhut, the [[Metropolitan Crime Commission]] and [[Aaron Kohn]], had wire tapped his office." On May 3, 1967, [[George Walker (Wackenhut)|George Walker]] of the company's Coral Gables headquarters gave the FBI in Miami a letter from a man who said that before the assassination a Cuban in his boarding house, known as "Cash," had remarked that to kill Kennedy one had only to excite a Cuban with a high-powered rifle.[^32] +On April 14, 1967, the FBI's [[FBI Domestic Intelligence Division|Domestic Intelligence Division]] recorded that [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Ramsey Clark]] had told reporters the bureau had investigated Shaw and cleared him. "This is not true and we so informed the Attorney General." The New Orleans office, it went on, had told "[[Charles R. Carson (Wackenhut)|Charles R. Carson]], a Wackenhut Corporation investigator, and [[Dean Andrews]]" only that it had no comment, and the bureau "has no intention of telling these or any other individuals that the Attorney General's statement is incorrect." A witness told the review board at a public hearing that the former FBI employee [[William Walter]] had said to Garrison in 1973 "that the FBI through Wackenhut, the [[Metropolitan Crime Commission]] and [[Aaron Kohn]], had wire tapped his office." On May 3, 1967, [[George Walker (Wackenhut)|George Walker]] of the company's Coral Gables headquarters gave the FBI in Miami a letter from a man who said that before the assassination a Cuban in his boarding house, known as "Cash," had remarked that to kill Kennedy one had only to excite a Cuban with a high-powered rifle.[^34] -In November 1967 [[William Harvey]], the former head of the CIA's [[Task Force W]], who was planning a law practice, asked the FBI's liaison officer, [[Sam Papich]], about "reputable private investigators that might be willing to use Harvey's services to establish contacts and investigative coverage on the Continent." The CIA's director of security, [[Howard Osborn]], recorded the answer: "Mr. Papich suggested Wackenhut Corporation or the [[Fidelifax|Fidelifax Company]] as having a good reputation in the trade." The same memorandum reports two telephone calls in October from [[Johnny Roselli|John Roselli]] asking Harvey to act as his lawyer.[^33] +In November 1967 [[William Harvey]], the former head of the CIA's [[Task Force W]], who was planning a law practice, asked the FBI's liaison officer, [[Sam Papich]], about "reputable private investigators that might be willing to use Harvey's services to establish contacts and investigative coverage on the Continent." The CIA's director of security, [[Howard Osborn]], recorded the answer: "Mr. Papich suggested Wackenhut Corporation or the [[Fidelifax|Fidelifax Company]] as having a good reputation in the trade." The same memorandum reports two telephone calls in October from [[Johnny Roselli|John Roselli]] asking Harvey to act as his lawyer.[^35] ### Controversies and Allegations @@ -118,25 +126,25 @@ Wackenhut was very active in [[El Salvador]] during the Contra war, providing em ### The Cabazon Joint Venture -A particularly controversial aspect of Wackenhut's operations was its joint venture with the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Indian tribe]] in Indio, California. In April 1981 [[Wackenhut Services]], Inc. signed a joint venture agreement with the [[Cabazon Security Corporation]], a company the Cabazons formed in early 1981. The agreement gives as the venture's primary purpose to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts."[^34] The venture was also called "Cabazon Arms" in correspondence and in a 1985 newspaper. Seymour wrote that the venture sought to establish a production facility for armaments and explosives for export to third-world countries, including the [[Contras]] in Nicaragua and nations in the [[Middle East]], and that the partnership aimed to leverage the sovereign nation status of the Indian reservation to bypass federal jurisdiction and congressional prohibitions on arms exports. Seymour also wrote that the firm was using the Cabazon reservation's tax-exempt status and its freedom from federal oversight to gain a competitive advantage in soliciting federal weapons projects.[^1][^2] +A particularly controversial aspect of Wackenhut's operations was its joint venture with the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Indian tribe]] in Indio, California. In April 1981 Wackenhut Services, Inc. signed a joint venture agreement with the [[Cabazon Security Corporation]], a company the Cabazons formed in early 1981. The agreement gives as the venture's primary purpose to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts."[^36] The venture was also called "Cabazon Arms" in correspondence and in a 1985 newspaper. Seymour wrote that the venture sought to establish a production facility for armaments and explosives for export to third-world countries, including the [[Contras]] in Nicaragua and nations in the [[Middle East]], and that the partnership aimed to leverage the sovereign nation status of the Indian reservation to bypass federal jurisdiction and congressional prohibitions on arms exports. Seymour also wrote that the firm was using the Cabazon reservation's tax-exempt status and its freedom from federal oversight to gain a competitive advantage in soliciting federal weapons projects.[^1][^2] -[[Dr. John Nichols]], the Cabazon tribal administrator and a former CIA agent who claimed experience going back to the Chilean destabilization program in the 1970s, secured a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance for the reservation. He then proposed to Wackenhut the manufacture of various weapons systems, including 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, and portable rocket systems. The venture also explored the development of biological weapons. [[Michael Riconosciuto]] stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that he was Director of Research for this joint venture; the Bua report found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture.[^35][^36] He described meetings with figures like [[Robert Frye]] (president of Wackenhut Services, Inc.), John P. Nichols, and [[Peter Zokosky]], and [[Dr. Harry Fair]] of the U.S. Army's Railgun Project at Picatinny Arsenal, where Riconosciuto's scientific expertise was noted.[^1] +[[Dr. John Nichols]], the Cabazon tribal administrator and a former CIA agent who claimed experience going back to the Chilean destabilization program in the 1970s, secured a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance for the reservation. He then proposed to Wackenhut the manufacture of various weapons systems, including 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, and portable rocket systems. The venture also explored the development of biological weapons. [[Michael Riconosciuto]] stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that he was Director of Research for this joint venture; the Bua report found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture.[^37][^38] He described meetings with figures like [[Robert Frye]] (president of Wackenhut Services, Inc.), John P. Nichols, and [[Peter Zokosky]], and [[Dr. Harry Fair]] of the U.S. Army's Railgun Project at Picatinny Arsenal, where Riconosciuto's scientific expertise was noted.[^1] -Spy reported in 1992 that Bruce Berckmans, assigned to the CIA station in Mexico City, left the agency in January 1975 "(putatively)" to become a Wackenhut international-operations vice president and left Wackenhut in 1981. According to Spy, Berckmans joined other senior Wackenhut executives in 1981 to form the company's Special Projects Division, which linked up with Nichols at the Cabazon reservation.[^37] Spy also reported that [[Eden Pastora]], seen at a night-vision test at a firing range near the reservation with Nichols and a Wackenhut executive, identified that executive, Robert Frye, as "the man from the CIA," and that Pastora later said in a conversation that he did not know Frye.[^37] +Spy reported in 1992 that Bruce Berckmans, assigned to the CIA station in Mexico City, left the agency in January 1975 "(putatively)" to become a Wackenhut international-operations vice president and left Wackenhut in 1981. According to Spy, Berckmans joined other senior Wackenhut executives in 1981 to form the company's Special Projects Division, which linked up with Nichols at the Cabazon reservation.[^39] Spy also reported that [[Eden Pastora]], seen at a night-vision test at a firing range near the reservation with Nichols and a Wackenhut executive, identified that executive, Robert Frye, as "the man from the CIA," and that Pastora later said in a conversation that he did not know Frye.[^39] -The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice states that Frye, then president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., responded for Wackenhut when the Cabazon Security Corporation solicited capability statements in early 1981, that the April 1981 joint venture agreement was signed by Frye and by Tribal Chairman Arthur Welmas, and that the joint venture had no employees. It states that the only individual employed by Wackenhut was Frye and that the investigators found "no evidence to support Riconosciuto's claim that he and Earl Brian were employed by Wackenhut or by the joint venture."[^35] The report also states that the firms Michael Riconosciuto named in a call to the Hamiltons, Wackenhut Research, Inc., and Wackenhut Security, Inc., "do not exist."[^35] Riconosciuto's March 21, 1991 affidavit, which the report summarizes, states that he was director of research for the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture and that he modified PROMIS software for Wackenhut in 1983 and 1984.[^36] +The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice states that Frye, then president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., responded for Wackenhut when the Cabazon Security Corporation solicited capability statements in early 1981, that the April 1981 joint venture agreement was signed by Frye and by Tribal Chairman Arthur Welmas, and that the joint venture had no employees. It states that the only individual employed by Wackenhut was Frye and that the investigators found "no evidence to support Riconosciuto's claim that he and Earl Brian were employed by Wackenhut or by the joint venture."[^37] The report also states that the firms Michael Riconosciuto named in a call to the Hamiltons, Wackenhut Research, Inc., and Wackenhut Security, Inc., "do not exist."[^37] Riconosciuto's March 21, 1991 affidavit, which the report summarizes, states that he was director of research for the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture and that he modified PROMIS software for Wackenhut in 1983 and 1984.[^38] -The Bua report states that Wackenhut was interested because Cabazon Security Corporation, as a qualified minority contractor, would be eligible for government contract work under set-aside programs. The April 1981 agreement gives the primary purpose of the venture as to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts," and the joint venture bid on two government security contracts that it did not receive.[^34] +The Bua report states that Wackenhut was interested because Cabazon Security Corporation, as a qualified minority contractor, would be eligible for government contract work under set-aside programs. The April 1981 agreement gives the primary purpose of the venture as to "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts," and the joint venture bid on two government security contracts that it did not receive.[^36] -The report states that Wackenhut's files contain documents showing efforts by John Philip Nichols to market night-vision goggles and rifle scopes to individuals identified as representatives of the governments of Guatemala and [[Honduras]], internal Wackenhut memoranda expressing the opinion that any such sales would require State Department approval, and preliminary applications Wackenhut filed with the State Department. It quotes Nichols's view "that the Cabazon's, as a sovereign nation, were not subject to the usual export and import controls" and states: "As far as we could tell, no sales were ever made."[^34] +The report states that Wackenhut's files contain documents showing efforts by John Philip Nichols to market night-vision goggles and rifle scopes to individuals identified as representatives of the governments of Guatemala and [[Honduras]], internal Wackenhut memoranda expressing the opinion that any such sales would require State Department approval, and preliminary applications Wackenhut filed with the State Department. It quotes Nichols's view "that the Cabazon's, as a sovereign nation, were not subject to the usual export and import controls" and states: "As far as we could tell, no sales were ever made."[^36] -The report places a night-vision demonstration on the evening of September 10, 1981 at the Lake Cahuilla gun range in Indio.[^34] FBI FD-302s of interviews with [[Wayne Reeder]], Indio police chief [[Sam Cross]] and Sergeant [[Dave Baird]], taken in October 1992, place it at the Indio Police Department range.[^38] The Bua report also quotes Baird as saying that Police Chief Sam Cross told him that City Manager Phil Hawes "had arranged for a demonstration by the Cabazons to take place at the Lake Cahuilla gun range" (printed p. 64).[^39] Baird's own FD-302 of October 6, 1992 states that Hawes arranged for the police department to provide the range and security.[^38] The Desert Sun of March 21, 1985 quoted Zokosky as saying that Nichols arranged a demonstration of night vision equipment "at Lake Cahuilla near La Quinta," while his FD-302 of October 5, 1992 records that the Indio Police Department range was used.[^40] +The report places a night-vision demonstration on the evening of September 10, 1981 at the Lake Cahuilla gun range in Indio.[^36] FBI FD-302s of interviews with [[Wayne Reeder]], Indio police chief [[Sam Cross]] and Sergeant [[Dave Baird]], taken in October 1992, place it at the Indio Police Department range.[^40] The Bua report also quotes Baird as saying that Police Chief Sam Cross told him that City Manager Phil Hawes "had arranged for a demonstration by the Cabazons to take place at the Lake Cahuilla gun range" (printed p. 64).[^41] Baird's own FD-302 of October 6, 1992 states that Hawes arranged for the police department to provide the range and security.[^40] The Desert Sun of March 21, 1985 quoted Zokosky as saying that Nichols arranged a demonstration of night vision equipment "at Lake Cahuilla near La Quinta," while his FD-302 of October 5, 1992 records that the Indio Police Department range was used.[^42] ### PROMIS Software Modification Within the Cabazon Joint Venture, Michael Riconosciuto claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software. This modification, allegedly spearheaded by [[Earl Brian]] and made available through [[Peter Videnieks]] of the [[Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], was intended to facilitate the worldwide implementation of PROMIS in law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Riconosciuto's affidavit detailed his work on the software, including specific modifications for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]]. This alleged pirating and modification of the PROMIS software became a central component of the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].[^1] -It was here that the "trap door" was built into the U.S. version of PROMIS, based on [[Israel|Israeli]] information. This operation was conducted by a small CIA group, headed by [[Robert Gates]], who sought to keep it secret from the NSA due to interagency competition.[^41] +It was here that the "trap door" was built into the U.S. version of PROMIS, based on [[Israel|Israeli]] information. This operation was conducted by a small CIA group, headed by [[Robert Gates]], who sought to keep it secret from the NSA due to interagency competition.[^43] ### Danny Casolaro Investigation @@ -148,78 +156,79 @@ Beyond the Cabazon venture, Wackenhut was also implicated in other international ### Epstein -On July 13, 2009, [[Story Cowles]] wrote to [[Jeffrey Epstein]]: "Would you like to meet the wackenhut security candidates at your house, FSF or Jacks office. Friday is best for them." Epstein replied: "jacks off."[^42] A 24-page set of security officer reports on forms headed "G4S Wackenhut" covers the post at "358 El Brillo," Epstein's house in [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]]; one report, for the night shift of November 16, 2009, marks the officer as armed and records hourly perimeter checks, an office door found ajar and a gym door open, and the officer monitoring the main entrance.[^43] +On July 13, 2009, [[Story Cowles]] wrote to [[Jeffrey Epstein]]: "Would you like to meet the wackenhut security candidates at your house, FSF or Jacks office. Friday is best for them." Epstein replied: "jacks off."[^44] A 24-page set of security officer reports on forms headed "G4S Wackenhut" covers the post at "358 El Brillo," Epstein's house in [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]]; one report, for the night shift of November 16, 2009, marks the officer as armed and records hourly perimeter checks, an office door found ajar and a gym door open, and the officer monitoring the main entrance.[^45] ### Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation -[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]] (WATCO) was a wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia, which the corporation's annual reports for 1985 and 1986 describe as a unique technical consulting firm offering advanced security and engineering services to government and industry, including sensor design, signal processing, systems integration, robotics and mobile intrusion detection systems, special weapons systems security and technology transfer. It contained the NUSAC division (nuclear material control and accounting, quality assurance), a Security Programs division and a Systems division.[^44] The 1985 report states that the Security Programs division was selected to formulate the conceptual design of the security system for the nuclear device assembly facility to be built at the Department of Energy's Nevada Test Site; the 1986 report adds selection for the security system conceptual analysis and design engineering of the new National Training Center of the Department of State's Foreign Service Institute, and completion of a turnkey integrated perimeter and access control system for the federal government at an overseas location.[^44] +[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]] (WATCO) was a wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia, which the corporation's annual reports for 1985 and 1986 describe as a unique technical consulting firm offering advanced security and engineering services to government and industry, including sensor design, signal processing, systems integration, robotics and mobile intrusion detection systems, special weapons systems security and technology transfer. It contained the NUSAC division (nuclear material control and accounting, quality assurance), a Security Programs division and a Systems division.[^46] The 1985 report states that the Security Programs division was selected to formulate the conceptual design of the security system for the nuclear device assembly facility to be built at the Department of Energy's Nevada Test Site; the 1986 report adds selection for the security system conceptual analysis and design engineering of the new National Training Center of the Department of State's Foreign Service Institute, and completion of a turnkey integrated perimeter and access control system for the federal government at an overseas location.[^46] -The Florida corporation behind it, document 599071, was filed on December 29, 1978, the day after the corporation announced that it had bought the assets of NUSAC, Inc., a nuclear safeguards consultancy founded in 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation and headed by [[Ralph F. Lumb]]. It was renamed Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation on May 8, 1984, Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. on January 9, 1990, and dissolved administratively on August 26, 1994.[^45][^46] In spring 1984 the Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management reported that [[Ralph E. Caudle]], formerly director of the Department of Energy's Office of Safeguards and Security, had been named WATCO's president and that the Systems Division, Advanced Technologies Division, Security Programs Division and NUSAC had been merged into it.[^47] +The Florida corporation behind it, document 599071, was filed on December 29, 1978, the day after the corporation announced that it had bought the assets of NUSAC, Inc., a nuclear safeguards consultancy founded in 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation and headed by [[Ralph F. Lumb]]. It was renamed Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation on May 8, 1984, Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. on January 9, 1990, and dissolved administratively on August 26, 1994.[^47][^48] In spring 1984 the Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management reported that [[Ralph E. Caudle]], formerly director of the Department of Energy's Office of Safeguards and Security, had been named WATCO's president and that the Systems Division, Advanced Technologies Division, Security Programs Division and NUSAC had been merged into it.[^49] -The Wackenhut annual report covering 1984 states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut that year to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at Albuquerque under a three-year, $5 million contract that Wackenhut Services, Inc., won against 92 companies, and that Wackenhut had guarded the Nevada Test Site since 1965.[^48] An annual report for 1989 lists Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc., at Fairfax, Virginia, with Joseph A. Navarro as president and with a Defense Systems Analysis Group serving the Army's Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center and the Army Survivability Management Office.[^49] A Defense Technical Information Center record lists the Fairfax company as the performing organization for a 1989 "Guide to Camouflage for Developers."[^50] The Fourth Circuit described the Center in 1992 as a subsidiary of Wackenhut International, Inc.[^51] The corporation's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, states that the Wackenhut Monitoring Systems and Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center divisions were sold or discontinued in 1993, with combined operating losses of about $2 million that year.[^52] +The Wackenhut annual report covering 1984 states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut that year to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at Albuquerque under a three-year, $5 million contract that Wackenhut Services, Inc., won against 92 companies, and that Wackenhut had guarded the Nevada Test Site since 1965.[^50] An annual report for 1989 lists Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc., at Fairfax, Virginia, with Joseph A. Navarro as president and with a Defense Systems Analysis Group serving the Army's Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center and the Army Survivability Management Office.[^51] A Defense Technical Information Center record lists the Fairfax company as the performing organization for a 1989 "Guide to Camouflage for Developers."[^52] The Fourth Circuit described the Center in 1992 as a subsidiary of Wackenhut International, Inc.[^53] The corporation's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, states that the Wackenhut Monitoring Systems and Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center divisions were sold or discontinued in 1993, with combined operating losses of about $2 million that year.[^3] -A Wackenhut newsletter describes WATCO as specializing in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems, places it beside Stellar Systems, Inc., of Santa Clara, California, and states that its Security Programs Division worked with the Wackenhut Training Institute. WATCO developed a Touchscreen Station, a security station replacing multiple keystroke entries with single touch commands for alarms, access control, closed-circuit television and other sensors, and the newsletter notes that three WATCO officers, each a former Army officer with law enforcement or security experience, earned Certified Protection Professional status in the same year.[^53] A Wackenhut nuclear services brochure in the same papers also lists a Wackenhut Anti-Terrorism and Crisis Management Division.[^54] +A Wackenhut newsletter describes WATCO as specializing in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems, places it beside Stellar Systems, Inc., of Santa Clara, California, and states that its Security Programs Division worked with the Wackenhut Training Institute. WATCO developed a Touchscreen Station, a security station replacing multiple keystroke entries with single touch commands for alarms, access control, closed-circuit television and other sensors, and the newsletter notes that three WATCO officers, each a former Army officer with law enforcement or security experience, earned Certified Protection Professional status in the same year.[^54] A Wackenhut nuclear services brochure in the same papers also lists a Wackenhut Anti-Terrorism and Crisis Management Division.[^55] -From September 1987 WATCO's vice president for national security studies and programs was [[James B. Motley]], a retired Army colonel who in 1984 and 1985 had been director of terrorist research and low-intensity conflict studies at the [[National Institute for Public Policy]]. A June 20, 1990 resume packet of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], the Washington firm of the former FBI counterterrorism supervisor [[Carter Cornick]] and the Letelier prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]], lists him as an associate of that firm and states that at WATCO he directs operational analyses and assessments of national security issues.[^55] +From September 1987 WATCO's vice president for national security studies and programs was [[James B. Motley]], a retired Army colonel who in 1984 and 1985 had been director of terrorist research and low-intensity conflict studies at the [[National Institute for Public Policy]]. A June 20, 1990 resume packet of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], the Washington firm of the former FBI counterterrorism supervisor [[Carter Cornick]] and the Letelier prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]], lists him as an associate of that firm and states that at WATCO he directs operational analyses and assessments of national security issues.[^56] ### End of Wackenhut -In the Desert Sun of March 21, 1985, Wackenhut President Bob Frye said: "We severed our relations with the tribe over a year ago."[^40] Its activities subsequently became the subject of numerous investigations by entities such as the U.S. Department of Justice, the [[United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee on Inslaw]], [[U.S. Customs]], and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as various police agencies and media outlets worldwide.[^1] +In the Desert Sun of March 21, 1985, Wackenhut President Bob Frye said: "We severed our relations with the tribe over a year ago."[^42] Its activities subsequently became the subject of numerous investigations by entities such as the U.S. Department of Justice, the [[United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee on Inslaw]], [[U.S. Customs]], and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as various police agencies and media outlets worldwide.[^1] ### Footnotes [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010. [^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." -[^3]: Jim Keith, *The Octopus: Secret Government and the Death of Danny Casolaro* (Feral House, 1996), index entries "Carlucci, Frank" and "Inman, Bobby Ray." https://archive.org/details/jim-keith-the-octopus-secret-government-and-the-death-of-danny-casolaro_2 -[^4]: Youngblood, Fred R. "The Wackenhut Corporation," CIA memorandum for the record, CS-2793, March 26, 1963. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10472. -[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Wackenhut Corporation, SF# 493 364," memorandum for the record, July 28, 1975. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10454, released in full March 18, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10130-10454.pdf -[^6]: "Florida: I, Claudius," *Time,* 1967. -[^7]: Chief of Station, JMWAVE, telepouch dispatch UFGT-21770 to Chief, WOBONE, April 24, 1968, JFK record 104-10130-10474. -[^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, transmittal and routing slips, September 5 and December 10, 1969, records 104-10130-10470 and 104-10130-10471; request for contact security approval, February to March 1971, record 104-10130-10468; Sheridan, Arthur C., memorandum to SAC, Miami Field Office, "Wackenhut Corporation #493364," April 20, 1971, record 104-10130-10469. JFK Assassination Records Collection. On VENOM: CIA memoranda of July 23, 1970 (104-10120-10117), March 19, 1971 (104-10117-10341), and May 5, 1971 (104-10122-10166), as summarized in the Mary Ferrell Foundation cryptonym database, entry "VENOM." -[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, cable to SAC New York field office, "Wackenhut Corp.," April 30, 1968, JFK record 104-10130-10473. -[^10]: National Archives, JFK Assassination Records Collection, record identification forms 104-10130-10459 (April 25, 1967), 104-10130-10466 (November 8, 1971), 104-10130-10463 (February 4, 1974), 104-10130-10461 (February 6, 1974), and 104-10130-10460 (February 11, 1974), agency file 80T01357A. -[^11]: Burr, William, ed. "Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, 2010. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm -[^12]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 30, 59-64, 65-66, memorandum MIM-294-67, "Initial Contact," December 13, 1967, and information reports of January 10, 1968. -[^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 10-13, 37-58, process sheets of March 1970 to December 1971. -[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 24-29, memoranda MIM-160-70 (September 21, 1970), MIM-178-70 (October 29, 1970), the TSD request of October 29, 1970, cables of November 4, 1970, and memorandum DAL-108-72 (May 1, 1972). -[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 19, 21-23, 36, cable DCD/Miami 12422, October 2, 1973; memorandum MFI-125-73, December 3, 1973; process sheet of January 1974. -[^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 15, 32; Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Collection Division, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corp.," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10017, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10017.pdf, pp. 4, 6-7. -[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 14, 17, 18; Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Collection Division, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corp.," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10017, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10017.pdf, pp. 2, 3, 11, 13, 17-18. -[^18]: Connolly, John. "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. -[^19]: Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, finding aid to the Church League of America Collection of the Research Files of Counterattack, the Wackenhut Corporation, and Karl Baarslag, TAM 148. https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/tam_148/ -[^20]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 1: Youth," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 171, September 13, 2026, audio at 18:34 to 22:49. https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/13/ray-horsch-2/ -[^21]: "[...] bogus $180,000 in Bucks raid," *The Morning Call* (Allentown), December 11, 1974, p. 5. https://www.newspapers.com/image/275702319/ -[^22]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Wackenhut Corporation," headquarters file, section 1: SAC Newark to Director, May 4, 1962, enclosing Charles B. Flack Jr. to SA James Oakley, May 1, 1962; Miami report quoting a local newspaper of May 2, 1962; J. B. Adams to Mr. Callahan, 1966, on the company's public offering; and the Preliminary Prospectus of March 25, 1966. https://archive.org/stream/WackenhutCorporation/Wackenhut%20Corp.-HQ-1_djvu.txt -[^23]: United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, *Right of Privacy Act of 1967: Hearings*, 90th Congress, 1st session, part 2 (1967), testimony of George R. Wackenhut and his letter to the subcommittee of June 5, 1967. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-90shrg77600p2/pdf/CHRG-90shrg77600p2.pdf -[^24]: Lane, Brian. "Gerard Schaefer," *Real-Life Crimes,* Eaglemoss, 1992-93, p. 162, as cited in later accounts; the Crime Library profile gives "Florida Light and Power." No account describes his duties or names who hired him. See [[Gerard John Schaefer]]. -[^25]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami office to Director, September 15, 1967, file 92-6054, pp. 3-4, JFK record 124-10293-10312. -[^26]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, airtel to SAC Jacksonville, January 13, 1967, and memorandum recording the instruction of April 3, 1967, headquarters file on the Wackenhut Corporation; "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" *The Tampa Tribune,* February 17, 1967, and *St. Petersburg Times* clipping, Tampa file. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation ; Hougan, Jim. *Spooks*. William Morrow, 1978; House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* vol. 9, pp. 802-805, and testimony of Lewis McWillie, vol. 5. -[^27]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami file 80-1229, "The Wackenhut Corporation," with clipping "Wackenhut Is 'Shocked' At Crime's Extent In State," Times-Miami Herald Service, 1967. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation -[^28]: Hougan, Jim. *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents*. William Morrow, 1978, pp. 345-346, citing Warren Commission Document 206 and Commission Exhibit 1697. -[^29]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, "HSCA Chrono for 1977-1978 of Reports and Requests," CIA Reading Room document 00548292; Office of Legislative Counsel, HSCA request OLC 78-0070/1, January 12, 1978, with National Photographic Interpretation Center memorandum of January 30, 1978, document 00491180; McDonald, James H., Director of Logistics, memorandum on item 36, JFK record 104-10135-10200; Solie, Bruce L. "Wackenhut Corp.," memorandum for the record, July 18, 1978, JFK record 104-10130-10450. -[^30]: DiEugenio, James. "The Wegmann Files," *Probe,* vol. 4, no. 4, May-June 1997, pp. 8-9, in the Harold Weisberg Collection, Hood College; Central Intelligence Agency, "Names Traces on OLC Requests," February 6, 1978, CIA Reading Room document 00419231, listing item 36 as "Southern Research Corp (Wachenhut Corp)." Louisiana Secretary of State, business filings, charters 24407110D (Southern Research Company, Inc.), 26310590D (Southern Research Company of New Orleans, Inc.), and 27005970F (The Wackenhut Corporation), consulted September 21, 2026. -[^31]: Golrick, Philip D. Memorandum to David G. Marwell, "Phone Conversation with Joseph Oster," January 19, 1996, and letters and subpoena to Southern Research Company, Assassination Records Review Board electronic files of Philip G. Golrick (OSTER.WPD, SOURES.WPD); Central Intelligence Agency, report of investigation, September 13, 1960, JFK record 104-10109-10379, p. 14; Orleans Parish Grand Jury, testimony of Arthur Bidderson, January 9, 1969; Assassination Records Review Board, file inventory (082395.WPD). All consulted at the Mary Ferrell Foundation archive. -[^32]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Domestic Intelligence Division, informative note, April 14, 1967, JFK record 124-10369-10048; Assassination Records Review Board, public hearing transcript, testimony of James DiEugenio, p. 89; FBI Miami, memorandum of May 10, 1967, headquarters file 62-109060, section 129, p. 166. -[^33]: Osborn, Howard J. Memorandum for the record, November 8, 1967, JFK record 104-10133-10076. -[^34]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture, printed pp. 55 to 58. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 -[^35]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 58 and footnotes 32 and 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf -[^36]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 (March 21, 1991 affidavit, paragraph 44 as quoted). -[^37]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm -[^38]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302s, file 74-86438: Wayne Reeder (October 5, 1992), Sam Cross and Dave Baird (October 6, 1992). https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt -[^39]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section "(ii) The September 10, 1981 Weapons Demonstration," printed p. 64. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 -[^40]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page. -[^41]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). -[^42]: Epstein, Jeffrey, reply to Story Cowles, "Re: Wackenhut," email, July 13, 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01829732. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01829732.pdf -[^43]: G4S Wackenhut, Security Officer Reports, client facility "358 El Brillo," November 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01157725. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01157725.pdf -[^44]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. -[^45]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc."; vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), "NUSAC" (company established 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf -[^46]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, "Detail by Entity Name" and "Name History," document 599071. https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/WACKENHUT%20ADVANCED/Page1 -[^47]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1984), "Ralph E. Caudle Heads Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_13/V-13_1.pdf -[^48]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site). -[^49]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report placed as 1989, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (the last pages carry 1989 results and a first-quarter 1990 interim report), pages on the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center and the list of major subsidiaries. -[^50]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA216700, citation record. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA216700 -[^51]: Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. v. Sygnetron Protection Systems, Inc., 979 F.2d 980 (4th Cir. 1992). https://static.case.law/f2d/979/cases/0980-01.json -[^52]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, filed March 23, 1995. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt -[^53]: Wackenhut newsletter (titled *Pipeline* in the scan), undated issue, passages on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, WATCO's Touchscreen Station and "New CPP's at WATCO," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. -[^54]: Wackenhut Corporation, nuclear services brochure, undated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut - Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files. -[^55]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy dated June 20, 1990, pages 141 P10 and 141 P11, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. +[^3]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, filed March 23, 1995. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt +[^4]: General Services Administration, Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS-NG) ATOM feed, vendor name search "WACKENHUT SERVICES INC"; USAspending.gov, award DEAC0999SR18950. https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/FEEDS/ATOM?FEEDNAME=PUBLIC&q=VENDOR_FULL_NAME:%22WACKENHUT+SERVICES+INC%22 +[^5]: Jim Keith, *The Octopus: Secret Government and the Death of Danny Casolaro* (Feral House, 1996), index entries "Carlucci, Frank" and "Inman, Bobby Ray." https://archive.org/details/jim-keith-the-octopus-secret-government-and-the-death-of-danny-casolaro_2 +[^6]: Youngblood, Fred R. "The Wackenhut Corporation," CIA memorandum for the record, CS-2793, March 26, 1963. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10472. +[^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Wackenhut Corporation, SF# 493 364," memorandum for the record, July 28, 1975. JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10454, released in full March 18, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10130-10454.pdf +[^8]: "Florida: I, Claudius," *Time,* 1967. +[^9]: Chief of Station, JMWAVE, telepouch dispatch UFGT-21770 to Chief, WOBONE, April 24, 1968, JFK record 104-10130-10474. +[^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, transmittal and routing slips, September 5 and December 10, 1969, records 104-10130-10470 and 104-10130-10471; request for contact security approval, February to March 1971, record 104-10130-10468; Sheridan, Arthur C., memorandum to SAC, Miami Field Office, "Wackenhut Corporation #493364," April 20, 1971, record 104-10130-10469. JFK Assassination Records Collection. On VENOM: CIA memoranda of July 23, 1970 (104-10120-10117), March 19, 1971 (104-10117-10341), and May 5, 1971 (104-10122-10166), as summarized in the Mary Ferrell Foundation cryptonym database, entry "VENOM." +[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, cable to SAC New York field office, "Wackenhut Corp.," April 30, 1968, JFK record 104-10130-10473. +[^12]: National Archives, JFK Assassination Records Collection, record identification forms 104-10130-10459 (April 25, 1967), 104-10130-10466 (November 8, 1971), 104-10130-10463 (February 4, 1974), 104-10130-10461 (February 6, 1974), and 104-10130-10460 (February 11, 1974), agency file 80T01357A. +[^13]: Burr, William, ed. "Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, 2010. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm +[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 30, 59-64, 65-66, memorandum MIM-294-67, "Initial Contact," December 13, 1967, and information reports of January 10, 1968. +[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 10-13, 37-58, process sheets of March 1970 to December 1971. +[^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 24-29, memoranda MIM-160-70 (September 21, 1970), MIM-178-70 (October 29, 1970), the TSD request of October 29, 1970, cables of November 4, 1970, and memorandum DAL-108-72 (May 1, 1972). +[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 19, 21-23, 36, cable DCD/Miami 12422, October 2, 1973; memorandum MFI-125-73, December 3, 1973; process sheet of January 1974. +[^18]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 15, 32; Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Collection Division, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corp.," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10017, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10017.pdf, pp. 4, 6-7. +[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Contact Service, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corporation," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10016, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10016.pdf, pp. 14, 17, 18; Central Intelligence Agency, Domestic Collection Division, case file 65805, "Wackenhut Corp.," JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10291-10017, released 2023. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10291-10017.pdf, pp. 2, 3, 11, 13, 17-18. +[^20]: Connolly, John. "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. +[^21]: Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, finding aid to the Church League of America Collection of the Research Files of Counterattack, the Wackenhut Corporation, and Karl Baarslag, TAM 148. https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/tam_148/ +[^22]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 1: Youth," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 171, September 13, 2026, audio at 18:34 to 22:49. https://www.therialtoreport.com/2026/09/13/ray-horsch-2/ +[^23]: "[...] bogus $180,000 in Bucks raid," *The Morning Call* (Allentown), December 11, 1974, p. 5. https://www.newspapers.com/image/275702319/ +[^24]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Wackenhut Corporation," headquarters file, section 1: SAC Newark to Director, May 4, 1962, enclosing Charles B. Flack Jr. to SA James Oakley, May 1, 1962; Miami report quoting a local newspaper of May 2, 1962; J. B. Adams to Mr. Callahan, 1966, on the company's public offering; and the Preliminary Prospectus of March 25, 1966. https://archive.org/stream/WackenhutCorporation/Wackenhut%20Corp.-HQ-1_djvu.txt +[^25]: United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, *Right of Privacy Act of 1967: Hearings*, 90th Congress, 1st session, part 2 (1967), testimony of George R. Wackenhut and his letter to the subcommittee of June 5, 1967. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-90shrg77600p2/pdf/CHRG-90shrg77600p2.pdf +[^26]: Lane, Brian. "Gerard Schaefer," *Real-Life Crimes,* Eaglemoss, 1992-93, p. 162, as cited in later accounts; the Crime Library profile gives "Florida Light and Power." No account describes his duties or names who hired him. See [[Gerard John Schaefer]]. +[^27]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami office to Director, September 15, 1967, file 92-6054, pp. 3-4, JFK record 124-10293-10312. +[^28]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, airtel to SAC Jacksonville, January 13, 1967, and memorandum recording the instruction of April 3, 1967, headquarters file on the Wackenhut Corporation; "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" *The Tampa Tribune,* February 17, 1967, and *St. Petersburg Times* clipping, Tampa file. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation ; Hougan, Jim. *Spooks*. William Morrow, 1978; House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* vol. 9, pp. 802-805, and testimony of Lewis McWillie, vol. 5. +[^29]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami file 80-1229, "The Wackenhut Corporation," with clipping "Wackenhut Is 'Shocked' At Crime's Extent In State," Times-Miami Herald Service, 1967. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation +[^30]: Hougan, Jim. *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents*. William Morrow, 1978, pp. 345-346, citing Warren Commission Document 206 and Commission Exhibit 1697. +[^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, "HSCA Chrono for 1977-1978 of Reports and Requests," CIA Reading Room document 00548292; Office of Legislative Counsel, HSCA request OLC 78-0070/1, January 12, 1978, with National Photographic Interpretation Center memorandum of January 30, 1978, document 00491180; McDonald, James H., Director of Logistics, memorandum on item 36, JFK record 104-10135-10200; Solie, Bruce L. "Wackenhut Corp.," memorandum for the record, July 18, 1978, JFK record 104-10130-10450. +[^32]: DiEugenio, James. "The Wegmann Files," *Probe,* vol. 4, no. 4, May-June 1997, pp. 8-9, in the Harold Weisberg Collection, Hood College; Central Intelligence Agency, "Names Traces on OLC Requests," February 6, 1978, CIA Reading Room document 00419231, listing item 36 as "Southern Research Corp (Wachenhut Corp)." Louisiana Secretary of State, business filings, charters 24407110D (Southern Research Company, Inc.), 26310590D (Southern Research Company of New Orleans, Inc.), and 27005970F (The Wackenhut Corporation), consulted September 21, 2026. +[^33]: Golrick, Philip D. Memorandum to David G. Marwell, "Phone Conversation with Joseph Oster," January 19, 1996, and letters and subpoena to Southern Research Company, Assassination Records Review Board electronic files of Philip G. Golrick (OSTER.WPD, SOURES.WPD); Central Intelligence Agency, report of investigation, September 13, 1960, JFK record 104-10109-10379, p. 14; Orleans Parish Grand Jury, testimony of Arthur Bidderson, January 9, 1969; Assassination Records Review Board, file inventory (082395.WPD). All consulted at the Mary Ferrell Foundation archive. +[^34]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Domestic Intelligence Division, informative note, April 14, 1967, JFK record 124-10369-10048; Assassination Records Review Board, public hearing transcript, testimony of James DiEugenio, p. 89; FBI Miami, memorandum of May 10, 1967, headquarters file 62-109060, section 129, p. 166. +[^35]: Osborn, Howard J. Memorandum for the record, November 8, 1967, JFK record 104-10133-10076. +[^36]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture, printed pp. 55 to 58. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 +[^37]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 58 and footnotes 32 and 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf +[^38]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 (March 21, 1991 affidavit, paragraph 44 as quoted). +[^39]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm +[^40]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, FD-302s, file 74-86438: Wayne Reeder (October 5, 1992), Sam Cross and Dave Baird (October 6, 1992). https://archive.org/details/INSLAW-CabazonWackenhunt +[^41]: United States Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.* (March 1993), section "(ii) The September 10, 1981 Weapons Demonstration," printed p. 64. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 +[^42]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page. +[^43]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). +[^44]: Epstein, Jeffrey, reply to Story Cowles, "Re: Wackenhut," email, July 13, 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01829732. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01829732.pdf +[^45]: G4S Wackenhut, Security Officer Reports, client facility "358 El Brillo," November 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01157725. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01157725.pdf +[^46]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. +[^47]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc."; vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), "NUSAC" (company established 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf +[^48]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, "Detail by Entity Name" and "Name History," document 599071. https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/WACKENHUT%20ADVANCED/Page1 +[^49]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1984), "Ralph E. Caudle Heads Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_13/V-13_1.pdf +[^50]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site). +[^51]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report placed as 1989, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (the last pages carry 1989 results and a first-quarter 1990 interim report), pages on the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center and the list of major subsidiaries. +[^52]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA216700, citation record. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA216700 +[^53]: Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. v. Sygnetron Protection Systems, Inc., 979 F.2d 980 (4th Cir. 1992). https://static.case.law/f2d/979/cases/0980-01.json +[^54]: Wackenhut newsletter (titled *Pipeline* in the scan), undated issue, passages on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, WATCO's Touchscreen Station and "New CPP's at WATCO," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. +[^55]: Wackenhut Corporation, nuclear services brochure, undated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut - Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files. +[^56]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy dated June 20, 1990, pages 141 P10 and 141 P11, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Services.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Services.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..356424e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut Services.md @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ +--- +title: Wackenhut Services, Inc. +aliases: + - Wackenhut Services, Inc. + - Wackenhut Services, Incorporated + - Wackenhut Services Inc. + - Wackenhut Services + - Wackenhut Services, Inc. (WSI) + - WSI + - WSI-NV + - Wackenhut Services Limited Liability Company + - Wackenhut Services LLC + - G4S Government Solutions + - G4S Government Solutions, Inc. + - Centerra Group + - Centerra Group, LLC + - Centerra +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +category: "Private Organization" +tags: + - Organization + - Private + - Security + - Wackenhut + - DOE + - NevadaTestSite + - SavannahRiver + - RockyFlats + - OakRidge + - Cabazon + - CabazonArms + - Centerra + - G4S +summary: "Government-services subsidiary of the Wackenhut Corporation that guarded Department of Energy sites, formed a 1981 joint venture with the Cabazon Band, and was later renamed G4S Government Solutions and then Centerra Group." +location: "Palm Beach Gardens, Florida" +relations: + - type: owned + with: "[[Wackenhut Corporation]]" + reverse: true + role: "wholly owned Florida subsidiary, listed with 100 percent ownership in the parent's Form 10-K for fiscal 1994" + fn: 2 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Robert Frye]]" + reverse: true + start: 1981 + role: "president of Wackenhut Services, Inc. during the Cabazon joint venture, per the 1993 Bua report" + fn: 21 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Timothy P. Cole]]" + reverse: true + start: 1988 + role: "president of Wackenhut Services, Incorporated from 1988, per the parent's 1995 Form 10-K" + fn: 3 + - type: contractor_to + with: "[[Department of Energy]]" + start: 1965 + role: "guard and protective force contractor at the Nevada Test Site, Savannah River Site, Rocky Flats Plant and Oak Ridge Reservation" + fn: 6 + - type: partner_of + with: "[[Cabazon Security Corporation]]" + start: 1981-04 + role: "joint venture agreement signed April 1981 by Robert Frye for Wackenhut Services, Inc." + fn: 22 + - type: owned + with: "[[G4S]]" + reverse: true + role: "parent of the business when it was G4S Government Solutions, Inc.; Paul Donahue described the parent as a $10 billion company" + fn: 1 + - type: owned + with: "[[Alvarez & Marsal Capital Partners]]" + reverse: true + start: 2014-11 + role: "acquired G4S Government Solutions, Inc. for $135 million" + fn: 1 + - type: owned + with: "[[Constellis]]" + reverse: true + start: 2017 + role: "acquisition of Centerra Group, per the Constellis corporate history" + fn: 5 +--- + +Wackenhut Services, Inc. (WSI) was the government-services subsidiary of the [[Wackenhut Corporation]], a [[Florida]] security company. It held guard and protective force contracts at [[Department of Energy]] sites, and in 1981 it entered a joint venture with the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]]. The business was later known as G4S Government Solutions, Inc., and in 2014 it was renamed Centerra Group, LLC.[^1] + +### Corporate form and early records + +The parent's Form 10-K for fiscal 1994 lists Wackenhut Services, Incorporated as a Florida corporation, 100 percent owned, alongside [[Wackenhut International]], Incorporated and [[Wackenhut Corrections Corporation]].[^2] [[Timothy P. Cole]] joined the company in 1988 as president of Wackenhut Services, Incorporated, and became executive vice president and president of the Government Services Group on April 27, 1991.[^3] + +A [[Central Intelligence Agency]] memorandum dated December 13, 1967 in the [[Domestic Contact Service]] file on the company is headed "Initial Contact with:" and gives "Wackenhut Services Inc." at 3280 Ponce de Leon Boulevard in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], with a telephone number. The body of the memorandum is redacted, and a handwritten notation at the top reads "Wackenhut Services Inc."[^4] The corporate history of Constellis describes Wackenhut Services, Inc. as established in 1960 as a wholly owned subsidiary to handle United States government contracts.[^5] + +### Nevada Test Site + +The company's annual report for 1984, catalogued in the Danny Casolaro papers, states that the security of the [[Nevada Test Site]], "a 1,350-square-mile area of desert and mountain terrain larger than Rhode Island," had been entrusted to Wackenhut since 1965, and that its contingent there had a "defensive arsenal" that "includes sophisticated weapons, helicopters and armored vehicles."[^6] [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]], a sister subsidiary, was selected, according to the 1985 annual report, to formulate the conceptual design of the security system for the nuclear device assembly facility at the Test Site, and the 1986 report adds design engineering for that system.[^7] + +The parent's 1994 Form 10-K reports that Wackenhut Services revenues were $8.1 million lower in 1994 than in 1993 because the Department of Energy reduced its manpower requirements. The filing states that the division was seeking contracts from other government departments to offset the decline.[^8] + +The Department of Energy [[Nevada Operations Office]] guard-services contracts held by Wackenhut Services Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC08-87NV10559 (cost-plus-award-fee, first recorded September 15, 1987 at $2,550,000, with transactions to February 1996), DE-AC08-93NV11011 (October 1992 to April 2003) and DE-AC08-98NV13149 (September 1998 to June 2005).[^9] A guard-services contract numbered DE-AC52-06NA14390, running from June 1, 2006 to January 31, 2012 with about $279.3 million obligated, and the Nevada Site Office security protective force contract DE-NA0001435, running from January 1, 2012 to February 28, 2018 with about $269.8 million obligated, are recorded under the recipient name Centerra Group, LLC.[^10] + +[[Edward J. Markey]] wrote in a letter of February 17, 2005 that a force-on-force exercise held at the Test Site in August 2004 had ended in failure for the guard force. Markey described a friendly-fire incident and a fistfight between two Wackenhut guards during the exercise, and he cited a [[Department of Energy Office of Inspector General]] report of February 11, 2005 that a Wackenhut employee had taken government and personal handguns to a training exercise at the site in 2003.[^11] + +The Department of Energy's Voluntary Protection Program review of WSI-NV, the Nevada operation, in May 2008 states that the company was responsible for security for all Test Site personnel, facilities, equipment, material and operations. The review records that the company had been tasked in 2004 with establishing a special response team capability, that it had grown almost four times larger since 2004, and that it had been through a long period of contract uncertainty.[^12] + +### Albuquerque training academy + +The 1984 annual report states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut that year to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], New Mexico, adding that "Never before has any Federal training center been contracted out to private industry." In winning the three-year, $5 million contract, the report states, Wackenhut Services competed against 92 companies, "including nine other finalists."[^6] Education-services contracts from the DOE Albuquerque Operations Office to Wackenhut Services Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC04-85AL27671 (first recorded September 1987, last transaction July 1998), DE-AC04-92AL72307 (November 1991 to May 1997) and, for the operation of a government educational building, DE-AC04-95AL97273 (May 1995 to February 2002, about $72.4 million).[^9] + +### Savannah River Site + +The 1994 Form 10-K states that the Department of Energy was the largest client of the parent, accounting for about 20 percent of consolidated revenue in 1994, and that the [[Savannah River Site]] contract (9 percent of revenue) and the [[Rocky Flats Plant]] contract (5 percent) were the largest of its DOE contracts.[^8] + +A Wackenhut annual report describes a security force of more than 600 people at the Savannah River Plant, provided by Wackenhut Services, Incorporated under a Department of Energy award to the company, and states that the Savannah River force conducted Special Response Team training.[^13] + +[[Centerra Group]], formerly known as Wackenhut Services, Inc., has provided security at the Savannah River Site since 1983, and in December 2018 marked 35 continuous years of that work.[^14] The Savannah River Operations Office guard-services contracts to Wackenhut Services Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC09-83SR11046 (September 1983, $2,122,000), DE-AC09-88SR18002 (transactions from November 1988 to March 2000, including a $43,555,000 modification in November 1988), DE-AC09-93SR18292 (September 1993 to December 2003) and DE-AC09-99SR18950 (October 15, 1999 to December 31, 2009, about $901.6 million obligated).[^9] Under the name Centerra Group, LLC, contract DE-AC30-10CC60025 ran from October 8, 2009 to July 14, 2023, with about $1.38 billion obligated.[^10] + +### Rocky Flats Plant + +A letter report of the [[General Accounting Office]] dated June 4, 1996 and addressed to Representative [[David E. Skaggs]] states that Wackenhut Services, Inc. provided the security services at the Rocky Flats Plant and was the primary custodian of the site's military equipment. The report states that Wackenhut Services assumed responsibility for the military equipment inventory in 1991, that three night-vision devices valued at about $15,000 could not be located, and that the Department of Energy wrote off the loss in 1995.[^15] + +In a letter of July 16, 1992 to Terry Vaeth, the Department of Energy manager at the site, Timothy P. Cole wrote: "The distrust, doubt and fear our Security Inspectors have for certain DOE officials is unhealthy and may lead to serious consequences."[^16] The Rocky Flats Office guard-services contracts to Wackenhut Services Inc. carry the numbers DE-AC34-91RF00025 (first transactions November 1990 and February 1991, of $7.5 million and $25.9 million, through March 2003) and DE-AC34-93RF00283 (April 1993 to November 1997).[^9] + +### Oak Ridge Reservation + +In October 1999 the [[Oak Ridge Operations Office]] chose Wackenhut Services, Inc. as prime contractor for selected protective services at Oak Ridge facilities, under a three-year contract with two one-year options valued at approximately $75 million per year. The [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] employee newsletter stated that the new contractor would begin on January 1, after a transition period of about 90 days.[^17] The contract is numbered DE-AC05-00OR22690 and carries a period beginning October 15, 1999; the successor Y-12 contract, DE-AC05-02OR22928, begins July 15, 2002.[^10] + +The Department of Energy's Office of Inspector General audit of the restructuring of security services at the Oak Ridge Operations Office (IG-0487) states that in fiscal 2000 the office awarded a three-year base term contract valued at $218 million to Wackenhut Services, Incorporated. It states that security costs rose from $78.4 million in fiscal 1999 to an estimated $92.1 million in fiscal 2000, against projected savings of about $5 million a year.[^18] + +Principal Deputy Inspector General [[Herbert Richardson]] told the [[House Committee on Energy and Commerce]] Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations on March 4, 2004 that the Inspector General had reviewed improprieties in protective force performance testing at the Oak Ridge complex. He described a pattern of actions by site security personnel, spanning back to the mid-1980s, that may have negatively affected the reliability of those tests.[^19] Markey's letter attributes to a January 2004 Inspector General finding that Wackenhut supervisory personnel had been told in advance of a drill at the Oak Ridge protective force, and to a March 2004 Inspector General report that training had been eliminated or modified at four sites where the parent held the security contract, including the Test Site, Savannah River, Rocky Flats and the Y-12 plant.[^11] + +The Inspector General's inspection report of February 2006 (IG-0719) states that after the creation of the National Nuclear Security Administration, the protective force services for the [[Y-12 National Security Complex]] were placed under a separate contract, so that Wackenhut Services provided protective services under two essentially identical contracts at Oak Ridge. The report states that the contracts were awarded to Wackenhut in October 1999, and that modifications to them gave the contractor profit from increases in overtime hours in the post-9/11 environment. It estimates that for 2005 alone the company may have been paid about $1.8 million in additional profit by the Y-12 Site Office beyond the award fee.[^20] + +### The Cabazon joint venture + +The Bua report of March 1993, the [[Department of Justice]] Office of Professional Responsibility report on the [[INSLAW]] matter by Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]], states that the Cabazons formed [[Cabazon Security Corporation]] in early 1981, and that [[Robert Frye]], then president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., responded on Wackenhut's behalf when the company solicited capability statements from security firms.[^21] The report states that the joint venture agreement of April 1981 was signed by Frye for Wackenhut and by Tribal Chairman [[Arthur Welmas]] for the Cabazon company. It quotes the agreement's primary purpose as "qualify for, bid on, and obtain government guard service contracts," and states that the venture bid on two government security contracts that it did not receive.[^22] + +The report states that "the joint venture had no employees at any time" and that "The only individual employed by Wackenhut was Frye." It found no evidence that [[Michael Riconosciuto]], who claimed in a March 21, 1991 affidavit to have been director of research for the venture, was employed by Wackenhut or by the venture.[^23] + +An inter-office memorandum from A. R. Frye to R. E. Chasen of the "S & S Group," headed "DIV/AREA: WSI" and dated May 25, 1981, reports a trip of May 11 to 22, 1981 to New Jersey, Indiana and Washington, D.C., made with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the tribal administrator. The memorandum states that Zokosky also accompanied the writer for the first part of the trip, and that personnel contacted at the arsenal included R. Scott Westley of the Army project office and Dr. Harry D. Fair. The memorandum lists three purposes: to explore manufacture of 120 mm combustible cartridge cases on Cabazon land, to have the "Cabazon-WSI Joint Venture" placed on bidders' lists for set-aside contracts, and to contact agencies about export licenses for items on the Munitions List, specifically night-vision goggles.[^24] + +The Bua report places a night-vision demonstration on the evening of September 10, 1981 at the Lake Cahuilla gun range in [[Indio, California|Indio]]. It states that Nichols's view was that the Cabazons, as a sovereign nation, were not subject to the usual export and import controls, and that Wackenhut's files showed marketing efforts directed at individuals identified as representatives of the governments of [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]]. The report states that the same files held internal memoranda in which Wackenhut personnel expressed the opinion that any sales of night-vision equipment would need State Department approval, and copies of preliminary applications Wackenhut filed with the [[United States Department of State|State Department]]. Its finding: "As far as we could tell, no sales were ever made."[^25] + +The report states that [[Peter Zokosky]], a former president of Armtec Defense Products of [[Coachella, California|Coachella]] who advised Nichols on a possible second source of combustible cartridge casings for the [[United States Army]], travelled with Nichols and the joint venture to [[Picatinny Arsenal]], and that Frye said he first met Riconosciuto on a trip to the arsenal that he believed took place in May 1981. Zokosky agreed there was a May 1981 trip but said Riconosciuto was not on it, and that Frye met him on a second trip in October 1981.[^23] + +*[[Spy]]* magazine reported in September 1992 that [[Eden Pastora]], who had been spotted at a test of night-vision goggles at a firing range near the Cabazon reservation in the company of Nichols and a Wackenhut executive, offhandedly identified that executive, A. Robert Frye, as "the man from the CIA" in an interview with the magazine. The article adds that in a subsequent conversation Pastora denied knowing Frye.[^26] + +In a March 21, 1985 interview with the [[Desert Sun]], Frye said: "We severed our relations with the tribe over a year ago."[^27] A letter by Riconosciuto, written after a March 11, 1982 meeting with [[George R. Wackenhut]] and John Amarell in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], states: "Bob Frye of Wackenhut Services, Inc., gave personal invaluable assistance to me at the Picatinny Arsenal in Dover, New Jersey."[^28] + +### Later corporate history + +The parent's 1994 Form 10-K reports a suit captioned "[[Essex Corporation]] vs Wackenhut Services, Inc.," Case No. 94-908 JC/DJS in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, in which the plaintiff claimed multi-million dollar damages for tortious interference with contract and related torts. The filing states that the parent's insurance carrier had denied coverage and that the company denied the claims.[^29] The docket, 1:94-cv-00908 before Judge John Edwards Conway, was filed on August 8, 1994 on diversity jurisdiction, classified as a suit for other personal property damage, and terminated on March 29, 1996.[^30] + +In April 2010 [[G4S Wackenhut]] dropped the Wackenhut name, and Wackenhut Services Incorporated was described as "the Palm Beach Gardens, Fla., firm spun out of Wackenhut and known for providing armed security services to the U.S. government and critical infrastructure."[^31] A Florida registry record, as reproduced by OpenCorporates, lists a branch of Wackenhut Services Limited Liability Company, a [[Colorado]] company, under Florida document M13000005194, with an inactive status.[^32] + +In late November 2014, G4S Government Solutions, Inc. was acquired by [[Alvarez & Marsal Capital Partners]] for $135 million and rebranded as Centerra Group, LLC. Its president and chief executive, [[Paul Donahue]], said that the unit had operated under the Wackenhut Services brand from 1960 to 2011, that it had about $500 million in revenue, that it had been "owned by a $10 billion company," and that it represented roughly five percent of its parent's revenues. Donahue said the company wanted a name that had not been used and that was like Wackenhut.[^1] + +[[Constellis]] lists Centerra's 2017 acquisition in its own timeline, through which the business became part of the Constellis portfolio.[^5] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: SecurityInfoWatch, "Private equity firm buys G4S Government Solutions, rebrands as Centerra Group," December 2, 2014. https://www.securityinfowatch.com/integrators/article/12023614/g4s-government-solutions-acquired-by-private-equity-firm-rebrands-as-centerra-group +[^2]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed March 23, 1995, subsidiary schedule, SEC accession 0000912057-95-001626. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt +[^3]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed March 23, 1995, executive officers section, entry for Timothy P. Cole. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt +[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum dated 13 December 1967, "Initial Contact with: ... Wackenhut Services Inc., 3280 Ponce de Leon Blvd., Coral Gables, Florida," with handwritten "Wackenhut Services Inc." and file numbers, JFK Assassination Records, record 104-10291-10016, p. 30 (page image; body redacted). https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10291-10016.pdf +[^5]: Constellis, "Our History," timeline entries for "Wackenhut Services, Inc. (WSI)" (1960) and the 2017 acquisition of Centerra Group. The company's own account. https://constellis.com/our-history/ +[^6]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^7]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^8]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed March 23, 1995, Marketing section and Results of Operations section (Department of Energy and Wackenhut Services revenues). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt +[^9]: General Services Administration, Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS-NG) ATOM feed, vendor name searches "WACKENHUT SERVICES" and "WACKENHUT SERVICES INC," contract numbers, offices and signed dates as listed (Department of Energy Nevada Operations, Savannah River Operations, Rocky Flats, Albuquerque Operations and Oak Ridge offices). https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/FEEDS/ATOM?FEEDNAME=PUBLIC&q=VENDOR_FULL_NAME:%22WACKENHUT+SERVICES+INC%22 +[^10]: USAspending.gov, spending by award API, awards DEAC0999SR18950, DEAC3010CC60025, DEAC0500OR22690, DEAC0502OR22928, DEAC5206NA14390 and DENA0001435, recipient names, periods of performance and obligated amounts as listed. https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/search/spending_by_award/ +[^11]: Markey, Edward J., press release and letter to Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman, February 17, 2005, citing a March 2004 Inspector General report, a January 2004 finding and a February 11, 2005 Inspector General report. Markey's characterizations, attributed to him. https://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press-releases/february-17-2005-markey-questions-doe-on-security-failures-at-nuclear-facilities +[^12]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Health, Safety and Security, "Wackenhut Services, Incorporated, Nevada: Department of Energy Voluntary Protection Program Onsite Review, May 5 to 8, 2008," Background and Results, June 2008. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2014/03/f10/WackenhutServicesIncNVReportMay2008.pdf +[^13]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report (chronology and the Savannah River Plant feature), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^14]: Aiken Standard, "Centerra celebrates 35 years protecting Savannah River Site," December 23, 2018. https://www.aikenstandard.com/news/centerra-celebrates-years-protecting-savannah-river-site/article_62716680-ffdd-11e8-a20b-eb7cf62551c6.html +[^15]: United States General Accounting Office, letter report RCED-96-149R, "Military Equipment at Rocky Flats," to Representative David E. Skaggs, June 4, 1996 (B-271789). https://www.gao.gov/assets/rced-96-149r.pdf +[^16]: Probe International, "Chronic Insecurity: Three Case Studies," January 13, 2002, Rocky Flats section (quoting Cole's letter of July 16, 1992 to Terry Vaeth). https://ep.probeinternational.org/2002/01/13/chronic-insecurity-three-case-studies/ +[^17]: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, "ORNL Reporter," No. 8, "Wackenhut wins ORO protective services contract," October 1999. https://web.ornl.gov/info/reporter/no8/wacken.htm +[^18]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Inspector General, Audit Report IG-0487, "The Restructure of Security Services by the Oak Ridge Operations Office," fiscal 2000. https://www.energy.gov/node/248407 +[^19]: Richardson, Herbert, Principal Deputy Inspector General, statement before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, March 4, 2004. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/igprod/documents/Testimony/t-030404-hr.pdf +[^20]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Inspector General, Inspection Report DOE/IG-0719, "Protective Force Contracts at the Oak Ridge Reservation," February 2006. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/igprod/documents/CalendarYear2006/IG-0719.pdf +[^21]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), section "(i) The Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture," printed pp. 55 to 56. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 +[^22]: Bua report, printed p. 56, on the agreement's primary purpose and the two contracts bid. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 +[^23]: Bua report, printed p. 44 (Riconosciuto's March 21, 1991 affidavit, as summarized) and printed pp. 57 to 58 with the footnote on employment. Official finding, attributed. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 +[^24]: A. R. Frye, inter-office memorandum to R. E. Chasen, S & S Group, "DIV/AREA: WSI," "Trip Report (May 11-22, 1981)," May 25, 1981, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^25]: Bua report, printed p. 56 and its footnotes 3 and 4, on the September 10, 1981 demonstration, Nichols's view of export controls, Wackenhut's State Department memoranda and applications, and the finding on sales. Official finding, attributed. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 +[^26]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy*, September 1992, pp. 46 to 54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm +[^27]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page. +[^28]: Michael Riconosciuto, letter (undated), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks +[^29]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed March 23, 1995, legal proceedings section, "Essex Corporation vs Wackenhut Services, Inc.," Case No. 94-908 JC/DJS. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt +[^30]: CourtListener (RECAP), docket 1:94-cv-00908, Essex Corporation v. Wackenhut Services, D.N.M., filed August 8, 1994, terminated March 29, 1996. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/10262734/essex-corporation-v-wackenhut-services/ +[^31]: SecurityInfoWatch, "G4S Wackenhut drops 'Wackenhut' name, now simply G4S," April 6, 2010. https://www.securityinfowatch.com/security-executives/protective-operations-guard-services/article/10487893/g4s-g4s-wackenhut-changes-name-to-g4s-as-it-focuses-on-integrated-security-systems-offered-with-risk-management-consulting-and-manned-security-services +[^32]: OpenCorporates, entity record for Wackenhut Services Limited Liability Company, Florida branch, document M13000005194 (Florida, inactive; home company Colorado). https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_fl/M13000005194 diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Washington Post.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Washington Post.md index ada0d8d2..300150ad 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Washington Post.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Washington Post.md @@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ Webb wrote that when the New York Times reported the leaked conclusions of the C [^6]: Garrow, David J. "Meet the Burglars Who Outsmarted Hoover's FBI," *The Washington Post*, January 26, 2014, p. B1 (review of Betty Medsger, *The Burglary*), copy at https://www.davidgarrow.com/File/DJG2014WaPoMedsgerFBI.pdf ; Neier, Aryeh, "The Burglars Who Exposed the FBI," *The New York Review of Books*, October 23, 2014, https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/10/23/burglars-who-exposed-fbi/ [^7]: U.S. Department of State, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, document 197, editorial note 2 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v35/d197); Central Intelligence Agency, "Project AZORIAN: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," *Studies in Intelligence*, Fall 1985, CIA Reading Room document 0005301269, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005301269 [^8]: Kempster, Norman. "Bush Urges Secrecy on Reporters List," *The Washington Star*, February 10, 1976, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100040124-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100040124-3 -[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 27 and notes. https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb Sole source for the passages so cited on Pincus's 1967 article, the 1975 review and the 1986 broadcast. +[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 27 and notes. https://archive.org/details/dark-alliance-the-cia-the-con-gary-webb [^10]: CIA, "Media Contact with Bob Woodward," memorandum for the record, November 3, 1987, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP89T00142R000700920007-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp89t00142r000700920007-5 [^11]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up.* W. W. Norton, 1997, pp. 421-422, as quoted in Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (see note 9). [^12]: Robinson, Timothy S. "ITT Ex-Official Charged With Withholding Data," *The Washington Post*, November 1976 (clipping in CIA-RDP09T00207R001000030036-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp09t00207r001000030036-3); Associated Press, "CIA Knew of False Testimony," CIA-RDP09T00207R001000030035-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp09t00207r001000030035-4. The AP item reports the November 30, 1976 proceedings in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. [^13]: "No New Leads Uncovered by Letelier Probe," *The Washington Post*, November 1, 1976, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100020097-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100020097-6 [^14]: CIA Office of Technical Service, OTS/BAB Memo #287-77, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," November 17, 1977, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP79-00999A000400050014-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000400050014-1 [^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), chapter 1. https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch01p1.htm -[^16]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (see note 9). Sole source for Ceppos's telephone remarks and the handling of his letter. +[^16]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 27 (see note 9). [^17]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, epilogue (see note 9). diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Yakuza.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Yakuza.md index 0fa2a155..6f29cd9e 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Yakuza.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Yakuza.md @@ -120,4 +120,4 @@ Seymour wrote that Okimoto's company, [[Island Tobacco]], sold cigarettes at the [^25]: U.S. Department of Justice release of March 3, 2026 on the sentencing of Takeshi Ebisawa, as posted by the Internal Revenue Service, https://www.irs.gov/node/157161. [^26]: Asahi Shimbun, "Police struggle to prevent gangsters from profiting in disaster areas," Asahi Asia & Japan Watch, January 31 to February 1, 2013, as archived by the Japan Disaster Archive, https://jdarchive.org/api/item/1698468. [^27]: Jake Adelstein, "How the Yakuza and Japan's Nuclear Industry Learned to Love Each Other," The Atlantic Wire, reprinted by TRANSCEND Media Service on July 22, 2013, https://www.transcend.org/tms/?p=32135. -[^28]: Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal* (TrineDay, 2010). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^28]: Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal* (TrineDay, 2010). diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project Camelot.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project Camelot.md index 5338a489..25d684cb 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project Camelot.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project Camelot.md @@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ tags: - SocialScience - SORO - ProjectCamelot -summary: "A 1964 US Army project run through SORO at American University under contract ARO-7 and a budget Secretary of State Rusk described as 'more than $4,000,000' that attempted to build a predictive social science model for revolution in developing countries; cancelled in July 1965 after its exposure by Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung provoked a Chilean diplomatic protest, congressional hearings, and a permanent rupture between the military and academic social science communities." +summary: "A 1964 U.S. Army social-science project run through SORO at American University to model revolution in developing countries, cancelled in July 1965 after Johan Galtung's exposure of it provoked a Chilean protest and congressional hearings." created: 2026-06-04 -updated: 2026-06-04 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- Project Camelot was a US Army research initiative launched in July 1964 through the Special Operations Research Office ([[CRESS|SORO]]) at [[American University]] in Washington, D.C., under the Army's existing contract ARO-7 with a budget Secretary of State Rusk described to President Johnson as "more than $4,000,000" over three to four years. Its formal goal was to develop a general social systems model that could predict the internal conditions leading to revolution in developing countries and assess actions available to host governments to suppress that potential. [[Chile]] was designated the initial pilot study country, with planned fieldwork expansion to [[Latin America]], the [[Middle East]], and Southeast Asia. The project was publicly cancelled July 8, 1965, following its exposure in Chile, a diplomatic protest from the Chilean government, and the eruption of a major controversy within American academic social science.[^1] @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ The target country list documented in Army memos of December 5, 1964, included t ### Intellectual Lineage through the Rockefeller Network -Camelot's counterinsurgency social-science framework grew from doctrines developed in the Rockefeller policy network. [[William Kintner]], [[Nelson Rockefeller]]'s collaborator on the 1955 Quantico seminars and "Open Skies" proposal, co-founded the [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], from which he argued for folding "private voluntary organizations, including religious personnel" into Cold War operations, the same logic Camelot applied to academic social scientists. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project, on which Kintner worked alongside future Kennedy national-security officials, produced 1958-1959 reports that became the template for the Kennedy counterinsurgency expansion.[^2] +Camelot's counterinsurgency social-science framework grew from doctrines developed in the Rockefeller policy network. [[William Kintner]] co-founded the [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], from which he argued for folding "private voluntary organizations, including religious personnel" into Cold War operations, the same logic Camelot applied to academic social scientists. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project, on which Kintner worked alongside future Kennedy national-security officials, produced 1958-1959 reports that became the template for the Kennedy counterinsurgency expansion.[^2] ### Colombia as Laboratory and the Yarborough Mission @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ The Kennedy administration's choice of [[Colombia]] as its principal counterinsu ### The Special Group CI and NSAM 124/182 -Camelot's institutional patron was Kennedy's Special Group (Counter-Insurgency), established by NSAM 124 on January 18, 1962 under General [[Maxwell Taylor]] and including Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy]], the DCI, and McGeorge Bundy; it was the successor to the Special Group Nelson Rockefeller had chaired under Eisenhower. NSAM 182 (August 24, 1962) approved the "U.S. Overseas Internal Defense Policy" and required each agency to formulate its own counterinsurgency doctrine for Special Group review, the mandate under which the Army's Office of the Chief of Research and Development commissioned SORO's modeling program. The project's full projected authorization was about $6 million over five years, described at the time as the largest single social-science grant ever, of which the "more than $4,000,000" Rusk cited reflected funds committed at cancellation.[^4] +Camelot's institutional patron was Kennedy's Special Group (Counter-Insurgency), established by NSAM 124 on January 18, 1962 under General [[Maxwell Taylor]] and including Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy]], the DCI, and McGeorge Bundy; it was the successor to the Special Group [[Nelson Rockefeller]] had chaired under Eisenhower. NSAM 182 (August 24, 1962) approved the "U.S. Overseas Internal Defense Policy" and required each agency to formulate its own counterinsurgency doctrine for Special Group review, the mandate under which the Army's Office of the Chief of Research and Development commissioned SORO's modeling program. The project's full projected authorization was about $6 million over five years, described at the time as the largest single social-science grant ever, of which the "more than $4,000,000" Rusk cited reflected funds committed at cancellation.[^4] ### Exposure in Chile diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project Troy.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project Troy.md index 2af6b497..66737a50 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project Troy.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project Troy.md @@ -75,12 +75,19 @@ relations: role: "member of the study group, per MIT's finding aid for his papers and a CIA historian's interview note of March 5, 1952" start: 1950 end: 1951 - fn: 5 + fn: 6 - type: reported_to with: "[[Dean Acheson]]" role: "report to the Secretary of State dated February 1, 1951, received February 15" start: 1951-02 fn: 3 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Albert G. Hill]]" + reverse: true + role: "participant (listed as A.G. Hill, MIT physicist)" + start: 1950-10 + end: 1951-01 + fn: 4 --- Project Troy was a study set up by the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in October 1950, under contract with the United States Government, to carry out investigations requested by the [[State Department]], with a group of about twenty participants. It began as an inquiry into Soviet jamming of the [[Voice of America]] and widened to cover other ways of reaching the populations of the Soviet bloc. Its report, dated February 1, 1951, proposed radio and balloon programs, a unified political warfare authority, and campaigns aimed at the Soviet political elite. The study was followed by the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] and by the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT. @@ -95,75 +102,75 @@ The historian [[Daniel Bessner]] argues that the chain continued as follows. Sar ### The MIT study -The project was staffed through [[Edward Purcell]], a [[Harvard University]] physicist who had worked at the MIT [[Radiation Laboratory]] during the war and who, Bessner says, "likely knew a number of RAND analysts."[^4] The participants met in Washington in October 1950 and then in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until January 1951.[^4] The participants included [[Dana K. Bailey]] of the [[National Bureau of Standards]], [[Alex Bavelas]], [[Lloyd Berkner]] of the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], [[Jerome S. Bruner]] of Harvard, Burchard of MIT, [[Martin Deutsch]], [[Francis L. Friedman]], [[A. G. Hill]], [[Burnham Kelly]], [[Clyde Kluckhohn]] of Harvard, [[Elting E. Morison]], [[Robert S. Morison]] of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], [[John A. Morrison]], [[John R. Pierce]], [[Winfield W. Salisbury]], Speier, [[Merle A. Tuve]], [[Jerome B. Wiesner]] and [[Robert L. Wolff]].[^4] [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Robert Merton]] and [[George Kennan]] were asked to take part and could not, because of other commitments.[^4] [[Max Millikan]], an MIT economist, was also a member of the study group: MIT's biographical note for his papers describes Project TROY as "a study group (of which Millikan was a member) contracted by the Department of State in 1950," and a CIA historian's interview note of March 5, 1952 records that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT."[^5][^6] He does not appear in the participant list printed by Bessner.[^4] +The project was staffed through [[Edward Purcell]], a [[Harvard University]] physicist who had worked at the MIT [[Radiation Laboratory]] during the war and who, Bessner says, "likely knew a number of RAND analysts."[^4] The participants met in Washington in October 1950 and then in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until January 1951.[^4] The participants included [[Dana K. Bailey]] of the [[National Bureau of Standards]], [[Alex Bavelas]], [[Lloyd Berkner]] of the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], [[Jerome S. Bruner]] of Harvard, Burchard of MIT, [[Martin Deutsch]], [[Francis L. Friedman]], [[Albert G. Hill|A. G. Hill]], [[Burnham Kelly]], [[Clyde Kluckhohn]] of Harvard, [[Elting E. Morison]], [[Robert S. Morison]] of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], [[John A. Morrison]], [[John R. Pierce]], [[Winfield W. Salisbury]], Speier, [[Merle A. Tuve]], [[Jerome B. Wiesner]] and [[Robert L. Wolff]].[^4] Hill, listed as "A.G. Hill; (MIT, Physicist)," directed the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics from 1949 to 1952 and the MIT Lincoln Laboratory from 1952 to 1955.[^5] [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Robert Merton]] and [[George Kennan]] were asked to take part and could not, because of other commitments.[^4] [[Max Millikan]], an MIT economist, was also a member of the study group: MIT's biographical note for his papers describes Project TROY as "a study group (of which Millikan was a member) contracted by the Department of State in 1950," and a CIA historian's interview note of March 5, 1952 records that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT."[^6][^7] He does not appear in the participant list printed by Bessner.[^4] -The report's foreword says the project was set up by MIT "as the means for carrying out, under contract with the United States Government, investigations requested by the Department of State." It describes a full-time ad hoc group "relieved of other duties" for about three months, divided into cross-disciplinary panels whose drafts were discussed and amended by the whole group, with an Editorial Committee at the end. The main report carried no individual authorship. Because the annexes "have not been subjected to plenary scrutiny," each annex "bears the names of members of the sub-group responsible for it."[^7] A 2016 Virginia Tech dissertation, citing Needell, counts twenty-one scientists, social scientists and historians, and reports that Congress declined to appropriate funds for the "Ring Plan" of radio transmitters the Troy group recommended in 1951 and 1952.[^8] +The report's foreword says the project was set up by MIT "as the means for carrying out, under contract with the United States Government, investigations requested by the Department of State." It describes a full-time ad hoc group "relieved of other duties" for about three months, divided into cross-disciplinary panels whose drafts were discussed and amended by the whole group, with an Editorial Committee at the end. The main report carried no individual authorship. Because the annexes "have not been subjected to plenary scrutiny," each annex "bears the names of members of the sub-group responsible for it."[^8] A 2016 Virginia Tech dissertation, citing Needell, counts twenty-one scientists, social scientists and historians, and reports that Congress declined to appropriate funds for the "Ring Plan" of radio transmitters the Troy group recommended in 1951 and 1952.[^9] ### The February 1951 report -The report was addressed to the Secretary of State and dated February 1, 1951. Acheson received it on February 15.[^3] A third progress report on NSC 59/1, undated in the Foreign Relations volume, described Troy as a study "initiated in October 1950" in which the Massachusetts Institute of Technology "assembled 30 of the nation's top scientists" to examine means of penetrating the Iron Curtain. It said the report "proposed technical means to get around Soviet jamming of VOA and ideas for political and psychological warfare."[^9] +The report was addressed to the Secretary of State and dated February 1, 1951. Acheson received it on February 15.[^3] A third progress report on NSC 59/1, undated in the Foreign Relations volume, described Troy as a study "initiated in October 1950" in which the Massachusetts Institute of Technology "assembled 30 of the nation's top scientists" to examine means of penetrating the Iron Curtain. It said the report "proposed technical means to get around Soviet jamming of VOA and ideas for political and psychological warfare."[^10] -The foreword said the first study had been aimed at the technical problems of the Voice of America under jamming, and that the group had agreed to examine other means of penetrating the Iron Curtain. Its authors wrote: "The newness of our idea, if any, lies in the understanding of the strategic power of the several elements when combined as a well rounded and coordinated whole." They added that "the idea that the United States must develop a coordinated political warfare effort is the most important idea in the report."[^10] The report urged that political warfare "should be organized like any form of warfare, with specialized weapons, strategy, tactics, logistics, and training."[^10] +The foreword said the first study had been aimed at the technical problems of the Voice of America under jamming, and that the group had agreed to examine other means of penetrating the Iron Curtain. Its authors wrote: "The newness of our idea, if any, lies in the understanding of the strategic power of the several elements when combined as a well rounded and coordinated whole." They added that "the idea that the United States must develop a coordinated political warfare effort is the most important idea in the report."[^11] The report urged that political warfare "should be organized like any form of warfare, with specialized weapons, strategy, tactics, logistics, and training."[^11] ### The radio and balloon chapters -The radio chapter treated the jamming as a problem extending beyond the Voice of America. Its authors wrote that "The Russian jamming operation seems to us to have clear and serious implications extending beyond the immediate problems of the Voice of America."[^10] The CIA excerpt puts the number of jamming transmitters at "at least several hundred, possibly a thousand."[^7] [[Robert Hooker]]'s summary of the report gives the range as "a hundred, perhaps a thousand," and says the transmitters "appear to be centrally controlled."[^10] The report recommended a "coherent transmitter" array of ten one-megawatt units, which it said "cannot easily be jammed over a large area" and "could reach most of Eastern Europe at night" if well located.[^10] It also recommended "a concerted effort to develop crystal and transistor receivers for mass production."[^10] The authors wrote that "If our high-frequency transmissions were jammed (they could be jammed tomorrow) and the Atlantic cables cut by submarine action, air mail would be our only means of communication with Europe."[^10] They called for an engineering study of a transatlantic channel secure against jamming, and concluded that "The challenge of the electro-magnetic war is serious and we are not organized to meet it."[^10] +The radio chapter treated the jamming as a problem extending beyond the Voice of America. Its authors wrote that "The Russian jamming operation seems to us to have clear and serious implications extending beyond the immediate problems of the Voice of America."[^11] The CIA excerpt puts the number of jamming transmitters at "at least several hundred, possibly a thousand."[^8] [[Robert Hooker]]'s summary of the report gives the range as "a hundred, perhaps a thousand," and says the transmitters "appear to be centrally controlled."[^11] The report recommended a "coherent transmitter" array of ten one-megawatt units, which it said "cannot easily be jammed over a large area" and "could reach most of Eastern Europe at night" if well located.[^11] It also recommended "a concerted effort to develop crystal and transistor receivers for mass production."[^11] The authors wrote that "If our high-frequency transmissions were jammed (they could be jammed tomorrow) and the Atlantic cables cut by submarine action, air mail would be our only means of communication with Europe."[^11] They called for an engineering study of a transatlantic channel secure against jamming, and concluded that "The challenge of the electro-magnetic war is serious and we are not organized to meet it."[^11] -A vest-pocket radio built around a transistor was reported in November 1951 as being developed "along the lines recommended by the group."[^11] +A vest-pocket radio built around a transistor was reported in November 1951 as being developed "along the lines recommended by the group."[^12] -The report treated balloons as a separate part of the program. Hooker's summary quotes its estimate that "An area of a million square miles could be saturated with a billion propaganda sheets in a single balloon operation costing a few million dollars." The same summary gives "about one million dollars" as the cost of an operational test.[^10] The CIA excerpt states the central recommendation directly: "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop." It recommended that organizational planning for leaflet preparation, stockpiling and site selection start at once, that a full operational test be planned, and that development continue on gas bags, flight equipment, meteorological background and gas supply.[^7] +The report treated balloons as a separate part of the program. Hooker's summary quotes its estimate that "An area of a million square miles could be saturated with a billion propaganda sheets in a single balloon operation costing a few million dollars." The same summary gives "about one million dollars" as the cost of an operational test.[^11] The CIA excerpt states the central recommendation directly: "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop." It recommended that organizational planning for leaflet preparation, stockpiling and site selection start at once, that a full operational test be planned, and that development continue on gas bags, flight equipment, meteorological background and gas supply.[^8] -On May 2, 1951, Barrett's memorandum to [[Paul Nitze]] listed the plans developed as a result of Project Troy among the State Department's psychological activities, and described the report as having "made various proposals for political warfare, including possible methods of minimizing the effects of Soviet jamming on the Voice of America broadcasts."[^12] +On May 2, 1951, Barrett's memorandum to [[Paul Nitze]] listed the plans developed as a result of Project Troy among the State Department's psychological activities, and described the report as having "made various proposals for political warfare, including possible methods of minimizing the effects of Soviet jamming on the Voice of America broadcasts."[^13] ### The political warfare chapters -The chapter on the Soviet Union was the most specific part of the report, as Hooker summarized it. Its principal targets were "the intelligentsia, skilled workers, bureaucrats, personnel of the mechanized armed forces, rural areas." The report proposed "deterioration in administrative structure" by "overloading the system with material introduced from outside," and "stimulating mutual distrust by artificial means, bogus letters, etc."[^10] Its overload annex directed attack at "those weaknesses which could not be corrected without seriously reducing the power held by those few at the top."[^10] The Soviet chapter also recommended that propaganda avoid any "implication of contempt for communism," and stated that "Discord in the United States is not only tolerable but actually necessary."[^10] It advised against setting "the non-Party people being set off against the Party members."[^10] +The chapter on the Soviet Union was the most specific part of the report, as Hooker summarized it. Its principal targets were "the intelligentsia, skilled workers, bureaucrats, personnel of the mechanized armed forces, rural areas." The report proposed "deterioration in administrative structure" by "overloading the system with material introduced from outside," and "stimulating mutual distrust by artificial means, bogus letters, etc."[^11] Its overload annex directed attack at "those weaknesses which could not be corrected without seriously reducing the power held by those few at the top."[^11] The Soviet chapter also recommended that propaganda avoid any "implication of contempt for communism," and stated that "Discord in the United States is not only tolerable but actually necessary."[^11] It advised against setting "the non-Party people being set off against the Party members."[^11] -Annex 12 on defectors stated that "A third (at least) of the defectors had Party and/or Komsomol membership," and that this "militates strongly against the contention that defectors overwhelmingly represent the rejects of Soviet society."[^13] The printed volume marks passages of that annex as not declassified.[^13] Annex 15 proposed planning for the death of Stalin, arguing that "Since Stalin's death offers the best opportunity for exploiting the fear and self-interest of the Soviet elite," and proposed "a special section" to "concentrate exclusively on this task."[^10] Annex 13 on forward planning recommended a study of the effect of prolonged preparedness on American society. Hooker added a bracketed comment that "This might well be a desirable project for the Ford Foundation to undertake."[^10] +Annex 12 on defectors stated that "A third (at least) of the defectors had Party and/or Komsomol membership," and that this "militates strongly against the contention that defectors overwhelmingly represent the rejects of Soviet society."[^14] The printed volume marks passages of that annex as not declassified.[^14] Annex 15 proposed planning for the death of Stalin, arguing that "Since Stalin's death offers the best opportunity for exploiting the fear and self-interest of the Soviet elite," and proposed "a special section" to "concentrate exclusively on this task."[^11] Annex 13 on forward planning recommended a study of the effect of prolonged preparedness on American society. Hooker added a bracketed comment that "This might well be a desirable project for the Ford Foundation to undertake."[^11] -The conclusion asked for "some single authority concerned with political warfare exclusively, with the capacity to design a comprehensive program and the power to obtain execution of this program."[^10] Annex 11 recommended research on the political control systems used to influence "groups holding or seeking power," on the social structure of target areas, and on the attitudes of target populations.[^10] +The conclusion asked for "some single authority concerned with political warfare exclusively, with the capacity to design a comprehensive program and the power to obtain execution of this program."[^11] Annex 11 recommended research on the political control systems used to influence "groups holding or seeking power," on the social structure of target areas, and on the attitudes of target populations.[^11] ### Reception in the State Department -Hooker, of the [[Policy Planning Staff]], sent a memorandum to Nitze on March 26, 1951. It said that "The Troy Report almost uniformly reflects a very high order of technical competence, political sophistication, and common sense. It deserves the most serious consideration." Hooker found that the principles and techniques for political warfare laid down in the report, "with few exceptions, seem worthy of adoption."[^10] The same day Armstrong, of the Department, wrote to Barrett that the report showed "its appreciation of the nature of political warfare," while criticizing its "over-all substantive approach."[^10] +Hooker, of the [[Policy Planning Staff]], sent a memorandum to Nitze on March 26, 1951. It said that "The Troy Report almost uniformly reflects a very high order of technical competence, political sophistication, and common sense. It deserves the most serious consideration." Hooker found that the principles and techniques for political warfare laid down in the report, "with few exceptions, seem worthy of adoption."[^11] The same day Armstrong, of the Department, wrote to Barrett that the report showed "its appreciation of the nature of political warfare," while criticizing its "over-all substantive approach."[^11] -Nitze's memorandum to Webb of April 9, 1951 rejected the use of the report as a frame of reference for a new board. "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information." He wrote that "In effect it proposed a new board to take over the jurisdiction of all the agencies operating in the foreign field, of the NSC, and in part of the President himself."[^14] Nitze wrote that Barrett's memorandum of March 29, 1951 envisaged the board "as operating as a central authority on political warfare" "as recommended by the Troy group."[^14] +Nitze's memorandum to Webb of April 9, 1951 rejected the use of the report as a frame of reference for a new board. "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information." He wrote that "In effect it proposed a new board to take over the jurisdiction of all the agencies operating in the foreign field, of the NSC, and in part of the President himself."[^15] Nitze wrote that Barrett's memorandum of March 29, 1951 envisaged the board "as operating as a central authority on political warfare" "as recommended by the Troy group."[^15] -Bessner reports that State officials praised the report as an "extraordinary piece of work" that "blazed important new paths," a phrase he takes from [[Allan Needell]].[^15] +Bessner reports that State officials praised the report as an "extraordinary piece of work" that "blazed important new paths," a phrase he takes from [[Allan Needell]].[^16] ### The Psychological Strategy Board -President Truman's directive of April 4, 1951 established the Psychological Strategy Board to promote "more effective planning, coordination and conduct, within the framework of approved national policies, of psychological operations." The board consisted of the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of [[Department of Defense]] and the Director of Central Intelligence, and it reported to the [[National Security Council]]. [[Gordon Gray]] was its first director.[^16] The directive also stated that "This directive does not authorize the Board nor the Director to perform any 'psychological operations'."[^16] The State Department had argued that a department member should chair the board. Webb wrote on March 15 that it was "impossible … to entrust the formulation and execution of policies and programs of political warfare to an agency not subject or subordinate to the Department of State."[^16] +President Truman's directive of April 4, 1951 established the Psychological Strategy Board to promote "more effective planning, coordination and conduct, within the framework of approved national policies, of psychological operations." The board consisted of the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of [[Department of Defense]] and the Director of Central Intelligence, and it reported to the [[National Security Council]]. [[Gordon Gray]] was its first director.[^17] The directive also stated that "This directive does not authorize the Board nor the Director to perform any 'psychological operations'."[^17] The State Department had argued that a department member should chair the board. Webb wrote on March 15 that it was "impossible … to entrust the formulation and execution of policies and programs of political warfare to an agency not subject or subordinate to the Department of State."[^17] -Daniel Bessner argues that Speier's Troy participation gave him a channel into State Department policy, and that PSB directive D-31 of November 26, 1952 endorsed three of Speier's arguments about the Soviet political structure.[^17] D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program," called for increasing "suspicion [between Soviet and communist elites] to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions." Bessner says the paper also described breeding distrust as a way to "disrupt the system" of Soviet rule.[^17] +Daniel Bessner argues that Speier's Troy participation gave him a channel into State Department policy, and that PSB directive D-31 of November 26, 1952 endorsed three of Speier's arguments about the Soviet political structure.[^18] D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program," called for increasing "suspicion [between Soviet and communist elites] to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions." Bessner says the paper also described breeding distrust as a way to "disrupt the system" of Soviet rule.[^18] -The third progress report on NSC 59/1 recorded that the CIA "has been assigned the project of a continuing study in this field" of balloons and "has also been instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^9] In February 1953 CIA memoranda discussed a "Friendship-Balloon Lift," which Bessner cites from the files of the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]].[^18] +The third progress report on NSC 59/1 recorded that the CIA "has been assigned the project of a continuing study in this field" of balloons and "has also been instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^10] In February 1953 CIA memoranda discussed a "Friendship-Balloon Lift," which Bessner cites from the files of the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]].[^19] -On November 1, 1951 Gordon Gray, as Director of the Board, wrote to [[Allen Dulles]] that Dr. [[Julius A. Stratton]] of MIT would present the program of the Center of International Studies to the Board and its staff on November 7, and that the Center was "a continuation on an established basis of the work recommended by the Troy Report."[^19] +On November 1, 1951 Gordon Gray, as Director of the Board, wrote to [[Allen Dulles]] that Dr. [[Julius A. Stratton]] of MIT, described in the letter as "Provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the Center of International Studies," would present the program of the Center to the Board and its staff on November 7, and that the Center was "a continuation on an established basis of the work recommended by the Troy Report."[^20] ### The Center for International Studies -Bessner writes that the Center for International Studies, known as CENIS, "emerged from Project TROY." James Killian, pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase with four research initiatives. One of them concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to one that [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the report.[^20] CENIS began operating in the fall of 1951. MIT's biographical note for the papers of its first director states that the center, "established in January 1952, continued the contract work undertaken for the government under Project TROY."[^5] In February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^20] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^21] +Bessner writes that the Center for International Studies, known as CENIS, "emerged from Project TROY." James Killian, pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase with four research initiatives. One of them concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to one that [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the report.[^21] CENIS began operating in the fall of 1951. MIT's biographical note for the papers of its first director states that the center, "established in January 1952, continued the contract work undertaken for the government under Project TROY."[^6] In February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^21] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^22] -Millikan's CIA service is recorded in agency documents. In a letter stamped January 30, 1951 he wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency," whose mission had been "focused much more sharply on economic matters."[^22] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion of psychological intelligence with State Department officers, including the intelligence support to be given to the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] in the psychological field, and records his concern that placing the production of that intelligence in several organizations would bring "the shortcomings of decentralization."[^23] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, sent to the intelligence chiefs of State, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force "for the Director of Central Intelligence," carries his typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^24] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research," on a leave of absence from MIT.[^25] A letter he signed as AD/RR on November 26, 1951 tells its addressee, whose name is redacted, that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^26] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^27] +Millikan's CIA service is recorded in agency documents. In a letter stamped January 30, 1951 he wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency," whose mission had been "focused much more sharply on economic matters."[^23] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion of psychological intelligence with State Department officers, including the intelligence support to be given to the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] in the psychological field, and records his concern that placing the production of that intelligence in several organizations would bring "the shortcomings of decentralization."[^24] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, sent to the intelligence chiefs of State, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force "for the Director of Central Intelligence," carries his typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^25] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research," on a leave of absence from MIT.[^26] A letter he signed as AD/RR on November 26, 1951 tells its addressee, whose name is redacted, that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^27] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^28] -A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952, titled "Origin of PSB," records that the stream "which seems to have flown directly to the creation of the PSB in the early part of 1951" was the "Troy Project," and that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT, in the fall of 1951," a date corrected by hand to 1950. The note says the study's objective "was to find some means of penetrating the 'Iron Curtain,'" that "The men in Cambridge spent some three months," and that "Secretary Webb was much impressed with the report." It records Millikan's statement that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors,'" and that the study's recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB." The interviewer, A. B. Darling, also recorded Millikan's account of an earlier Board under Barrett, with [[Frank Wisner]] of the Office of Policy Coordination, Admiral Stevens from the Pentagon and others, and a staff called "IFIS" located in State.[^6] +A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952, titled "Origin of PSB," records that the stream "which seems to have flown directly to the creation of the PSB in the early part of 1951" was the "Troy Project," and that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT, in the fall of 1951," a date corrected by hand to 1950. The note says the study's objective "was to find some means of penetrating the 'Iron Curtain,'" that "The men in Cambridge spent some three months," and that "Secretary Webb was much impressed with the report." It records Millikan's statement that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors,'" and that the study's recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB." The interviewer, A. B. Darling, also recorded Millikan's account of an earlier Board under Barrett, with [[Frank Wisner]] of the Office of Policy Coordination, Admiral Stevens from the Pentagon and others, and a staff called "IFIS" located in State.[^7] -Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of the [[Ford Foundation]] for money. When Speier learned of the request, he visited Millikan in February 1952 to discuss a center for research in international communication. Millikan was reticent, believing that MIT's comparative advantage lay in economic and political studies, but Speier "convinced him otherwise." Bessner attributes the Ford trustees' grant of $875,000 to CENIS in the spring of 1952 to Speier's efforts.[^20] +Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of the [[Ford Foundation]] for money. When Speier learned of the request, he visited Millikan in February 1952 to discuss a center for research in international communication. Millikan was reticent, believing that MIT's comparative advantage lay in economic and political studies, but Speier "convinced him otherwise." Bessner attributes the Ford trustees' grant of $875,000 to CENIS in the spring of 1952 to Speier's efforts.[^21] -Funding from the CIA is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that "The Central Intelligence Agency secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents." The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. It named the researcher as [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency," and said Wiener, later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], "was apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." The research, which "relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was financed by the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], which the article called "a New York-based CIA front." A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there gave the purpose as guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated," and said the projects would "sharpen our sights and methods as respects the spotting, development and recruitment of selected types of citizens."[^28] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967, in a passage on the agency's use of university specialists, reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" It quoted Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," saying: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^29] Asked by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s Internal Security Subcommittee whether he had ever been connected with the CIA, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, answered: "Not in any direct way. The reason that I hesitate in my answer is that I was connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT." Asked the period, he said: "That was 1951-1952. And they had some kind of contract with the CIA. So that it is conceivable that I was cleared with them." He added: "But I never formally worked for them." Asked "Did you know that the Center for International Studies was a CIA operation?" he answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Rostow was in charge when he was there, he answered: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came. I worked for Mr. Rostow, yes." He described himself as a staff member, one of "only three or four staff members" at first, who "worked on various projects having to do with Russia and Eastern Europe."[^30] +Funding from the CIA is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that "The Central Intelligence Agency secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents." The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. It named the researcher as [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency," and said Wiener, later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], "was apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." The research, which "relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was financed by the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], which the article called "a New York-based CIA front." A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there gave the purpose as guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated," and said the projects would "sharpen our sights and methods as respects the spotting, development and recruitment of selected types of citizens."[^29] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967, in a passage on the agency's use of university specialists, reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" It quoted Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," saying: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^30] Asked by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s Internal Security Subcommittee whether he had ever been connected with the CIA, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, answered: "Not in any direct way. The reason that I hesitate in my answer is that I was connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT." Asked the period, he said: "That was 1951-1952. And they had some kind of contract with the CIA. So that it is conceivable that I was cleared with them." He added: "But I never formally worked for them." Asked "Did you know that the Center for International Studies was a CIA operation?" he answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Rostow was in charge when he was there, he answered: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came. I worked for Mr. Rostow, yes." He described himself as a staff member, one of "only three or four staff members" at first, who "worked on various projects having to do with Russia and Eastern Europe."[^31] -In February 1961 Allen W. Dulles wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^31] +In February 1961 Allen W. Dulles wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^32] ### Lexington and related studies -The historian Daniel Bessner describes Troy as an outgrowth of earlier summer studies. He names an Air Force summer study codenamed LEXINGTON, which examined a nuclear-powered airplane, and a Navy study codenamed HARTWELL, which examined how the United States could avoid Soviet submarines.[^32] James Killian's 1954 statement at the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] gives a different account of Lexington. He called it "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director. The same statement describes a 1952 summer study of the [[Lincoln Laboratory]], in which Oppenheimer briefed the group on atomic warfare, and whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^33] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^34] +The historian Daniel Bessner describes Troy as an outgrowth of earlier summer studies. He names an Air Force summer study codenamed LEXINGTON, which examined a nuclear-powered airplane, and a Navy study codenamed HARTWELL, which examined how the United States could avoid Soviet submarines.[^33] James Killian's 1954 statement at the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] gives a different account of Lexington. He called it "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director. The same statement describes a 1952 summer study of the [[Lincoln Laboratory]], in which Oppenheimer briefed the group on atomic warfare, and whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^34] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^35] ### Declassification -The CIA reading room holds an excerpt of the report, titled "Excerpts From Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951." It is marked Top Secret, carries the notation "Approved For Release 2000/08/29," and states that it contains "excerpts from or summarizations of portions of the subject report." It also carries the notation "State Dept, declassification & release instructions on file."[^7] +The CIA reading room holds an excerpt of the report, titled "Excerpts From Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951." It is marked Top Secret, carries the notation "Approved For Release 2000/08/29," and states that it contains "excerpts from or summarizations of portions of the subject report." It also carries the notation "State Dept, declassification & release instructions on file."[^8] -The Foreign Relations volume for 1950 to 1955 cites the report's copies in State Department files. Its footnote names a copy in the historical files of the [[Bureau of Intelligence and Research]], RG 59, Lot 58 D 776, under the title "Project Troy, Perforating the Iron Curtain," with further documentation in the Central Files.[^9] The Foreign Relations volume for 1951 records the report as "not printed."[^12] Bessner cites a copy in RG 59, Lot 52-283, at the [[National Archives]] II.[^4] +The Foreign Relations volume for 1950 to 1955 cites the report's copies in State Department files. Its footnote names a copy in the historical files of the [[Bureau of Intelligence and Research]], RG 59, Lot 58 D 776, under the title "Project Troy, Perforating the Iron Curtain," with further documentation in the Central Files.[^10] The Foreign Relations volume for 1951 records the report as "not printed."[^13] Bessner cites a copy in RG 59, Lot 52-283, at the [[National Archives]] II.[^4] ### Footnotes @@ -171,33 +178,34 @@ The Foreign Relations volume for 1950 to 1955 cites the report's copies in State [^2]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950) and the editorial note on Acheson's discussion with Truman on March 6, 1950. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131 [^3]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 236 to 238 and notes 37 to 40, including note 38 on p. 237 (Barrett's later claim about the Campaign of Truth speech). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content [^4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 (Purcell, the dates in Washington and Cambridge, and the RAND remark), p. 238 and note 41 (participant list, which also records that Needell incorrectly lists Speier as a political scientist; Bundy, Merton and Kennan were asked and could not take part), and note 37 (report copy in RG 59, Lot 52-283). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content -[^5]: MIT Libraries, Department of Distinctive Collections, Max F. Millikan papers (MC-0188), biographical note. https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/722 -[^6]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. The typed text reads "fall of 1951"; a handwritten "1950" appears beside it. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0 -[^7]: CIA, "Excerpts From Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 (Top Secret; "Approved For Release 2000/08/29"). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 -[^8]: Sonya Lynn Finley, "Recommending Political Warfare: The Role of Eisenhower's Presidential Committee on International Information Activities in the United States' Approach to the Cold War" (PhD diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2016), citing Needell, Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (1993), p. 400, and Krugler (2000). The Ring Plan details are Finley's. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/fad04742-5d02-47ca-8d6c-44f692d790a6/content -[^9]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1, undated), paragraph 8 and its footnote 5 on the Troy report, and paragraph 12 on balloons. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57 -[^10]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59 (Robert J. Hooker to Paul Nitze, March 26, 1951, with the highlights of the Troy report and its annexes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59 -[^11]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 92 (Webb memorandum, November 8, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d92 -[^12]: FRUS, 1951, volume I, Document 326 (Barrett to Nitze, May 2, 1951), and its editorial note that the report was "not printed." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d326 -[^13]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59, Annex 12 (Defectors), with the bracketed "not declassified" notations in the same passage. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59 -[^14]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 62 (Nitze to Webb, April 9, 1951), and the Barrett memorandum of March 29, 1951 quoted in it ("as recommended by the Troy group"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62 -[^15]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 239 and note 49, quoting Allan A. Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon': Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State," Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (July 1993), pp. 413 to 414. -[^16]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, Document 16, Directive by the President to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence, April 4, 1951, pp. 58-60. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d16 Also Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 60, editorial note, citing Webb to the Director, Bureau of the Budget, March 15, 1951 (National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1950-54, 100.4 PSB/4-451). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60 -[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 17 (Speier's influence on PSB tactical directives), and pp. 240 and note 52 (PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, RG 59, S/S-NSC Files, Lot 62 D 333). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content -[^18]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and note 50 (CIA memoranda of February 10, 17 and 25, 1953 on "The Friendship-Balloon Lift," Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, National Security Council Staff Papers, PSB Central Files, Box 28, PSB 452.4). -[^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, letter from Gordon Gray, Director, Psychological Strategy Board, to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0 -[^20]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 255 (CENIS and the Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Marquis and Annex 11, and the fall 1951 start), pp. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the Ford grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 36 to 42 and p. 38, as cited there. -[^21]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history -[^22]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped "JAN 30 1951" (addressee illegible in the reading-room copy), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1 -[^23]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1 -[^24]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, signed "For the Director of Central Intelligence" by Max F. Millikan, Assistant Director, Research and Reports, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3 -[^25]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951 (recipient redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2 -[^26]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (typed signature block; file notation AD/RR:MFMillikan; addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6 -[^27]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, addressing him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5 -[^28]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 -[^29]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16 (the opening words of the sentence on the $300,000 fall at the foot of p. 15), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8, passage on the center. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 -[^30]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, Office of Legal Adviser, State Department (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 -[^31]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. Dulles's note of February 16, 1961, which acknowledges the letter of January 23, and Millikan's letter of March 2, 1961 thanking Dulles for it, are in CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160036-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9 -[^32]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40 (Troy as an outgrowth of the Air Force and Navy summer studies, LEXINGTON and HARTWELL). -[^33]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4 -[^34]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802 +[^5]: "Albert G. Hill Dies at 86," MIT News, October 25, 1996. https://news.mit.edu/1996/hill +[^6]: MIT Libraries, Department of Distinctive Collections, Max F. Millikan papers (MC-0188), biographical note. https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/722 +[^7]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. The typed text reads "fall of 1951"; a handwritten "1950" appears beside it. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0 +[^8]: CIA, "Excerpts From Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 (Top Secret; "Approved For Release 2000/08/29"). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 +[^9]: Sonya Lynn Finley, "Recommending Political Warfare: The Role of Eisenhower's Presidential Committee on International Information Activities in the United States' Approach to the Cold War" (PhD diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2016), citing Needell, Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (1993), p. 400, and Krugler (2000). The Ring Plan details are Finley's. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/fad04742-5d02-47ca-8d6c-44f692d790a6/content +[^10]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1, undated), paragraph 8 and its footnote 5 on the Troy report, and paragraph 12 on balloons. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57 +[^11]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59 (Robert J. Hooker to Paul Nitze, March 26, 1951, with the highlights of the Troy report and its annexes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59 +[^12]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 92 (Webb memorandum, November 8, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d92 +[^13]: FRUS, 1951, volume I, Document 326 (Barrett to Nitze, May 2, 1951), and its editorial note that the report was "not printed." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d326 +[^14]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59, Annex 12 (Defectors), with the bracketed "not declassified" notations in the same passage. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59 +[^15]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 62 (Nitze to Webb, April 9, 1951), and the Barrett memorandum of March 29, 1951 quoted in it ("as recommended by the Troy group"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62 +[^16]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 239 and note 49, quoting Allan A. Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon': Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State," Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (July 1993), pp. 413 to 414. +[^17]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, Document 16, Directive by the President to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence, April 4, 1951, pp. 58-60. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d16 Also Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 60, editorial note, citing Webb to the Director, Bureau of the Budget, March 15, 1951 (National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1950-54, 100.4 PSB/4-451). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60 +[^18]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 17 (Speier's influence on PSB tactical directives), and pp. 240 and note 52 (PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, RG 59, S/S-NSC Files, Lot 62 D 333). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content +[^19]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and note 50 (CIA memoranda of February 10, 17 and 25, 1953 on "The Friendship-Balloon Lift," Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, National Security Council Staff Papers, PSB Central Files, Box 28, PSB 452.4). +[^20]: Central Intelligence Agency, letter from Gordon Gray, Director, Psychological Strategy Board, to Allen Dulles, November 1, 1951. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80R01731R003300410041-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003300410041-0 +[^21]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 255 (CENIS and the Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Marquis and Annex 11, and the fall 1951 start), pp. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the Ford grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 36 to 42 and p. 38, as cited there. +[^22]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history +[^23]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped "JAN 30 1951" (addressee illegible in the reading-room copy), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1 +[^24]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1 +[^25]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, signed "For the Director of Central Intelligence" by Max F. Millikan, Assistant Director, Research and Reports, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3 +[^26]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951 (recipient redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2 +[^27]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (typed signature block; file notation AD/RR:MFMillikan; addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6 +[^28]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, addressing him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5 +[^29]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 +[^30]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16 (the opening words of the sentence on the $300,000 fall at the foot of p. 15), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8, passage on the center. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 +[^31]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, Office of Legal Adviser, State Department (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 +[^32]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. Dulles's note of February 16, 1961, which acknowledges the letter of January 23, and Millikan's letter of March 2, 1961 thanking Dulles for it, are in CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160036-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9 +[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40 (Troy as an outgrowth of the Air Force and Navy summer studies, LEXINGTON and HARTWELL). +[^34]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4 +[^35]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802 diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a34b7ede --- /dev/null +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel.md @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +--- +category: "Government Program" +tags: + - Program + - QuanticoVulnerabilitiesPanel + - NelsonRockefeller + - OpenSkies + - GenevaSummit1955 + - PsychologicalWarfare + - ColdWar + - CentralIntelligenceAgency + - MassachusettsInstituteOfTechnology + - RandCorporation + - InspectionAndDisarmament + - 1950s +aliases: + - Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel + - Quantico I and II + - Quantico I + - Quantico II + - Quantico Panel + - Quantico II Panel +summary: "Eleven consultants convened by Nelson Rockefeller met at Quantico in June 1955 to recommend ways of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities, and their aerial inspection proposal became Eisenhower's Open Skies offer at Geneva." +start: 1955-06-05 +end: 1955-11-29 +location: "Quantico, Virginia; Washington, D.C.; Geneva, Switzerland" +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +relations: + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Walt Rostow]]" + reverse: true + role: "chairman, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Nelson Rockefeller]]" + reverse: true + role: "convener, Quantico I; Special Assistant to the President" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Nelson Rockefeller]]" + reverse: true + role: "convener, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08-16 + end: 1955-12-05 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Frederick Dunn]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[C. D. Jackson]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[C. D. Jackson]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Ellis A. Johnson]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Ellis A. Johnson]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Paul Linebarger]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Paul Linebarger]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Max Millikan]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Max Millikan]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Philip Mosely]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Philip Mosely]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[George Pettee]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[George Pettee]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Stefan Possony]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Stefan Possony]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Hans Speier]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Charles A. H. Thomson]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Frederick L. Anderson]]" + reverse: true + role: "chairman, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[George A. Lincoln]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Stacy May]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[William Webster]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Henry A. Kissinger]]" + reverse: true + role: "attended some sessions, Quantico I" + start: 1955-06-05 + end: 1955-06-10 + fn: 5 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Henry A. Kissinger]]" + reverse: true + role: "panel member, Quantico II" + start: 1955-08 + end: 1955-11 + fn: 19 +--- + +The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, known as Quantico I, was a group of eleven consultants that [[Nelson Rockefeller]], Special Assistant to the President, convened at the [[Marine Corps Schools]] in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], from June 5 to 10, 1955, to recommend ways of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities before the [[1955 Geneva Summit]]. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].[^1] A second group, known as Quantico II, met in August and September 1955 and reported on November 29. The Foreign Relations of the United States series identifies the first panel's aerial inspection proposal as the genesis of the [[Open Skies]] offer that [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] made at [[Geneva]] on July 21, 1955.[^2] + +### Origins + +[[Daniel Bessner]] describes Rockefeller's post, Special Assistant for [[Cold War]] Planning, as essentially the president's adviser on psychological warfare.[^3] On May 25, 1955, Rockefeller wrote to [[Hans Speier]] that he had long "looked forward to an opportunity to meet with you and others who have given so much thought to the psychological aspects of our relations with other nations and, in particular, our relations with the Soviet Union."[^3] The report's stated purpose was to make recommendations on operational positions and actions the United States might take toward the [[Soviet Union]] at the coming round of East-West conferences that would permit the exploitation of Soviet vulnerabilities.[^4] + +The panel met at the Marine Corps Schools at Quantico from June 5 to 10. Members of the [[Department of State]] and [[Department of Defense]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[Operations Coordinating Board]] and the [[National Security Council]] attended some sessions. [[Henry A. Kissinger]] attended some sessions as well.[^5] + +### Membership + +The eleven members were [[Frederick Dunn]], director of the [[Center for International Studies]]; [[C. D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]]; [[Ellis A. Johnson]], director of the [[Operations Research Office]]; [[Paul Linebarger]] of the School of Advanced International Studies at the [[Johns Hopkins University]]; [[Max Millikan]] of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; [[Philip Mosely]], director of the Russian Institute at [[Columbia University]]; [[George Pettee]], deputy director of the Operations Research Office; [[Stefan Possony]], air intelligence specialist in the [[Department of the Air Force]]; Speier of the [[Rand Corporation]]; [[Charles A. H. Thomson]] of the [[Brookings Institution]]; and Rostow, of the Center for International Studies at MIT, who was designated chairman.[^1][^6] The Foreign Relations editorial note places Dunn at MIT. Bessner places him at Yale.[^1][^5] The Princeton University Library's historical photograph collection captions a 1951 photograph of the Center for International Studies at the Woodrow Wilson School with Frederick S. Dunn, [[Percy Corbett]] and [[William Kaufmann]].[^7] + +The Center for International Studies at MIT, where Millikan and Rostow worked, was according to [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] "set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency."[^8] + +### Report and papers + +The report went to Rockefeller under a letter from Rostow dated June 10, 1955. Rostow signed it as "Panel Chairman." He wrote that the one impression that stood out in his mind was "the unanimous belief of the Panel members that the U.S. now enjoys a significant but transitory period of over-all strength vis-à-vis the Soviet bloc."[^9] The next two or three years, he wrote, afforded the United States "the opportunity to negotiate from a strong position for genuine concessions by the enemy without sacrifice of essential positions of strength."[^9] + +The report had a summary of recommendations, four appendices and five tabs holding ten papers by individual members. The tabs were Pettee's digest of an address by a Soviet official at Yaroslavl on April 20, 1955; Johnson's paper "The Requirements for U.S.-NATO to Win in the Arms Race with the USSR," with two annexes; Dunn's "Alliance and Coalition Problems," which carried six papers by Pettee, Rostow, Linebarger, Possony and Johnson; Linebarger's "Straining the Sino-Soviet Alliance"; and Pettee's "An Institute for the Study of Peace," which proposed a "Peace College" to train experts in peace comparable to the institutions that trained experts in war.[^4] + +Rostow's paper, "Asia Policy," argued that "Moscow has consistently demonstrated that its world policy is a unified program in which a setting of detente in one region is used to minimize resistance to aggression in other areas." It held that Moscow was more confident of geographic gains for Communism in Asia than in Europe. It recommended large investment in Asia, enough to give Japan "a position of dignity and strength within the Free World," the prevention of a Communist takeover of [[South Vietnam]], and a positive United States program for [[Formosa]].[^4] + +On July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum with the report attached. Bissell called Johnson's paper on the arms race "quite fundamental to the thinking of the whole Panel" and said some of its judgments were "too sweeping." Rockefeller had earlier sent [[Allen Dulles]] copy No. 42 under a letter dated June 13, 1955.[^10] + +### Recommendations + +The summary grouped the proposals by timing. Before the conference, the United States would insist that the Soviets lift the [[Berlin]] toll blockade, and it would suggest to the Soviet Union, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] that they be prepared to exchange ratifications of the [[Austrian State Treaty]] at the conference.[^4] + +At the conference, the United States would discuss a "mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments, without limitations provisions," and a convention on the right of aircraft "to fly over the territory of any country for peaceful purposes," which the summary marked "Proposed with reservations noted in the text."[^4] The report also recommended a convention on free international communications, conditioned on an anti-jamming agreement, and an expansion of East-West trade. It proposed a sequence for German matters that ran from rearmament and elections through a peace treaty to the withdrawal of troops after a unified Germany had joined NATO. The report proposed a disarmament plan to be offered to the Soviet Union, and if the Soviets rejected it, the United States would "make every effort to win the technological armaments race as the safest way of forcing the Soviet Union to ultimately accept satisfactory arms convention."[^4] + +Appendix D, "A Proposal for Graduated Disarmament," called for a permanent disarmament commission and an annual revision of the basic convention. It also called for an experimental inspection system "including aerial supervision," to determine the methods and requirements of a dependable inspection system and to train personnel for it.[^4] + +Outside the conference, the report proposed an international scientific conference of the atomic powers on the danger of radioactive fallout. It proposed invoking the peace treaties with [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and [[Hungary]] to demand inspection, and improved air defense for the European allies. It also called for the revival of [[Japan]] as a great power, a positive program for Formosa, and steps to "prevent a Communist take-over in Southern Vietnam."[^4] + +### Open Skies + +The Foreign Relations editorial note states: "Its genesis lies in the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel which met in June." It adds that the panel had called for "free overflights of aircraft" and "for a mutual inspection of military installations."[^2] On July 6, Rockefeller hand-delivered Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection.[^11] His July 11 memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," argued that "the propaganda stakes at Geneva may prove more significant than the actual conference results."[^12] + +In [[Paris]], Rockefeller, [[Arthur W. Radford]], chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, [[Harold Stassen]], [[Robert B. Anderson]] and [[Alfred Gruenther]] discussed the overflight and mutual inspection concepts, supported them, and recommended them to Eisenhower in a telegram of July 19.[^2] At the president's villa in Geneva on July 20, the memorandum of the meeting records "general agreement" that the president could appropriately suggest in the plenary session "consideration of a plan to permit such overflights and photographs if the Russians would do likewise." [[Livingston T. Merchant]]'s account of the same meeting, printed in an editorial footnote to the memorandum, says the "forthcoming 'open skies' proposal was discussed at length."[^13] On July 21 Rockefeller cabled the panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction."[^11] + +In the July 21 plenary session, Eisenhower proposed that each side give the other "a complete blueprint of our military establishments" and provide "facilities for aerial photography to the other country."[^2] All agreed to keep the proposal secret from the rest of the American delegation and from the British and French, although hinting that such a statement might be made.[^2] Rostow later wrote a draft titled "President Eisenhower's Open Skies Proposal: July 21, 1955," dated March 12, 1981, which is in the papers of Bissell.[^14] + +The Eisenhower Library holds a folder titled "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955" in its Miscellaneous Series.[^15] The papers of C. D. Jackson include a 1955 log containing a lengthy entry titled "From Quantico to Geneva," and thirty Quantico Meetings folders.[^16] The Ann Whitman File, Administration Series, lists a Quantico Conference among the subjects of its C. D. Jackson 1955 folders and its Nelson Rockefeller 1952-55 folders.[^17] The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] holds, in the Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers (Washington, D.C., Series O), a Special Assistant to the President for Foreign Affairs subseries (December 1954 to December 1955) with folders titled "Quantico I - Vulnerabilities Panel" (June 5-10, 1955), "Quantico II - Establishment, Membership, Meetings, and Correspondence," "Quantico II - Final Report," "Quantico II - Background Papers," and drafts of source papers 1 through 21 and of the final report, with a parallel declassified subseries. The subseries scope note states that Rockefeller "played a key role in the development of the Open Skies policy for checking on global military activities through mutual air reconnaissance."[^18] + +### Quantico II + +On August 16, 1955, Rockefeller invited twelve people to "a group study and review of the psychological aspects of future United States strategy."[^19] The members were [[Frederick L. Anderson]], a retired major general of the Air Force, who was designated chairman; Jackson; Johnson; Kissinger of Harvard University; [[George A. Lincoln]] of the United States Military Academy; Linebarger; [[Stacy May]], a consulting economist; Millikan; Mosely, who in the source book is listed as director of studies at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]]; Pettee; Possony; and [[William Webster]] of the New England Electric System.[^19][^20] The panel met in [[Washington, D.C.]] in late August and at Quantico in September. Bessner dates the Quantico sessions to September 25 to 29, 1955.[^21] + +The panel's source book, "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy," is dated November 1955. Its numbered individual papers include Mosely's "A Post-Geneva Estimate of Soviet Intentions" and two papers by Millikan, "Thresholds of U.S. Effort" and "Economic Policy as an Instrument of Political and Psychological Policy." Johnson wrote "Crucial Problems of Control of Armaments and Mutual Inspection." May wrote "Thresholds of Armament Effort, U.S. and USSR," and Kissinger wrote "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR."[^20] An October 26, 1955 memorandum to Dr. [[Horace S. Craig]] of the Operations Coordinating Board's Special Projects Staff concerned Draft Paper No. 15, Quantico Panel, Thresholds of Armaments Efforts, U.S. and U.S.S.R., and a redraft made after Craig's comments; the memorandum carries the typed name of Stacy May of the Office of Nelson A. Rockefeller.[^22] + +Anderson sent the panel's findings to Rockefeller on November 29, 1955. His letter listed four actions the panel deemed "urgent and vital," the first being "Explaining to the people of the United States the gravity of the world situation and spelling out what is required to overcome it."[^19] Rockefeller forwarded the report and the source book to Eisenhower on December 2, writing that it "comes to us at a very opportune time." On December 5 he sent the president a twenty-two-page memorandum, "Action Program for Free World Strength."[^19] + +Kissinger attended the second panel in place of Speier, who had planned a trip to Germany for RAND. Bessner describes that meeting as crucial to Kissinger's career, since Rockefeller became his patron. Soon after the second panel Rockefeller resigned his position and created a Special Studies Project, for which Kissinger became director.[^21] The Rockefeller Archive Center's description of its folder of Kissinger's 1980 interview states that Kissinger "met Nelson Rockefeller while serving on the staff of the Quantico II conference in the mid-1950s."[^18] The same papers hold a 1956 folder titled "Quantico III Meeting," described as a preliminary meeting to the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project, with correspondence on invitations, consultant fees and arrangements.[^18] + +### Reception + +The Operations Coordinating Board's Special Projects Staff reviewed the first report. On June 23, 1955, P. J. Corso, writing to Craig, said that "Although the report has many good points and suggestions, they are in most cases neutralized or cancelled out by unrealistic proposals." He wrote that "The entire report reflects either a lack of knowledge or disregard of the basic principles and nature of Soviet and Chinese Communism." His memorandum listed ten points, among them the proposal to strain the Moscow-Peiping alliance and the proposal to expand East-West trade.[^23] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26. Lists the eleven members, dates the meeting June 5 to 10, 1955, and names Rostow as "the panel chairman." +[^2]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume V, Austrian State Treaty; Summit and Foreign Ministers Meetings, 1955*, editorial note preceding document 221 (telegram Secto 63 from Geneva, July 21, 1955, with the text of the President's disarmament statement), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v05/d221. The editorial note quotes the panel's calls for "free overflights of aircraft" (Part IV, paragraph 8) and "for a mutual inspection of military installations" (Appendix B), and states that the genesis of the proposal lies in the panel. +[^3]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), pp. 260 and note 126, citing Nelson A. Rockefeller to Hans Speier, May 25, 1955, Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 60, University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives. +[^4]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, Secret, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Purpose, summary of recommendations, Appendices A to D (including Appendix D, "A Proposal for Graduated Disarmament"), and Tabs 1 to 5, including Tab 1 (Pettee), Tab 2 (Johnson), Tab 3 (Dunn, with sub-papers a to f), Tab 3(b) ("Asia Policy," by W. W. Rostow), Tab 4 (Linebarger) and Tab 5 (Pettee). +[^5]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 261-262 and notes 126 and 129. Note 129 states that Henry Kissinger attended some sessions, as did members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the NSC, citing Gordon H. Chang, *Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972* (Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 151. Bessner p. 261 gives the affiliation "Frederick Dunn (Yale, Center of International Studies)." +[^6]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XXIV, Soviet Union, Eastern Mediterranean*, editorial note 12 (pp. 32-33), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v24/d12. Lists the same eleven members and the June 10, 1955 transmittal. +[^7]: Princeton University Library, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Historical Photograph Collection, Campus Life Series, 1951 photograph of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Center for International Studies, captioned with Percy E. Corbett, William W. Kaufmann and Frederick S. Dunn, https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC112_c2208. +[^8]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8. The quoted sentence describes the Center for International Studies "which at the time was affiliated" with the research project discussed in the article. +[^9]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume V*, document 134, letter from W. W. Rostow, Chairman of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, to Nelson A. Rockefeller, Quantico, June 10, 1955, with the summary of recommendations printed, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v05/d134. The editorial note states that on June 16 a copy of the summary was sent to Secretary Dulles by Murphy. +[^10]: CIA reading room copy of the Quantico report, CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5 (see note 4), containing the White House letter from Nelson A. Rockefeller to Allen W. Dulles dated June 13, 1955, transmitting Copy No. 42, and the memorandum from Richard M. Bissell Jr., Special Assistant to the Director, to the Assistant Director for National Estimates, dated July 25, 1955, with the Ellis A. Johnson paper "The Requirements for US-NATO to Win in the Arms Race with the USSR" attached. +[^11]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 263-264 and notes 135 to 142, citing Nelson A. Rockefeller to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, July 11, 1955, and Nelson A. Rockefeller to Hans Speier, July 21, 1955, Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 60. Bessner records the July 6 hand-delivered note on p. 264. +[^12]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume V*, document 154, memorandum from the President's Special Assistant (Rockefeller) to the President, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," Washington, July 11, 1955, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v05/d154. +[^13]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume V*, document 208, memorandum for the record of a meeting of the Delegation at the Geneva Conference, President's Villa, Geneva, July 20, 1955, 6 p.m., drafted by Dillon Anderson on July 21, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v05/d208. The sentence "The forthcoming 'open skies' proposal was discussed at length" is from Merchant's recollection quoted in the editorial footnote, which lists Gruenther, Stassen, Rockefeller, Radford and Robert Anderson as "recent arrivals from Paris." +[^14]: Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers, Walt and Eugene Rostow Series, 1945-1993, Boxes 1-3, Eisenhower Presidential Library finding aid, https://eisenhower.archives.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/bissell-richard-m-jr-papers/walt-and-eugene-rostow-series.pdf, entry "President Eisenhower's Open Skies Proposal: July 21, 1955 by W.W. Rostow, March 12, 1981" (Draft for Criticism Only, Book 4). +[^15]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers as President, Miscellaneous Series, container list, Box 6, "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955 (1)(2)," Eisenhower Presidential Library, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/eisenhower-dwight-papers-as-president/miscellaneous-series.pdf. +[^16]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, C. D. Jackson Papers (A72-26) finding aid, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf. The container list has Log-1955 (1) in Box 68, with entries on the Geneva Conference, "Quantico meetings-Soviet Vulnerabilities Panel," Rostow and Nelson Rockefeller; Quantico Meetings folders (1) to (30) in Boxes 87 to 89, including a third draft of the panel report dated October 21, 1955 titled "A Concept of U.S. Psychological Strategy," the published reports of November 1955 and drafts of individual papers; and Rockefeller, Nelson A. [Quantico II papers] in Box 91. Eisenhower Presidential Library, subject guide "The Cold War in the Early Fifties: 'Open Skies' and the 1955 Geneva Summit," listing C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 56 (Log, 1955, with the entry "From Quantico to Geneva"), and Box 75 ("Rostow, Walt W."), in the guide's box numbering, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf. The guide also lists Eisenhower Papers as President, Official File, Box 581, OF 137-B, "Aerial inspection for Peace ('Open Skies')." +[^17]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Ann Whitman File (A75-22), Administration Series finding aid, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/eisenhower-dwight-papers-as-president/administration-series.pdf. Entries "Jackson, C.D. 1955 (1)(2) [Institute of War and Peace; Quantico Conference; East-West trade]" (Box 22) and "Rockefeller, Nelson 1952-55 (1)-(4) [American public opinion on international issues; Quantico Conference; National Fed. of Republican Women; psych. warfare; Four-Power Geneva Conf.; Latin America]." +[^18]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers, Washington, DC, Series O, Special Assistant to the President for Foreign Affairs (SAP), Subseries 7 (December 1954 to December 1955) and Special Assistant to the President Declassified Materials, Subseries 9; Activities, Series A ("Quantico III Meeting," 1956); and Hugh Morrow Interviews, Series Q, Subseries 2 ("Henry Kissinger Interview," Spring 1980), https://dimes.rockarch.org/collections/H45i6yf7MUHuaRwQVupvg5. Folder titles and the Kissinger and Quantico III scope notes are from the catalog. The Subseries 7 scope note states that Rockefeller "played a key role in the development of the Open Skies policy for checking on global military activities through mutual air reconnaissance." +[^19]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Gives the August 16, 1955 invitations and the twelve members, the September meetings at Quantico, Anderson's November 29 submission and the four "urgent and vital" actions, Rockefeller's December 2 letter, and the December 5 memorandum "Action Program for Free World Strength." Cites Eisenhower Library records (Project Clean Up Records, "Psychological Aspects of U.S. Strategy," and Whitman File, Administration Series, Rockefeller). +[^20]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Panel membership, preface, and the contents listing papers by Mosely, Millikan, Possony, Pettee, Lincoln, May, Johnson and Kissinger. The preface describes Rockefeller as "Special Assistant to the President." +[^21]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 264-265 and notes 144 to 146. Note 144 cites Rockefeller to Speier, August 16, 1955; note 145 gives September 25 to 29, 1955 for the second panel, citing James Desmond, *Nelson Rockefeller, a Political Biography* (Macmillan, 1964), p. 151; note 146 cites Walter Isaacson, *Kissinger: A Biography* (Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 90-91, on Kissinger's earlier meeting with Rockefeller at the first panel. +[^22]: Memorandum, The White House, Washington, October 26, 1955, to Dr. Horace S. Craig, Chief, Special Projects Staff, Operations Coordinating Board, subject "Draft Paper No. 15, Quantico Panel, Thresholds of Armaments Efforts, U.S. and U.S.S.R.," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80-01446R000100170046-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01446r000100170046-9. +[^23]: Memorandum, Lt. Col. P. J. Corso, Operations Coordinating Board, Special Projects Staff, to Dr. H. S. Craig, June 23, 1955, subject "Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80-01446R000100160002-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01446r000100160002-8. diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group.md index 756f70c1..12766a39 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group.md @@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ Asked in 2018 about Alexander's conclusion that no program could be found, Putho ### Footnotes -[^1]: Alexander, John B. *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities.* Thomas Dunne Books, 2011. Each Alexander passage here is quoted from Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Intersection of Science and the Unexplained: The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 16-22, 28, 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Alexander, John B. *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities.* Thomas Dunne Books, 2011. Each Alexander passage here is quoted from Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Intersection of Science and the Unexplained: The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 16-22, 28, 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. [^2]: Memorandum for the record, "CENTER LANE Meeting with MG Rapmund 1 August 1984," IAGPA-F-SD, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500100006-0, reproduced at p. 197 of the Loose Threads Report. [^3]: Letter of July 26, 1985, BDM/W-SWB-0055-85, from the BDM Corporation to the CIA Office of Training and Education, bound with the CIA reply of August 29, 1985, CIA-RDP89-00955R000100060040-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp89-00955r000100060040-7. [^4]: "1985 Accomplishments, Office of Research and Development," CIA-RDP88G01332R000100070015-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000100070015-8. The text gives the dates without a year; the document covers fiscal year 1985 and July 15 fell on a Monday in 1985, matching the agenda's "Monday" first session. [^5]: Reproductions of James "Oke" Shannon's handwritten notes (supplied by Grant Cameron) and of Jack Houck's notes and handouts (supplied by Melinda Leslie), including form DOE F 5631.20 dated May 8, 1985 and the "Attendees" page, in the appendices of the Loose Threads Report, pp. 15, 166, 187-188, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. -[^6]: Elizondo and Hermetic Penetrator, Loose Threads Report, pp. 14-33, 52-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. Vallee's journal entries are quoted there without volume numbers; the 1989 call falls in the period of *Forbidden Science: Volume Three* (1980 to 1989) and the entries of February and August 1990 in that of Volume Four (*The Spring Hill Chronicles,* 1990 to 1999); the Cameron, Dolan and broadcast statements are likewise quoted at second hand. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^6]: Elizondo and Hermetic Penetrator, Loose Threads Report, pp. 14-33, 52-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. Vallee's journal entries are quoted there without volume numbers; the 1989 call falls in the period of *Forbidden Science: Volume Three* (1980 to 1989) and the entries of February and August 1990 in that of Volume Four (*The Spring Hill Chronicles,* 1990 to 1999); the Cameron, Dolan and broadcast statements are likewise quoted at second hand. [^7]: Basterfield, Keith. "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" December 21, 2016, quoting Vallee, *Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* pp. 242 and 480 (the p. 480 text, which refers to Alexander's February 2011 book, is a note by Vallee), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/. [^8]: Blum, Howard. *Out There: The Government's Secret Quest for Extraterrestrials.* Simon and Schuster, 1990, introduction and part 1, read in the Internet Archive item howard-blum-out-there (open full text), https://archive.org/details/howard-blum-out-there. diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/KONA BLUE.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/KONA BLUE.md index 1f2a59ae..3a14f9f0 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/KONA BLUE.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/KONA BLUE.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ relations: with: "[[Joel Wall]]" reverse: true role: "program manager, Science and Technology Special Programs Division" - fn: 14 + fn: 15 - type: participant_in with: "[[Jane Holl Lute]]" reverse: true @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ relations: role: "FOIA requester whose request to DHS for records mentioning AAWSAP and BAASS (2008 to 2012) produced one document, 'BAASS Goals 2011/2012', released June 20, 2023 under case 2022-HQFO-00386" fn: 11 created: 2026-10-01 -updated: 2026-10-04 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- KONA BLUE was the two-word designator that the Science and Technology Directorate of the [[Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) gave in 2011 to a prospective special access program (PSAP) intended to receive and continue the research of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) contract known as the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) or [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP), which the DIA had placed with [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]] (BAASS). The program was never approved as a [[Special Access Programs|special access program]]. The DHS Chief Security Officer stamped the file declassified on July 18, 2023, and a 56-page set of the records was released in 2024 by the [[Department of Defense]]'s [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] (AARO).[^1] @@ -105,9 +105,11 @@ Cecotti introduced the release with the statement: "According to Skinwalkers at [[Keith Basterfield]] quoted on November 30, 2023 a passage of *Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations* (RTMA, 2023) by [[James Lacatski]], [[Colm Kelleher]] and [[George Knapp]]: "At the conclusion of a 2011 meeting in the capitol building with a U.S. Senator and an agency Under Secretary, Lacatski, the only one of this book's authors present, posed a question. He stated that the United States was in possession of a craft of unknown origin and had successfully gained access to its interior." As quoted, the passage names neither the senator nor the agency. Basterfield placed the Cecotti release immediately after it, calling the DHS page "a very overlooked BAASS document."[^12] +Knapp testified on September 9, 2025 that in 2023 Lacatski revealed he had been in high-level talks with the Department of Homeland Security about a program dubbed Kona Blue, and quoted Lacatski: "the U.S. is in possession of a craft of unknown origin and had successfully gained access to its interior." The 2023 book passage quoted above places the senator and under secretary meeting in 2011; Knapp's testimony gives 2023 as the year of the revelation.[^13] + ### The seven centers -A presentation under the heading "Advanced Technology Threat" gave the funding as 12 million dollars for fiscal 2012, 25 million for fiscal 2013 and 35 to 50 million for fiscal 2014, with later years undetermined, and called the research "a Congressional interest item." It described four research centers (Data Collection and Analysis, Advanced Technology, Consciousness, and Integration); a heading in the description of the first center reads "Institute for Discovery Center."[^13] +A presentation under the heading "Advanced Technology Threat" gave the funding as 12 million dollars for fiscal 2012, 25 million for fiscal 2013 and 35 to 50 million for fiscal 2014, with later years undetermined, and called the research "a Congressional interest item." It described four research centers (Data Collection and Analysis, Advanced Technology, Consciousness, and Integration); a heading in the description of the first center reads "Institute for Discovery Center."[^14] The proposal prepared under DHS Instruction 140-04-001 described seven centers: Data Collection, Data Analysis, Advanced Technology, Experimental, Consciousness, Medical and Education. Its justification stated that "Recovered AAV technology exists in and is accessible only within a SAP construct." The Advanced Technology Center was to "gain access to and inventory all existing caches of Advanced Aerospace Vehicle (AAV) materials and documentation within CONUS, whether residing in archive storage or under active program investigation in National Laboratories, government organizations and/or contractors," and to analyze recovered technology "in collaboration with major aerospace and electronics Companies." An Oral History Initiative was to collect information from "retired, previously highly placed government, armed services, contractor and intelligence community individuals" on the location of advanced aerospace technology and biological samples; the text states that "agency directors, members of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff|JCS]] and very senior individuals in the Executive Branch" and "certain foreign heads of state" had been exposed to the subject. The Consciousness Center was to "expand on remote viewing and remote communication" and to study communication, retrieval and "physical transport across dimensional/space-time barrier." The Data Collection Center would build on a data warehouse of 11 databases holding more than 200,000 reports. The Experimental Centers would begin with "a well-studied experimental location" researched for about 15 years, with human observers used as "biosensors" and biological samples collected for genetic, biochemical and toxicology analysis.[^9] @@ -117,41 +119,41 @@ The Medical Center was to study deaths, injuries and physiological and psycholog ### Accommodations and performance sites -The accommodations listed were a five-building complex in Las Vegas, one building of which held a room in the last stages of Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility accreditation, a two-story Las Vegas building with a room certified for top secret storage by the Defense Security Service, and "a four hundred eighty-acre research property in Utah with a fifteen year history of intensive anomalous activity" under armed guard around the clock. The owners' names are redacted. Wall's statement of objectives of November 2011 lists ongoing observations "at sites at the Bigelow Ranch in Utah, the San Juan Valley in Colorado, and Marley's Woods in Missouri," states that much of the material had been collated into a database "maintained by the former National Institute of Discovery Science, a data compilation and analysis function of the former government program," places data analysis centers in Las Vegas, Austin, Texas, and the National Capital Region, and provides for a research council of at least five independent scientists.[^14] +The accommodations listed were a five-building complex in Las Vegas, one building of which held a room in the last stages of Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility accreditation, a two-story Las Vegas building with a room certified for top secret storage by the Defense Security Service, and "a four hundred eighty-acre research property in Utah with a fifteen year history of intensive anomalous activity" under armed guard around the clock. The owners' names are redacted. Wall's statement of objectives of November 2011 lists ongoing observations "at sites at the Bigelow Ranch in Utah, the San Juan Valley in Colorado, and Marley's Woods in Missouri," states that much of the material had been collated into a database "maintained by the former National Institute of Discovery Science, a data compilation and analysis function of the former government program," places data analysis centers in Las Vegas, Austin, Texas, and the National Capital Region, and provides for a research council of at least five independent scientists.[^15] ### Funding and the senators -A decision briefing to the oversight committee on November 21, 2011 gave the expected funding as 12 to 15 million dollars, listed a "Classified Line Item in CSO budget," and stated that the Under Secretary for Management had concurred "in the need to establish a Business/Administrative SAP to handle primarily 'unacknowledged' monies (e.g., KONA BLUE)." Wall's proposed budget was 10 million dollars, of which 2 million would support four office staff and two leased facilities and 8 million the data centers.[^8][^14] +A decision briefing to the oversight committee on November 21, 2011 gave the expected funding as 12 to 15 million dollars, listed a "Classified Line Item in CSO budget," and stated that the Under Secretary for Management had concurred "in the need to establish a Business/Administrative SAP to handle primarily 'unacknowledged' monies (e.g., KONA BLUE)." Wall's proposed budget was 10 million dollars, of which 2 million would support four office staff and two leased facilities and 8 million the data centers.[^8][^15] O'Toole's memorandum of November 28, 2011 states: "in Oct 2011, Dr O'Toole met with Senator Lieberman, Chairman of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, and Senator Harry Reid, Senate Majority Leader, to discuss the program funding." The memorandum describes the work as a "Congressional interest item" and recommends that Lute approve KONA BLUE as a Science and Technology special access program.[^8] AARO later wrote that "Senators Lieberman and Reid asked that the PSAP be established with the promise of additional funding."[^7] ### The oversight committee of November 21, 2011 -The SAPOC met at 7:45 a.m. on November 21, 2011 under Deputy Secretary Lute, with Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis [[Caryn Wagner]], Under Secretary for Management [[Rafael Borras]], General Counsel [[Ivan Fong]], Chief Security Officer Gregory Marshall, Cover as executive secretary, and O'Toole. The minutes state that the Deputy Secretary opened the meeting "with some sense of urgency which was the impending transfer of funds to DHS from Senators Reid and [Lieberman] to conduct the KONA BLUE program." O'Toole said the senators were prepared to provide funding in the fiscal 2012 budget, that they believed the technologies affected the security of the United States, that there was "very serious science involved," and that if only a small portion of the research gave results for DHS application "it would be worth it." Asked why the FBI had not been approached, she answered that it had no organic capability for scientific research and development. The Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis raised whether S&T had authority to conduct "collection," and the discussion turned on whether KONA BLUE was an intelligence program which the DIA no longer had the authority to conduct under [[Executive Order 12333]], or the assimilation of data supplied willingly. The Deputy Secretary tasked O'Toole and Cover with a paper of five to ten pages on how the program arrived at that point, its history at DIA and the science to be researched, and, according to the minutes, "is still not certain of what the 'It' is in the program or otherwise what exactly we are researching."[^15] +The SAPOC met at 7:45 a.m. on November 21, 2011 under Deputy Secretary Lute, with Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis [[Caryn Wagner]], Under Secretary for Management [[Rafael Borras]], General Counsel [[Ivan Fong]], Chief Security Officer Gregory Marshall, Cover as executive secretary, and O'Toole. The minutes state that the Deputy Secretary opened the meeting "with some sense of urgency which was the impending transfer of funds to DHS from Senators Reid and [Lieberman] to conduct the KONA BLUE program." O'Toole said the senators were prepared to provide funding in the fiscal 2012 budget, that they believed the technologies affected the security of the United States, that there was "very serious science involved," and that if only a small portion of the research gave results for DHS application "it would be worth it." Asked why the FBI had not been approached, she answered that it had no organic capability for scientific research and development. The Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis raised whether S&T had authority to conduct "collection," and the discussion turned on whether KONA BLUE was an intelligence program which the DIA no longer had the authority to conduct under [[Executive Order 12333]], or the assimilation of data supplied willingly. The Deputy Secretary tasked O'Toole and Cover with a paper of five to ten pages on how the program arrived at that point, its history at DIA and the science to be researched, and, according to the minutes, "is still not certain of what the 'It' is in the program or otherwise what exactly we are researching."[^16] ### Termination -At a progress review on December 8, 2011 attended by Lute, Fong, Wagner, Cover and an associate general counsel (O'Toole was invited and did not attend), the questions considered included whether the justifications for establishment as a SAP were adequate and whether the budget and personnel requirements were sufficient. Lute "directed that the PSAP be terminated immediately" and that accessed individuals be debriefed. The memorandum recording the decision, from Cover through O'Toole to Lute, is dated December 12, 2011.[^10] A letter of February 5, 2024 from the DHS Acting Deputy Secretary [[Kristie Canegallo]] to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Kathleen Hicks]] gives the date of termination as February 10, 2012. A memorandum for the record of June 5, 2013 by Cover states that the proposal "did not require extraordinary security measures," that the program had been approved before any security classification guide, standard operating procedure, facility accreditation or information system plan existed, that no documentation existed to reclassify it, and that all briefed personnel would be administratively debriefed on that date.[^1][^16] +At a progress review on December 8, 2011 attended by Lute, Fong, Wagner, Cover and an associate general counsel (O'Toole was invited and did not attend), the questions considered included whether the justifications for establishment as a SAP were adequate and whether the budget and personnel requirements were sufficient. Lute "directed that the PSAP be terminated immediately" and that accessed individuals be debriefed. The memorandum recording the decision, from Cover through O'Toole to Lute, is dated December 12, 2011.[^10] A letter of February 5, 2024 from the DHS Acting Deputy Secretary [[Kristie Canegallo]] to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Kathleen Hicks]] gives the date of termination as February 10, 2012. A memorandum for the record of June 5, 2013 by Cover states that the proposal "did not require extraordinary security measures," that the program had been approved before any security classification guide, standard operating procedure, facility accreditation or information system plan existed, that no documentation existed to reclassify it, and that all briefed personnel would be administratively debriefed on that date.[^1][^17] -A biography of O'Toole prepared for the [[U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission]] in 2020 lists her as Executive Vice President and Senior Fellow of [[In-Q-Tel]] and states that before joining it she was Under Secretary for Science and Technology.[^17] +A biography of O'Toole prepared for the [[U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission]] in 2020 lists her as Executive Vice President and Senior Fellow of [[In-Q-Tel]] and states that before joining it she was Under Secretary for Science and Technology.[^18] ### Declassification and release -The file's declassification stamps read July 18, 2023, eight days before the House Oversight subcommittee hearing of July 26, 2023 at which [[David Grusch]] testified.[^18] Canegallo's letter thanks Hicks for her letter of September 28, 2023, states that all DHS documents on KONA BLUE were declassified and approved for public release, that the strike-out method retained visibility of prior classification marks, and that a search found no additional records.[^1] In a [[Scientific American]] column of January 19, 2024 the former AARO director [[Sean Kirkpatrick]] wrote that "Senator Reid then enlisted the help of then senator Joseph Lieberman to request that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) set up an SAP for the same purpose," that "the administrative SAP proposal package was informed by the same individuals who had been associated with AATIP," and that AARO had located the proposal, "complete with the participants," for public release. In the same column he wrote that the DIA "concluded that not only did no such material exist, but taxpayer money was being inappropriately spent on paranormal research at [[Skinwalker Ranch]] in Utah," and that this was "well documented in open sources, particularly in records available on DIA's electronic FOIA Reading Room."[^19] The DIA packet of 2009 and the DHS file do not name Skinwalker Ranch; the DHS statement of objectives refers to "the Bigelow Ranch in Utah."[^1][^3] +The file's declassification stamps read July 18, 2023, eight days before the House Oversight subcommittee hearing of July 26, 2023 at which [[David Grusch]] testified.[^19] Canegallo's letter thanks Hicks for her letter of September 28, 2023, states that all DHS documents on KONA BLUE were declassified and approved for public release, that the strike-out method retained visibility of prior classification marks, and that a search found no additional records.[^1] In a [[Scientific American]] column of January 19, 2024 the former AARO director [[Sean Kirkpatrick]] wrote that "Senator Reid then enlisted the help of then senator Joseph Lieberman to request that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) set up an SAP for the same purpose," that "the administrative SAP proposal package was informed by the same individuals who had been associated with AATIP," and that AARO had located the proposal, "complete with the participants," for public release. In the same column he wrote that the DIA "concluded that not only did no such material exist, but taxpayer money was being inappropriately spent on paranormal research at [[Skinwalker Ranch]] in Utah," and that this was "well documented in open sources, particularly in records available on DIA's electronic FOIA Reading Room."[^20] The DIA packet of 2009 and the DHS file do not name Skinwalker Ranch; the DHS statement of objectives refers to "the Bigelow Ranch in Utah."[^1][^3] ### AARO's account AARO's Historical Record Report, Volume I, states that interviewees brought KONA BLUE to its attention "who claimed that it was a sensitive DHS compartment to cover up the retrieval and exploitation of 'non-human biologics.'" It states that the proposal "would restart UAP investigations, paranormal research (including alleged 'human consciousness anomalies') and reverse-engineer any recovered off-world spacecraft that they hoped to acquire"; that a prospective special access program "was officially requested" but "eventually rejected by DHS leadership for lacking merit"; that its advocates "were convinced that the USG was hiding UAP technologies"; that "no extraterrestrial craft or bodies were ever collected" and "the SAP was never approved or stood up, and no data or material was transferred to DHS"; and that it was not reported to Congress because it was never established, although the Deputy Secretary of Defense gave a congressional notification. The report adds that modern allegations of hidden recovered craft "largely originate from the same group of individuals who have ties to the cancelled AAWSAP/AATIP program," numbering Persons 1 to 5 and several interviewees, who "have not provided any empirical evidence of their claims to AARO." The report was cleared for open publication by the Defense Department on March 6, 2024.[^7] -Section 1687 of [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024|Public Law 118-31]], enacted on December 22, 2023, barred defense funds for activities involving unidentified anomalous phenomena under special or restricted access limitations unless the Secretary of Defense gave the details to the congressional committees and leadership, "including for any activities described in a report released by the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office in fiscal year 2024."[^20] +Section 1687 of [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024|Public Law 118-31]], enacted on December 22, 2023, barred defense funds for activities involving unidentified anomalous phenomena under special or restricted access limitations unless the Secretary of Defense gave the details to the congressional committees and leadership, "including for any activities described in a report released by the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office in fiscal year 2024."[^21] ### Testimony on a transfer of material -Kirkpatrick's column describes a story told by "conspiracists" in which the United States hid and tried to reverse engineer recovered craft, abandoned the effort to private sector defense contractors, and later saw those contractors "want to bring the whole program back under U.S. government (USG) auspices," with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] apparently stopping the transfer. He wrote that this was "all without substantiating evidence."[^19] At a House Oversight hearing on November 13, 2024 Representative [[Eric Burlison]] asked [[Luis Elizondo]] whether any branch of the government or defense contractors possessed such technology. Elizondo answered that a document cleared by the Defense Department's Office of Prepublication and Security Review stated that his predecessor program, AAWSAP, was trying to collect material of unknown origin, that "an aerospace contract company" had "requested to divest itself of the material" that "was collected in the 1950s," and that "that did not actually occur." Asked by Burlison whether the company was Bigelow Aerospace, he said yes. Burlison then cited the journalist [[Christopher Sharp]] as reporting a transfer among [[Lockheed Martin]], Bigelow Aerospace and the CIA that was blocked, and Elizondo replied: "it was blocked. Why it was blocked, I can only surmise." He said that former contract personnel had told him and others the account was accurate, that a memorandum from the Secretary of the Air Force would have been required to complete the transfer, and that he later sought one from Defense Secretary [[James Mattis]]. Asked who holds the material today, Elizondo said he could not discuss it in an open hearing. Representative [[Nancy Mace]] asked him whether material is given to contractors for their expertise, citing General Dynamics as an example, and what Lockheed Martin's expertise is; he answered "Aerospace, ma'am."[^21] +Kirkpatrick's column describes a story told by "conspiracists" in which the United States hid and tried to reverse engineer recovered craft, abandoned the effort to private sector defense contractors, and later saw those contractors "want to bring the whole program back under U.S. government (USG) auspices," with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] apparently stopping the transfer. He wrote that this was "all without substantiating evidence."[^20] At a House Oversight hearing on November 13, 2024 Representative [[Eric Burlison]] asked [[Luis Elizondo]] whether any branch of the government or defense contractors possessed such technology. Elizondo answered that a document cleared by the Defense Department's Office of Prepublication and Security Review stated that his predecessor program, AAWSAP, was trying to collect material of unknown origin, that "an aerospace contract company" had "requested to divest itself of the material" that "was collected in the 1950s," and that "that did not actually occur." Asked by Burlison whether the company was Bigelow Aerospace, he said yes. Burlison then cited the journalist [[Christopher Sharp]] as reporting a transfer among [[Lockheed Martin]], Bigelow Aerospace and the CIA that was blocked, and Elizondo replied: "it was blocked. Why it was blocked, I can only surmise." He said that former contract personnel had told him and others the account was accurate, that a memorandum from the Secretary of the Air Force would have been required to complete the transfer, and that he later sought one from Defense Secretary [[James Mattis]]. Asked who holds the material today, Elizondo said he could not discuss it in an open hearing. Representative [[Nancy Mace]] asked him whether material is given to contractors for their expertise, citing General Dynamics as an example, and what Lockheed Martin's expertise is; he answered "Aerospace, ma'am."[^22] ### Footnotes -[^1]: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, KONA BLUE records released with AARO, 56-page PDF (scanned images, read by optical character recognition): letter of Acting Deputy Secretary Kristie Canegallo to Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen H. Hicks, February 5, 2024 (p. 1); declassification stamps "Declassified by: Richard D. McComb, DHS, Chief Security Officer, Declassified on: 20230718" (pp. 2, 17, 36, 37, 39, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51); Special Access Program meeting and document tables (pp. 34 to 35). https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf (copy hosted by Fox News; PDF creation date April 15, 2024). +[^1]: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, KONA BLUE records released with AARO, 56-page PDF: letter of Acting Deputy Secretary Kristie Canegallo to Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen H. Hicks, February 5, 2024 (p. 1); declassification stamps "Declassified by: Richard D. McComb, DHS, Chief Security Officer, Declassified on: 20230718" (pp. 2, 17, 36, 37, 39, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51); Special Access Program meeting and document tables (pp. 34 to 35). https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf (copy hosted by Fox News; PDF creation date April 15, 2024). [^2]: Lt. Gen. Ronald L. Burgess Jr., Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, Info Memo U-10-2552/CE to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, "Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program," undated, in the DHS KONA BLUE records, pp. 55 to 56. https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf [^3]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Senator Harry Reid's Request to Put the Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program (AAITP) under Special Access Protection," packet presented to the Deputy Secretary of Defense (memorandum of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, James R. Clapper Jr.; talking points for the meeting of November 17, 2009; Reid letter of June 24, 2009 with Attachment 1; DIA Info Memo U-429-09 of October 30, 2009; DIA Info Memo U-09-2660), 19 pp., released from the DIA FOIA Electronic Reading Room. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/09117-Final_Packet_Presented_to_DepSecDef.pdf (copy hosted by The Black Vault). [^4]: Federal Election Commission, OpenFEC API, schedule A receipts: Searchlight Leadership Fund (C00327395), contributions of June 13, 2003 (transaction SA11A1.5791, image 24961739230) and June 30, 2004 (SA11A1.6224, image 24971331388); Friends for Harry Reid (C00204370), contributions of June 8, 2010, election types P and G (images 10020442880 and 10020442962), committee records for C00327395 and C00204370 (treasurer and designation), queried October 2, 2026. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/ and https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/committee/C00327395/ @@ -162,13 +164,14 @@ Kirkpatrick's column describes a story told by "conspiracists" in which the Unit [^9]: DHS KONA BLUE records, Special Access Program proposal prepared under DHS Instruction 140-04-001, questions 1, 2 and 5 and center descriptions, pp. 17 to 31. https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf [^10]: Memorandum for Deputy Secretary Lute, through Under Secretary O'Toole, from Steven J. Cover, "Termination of a DHS Science & Technology 'Prospective: Special Access Program (PSAP)'," December 12, 2011, in the DHS KONA BLUE records, pp. 48 to 49; memorandum for the Under Secretary for Science and Technology, "Establishment of a DHS Science & Technology 'Prospective Special Access Program (PSAP)'," July 11, 2011 (author's name redacted), p. 36. https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf [^11]: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, final response letter of June 20, 2023, case 2022-HQFO-00386, to Marc Cecotti, signed Jimmy Wolfrey, Senior Director, FOIA Operations and Management, with one-page enclosure "BAASS Goals 2011/2012," as posted by Marc Cecotti on X, June 20, 2023. https://x.com/MC05A/status/1671217484685246478 ; images https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FzFa762X0AA4b7W.jpg and https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FzFa76yXwAE4d8N.png . -[^12]: Keith Basterfield, "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, quoting Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp, *Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations*, RTMA, 2023. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html . Sole source for the passage as quoted. -[^13]: DHS KONA BLUE records, "Advanced Technology Threat" presentation, slides 1 to 15 (pp. 2 to 16). https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf -[^14]: DHS KONA BLUE records, proposal questions 7, 11 to 14 (pp. 32 to 33); SAPOC decision briefing, "KONA BLUE" purpose and status slide naming the program manager (p. 41); Wall, "Proposed S&T Directorate Statement of Objectives," November 3 and 23, 2011, with proposed budget (pp. 44 to 45). https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf -[^15]: DHS, Memorandum for the Special Access Program Oversight Committee, "Minutes of the November 21, 2011 SAPOC Meeting," in the DHS KONA BLUE records, pp. 37 to 38. https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf -[^16]: DHS KONA BLUE records, Canegallo letter of February 5, 2024 (p. 1) and Steven J. Cover, Memorandum for the Record, "Termination of DHS S&T Prospective Special Access Program (PSAP)," June 5, 2013 (p. 50). https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf -[^17]: "Tara O'Toole, M.D., Executive Vice President and Senior Fellow, In-Q-Tel," biography, U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2020. https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/O'Toole_Bio_FINAL.pdf -[^18]: House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," hearing of July 26, 2023, Serial No. 118-53. https://www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/116282/documents/HHRG-118-GO06-Transcript-20230726.pdf -[^19]: Kirkpatrick, Sean. "Here's What I Learned as the U.S. Government's UFO Hunter," Scientific American, January 19, 2024. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heres-what-i-learned-as-the-u-s-governments-ufo-hunter/ -[^20]: Public Law 118-31, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024, December 22, 2023, Section 1687(a) (137 Stat. 621 to 622). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-118publ31/pdf/PLAW-118publ31.pdf -[^21]: House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Exposing the Truth," joint hearing, November 13, 2024, Serial No. 118-135, transcript pp. 38 to 39 and 44 to 45 (questions of Reps. Burlison and Mace). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg57440/html/CHRG-118hhrg57440.htm +[^12]: Keith Basterfield, "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, quoting Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp, *Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations*, RTMA, 2023. https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html +[^13]: George Knapp, written testimony, September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf +[^14]: DHS KONA BLUE records, "Advanced Technology Threat" presentation, slides 1 to 15 (pp. 2 to 16). https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf +[^15]: DHS KONA BLUE records, proposal questions 7, 11 to 14 (pp. 32 to 33); SAPOC decision briefing, "KONA BLUE" purpose and status slide naming the program manager (p. 41); Wall, "Proposed S&T Directorate Statement of Objectives," November 3 and 23, 2011, with proposed budget (pp. 44 to 45). https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf +[^16]: DHS, Memorandum for the Special Access Program Oversight Committee, "Minutes of the November 21, 2011 SAPOC Meeting," in the DHS KONA BLUE records, pp. 37 to 38. https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf +[^17]: DHS KONA BLUE records, Canegallo letter of February 5, 2024 (p. 1) and Steven J. Cover, Memorandum for the Record, "Termination of DHS S&T Prospective Special Access Program (PSAP)," June 5, 2013 (p. 50). https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2024/06/AARO_DHS_Kona_Blue.pdf +[^18]: "Tara O'Toole, M.D., Executive Vice President and Senior Fellow, In-Q-Tel," biography, U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2020. https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/O'Toole_Bio_FINAL.pdf +[^19]: House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," hearing of July 26, 2023, Serial No. 118-53. https://www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/116282/documents/HHRG-118-GO06-Transcript-20230726.pdf +[^20]: Kirkpatrick, Sean. "Here's What I Learned as the U.S. Government's UFO Hunter," Scientific American, January 19, 2024. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heres-what-i-learned-as-the-u-s-governments-ufo-hunter/ +[^21]: Public Law 118-31, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024, December 22, 2023, Section 1687(a) (137 Stat. 621 to 622). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-118publ31/pdf/PLAW-118publ31.pdf +[^22]: House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Exposing the Truth," joint hearing, November 13, 2024, Serial No. 118-135, transcript pp. 38 to 39 and 44 to 45 (questions of Reps. Burlison and Mace). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg57440/html/CHRG-118hhrg57440.htm diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation CHAOS.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation CHAOS.md index 789d8004..536996af 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation CHAOS.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation CHAOS.md @@ -169,5 +169,5 @@ In *Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties* (2019 [^10]: Associated Press, Baltimore Sun and Washington Star, January 26, 1976, clippings CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170037-5 and CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170035-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-01208r000100170037-5 [^11]: "'Operation Chaos' Files Ordered Held," Washington Star, June 16, 1976, clipping CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170029-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-01208r000100170029-4 [^12]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, joint hearing, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977 (testimony of Stansfield Turner and staff summary). https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification -[^13]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), Chapter 11, "Playing the Game," pp. 144 to 146. Sole source for the passages so cited on the trash company and the Angleton files. https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option +[^13]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), Chapter 11, "Playing the Game," pp. 144 to 146. https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option [^14]: Tom O'Neill with Dan Piepenbring, *Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties* (New York: Little, Brown, 2019), ch. 7 ("Neutralizing the Left"), ch. 9 ("Manson's Get-Out-of-Jail-Free Card"), ch. 10 ("The Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic"), ch. 11 ("Mind Control") and Epilogue. https://archive.org/details/tom-o-neill-chaos-charles-manson-the-cia-and-the-secret-history-of-the-sixties_2 diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Midland.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Midland.md index 710af82b..eb40a2ef 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Midland.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Midland.md @@ -27,5 +27,5 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that the investigation followed [[Operation Fairbank]] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It dates the operation's closure to March 2015 and places Beech's claimed murders at the Elm Guest House, neither of which the contemporaneous reporting bears out. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It dates the operation's closure to March 2015 and places Beech's claimed murders at the Elm Guest House, neither of which the contemporaneous reporting bears out. [^2]: "Carl Beech: Liar, fraudster and paedophile." BBC News, July 26, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49048972 diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Othello.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Othello.md index 9446f4e4..af2e9a18 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Othello.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Othello.md @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that the handyman [[Claude Thirault]] came forward thr [^1]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48 and the chronologies of 1995 and 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf [^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire...,* rapport complémentaire, Doc. 713/8-96/97, February 16, 1998, chapter on the Charleroi gendarmerie and the Othello operation; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/dutroux/49K0713008.pdf -[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It describes Othello as an investigation of Dutroux's car-theft ring. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It describes Othello as an investigation of Dutroux's car-theft ring. diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Paperclip.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Paperclip.md index 6a85cd6e..2030417a 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Paperclip.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Paperclip.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ ---- +--- title: Operation Paperclip aliases: - Operation Paperclip - Paperclip created: 2026-05-14 -updated: 2026-05-17 +updated: 2026-10-09 category: "Intelligence Operation" tags: - Program @@ -17,10 +17,17 @@ tags: - ColdWar - 1940s - 1950s -summary: "Operation Paperclip was the postwar U.S. program that recruited over 1,600 German and Austrian scientists from the defeated Third Reich, falsifying Nazi party records to enable their employment, with key recruits Wernher von Braun and Arthur Rudolph later directing major NASA programs." +summary: "Postwar U.S. program that recruited over 1,600 German and Austrian scientists, falsifying Nazi party records to enable their employment; recruits Wernher von Braun and Arthur Rudolph later directed major NASA programs." start: 1945-09-01 end: 1959-01-01 location: "United States" +relations: + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Redstone Arsenal]]" + reverse: true + start: 1950-04-15 + role: "Fort Bliss group relocated to Redstone Arsenal" + fn: 4 --- Operation Paperclip was a classified U.S. government program that systematically recruited German and Austrian scientists, engineers, physicians, and technical specialists from the defeated Third Reich beginning in the summer and fall of 1945. Operated by the [[Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency]] (JIOA), which reported to the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and worked closely with the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] and later the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], the program brought over 1,600 technical specialists to the United States to work for American military, intelligence, and civilian agencies during the critical period of the emerging [[Cold War]] and the American aerospace and weapons development programs.[^1] @@ -39,7 +46,7 @@ Von Braun, who was an SS officer and member of the Nazi party, had his records a ### Key Personnel -Von Braun was the most prominent Paperclip recruit. An SS officer and the technical director of the V-2 program, he was brought to [[Fort Bliss]], Texas, along with approximately 100 German rocket engineers in 1945, and eventually directed the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] and led the development of the Saturn V rocket that carried the [[Apollo program]] to the moon. His wartime record, including his use of slave labor, was publicly documented during his lifetime but did not prevent his celebrated American career. +Von Braun was the most prominent Paperclip recruit. An SS officer and the technical director of the V-2 program, he was brought to [[Fort Bliss]], Texas, along with more than 100 German rocket engineers, who arrived there near the end of 1945,[^2] and eventually directed the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] and led the development of the Saturn V rocket that carried the [[Apollo program]] to the moon. The Army chronology states that von Braun's team had come to the United States under Operation Paperclip during 1945 and 1946.[^3] In April 1950 the team moved from Fort Bliss to [[Redstone Arsenal]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]]. The Army chronology records a staff of Army officers and about 120 German scientists arriving at Redstone from Fort Bliss beginning on April 15, 1950, and the Ordnance Research and Development Division Sub-Office (Rocket) was redesignated the Ordnance Guided Missile Center on that date.[^4] The first missile work at the post was the Redstone missile, first flight tested on August 20, 1953.[^5] His wartime record, including his use of slave labor, was publicly documented during his lifetime but did not prevent his celebrated American career. [[Walter Dornberger]], who had commanded the Peenemünde facility, was also recruited, eventually working for [[Bell Aircraft]] on space plane concepts. Arthur Rudolph, who had managed V-2 production at Mittelwerk using Mittelbau-Dora camp labor, directed the Pershing missile and Saturn V programs before his wartime record was investigated by the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s Office of Special Investigations in 1984; he renounced citizenship and departed rather than face proceedings.[^1] @@ -47,16 +54,20 @@ In 1945, before the program was fully formalized, [[Qian Xuesen|H.S. Tsien]] - t ### Nazi Doctors and the CIA Behavioral Programs -Beyond the aerospace recruits, Paperclip transferred Nazi medical expertise that fed directly into the CIA's behavioral-control work. [[Kurt Blome]], the Reich's deputy surgeon general and director of its biological-weapons program (including weaponized plague), was acquitted at the [[Nuremberg Doctors' Trial]] in August 1947 and within two months was consulting U.S. Army biological-warfare researchers in Maryland. [[Walter Schreiber]], the Reich surgeon general who had assigned concentration-camp prisoners to experimental doctors, was given a post at the [[Air Force School of Medicine]] at [[Randolph Field]], Texas. [[Kurt Plotner]] had conducted mescaline experiments on prisoners at [[Dachau]] for the SS in search of a truth drug, work of direct interest to the CIA's postwar truth-drug research. [[Camp King]], the clandestine CIA-Army interrogation center in occupied Germany, served as the operational hub where this knowledge was applied; Schreiber and then Blome served as its chief medical officer, and the interrogation techniques developed there fed into [[Project Bluebird and Project Artichoke|ARTICHOKE]] and the [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] programs. The chemist Friedrich "Fritz" Hoffmann, who had synthesized poison gases for the Luftwaffe, was likewise brought over.[^3] +Beyond the aerospace recruits, Paperclip transferred Nazi medical expertise that fed directly into the CIA's behavioral-control work. [[Kurt Blome]], the Reich's deputy surgeon general and director of its biological-weapons program (including weaponized plague), was acquitted at the [[Nuremberg Doctors' Trial]] in August 1947 and within two months was consulting U.S. Army biological-warfare researchers in Maryland. [[Walter Schreiber]], the Reich surgeon general who had assigned concentration-camp prisoners to experimental doctors, was given a post at the [[Air Force School of Medicine]] at [[Randolph Field]], Texas. [[Kurt Plotner]] had conducted mescaline experiments on prisoners at [[Dachau]] for the SS in search of a truth drug, work of direct interest to the CIA's postwar truth-drug research. [[Camp King]], the clandestine CIA-Army interrogation center in occupied Germany, served as the operational hub where this knowledge was applied; Schreiber and then Blome served as its chief medical officer, and the interrogation techniques developed there fed into [[Project Bluebird and Project Artichoke|ARTICHOKE]] and the [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] programs. The chemist Friedrich "Fritz" Hoffmann, who had synthesized poison gases for the Luftwaffe, was likewise brought over.[^6] ### Legacy and Controversy The German scientists brought through Paperclip made foundational contributions to the U.S. space program, missile development, aviation medicine, and chemical and biological research. Their technical contributions were real and in some cases irreplaceable. The ethical dimensions of the program - the employment of individuals with serious Nazi records, the systematic falsification of government records to circumvent legal prohibitions, and the implicit decision that American competitive advantage in the Cold War took priority over accountability for wartime crimes - remained subjects of historical and moral assessment. -The Soviet Union's parallel program produced the Soviet space and missile programs that competed directly with American programs developed from German expertise, creating a Cold War technological competition shaped on both sides by the same cohort of German scientists.[^2] +The Soviet Union's parallel program produced the Soviet space and missile programs that competed directly with American programs developed from German expertise, creating a Cold War technological competition shaped on both sides by the same cohort of German scientists.[^7] ### Footnotes [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America.* Little, Brown and Company, 2014 (the primary English-language investigation, based on declassified JIOA files and other government records). Hunt, Linda. *Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990.* St. Martin's Press, 1991. -[^2]: Lasby, Clarence G. *Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War.* Atheneum, 1971. -[^3]: Annie Jacobsen, *Operation Paperclip*. Little, Brown, 2014; "What Cold War CIA Interrogators Learned from the Nazis," *The Daily Beast*, 2014; Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol," *Steamshovel Press* #16, 1998. +[^2]: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center History Office, "Notes on Project Paperclip," https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/german/paperclip.html +[^3]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1948 and 1949," entry for 28 October 1949. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1948.html +[^4]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1950 - 1952," entry "April 50" (about 120 German scientists from Fort Bliss) and introductory paragraph (arrival of the Fort Bliss group beginning April 15, 1950). https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1950.html +[^5]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1953," entry for 20 August 1953. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1953.html +[^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Operation Paperclip*. Little, Brown, 2014; "What Cold War CIA Interrogators Learned from the Nazis," *The Daily Beast*, 2014; Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol," *Steamshovel Press* #16, 1998. +[^7]: Lasby, Clarence G. *Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War.* Atheneum, 1971. diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Yewtree.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Yewtree.md index 6a65429e..7a1a625f 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Yewtree.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Operation Yewtree.md @@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ The BBC employed Smith as a chauffeur in the 1980s, despite 22 previous convicti ### Footnotes -[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. [^2]: Chappell, Bill. "Jimmy Savile Sexually Abused Hundreds, Police Report Concludes." NPR, January 11, 2013, reporting *Giving Victims a Voice,* January 2013. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/11/169146888/jimmy-savile-sexually-abused-hundreds-police-report-concludes [^3]: "Report: BBC missed chances to stop sexual predator Jimmy Savile." Associated Press, CBS News, February 25, 2016. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-bbc-missed-chances-to-stop-sexual-predator-jimmy-savile/ diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Aquarius.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Aquarius.md index 3270277c..3beca231 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Aquarius.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Aquarius.md @@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ Pilkington wrote that in notes of a January 1982 conversation with Moore, [[Bob [^6]: "E B E's," parts 7 and 8, UFO BBS files UFO1026 and UFO1027, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1026.ufo and http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1027.ufo. [^7]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), pp. 138 to 139, 144 to 145, 150 to 151, 158, 184 to 188, https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014 [^8]: Susan Cooksey, Freedom of Information Manager, Air Force Intelligence Service, letter to Peter L. Clarke, KOB Television, December 5, 1983, http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/KOB-TV-Bennewitz-FOIA.pdf -[^9]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, Section 2, Chapter 4, "Richard Doty: Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) Counter-Intelligence and Raven Addendum, the Wilderness of Mirrors," which the book states "was taken from a set of four interviews done by Bill Moore and Jaime Shandera in the 1980s and later updated"; https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, Section 2, Chapter 4, "Richard Doty: Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) Counter-Intelligence and Raven Addendum, the Wilderness of Mirrors," which the book states "was taken from a set of four interviews done by Bill Moore and Jaime Shandera in the 1980s and later updated"; https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure. diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Blue Book.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Blue Book.md index 31799c55..aac72cc0 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Blue Book.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/INTELLIGENCE_OPERATIONS/Project Blue Book.md @@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ The Project 1947 site states that the Blue Book files lack some reports Hynek fo [^6]: Condon, Section V, chapter 2, p. 856. [^7]: F. C. Durant, memorandum on the "Report of Meetings of the Office of Scientific Intelligence Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," Central Intelligence Agency, 16 February 1953, Condon Report Appendix U, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-u.htm (Part I, Thursday morning; Part II, "Tremonton, Utah, Sighting" and "Educational Program"; Tab C, "Evidence Presented," listing "Progress Reports of Project STORK (code name for Battelle Memorial Institute contract work supporting ATIC)"). [^8]: Condon, Section V, chapter 2, pp. 877-878 and 909-910. -[^9]: Same book, chapter "Contact with the U.S. Air Force." Sole source. -[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), pp. 78 to 88, https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. Sole source. +[^9]: Same book, chapter "Contact with the U.S. Air Force." +[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), pp. 78 to 88, https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. [^11]: Reich and Silvert petition for certiorari and Moise letter of October 9, 1954, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Parts 4c and 5c, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^12]: Moise statement of February 26, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 3 (PDF pages 27 and 28). [^13]: "Blue Book," NICAP, https://nicap.org/bios/WHO-WAS/BLUE_BOOK.htm. diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Great Skill Program.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Great Skill Program.md index 5647ae4e..16ed49d1 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Great Skill Program.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Great Skill Program.md @@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ The 2023 Talent Based Career Alignment Program guide lists Army Strategic Intell [^1]: U.S. Army (armyreenlistment.com), Special Assignments, "Great Skill Program," updated February 2019, https://armyreenlistment.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Special-Assignments-February-2019.pdf (Wayback Machine capture of January 4, 2024, https://web.archive.org/web/20240104160915id_/https://armyreenlistment.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Special-Assignments-February-2019.pdf). [^2]: U.S. Army Talent Management Task Force, Talent Based Career Alignment Program Guide, current as of 17 March 2023 (Phase 8), "Army Strategic Intelligence Recruiting (Formerly Known as Great Skill Program (GSP))," https://talent.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/TBCA-Program-Guide_Phase-8.pdf. [^3]: Headquarters, Department of the Army, Military Publications: Index of administrative publications (1978), entries on pages 26, 86 and 96, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Military_Publications/LiQzp6onTXkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=great%20skill%20. -[^4]: Luis Elizondo, Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 31 to 33 (printed index entries: Great Skills program, 31 to 33; Grey Fox, 32 to 33; Lessman, 32 to 35; Seage, 31 to 33). Sole source for the recruitment, Lessman and Grey Fox passages. -[^5]: Luis Elizondo, Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 30 to 31. Sole source for the enlistment and assignment passages. -[^6]: Luis Elizondo, Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 32 to 38. Sole source for the release and NSA payment passage. +[^4]: Luis Elizondo, Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 31 to 33 (printed index entries: Great Skills program, 31 to 33; Grey Fox, 32 to 33; Lessman, 32 to 35; Seage, 31 to 33). +[^5]: Luis Elizondo, Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 30 to 31. +[^6]: Luis Elizondo, Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 32 to 38. [^7]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001700350013-3, Security Support Detachment, 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum to LTC Jachim, "Detachment G Reorganization," September 22, 1982, paragraphs 2 to 5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700350013-3. [^8]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000170002-1, Headquarters, U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, "OPSEC Support for Project GRILL FLAME," with attached tasking dated March 23, 1982, paragraphs 1 and 2c, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000170002-1. [^9]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090028-8, Memorandum for Record, "CENTER LANE Discussion with INSCOM Command Group," November 27, 1984, paragraph c, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001500090028-8. diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Grill Flame.md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Grill Flame.md index ca565ea3..6070a370 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Grill Flame.md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Grill Flame.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ relations: reverse: true start: 1981-09-30 role: "remote-viewing research under the joint DIA and Army contract, including a CRV training task" - fn: 29 + fn: 35 - type: funded with: "[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]" reverse: true @@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ relations: start: 1979-08-21 end: 1979-08-22 role: "SRI remote viewer who met the AMSAA Grill Flame core group at SRI" - fn: 25 + fn: 26 - type: funded with: "[[DARPA]]" reverse: true start: 1981 end: 1983 role: "provided $200K of the $1,475.5K three-year SRI funding" - fn: 33 + fn: 39 - type: participant_in with: "[[Jack Vorona]]" reverse: true @@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ relations: start: 1981-11 end: 1982-03 role: "INSCOM officer on the SRI visit requests and the Dozier debriefing" - fn: 28 + fn: 34 - type: investigated with: "[[Manfred Gale]]" reverse: true start: 1979-06 end: 1979-12 role: "chaired the Scientific Evaluation Committee that reviewed the program" - fn: 26 + fn: 27 - type: contractor_to with: "[[Monroe Institute]]" reverse: true @@ -104,6 +104,13 @@ relations: end: 1983-08 role: "902d Military Intelligence Group officer who was Gondola Wish project officer in 1978, alternate to the INSCOM project manager in 1979 and acting project manager from July 7, 1983" fn: 4 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Redstone Arsenal]]" + reverse: true + start: 1977-08 + end: 1980 + role: "Missile Intelligence Agency SRI psychokinesis task (1977 to 1978) and MICOM Remote Perturbation protocol" + fn: 23 --- Grill Flame was the unclassified nickname that the Army's intelligence staff assigned in July 1978 to its parapsychology work. The name covered a remote-viewing program that the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] and the Army ran as a jointly funded effort from 1979 to 1982, and it is the name under which the Army's share of the [[Stargate Project]] was known. The Army's operations were run by [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] from [[Fort Meade]], Maryland, and the joint program bought its remote-viewing research from [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]]. Congress curtailed the Army's funding in the National Foreign Intelligence Program, and the unit continued under [[Center Lane]] from December 3, 1982. @@ -142,17 +149,21 @@ INSCOM's undated paper on the Army's interest in psychoenergetics describes the ### Contracts with SRI -SRI's remote-viewing work for the Army began under the Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command. An undated Army paper states that in September 1978 AMSAA, using Program VI funds, "contracted with SRI to do a number of tactically oriented Remote Viewing tasks" for $100 thousand, that the contract was extended in 1979 to April 1980 for $120 thousand, that the Missile Research and Development Command at Redstone Arsenal had held an $80 thousand SRI contract from August 1977 to August 1978 on psychokinesis ("now called Remote Perturbation"), and that INSCOM had $75 thousand under contract to SRI "to train and familiarize the team members in Remote Viewing techniques and experimental procedure."[^22] The September 26, 1978 memorandum places the ACSI and INSCOM money on a DARCOM contract with SRI.[^6] A cost-plus-fixed-fee contract, DAAK11-79-C-0057, issued to SRI International by the Armament Research and Development Command at Edgewood Arsenal in April 1979 under the title "Special Training Techniques," required SRI to select six individuals from a group of 10 to 15 government personnel for a one-month remote viewing familiarization program and to conduct ten sessions of 25 trials with each on the Ten-Choice Numerical Training Facility.[^23] SRI's work for DIA ran separately under Defense Nuclear Agency contract DNA001-78-C-0274, SRI Project 7560.[^24] The four members of the AMSAA Grill Flame core group visited SRI on August 21 and 22, 1979 to meet the SRI staff and [[Hella Hammid]], who a memorandum of September 19, 1979 states had taken part in SRI's remote-viewing program for five to six years, originally as a "control subject" as a favor to Targ, and who worked almost exclusively with Targ as her interviewer.[^25] The Scientific Evaluation Committee's report recommended that replications use "the same experienced Subjects (e.g., Swann or Hammid)."[^26] +SRI's remote-viewing work for the Army began under the Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command. An undated Army paper states that in September 1978 AMSAA, using Program VI funds, "contracted with SRI to do a number of tactically oriented Remote Viewing tasks" for $100 thousand, that the contract was extended in 1979 to April 1980 for $120 thousand, that the Missile Research and Development Command at [[Redstone Arsenal]] had held an $80 thousand SRI contract from August 1977 to August 1978 on psychokinesis ("now called Remote Perturbation"), and that INSCOM had $75 thousand under contract to SRI "to train and familiarize the team members in Remote Viewing techniques and experimental procedure."[^22] The sponsoring element was the Missile Intelligence Agency, described in the same paper as a GDIP unit whose interest was in psychokinesis.[^23] The September 26, 1978 memorandum places the ACSI and INSCOM money on a DARCOM contract with SRI.[^6] A cost-plus-fixed-fee contract, DAAK11-79-C-0057, issued to SRI International by the Armament Research and Development Command at Edgewood Arsenal in April 1979 under the title "Special Training Techniques," required SRI to select six individuals from a group of 10 to 15 government personnel for a one-month remote viewing familiarization program and to conduct ten sessions of 25 trials with each on the Ten-Choice Numerical Training Facility.[^24] SRI's work for DIA ran separately under Defense Nuclear Agency contract DNA001-78-C-0274, SRI Project 7560.[^25] The four members of the AMSAA Grill Flame core group visited SRI on August 21 and 22, 1979 to meet the SRI staff and [[Hella Hammid]], who a memorandum of September 19, 1979 states had taken part in SRI's remote-viewing program for five to six years, originally as a "control subject" as a favor to Targ, and who worked almost exclusively with Targ as her interviewer.[^26] The Scientific Evaluation Committee's report recommended that replications use "the same experienced Subjects (e.g., Swann or Hammid)."[^27] -Air Force contract F33657-80-C-0207, administered by the Aeronautical Systems Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, carried a research completion date of October 31, 1980. In a letter of January 29, 1981, SRI's senior contract administrator wrote that on September 17, 1980 senior SRI program staff had met Major General E. R. Thompson, the Army ACSI, about a task for the ACSI with end-of-year funds; that Thompson decided in favor of the program and released $50K, which was sent by MIPR to the Foreign Technology Division, and SRI was told on September 29, 1980 that the MIPR had been effected; and that "ACSI representatives Col. White and Lt. Col. Murray B. Watt" visited SRI on December 8, 1980 to discuss progress. SRI asked that the effort in Request for Proposal F33657-81-R-0157 be awarded as a supplemental agreement to the contract rather than as a new contract.[^27] +A June 1978 memorandum to Major [[William Stoner]] gives the Missile Intelligence Agency's background in the SRI work as contractual involvement on Soviet strategic defensive missile technologies. It states that the agency learned of Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ's SRI work in mid-1976, invited them to Redstone Arsenal for discussions in late 1976 and early 1977, and implemented an SRI task in August 1977 under contract DAAK40-77-C-0170, using research and development funds of about $60,000, whose statement of work was titled "Investigation of Unconventional Discrimination Techniques."[^28] The Scientific Evaluation Committee's December 1979 report dates the agency's first informal interest to 1976 and describes the August 1977 contract as a one-year $80 thousand MICOM contract directed at Soviet man-machine interface work, such as radar operators who continued to guide antiaircraft missiles to the target while the screen images were obscured by chaff.[^29] -The later numbered contracts followed. A November 1981 visit request for [[Robert Jachim]], an INSCOM officer, lists the government contract as MDA903-81-C-0292, and gives the purpose as "Technical discussions & client liaison."[^28] A supplemental agreement effective September 30, 1981, administered by [[Defense Contract Management Agency|DCASMA]] San Francisco, replaced that number: "Delete any and all references to Contract No. MDA903-81-C-0292 and substitute therefor Contract No. MDA908-81-C-0004." Its task 2.1.10 reads "Continue development and evaluation of CRV training program."[^29] +On May 3, 1979 Charles Carter of the Missile Intelligence Agency briefed the Grill Flame committee on efforts at Redstone Arsenal.[^30] A memorandum for record of the November 28, 1978 meeting at DARCOM headquarters states that the Missile Intelligence Agency had no current contract but was interested in the psychokinesis aspects.[^31] The protocol that followed, "Remote Perturbation Techniques: Project Description and Experimental Protocol," is dated November 7, 1979 and was prepared by the USAMICOM Grill Flame Oversight Committee at Redstone Arsenal, with approval blocks for William C. McCorkle and Richard L. Hartman of the US Army Missile Laboratory and Rankin A. Clinton Jr., deputy director of the US Army Missile Intelligence Agency. Its principal investigator is listed as Dr. B. Z. Jenkins of the MICOM Systems Simulation and Development Directorate. The protocol called for an identical experiment at SRI, run with separately acquired equipment, and a MICOM experiment in Building 7770 at Redstone Arsenal, with a six-month second phase and no more than nine experienced remote viewers.[^32] -After the 1982 cut, a final report dated November 1984 and prepared for DIA by Hal Puthoff, May and Beverly Humphrey names its contract as "CONTRACT DAMD17-83-C-3106" and its program as "SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAM FOR GRILL FLAME." It covers October 1983 to October 1984 under SRI Project 7408-13.[^30] +Air Force contract F33657-80-C-0207, administered by the Aeronautical Systems Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, carried a research completion date of October 31, 1980. In a letter of January 29, 1981, SRI's senior contract administrator wrote that on September 17, 1980 senior SRI program staff had met Major General E. R. Thompson, the Army ACSI, about a task for the ACSI with end-of-year funds; that Thompson decided in favor of the program and released $50K, which was sent by MIPR to the Foreign Technology Division, and SRI was told on September 29, 1980 that the MIPR had been effected; and that "ACSI representatives Col. White and Lt. Col. Murray B. Watt" visited SRI on December 8, 1980 to discuss progress. SRI asked that the effort in Request for Proposal F33657-81-R-0157 be awarded as a supplemental agreement to the contract rather than as a new contract.[^33] + +The later numbered contracts followed. A November 1981 visit request for [[Robert Jachim]], an INSCOM officer, lists the government contract as MDA903-81-C-0292, and gives the purpose as "Technical discussions & client liaison."[^34] A supplemental agreement effective September 30, 1981, administered by [[Defense Contract Management Agency|DCASMA]] San Francisco, replaced that number: "Delete any and all references to Contract No. MDA903-81-C-0292 and substitute therefor Contract No. MDA908-81-C-0004." Its task 2.1.10 reads "Continue development and evaluation of CRV training program."[^35] + +After the 1982 cut, a final report dated November 1984 and prepared for DIA by Hal Puthoff, May and Beverly Humphrey names its contract as "CONTRACT DAMD17-83-C-3106" and its program as "SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAM FOR GRILL FLAME." It covers October 1983 to October 1984 under SRI Project 7408-13.[^36] ### Funding -A briefing slide headed "GRILL FLAME" and titled "Current Issues" lists annual amounts by fiscal year.[^31] +A briefing slide headed "GRILL FLAME" and titled "Current Issues" lists annual amounts by fiscal year.[^37] | Fiscal year | Army (AMSAA, MICOM, INSCOM) | DIA | |---|---|---| @@ -163,164 +174,121 @@ A briefing slide headed "GRILL FLAME" and titled "Current Issues" lists annual a | 1982 | $121K INSCOM | $330K | | 1983 | | $302K | -An information paper of March 7, 1985 gives INSCOM's own totals, which differ from the slide for 1980. The total cost for "INSCOM's use of psychoenergetics for intelligence purposes, less personnel salaries for FYs 1979 through 1983 was $686K." In 1979 the total cost to INSCOM was $87K, "$75K of which went to SRI-International for orientation training." In 1980 INSCOM's costs were "only $32K and there were no external contracts." In 1981 INSCOM spent $205K, of which $190K went to external contracts with SRI. In 1982 the total was $242K, of which $125K supported the joint effort and $99K bought equipment. The $121K for fiscal 1983 included $36K for coordinate remote-viewing work at SRI, $24.4K for the Monroe Institute and $40K for equipment.[^32] +An information paper of March 7, 1985 gives INSCOM's own totals, which differ from the slide for 1980. The total cost for "INSCOM's use of psychoenergetics for intelligence purposes, less personnel salaries for FYs 1979 through 1983 was $686K." In 1979 the total cost to INSCOM was $87K, "$75K of which went to SRI-International for orientation training." In 1980 INSCOM's costs were "only $32K and there were no external contracts." In 1981 INSCOM spent $205K, of which $190K went to external contracts with SRI. In 1982 the total was $242K, of which $125K supported the joint effort and $99K bought equipment. The $121K for fiscal 1983 included $36K for coordinate remote-viewing work at SRI, $24.4K for the Monroe Institute and $40K for equipment.[^38] -DIA's Grill Flame Project Report of October 19, 1983, on the three-year program that ended with fiscal 1983, states that funding for the SRI contract "was provided jointly by DIA and the Army Intelligence Security Command with a small portion also provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency," averaging $492K a year. Its funding appendix lists $418.5K for fiscal 1981, $518K for 1982 and $539K for 1983, a total of $1,475.5K; by source, $962K from DIA, $313.5K from Army INSCOM and $200K from [[DARPA]]; and by task, $575K for remote-viewing enhancement training, $287K for intelligence studies, $168K for data base management, $99K for countermeasures, $97.5K for administration, $70K for audio analysis, $54K for targeting, $45K for search methodology, $40K for remote-viewing operations and $40K for remote-viewing evaluation. The report states that the Army INSCOM viewers "have detected the remote site successfully in 50 percent of their projects (89 sites)."[^33] +DIA's Grill Flame Project Report of October 19, 1983, on the three-year program that ended with fiscal 1983, states that funding for the SRI contract "was provided jointly by DIA and the Army Intelligence Security Command with a small portion also provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency," averaging $492K a year. Its funding appendix lists $418.5K for fiscal 1981, $518K for 1982 and $539K for 1983, a total of $1,475.5K; by source, $962K from DIA, $313.5K from Army INSCOM and $200K from [[DARPA]]; and by task, $575K for remote-viewing enhancement training, $287K for intelligence studies, $168K for data base management, $99K for countermeasures, $97.5K for administration, $70K for audio analysis, $54K for targeting, $45K for search methodology, $40K for remote-viewing operations and $40K for remote-viewing evaluation. The report states that the Army INSCOM viewers "have detected the remote site successfully in 50 percent of their projects (89 sites)."[^39] ### Operations and taskings -The chronology dates the first operational remote-viewing session to September 4, 1979.[^12] A session report on a search for an aircraft states that the aircraft "had gone down between 28 and 30 August 1979 somewhere in Virginia between Lynchburg and the Pennsylvania border," and that the viewer "would be given as little information as possible about the probable location of the aircraft."[^34] +The chronology dates the first operational remote-viewing session to September 4, 1979.[^12] A session report on a search for an aircraft states that the aircraft "had gone down between 28 and 30 August 1979 somewhere in Virginia between Lynchburg and the Pennsylvania border," and that the viewer "would be given as little information as possible about the probable location of the aircraft."[^40] INSCOM told the Secretary of the Army in an October 5, 1983 briefing: "DURING 1979, WE CONDUCTED 79 OPERATIONAL MISSIONS, 43 OF WHICH WERE DEDICATED TO ASSISTING THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY DURING THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS." For 1980 the script gives "386 OPERATIONAL MISSIONS, 154 OF WHICH WERE STILL DEDICATED TO IRAN," and for 1981 "ONLY 6 DEDICATED TO IRAN HOSTAGE REQUIREMENTS," with a sharp decline in the last half of 1981 after personnel losses and 47 missions in the first nine months of 1983. It gives the Iran project as one that "REQUIRED OVER 200 OPERATIONAL MISSIONS" and the five-year total as "MORE THAN 700 OPERATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION MISSIONS." The projects behind those missions numbered 7 for four sponsor agencies in 1979, 41 for six sponsors in 1980, 20 for five sponsors in 1981 and 11 in 1982.[^21] The same script describes the 1979 staffing: "CG INSCOM FORMED A TASK FORCE CONSISTING OF 5 PERSONNEL: A PROJECT MANAGER, AN OPERATIONS/TRAINING OFFICER, A SECRETARY, AND TWO SOURCES (RVERS)."[^21] -The Center Lane information papers of March 7, 1985 count 106 projects from September 1, 1979 to September 28, 1984. Of these, 53 were rated as having intelligence value, 28 as having none, 2 as unverifiable, 8 as not evaluated and 15 as cancelled.[^32] +The Center Lane information papers of March 7, 1985 count 106 projects from September 1, 1979 to September 28, 1984. Of these, 53 were rated as having intelligence value, 28 as having none, 2 as unverifiable, 8 as not evaluated and 15 as cancelled.[^38] -The AMSAA protocol, headed "GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL" and "AMSAA APPLIED REMOTE VIEWING PROTOCOL," names John W. Kramar as project officer, selects each target from a pool of 50 to 100 geographic coordinates held by a target pool selector who does not communicate with the viewer or the interviewer, and provides that "No drugs, hypnosis, special sensory (visual, auditory or olfactory) or proprioceptive stimuli, liminal or subliminal, electrical or electromagnetic stimulus will be used in this RV protocol." It records that the commander of DARCOM approved AMSAA's involvement in principle in April 1978 and that the ACSI accepted lead responsibility in May 1978.[^35] The session reports carry the protocol's name in their classification block.[^34] The reports note that the material "have not been subjected to any intermediate analysis, evaluation or collation."[^36] +The AMSAA protocol, headed "GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL" and "AMSAA APPLIED REMOTE VIEWING PROTOCOL," names John W. Kramar as project officer, selects each target from a pool of 50 to 100 geographic coordinates held by a target pool selector who does not communicate with the viewer or the interviewer, and provides that "No drugs, hypnosis, special sensory (visual, auditory or olfactory) or proprioceptive stimuli, liminal or subliminal, electrical or electromagnetic stimulus will be used in this RV protocol." It records that the commander of DARCOM approved AMSAA's involvement in principle in April 1978 and that the ACSI accepted lead responsibility in May 1978.[^41] The session reports carry the protocol's name in their classification block.[^40] The reports note that the material "have not been subjected to any intermediate analysis, evaluation or collation."[^42] ### The Iran hostage taskings -Session reports from the Iran series answer a request from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The first report read states: "This report documents a Remote Viewing (RV) Session conducted in compliance with a request from SOD, J3, OJCS, Pentagon, Washington, D.C. The purpose of the session was to provide information relevant to the hostage situation in the U.S. Embassy compound in Teheran, Iran."[^37] Their internal dates cluster in 1980.[^38] +Session reports from the Iran series answer a request from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The first report read states: "This report documents a Remote Viewing (RV) Session conducted in compliance with a request from SOD, J3, OJCS, Pentagon, Washington, D.C. The purpose of the session was to provide information relevant to the hostage situation in the U.S. Embassy compound in Teheran, Iran."[^43] Their internal dates cluster in 1980.[^44] -In the collection, 147 documents contain the phrase "hostage situation in" and 120 carry the request line to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[^38] The reports state that "Interpretation and use of the information provided is the responsibility of the requestor."[^37] +In the collection, 147 documents contain the phrase "hostage situation in" and 120 carry the request line to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[^44] The reports state that "Interpretation and use of the information provided is the responsibility of the requestor."[^43] ### The Dozier kidnapping, 1981 to 1982 -A 1983 INSCOM briefing states: "AS YOU MAY RECALL, GENERAL DOZIER WAS KIDNAPPED THE EVENING OF 17 DECEMBER 1981." The kidnapped officer was [[James L. Dozier|Brigadier General James L. Dozier]], seized in [[Italy]]. The briefing records the first session on December 18, and states that a drawing from it was sent to Italy, where a DIA analyst used it and a partial map of Italy as the basis for briefing the commander of [[Southern European Task Force|SETAF]] that "THE SEARCH FOR GENERAL DOZIER SHOULD BE CONCENTRATED IN THE PADUA AREA," a briefing that "WAS DONE TWO DAYS PRIOR TO GENERAL DOZIER'S ACTUAL RESCUE."[^39] +A 1983 INSCOM briefing states: "AS YOU MAY RECALL, GENERAL DOZIER WAS KIDNAPPED THE EVENING OF 17 DECEMBER 1981." The kidnapped officer was [[James L. Dozier|Brigadier General James L. Dozier]], seized in [[Italy]]. The briefing records the first session on December 18, and states that a drawing from it was sent to Italy, where a DIA analyst used it and a partial map of Italy as the basis for briefing the commander of [[Southern European Task Force|SETAF]] that "THE SEARCH FOR GENERAL DOZIER SHOULD BE CONCENTRATED IN THE PADUA AREA," a briefing that "WAS DONE TWO DAYS PRIOR TO GENERAL DOZIER'S ACTUAL RESCUE."[^45] -The same briefing says that the drawing from the third session, held on January 20, 1982, carried "NOTE THE NAME PADUA," and that "THIS DRAWING, HOWEVER, WAS NOT FORWARDED TO ITALY." It gives as the reason that the Italian police were "having difficulty with information they were getting from psychics all over the world."[^39] The January 20, 1982 transcript is session 849, and the viewer states "an old name. Padua. Very old. 300 years."[^40] An INSCOM summary of completed projects states: "We reported the city name Padua eight days prior to his rescue."[^41] +The same briefing says that the drawing from the third session, held on January 20, 1982, carried "NOTE THE NAME PADUA," and that "THIS DRAWING, HOWEVER, WAS NOT FORWARDED TO ITALY." It gives as the reason that the Italian police were "having difficulty with information they were getting from psychics all over the world."[^45] The January 20, 1982 transcript is session 849, and the viewer states "an old name. Padua. Very old. 300 years."[^46] An INSCOM summary of completed projects states: "We reported the city name Padua eight days prior to his rescue."[^47] -A DIA information memorandum to the Secretary of Defense, dated December 1981, describes the data as provided "to aid in their search for BG James L. Dozier," and calls the program a "jointly funded effort known as Project GRILL FLAME." It adds: "We can not at this time attest to the method's accuracy or usefulness of the derived data."[^42] A DIA staff summary bearing Vorona's name records a December 18, 1981 request: "was requested by COL C.F. Scanlon, the Deputy Chief of Staff: Operations, Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center, INSCOM to assist in providing GRILL FLAME derived data to U.S. authorities in Europe concerning the search for BG Dozier."[^43] +A DIA information memorandum to the Secretary of Defense, dated December 1981, describes the data as provided "to aid in their search for BG James L. Dozier," and calls the program a "jointly funded effort known as Project GRILL FLAME." It adds: "We can not at this time attest to the method's accuracy or usefulness of the derived data."[^48] A DIA staff summary bearing Vorona's name records a December 18, 1981 request: "was requested by COL C.F. Scanlon, the Deputy Chief of Staff: Operations, Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center, INSCOM to assist in providing GRILL FLAME derived data to U.S. authorities in Europe concerning the search for BG Dozier."[^49] -A staff memorandum titled "SA Query re GRILL FLAME" states that "A preliminary analysis reveals that Army GRILL FLAME data did not play a direct and immediate role in BG Dozier's release." It promises a later memorandum on "the specific role played by Army GRILL FLAME information."[^44] +A staff memorandum titled "SA Query re GRILL FLAME" states that "A preliminary analysis reveals that Army GRILL FLAME data did not play a direct and immediate role in BG Dozier's release." It promises a later memorandum on "the specific role played by Army GRILL FLAME information."[^50] -On February 9, 1982, Dozier was briefed on the program. A memorandum of February 22, 1982 by Robert Jachim records "On 9 February 1982, from 0930 to 1015 hours, at the Command SCIF (Bldg 4554), BG Dozier was briefed on the GRILL FLAME Program," and that he was asked "to review sketches and narratives generated during GRILL FLAME sessions for any correlation to places or events surrounding his kidnapping."[^45] A March 23, 1982 memorandum by Jachim states that the material "was provided to BG Dozier in the same sequence as the sessions were conducted."[^46] A press report datelined Rome, February 2, 1982, stated that police confirmed a 22-year-old from Verona had revealed Dozier's place of captivity, an apartment above a grocery store in Padua.[^47] +On February 9, 1982, Dozier was briefed on the program. A memorandum of February 22, 1982 by Robert Jachim records "On 9 February 1982, from 0930 to 1015 hours, at the Command SCIF (Bldg 4554), BG Dozier was briefed on the GRILL FLAME Program," and that he was asked "to review sketches and narratives generated during GRILL FLAME sessions for any correlation to places or events surrounding his kidnapping."[^51] A March 23, 1982 memorandum by Jachim states that the material "was provided to BG Dozier in the same sequence as the sessions were conducted."[^52] A press report datelined Rome, February 2, 1982, stated that police confirmed a 22-year-old from Verona had revealed Dozier's place of captivity, an apartment above a grocery store in Padua.[^53] ### The 1982 cut and the Center Lane name -The 1983 INSCOM briefing states that the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] (Senator [[Malcolm Wallop]]) "CURTAILED ALL PSYCHOENERGETIC OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE ARMY IN THE NATIONAL FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM," and that "THE CONGRESSIONAL CONFEREES AGREED, HOWEVER, TO LET DIA COMPLETE THE THIRD YEAR OF THEIR EFFORT."[^21] The chronology lists October 1, 1982 as the date that National Foreign Intelligence Program funding ended.[^12] The March 1985 papers show $315K for S&IA in fiscal 1984.[^32] +The 1983 INSCOM briefing states that the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] (Senator [[Malcolm Wallop]]) "CURTAILED ALL PSYCHOENERGETIC OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE ARMY IN THE NATIONAL FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM," and that "THE CONGRESSIONAL CONFEREES AGREED, HOWEVER, TO LET DIA COMPLETE THE THIRD YEAR OF THEIR EFFORT."[^21] The chronology lists October 1, 1982 as the date that National Foreign Intelligence Program funding ended.[^12] The March 1985 papers show $315K for S&IA in fiscal 1984.[^38] -The name changed on December 3, 1982. The Army's approval record says "The effective implementation date of CENTER LANE was 3 December 1982," and the chronology records the change on that date.[^12][^14] An INSCOM information paper of February 21, 1983 explains the new name: "the new Army name is for security purposes in light of the exposure generated during the BG Dozier project."[^48] The chronology records that the Secretary of the Army approved the Center Lane special access program on June 15, 1983.[^12] +The name changed on December 3, 1982. The Army's approval record says "The effective implementation date of CENTER LANE was 3 December 1982," and the chronology records the change on that date.[^12][^14] An INSCOM information paper of February 21, 1983 explains the new name: "the new Army name is for security purposes in light of the exposure generated during the BG Dozier project."[^54] The chronology records that the Secretary of the Army approved the Center Lane special access program on June 15, 1983.[^12] ### Press disclosure, 1984 to 1985 -[[Jack Anderson]]'s columns of 1984 brought the nickname into print. A memorandum for record of May 17, 1984, titled "Recent Jack Anderson 'GRILL FLAME' Articles," recorded that Representative Charlie Rose had told [[Ingo Swann]] on May 16, 1984 that [[Dale Van Atta]], an associate of Anderson, had said that he and Anderson had recently been under the influence of McRae but that this was no longer the case, and that a series of favorable articles would follow.[^49] A briefing memorandum of December 12, 1985, prepared for [[Harry Soyster|Brigadier General Soyster]], stated that the year before Anderson had published the project nickname Grill Flame and linked psychic research with the Army.[^50] The Washington Post column of April 24, 1984, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," had earlier recalled Anderson's reports on secret projects to adapt psychic phenomena to military purposes.[^51] +[[Jack Anderson]]'s columns of 1984 brought the nickname into print. A memorandum for record of May 17, 1984, titled "Recent Jack Anderson 'GRILL FLAME' Articles," recorded that Representative Charlie Rose had told [[Ingo Swann]] on May 16, 1984 that [[Dale Van Atta]], an associate of Anderson, had said that he and Anderson had recently been under the influence of McRae but that this was no longer the case, and that a series of favorable articles would follow.[^55] A briefing memorandum of December 12, 1985, prepared for [[Harry Soyster|Brigadier General Soyster]], stated that the year before Anderson had published the project nickname Grill Flame and linked psychic research with the Army.[^56] The Washington Post column of April 24, 1984, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," had earlier recalled Anderson's reports on secret projects to adapt psychic phenomena to military purposes.[^57] ### Named personnel in official roles -Major Murray Watt was notified on October 27, 1978 that he was INSCOM's project manager.[^12] He was on the working group named in November 1978 and attended the February 1979 meeting,[^15][^16] and a letter of January 29, 1981 gives his rank as lieutenant colonel in December 1980.[^27] The chronology records that Lieutenant Colonel Robert Jachim assumed project manager duties in October 1981.[^12] +Major Murray Watt was notified on October 27, 1978 that he was INSCOM's project manager.[^12] He was on the working group named in November 1978 and attended the February 1979 meeting,[^15][^16] and a letter of January 29, 1981 gives his rank as lieutenant colonel in December 1980.[^33] The chronology records that Lieutenant Colonel Robert Jachim assumed project manager duties in October 1981.[^12] Second Lieutenant Frederick Atwater signed as the Gondola Wish project officer in 1978 and was named as Watt's alternate in February 1979.[^4][^16] The chronology records that Captain Frederick Atwater assumed duties as acting project manager on July 7, 1983 and that Lieutenant Colonel [[Brian Buzby]] assumed duties as project manager on August 15, 1983.[^12] As Captain Fred Atwater, he briefed the Secretary of the Army in October 1983.[^21] -Chief Warrant Officer [[Joe McMoneagle]] appears on the agenda of a May 1982 memorandum as the presenter of completed evaluated projects.[^52] +Chief Warrant Officer [[Joe McMoneagle]] appears on the agenda of a May 1982 memorandum as the presenter of completed evaluated projects.[^58] Dale Graff attended the February 1979 meeting for the Air Force's Foreign Technology Division and sat on the working group named in November 1978.[^15][^16] Vorona of DIA is the first-named member of the November 1978 oversight group, and the first-listed attendee in February 1979.[^15][^16] The chronology records a 1983 briefing of Vice President [[George H.W. Bush|George Bush]] by Vorona.[^12] -Other officials in the record include [[Ruth Davis]], who is named in the April 1979 paper as establishing the OSD oversight committee,[^17] and MG Edmund Thompson, the Army ACSI, who is named on the November 1978 oversight group.[^15] [[Manfred Gale]] chaired the Scientific Evaluation Committee.[^26] +Other officials in the record include [[Ruth Davis]], who is named in the April 1979 paper as establishing the OSD oversight committee,[^17] and MG Edmund Thompson, the Army ACSI, who is named on the November 1978 oversight group.[^15] [[Manfred Gale]] chaired the Scientific Evaluation Committee.[^27] + +### Footnotes [^1]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, GONDOLA WISH assessment report, August 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160001-3.pdf - [^2]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, disposition form, July 19, 1978, request for $2,000 in support of GONDOLA WISH, approved by Brigadier General John A. Smith Jr., CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160004-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160004-0.pdf - [^3]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum for Chief, OPSEC Support Division, "GONDOLA WISH (U)," May 18, 1978, signed Frederick H. Atwater, 2LT, MI, CI Studies Section, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160007-7. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160007-7.pdf - [^4]: 902d Military Intelligence Group, memorandum, "Attendance at Scientific Seminar in Support of GONDOLA WISH (U)," July 31, 1978, signed Frederick H. Atwater, Project Officer, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160013-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160013-0.pdf - [^5]: 902d Military Intelligence Group memorandum, September 25, 1978, signed Robert E. Keenan, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240011-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240011-2.pdf - [^6]: Memorandum IAGPA-CO, "GRILL FLAME Status Report," to Brigadier General Smith, September 26, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240001-3.pdf - [^7]: Department of the Army, DAMI-ISH, information paper "GRILL FLAME," October 27, 1978, signed E.R. Thompson, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210021-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700210021-9.pdf - [^8]: Headquarters, Department of the Army, DAMI-ISH message, "Issuance of Unclassified Nickname" (GRILL FLAME), July 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160009-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160009-5.pdf - [^9]: DAMI-ISH message for the Chief of Staff, INSCOM, "GRILL FLAME," July 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160010-3. A second copy is CIA-RDP96-00788R001200410022-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000160010-3.pdf - [^10]: Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity, interim note 15, July 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080005-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080005-8.pdf - [^11]: GRILL FLAME session report, classification line, CIA-RDP96-00788R000200350001-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000200350001-2.pdf - [^12]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.pdf - [^13]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. A second copy is CIA-RDP96-00788R001500070004-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3.pdf - [^14]: Department of the Army, IAGPA-F-SD, "CENTER LANE Approval Procedures (U)," April 11, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700280006-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700280006-9.pdf - [^15]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130006-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130006-1.pdf - [^16]: Memorandum for record, "Minutes of the Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 14 Feb 79," with the representatives roster as enclosure 1, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130002-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130002-5.pdf - [^17]: Department of the Army, DAMI-ISH, information paper "GRILL FLAME," April 13, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200210002-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200210002-5.pdf - [^18]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, ADCSOPS-HUMINT, "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM GRILL FLAME Protocol (U)," 1981, signed Chad B. White, Colonel, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.pdf - [^19]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "The US Army Interest in Psychoenergetics," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100370005-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100370005-6.pdf - [^20]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-11,141/DT-1, action memorandum for the Deputy Secretary of Defense, December 11, 1981, with enclosure 1, memorandum of understanding, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100240001-4. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100240001-4.pdf - [^21]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command briefing script for the Secretary of the Army, October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270014-1. Variant scans of the same script are CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270019-6, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270021-3 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270022-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270014-1.pdf - [^22]: "Notes on Army GRILL FLAME," undated Army paper, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100060009-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100060009-6.pdf - -[^23]: Award/contract DAAK11-79-C-0057, SRI International, Armament Research and Development Command, Edgewood Area, section F, "Special Training Techniques," CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140001-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140001-1.pdf - -[^24]: SRI International, Project 7560, quarterly progress report covering October 1 to December 31, 1979, dated January 10, 1980, prepared for the Defense Intelligence Agency under extension of Contract DNA001-78-C-0274, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300140001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001300140001-3.pdf - -[^25]: AMSAA, DRXSY-DS, memorandum for record, "Visit of AMSAA GRILL FLAME Participants to SRI, 21-22 August 1979," September 19, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240011-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240011-3.pdf - -[^26]: Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee report, December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5.pdf - -[^27]: SRI International, letter to Headquarters Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, "Continuation of Contract F33657-80-C-0207," January 29, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140004-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140004-8.pdf - -[^28]: SRI International visit request, LTC Jachim, November 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200300005-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200300005-2.pdf - -[^29]: Standard Form 30, amendment to SRI International contract, effective September 30, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2.pdf - -[^30]: SRI International final report, October 1983 to October 1984, prepared for the Defense Intelligence Agency, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9.pdf - -[^31]: Undated briefing slides, "GRILL FLAME Current Issues," funding page, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100290004-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100290004-6.pdf - -[^32]: Center Lane information papers for the Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 7, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7. A second copy is CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7.pdf - -[^33]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "GRILL FLAME Project Report," October 19, 1983, background section and Appendix III, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6.pdf - -[^34]: GRILL FLAME session report, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100010001-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100010001-0.pdf - -[^35]: "GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL (U), AMSAA Applied Remote Viewing Protocol," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080004-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080004-9.pdf - -[^36]: GRILL FLAME session report, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100210001-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100210001-8.pdf - -[^37]: GRILL FLAME session report, "Remote Viewing (RV) Session CC4," CIA-RDP96-00788R000800010001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000800010001-3.pdf - -[^38]: GRILL FLAME session reports CCC2 and CCC4, CIA-RDP96-00788R000800720001-5 and CIA-RDP96-00788R000800730001-4, with the documents that carry the request line and the phrase "hostage situation in." Several report numbers recur across multi-page reports. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000800720001-5.pdf - -[^39]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command briefing on the Dozier search, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700370002-3. A variant is CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270020-4. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700370002-3.pdf - -[^40]: GRILL FLAME session transcript, session 849, January 20, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700190001-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700190001-5.pdf - -[^41]: Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center summary of completed projects, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190011-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190011-9.pdf - -[^42]: Defense Intelligence Agency, information memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, S-1161/DT-1, December 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130001-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130001-1.pdf - -[^43]: Defense Intelligence Agency staff summary bearing the name of Jack Vorona, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130004-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130004-8.pdf - -[^44]: Memorandum, "SA Query re GRILL FLAME," with subheading "BG Dozier Search and Rescue," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130006-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130006-6.pdf - -[^45]: Memorandum for record, Jachim, February 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130019-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130019-2.pdf - -[^46]: Memorandum, Jachim, March 23, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100250001-4. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100250001-4.pdf - -[^47]: Press report datelined Rome, February 2, 1982, on General Dozier's press conference (publication not identified on the clipping), CIA-RDP96-00788R000100270006-7. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100270006-7.pdf - -[^48]: INSCOM information paper, "GRILL FLAME," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2.pdf - -[^49]: Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), memorandum for record, "Recent Jack Anderson 'GRILL FLAME' Articles," May 17, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6.pdf - -[^50]: Memorandum for record, briefing for Brigadier General Soyster, December 12, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030003-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030003-9.pdf - -[^51]: Jack Anderson, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," *The Washington Post*, April 24, 1984, p. C13, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3.pdf - -[^52]: Memorandum for record, May 7, 1982, with enclosure 5 agenda, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190010-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190010-0.pdf +[^23]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100060009-6, undated Army paper "Notes on Army Grill Flame." CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100060009-6 +[^24]: Award/contract DAAK11-79-C-0057, SRI International, Armament Research and Development Command, Edgewood Area, section F, "Special Training Techniques," CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140001-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140001-1.pdf +[^25]: SRI International, Project 7560, quarterly progress report covering October 1 to December 31, 1979, dated January 10, 1980, prepared for the Defense Intelligence Agency under extension of Contract DNA001-78-C-0274, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300140001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001300140001-3.pdf +[^26]: AMSAA, DRXSY-DS, memorandum for record, "Visit of AMSAA GRILL FLAME Participants to SRI, 21-22 August 1979," September 19, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240011-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000240011-3.pdf +[^27]: Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee report, December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5.pdf +[^28]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010001-9, memorandum to Major Bill Stoner, June 1978. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000010001-9 +[^29]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5, Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee report, December 1979, background section. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300120001-5 +[^30]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130022-3, Grill Flame committee minutes, May 3, 1979. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000130022-3 +[^31]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140011-4, memorandum for record, "Grill Flame Meeting at DARCOM HQ," November 29, 1978, paragraph 6. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000140011-4 +[^32]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2, "Remote Perturbation Techniques," U.S. Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, November 7, 1979, control number 80-FDS-286. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000230004-2 +[^33]: SRI International, letter to Headquarters Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, "Continuation of Contract F33657-80-C-0207," January 29, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140004-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140004-8.pdf +[^34]: SRI International visit request, LTC Jachim, November 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200300005-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200300005-2.pdf +[^35]: Standard Form 30, amendment to SRI International contract, effective September 30, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2.pdf +[^36]: SRI International final report, October 1983 to October 1984, prepared for the Defense Intelligence Agency, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9.pdf +[^37]: Undated briefing slides, "GRILL FLAME Current Issues," funding page, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100290004-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100290004-6.pdf +[^38]: Center Lane information papers for the Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, March 7, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7. A second copy is CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7.pdf +[^39]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "GRILL FLAME Project Report," October 19, 1983, background section and Appendix III, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6.pdf +[^40]: GRILL FLAME session report, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100010001-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100010001-0.pdf +[^41]: "GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL (U), AMSAA Applied Remote Viewing Protocol," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080004-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080004-9.pdf +[^42]: GRILL FLAME session report, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100210001-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100210001-8.pdf +[^43]: GRILL FLAME session report, "Remote Viewing (RV) Session CC4," CIA-RDP96-00788R000800010001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000800010001-3.pdf +[^44]: GRILL FLAME session reports CCC2 and CCC4, CIA-RDP96-00788R000800720001-5 and CIA-RDP96-00788R000800730001-4, with the documents that carry the request line and the phrase "hostage situation in." Several report numbers recur across multi-page reports. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000800720001-5.pdf +[^45]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command briefing on the Dozier search, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700370002-3. A variant is CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270020-4. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700370002-3.pdf +[^46]: GRILL FLAME session transcript, session 849, January 20, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700190001-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700190001-5.pdf +[^47]: Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center summary of completed projects, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190011-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190011-9.pdf +[^48]: Defense Intelligence Agency, information memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, S-1161/DT-1, December 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130001-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130001-1.pdf +[^49]: Defense Intelligence Agency staff summary bearing the name of Jack Vorona, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130004-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130004-8.pdf +[^50]: Memorandum, "SA Query re GRILL FLAME," with subheading "BG Dozier Search and Rescue," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130006-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130006-6.pdf +[^51]: Memorandum for record, Jachim, February 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130019-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130019-2.pdf +[^52]: Memorandum, Jachim, March 23, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100250001-4. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100250001-4.pdf +[^53]: Press report datelined Rome, February 2, 1982, on General Dozier's press conference (publication not identified on the clipping), CIA-RDP96-00788R000100270006-7. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R000100270006-7.pdf +[^54]: INSCOM information paper, "GRILL FLAME," February 21, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100350001-2.pdf +[^55]: Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), memorandum for record, "Recent Jack Anderson 'GRILL FLAME' Articles," May 17, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030001-6.pdf +[^56]: Memorandum for record, briefing for Brigadier General Soyster, December 12, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030003-9. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030003-9.pdf +[^57]: Jack Anderson, "'Voodoo Gap' Looms as Latest Weapons Crisis," *The Washington Post*, April 24, 1984, p. C13, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001200050011-3.pdf +[^58]: Memorandum for record, May 7, 1982, with enclosure 5 agenda, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190010-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190010-0.pdf diff --git a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/The Nautilus (Telepathy Project).md b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/The Nautilus (Telepathy Project).md index 83c3f6f2..e3b858c7 100644 --- a/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/The Nautilus (Telepathy Project).md +++ b/30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/The Nautilus (Telepathy Project).md @@ -165,14 +165,14 @@ An undated CIA paper on Soviet parapsychology cites the 1959 French publication [^1]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain. Prentice-Hall, 1970, pp. 6-7 (French headlines, Vasiliev's speech, Navy denial, Lenin Prize, Soviet centers and budget, and the question from Edward Naumov), and p. 8 (the conversation that follows). [^2]: Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. Le Matin des magiciens, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141 (Nautilus account, Rand report and footnote on p. 137, Talbert article, laboratories, Bowers quotation); the English synopsis pp. xxx-xxxi also mentions the transmission to the submarine. Ebon, Psychic Warfare (below), p. 23, gives Le Matin de Magicien as the book in which the tests were also reported. [^3]: Ebon, Martin. Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion? McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, "The Great 'Nautilus' Hoax," pp. 22-31 (Navy denial and Westinghouse statements pp. 22-25; Anderson, This Week and Bowers pp. 25-26; Vasiliev and Kazhinsky pp. 26-28; Soviet curiosity, the "Soviet plant" hypothesis and the 1980 Messadié interview pp. 28-31; Bergier's obituary pp. 29-31). Ebon was a staff member of the Parapsychology Foundation in New York. -[^4]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55, published by the Association of Researchers of Esotericism and Mysticism (e-ISSN 2225-6954). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Cites the Constellation article from a 1988 Soviet compilation, Материалы о прикладном использовании необычных возможностей психики человека (по зарубежным публикациям периода 1947-1988 г.), issue 3, pp. 9-14. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55, published by the Association of Researchers of Esotericism and Mysticism (e-ISSN 2225-6954). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Cites the Constellation article from a 1988 Soviet compilation, Материалы о прикладном использовании необычных возможностей психики человека (по зарубежным публикациям периода 1947-1988 г.), issue 3, pp. 9-14. +[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^6]: Messadié, Gérald. Article in Science et Vie, no. 509, February 1960, pp. 30-35. Title "Du Nautilus": LaMothe, John D. "Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR," ST-CS-01-169-72, July 1972, ref. 77, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600360001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000600360001-2; Ostrander and Schroeder, bibliography, p. 427. Title "The Secret of the Nautilus": Ebon, Psychic Warfare, p. 23; Schnabel, Remote Viewers, p. 90; "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, November-December 1963. Title "Une étrange expérience à bord du «Nautilus»," pp. 30-35: Tsykunov (Aliter, 2023). [^7]: LaMothe, John D. "Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR," ST-CS-01-169-72, Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, July 1972, Section II, para. 3, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600360001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000600360001-2. -[^8]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93 (the Science et Vie article, Messadié and Bergier, the Navy and Air Force denials, Soviet reception, Vasiliev, Kogan, Naumov) and p. 154 (SRI electroencephalograph experiments). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^8]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93 (the Science et Vie article, Messadié and Bergier, the Navy and Air Force denials, Soviet reception, Vasiliev, Kogan, Naumov) and p. 154 (SRI electroencephalograph experiments). [^9]: "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. [^10]: Anfilov, Gleb. "Is Telepathy Possible?" The Soviet Review, vol. 2, no. 6 (June 1961), pp. 3-7 (introduction and the meetings of June 1960) and Asratyan, E. A., "More Experiments Called For," same issue, p. 11, translated from Znanie-Sila, 1960, no. 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-social-science-review_1961-06_2_6. -[^11]: Tsykunov (Aliter, 2023), quoting the report of March 26, 1960 from the papers of I. A. Poletaev; Vinokurov, I. V., and G. K. Gurtovoy. Психотронная война: от мифов к реалиям [Psychotronic war: from myths to realities], pp. 147-149; Poletaev, A. I. "«Военная кибернетика», или фрагмент истории отечественной «лженауки»," in Очерки истории информатики в России (Novosibirsk, 1998), pp. 515-530. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^11]: Tsykunov (Aliter, 2023), quoting the report of March 26, 1960 from the papers of I. A. Poletaev; Vinokurov, I. V., and G. K. Gurtovoy. Психотронная война: от мифов к реалиям [Psychotronic war: from myths to realities], pp. 147-149; Poletaev, A. I. "«Военная кибернетика», или фрагмент истории отечественной «лженауки»," in Очерки истории информатики в России (Novosibirsk, 1998), pp. 515-530. [^12]: Maire, Louis F., III, and J. D. LaMothe. Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, DIA Task PT-1810-12-75. CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2. [^13]: "History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571)," Submarine Force Library and Museum, Naval History and Heritage Command. https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/subforce/about-us/history.html. [^14]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," undated article, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040032-1. diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/Babalon Working.md b/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/Babalon Working.md index 751d65f8..bbba669d 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/Babalon Working.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/Babalon Working.md @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ In a letter of May 1951 to the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General ### Footnotes -[^1]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing The Book of Babalon (typescript), Parsons's letters to Crowley, Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times, 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946. Sole source for the August 1, 1945 arrival date, the dates January 4 to 15 and January 18, the quoted Book of Babalon passages, the name Allied Enterprises and the investment figures. +[^1]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing The Book of Babalon (typescript), Parsons's letters to Crowley, Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times, 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946. [^2]: Wolfe, Jane, letter to Karl Germer, January 23, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-23-Wolfe-to-Germer.htm. [^3]: Parsons, John W., letters to Aleister Crowley, circa February 1946 and July 5, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-02-00-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm and 1946-07-05-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm. The timeline site's transcription of the July 5 letter reads "Hubbard attempted to escape me by sailing at 5 p.m. and performed a full invocation to Bartzabel within the circle at 8 p.m."; Bogdan (Numen 63, pp. 27-28, quoting the letter with the date July 26, 1946) prints "and I performed a full invocation to Bartzabel within the circle at 8 p.m." The body therefore does not say who performed it. [^4]: Parsons, letter to Crowley, January 21, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-21-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm. diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/Queen's Accident.md b/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/Queen's Accident.md index 01f34524..fdb7a7b3 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/Queen's Accident.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/Queen's Accident.md @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Sinclair had been receiving large daily [^1]: *LaBarge v. County of Mariposa,* 798 F.2d 364 (9th Cir. 1986). The caption spells the sergeant's name Roderic B. Sinclair; the opinion, Roderick. [^2]: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned." United Press International, September 25, 1983. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/ [^3]: Reagan, Ronald. "Statement on the Death of Three Secret Service Agents in California," March 5, 1983. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/statement-death-three-secret-service-agents-california -[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. It describes Judge Coyle as ordering Mariposa County to pay 70 percent of the claim and Eckerson as appointed to write a replacement report; the court record places the 70 percent finding in the county's contribution suit against the United States, which was reversed, and contemporaneous reporting shows Eckerson as the elected district attorney resisting the CHP's call for prosecution. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. It describes Judge Coyle as ordering Mariposa County to pay 70 percent of the claim and Eckerson as appointed to write a replacement report; the court record places the 70 percent finding in the county's contribution suit against the United States, which was reversed, and contemporaneous reporting shows Eckerson as the elected district attorney resisting the CHP's call for prosecution. diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/UFO Cover-Up Live.md b/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/UFO Cover-Up Live.md index 9e08c013..d8e8bb25 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/UFO Cover-Up Live.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/HISTORICAL_PHENOMENA/UFO Cover-Up Live.md @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Taff wrote that the final program was "an amateurish attempt," with "a set of ho [^1]: "UFO Cover-Up? Live!: The Untold Story," by Barry E. Taff, part 1, UFO BBS file UFO135 (reprinted from UFO Magazine and ParaNet, with an editorial note by Vicki Cooper), http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/0000/135.ufo ("When the final product aired on October 14 of that year"). [^2]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), pp. 193 to 196 (quoting the "October 14, 1988 syndicated television program UFOS: Government Coverup-Live," with a copyright note "Copyright 1988 by LBS Extraterrestrials, Inc. Reprinted by permission"), https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014 [^3]: Internet Archive item youtube-gXCdaBu0Now, "UFO Cover Up : LIVE! (Oct 10th, 1988 Live Broadcast)," uploaded by the account "Occult Demon Cassette," description "Broadcast 10/14/88," running time 7,201 seconds, https://archive.org/details/youtube-gXCdaBu0Now. The item title says October 10; the description says October 14. -[^4]: Taff, "UFO Cover-Up? Live!: The Untold Story," parts 1 to 3, UFO BBS files UFO135, UFO136 and UFO137, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/0000/135.ufo, .../136.ufo, .../137.ufo. Taff does not name the producer. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^4]: Taff, "UFO Cover-Up? Live!: The Untold Story," parts 1 to 3, UFO BBS files UFO135, UFO136 and UFO137, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/0000/135.ufo, .../136.ufo, .../137.ufo. Taff does not name the producer. [^5]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. The production-team member is not named. [^6]: Hastings, same, on denials by Doty and Collins; see also the letter of Richard C. Doty of March 3, 1989 in note 11. [^7]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, introduction and Section 1, "And We Became Birds," "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (Collins's account; the archive copy is dated 2010 in its metadata). diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Freedom of Information Act.md b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Freedom of Information Act.md index 6425823d..b42074b6 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Freedom of Information Act.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Freedom of Information Act.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The FBI's copy of the March 22, 1950, "Hottel" memorandum circulates under a cov ### The Contra Record -[[Gary Webb]] wrote that his FOIA requests to multiple federal agencies produced thousands of pages about [[Danilo Blandon]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], including DEA reports, CIA cables, FBI files and court documents, and that the records confirmed federal agencies had known of the Blandon-Meneses network for years without prosecuting or disrupting it. Webb also wrote that the DEA stated under the Freedom of Information Act that it had no reports from [[Celerino Castillo]] about drug trafficking at [[Ilopango Airbase]], and that the Justice Department Inspector General found and quoted such reports. Webb is the sole source for these passages; the Inspector General's published report describes Castillo's reports on the pilots Grasheim and others but does not mention a FOIA response.[^7] +[[Gary Webb]] wrote that his FOIA requests to multiple federal agencies produced thousands of pages about [[Danilo Blandon]] and [[Norwin Meneses]], including DEA reports, CIA cables, FBI files and court documents, and that the records confirmed federal agencies had known of the Blandon-Meneses network for years without prosecuting or disrupting it. Webb also wrote that the DEA stated under the Freedom of Information Act that it had no reports from [[Celerino Castillo]] about drug trafficking at [[Ilopango Airbase]], and that the Justice Department Inspector General found and quoted such reports. The Inspector General's published report describes Castillo's reports on the pilots Grasheim and others but does not mention a FOIA response.[^7] ### Footnotes diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Iran-Contra Affair.md b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Iran-Contra Affair.md index 3aebb73c..191891c8 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Iran-Contra Affair.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Iran-Contra Affair.md @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ On August 10, 1985 North flew to [[Costa Rica]] to meet Ambassador [[Lewis Tambs Secord and Albert [[Hakim]] founded [[Stanford Technology Trading Group International]] in 1983; by 1986, Walsh writes, its business "was the Enterprise." Its finances were managed in [[Switzerland]] by the fiduciary [[Compagnie de Services Fiduciaire]], controlled by the American tax lawyer [[Willard Zucker]]. In late June 1985 North and Secord met Calero and the Contra commander [[Enrique Bermudez]] in [[Miami]] and told them that private and third-country donors would pay the Enterprise directly, removing Calero as a money-handler. In July 1985 Zucker's firm created a Liberian shell, [[Defex]] S.A., deliberately named like the Portuguese arms firm Defex, so that the Enterprise's mark-ups would appear in its books as payments to the supplier; Zucker's memorandum of July 8, 1985 describes the objective as having "sufficient debit advices" to show payments "approximating the amounts received." The Enterprise's receiving account was moved to [[Lake Resources]] in [[Geneva]], and all receipts were commingled. Draws from Contra arms sales between April 1985 and September 1986 came to $4.579 million.[^6] The congressional Committees found that Secord testified his mark-up "averaged out almost exactly 20 percent" while the actual commission averaged 38 percent, and that Calero was unaware of it.[^3] In total the Walsh report counts "more than $47 million" through Enterprise accounts; the Committees' figure is nearly $48 million, of which $16.5 million supported the Contras or bought arms sold to them, $15.2 million was spent on Iran, Secord, Hakim and [[Thomas Clines]] took $6.6 million in commissions and profit, and about $1 million went to other North-sponsored covert operations.[^1][^3] -In July 1986 the Enterprise paid the Portuguese firm Defex $2.6 million and $500,000 to the arms dealer [[Monzer Al-Kassar]] for Contra weapons. Walsh's trial-proof estimate of the diversion is $3.6 million and excludes that $500,000 payment, because Al-Kassar "was not available to testify," as well as a $200,000 Jetstar and about $535,000 for the freighter *Erria*, bought in April 1986 through the Panamanian shell company Dolmy Business Inc. The Committees put the amount of the diversion at about $3.8 million of $16.1 million in Iran arms profits.[^6][^3] The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, supplied drug profits to North for Contra arms, and Seymour and [[Gary Webb]] each state that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras; the Tower Commission excerpts and the Walsh report, which place the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986, contain no such figure. Seymour and Webb are the sole sources for the $1.2 million figure.[^7][^8] +In July 1986 the Enterprise paid the Portuguese firm Defex $2.6 million and $500,000 to the arms dealer [[Monzer Al-Kassar]] for Contra weapons. Walsh's trial-proof estimate of the diversion is $3.6 million and excludes that $500,000 payment, because Al-Kassar "was not available to testify," as well as a $200,000 Jetstar and about $535,000 for the freighter *Erria*, bought in April 1986 through the Panamanian shell company Dolmy Business Inc. The Committees put the amount of the diversion at about $3.8 million of $16.1 million in Iran arms profits.[^6][^3] The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, supplied drug profits to North for Contra arms, and Seymour and [[Gary Webb]] each state that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras; the Tower Commission excerpts and the Walsh report, which place the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986, contain no such figure. Seymour and Webb give the $1.2 million figure.[^7][^8] ### The Iran arms sales @@ -158,11 +158,11 @@ The Kerry Committee's report of December 1988 stated that "individuals who provi The National Security Archive's briefing book prints North's notebook for July 12, 1985, in which Secord is quoted as saying that "14 M to finance [the arms in a Honduran warehouse] came from drugs," and North's August 9, 1985 entry that a Honduran DC-6 used for runs out of New Orleans "is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."; the briefing book also notes that DEA agents testified on July 28, 1988 that North had wanted $1.5 million in Cartel money carried by a DEA informant given to the Contras.[^10] The Kerry report states that the pilot [[Floyd Carlton]] testified that Noriega was paid $100,000 to $250,000 for each of four cocaine flights he piloted for the [[Medellin Cartel]], and that the same Panamanian general met North in June 1985 and again in [[London]] on September 22, 1986 to discuss sabotage in Nicaragua; when North proposed a meeting on August 23, 1986, Poindexter replied, "I have nothing against him other than his illegal activities," and Walsh records that the decision was made not to pay Noriega the $1 million.[^12][^10][^13] -Webb wrote that Kerry investigation director [[Jack Blum]] told him: "We were even dumped on by the Iran-Contra Committee. They wouldn't touch this issue with a ten-foot pole," and that during North's July 1987 testimony two men from Baltimore stood with a banner reading "Ask about the cocaine smuggling" before police removed them. Webb also wrote that the plane shot down over Nicaragua was a Fairchild C-123K called The Fat Lady, based at [[Mena, Arkansas]] before Barry Seal sold it, after which it flew weapons for North and the [[FDN]]; that Hasenfus was a former [[Air America]] cargo handler; that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on Seal's joint CIA-DEA sting of the Sandinistas and allegedly leaked it to the press shortly before a critical vote on Contra aid; and that the Enterprise's flights from Ilopango reportedly brought cocaine back on return flights, with Hangar No. 4 there used by the CIA until it was turned over to North's operation in 1985. The Committees' account identifies the aircraft only as one belonging to the Enterprise, with a [[Southern Air Transport]] identification card found on the pilot. Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^8][^3] +Webb wrote that Kerry investigation director [[Jack Blum]] told him: "We were even dumped on by the Iran-Contra Committee. They wouldn't touch this issue with a ten-foot pole," and that during North's July 1987 testimony two men from Baltimore stood with a banner reading "Ask about the cocaine smuggling" before police removed them. Webb also wrote that the plane shot down over Nicaragua was a Fairchild C-123K called The Fat Lady, based at [[Mena, Arkansas]] before Barry Seal sold it, after which it flew weapons for North and the [[FDN]]; that Hasenfus was a former [[Air America]] cargo handler; that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on Seal's joint CIA-DEA sting of the Sandinistas and allegedly leaked it to the press shortly before a critical vote on Contra aid; and that the Enterprise's flights from Ilopango reportedly brought cocaine back on return flights, with Hangar No. 4 there used by the CIA until it was turned over to North's operation in 1985. The Committees' account identifies the aircraft only as one belonging to the Enterprise, with a [[Southern Air Transport]] identification card found on the pilot.[^8][^3] ### The Octopus and the BCCI cluster -The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the Iran-Contra Affair was a significant component of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s "[[The Octopus]]" investigation, which Casolaro believed was interconnected with the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]] and the BCCI scandal; that he obtained photocopies of checks drawn on BCCI accounts for Khashoggi and Ghorbanifar from [[Bob Bickel]], who had them from the [[October Surprise]] source [[Richard Brenneke]]; that [[Ian Stuart Spiro]]'s name appeared in North's notebooks and his death was linked to a spy network and the affair; that [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], a self-described Israeli military intelligence officer, tipped off the Lebanese magazine; and that the former White House aide [[Barbara Honegger]] alleged in her book *October Surprise* that Al-Kassar's heroin smuggling network in [[Italy]] was used to launder [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] arms stocks, diverting them to Iran with the help of Italian intelligence officials linked to the P2 lodge. Seymour is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^7] The Walsh report places Khashoggi's own BCCI account in Monte Carlo as the origin of $5 million of the February 1986 bridge financing.[^6] +The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the Iran-Contra Affair was a significant component of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s "[[The Octopus]]" investigation, which Casolaro believed was interconnected with the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]] and the BCCI scandal; that he obtained photocopies of checks drawn on BCCI accounts for Khashoggi and Ghorbanifar from [[Bob Bickel]], who had them from the [[October Surprise]] source [[Richard Brenneke]]; that [[Ian Stuart Spiro]]'s name appeared in North's notebooks and his death was linked to a spy network and the affair; that [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], a self-described Israeli military intelligence officer, tipped off the Lebanese magazine; and that the former White House aide [[Barbara Honegger]] alleged in her book *October Surprise* that Al-Kassar's heroin smuggling network in [[Italy]] was used to launder [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] arms stocks, diverting them to Iran with the help of Italian intelligence officials linked to the P2 lodge.[^7] The Walsh report places Khashoggi's own BCCI account in Monte Carlo as the origin of $5 million of the February 1986 bridge financing.[^6] ### Footnotes [^1]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Division for the Purpose of Appointing Independent Counsels, August 4, 1993), Executive Summary. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm @@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ The writer Cheri Seymour wrote that the Iran-Contra Affair was a significant com [^4]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 1, "United States v. Robert C. McFarlane." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm [^5]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 27, "President Reagan," section on contra financial support. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_27.htm [^6]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances," including notes 5, 30 to 35 and 51. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm -[^7]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Prologue, ch. 6 ("They were doing their patriotic duty") and ch. 4. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^7]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. +[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Prologue, ch. 6 ("They were doing their patriotic duty") and ch. 4. [^9]: Tower Commission, *Report of the President's Special Review Board* (February 26, 1987), Part I, "Contra Diversion" and "N.S.C. Staff and Support for the Contras" (excerpts published by the American Presidency Project). https://archive.org/details/tower-commission-report-excerpts-reagan [^10]: National Security Archive, "The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations," Electronic Briefing Book No. 2 (North notebooks of July 12 and August 9, 1985; North and Poindexter electronic messages of August 23, 1986). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/index.html [^11]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, "Summary of Prosecutions." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/summpros.htm diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/October Surprise.md b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/October Surprise.md index f27769de..c2f2981c 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/October Surprise.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/October Surprise.md @@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ The October Surprise allegation, if substantiated, represents the founding trans [^5]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011, quoting the Russian report as translated by the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ [^6]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force, *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, H. Rept. 102-1102, January 3, 1993, https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^7]: Hamilton, Lee H. "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed." *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993, https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html -[^8]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the Barcella account of the extension request. -[^9]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012 (Hamilton's 2010 response to Parry). https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry. +[^8]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ +[^9]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012 (Hamilton's 2010 response to Parry). https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ [^10]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html [^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992, (H. Res. 585; text and floor statement of Rep. Beilenson). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm [^12]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *The October Surprise Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran*, Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords, S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992. https://archive.org/details/ReportOfTheSpecialCounselOnTheOctoberSurpriseAllegationsAndTheCircumstancesSurro diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Robertson Panel.md b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Robertson Panel.md index da9a9218..f755b668 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Robertson Panel.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Robertson Panel.md @@ -40,65 +40,65 @@ relations: role: "chairman" start: 1953-01-14 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 5 + fn: 8 - type: participant_in with: "[[Luis Alvarez]]" reverse: true role: "panel member" start: 1953-01-14 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 5 + fn: 8 - type: participant_in with: "[[Lloyd Berkner]]" reverse: true role: "panel member" start: 1953-01-16 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 10 + fn: 13 - type: participant_in with: "[[Samuel Goudsmit]]" reverse: true role: "panel member" start: 1953-01-14 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 5 + fn: 8 - type: participant_in with: "[[Thornton Page]]" reverse: true role: "panel member" start: 1953-01-14 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 5 + fn: 8 - type: participant_in with: "[[J. Allen Hynek]]" reverse: true role: "associate member" start: 1953-01-14 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 11 + fn: 14 - type: participant_in with: "[[Frederick C. Durant]]" reverse: true role: "associate member and author of the report of meetings" start: 1953-01-14 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 8 + fn: 11 - type: participant_in with: "[[Edward J. Ruppelt]]" reverse: true role: "briefer, Air Technical Intelligence Center" start: 1953-01-14 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 11 + fn: 14 - type: participant_in with: "[[Philip G. Strong]]" reverse: true role: "Office of Scientific Intelligence staff attending the sessions" start: 1953-01-14 end: 1953-01-17 - fn: 10 + fn: 13 created: 2026-10-01 -updated: 2026-10-02 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- The Robertson Panel was a group of five scientists convened by the [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to review [[Air Technical Intelligence Center]] files on unidentified flying objects. It met in January 1953, reported that the sightings showed no direct physical threat to national security, and recommended that the national security agencies "strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status they have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately acquired."[^1] @@ -113,21 +113,23 @@ The Durant memorandum lists an "O/SI Study Group of August 1952" of [[Philip G. Chadwell and Robertson put the panel together, and Chadwell wrote the Director on 9 January 1953 on consultants for the panel.[^2][^4] Strong recorded a meeting about an external research project with [[Julius A. Stratton]], provost of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], and [[Max Millikan]], director of MIT's Center for International Studies.[^2][^4] +H. Marshall Chadwell's memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence of October 2, 1952 had already stated that "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute. Similarly, Project Lincoln, the Air Force's air defense project at MIT, could be charged with some of these responsibilities."[^5] In Strong's memorandum of December 3, 1952 Stratton "felt very strongly that Cal Tech would be the better of the two in view of the presence there of Robertson, Lauritson, Spitzer (on temporary duty from Princeton), Millikan's brother and others."[^6] On January 27, 1953, after the panel met, Chadwell wrote to Stratton, who had asked to be kept informed, enclosing the panel report, a list of personnel and the evidence presented, and adding that "knowledge of any interest of CIA in the subject of 'flying saucers' has been carefully restricted, in view of probable misunderstanding if it were publicly known."[^7] + ### Membership -The panel members signed the report with these affiliations: [[Lloyd Berkner]], [[Associated Universities, Inc.]]; Robertson, chairman, [[California Institute of Technology]]; [[Samuel Goudsmit]], [[Brookhaven National Laboratories]]; [[Luis Alvarez]], [[University of California]]; and [[Thornton Page]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]. The roster lists Page's office as the Office of Research Operations. [[J. Allen Hynek]] ([[Ohio State University]], astronomy) and Frederick C. Durant ([[Arthur D. Little]], Inc., rockets and guided missiles) appear as associate members.[^5][^6] +The panel members signed the report with these affiliations: [[Lloyd Berkner]], [[Associated Universities, Inc.]]; Robertson, chairman, [[California Institute of Technology]]; [[Samuel Goudsmit]], [[Brookhaven National Laboratories]]; [[Luis Alvarez]], [[University of California]]; and [[Thornton Page]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]. The roster lists Page's office as the Office of Research Operations. [[J. Allen Hynek]] ([[Ohio State University]], astronomy) and Frederick C. Durant ([[Arthur D. Little]], Inc., rockets and guided missiles) appear as associate members.[^8][^9] -Robertson served from 1950 to 1952 as research director of the [[Weapons Systems Evaluation Group]] in the office of the Secretary of Defense and from 1954 to 1956 as scientific advisor to the [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe|Supreme Allied Commander in Europe]]. Goudsmit had been scientific chief of the [[Operation Alsos|Alsos Mission]]. Alvarez had worked on microwave radar at the [[MIT Radiation Laboratory]] and then under [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]]. Berkner had been executive secretary of the Research and Development Board of the [[Department of Defense]], special assistant to the Secretary of State in 1949, a rear admiral in the Naval Reserve, and from 1951 to 1960 active in managing Associated Universities, Inc., the operator of Brookhaven. Page had done research at the [[Naval Ordnance Laboratory]] during the war.[^7] Durant, a past president of the [[American Rocket Society]], was on contract with the Office of Scientific Intelligence.[^8] +Robertson served from 1950 to 1952 as research director of the [[Weapons Systems Evaluation Group]] in the office of the Secretary of Defense and from 1954 to 1956 as scientific advisor to the [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe|Supreme Allied Commander in Europe]]. Goudsmit had been scientific chief of the [[Operation Alsos|Alsos Mission]]. Alvarez had worked on microwave radar at the [[MIT Radiation Laboratory]] and then under [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]]. Berkner had been executive secretary of the Research and Development Board of the [[Department of Defense]], special assistant to the Secretary of State in 1949, a rear admiral in the Naval Reserve, and from 1951 to 1960 active in managing Associated Universities, Inc., the operator of Brookhaven. Page had done research at the [[Naval Ordnance Laboratory]] during the war.[^10] Durant, a past president of the [[American Rocket Society]], was on contract with the Office of Scientific Intelligence.[^11] -The interviewees were Brigadier General [[William N. Garland]], commanding general of the Air Technical Intelligence Center; Chadwell; [[Ralph L. Clark]], Deputy Assistant Director; Strong, chief of the Operations Staff; [[Stephen T. Possony]], acting chief of the Special Studies Group, Directorate of Intelligence, [[U.S. Air Force]]; Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]], chief of the Aerial Phenomena Branch; [[Dewey Fournet]] of the [[Ethyl Corporation]]; and Lieutenant [[R. S. Neasham]] and [[Harry Woo]] of the [[Navy Photo Interpretation Laboratory]] at [[Anacostia]].[^6] +The interviewees were Brigadier General [[William N. Garland]], commanding general of the Air Technical Intelligence Center; Chadwell; [[Ralph L. Clark]], Deputy Assistant Director; Strong, chief of the Operations Staff; [[Stephen T. Possony]], acting chief of the Special Studies Group, Directorate of Intelligence, [[U.S. Air Force]]; Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]], chief of the Aerial Phenomena Branch; [[Dewey Fournet]] of the [[Ethyl Corporation]]; and Lieutenant [[R. S. Neasham]] and [[Harry Woo]] of the [[Navy Photo Interpretation Laboratory]] at [[Anacostia]].[^9] ### Sessions of January 14 to 17, 1953 -The memorandum is headed "January 14-18, 1953." Its first meeting is dated "Wednesday, 14 January" and its eighth and final meeting is a Saturday afternoon, which makes the date 17 January; the attached lists and the Agency's later history also give 14 to 17 January.[^9] Present at the first meeting were Robertson, Alvarez, Page, Goudsmit, Strong, Lieutenant Colonel [[Frederick C. E. Oder]], [[David B. Stevenson]] and Durant; Berkner was absent until Friday afternoon.[^10] Strong enumerated what the Office regarded as potential dangers. The Panel saw motion pictures of sightings at [[Tremonton, Utah|Tremonton]], [[Utah]] (2 July 1952) and [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]], [[Montana]] (15 August 1950), and in the afternoon Neasham and Woo presented the [[U.S. Navy]] laboratory's analysis. Ruppelt spoke for about forty minutes on Air Technical Intelligence Center methods. Hynek, Fournet, Captain [[Harry B. Smith]] and Possony attended that session.[^11] +The memorandum is headed "January 14-18, 1953." Its first meeting is dated "Wednesday, 14 January" and its eighth and final meeting is a Saturday afternoon, which makes the date 17 January; the attached lists and the Agency's later history also give 14 to 17 January.[^12] Present at the first meeting were Robertson, Alvarez, Page, Goudsmit, Strong, Lieutenant Colonel [[Frederick C. E. Oder]], [[David B. Stevenson]] and Durant; Berkner was absent until Friday afternoon.[^13] Strong enumerated what the Office regarded as potential dangers. The Panel saw motion pictures of sightings at [[Tremonton, Utah|Tremonton]], [[Utah]] (2 July 1952) and [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]], [[Montana]] (15 August 1950), and in the afternoon Neasham and Woo presented the [[U.S. Navy]] laboratory's analysis. Ruppelt spoke for about forty minutes on Air Technical Intelligence Center methods. Hynek, Fournet, Captain [[Harry B. Smith]] and Possony attended that session.[^14] On Thursday Ruppelt and Hynek attended both sessions. The memorandum records that "the Project STORK support at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, was described by Dr. Hynek." Oder briefed [[Project Twinkle]], the camera-watch project of the [[Air Force Meteorological Research Center]] at [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. At 1615 Garland joined and gave three personal opinions: more use of Air Force intelligence officers in follow-up, "vigorous effort" to declassify reports, and a larger Air Technical Intelligence Center section for the subject. On Friday Hynek read a prepared paper and Fournet gave a briefing on his fifteen months as Washington project officer; Hynek attended the Friday afternoon session. On Saturday morning Chadwell reported that he had shown the rough draft to the Director of Intelligence of the Air Force "whose reaction was favorable."[^1] -The list of evidence presented included seventy-five case histories of 1951 and 1952 selected by the Air Technical Intelligence Center as the best documented, the status and progress reports of [[Project Grudge]] and [[Project Blue Book]], the progress reports of Project Stork, described as the code name for the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] contract work supporting the Center, reports on Project Twinkle and Project Pounce (a proposal of [[Kirtland Air Force Base]]), a draft manual on making a flying object report, charts of unexplained 1952 sightings by location and of balloon launching sites, and "Intelligence Reports Relating to U.S.S.R. Interest in U.S. Sightings."[^12] +The list of evidence presented included seventy-five case histories of 1951 and 1952 selected by the Air Technical Intelligence Center as the best documented, the status and progress reports of [[Project Grudge]] and [[Project Blue Book]], the progress reports of Project Stork, described as the code name for the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] contract work supporting the Center, reports on Project Twinkle and Project Pounce (a proposal of [[Kirtland Air Force Base]]), a draft manual on making a flying object report, charts of unexplained 1952 sightings by location and of balloon launching sites, and "Intelligence Reports Relating to U.S.S.R. Interest in U.S. Sightings."[^15] ### The Tremonton and Great Falls films @@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ The Navy laboratory had spent about 1,000 man-hours, at Air Force request, on pl ### Findings and recommendations -Tab A, signed by the five members, states that the evidence "shows no indication that these phenomena constitute a direct physical threat to national security" and that there is "no residuum of cases which indicates phenomena which are attributable to foreign artifacts capable of hostile acts" and "no evidence that the phenomena indicates a need for the revision of current scientific concepts." It states that "continued emphasis on the reporting of these phenomena does, in these perilous times, result in a threat to the orderly functioning of the protective organs of the body politic," citing "the clogging of channels of communication by irrelevant reports," "continued false alarms" and "the cultivation of a morbid national psychology in which skillful hostile propaganda could induce hysterical behavior." It recommends an integrated program "designed to reassure the public of the total lack of evidence of inimical forces behind the phenomenon" and to train personnel to recognize and reject false indications.[^13] +Tab A, signed by the five members, states that the evidence "shows no indication that these phenomena constitute a direct physical threat to national security" and that there is "no residuum of cases which indicates phenomena which are attributable to foreign artifacts capable of hostile acts" and "no evidence that the phenomena indicates a need for the revision of current scientific concepts." It states that "continued emphasis on the reporting of these phenomena does, in these perilous times, result in a threat to the orderly functioning of the protective organs of the body politic," citing "the clogging of channels of communication by irrelevant reports," "continued false alarms" and "the cultivation of a morbid national psychology in which skillful hostile propaganda could induce hysterical behavior." It recommends an integrated program "designed to reassure the public of the total lack of evidence of inimical forces behind the phenomenon" and to train personnel to recognize and reject false indications.[^16] ### Comments recorded in the Durant memorandum @@ -155,37 +157,37 @@ Suggested participants were psychologists, including [[Hadley Cantril]] of [[Pri On "Unofficial Investigating Groups," the memorandum states that the "Civilian Flying Saucer Investigators" of [[Los Angeles]] and the "Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (Wisconsin)" "should be watched because of their potentially great influence on mass thinking if widespread sightings should occur," and that "the apparent irresponsibility and the possible use of such groups for subversive purposes should be kept in mind." The Panel predicted that sightings would increase that summer.[^1] -[[Jennie Zeidman]], Hynek's assistant at Ohio State, wrote in 1991 that after the sessions Hynek told her: "They're not going to have a scientific investigation. For some strange reason they voted it down. They didn't even take a decent look at the data, and they decided to discredit them."[^14] +[[Jennie Zeidman]], Hynek's assistant at Ohio State, wrote in 1991 that after the sessions Hynek told her: "They're not going to have a scientific investigation. For some strange reason they voted it down. They didn't even take a decent look at the data, and they decided to discredit them."[^17] ### Distribution and sponsorship -The report went to the Intelligence Advisory Committee, the Secretary of Defense, the director of the [[Federal Civil Defense Administration]] and the chairman of the [[National Security Resources Board]]. Strong and Durant briefed the [[Office of National Estimates]]. The Agency dropped its effort to draft a National Security Council directive on unidentified flying objects, and, according to Haines, "any mention of CIA sponsorship of the panel was forbidden." Chadwell transferred monitoring in May 1953 to the Physics and Electronics Division, whose chief, [[Todos M. Odarenko]], proposed treating the project as inactive and, in 1955, terminating it.[^2][^15] +The report went to the Intelligence Advisory Committee, the Secretary of Defense, the director of the [[Federal Civil Defense Administration]] and the chairman of the [[National Security Resources Board]]. Strong and Durant briefed the [[Office of National Estimates]]. The Agency dropped its effort to draft a National Security Council directive on unidentified flying objects, and, according to Haines, "any mention of CIA sponsorship of the panel was forbidden." Chadwell transferred monitoring in May 1953 to the Physics and Electronics Division, whose chief, [[Todos M. Odarenko]], proposed treating the project as inactive and, in 1955, terminating it.[^2][^18] ### Contacts after the sessions -A note from Ruppelt to Hynek of 11 February 1953, among the Blue Book cables in Hynek's "Project Henry" files, states that Durant had called asking for the pencilled notes Hynek had promised him on a contact with the [[Aerial Phenomena Research Organization]]. A note of 13 July 1953 from Lieutenant [[Robert M. Olsson]] states: "we sent five of our best unsolved reports to Dr. Robinson [Dr. Robertson] on the West Coast" ([[Luke Air Force Base]], Continental Divide, [[Port Austin, Michigan|Port Austin]] and others). [[Jan Aldrich]] of Project 1947 added in a bracketed comment that Robertson was briefed on Blue Book again in 1957 at the Air Technical Intelligence Center and that Durant arranged for the Condon Committee to obtain copies of the Montana and Utah films and corresponded with Condon about official investigations in [[Norway]].[^16] +A note from Ruppelt to Hynek of 11 February 1953, among the Blue Book cables in Hynek's "Project Henry" files, states that Durant had called asking for the pencilled notes Hynek had promised him on a contact with the [[Aerial Phenomena Research Organization]]. A note of 13 July 1953 from Lieutenant [[Robert M. Olsson]] states: "we sent five of our best unsolved reports to Dr. Robinson [Dr. Robertson] on the West Coast" ([[Luke Air Force Base]], Continental Divide, [[Port Austin, Michigan|Port Austin]] and others). [[Jan Aldrich]] of Project 1947 added in a bracketed comment that Robertson was briefed on Blue Book again in 1957 at the Air Technical Intelligence Center and that Durant arranged for the Condon Committee to obtain copies of the Montana and Utah films and corresponded with Condon about official investigations in [[Norway]].[^19] ### Disclosure, 1956 to 1966 -In 1956 [[The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects|Ruppelt's book]] disclosed the existence of the Panel, and civilian groups pressed for the report. The Air Force asked the Agency for permission to declassify; Strong refused to disclose Agency sponsorship. On 20 December 1957 Strong wrote to Berkner, Page, Robertson, Goudsmit and Alvarez and sent a memorandum to Major James F. Byrne of Air Force intelligence on declassification, and the Agency prepared a sanitized version that deleted references to the Agency and to psychological warfare. Berkner (20 November 1957) and Page (4 December 1957) had written to Strong, and the Agency's history states that the panel members "were also reluctant to have their association with the Agency released."[^2][^17] +In 1956 [[The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects|Ruppelt's book]] disclosed the existence of the Panel, and civilian groups pressed for the report. The Air Force asked the Agency for permission to declassify; Strong refused to disclose Agency sponsorship. On 20 December 1957 Strong wrote to Berkner, Page, Robertson, Goudsmit and Alvarez and sent a memorandum to Major James F. Byrne of Air Force intelligence on declassification, and the Agency prepared a sanitized version that deleted references to the Agency and to psychological warfare. Berkner (20 November 1957) and Page (4 December 1957) had written to Strong, and the Agency's history states that the panel members "were also reluctant to have their association with the Agency released."[^2][^20] -On 8 March 1958 [[Donald Keyhoe]] of the [[National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena]] told [[Mike Wallace]] on [[CBS]] that the Agency sponsored the Panel, and Keyhoe and the chemical engineer [[Leon Davidson]] wrote to the Agency; Davidson also wrote to Berkner and Goudsmit. Agency officers, according to the history, worried that Keyhoe "had the ear of" Hillenkoetter, who served on the committee's board of governors, and discussed having the General Counsel, [[Lawrence R. Houston]], show him the report. Hillenkoetter resigned from the committee in 1962.[^2][^17] +On 8 March 1958 [[Donald Keyhoe]] of the [[National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena]] told [[Mike Wallace]] on [[CBS]] that the Agency sponsored the Panel, and Keyhoe and the chemical engineer [[Leon Davidson]] wrote to the Agency; Davidson also wrote to Berkner and Goudsmit. Agency officers, according to the history, worried that Keyhoe "had the ear of" Hillenkoetter, who served on the committee's board of governors, and discussed having the General Counsel, [[Lawrence R. Houston]], show him the report. Hillenkoetter resigned from the committee in 1962.[^2][^20] -On 22 September 1958 Keyhoe wrote to the Agency as the committee's director that he had been aware since January 1953 that the Agency had assembled a group of scientists to examine the evidence; that an investigator for the McClellan subcommittee on Government Operations had told him the Air Force said the report was not an Air Force document and that it proved to be the Agency's, with a classified summary sent to the investigator; and that the Air Force, which had officially denied the existence of the document, then admitted it and released a summary with no mention of the Agency. He asked for declassification and for an interview with an Agency official, and wrote that Vice Admiral [[Roscoe Hillenkoetter]], formerly director of the Agency and a board member, and all the members of the board would, if questioned, say that they disagree with the secrecy. A routing slip dated 30 September 1958 records that the Air Force's Major [[Lawrence J. Tacker]] had received a letter of the same date and would answer both along the lines that the Air Force was "the only agency qualified to speak on unidentified flying objects," and that "the remaining portions of the report are not only Secret but do not deal with unidentified flying objects"; the writer adds, "Both the above statements are true."[^18] +On 22 September 1958 Keyhoe wrote to the Agency as the committee's director that he had been aware since January 1953 that the Agency had assembled a group of scientists to examine the evidence; that an investigator for the McClellan subcommittee on Government Operations had told him the Air Force said the report was not an Air Force document and that it proved to be the Agency's, with a classified summary sent to the investigator; and that the Air Force, which had officially denied the existence of the document, then admitted it and released a summary with no mention of the Agency. He asked for declassification and for an interview with an Agency official, and wrote that Vice Admiral [[Roscoe Hillenkoetter]], formerly director of the Agency and a board member, and all the members of the board would, if questioned, say that they disagree with the secrecy. A routing slip dated 30 September 1958 records that the Air Force's Major [[Lawrence J. Tacker]] had received a letter of the same date and would answer both along the lines that the Air Force was "the only agency qualified to speak on unidentified flying objects," and that "the remaining portions of the report are not only Secret but do not deal with unidentified flying objects"; the writer adds, "Both the above statements are true."[^21] -Haines wrote that the Air Force again asked in July 1966 for declassification of the Panel report and the Durant report, after the [[House Armed Services Committee]] hearings and "Dr. Robertson's disclosure on a CBS Reports program that CIA indeed had been involved in UFO analysis"; the Condon Report, printed in 1968, refers to Robertson as "the late Prof. H. P. Robertson."[^2][^7] On 15 August 1966 the Office of Scientific Intelligence's deputy director, [[Karl H. Weber]], wrote to the Air Force that "We are most anxious that further publicity not be given to the information that the panel was sponsored by the CIA." [[James E. McDonald]] of the [[University of Arizona]] had read the Durant report at Wright-Patterson on 6 June 1966 and was refused a second look on 30 June as it was an Agency document. The science editor of the [[Saturday Review]], [[John Lear]], criticized the sanitized version on 3 September 1966.[^2][^17] +Haines wrote that the Air Force again asked in July 1966 for declassification of the Panel report and the Durant report, after the [[House Armed Services Committee]] hearings and "Dr. Robertson's disclosure on a CBS Reports program that CIA indeed had been involved in UFO analysis"; the Condon Report, printed in 1968, refers to Robertson as "the late Prof. H. P. Robertson."[^2][^10] On 15 August 1966 the Office of Scientific Intelligence's deputy director, [[Karl H. Weber]], wrote to the Air Force that "We are most anxious that further publicity not be given to the information that the panel was sponsored by the CIA." [[James E. McDonald]] of the [[University of Arizona]] had read the Durant report at Wright-Patterson on 6 June 1966 and was refused a second look on 30 June as it was an Agency document. The science editor of the [[Saturday Review]], [[John Lear]], criticized the sanitized version on 3 September 1966.[^2][^20] -[[Paul E. McCarthy]] wrote that when [[James E. McDonald]] first visited [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] on June 6, 1966, the 1953 Robertson Panel report "received routine declassification after 12 years" by Major [[Hector Quintanilla]], who approved his note taking; that when he returned on June 30 and asked for a Xerox copy, Colonel [[Louis DeGoes]] told him it would need an authorization; and that on his third visit, July 20 to 22, DeGoes told him the CIA had decided to reclassify the document. McDonald's note on the episode, written in October 1966, states that neither DeGoes nor Dr. [[Cacciopo]], chief scientist at the [[Foreign Technology Division]], showed interest in the CIA involvement, and McDonald began to discuss the report in his lectures that month. Replying to a letter from McDonald of October 1, [[Richard Hall]] of [[NICAP]] wrote that the sanitized report would be forwarded within a week once the [[John E. Moss|Moss]] subcommittee obtained its release.[^19] +[[Paul E. McCarthy]] wrote that when James E. McDonald first visited [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] on June 6, 1966, the 1953 Robertson Panel report "received routine declassification after 12 years" by Major [[Hector Quintanilla]], who approved his note taking; that when he returned on June 30 and asked for a Xerox copy, Colonel [[Louis DeGoes]] told him it would need an authorization; and that on his third visit, July 20 to 22, DeGoes told him the CIA had decided to reclassify the document. McDonald's note on the episode, written in October 1966, states that neither DeGoes nor Dr. [[Cacciopo]], chief scientist at the [[Foreign Technology Division]], showed interest in the CIA involvement, and McDonald began to discuss the report in his lectures that month. Replying to a letter from McDonald of October 1, [[Richard Hall]] of [[NICAP]] wrote that the sanitized report would be forwarded within a week once the [[John E. Moss|Moss]] subcommittee obtained its release.[^22] ### Publication in the Condon Report -The report was declassified in the summer of 1966 and printed as Appendix U of the [[Condon Committee]]'s Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, with some names deleted; the Condon Report states that the record is "still partially classified to the extent that the names of some of the members are deleted."[^7] The editors of the online edition restored deletions, which they marked in braces, from a copy they obtained from the [[Parascope]] site and checked against a [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] copy. The deleted items included the names of Alvarez, Chadwell, Strong, Oder, Stevenson, Neasham, Woo, Hynek, Fournet, Smith, Possony and Garland, the words "Office of Scientific Intelligence," the "Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence," "Battelle Memorial Institute" and the Intelligence Advisory Committee, and one tab.[^1][^20] Haines wrote that in 1967 Agency officials agreed that the Condon Committee could release the full Durant report "with only minor deletions."[^2] +The report was declassified in the summer of 1966 and printed as Appendix U of the [[Condon Committee]]'s Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, with some names deleted; the Condon Report states that the record is "still partially classified to the extent that the names of some of the members are deleted."[^10] The editors of the online edition restored deletions, which they marked in braces, from a copy they obtained from the [[Parascope]] site and checked against a [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] copy. The deleted items included the names of Alvarez, Chadwell, Strong, Oder, Stevenson, Neasham, Woo, Hynek, Fournet, Smith, Possony and Garland, the words "Office of Scientific Intelligence," the "Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence," "Battelle Memorial Institute" and the Intelligence Advisory Committee, and one tab.[^1][^23] Haines wrote that in 1967 Agency officials agreed that the Condon Committee could release the full Durant report "with only minor deletions."[^2] -The Condon Report described the Panel as five scientists "who had distinguished themselves in physics research and in their contributions to military research during and after World War II," said that a group of this competence could review the subject in a week, stated that "no official steps were ever taken to put into effect the training and 'debunking' recommendations," and held that "the word debunking means to take the bunk out of a subject."[^7][^21] +The Condon Report described the Panel as five scientists "who had distinguished themselves in physics research and in their contributions to military research during and after World War II," said that a group of this competence could review the subject in a week, stated that "no official steps were ever taken to put into effect the training and 'debunking' recommendations," and held that "the word debunking means to take the bunk out of a subject."[^10][^24] ### Later references -The Scientific Advisory Board committee under [[Brian O'Brien]] that reviewed Project Blue Book in 1966 gave "particular attention" to the Panel report. An Air Force action memorandum of 20 October 1969 recommending termination of Blue Book quoted the Panel's finding of no direct physical threat and added that "in spite of this finding, the Air Force continued to maintain a special reporting system."[^22][^23] +The Scientific Advisory Board committee under [[Brian O'Brien]] that reviewed Project Blue Book in 1966 gave "particular attention" to the Panel report. An Air Force action memorandum of 20 October 1969 recommending termination of Blue Book quoted the Panel's finding of no direct physical threat and added that "in spite of this finding, the Air Force continued to maintain a special reporting system."[^25][^26] In 1975 [[William Spaulding]] of [[Ground Saucer Watch]] asked the Agency for the Panel report; a privacy coordinator, [[Gene Wilson]], replied that "at no time prior to the formation of the Robertson Panel and subsequent to the issuance of the panel's report has CIA engaged in the study of the UFO phenomena." Ground Saucer Watch sued under the [[Freedom of Information Act]] in September 1977; a search produced 355 documents of about 900 pages, of which the Agency released all but 57 on 14 December 1978, and a court dismissed the suit in May 1980. Haines wrote that the Agency's Deputy Director for Administration told Director [[Stansfield Turner]] there had been "no organized Agency effort to do research in connection with UFO phenomena nor has there been an organized effort to collect intelligence on UFOs since the 1950s."[^2] @@ -195,22 +197,25 @@ In 1975 [[William Spaulding]] of [[Ground Saucer Watch]] asked the Agency for th [^2]: Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52," "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," "The 1950s," "The 1960s" and "The 1970s and 1980s," copy at https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html. [^3]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, through the Deputy Director for Intelligence, "Unidentified Flying Objects," with attached draft memorandum to the National Security Council and draft NSC directive, 1952, Central Intelligence Agency, CREST document CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020008-2 (5 pages; reading-room publication date 9 December 1952), https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81r00560r000100020008-2. [^4]: Haines, text and notes 22 to 25, 30 and 36, citing Chadwell memoranda of 25 November and 2 December 1952, Chadwell to the Director, "Consultants for Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," 9 January 1953, Strong's memorandum for the record on the meeting with Stratton and Millikan, and Chadwell's letter to Stratton of 27 January 1953. -[^5]: Durant memorandum, Tab A, signatures: Berkner (Associated Universities, Inc.), Robertson (California Institute of Technology, chairman), Goudsmit (Brookhaven National Laboratories), Alvarez (University of California), Page (Johns Hopkins University). -[^6]: Durant memorandum, Tab B (members, associate members and interviewees; Tab B was omitted from the 1968 Condon printing and the online edition labels the document list as Tab B). -[^7]: Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, Section V, chapter 2, "UFOs, 1947-1968," pp. 865-868, http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s5chap02.htm. -[^8]: Durant memorandum, Tab B ("Associate Members"); Haines, notes 30 and 31, describing Durant as on contract with the Office of Scientific Intelligence and a past president of the American Rocket Society. -[^9]: Durant memorandum, Part I ("Wednesday, 14 January," "Saturday afternoon"), and Tab B and Tab C headings (January 14 to 17, 1953); Haines, text ("The panel met from 14 to 17 January 1953") and note 32 (Panel report dated 17 January 1953). -[^10]: Durant memorandum, Part I, "Wednesday Morning" and "Friday Afternoon": "Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, as Panel Member, was present at this meeting for the first time"; Saturday morning, the rough draft "had been reviewed and approved earlier by Dr. Berkner." -[^11]: Durant memorandum, Tab B ("Associate Members"), and Part I, Wednesday afternoon through Saturday. -[^12]: Durant memorandum, Tab C, "Evidence Presented." -[^13]: Durant memorandum, Tab A, "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," paragraphs 2 to 4. -[^14]: Jennie Zeidman, "I Remember Blue Book," International UFO Reporter (Center for UFO Studies), March/April 1991, section "Project Henry," https://www.project1947.com/articles/jzbluebook.htm. -[^15]: Haines, text and notes 34 to 39 and 80. -[^16]: "Project Henry," Project 1947, notes of 11 February 1953 (Ruppelt) and 13 July 1953 (Olsson) and the bracketed comment of Jan L. Aldrich, http://www.project1947.com/projecthenry/index.htm. -[^17]: Haines, notes 47 to 51, 72 to 74 and 79, citing Strong's letters and memorandum of 20 December 1957, Berkner's letter of 20 November 1957, Page's letter of 4 December 1957, Weber's letter of 15 August 1966, and Lear, "The Disputed CIA Document on UFOs," Saturday Review, 3 September 1966, p. 45. -[^18]: Donald E. Keyhoe, National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, to the Central Intelligence Agency, 22 September 1958, with Agency routing slips of 30 September 1958 and note of 2 October 1958, CREST document CIA-RDP80B01676R004000110004-4 (5 pages), https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80b01676r004000110004-4. -[^19]: Paul E. McCarthy, "Politicking and Paradigm Shifting: James E. McDonald and the UFO Case Study," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1975, chapter 2, pp. 41 and 58, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/chap02.html -[^20]: Editors' notes in the online Condon Report, Appendix U, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-u.htm ("previously deleted names" shown in braces). -[^21]: Condon, Section V, chapter 2, pp. 865 and 877-878. -[^22]: Condon, Appendix A, "Special Report of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project 'Blue Book,'" March 1966, section I, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-a.htm. -[^23]: Air Force action memorandum, "Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO)," 20 October 1969, with signature block of Brigadier General C. H. Bolender, paragraph 4, text at http://www.nicap.org/Bolender_Memo.htm. +[^5]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, Tab A paragraph 5, CIA reading room document 0005515933. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933 +[^6]: Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940 +[^7]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost, MIT, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714 +[^8]: Durant memorandum, Tab A, signatures: Berkner (Associated Universities, Inc.), Robertson (California Institute of Technology, chairman), Goudsmit (Brookhaven National Laboratories), Alvarez (University of California), Page (Johns Hopkins University). +[^9]: Durant memorandum, Tab B (members, associate members and interviewees; Tab B was omitted from the 1968 Condon printing and the online edition labels the document list as Tab B). +[^10]: Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, Section V, chapter 2, "UFOs, 1947-1968," pp. 865-868, http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s5chap02.htm. +[^11]: Durant memorandum, Tab B ("Associate Members"); Haines, notes 30 and 31, describing Durant as on contract with the Office of Scientific Intelligence and a past president of the American Rocket Society. +[^12]: Durant memorandum, Part I ("Wednesday, 14 January," "Saturday afternoon"), and Tab B and Tab C headings (January 14 to 17, 1953); Haines, text ("The panel met from 14 to 17 January 1953") and note 32 (Panel report dated 17 January 1953). +[^13]: Durant memorandum, Part I, "Wednesday Morning" and "Friday Afternoon": "Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, as Panel Member, was present at this meeting for the first time"; Saturday morning, the rough draft "had been reviewed and approved earlier by Dr. Berkner." +[^14]: Durant memorandum, Tab B ("Associate Members"), and Part I, Wednesday afternoon through Saturday. +[^15]: Durant memorandum, Tab C, "Evidence Presented." +[^16]: Durant memorandum, Tab A, "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," paragraphs 2 to 4. +[^17]: Jennie Zeidman, "I Remember Blue Book," International UFO Reporter (Center for UFO Studies), March/April 1991, section "Project Henry," https://www.project1947.com/articles/jzbluebook.htm. +[^18]: Haines, text and notes 34 to 39 and 80. +[^19]: "Project Henry," Project 1947, notes of 11 February 1953 (Ruppelt) and 13 July 1953 (Olsson) and the bracketed comment of Jan L. Aldrich, http://www.project1947.com/projecthenry/index.htm. +[^20]: Haines, notes 47 to 51, 72 to 74 and 79, citing Strong's letters and memorandum of 20 December 1957, Berkner's letter of 20 November 1957, Page's letter of 4 December 1957, Weber's letter of 15 August 1966, and Lear, "The Disputed CIA Document on UFOs," Saturday Review, 3 September 1966, p. 45. +[^21]: Donald E. Keyhoe, National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, to the Central Intelligence Agency, 22 September 1958, with Agency routing slips of 30 September 1958 and note of 2 October 1958, CREST document CIA-RDP80B01676R004000110004-4 (5 pages), https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80b01676r004000110004-4. +[^22]: Paul E. McCarthy, "Politicking and Paradigm Shifting: James E. McDonald and the UFO Case Study," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1975, chapter 2, pp. 41 and 58, https://files.ncas.org/mccarthy/chap02.html +[^23]: Editors' notes in the online Condon Report, Appendix U, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-u.htm ("previously deleted names" shown in braces). +[^24]: Condon, Section V, chapter 2, pp. 865 and 877-878. +[^25]: Condon, Appendix A, "Special Report of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project 'Blue Book,'" March 1966, section I, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-a.htm. +[^26]: Air Force action memorandum, "Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO)," 20 October 1969, with signature block of Brigadier General C. H. Bolender, paragraph 4, text at http://www.nicap.org/Bolender_Memo.htm. diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Rockefeller Commission 1975.md b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Rockefeller Commission 1975.md index 43535284..1bad31f4 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Rockefeller Commission 1975.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Rockefeller Commission 1975.md @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ The commission's records, totaling approximately 41 cubic feet (82,000 pages), a [^20]: Church Committee, "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders," Senate Report 94-465, released November 20, 1975. Ford's suppression request sent October 31, 1975; Church's rejection November 4, 1975; Senate vote November 20, 1975. [^21]: National Security Archive, NSAEBB Document 10: Mason Cargill to File, "CIA denial of access to records of Special Group Augmented re Cuba," April 30, 1975. [^22]: Marks, John. *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control.* Times Books, 1979, ch. 12, n. 6, as transcribed at https://cryptome.org/mkultra-0005.htm. The Subproject 35 memorandum of November 15, 1954, does not mention the committee: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/32726-document-11-memorandum-director-central-intelligence-project-mkultra-subproject-35 -[^23]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18, 44, and Ch. 18 n. 32, citing MKULTRA Subproject 35-10, May 16, 1955. Sole source for Rockefeller's approval of the Georgetown project; the book calls the body he chaired the "Special Group." For the Planning Coordination Group, its membership and its role as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" to covert operations: Rowland Hughes memorandum to Eisenhower, March 3, 1955, *FRUS 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community,* Document 210, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d210. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of Adm. Stansfield Turner and exchange with Sen. Richard Schweiker, https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification +[^23]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18, 44, and Ch. 18 n. 32, citing MKULTRA Subproject 35-10, May 16, 1955. The book calls the body he chaired the "Special Group." For the Planning Coordination Group, its membership and its role as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" to covert operations: Rowland Hughes memorandum to Eisenhower, March 3, 1955, *FRUS 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community,* Document 210, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d210. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of Adm. Stansfield Turner and exchange with Sen. Richard Schweiker, https://archive.org/details/project-mkultra-the-cias-program-of-research-in-behavioral-modification [^24]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Topic Guide, "Rockefeller Commission Report, June 1975." FRUS 1969-76, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 2, Document 46, Memorandum on implementation of Rockefeller Commission recommendations, August 9, 1975. [^25]: FRUS 1969-76, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 2, Document 46, August 9, 1975, Kissinger, Buchen, and Lynn to Ford on implementation of Rockefeller Commission recommendations. [^26]: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Finding Aid, "U.S. President's Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States Files," collection extent approximately 41 cubic feet. diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Korean War.md b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Korean War.md index 1367fbc6..9ecaf88b 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Korean War.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Korean War.md @@ -156,9 +156,9 @@ According to [[Seymour Hersh]], the United States was "preoccupied with the war, [^1]: CIA, "CIA in Korea 1946-1965, Volume III," July 1973, CIA Reading Room document C06146213, approved for release January 31, 2022 (chronology entries for June 25, 1950, July 1950, September 1950, October 14 and 28, 1950, November and December 1950, April 10 and 11, 1951, and July 2, 1951; later entries on JACK and CCRAK). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06146213 [^2]: Edward Hunter, "'Brain Washing' Tactics Force Chinese into Ranks of Communist Party," *Miami News*, September 24, 1950, p. 2A. https://archive.org/details/hunter-edward-brain-washing-tactics-force-chinese-into-ranks-of-communist-party- [^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, *Communist Psychological Warfare (Brainwashing): Consultation with Edward Hunter, Author and Foreign Correspondent*, 85th Congress, 2nd session, March 13, 1958 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958), pp. 5-6 and 14-15. https://archive.org/details/communistpsychol1958unit -[^4]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 1 ("Cold War on the Mind," pp. 22-24) and chapter 8 (Hunter) with the chapter notes. Sole source for the passages so cited, including the Tokyo location, the October 1950 subjects, and the identification of the subjects as North Korean prisoners. +[^4]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 1 ("Cold War on the Mind," pp. 22-24) and chapter 8 (Hunter) with the chapter notes. [^5]: U.S. Senate, *Communist Interrogation, Indoctrination and Exploitation of American Military and Civilian Prisoners*, hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 84th Congress, 2nd session, June 19, 20, 26, and 27, 1956 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1956), contents list (testimony of Edward Hunter, pp. 66 and 77). -[^6]: Hearings cited in note 5, opening statement and testimony of Captain Bert Cumby, Dr. Harold G. Wolff and Dr. Lawrence E. Hinkle, Jr. Cumby's account is sole source for the Batchelor passages. https://archive.org/details/communist_interrogation_indoctrination_and_exploitation_of_the_american_military +[^6]: Hearings cited in note 5, opening statement and testimony of Captain Bert Cumby, Dr. Harold G. Wolff and Dr. Lawrence E. Hinkle, Jr. https://archive.org/details/communist_interrogation_indoctrination_and_exploitation_of_the_american_military [^7]: Defense Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War, "Committee Recommendations for Action," July 7, 1955; Charles E. Wilson, Secretary of Defense, to Allen Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence, letter dated August 18, 1955; and an undated Defense Department action memorandum on the recommendations of the Committee, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP85B00236R000400070013-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp85b00236r000400070013-0 [^8]: CIA, Inspection and Security Staff memorandum, "Priority Requirement for Bluebird Team," June 1950, CIA CREST document 00148262. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00148262 [^9]: CIA, Bluebird Team to Chief, Inspection and Security Staff, "Conclusions Concerning the Medical Phase of the Operations," November 27 (1950 per the scan), CIA CREST document 00149590. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00149590 @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ According to [[Seymour Hersh]], the United States was "preoccupied with the war, [^16]: Hans V. Tofte to Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, letter dated April 25, 1951, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100200043-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100200043-3 [^17]: Book review of Ernest Volkmann, *Warriors of the Night* (Morrow), sanitized copy, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302170017-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302170017-4 [^18]: Press clipping dated August 3, 1966, "CIA Official Under Probe Reports $19,000 Theft," CIA CREST document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100230005-7; Radio TV Reports, Inc., broadcast transcripts of August 3, 1966 ([[WTOP-TV]], "Tofte Interviewed," and [[WRC Radio]], "Quote Hans Tofte"), CIA CREST documents CIA-RDP75-00001R000400390060-6 and CIA-RDP75-00001R000400390066-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100230005-7 -[^19]: Peter Dale Scott, "Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma," *The Asia-Pacific Journal* 8, issue 44, no. 2 (November 1, 2010), chapter 3 of *American War Machine*. Scott's account is sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/operation-paper-the-united-states-and-drugs-in-thailand-and-burma +[^19]: Peter Dale Scott, "Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma," *The Asia-Pacific Journal* 8, issue 44, no. 2 (November 1, 2010), chapter 3 of *American War Machine*. Scott's account is https://archive.org/details/operation-paper-the-united-states-and-drugs-in-thailand-and-burma [^20]: Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Allison) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), "KMT Troops in Burma Problem," November 18, 1952, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, East Asia and the Pacific, Volume XII, Part 2*, document 28. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v12p2/d28 [^21]: Memorandum by Allison to Bruce, "KMT Troops in Burma," January 9, 1953, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, East Asia and the Pacific, Volume XII, Part 2*, document 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v12p2/d30 [^22]: CIA, Office of National Estimates, "Terms of Reference; SIE-4: Significance of the Communist Psychological Warfare Campaign Alleging Use of Biological Warfare by the US in Korea," March 21, 1952, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP79S01011A000600050031-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79s01011a000600050031-5 @@ -182,4 +182,4 @@ According to [[Seymour Hersh]], the United States was "preoccupied with the war, [^27]: "The Report of 'G'," translation of Unit 731 glanders experiments on human subjects, prepared for the Chemical Corps Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, as described in the archive.org catalogue. https://archive.org/details/fort_detrick-report_of_g [^28]: Edward Drea, Greg Bradsher, Robert Hanyok, James Lide, Michael Petersen and Daqing Yang, *Researching Japanese War Crimes Records: Introductory Essays* (Washington: National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, 2006), pp. 96-99 and notes 63-67 (citing NA RG 165, entry 468, "SANACC 351/3," and "Summary Report of B.W. Investigations," December 12, 1947, NA RG 175). The Hill and Victor figure is printed in the volume with an illegible currency symbol, read here as yen. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf [^29]: Interagency Working Group, *Final Report to Congress*, Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act and Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Act, April 2007, chapters on Japanese war crimes records and the Army's records. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/reports/final-report-2007.pdf -[^30]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 2. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^30]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 2. diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Osirak bombing.md b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Osirak bombing.md index 2ee80dfb..0af2efca 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Osirak bombing.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Osirak bombing.md @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ On June 25, 1981 a Tel Aviv cable reported that the head of Mossad, who is never [^1]: U.S. Department of State, Secretary of State to Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill, letter on the Israeli attack and the Arms Export Control Act, 1981. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000101. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 -[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, p. 8 (chapter 1, "A Secret Agreement"). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991, p. 8 (chapter 1, "A Secret Agreement"). [^3]: U.S. Department of State, Tel Aviv embassy cable 9271, June 11, 1981, "MFA Briefing Paper on Israeli 'Raid' on Iraqi Nuclear Reactor," text of the Foreign Ministry briefing paper of June 9. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000187. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 @@ -185,23 +185,23 @@ On June 25, 1981 a Tel Aviv cable reported that the head of Mossad, who is never [^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, *The Iraqi Nuclear Program: Progress Despite Setbacks*, intelligence assessment SW 83-10040CX, June 1983 (information as of May 1, 1983). CIA Reading Room document 0000875771. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000875771 -[^6]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 64, note. Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^6]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 64, note. [^7]: Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/North Africa Report, JPRS L/8560, July 6, 1979 (FOUO 28/79), reprinting a 1979 article copyright IC Magazines Ltd. CIA CREST document cia-rdp82-00850r000100070005-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00850r000100070005-8 -[^8]: "Seeking to thwart Iraq's nuclear programme, Israel bombed French warehouse, book claims," Middle East Monitor, June 14, 2021, summarizing a Ha'aretz article based on Michael (Micky) Ron, *The Quiet Sabra* (Hebrew memoir). Sole source for the passages so cited; the Mossad attribution is Ron's. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210614-seeking-to-thwart-iraqs-nuclear-programme-israel-bombed-french-warehouse-book-claims/ +[^8]: "Seeking to thwart Iraq's nuclear programme, Israel bombed French warehouse, book claims," Middle East Monitor, June 14, 2021, summarizing a Ha'aretz article based on Michael (Micky) Ron, *The Quiet Sabra* (Hebrew memoir). The Mossad attribution is Ron's. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210614-seeking-to-thwart-iraqs-nuclear-programme-israel-bombed-french-warehouse-book-claims/ [^9]: L'Express (Paris), October 18, 1980, p. 125, "Damage to Osirak Dome Reported," reprinted in Joint Publications Research Service, Worldwide Report: Nuclear Development and Proliferation, JPRS L/9433, December 9, 1980, pp. 33-34. CIA CREST document cia-rdp82-00850r000300060014-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00850r000300060014-7 [^10]: Mark Schone, "Israel's Greatest Hits: Before Dubai, a History of Targeted Killing," ABC News, February 2010. https://abcnews.com/Blotter/israels-greatest-hits-dubai-history-targeted-killing-now/story?id=9856671 -[^11]: Ronen Bergman, "Killing the Killers," Newsweek, December 13, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.newsweek.com/killing-killers-69081 +[^11]: Ronen Bergman, "Killing the Killers," Newsweek, December 13, 2010. https://www.newsweek.com/killing-killers-69081 -[^12]: Carol Berger, "Iraqi Files Seized By UN Inspectors Seen As Possible 'Hit Lists'," The Christian Science Monitor, October 10, 1991. Sole source for the Ostrovsky claim. https://csmonitor.com/1991/1010/10032.html +[^12]: Carol Berger, "Iraqi Files Seized By UN Inspectors Seen As Possible 'Hit Lists'," The Christian Science Monitor, October 10, 1991. https://csmonitor.com/1991/1010/10032.html [^13]: Statement of Senator Alan Cranston before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, June 18, 1981, as transmitted in State Department cable STATE 160720 to the Vienna embassy. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000073. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 -[^14]: Cooper, Tom, and Farzad Bishop. "Target: Saddam's Reactor: Israeli and Iranian Operations Against Iraqi Plans to Develop Nuclear Weapons." *Air Enthusiast* 110 (March/April 2004). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^14]: Cooper, Tom, and Farzad Bishop. "Target: Saddam's Reactor: Israeli and Iranian Operations Against Iraqi Plans to Develop Nuclear Weapons." *Air Enthusiast* 110 (March/April 2004). [^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Daily, October 1, 1980 (CO NID 80-231JX), Situation Report, Iraq-Iran, pp. 1-2; released August 2005. https://unredacted.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/iran-iraq1.pdf @@ -211,31 +211,31 @@ On June 25, 1981 a Tel Aviv cable reported that the head of Mossad, who is never [^18]: State Department cable reproducing Iraqi statements on the reactor. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000088. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 -[^19]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 9-10. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^19]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 9-10. [^20]: "40 years after Iraq reactor raid, IDF reveals Ilan Ramon's fears, intel sketches," The Times of Israel, June 22, 2021, reporting an IDF Archive and Defense Ministry release. https://www.timesofisrael.com/40-years-after-iraq-reactor-raid-idf-reveals-ilan-ramons-fears-intel-sketches/ [^21]: "Remembering Ilan Ramon, Astronaut and Hero," Mosaic Magazine, February 2, 2023 (introduction to an interview of Amos Yadlin by Menachem Butler). https://ideas.tikvah.org/mosaic/picks/remembering-ilan-ramon-astronaut-and-hero -[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 286. Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 286. [^23]: State Department cable of June 21, 1981 reporting Begin's remarks on U.S. criticism of the raid. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000026. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 -[^24]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 10-11. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^24]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 10-11. [^25]: U.S. Department of State, press briefing transcript of June 12, 1981, "Department Press Briefing June 12, 1981." FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000098. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 -[^26]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 10, note. Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^26]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 10, note. [^27]: U.S. Mission to Vienna cable 6873, June 12, 1981, "Israeli Attack on Iraqi Nuclear Reactor: Further Statement by IAEA Director General," with the text of Sigvard Eklund's statement. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000058. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 -[^28]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 12. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^28]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 12. -[^29]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 16. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^29]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 16. -[^30]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 287-288. Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^30]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 287-288. -[^31]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 9. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^31]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 9. [^32]: Tel Aviv embassy cable of June 21, 1981, "Begin Blasts Weinberger but Downplays Tension," summarizing a Ha'aretz commentary. FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000126. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 @@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ On June 25, 1981 a Tel Aviv cable reported that the head of Mossad, who is never [^39]: Beirut embassy cable, June 11, 1981, "Israeli Raid on Iraq: Claims of U.S. Involvement." FOIA case F-1982-00753, document C09000042. https://archive.org/details/F-1982-00753 -[^40]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 12-14 and p. 13, note. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^40]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, pp. 12-14 and p. 13, note. -[^41]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 15. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^41]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, p. 15. [^42]: National Photographic Interpretation Center, "Increased Defensive Measures, Baghdad Nuclear Research Center, Iraq," attachment to memorandum Z-30587/81, June 27, 1981. CIA CREST document cia-rdp81t00618r000100820001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81t00618r000100820001-8 diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Six-Day War.md b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Six-Day War.md index b5bc11fa..1d69f849 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Six-Day War.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Six-Day War.md @@ -124,40 +124,40 @@ Hersh reports that after the war, according to [[James H. Critchfield]], then ch ### Footnotes -[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 166-167. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, "The Ambassador," pp. 166-167. [^2]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005), reprinted in *Studies in Intelligence* 62, no. 2 (June 2018). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf. The Robarge account cites Freshwater, "Policy and Intelligence: The Arab-Israeli War," *Studies in Intelligence* 13, no. 1 (1969); Helms, *A Look Over My Shoulder*; Oren, *Six Days of War* (2002), p. 146, citing Meir Amit; Johnson, *The Vantage Point*, p. 293; Mangold, *Cold Warrior* (1989), pp. 49, 362, for the Angleton arrangement. Helms's quoted recollection and the Eban quotation are Robarge's quotations of those books. Robarge's source for the June 1 to 2 passage is the work of Michael B. Oren, who cites an interview with and writings of Meir Amit. [^3]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 61, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, May 25, 1967, with attached CIA appraisal. The text of the Israeli estimate is not printed; the editors' note summarizes it. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61 [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 124, Memorandum for the Record, June 1, 1967 (prepared June 2), Conversation between Major General Meir Amit and Secretary McNamara, by Vice Admiral Rufus Taylor, with editors' note quoting Amit's remarks at the conference of June 3-5, 1992, published in Richard B. Parker, ed., *The Six-Day War: A Retrospective* (University Press of Florida, 1996), pp. 139-140. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d124 [^5]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 158, Telegram 3935 from the Embassy in Israel, June 5, 1967 (Eshkol's message), editors' note describing telegram 3937 and Rostow's covering memorandum. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d158 [^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 305, Paper Submitted by the Control Group, undated (dated June 17, 1967 by the editors). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d305 [^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326 -[^8]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 11, p. 156. Sole source for the passages so cited; the official is unnamed. -[^9]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, p. 168, relying on an interview with Bill Dale. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^10]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, "An Israeli Decision," pp. 179-181, relying on unnamed Israeli officials and published accounts. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^8]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 11, p. 156. The official is unnamed. +[^9]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, p. 168, relying on an interview with Bill Dale. +[^10]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, "An Israeli Decision," pp. 179-181, relying on unnamed Israeli officials and published accounts. [^11]: National Security Archive, "The NUMEC Affair: Did Highly Enriched Uranium from the U.S. Aid Israel's Nuclear Weapons Program?" (November 2, 2016), Documents 7, 8 and 10 (AEC New York Security Office report of September 6, 1968 on the September 10 visit, with the posting's identifications of the visitors): Comptroller General of the United States, "Review of Accountability Controls Over Special Nuclear Materials, Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation," June 20, 1967 (University of Arizona Special Collections, Morris Udall Papers, MS 325, Box 364, Folder 7); Letter from Richard Helms to Ramsey Clark, April 2, 1968 (ISCAP Appeal No. 2013-062). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-11-02/numec-affair-did-highly-enriched-uranium-us-aid-israels-nuclear-weapons-program [^12]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 18, "Injustice," pp. 240-248. The passage on Duckett, Helms and Hadden is Hersh's account; the conclusion on diversion is Hersh's own. -[^13]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." Politico Magazine, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury Institute of International Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Sole source for the passages so cited; Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov. +[^13]: Cohen, Avner. "Israel's Secret Plan to Nuke the Egyptian Desert." Politico Magazine, June 5, 2017, republished by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury Institute of International Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/israels-secret-plan-to-nuke-the-egyptian-desert/. Cohen relays the testimony of Ya'akov. [^14]: Wilson Center, "Wilson Center Archive Sheds New Light on 1967 Six-Day War," June 5, 2017. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/wilson-center-archive-sheds-new-light-1967-six-day-war -[^15]: Ginor, Isabella, and Gideon Remez. *Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War*. Yale University Press, 2007. Sole source for the overflight claim. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140 summarizes the authors' argument. -[^16]: Ginor and Remez, as reported in the Russian Air Force confirmation of August 2007. Sole source for the confirmation, attributed to the authors. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140 +[^15]: Ginor, Isabella, and Gideon Remez. *Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War*. Yale University Press, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140 summarizes the authors' argument. +[^16]: Ginor and Remez, as reported in the Russian Air Force confirmation of August 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42140 [^17]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, pp. 175-176. [^18]: National Security Agency, "A Review of the Technical Research Ship Program, 1961-1969," released under MDR-85456, February 22, 2017, section on USN-855 (USS Liberty). https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/AReviewoftheTechnicalResearchShipProgram-postMDR.pdf [^19]: Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967 (SC No. 01415/67), in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, with source note reporting Helms's notes of the June 12 NSC Special Committee meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284 [^20]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 319, Telegram from the Director of the National Security Agency (Carter) to the White House, June 22, 1967, SIGINT Readiness Bravo "Crayon" Report Nr. 2149. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d319 [^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 236, Notes of a Meeting of the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 9, 1967, 6:30 p.m. (Saunders' handwritten notes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d236 -[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library. Sole source for the cable text. +[^22]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library. [^23]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 317, Intelligence Memorandum, June 21, 1967 (SC 08384-67). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d317 [^24]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, scan posted at https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf, scan pages 106, 117, 243, 244, 265. [^25]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 324, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, June 26, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d324 [^26]: Gwertzman, Bernard. "Israeli Payment to Close the Book On '67 Attack on U.S. Navy Vessel." New York Times, December 19, 1980. CIA Reading Room, CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000302640098-3, copy at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302640098-3. The article spells the name Ennis. [^27]: Judge Advocate General of the Navy, Third Endorsement and Enclosure (1), Summary of Events, on the Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, pp. 1-2 of the endorsement (Navy JAG file 131). Scanned copy of the record at https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html (a website maintained by A. Jay Cristol). -[^28]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. Sole source for the finding texts and the affidavit text; the findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004. +[^28]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. The findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004. [^29]: Associated Press, "Ex-Navy Official: 1967 Israeli Attack on U.S. Ship Was Deliberate," Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp [^30]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Terry L. McFarland, June 23, 1980 (OH-1980-26). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804900/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_T_MCFARLAND.PDF. Copy of the NSA USS Liberty gallery, captured by the Wayback Machine, at https://web.archive.org/web/20210928195052/https://www.nsa.gov/Helpful-Links/NSA-FOIA/Declassification-Transparency-Initiatives/Historical-Releases/USS-Liberty/ -[^31]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. Sole source for the submarine story, which O'Connor recounts as a story passed among the crew. +[^31]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. O'Connor recounts the submarine story as a story passed among the crew. [^32]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Richard Harvey, July 16, 1980 (OH-1980-29). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804909/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_R_HARVEY.PDF. The Millington statement appears in the interviewer's question in the same transcript. [^33]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 289, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office, Tel Aviv, June 15, 1967, reporting Erell's June 14 presentation of apologies. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d289 [^34]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 307, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office in Israel to the White House, June 18, 1967, "Israeli Court of Inquiry in USS Liberty incident." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d307 -[^35]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, p. 175. Sole source for the de Gaulle statements and the fifty Mirage III aircraft. +[^35]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 13, p. 175. [^36]: Central Intelligence Agency, Special National Intelligence Estimate, August 10, 1967, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 414, footnote 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d414 -[^37]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 14, "A Presidential Gift," p. 185, footnote, quoting Critchfield. Hersh's footnote calls Zamir the head of Mossad at the time; Katzenbach, Hersh writes, had no recollection of the meeting. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^37]: Hersh, *The Samson Option*, chapter 14, "A Presidential Gift," p. 185, footnote, quoting Critchfield. Hersh's footnote calls Zamir the head of Mossad at the time; Katzenbach, Hersh writes, had no recollection of the meeting. diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/USS Liberty Incident.md b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/USS Liberty Incident.md index 4a5689a4..dd7f044f 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/USS Liberty Incident.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/USS Liberty Incident.md @@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ On December 18, 1980, the United States and Israel announced the settlement of A [^13]: Judge Advocate General of the Navy, Third Endorsement and Enclosure (1), Summary of Events, on the Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, pp. 1-2 of the endorsement (Navy JAG file 131). Scanned copy of the record at https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html (a website maintained by A. Jay Cristol). [^14]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, press release, January 12, 2004. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/pressrelease [^15]: Guy Dinmore, "Tempers Flare Over Inquiry on Israeli Attack on U.S. Spy-Ship," *Financial Times*, January 13, 2004, reprinted by the History News Network. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/3027 -[^16]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. Sole source for the finding texts and the affidavit text; the findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004. -[^17]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 16 to 20. Sole source for the Kidd conversations and the transcript account. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf +[^16]: Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty and Affidavit of Captain Ward Boston, USN, JAG (Ret.), introduced by Representative John Conyers, Jr., dated October 7, 2004, in the issue of October 11, 2004 (Volume 150, Number 130, pp. E1886-E1889). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm. The findings are the commission's and the affidavit is Boston's. The Record printing carries no date; the affidavit was released at a Capitol Hill news conference on October 22, 2003 (Associated Press, October 23, 2003). A longer declaration signed by Boston is dated January 8, 2004. +[^17]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 16 to 20. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf [^18]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," *U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings*, July 2003. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret [^19]: Associated Press, "Ex-Navy Official: 1967 Israeli Attack on U.S. Ship Was Deliberate," Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp [^20]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Terry L. McFarland, June 23, 1980 (OH-1980-26). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804900/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_T_MCFARLAND.PDF. Copy of the NSA USS Liberty gallery, captured by the Wayback Machine, at https://web.archive.org/web/20210928195052/https://www.nsa.gov/Helpful-Links/NSA-FOIA/Declassification-Transparency-Initiatives/Historical-Releases/USS-Liberty/ -[^21]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. Sole source for the submarine story, which O'Connor recounts as a story passed among the crew. +[^21]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview NSA-OH-21-80 with CDR James G. O'Connor, May 22, 1980. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804901/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_J_OCONNER.PDF. O'Connor recounts the submarine story as a story passed among the crew. [^22]: National Security Agency, Oral History Interview with Richard Harvey, July 16, 1980 (OH-1980-29). https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/18/2002804909/-1/-1/0/INTERVIEW_R_HARVEY.PDF. The Millington statement appears in the interviewer's question in the same transcript. [^23]: David C. Walsh, "Former NSA Officials Agree," *Proceedings*, June 2003, Vol. 129/6/1,204. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/june/former-nsa-officials-agree [^24]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 289, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office, Tel Aviv, June 15, 1967, reporting Erell's June 14 presentation of apologies. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d289 diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Yom Kippur War.md b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Yom Kippur War.md index d7d753df..51ad14ca 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Yom Kippur War.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Yom Kippur War.md @@ -137,20 +137,20 @@ Marwan died in June 2007 after falling from the balcony of his apartment in [[Lo ### Footnotes -[^1]: Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 1991), pages 222 to 223 (military losses, Bar-Lev line, the Golan, "the end of the Third Temple," Dayan's October 8 briefing). Sole source for the figures so cited. +[^1]: Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 1991), pages 222 to 223 (military losses, Bar-Lev line, the Golan, "the end of the Third Temple," Dayan's October 8 briefing). [^2]: Agranat Commission, "1973 Agranat Commission: Yom Kippur War," translated by Roni Eshel (Center for Israel Education, December 2010), https://israeled.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/1973-Agranat-Comm-Report-1973-War.pdf. Summary of the Egyptian and Syrian fronts (1,400 Syrian tanks against 177 Israeli tanks); session and witness counts and the interim report of April 1, 1974; the protocol of the meeting of October 6, 1973 at 8:05 a.m. in which the Chief of Staff speaks of the Marwan telegram; the protocol of October 9, 1973 (7:30 a.m.) released by the Israel State Archives. -[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 13, p. 179. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 13, p. 179. [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 305, Paper Submitted by the Control Group, undated (dated June 17, 1967 by the editors), with annex. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d305 [^5]: Judah Ari Gross, "'Odds of war lower than low': Papers highlight intel failures in Yom Kippur War," The Times of Israel, September 17, 2018, https://www.timesofisrael.com/odds-of-war-lower-than-low-papers-highlight-intel-failures-in-yom-kippur-war/, on the cable of Zvi Zamir dated October 5, 1973 released by the Israel State Archives. [^6]: Alfred Eini testimony to the Agranat Commission, as reported by ynetnews (Reuters), September 25, 2012, https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4285092,00.html [^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, Historical Collections Division, "President Nixon and the Role of Intelligence in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War" (2013), https://cia.gov/static/President-Nixon-and-the-Role-of-Intelligence-in-the-1973-Arab-Israeli-War.pdf. The December 20, 1973 post-mortem, the Cline and Colby passages, the CIA document of October 30, 1973 and the December 20, 1973 assessment appear in the booklet's text and collection list. -[^8]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 224 to 226 (chapter 17, "Nuclear Blackmail": the meeting of October 8, attendees, the three decisions, Hirbat Zachariah, Tel Nof, target list). Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^9]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 226 to 228 (Soviet interception, Elazar's diary, the objections, the Freier briefing, the Heikal account of the Soviet warning to Cairo, the Israeli cabinet's anger, Kissinger's "let Israel come out ahead, but bleed"). Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^10]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 228 to 229 (the Dinitz calls and Map Room meeting, quoting Kissinger, Years of Upheaval; the account of a former Israeli intelligence official on Detachment 8200 and the October 9 Soviet warning). Sole source for the intelligence official's account. -[^11]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 229 to 231 (Eilts, Schlesinger and Colby recollections; Heikal on Sadat and Kissinger; the KH-11 imagery of Hirbat Zachariah). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^8]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 224 to 226 (chapter 17, "Nuclear Blackmail": the meeting of October 8, attendees, the three decisions, Hirbat Zachariah, Tel Nof, target list). +[^9]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 226 to 228 (Soviet interception, Elazar's diary, the objections, the Freier briefing, the Heikal account of the Soviet warning to Cairo, the Israeli cabinet's anger, Kissinger's "let Israel come out ahead, but bleed"). +[^10]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 228 to 229 (the Dinitz calls and Map Room meeting, quoting Kissinger, Years of Upheaval; the account of a former Israeli intelligence official on Detachment 8200 and the October 9 Soviet warning). +[^11]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pages 229 to 231 (Eilts, Schlesinger and Colby recollections; Heikal on Sadat and Kissinger; the KH-11 imagery of Hirbat Zachariah). [^12]: Elbridge Colby, Avner Cohen, William McCants, Bradley Morris and William Rosenau, "The Israeli 'Nuclear Alert' of 1973: Deterrence and Signaling in Crisis," CNA, DRM-2013-U-004480-Final (April 2013), https://www.cna.org/reports/2013/DRM-2013-U-004480-Final.pdf -[^13]: Richard Sale, "Yom Kippur: Israel's 1973 Nuclear Alert," UPI, September 16, 2002, as cited in Colby et al., note 10. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^14]: Alistair Horne, biography of Henry Kissinger, as quoted in Colby et al., note 10. Sole source for the passage so cited. +[^13]: Richard Sale, "Yom Kippur: Israel's 1973 Nuclear Alert," UPI, September 16, 2002, as cited in Colby et al., note 10. +[^14]: Alistair Horne, biography of Henry Kissinger, as quoted in Colby et al., note 10. [^15]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Long-Range Outlook for Israeli Security," enclosure to the October 24, 1973 memorandum from Vice Admiral V.P. de Poix to Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XXV, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1973, Document 265, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25 [^16]: "Nickel Grass," Air & Space Forces Magazine, https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1298nickel/ [^17]: "Yom Kippur War: Nickel Grass," Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/nickelgrass.html diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/December 2017 New York Times AATIP Report.md b/40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/December 2017 New York Times AATIP Report.md index b0f2a469..050dcc4d 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/December 2017 New York Times AATIP Report.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/December 2017 New York Times AATIP Report.md @@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ In July 2020 Kean and Blumenthal wrote in the Times that Reid "believed that cra [^7]: [[The Black Vault]], FOIA release of Office of the Secretary of Defense case 18-F-0644, August 2019 (emails of August 23 and 24, 2017 between Luis Elizondo and Michael Russo of the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, with the DD Form 1910; the form's text is poorly legible in the scan and is quoted as transcribed in the research notes), https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/18-F-0644.pdf ; Joseph Gradisher quoted in "U.S. Navy Confirms Videos Depict Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, Not Cleared for Public Release," The Black Vault, September 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-navy-confirms-videos-depict-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-not-cleared-for-public-release/ [^8]: Kloor, Keith. "UFOs Won't Go Away." *Issues in Science and Technology,* March 1, 2019. https://issues.org/ufos-wont-go-away/ [^9]: U.S. Department of Defense. "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/); Greenewald, John, Jr. "Navy Officially Releases UFO/UAP Videos, Calls Them 'Historical.'" The Black Vault, April 27, 2020 (reproduces the statement and gives the GOFAST date). https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/navy-officially-releases-ufo-uap-videos-calls-them-historical/ -[^10]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/. Sole source for the passages so cited: Mellon's on-camera statement to filmmaker James Fox in *The Phenomenon* (2020). +[^10]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/. The passages are Mellon's on-camera statement to filmmaker James Fox in *The Phenomenon* (2020). [^11]: The Galileo Project. "The Galileo Project Welcomes Christopher Mellon and Luis Elizondo as Research Affiliates," October 30, 2021. https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/galileo/files/mellon-elizondo_announcement_final_2.pdf (Internet Archive copy). [^12]: Baker, Nicholson. "How We Lost Our Minds About UFOs." *New York Magazine,* January 31, 2024. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/leslie-kean-ufo-sightings-aliens.html diff --git a/40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/Waco Siege.md b/40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/Waco Siege.md index f231bd4b..e7431b42 100644 --- a/40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/Waco Siege.md +++ b/40 - EVENTS/MODERN_INCIDENTS/Waco Siege.md @@ -99,5 +99,5 @@ In August 1999 FBI and Justice Department officials disclosed that the FBI had f [^3]: Tapscott, Mark. "DOD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims; FBI Considered Testing on Koresh." *Defense Electronics*, July 1993, p. 17. CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5_djvu.txt Single anonymous participant for the account of the meetings. [^4]: Elliott, Dorinda, with John Barry. "A Subliminal Dr. Strangelove." *Newsweek*, August 1994 (online August 21, 1994). CIA Star Gate files, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500560003-9. https://www.newsweek.com/subliminal-dr-strangelove-187766 [^5]: Dukess, Karen. "Computers May Hold Key to Subconscious." *The Moscow Times*, July 16, 1994. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/computers-may-hold-key-to-subconscious -[^6]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read at https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). Chris Morris's account as recounted to the author; sole source for the passage so cited. +[^6]: Weinberger, Sharon. "The Weird Russian Mind-Control Research Behind a DHS Contract." *Wired*, September 20, 2007. https://www.wired.com/print/politics/security/news/2007/09/mind_reading (text read at https://attrition.org/pipermail/infowarrior/2007-September/002007.html). Chris Morris's account as recounted to the author; [^7]: U.S. House of Representatives. *Activities of Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Toward the Branch Davidians (Part 1)*. Joint hearings before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary and the Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, 104th Cong., 1st sess., July 19, 20, 21 and 24, 1995. Washington: GPO, 1996. https://archive.org/details/activitiesoffede01unit diff --git a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/INTELLIGENCE/Disinformation.md b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/INTELLIGENCE/Disinformation.md index 96b8a912..c306304e 100644 --- a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/INTELLIGENCE/Disinformation.md +++ b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/INTELLIGENCE/Disinformation.md @@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ The French accounts of 1959 and 1960 describing telepathy tests between a shore [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. [^2]: Anfilov, Gleb. "Is Telepathy Possible?" *The Soviet Review*, vol. 2, no. 6 (June 1961), pp. 3-7, translated from Znanie-Sila, 1960, no. 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-social-science-review_1961-06_2_6 -[^3]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^3]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. [^4]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. [^5]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 28-31. -[^6]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^6]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. [^7]: Maire, Louis F., III, and J. D. LaMothe. *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research*, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2. diff --git a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/INTELLIGENCE/VELA Satellite.md b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/INTELLIGENCE/VELA Satellite.md index b1cdd89a..66bd2c6a 100644 --- a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/INTELLIGENCE/VELA Satellite.md +++ b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/INTELLIGENCE/VELA Satellite.md @@ -86,33 +86,37 @@ A study by two [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] analysts, [[John E. Mansfield A June 10, 1980 memorandum by Frances Cook, director of public affairs in the State Department's Bureau of African Affairs, recorded that [[Jack Varona]], head of science and technology at the Defense Intelligence Agency, had told a Foreign Service Institute course that the White House (Press) report was a whitewash due to political considerations, that his laboratory had calculated the probability of lightning or comets producing a nuclear-like Vela signature as something "like the age of the universe," and that recent seismic work by the Naval Research Laboratory had traced the location to two islands in South African territorial waters. [[Robert A. Martin]] of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research's Political-Military Affairs office contacted Varona to verify those statements, and on June 17, 1980 recorded that Varona said the Ruina panel report was indeed a "white-wash, due to political considerations," that the panel used "flimsy" evidence and analysis to arrive at a "probable" non-nuclear explanation, and that analysis of hydroacoustic data by the Naval Research Laboratory had traced the location of the possible nuclear event to relatively shallow waters between the [[Prince Edward Islands|Prince Edward]] and [[Marion Island|Marion Islands]], south of [[South Africa]]. The hydroacoustic signals, at 1.5 Hz, were thought by the laboratory to be "unique to nuclear shots in a maritime environment," and were received at Ascension Island and at Argentia, Newfoundland, the latter after reflection from a point in Antarctica. Martin's memorandum recorded Varona's statement that the data were not fully available to the Ruina panel or to the director of central intelligence's Nuclear Intelligence Panel.[^18] -A January 23, 1980 memorandum from [[Gerald G. Oplinger]] of the National Security Council staff to Henry Owen recorded that he had told the State Department to put the press release and congressional consultations on hold. It stated that the Department of Energy, the Department of Defense and technical people within the intelligence community had "sufficient doubts about the Press panel report to make it very dangerous to proceed without another look," with specific questions on the reliability of the Vela signal, the ionospheric signals picked up at Arecibo, new hydroacoustic data that the panel had not had, and the absence of fallout. According to Oplinger, John Deutch and Dan Murphy still felt that the public bottom line should be that there was no conclusive case for a nuclear source, but felt strongly that unless the questions were given "a further airing, there will be continued internal dissent and an appearance that policy people (including the White House) did a whitewash for political reasons."[^19] +A January 23, 1980 memorandum from [[Gerald G. Oplinger]] of the National Security Council staff to Henry Owen recorded that he had told the State Department to put the press release and congressional consultations on hold. It stated that the Department of Energy, the Department of Defense and technical people within the intelligence community had "sufficient doubts about the Press panel report to make it very dangerous to proceed without another look," with specific questions on the reliability of the Vela signal, the ionospheric signals picked up at Arecibo, new hydroacoustic data that the panel had not had, and the absence of fallout. According to Oplinger, [[John Deutch]] and Dan Murphy still felt that the public bottom line should be that there was no conclusive case for a nuclear source, but felt strongly that unless the questions were given "a further airing, there will be continued internal dissent and an appearance that policy people (including the White House) did a whitewash for political reasons."[^19] In a December 1, 1980 evening report, the national security adviser's intelligence staff reported receiving a report from the Defense Intelligence Agency of "an abnormally high level of Iodine 131" in the thyroids of sheep in [[Melbourne]], Australia, which had grazed in an area that received rain between September 26 and 27, 1979. The Defense Intelligence Agency was continuing to investigate whether industrial or pharmaceutical causes could account for the iodine.[^20] ### Early handling by the Carter administration -On September 27, 1979, the staff of [[Gerard C. Smith]], the U.S. special presidential representative for nonproliferation matters, prepared actions for the case that a test had occurred and had not yet become public.[^21] On October 22, 1979, the National Security Council staff circulated a memorandum on the nonproliferation stakes, the effect on negotiations with South Africa, and the possible role of United Nations sanctions.[^22] In an October 23, 1979 memorandum to David Newsom, Smith recommended consultations with Congress, with allies and with South Africa, writing that the subject should be raised with Prime Minister [[P.W. Botha|Botha]] as soon as practicable without explicit linkage to the nuclear negotiations. An attached discussion paper stated that an approach should be to the prime minister, "who without question knows whether South Africa has tested."[^23] +On September 27, 1979, the staff of [[Gerard C. Smith]], the U.S. special presidential representative for nonproliferation matters, prepared actions for the case that a test had occurred and had not yet become public.[^21] On October 22, 1979, the National Security Council staff circulated a memorandum on the nonproliferation stakes, the effect on negotiations with South Africa, and the possible role of United Nations sanctions.[^22] In an October 23, 1979 memorandum to [[David D. Newsom|David Newsom]], Smith recommended consultations with Congress, with allies and with South Africa, writing that the subject should be raised with Prime Minister [[P.W. Botha|Botha]] as soon as practicable without explicit linkage to the nuclear negotiations. An attached discussion paper stated that an approach should be to the prime minister, "who without question knows whether South Africa has tested."[^23] -The story leaked in late October 1979. On October 26 Smith briefed Representatives Zablocki, Bingham, Broomfield and Solarz of the [[House Foreign Affairs Committee]]. He wrote that he had tried to make clear that even if a nuclear explosion were determined, "we had no evidence that South Africa was responsible," and that he "suggested that we had an equal amount of evidence that Israel was responsible, i.e., none."[^24] South African Foreign Minister [[Pik Botha]] publicly denied any knowledge of a test.[^25] On October 27 the South African embassy relayed an official statement that the South African Navy had been instructed to investigate whether the event might have been caused by an accident aboard a Soviet or other nuclear submarine; the State Department's evening reading item for the president stated that the intelligence community had concluded the signal was not consistent with a reactor accident and that, after consultation with the Defense Department, it believed no nuclear submarine of any nation was in the area on September 22.[^26] On October 31, 1979, Secretary for Foreign Affairs [[Brand Fourie]] told the American ambassador in [[Pretoria]] that the chairman of the South African Atomic Energy Board, De Villiers, had said that the board's daily radioactivity samples had never been lower, "so your people should know that there has been no explosion, that the idea is nonsense."[^25] +A September 25, 1979 memorandum for the record by [[Richard M. Moose]] records that Secretary of State [[Cyrus Vance]] would raise the matter at a scheduled dinner of the Quadripartite Group of the United States, United Kingdom, France and West Germany, and that Under Secretary Newsom would inform the French before then.[^24] On October 26, 1979 Ambassador [[Thomas Watson]] in [[Moscow]] sent a restricted "Nodis Cherokee" message, "meant for Secretary Vance and his close associates only," recommending discussions with the Soviet Union about the Vela incident and the provision of as much information as possible to encourage Soviet reciprocity.[^25] In a follow-up message Watson expressed surprise that Washington had not briefed Moscow "long before [the story] leaked to the press"; Vance instructed the Department to reply that this did not represent a policy change, that Washington had delayed because the "initial information was highly inconclusive," and that U.S. "allies were concerned that precipitate action might complicate other important issues" such as the Rhodesia and Zimbabwe talks.[^26] -A January 7, 1980 discussion paper for a "mini" meeting of the [[Special Coordination Committee]] set out options on what to say publicly and privately about the Vela analysis, whether to continue negotiations with South Africa, and whether to support nuclear sanctions against it.[^27] On January 12, 1980 Secretary of State [[Cyrus Vance]] instructed the embassy in South Africa to resume nuclear talks, in a message that also carried the panel's conclusions.[^28] On January 17, 1980 Press wrote to Owen and Smith, describing "the panel that I brought together at your request," that "we cannot exclude the possibility that this continuing data gathering and analysis may turn up some corroborative evidence in the future if a nuclear explosion had actually taken place."[^29] +A "Nite Note" of November 19, 1979, prepared in the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs for either Vance or President Jimmy Carter, summarized a message from New Zealand expressing "considerable doubts" about the rainwater results.[^27] On January 9, 1980, after the Ruina panel report was completed, Vance's special assistant [[Arnold Raphel]] told Smith's deputy [[Allen Locke]] that the secretary agreed with Smith that the report's conclusions should be made public and shared with allies to the extent possible, and that Vance supported "some kind of UN sanctions if there is no progress with South Africa on the nuclear issue."[^28] -Carter wrote in his diary on February 27, 1980 that "We have a growing belief among our scientists that the Israelis did indeed conduct a nuclear test explosion in the ocean near the southern end of South Africa."[^30] +The story leaked in late October 1979. On October 26 Smith briefed Representatives Zablocki, Bingham, Broomfield and Solarz of the [[House Foreign Affairs Committee]]. He wrote that he had tried to make clear that even if a nuclear explosion were determined, "we had no evidence that South Africa was responsible," and that he "suggested that we had an equal amount of evidence that Israel was responsible, i.e., none."[^29] South African Foreign Minister [[Pik Botha]] publicly denied any knowledge of a test.[^30] On October 27 the South African embassy relayed an official statement that the South African Navy had been instructed to investigate whether the event might have been caused by an accident aboard a Soviet or other nuclear submarine; the State Department's evening reading item for the president stated that the intelligence community had concluded the signal was not consistent with a reactor accident and that, after consultation with the Defense Department, it believed no nuclear submarine of any nation was in the area on September 22.[^31] On October 31, 1979, Secretary for Foreign Affairs [[Brand Fourie]] told the American ambassador in [[Pretoria]] that the chairman of the South African Atomic Energy Board, De Villiers, had said that the board's daily radioactivity samples had never been lower, "so your people should know that there has been no explosion, that the idea is nonsense."[^30] + +A January 7, 1980 discussion paper for a "mini" meeting of the [[Special Coordination Committee]] set out options on what to say publicly and privately about the Vela analysis, whether to continue negotiations with South Africa, and whether to support nuclear sanctions against it.[^32] On January 12, 1980 Secretary of State Cyrus Vance instructed the embassy in South Africa to resume nuclear talks, in a message that also carried the panel's conclusions.[^33] On January 17, 1980 Press wrote to Owen and Smith, describing "the panel that I brought together at your request," that "we cannot exclude the possibility that this continuing data gathering and analysis may turn up some corroborative evidence in the future if a nuclear explosion had actually taken place."[^34] + +Carter wrote in his diary on February 27, 1980 that "We have a growing belief among our scientists that the Israelis did indeed conduct a nuclear test explosion in the ocean near the southern end of South Africa."[^35] ### Israel, South Africa and the 1977 record -On August 24, 1977 Israeli Foreign Ministry director general [[Ephraim Evron]] conveyed to U.S. ambassador [[Samuel Lewis]] in [[Tel Aviv]] a statement from Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]]: "his government has no contact nor has it ever cooperated with the Government of South Africa in developing or producing nuclear weapons," and "his government does not cooperate with South Africa in the production of nuclear explosives of any kind." Lewis wrote that the statement did not answer the question on broader Israeli-South African cooperation in the nuclear field, and Evron replied that he had given the total response conveyed to him by Begin.[^31] In September 1977 national security adviser [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] wrote to the secretary of state that, in response to Lewis' cable, the president "stated that it is obvious that past cooperation is excluded, and that we shouldn't push it any more for now." Smith wrote to Brzezinski on September 17, 1977 that the response was confined to the present, and that should awkward past connections or future relations develop, "we could find it difficult to explain why we had accepted so reserved a response."[^32] Later South African sources are reported to have confirmed that Israel received natural uranium from South Africa and provided it a small amount of tritium.[^33] +On August 24, 1977 Israeli Foreign Ministry director general [[Ephraim Evron]] conveyed to U.S. ambassador [[Samuel Lewis]] in [[Tel Aviv]] a statement from Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]]: "his government has no contact nor has it ever cooperated with the Government of South Africa in developing or producing nuclear weapons," and "his government does not cooperate with South Africa in the production of nuclear explosives of any kind." Lewis wrote that the statement did not answer the question on broader Israeli-South African cooperation in the nuclear field, and Evron replied that he had given the total response conveyed to him by Begin.[^36] In September 1977 national security adviser [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] wrote to the secretary of state that, in response to Lewis' cable, the president "stated that it is obvious that past cooperation is excluded, and that we shouldn't push it any more for now." Smith wrote to Brzezinski on September 17, 1977 that the response was confined to the present, and that should awkward past connections or future relations develop, "we could find it difficult to explain why we had accepted so reserved a response."[^37] Later South African sources are reported to have confirmed that Israel received natural uranium from South Africa and provided it a small amount of tritium.[^38] -Hersh wrote that an Israeli missile expert, then a visiting fellow at MIT, told Ruina that the flash was an Israeli-South African operation, and that Ruina forwarded the account to Keeny in a report. Hersh did not name the visitor. The expert is identified as [[Anselm Yaron]], a senior missile engineer who headed Israel's [[Jericho missile]] program in the 1970s, on the basis of MIT project publications.[^34] A State Department telegram of February 1980 described the information as one that "appears to be quite speculative." Keeny and [[John Marcum]], executive secretary to Press, were dismissive of it.[^35] +Hersh wrote that an Israeli missile expert, then a visiting fellow at MIT, told Ruina that the flash was an Israeli-South African operation, and that Ruina forwarded the account to Keeny in a report. Hersh did not name the visitor. The expert is identified as [[Anselm Yaron]], a senior missile engineer who headed Israel's [[Jericho missile]] program in the 1970s, on the basis of MIT project publications.[^39] A State Department telegram of February 1980 described the information as one that "appears to be quite speculative." Keeny and [[John Marcum]], executive secretary to Press, were dismissive of it.[^40] -On February 21, 1980 the [[CBS]] Evening News broadcast a report by correspondent [[Dan Raviv]] that cited an unpublished Israeli manuscript by [[Eli Teicher]] and [[Ami Dor-On]], and a former [[Knesset]] member, [[Eliyahu Speiser]], as saying the Vela event was an Israeli test "with the assistance and cooperation of South Africa." On the instructions of Defense Minister [[Ezer Weizman]], the Government Press Office revoked Raviv's press credentials. The American embassy in Tel Aviv wrote that "while not in possession of all the scientific evidence, we believe it would be the height of folly for Israel to indulge in any form of nuclear weapons testing, in particular in conjunction with South Africa."[^36] +On February 21, 1980 the [[CBS]] Evening News broadcast a report by correspondent [[Dan Raviv]] that cited an unpublished Israeli manuscript by [[Eli Teicher]] and [[Ami Dor-On]], and a former [[Knesset]] member, [[Eliyahu Speiser]], as saying the Vela event was an Israeli test "with the assistance and cooperation of South Africa." On the instructions of Defense Minister [[Ezer Weizman]], the Government Press Office revoked Raviv's press credentials. The American embassy in Tel Aviv wrote that "while not in possession of all the scientific evidence, we believe it would be the height of folly for Israel to indulge in any form of nuclear weapons testing, in particular in conjunction with South Africa."[^41] -At the close of the 1980s Smith said, "I have never been able to get rid of the thought that [the 22nd September event] was some sort of joint operation between Israel and South Africa."[^37] Stansfield Turner told [[Avner Cohen]] during the 1990s that he had never taken the Ruina panel seriously and had supported the prevailing view among CIA analysts that the flash was a nuclear test, most likely conducted by Israel.[^5] +At the close of the 1980s Smith said, "I have never been able to get rid of the thought that [the 22nd September event] was some sort of joint operation between Israel and South Africa."[^42] Stansfield Turner told [[Avner Cohen]] during the 1990s that he had never taken the Ruina panel seriously and had supported the prevailing view among CIA analysts that the flash was a nuclear test, most likely conducted by Israel.[^5] [[Christopher M. Wright]] and [[Lars-Erik De Geer]] wrote in 2017 that "a meteoroid collision appears much less likely than previously assumed" and that "The double flash is instead consistent with a nuclear explosion, albeit detected by an aged satellite for which background modulation was abnormal and/or commenced earlier, also seen in post-event SYSTEM tests."[^2] Their companion paper, published in 2018, presents radionuclide and hydroacoustic evidence.[^2] -Weiss has argued that the flash was an Israeli test with logistical help from South Africa. In a 2015 article he described an Israeli student at MIT who, according to Ruina's account to Keeny, indicated that he had personal knowledge of an Israeli operation. He also described a South African naval officer, identified only by a pseudonym, whose diary of a voyage to the test site was partly transcribed by the writer [[Stacy Hardy]]. Weiss states that Hardy has declined to reveal the diary's whereabouts or the officer's real name.[^38] +Weiss has argued that the flash was an Israeli test with logistical help from South Africa. In a 2015 article he described an Israeli student at MIT who, according to Ruina's account to Keeny, indicated that he had personal knowledge of an Israeli operation. He also described a South African naval officer, identified only by a pseudonym, whose diary of a voyage to the test site was partly transcribed by the writer [[Stacy Hardy]]. Weiss states that Hardy has declined to reveal the diary's whereabouts or the officer's real name.[^43] ### Records still closed @@ -143,18 +147,23 @@ The Naval Research Laboratory report has not been declassified, and the judgment [^21]: Locke, Allen W., "Things to Do for the Second Contingency," with attachments, September 27, 1979, Secret. Document 8 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). [^22]: Dodson, Christine, Staff Secretary, National Security Council, memorandum for the Secretary of State, "South Atlantic Nuclear Event," October 22, 1979, Secret. Document 1 in NSAEBB 190. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/01.pdf [^23]: Smith, Gerard C., memorandum to David Newsom, "South Atlantic Problem," October 23, 1979, Secret. Document 13 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). The "without question" language is in the attached discussion paper. -[^24]: Smith, Gerard C., memorandum to the Secretary, "Congressional Briefing on South Atlantic Incident," October 26, 1979, Confidential. Document 15 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). Smith names the four representatives by surname. -[^25]: Edmundson, William, U.S. Embassy Pretoria telegram 09920, "Suspected Nuclear Event: Still No Meeting with Prime Minister," October 31, 1979, Secret (Document 17). The remark is quoted by Fourie from the Atomic Energy Board chairman, as reported by the ambassador. The statement that Pik Botha publicly denied any knowledge is from the narrative of Burr and Cohen (note 5). -[^26]: Evening Reading Item for the President, "South African Statement on Reported Nuclear Event," October 27, 1979, Confidential. Document 16 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). -[^27]: Dodson, Christine, memorandum for the Secretary of State, "Discussion Paper for Mini-SCC," January 7, 1980, classification redacted. Document 4 in NSAEBB 190. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/04.pdf -[^28]: Department of State telegram 009602 to U.S. Consulate Cape Town, "US Conclusions on South Atlantic Event and US-SAG Nuclear Dialogue," January 12, 1980, Secret. Document 31 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). -[^29]: Press, Frank, letter to Henry Owen and Gerard Smith, "South Atlantic Event," January 17, 1980, Secret. Document 32 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). -[^30]: Carter, White House Diary, p. 405 (February 27, 1980 entry), as cited in Burr and Cohen (note 5), note 3. -[^31]: Department of State telegram 213320 to U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv, "Possible Israeli-Israel South African Connection," September 7, 1977, Secret. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, NLC-16-108-2-13-9 (Document 1B in Burr and Cohen, note 5). The Evron statement of August 24, 1977 is quoted from the Department of State telegram repeating Tel Aviv telegram 6330, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 304, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d304, as recorded by the American embassy. -[^32]: Brzezinski, Zbigniew, memorandum to the Secretary of State, "Possible Israeli-South African Nuclear Connection," September 13, 1977, Secret (Document 2 in Burr and Cohen, note 5). Smith, Gerard C., memorandum to Brzezinski, September 17, 1977 (Document 3). -[^33]: Burr and Cohen (note 5), narrative on Israeli-South African cooperation. The statement is the posting's account of South African sources, not a document reproduced in it. -[^34]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pp. 281-282, as cited in Burr and Cohen (note 5), note 10, and the identification of the visitor in the same note. -[^35]: Department of State telegrams 050226 (February 25, 1980) and 0502090 (February 27, 1980) to U.S. Embassy Vienna, "September 22 Event," Confidential. Documents 38A and 38B in Burr and Cohen (note 5). The "appears to be quite speculative" language is from the second telegram, sent by Allen Locke. -[^36]: Department of State telegram 046986, "CBS Story on Israeli Nuclear Weapons," February 22, 1980, Limited Official Use, and U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv telegram 03811, "Israeli Reaction to CBS Story on Israeli Nuclear Test," February 26, 1980, Confidential. Documents 37A and 37B in Burr and Cohen (note 5). The Teicher, Dor-On and Speiser claims are as reported in the CBS story and the embassy's account. -[^37]: Nordland, Rod. "The Bombs in the Basement." Newsweek, July 11, 1988, p. 42, as cited in Burr and Cohen (note 5), note 11. -[^38]: Weiss, "Flash from the Past" (note 10). +[^24]: National Security Archive, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," posted December 6, 2016, document 6 (Richard M. Moose, memorandum for the record, "Current Nuke Event Actions," September 25, 1979, Secret; dated 1969 on its face). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979 +[^25]: Same posting, document 19 (U.S. Embassy Moscow telegram 24665 to the Department of State, "Reported Nuclear Explosion Off South Africa," October 26, 1979, Confidential). +[^26]: Same posting, document 22 (Dick Combs, S/MS, to Allen Locke, William G. Bowdler and Leslie H. Brown, "Attached cable to Amb. Watson," October 31, 1979, Confidential). +[^27]: Same posting, document 27 ("Nite Note," Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, November 19, 1979, Secret). +[^28]: Same posting, document 30 (Allen W. Locke to Thomas Pickering et al., "Secretary's Views on South African Nuclear Situation," January 9, 1980, Secret). +[^29]: Smith, Gerard C., memorandum to the Secretary, "Congressional Briefing on South Atlantic Incident," October 26, 1979, Confidential. Document 15 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). Smith names the four representatives by surname. +[^30]: Edmundson, William, U.S. Embassy Pretoria telegram 09920, "Suspected Nuclear Event: Still No Meeting with Prime Minister," October 31, 1979, Secret (Document 17). The remark is quoted by Fourie from the Atomic Energy Board chairman, as reported by the ambassador. The statement that Pik Botha publicly denied any knowledge is from the narrative of Burr and Cohen (note 5). +[^31]: Evening Reading Item for the President, "South African Statement on Reported Nuclear Event," October 27, 1979, Confidential. Document 16 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). +[^32]: Dodson, Christine, memorandum for the Secretary of State, "Discussion Paper for Mini-SCC," January 7, 1980, classification redacted. Document 4 in NSAEBB 190. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/04.pdf +[^33]: Department of State telegram 009602 to U.S. Consulate Cape Town, "US Conclusions on South Atlantic Event and US-SAG Nuclear Dialogue," January 12, 1980, Secret. Document 31 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). +[^34]: Press, Frank, letter to Henry Owen and Gerard Smith, "South Atlantic Event," January 17, 1980, Secret. Document 32 in Burr and Cohen (note 5). +[^35]: Carter, White House Diary, p. 405 (February 27, 1980 entry), as cited in Burr and Cohen (note 5), note 3. +[^36]: Department of State telegram 213320 to U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv, "Possible Israeli-Israel South African Connection," September 7, 1977, Secret. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, NLC-16-108-2-13-9 (Document 1B in Burr and Cohen, note 5). The Evron statement of August 24, 1977 is quoted from the Department of State telegram repeating Tel Aviv telegram 6330, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 304, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d304, as recorded by the American embassy. +[^37]: Brzezinski, Zbigniew, memorandum to the Secretary of State, "Possible Israeli-South African Nuclear Connection," September 13, 1977, Secret (Document 2 in Burr and Cohen, note 5). Smith, Gerard C., memorandum to Brzezinski, September 17, 1977 (Document 3). +[^38]: Burr and Cohen (note 5), narrative on Israeli-South African cooperation. The statement is the posting's account of South African sources, not a document reproduced in it. +[^39]: Hersh, The Samson Option, pp. 281-282, as cited in Burr and Cohen (note 5), note 10, and the identification of the visitor in the same note. +[^40]: Department of State telegrams 050226 (February 25, 1980) and 0502090 (February 27, 1980) to U.S. Embassy Vienna, "September 22 Event," Confidential. Documents 38A and 38B in Burr and Cohen (note 5). The "appears to be quite speculative" language is from the second telegram, sent by Allen Locke. +[^41]: Department of State telegram 046986, "CBS Story on Israeli Nuclear Weapons," February 22, 1980, Limited Official Use, and U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv telegram 03811, "Israeli Reaction to CBS Story on Israeli Nuclear Test," February 26, 1980, Confidential. Documents 37A and 37B in Burr and Cohen (note 5). The Teicher, Dor-On and Speiser claims are as reported in the CBS story and the embassy's account. +[^42]: Nordland, Rod. "The Bombs in the Basement." Newsweek, July 11, 1988, p. 42, as cited in Burr and Cohen (note 5), note 11. +[^43]: Weiss, "Flash from the Past" (note 10). diff --git a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Psychoenergetics.md b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Psychoenergetics.md index a19121be..4abaf516 100644 --- a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Psychoenergetics.md +++ b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Psychoenergetics.md @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The DIA Psychoenergetics program provided organizational continuity for U.S. rem [^4]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Technical Intelligence Report DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4, "The Soviet Psychoenergetics Research Program (U)," March 22, 1982 (information cutoff January 15, 1982), foreword, sections I-III, appendices I-II, declassified in part 2011, NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020003-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-nsa-rdp96x00790r000100020003-3 [^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research (U)," DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, prepared by U.S. Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency, Part I, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2 [^6]: Lev Kolodny, "Biofield Researchers' Equipment, Support from Country's Leaders Noted," *Moskovskaya Pravda*, October 10, 1990, no. 232, p. 3, as abstracted in the Daily SNAP (item SNAP 901023), CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9 -[^7]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory. +[^7]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory. [^8]: Serge Kernbach, "Unconventional research in USSR and Russia: short overview," arXiv:1312.1148 (2013), a secondary survey of Russian open sources. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.1148 [^9]: Henry E. Shinol, Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Studies and Analyses, Headquarters USAF, to the Defense Intelligence Agency, "Soviet Parapsychology Research Briefing," June 12, 1987, and cover note of July 14, 1987, with paper briefing slides "Soviet Activities in Psychoenergetics," CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320001-8 to -004-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00789R002600320004-5 [^10]: American Institutes for Research, *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications*, September 29, 1995 (declassified). diff --git a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Telepathy.md b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Telepathy.md index 6c205992..fdb08f87 100644 --- a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Telepathy.md +++ b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/PSI_PHENOMENA/Telepathy.md @@ -92,28 +92,28 @@ A July 1978 [[U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command]] session report on th [^2]: Sinclair, Upton. *Mental Radio*. Revised second printing, introduction by William McDougall, preface by Albert Einstein dated May 23, 1930, report by Walter Franklin Prince. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas (copyright 1930 and 1962). https://archive.org/details/mentalradio017719mbp [^3]: Gregory, Anita. Introduction (1976), p. xxx, in Vasiliev, L. L., *Experiments in Mental Suggestion*. Charlottesville, Virginia: Hampton Roads, 2002 (originally copyrighted 1963 by the Institute for the Study of Mental Images). Gregory states that Rhine said "authoritative sources in Washington denied all knowledge of such 'experiments'." https://archive.org/details/experimentsinmen0000vasi [^4]: LaMothe, John D. "Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR." Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, ST-CS-01-169-72, DIA Task T72-01-14, July 1972. Reference 77. https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300020001-6 -[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. New York: Dell, 1997. Pages 90-93 (Nautilus, Bergier, Messadié, Naumov, Vasiliev, Kogan, Ryzl and Stepanek). Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. New York: Dell, 1997. Pages 90-93 (Nautilus, Bergier, Messadié, Naumov, Vasiliev, Kogan, Ryzl and Stepanek). [^6]: Ostrander, Sheila, and Lynn Schroeder. *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970. Pages 6-7. https://archive.org/details/psychicdiscover00ostr [^7]: LaMothe, John D. "Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR." Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, ST-CS-01-169-72, DIA Task T72-01-14, July 1972. Section II, paragraphs 1 to 9. https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000600360001-2 [^8]: Maire, Louis F., III, and John D. LaMothe. "Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research." DST-1810S-387-75, Defense Intelligence Agency, September 1975. https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2 -[^9]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, p. 93. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^9]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, p. 93. [^10]: Gregory, Introduction, p. xxx (Vasiliev's positions and honors), in Vasiliev, *Experiments in Mental Suggestion*. [^11]: Ullman, Montague, and Stanley Krippner, with Alan Vaughan. *Dream Telepathy*. New York: Macmillan, 1973. Page 10 (Vasiliev). https://archive.org/details/dreamtelepathy0000ullm [^12]: Vasiliev, L. L. *Experiments in Mental Suggestion*. Hampshire, England: Institute for the Study of Mental Images, 1963; Charlottesville, Virginia: Hampton Roads, 2002. https://archive.org/details/experimentsinmen0000vasi [^13]: Tarasenko, F. P. "In Regard to I. M. Kogan's Article, 'Is Telepathy Possible?'" *Radiotekhnika* 22, no. 3 (1967): 111. Foreign Technology Division translation FTD-ID(RS)T-1437-77, August 19, 1977. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA051478 [^14]: Targ, Russell, and Harold E. Puthoff. "Information Transmission Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding." *Nature* 251 (October 18, 1974): 602-607. https://www.nature.com/articles/251602a0 Reprint at https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100220001-8 -[^15]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, pp. 154-155. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^15]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, pp. 154-155. [^16]: "Investigating the paranormal." Leading article, *Nature* 251 (October 18, 1974). Reprint at https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200090024-7 [^17]: Utts, Jessica. "Replication and Meta-Analysis in Parapsychology." *Statistical Science* 6, no. 4 (1991): 363-403. https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100010001-6 [^18]: Hyman, Ray, and Charles Honorton. "A Joint Communiqué: The Psi Ganzfeld Controversy." *Journal of Parapsychology* 50 (1986): 351-364, abstract at p. 351, as quoted in Bem, Daryl J., and Charles Honorton, "Does Psi Exist? Replicable Evidence for an Anomalous Process of Information Transfer," *Psychological Bulletin* 115, no. 1 (1994): 4-18 (also quoted in Utts 1991; Bem and Honorton also summarize Hyman's 1985 critique and Honorton's 1985 rejoinder). https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003200110001-4 [^19]: Hyman and Honorton 1986, p. 352, as quoted in Bem and Honorton 1994 (CIA-RDP96-00789R003200110001-4). [^20]: Hyman, Ray. "Anomaly or Artifact? Comments on Bem and Honorton." *Psychological Bulletin* 115, no. 1 (1994): 19-24. https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003200100001-5 -[^21]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, pp. 42-45. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^22]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, p. 46. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^21]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, pp. 42-45. +[^22]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, p. 46. [^23]: Central Intelligence Agency memorandum SG1I, "US Use of 'Psychic Spies' Reported," August 28, 1995, forwarding newswire item NWS-95-01267263 (FBIS wire, August 27, 1995). https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000100030073-5 -[^24]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, pp. 57-59. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^25]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, p. 68. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^24]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, pp. 57-59. +[^25]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, p. 68. [^26]: Grill Flame remote viewing session report, July 1978, U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command. https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r000200300001-7 -[^27]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^27]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. [^28]: Anfilov, Gleb. "Is Telepathy Possible?" *The Soviet Review*, vol. 2, no. 6 (June 1961), pp. 3-7, translated from Znanie-Sila, 1960, no. 12. https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-social-science-review_1961-06_2_6 [^29]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. diff --git a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act.md b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act.md index 65ec946e..cf202012 100644 --- a/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act.md +++ b/50 - CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGY/Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act.md @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ On July 22, 2026 Burlison announced that the House had adopted his UAP Disclosur [^27]: House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, joint hearing, November 13, 2024, transcript pp. 44 to 45 (questions of Rep. Mace). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg57440/html/CHRG-118hhrg57440.htm [^28]: U.S. Senate, Lobbying Disclosure Act database, API queries of October 1 and 2, 2026: filings of Declassify UAP LLC (registration effective July 26, 2023, posted July 27, 2023; Q3 2023 report, https://lda.gov/filings/public/filing/5f5d6f92-35dc-4e6d-b766-e524e41a3a20/print/); A10 Associates, LLC for client MUFON (Q2 2023 report, https://lda.gov/filings/public/filing/046a4e46-a0ba-44df-bc1e-5359eb8fe09f/print/; Q4 2023 report, https://lda.gov/filings/public/filing/3d566ab6-738c-4c06-8679-07004d019153/print/); Solve Advocacy LLC for client Advena Research (Q4 2024 report, https://lda.gov/filings/public/filing/ccbc6184-d2ea-4545-8987-dab7658eb6b1/print/); Velos for client ExoAnalytic Solutions, Inc. (Q4 2024 report, https://lda.gov/filings/public/filing/6c3a599a-2de9-4209-b452-29fb4c9d24b7/print/). Query form: https://lda.senate.gov/api/v1/filings/?filing_specific_lobbying_issues=UAP [^29]: Federal Election Commission, OpenFEC API, schedule A receipts (non-individual contributors) for committee C00373001 (Citizens for Turner; candidate H2OH03067) and committee C00367862 (Mike Rogers for Congress; candidate H2AL03032), two-year transaction period 2024 (re-queried October 2, 2026), and periods 2020 and 2022, contributor names containing Lockheed, Boeing, Northrop, Raytheon, RTX, General Dynamics, L3Harris, BAE, Battelle, Leidos, Science Applications and Huntington Ingalls. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/ -[^30]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023, Internet Archive capture of December 5, 2023. Sole source for the Sheehan statements so cited. https://web.archive.org/web/20231205070141/https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down +[^30]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023, Internet Archive capture of December 5, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231205070141/https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down [^31]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule B disbursements of committees C00372979 (Radiance Technologies, Inc. Political Action Committee), C00744425 (PeopleTec, Inc. Political Action Committee), C00400424 (Torch Technologies, Inc. Political Action Committee) and C00830901 (Ignite Fueling Innovation, Inc. Federal Political Action Committee); Schedule A rows for committees C00610055 (Mike Rogers Victory) and C00373001 (Citizens for Turner); recipient committees C00367862 (Mike Rogers for Congress), C00373001, C00611962 (Turner Victory Fund) and C00443218 and C00364380 (Wicker for Senate); report type YE 2023 for the rows dated July to November 2023; fetched October 4, 2026. Images: https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?202401309600664856 ; https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?202401299600583863 ; https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?202401299600583865 ; https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?202401299600583866 ; https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg/?202310139597528654 . The FEC record carries a second William C. Bailey with an engineering occupation; the October 10, 2023 row is attributed by the occupation CEO. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_b/ [^32]: Senate Lobbying Disclosure Act database, quarterly reports for 2023 of Maynor & Stiers, LLC, Adams and Reese, LLP and Skipper Group for client Radiance Technologies, fetched October 4, 2026. https://lda.gov/api/v1/filings/?client_name=Radiance [^33]: Congressional Record, Senate, July 11, 2024, pp. S4943 to S4950, SA 2610 (Mr. Rounds for himself and Mr. Schumer) to S. 4638, Division I, "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act of 2024," Sections 1114 and 1115. https://www.congress.gov/118/crec/2024/07/11/170/115/CREC-2024-07-11-pt1-PgS4943.pdf and https://www.congress.gov/118/crec/2024/07/11/170/115/CREC-2024-07-11-pt1-PgS4950.pdf diff --git a/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Mena, Arkansas.md b/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Mena, Arkansas.md index 0bd2a111..5c6c4256 100644 --- a/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Mena, Arkansas.md +++ b/60 - PLACES/CITIES/Mena, Arkansas.md @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ On February 26, 1996 Inspector General [[Fred Hitz|Frederick P. Hitz]] opened ca Reed, a former Air Force intelligence officer, is reported by *The American Spectator*'s [[R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr.]] to have said that he trained Contra pilots under Seal's supervision at Nella; Tyrrell also reported that the trooper [[Larry Patterson]] said in a March 1995 deposition that he overheard talk of "large quantities of drugs being flown into Mena airport, large quantities of guns." L. D. Brown, a former member of Clinton's security detail, told Tyrrell he flew with Seal on October 23, 1984 from Mena to [[Tegucigalpa]] on a C-123K from which pallets of M-16 rifles were dropped, was recruited by CIA representatives [[Ken Cargile]] and Dan Magruder, and received $2,500; Tyrrell wrote that Brown's exact relationship with the agency may never be known.[^17] The CIA's 1996 review of a documentary featuring Brown and Welch said the credibility of Reed's book was "questioned somewhat."[^18] The CIA's 1995 briefing outline said Brown applied for CIA employment in 1988 and was rejected in November 1988, while the reported Inspector General summary said he was a candidate in 1984 and the agency decided in December of that year not to hire him.[^15][^11] -In *Dark Alliance* [[Gary Webb]] wrote, drawing on the historian [[Roger Morris]], that Seal's records "showed him to be a contract" CIA operative before and during Mena, and that coded records reportedly showed him on the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] payroll from 1982; the CIA's 1995 records search found no record of contact with Seal, and the reported 1996 Inspector General summary described "limited contact" in 1984. Webb wrote that Reed, author of *Compromised: Clinton, Bush and the CIA*, said he was asked to help set up secret weapons-parts facilities in Arkansas and Mexico, one of them [[Park On Meter]] in [[Russellville]]. Webb also wrote that a former Arkansas State Police intelligence unit staff member testified to "a shredding party" in which nearly a thousand Mena documents, including ones referring to [[Oliver North]] and Reed, were purged, that the mechanic [[John Bender]] swore he saw Clinton at Mena three times in 1985, and that L. D. Brown said Clinton told him "That's Lasater's deal," referring to [[Danny Ray Lasater]]; Webb is the sole source for these passages as carried here.[^19] The *[[Washington Post]]*, according to Webb, confirmed the parking-meter company "did make some gun parts for [[Iver Johnson]]."[^19] Leveritt reported that in the fall of 1986 the FBI, investigating Lasater, learned from his pilot that on February 8, 1984 he flew Lasater and [[Patsy Thomasson]] to [[Belize]] to look at a horse farm for sale by [[Roy Carver]], weeks after the Belize ranch operation that [[Billy Earle Jr.]] told Welch Seal had planned.[^1] +In *Dark Alliance* [[Gary Webb]] wrote, drawing on the historian [[Roger Morris]], that Seal's records "showed him to be a contract" CIA operative before and during Mena, and that coded records reportedly showed him on the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] payroll from 1982; the CIA's 1995 records search found no record of contact with Seal, and the reported 1996 Inspector General summary described "limited contact" in 1984. Webb wrote that Reed, author of *Compromised: Clinton, Bush and the CIA*, said he was asked to help set up secret weapons-parts facilities in Arkansas and Mexico, one of them [[Park On Meter]] in [[Russellville]]. Webb also wrote that a former Arkansas State Police intelligence unit staff member testified to "a shredding party" in which nearly a thousand Mena documents, including ones referring to [[Oliver North]] and Reed, were purged, that the mechanic [[John Bender]] swore he saw Clinton at Mena three times in 1985, and that L. D. Brown said Clinton told him "That's Lasater's deal," referring to [[Danny Ray Lasater]].[^19] The *[[Washington Post]]*, according to Webb, confirmed the parking-meter company "did make some gun parts for [[Iver Johnson]]."[^19] Leveritt reported that in the fall of 1986 the FBI, investigating Lasater, learned from his pilot that on February 8, 1984 he flew Lasater and [[Patsy Thomasson]] to [[Belize]] to look at a horse farm for sale by [[Roy Carver]], weeks after the Belize ranch operation that [[Billy Earle Jr.]] told Welch Seal had planned.[^1] ### Footnotes [^1]: Mara Leveritt, "Who's afraid of Barry Seal?" *Arkansas Times*, September 28, 2017. https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2017/09/28/whos-afraid-of-barry-seal @@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ In *Dark Alliance* [[Gary Webb]] wrote, drawing on the historian [[Roger Morris] [^14]: CIA Office of Inspector General, Employee Bulletin IG EB No. 0007-96, "Inspector General Inquiry Regarding Mena, Arkansas," May 15, 1996 (CIA Reading Room 0001289765). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289765 [^15]: Kathy Kiely, "CIA admits training at Mena," *Arkansas Democrat-Gazette*, November 9, 1996. https://archivesspace.wilkes.edu/files/normanmailer/65.9_HG2_HarlotsGhostSequelResearch_ArkansasDemocraticGazetteArticles_1996November9.pdf [^16]: Letter, CIA Inspector General to Rep. James A. Leach, 1998 (CIA Reading Room 0001289865). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289865 -[^17]: R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., "The Arkansas Drug Shuttle," *The American Spectator*, August 1995 (copy attached to the CIA note of July 19, 1995, CIA Reading Room 0001289860). Sole source for Brown's account as carried here. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289860 +[^17]: R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., "The Arkansas Drug Shuttle," *The American Spectator*, August 1995 (copy attached to the CIA note of July 19, 1995, CIA Reading Room 0001289860). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289860 [^18]: CIA memorandum for the record, "Video Tape Review: National Empowerment Network, American Investigator, 'Mena, Arkansas Under Investigation,'" February 22, 1996 (CIA Reading Room 0001289764). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289764 -[^19]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 6. Sole source for the Morris, Bender, shredding-party, Park-On-Meter and Brown-Lasater passages as carried here. +[^19]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 6. diff --git a/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Iran.md b/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Iran.md index 6636326d..61ebb628 100644 --- a/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Iran.md +++ b/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Iran.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The [[Hashemi Sting]] of 1985 and 1986, a [[U.S. Customs]] and [[Federal Bureau [^4]: "Yaakov Nimrodi," obituaries, July 2016, as cited on the linked page. [^5]: Powers, Thomas. *The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA.* Knopf, 1979. [^6]: Trento, Joseph J. *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network.* Carroll and Graf, 2005. -[^7]: Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War*. Sole source for the December 1978 plan, the Joint Committee and the Jalali meeting. +[^7]: Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War*. [^8]: Sick, Gary. *October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan.* Times Books, 1991. [^9]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. [^10]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters.* 1993; Walsh, Lawrence E. *Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up.* Norton, 1997; Secord, Richard, with Jay Wurts. *Honored and Betrayed.* Wiley, 1992. diff --git a/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Israel.md b/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Israel.md index 83618228..0d0aec52 100644 --- a/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Israel.md +++ b/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Israel.md @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Unit 8200 is the recruiting ground of the Israeli private surveillance industry; ### Footnotes [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991: chapters 2, 3 and 5 (Bergmann, Suez, Dimona), 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16 and 18 (U-2 imagery, Kennedy, Barbour, Duckett, Shapiro, the Liberty), 17 (the Yom Kippur War), 1 (Osirak and the KH-11 review), 21 and 22 (Pollard, Eitan, Sella, Garment), and pp. 313-314 (Vanunu). -[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992. Sole source for the Joint Committee, Eagle, Paraguay and SIMWA passages. +[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992. [^3]: Cohen, Yoel. *The Whistleblower of Dimona: Israel, Vanunu, and the Bomb.* Holmes and Meier, 2003. [^4]: Mangold, Tom. *Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton, the CIA's Master Spy Hunter.* Simon and Schuster, 1991, as cited on the Angleton page, whose KK MOUNTAIN passages carry no specific page citation. [^5]: Powers, Thomas. *The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA.* Knopf, 1979. diff --git a/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/United States.md b/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/United States.md index 87e88ee8..7b9429da 100644 --- a/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/United States.md +++ b/60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/United States.md @@ -95,12 +95,12 @@ Walsh wrote that the CIA came to regard Pastora as a security and public relatio ### Footnotes [^1]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume I, "The California Story," January 29, 1998, "Introduction" (quoting the first article of the series, August 18, 1996). https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/intro.html -[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue. Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue. +[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends." [^4]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions*, December 17, 1997, Chapter XII, "Conclusions." https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch12.htm [^5]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II, Castillo section, numbered paragraphs 1029 to 1031, 1047 and 1063, drawing on Celerino Castillo, *Powderburns: Cocaine, Contras & the Drug War* (1994). https://archive.org/details/nps56-111612-04 -[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 10, "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." Sole source for the passages so cited. -[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 9, "He would have had me by the tail." Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 10, "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." +[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 9, "He would have had me by the tail." [^8]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume I, "The California Story," January 29, 1998, "Summary" and "Findings." https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/summary.html and https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html and https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html [^9]: CIA Inspector General, Volume I, "Findings," section "Did CIA have any relationship or dealings with Ross, Blandon or Meneses?" (CIA cables of October 30 and 31, December 11 and 17, 1986, and the Meneses cables of 1983 to 1995). https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html [^10]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II, "Introduction," paragraphs 1, 3 and 5, and CIA press release of October 8, 1998. https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/www.cia.gov/www.cia.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/intro.html and https://irp.fas.org/cia/news/pr100898.html diff --git a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Skinwalker Ranch.md b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Skinwalker Ranch.md index f7ec07ed..55c6267c 100644 --- a/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Skinwalker Ranch.md +++ b/60 - PLACES/LANDMARKS/Skinwalker Ranch.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags: - Paranormal category: "Landmark" summary: "Skinwalker Ranch is a 480-acre property in Utah known for a long history of paranormal and Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena-related events." -updated: 2026-10-02 +updated: 2026-10-09 --- [[Skinwalker Ranch]] is a 480-acre property in [[Utah]] known for a long history of paranormal and [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena|UAP]]-related events. The ranch was a subject of investigation for the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AAWSAP), the precursor to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP).[^1] @@ -31,7 +31,13 @@ One of the most dangerous phenomena reported at the ranch are the blue orbs. In The investigation of Skinwalker Ranch was a controversial aspect of the AATIP program. While program leader [[James Lacatski]] believed that the paranormal events at the ranch were inextricably linked to the UAP mystery, the focus on such phenomena drew criticism from within the [[Pentagon]] and contributed to the internal opposition that ultimately led to the program losing its official support.[^1] +### Hunt for the Skinwalker + +The 2018 documentary [[Hunt for the Skinwalker]], written and directed by [[Jeremy Corbell]], is listed on [[IMDb]] with a publication date of September 11, 2018. Its promotional description says that "An exhaustive, multidisciplinary scientific study began in 1996, spearheaded by an enigmatic Las Vegas billionaire," and the cast list includes [[George Knapp]], [[Colm Kelleher]] and Robert Bigelow.[^3] The [[United States Copyright Office]] catalog lists the book Hunt for the Skinwalker (TX0006340176, registered April 27, 2006, first published November 15, 2005) with Kelleher and Knapp as claimants.[^4] + ### Footnotes [^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024. [^2]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/. +[^3]: IMDb title page for Hunt for the Skinwalker (tt8399718), Internet Archive snapshot of 2019 (director and writer credits, publication date 2018-09-11, promotional description, cast list). https://web.archive.org/web/2019/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8399718/ +[^4]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, registration TX0006340176. https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/ diff --git a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md index 615d3614..15a68952 100644 --- a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md +++ b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Dimona.md @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Hersh wrote that [[Binyamin Blumberg]], a former military intelligence officer c Hersh wrote that "sometime early in 1968, Dimona finally was ordered into full-scale production and began turning out four or five warheads a year," and, in another chapter, that by 1973 "according to former Israeli government officials, the Israeli nuclear arsenal totaled at least twenty warheads"; his chapter on the Tunnel states a figure of more than twenty-five by the Yom Kippur War.[^41] He wrote that "well-placed Israeli sources" said that technicians conducted "at least one successful low-yield nuclear test sometime in the mid-1960s at an underground cavern" in the Negev.[^42] -On September 22, 1979 the Vela 6911 satellite recorded a double flash over the South Indian Ocean; the technicians of the [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] at [[Patrick Air Force Base]] had seen 41 earlier double flashes, each confirmed as a nuclear explosion.[^43] Hersh wrote that "former Israeli government officials, whose information on other aspects of Dimona's activities has been corroborated," said the event was a low-yield Israeli artillery shell tested with the South African Navy observing and was the third such test over the ocean; he wrote that the presidential science adviser [[Frank Press]] wanted the review panel to buy time and that an aide recalled Press "did not want that panel to conclude there had been a nuclear explosion."[^44] The panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], which included [[Richard Garwin]], [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Wolfgang Panofsky]], concluded in May 1980 that the signal was more likely a meteoroid striking the satellite and sunlight reflecting off the ejected particles, while reports from [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[SRI International]], [[Sandia National Laboratories]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Aerospace Corporation]] published in 2006 included several that held a nuclear test most probable.[^43] See [[VELA Satellite]] and [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]]. +On September 22, 1979 the Vela 6911 satellite recorded a double flash over a region that included the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans; the technicians of the [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] at [[Patrick Air Force Base]] had seen 41 earlier double flashes, each confirmed as a nuclear explosion.[^43] Hersh wrote that "former Israeli government officials, whose information on other aspects of Dimona's activities has been corroborated," said the event was a low-yield Israeli artillery shell tested with the South African Navy observing and was the third such test over the ocean; he wrote that the presidential science adviser [[Frank Press]] wanted the review panel to buy time and that an aide recalled Press "did not want that panel to conclude there had been a nuclear explosion."[^44] The panel chaired by [[Jack Ruina]], which included [[Richard Garwin]], [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Wolfgang Panofsky]], concluded in May 1980 that the signal was more likely a meteoroid striking the satellite and sunlight reflecting off the ejected particles, while reports from [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[SRI International]], [[Sandia National Laboratories]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Aerospace Corporation]] published in 2006 included several that held a nuclear test most probable.[^43] See [[VELA Satellite]] and [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]]. ### Doctrine and deterrence diff --git a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Ilopango Airbase.md b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Ilopango Airbase.md index 3d680532..b933e712 100644 --- a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Ilopango Airbase.md +++ b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Ilopango Airbase.md @@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ Five 500-pound bombs were taken from a battalion at the San Salvador airport on ### Footnotes [^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends" -[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. +[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. [^3]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), Marcos Antonio Aguado section of the Southern Front chapter, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html [^4]: "Salvador airport said to be transfer point for arms to contras," *Christian Science Monitor*, October 10, 1986, https://proof.csmonitor.com/1986/1010/omerc.html [^5]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), pp. 37, 50 to 52, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^6]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), Marcos Antonio Aguado section and the pilots chapter (March 23, 1988 cable on Reyner Veliz Cruz), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html and https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/pilots.html [^7]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter X, sections D and E, https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch10p3.htm -[^8]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. Sole source for the 1992 bomb-case details; the Cali cartel buyers are Semana's report of the arrested men's confessions and of an unnamed Salvadoran government source. +[^8]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. The Cali cartel buyers are Semana's report of the arrested men's confessions and of an unnamed Salvadoran government source. diff --git a/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Redstone Arsenal.md b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Redstone Arsenal.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5a951245 --- /dev/null +++ b/60 - PLACES/MILITARY_INSTALLATIONS/Redstone Arsenal.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +--- +aliases: + - Redstone + - Redstone Arsenal, Alabama + - Huntsville Arsenal + - Redstone Ordnance Plant +category: "Military Installation" +tags: + - Place + - USArmy + - HuntsvilleAlabama + - VonBraun + - OperationPaperclip + - ArmyBallisticMissileAgency + - MarshallSpaceFlightCenter + - MissileIntelligenceAgency + - MissileAndSpaceIntelligenceCenter + - GrillFlame + - ForeignMaterielExploitation + - MissileDefense +summary: "Army installation at Huntsville, Alabama, built in 1941 as a chemical munitions plant, which became the Army's rocket and missile center after the von Braun team arrived in 1950." +start: 1941-07-28 +location: "Huntsville, Alabama" +relations: + - type: owned + with: "[[U.S. Army]]" + reverse: true + start: 1941-07-28 + fn: 1 + - type: participant_in + with: "[[Grill Flame]]" + start: 1977-08 + role: "Missile Intelligence Agency sponsor of the Stanford Research Institute psychokinesis task at Redstone Arsenal, August 1977 to August 1978; MICOM Remote Perturbation protocol" + fn: 25 +created: 2026-10-09 +updated: 2026-10-09 +--- + +Redstone Arsenal is a [[U.S. Army]] installation in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], in Madison County. The Army took possession of the site in July 1941 for a chemical munitions plant named [[Huntsville Arsenal]], which was built for the [[Chemical Warfare Service]]. The adjoining [[Ordnance Corps]] assembly plant, the [[Redstone Ordnance Plant]], was redesignated Redstone Arsenal on February 26, 1943.[^1][^2] After [[Wernher von Braun]] and his team arrived from [[Fort Bliss]] in 1950 the post became the Army's rocket and missile center. The [[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]] of [[NASA]] has occupied part of the site since 1960. The post also housed the [[U.S. Army Missile Command]] (MICOM), the [[Missile Intelligence Agency]] and its successor, the [[Missile and Space Intelligence Center]] (MSIC), which has been a component of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] since 1992.[^3] + +### Huntsville Arsenal and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, 1941 to 1949 + +Congress approved funds in April 1941 for a chemical manufacturing and storage facility to supplement the Chemical Warfare Service's only chemical plant at [[Edgewood Arsenal]], Maryland. The site on the southwestern edge of Huntsville was announced on July 3, 1941. The Army took possession of the first tract of 160 acres on July 28, 1941, and the first commanding officer, COL Rollo C. Ditto, arrived on August 4 and broke ground.[^1] On July 8, 1941 the War Department announced a $6 million Ordnance Corps assembly plant to operate beside the chemical arsenal.[^1] + +During the Second World War the arsenal made smoke, incendiary and gel-type chemical munitions. The Army chronology credits it with more than 27 million items of chemical munitions, valued at more than $134.5 million.[^4] The ordnance plant was placed on standby on February 24, 1947, and on September 30, 1947 Huntsville Arsenal received verbal notification that it was being declared excess.[^5] In October 1948 the Chief of Ordnance designated Redstone Arsenal as the center for Ordnance rocket research and development.[^6] The arsenal was officially reactivated as the site of the Ordnance Rocket Center on June 1, 1949, and Huntsville Arsenal ceased to exist as a separate installation at 2400 hours on June 30, 1949.[^7] Under General Orders No. 19, dated April 1, 1950, the Department of the Army discontinued Huntsville Arsenal and consolidated its land and facilities with Redstone Arsenal. On July 1, 1950 the former Huntsville Arsenal became the Chemical Division of Redstone Arsenal.[^8] + +### The Fort Bliss group and the missile era, 1950 to 1955 + +On October 28, 1949 the Secretary of the Army approved the transfer of the Ordnance Research and Development Division Sub-Office (Rocket) from Fort Bliss, Texas, to Redstone Arsenal. Among those transferred were Wernher von Braun and his team of German scientists and technicians, who the Army chronology says had come to the United States under Operation Paperclip during 1945 and 1946.[^7][^9] The Army chronology says the arrival of the Fort Bliss group began on April 15, 1950, that a staff of Army officers and about 120 German scientists arrived from Fort Bliss in April 1950, and that with the arrival the post officially entered the missile era.[^8] The sub-office was redesignated the Ordnance Guided Missile Center on the same date. Some members of the team were housed in apartments in the northeast section of the arsenal.[^8] The Encyclopedia of Alabama describes the transfer as coming from the White Sands Proving Grounds in New Mexico and dates the [[Operation Paperclip]] move to 1950.[^10] NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center history office states that near the end of 1945 more than 100 Germans who had agreed to come under Project Paperclip arrived at Fort Bliss, and a NASA biography of von Braun says he and an initial group of about 125 were installed at Fort Bliss before the move to Alabama.[^11] + +The team's first missile work was the [[Redstone missile|Redstone]] missile. On January 16, 1953 the Guided Missiles Development Branch was redesignated the Guided Missile Development Division, with von Braun as its chief. The first Redstone research and development missile was flight tested on August 20, 1953.[^12] + +### The Army Ballistic Missile Agency, Jupiter and Explorer 1, 1956 to 1960 + +The [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] (ABMA) was established at Redstone Arsenal on February 1, 1956 as a Class II activity under the Chief of Ordnance, with the military mission of fielding the Army's first intermediate range ballistic missile.[^13] On February 9, 1956 the 283d Ordnance Detachment (Technical Intelligence) was assigned to Redstone Arsenal and attached to the Ordnance Missile Laboratory for operational control.[^14] On October 19, 1957 the Secretary of Defense directed the ABMA commander to prepare for [[Jupiter]] initial operational capability production. On November 22, 1957 the Office of the Secretary of Defense instructed the Army to launch two Jupiter C satellites carrying the cosmic radiation package prepared by [[James Van Allen]].[^15] + +On January 31, 1958 a Jupiter C missile (RS-29) placed [[Explorer 1]] into orbit, launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 10:48 p.m. Eastern Standard Time according to NASA.[^15][^16] The Army chronology notes that the Navy did not launch a Vanguard satellite until March 17, 1958.[^15] Another Jupiter C launch placed Explorer III in orbit on March 26, 1958, and Explorer IV followed on July 26, 1958.[^15] President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] approved the transfer of the Army agency's scientists and engineers to the newly created NASA on October 21, 1958.[^13] On July 1, 1960 AOMC and ABMA lost all of their space missions, about 4,000 civilian employees and $100 million in buildings and equipment at Redstone and Cape Canaveral. The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center opened at Redstone Arsenal on the same date, and Eisenhower dedicated it on September 8, 1960.[^17] The encyclopedia states that by the time of the Marshall transfer von Braun and 102 other German-born scientists had become U.S. citizens.[^10] + +### The Missile Command and the Missile Intelligence Agency, 1960 to 1985 + +An Assistant Chief of Staff for Missile Intelligence joined Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) headquarters at Redstone on April 1, 1960, by the Army chronology's date; a July 1985 Missile Intelligence Agency recruiting brochure gives March 31, 1960 for the redesignation of the Technical Intelligence Division, then about 50 people.[^17][^18] The brochure traces the agency to the Army Ballistic Missile Agency of February 1956, whose commander, MG [[John B. Medaris]], established an Army Special Security Office in June 1956 and a six-person Technical Intelligence Division of engineers and intelligence analysts. It records the redesignation of the activity (about 75 people) as the Directorate of Missile Intelligence on August 1, 1962, its designation as one of six major production elements of the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1967, and its redesignation by the Army Materiel Command as the Missile Intelligence Agency, a special activity at the Missile Command, on June 17, 1970.[^18] On June 29, 1960 the Operations Division, Missile Intelligence, contracted with [[Aerojet General Corporation]] for a technical evaluation of the Soviet 150mm surface-to-surface missile known in the West as the SCUD. The study was completed on May 18, 1961.[^17] The Missile Intelligence Office revised that study in the first half of 1962 and submitted it to the Ordnance Technical Intelligence Agency and the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.[^19] + +The U.S. Army Missile Command was established at Redstone on May 23, 1962 and activated on August 1, 1962, when AOMC ceased to exist.[^13] In the October 1962 Cuban missile crisis, representatives of MICOM's Missile Intelligence Agency provided the missile expertise needed to identify the type, completeness and threat of the missile bases under construction.[^20] On April 30, 1985 the Army Chief of Staff directed the [[Army Intelligence Agency]] to assume command of the Missile Intelligence Agency, which had operated as a separate activity under the MICOM commander. On August 1, 1985, by order of the Secretary of the Army, the Missile Intelligence Agency was redesignated the U.S. Army Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC).[^21] A June 1993 message on a Scientific and Technical Intelligence Committee meeting lists "DIRMSIC REDSTONE ARS AL" among its addressees.[^22] A Defense Intelligence Agency briefing dated December 2025 gives the center's lineage as the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (Army research and development) in 1956, the Army Intelligence Agency in 1985 and the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1992.[^23] + +On July 17, 1997 the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) was formed on a provisional basis by merging the Aviation and Troop Command with MICOM. The Army Materiel Command made the arrangement permanent effective October 1, 1997.[^24] + +### Grill Flame at Redstone, 1977 to 1980 + +Army notes on the [[Grill Flame]] program, undated, record that the Missile Research and Development Command at Redstone had an $80 thousand contract with the [[Stanford Research Institute]] from August 1977 to August 1978. The work was sponsored by a sub-element of that command, the Missile Intelligence Agency, described as a GDIP unit, whose interest was in psychokinesis.[^25] A June 1978 memorandum to Major [[William Stoner]] of the Army staff, referring to an Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence message, gives the background as the agency's contractual involvement with SRI on Soviet strategic defensive missile technologies. It states that the agency learned of the work of [[Harold Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] at SRI in mid-1976, invited them to the agency for discussions in late 1976 and early 1977, and implemented an SRI task in August 1977 under contract DAAK40-77-C-0170, using research and development funds of about $60,000, whose statement of work was titled "Investigation of Unconventional Discrimination Techniques."[^26] The December 1979 report of the [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] gives the sequence as an informal MICOM expression of interest in 1976 in U.S. replication of claimed Soviet experiments and a one-year $80 thousand MICOM contract of August 1977 under the same title, and says the interest was in Soviet efforts at the man-machine interface, such as radar operators who continued to guide antiaircraft missiles to the target while the images on their screens were obscured by chaff.[^27] A December 11, 1978 letter from the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], transmitting Grill Flame information, was addressed to the Commander, Missile Intelligence Agency, at Redstone Arsenal.[^28] + +A memorandum for the record of a November 28, 1978 meeting at Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command headquarters lists [[Randy Clinton]] of the Missile Intelligence Agency, [[John Kramar]] of AMSAA and Hugh Green of the Missile Laboratories among the attendees. The memorandum records that the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]], AMSAA and Missile Laboratories programs each briefed their involvement, and that it was agreed no one was out of bounds and that the programs meshed well. It states that the Missile Intelligence Agency had no current contract but was interested in the psychokinesis aspects, and its author wrote that he had received the distinct impression that Charles Carter was more or less satelliting himself onto the sister organization at Redstone, the Missile Laboratories. Green briefed a Missile Laboratories proposal for a psychokinesis switching device.[^29] An undated Army briefing on the psychoenergetic effort states that the Missile Research and Development Command at Redstone was developing a pilot remote perturbation program for psychokinesis, relying on three noise sources (an electronic noise diode, a radioactive beta particle decay source and, as a control, a pseudo-random shift register) wired through an LSI-11 microprocessor. It states that the project was then under the direction of the Missile Intelligence Agency and would shift to the command's research and development laboratories, with a $118,000 contract to SRI for hardware in the first phase, an initial $90,000 for a second phase and up to $190,000 more available.[^30] On April 3, 1979 Dr. [[Walter LaBerge|LaBerge]] was briefed on the Redstone psychokinesis portion of the program and asked that this part of the work begin promptly.[^31] On May 3, 1979 Charles Carter of the Missile Intelligence Agency briefed the Grill Flame committee on efforts at Redstone Arsenal.[^32] + +The protocol that followed is titled "Remote Perturbation Techniques: Project Description and Experimental Protocol" and is dated November 7, 1979. It was prepared by the USAMICOM Grill Flame Oversight Committee, with approval blocks for William C. McCorkle, director of the Systems Simulation and Development Directorate, and Richard L. Hartman, director of the Research Directorate, both of the US Army Missile Laboratory, and for Rankin A. Clinton Jr., deputy director of the US Army Missile Intelligence Agency. The principal investigator is listed as Dr. B. Z. Jenkins of the MICOM Systems Simulation and Development Directorate at Redstone Arsenal; the minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee meeting of November 27, 1979 list Billy Z. Jenkins, Charles Carter and Bill Johnson of the Missile Command among the attendees.[^33][^34] The Scientific Evaluation Committee's schedule lists a visit to the Missile Research and Development Command at Redstone Arsenal on July 26, 1979, with Jenkins and Clinton as contacts.[^27] The protocol describes a random binary source that participants try to bias by mental effort, and an identical experiment to be run at SRI with separately acquired equipment, as a check against manipulation and for repeatability. The MICOM experiment was to take place in Building 7770 on Redstone Arsenal. The second phase was to last six months and use no more than nine experienced remote viewers.[^33] The committee's December 1979 report includes a section of comments on the MICOM investigations, among them that the protocol offered a ready explanation of positive results at SRI and negative results at MICOM.[^27] + +A paper of findings in the Grill Flame file recommended that the research efforts "to be terminated in their present forms include efforts at MICOM, AMSAA, and FTD."[^35] A Defense Intelligence Agency review prepared in February 1989 lists the Missile Intelligence Agency program with $281 thousand for 1977 to 1980. It describes two phases: a computer-based binary random number generator built in Phase I, and subject trials in Phase II.[^36] The review states that when all trials were completed the SRI investigators concluded there was an anomalous, unexplained effect on the electronic system that could not be accounted for by engineering considerations only, and gives two possible mechanisms: that the subject, without physical intervention, produced a physical change in the electronic system, or that the subject scanned the unperturbed binary sequence ahead in time and selected the time to initiate the trial. It adds that the data from these experiments were inconclusive.[^36] + +An article by [[John A. Swets]] and [[Robert A. Bjork]], summarizing a National Research Council study of unconventional techniques considered by the Army, reports that little or no scientific evidence was found to support remote viewing or psychokinesis. The article also mentions an experiment underway at Redstone Arsenal to test mental practice as a component of training for soldering electronic circuits.[^37] + +### Later tenants, 2004 to 2025 + +The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] Hazardous Devices School has operated at Redstone since 1971, and the FBI's executive assistant director opened its new facility on September 13, 2004; the school was run jointly by the FBI and the Army until September 2017, when the FBI accepted primary responsibility.[^38] The FBI's Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center (TEDAC), formally established in December 2004, was welcomed to Redstone Arsenal on February 16, 2016 at a ribbon-cutting attended by FBI Director [[James Comey]] and Senator [[Richard Shelby]], after relocating from the FBI Laboratory at Quantico, Virginia.[^39] On November 21, 2022 the FBI held a ribbon-cutting for its North Campus at Redstone, where it had completed more than 30 projects in three years; the Operations Building was to house over 1,300 personnel from a dozen FBI divisions.[^40] The Encyclopedia of Alabama reports a November 2018 announcement of plans to move more jobs to the arsenal, the clearing of 90 acres in 2024 for an academic zone, and a campus of nearly 2,000 employees.[^41] + +The 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission approved Recommendation 134, "Co-locate Missile and Space Defense Agencies," which moved [[Missile Defense Agency]] functions from leased space in Virginia to Redstone Arsenal, with an agency headquarters command center at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and excepted the Ballistic Missile Defense System Sensors Directorate and the Command and Control Battle Management and Communications Directorate from the move to Redstone. It also relocated the headquarters component of the [[U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command]] from Arlington, Virginia to Redstone. The Defense Department's justification states that the Von Braun 2 building, due in fiscal year 2007, would house about 800 MDA personnel.[^42] Recommendation 148 relocated the [[Army Materiel Command]] and the Security Assistance Command from Fort Belvoir to Redstone, to collocate with the Aviation and Missile Command.[^42] A May 16, 2011 Army article gave July 17, 2011 as the target date for completing the transfer of Army Materiel Command headquarters from Fort Belvoir.[^43] The Encyclopedia of Alabama puts the BRAC moves of the two commands at about 4,600 jobs and the Missile Defense Agency transfer at more than 2,400 positions.[^41] President [[Donald Trump]] announced on September 2, 2025 that the headquarters of [[U.S. Space Command]] would move from Colorado Springs to Redstone; on April 29, 2026 the command's commander, Gen. [[Stephen Whiting]], announced operational control of its first facility on the arsenal, which houses the Joint Intelligence Support Element.[^44] + +### Materiel exploitation at Redstone + +The Missile and Space Intelligence Center describes its mission in a December 2025 briefing as "Provide premier technical and foundational analysis of foreign weapon systems to prevent and decisively win wars."[^23] The same briefing lists 52 buildings on Redstone Arsenal, 341,000 square feet of workspace and 305 acres under management, with the Shelby Center completed in 1999. It records about 15,000 square feet of contractor secure space supporting the center, growing to about 43,000 square feet, and a planned Material Exploitation Center of 102,000 square feet.[^23] The briefing lists "Foreign Material Exploitation" among five areas of the Contract Operations for Missile Evaluation and Testing (COMET), described as a 10-year contract with a $14 billion ceiling.[^23] + +On August 25, 2026 the Defense Intelligence Agency held a ribbon-cutting for the nearly 92,000 square foot Materiel Exploitation Center. Congress allocated more than $150 million for the first phase, which includes nine high bays for the exploitation of large foreign weapons systems. MSIC chief [[Steven Rush]] said the center serves analysis of more than 700 weapons systems. The DIA deputy director said much of the work there would be too sensitive to describe.[^45] + +### A 1984 observation in a private paper + +In a paper dated April 24, 1984 titled "STAR WARS Now!", [[T. E. Bearden]] included a table of observations that places a "twin giant radials" system at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, on Friday, January 6, 1984, and a figure titled "Twin giant radial pattern" for Huntsville, Alabama, of the same date. Bearden wrote that one major signature had been photographed over Huntsville by the author. The table gives the time as 0700 to 0745, with multiple observers, clear weather except for one system moving west at 20 to 30 miles per hour, and remnants of a second twin giant radial system seen in the same area from 1130 to 1145 hours. The paper's subject is the Bohm-Aharonov effect and what its author calls Soviet weaponization of scalar interferometry.[^46] + +### Footnotes + +[^1]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1941," by Kaylene Hughes, The Pre-Missile Era, 1941 to 1949. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1941.html +[^2]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1943," entry for 26 February 1943. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1943.html +[^3]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "Installation History." https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist.html +[^4]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1942," The Pre-Missile Era, 1941 to 1949. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1942.html +[^5]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1946 and 1947," entries for 24 February 1947 and 30 September 1947. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1946.html +[^6]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1948 and 1949," The Pre-Missile Era, 1941 to 1949, entry for October 1948. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1948.html +[^7]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1950 - 1952," introductory paragraph (June 1, 1949 reactivation; October 28, 1949 approval), https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1950.html ; and "1948 and 1949," entries for June 30 and October 28, 1949, https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1948.html +[^8]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1950 - 1952," The Redstone Arsenal Era, 1950 to 1955, introductory paragraph and entries for April 1950, April 1 and 15, 1950 and July 1, 1950. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1950.html +[^9]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1948 and 1949," entry for 28 October 1949. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1948.html +[^10]: Encyclopedia of Alabama, "Redstone Arsenal." https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/redstone-arsenal/ (cited for the White Sands origin, the 1950 Operation Paperclip dating and the statement that von Braun and 102 other German-born scientists had become U.S. citizens by 1960; the Army chronology names Fort Bliss and about 120 German scientists in April 1950.) +[^11]: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center History Office, "Notes on Project Paperclip," https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/german/paperclip.html ; NASA, "Wernher von Braun," https://www.nasa.gov/people/wernher-von-braun/ +[^12]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1953," The Redstone Arsenal Era, 1950 to 1955. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1953.html +[^13]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "Introduction," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1956-intro.html +[^14]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1956," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1956.html +[^15]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1957" and "1958," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1957.html and https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1958.html +[^16]: NASA, "Explorer 1," section "The Launch" (10:48 p.m. EST on Jan. 31, 1958, Jupiter-C, Cape Canaveral), https://www.nasa.gov/mission/explorer-1/ ; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Explorer 1 (launch date Jan. 31, 1958), https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/explorer-1/ +[^17]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1960," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html +[^18]: U.S. Army Missile Intelligence Agency, recruiting brochure "US Army Missile Intelligence Agency, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama," July 1985, "History of the Missile Intelligence Agency," p. 4. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dodmilintel/33 +[^19]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1962" (part a), The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1962a.html +[^20]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1962" (part b), entry of October 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1962b.html +[^21]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1985," entries for April 30 and August 1, 1985. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1985.html +[^22]: CIA-RDP96-00789R002500160004-4, message on the STIC-C meeting, June 1993, SECRET NOFORN, addressees include DIRMSIC Redstone Arsenal. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002500160004-4 +[^23]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Missile and Space Intelligence Center," overview briefing, December 2025 (UNCLASSIFIED). https://hsvchamber.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/DIA-MSIC-Redstone-Update-2025.pdf +[^24]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "AMCOM (1997 to 2007)." https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1997.html +[^25]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100060009-6, undated Army paper "Notes on Army Grill Flame," HQDA, OACST. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100060009-6 +[^26]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000010001-9, memorandum to Major Bill Stoner, referencing an ACSI message of June 1978, "Parapsychology (C)." CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000010001-9 +[^27]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5, Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee report, December 1979, background section, Annex 2 (schedule of visits) and "Comments Pertaining to MICOM Investigations." CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300120001-5 +[^28]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080002-1, Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity letter DRXSY-DS, December 11, 1978, "Transmittal of Information under Grill Flame," addressed to the Commander, Missile Intelligence Agency, Redstone Arsenal. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100080002-1 +[^29]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140011-4, memorandum for record, "Grill Flame Meeting at DARCOM HQ," November 29, 1978. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000140011-4 +[^30]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100130001-6, "Army Psychoenergetic Effort," undated Army briefing. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100130001-6 +[^31]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440018-4, memorandum for the record, Grill Flame, April 1979, describing the briefing of Dr. LaBerge on April 3, 1979. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100440018-4 +[^32]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130022-3, Grill Flame committee minutes, May 3, 1979, listing Charles Carter, Missile Intelligence Agency, as briefer. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000130022-3 +[^33]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2, "Remote Perturbation Techniques: Project Description and Experimental Protocol," U.S. Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, dated November 7, 1979, control number 80-FDS-286, SMI Form 1021. Mirror: https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2 . CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000230004-2 +[^34]: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1, Defense Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 27 November 1979, attendee list. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000130015-1 +[^35]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230043-8, unsigned, undated paper of findings in the Grill Flame file, recommending termination of "efforts at MICOM, AMSAA, and FTD." CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230043-8 +[^36]: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200440001-9, Defense Intelligence Agency, "Government-Sponsored Research in Psychoenergetics," February 1989, SECRET, funding table and Missile Intelligence Agency section (pages 25 and 26; the statement that the data were inconclusive is on page 26). CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200440001-9 +[^37]: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200640001-7, John A. Swets and Robert A. Bjork, "Enhancing Human Performance: An Evaluation of 'New Age' Techniques Considered by the U.S. Army," undated reprint. CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200640001-7 +[^38]: FBI, "Opening of FBI Hazardous Devices School," remarks, September 13, 2004, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/speeches/opening-of-fbi-hazardous-devices-school ; FBI, "Plans Announced to Construct a Hazardous Devices School," https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/pressrel/press-releases/plans-announced-to-construct-a-hazardous-devices-school ; FBI, "Inside the FBI's Hazardous Devices School," January 9, 2018, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/hazardous-devices-school +[^39]: FBI, "A New Home for the Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center," February 16, 2016, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/a-new-home-for-the-terrorist-explosive-device-analytical-center ; FBI, "FBI Breaks Ground for New TEDAC Laboratory," https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-breaks-ground-for-new-tedac-laboratory +[^40]: FBI, "FBI Conducts Ribbon Cutting Ceremony at Redstone Arsenal for the North Campus and Operations Building," November 21, 2022. https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/fbi-conducts-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-at-redstone-arsenal-for-the-north-campus-and-operations-building +[^41]: Encyclopedia of Alabama, "Redstone Arsenal." https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/redstone-arsenal/ (secondary; cited for the FBI Hazardous Devices School, TEDAC, 2018 announcement, 2024 acreage, staffing figure, BRAC job counts, MDA realignment and the 2025 Space Command announcement, each as the encyclopedia states them) +[^42]: 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, Report to the President, Volume 1, Recommendation 134 (H&SA 15), "Co-locate Missile and Space Defense Agencies," and Recommendation 148 (H&SA 46), relocation of the Army Materiel Command from Fort Belvoir to Redstone Arsenal. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA466177 +[^43]: U.S. Army, "BRAC 2005 Recommended Relocation of U.S. Army Materiel Command," May 16, 2011. https://www.army.mil/article/56593 +[^44]: U.S. Space Command, "U.S. Space Command Takes Operational Control of Facility at Redstone Arsenal," April 29, 2026, and "USSPACECOM JISE Transitions to Redstone Arsenal" (Gen. Whiting: "When the President announced the command's move on Sept. 2, 2025"). https://www.dvidshub.net/news/563935/us-space-command-takes-operational-control-facility-redstone-arsenal and https://www.dvidshub.net/news/562798/usspacecom-jise-transitions-redstone-arsenal +[^45]: "What happens behind these walls: DIA opens new Materiel Exploitation Center at Redstone Arsenal," 256 Today, August 26, 2026. https://256today.com/what-happens-behind-these-walls-dia-opens-new-materiel-exploitation-center-at-redstone-arsenal/ +[^46]: CIA-RDP96-00788R001900680014-4, T. E. Bearden, "STAR WARS Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry and Soviet Weaponization," April 24, 1984, table and figure 17 ("Twin giant radial pattern," Huntsville, AL, 6 Jan 84). CIA CREST, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001900680014-4 diff --git a/60 - PLACES/US_STATES/Arkansas.md b/60 - PLACES/US_STATES/Arkansas.md index 096276c4..4966e6e1 100644 --- a/60 - PLACES/US_STATES/Arkansas.md +++ b/60 - PLACES/US_STATES/Arkansas.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The [[Little Rock]] bond dealer [[Danny Ray Lasater]] and Clinton's half-brother ### The aircraft -The C-123K "Fat Lady" that Seal kept at Mena is the aircraft the CIA Inspector General's file calls N4410F, and a DEA spokesman said in 1986 that it was the plane shot down over [[Nicaragua]] with [[Eugene Hasenfus]] aboard. [[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that Seal sold the plane back to the company he got it from and that in early 1986 it wound up with [[Southern Air Transport]]; the CIA Inspector General found no record that Southern Air owned or leased a C-123K, and a CIA memorandum of October 10, 1986 said the plane was sold as military surplus in 1983 to an undetermined purchaser.[^4][^5][^6] Webb also wrote that a 1983 [[U.S. Customs]] report said Seal's farm near [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] was allegedly a drop site for cocaine and marijuana flown in aboard a DC-4 that later flew supplies to the [[Contras]] through a company operated by the brother of [[Adolfo Calero]], [[Mario Calero]]; Webb is the sole source for that passage.[^7] +The C-123K "Fat Lady" that Seal kept at Mena is the aircraft the CIA Inspector General's file calls N4410F, and a DEA spokesman said in 1986 that it was the plane shot down over [[Nicaragua]] with [[Eugene Hasenfus]] aboard. [[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that Seal sold the plane back to the company he got it from and that in early 1986 it wound up with [[Southern Air Transport]]; the CIA Inspector General found no record that Southern Air owned or leased a C-123K, and a CIA memorandum of October 10, 1986 said the plane was sold as military surplus in 1983 to an undetermined purchaser.[^4][^5][^6] Webb also wrote that a 1983 [[U.S. Customs]] report said Seal's farm near [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] was allegedly a drop site for cocaine and marijuana flown in aboard a DC-4 that later flew supplies to the [[Contras]] through a company operated by the brother of [[Adolfo Calero]], [[Mario Calero]].[^7] ### Footnotes [^1]: Mara Leveritt, "Who's afraid of Barry Seal?" *Arkansas Times*, September 28, 2017. https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2017/09/28/whos-afraid-of-barry-seal @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ The C-123K "Fat Lady" that Seal kept at Mena is the aircraft the CIA Inspector G [^4]: CIA Inspector General, memorandum for the record, "C-123K - Review of Additional Records," December 24, 1996 (CIA Reading Room 0001289850). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001289850 [^5]: Richard Halloran, "Plane Downed in Nicaragua Was in a U.S. Drug 'Sting,'" *The New York Times*, October 10, 1986 (CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00965R000402690007-7). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000402690007-7 [^6]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, OCA 86-3575, October 10, 1986, paragraph 14. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00788192 -[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapters 7 and 15. Sole source for the Seal sale-back, Customs report and DC-4 passages. +[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapters 7 and 15. diff --git a/70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-09 The Danger and Implications.md b/70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-09 The Danger and Implications.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..48c86f02 --- /dev/null +++ b/70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-09 The Danger and Implications.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "The Danger and Implications" +date: 2026-10-09 +status: published +summary: "In late 1952 MIT's provost offered the CIA a flying saucer study group at the Institute, steered the review toward Project Lincoln and Caltech, and asked to be kept informed." +entities: + - "[[Julius A. Stratton]]" + - "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]" + - "[[H. Marshall Chadwell]]" + - "[[Philip G. Strong]]" + - "[[Max Millikan]]" + - "[[Center for International Studies]]" + - "[[Office of Scientific Intelligence]]" + - "[[Robertson Panel]]" + - "[[Lloyd Berkner]]" + - "[[Jerrold Zacharias]]" +tags: + - UAP + - CIA + - MIT + - RobertsonPanel +--- +# The Danger and Implications + +On October 2, 1952 [[H. Marshall Chadwell]], Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, sent the Director of Central Intelligence a memorandum titled "Flying Saucers." It reported that consultants had recommended a study group to analyze the problem and determine which fields of fundamental science should be investigated, and it continued: "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute. Similarly, Project Lincoln, the Air Force's air defense project at MIT, could be charged with some of these responsibilities."[^1] + +At eleven in the morning on December 2, [[Philip G. Strong]] of the [[Office of Scientific Intelligence]] met [[Julius A. Stratton]], Executive Vice President and Provost of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], and [[Max Millikan]], director of the [[Center for International Studies]], the Institute's CIA-funded research center. Strong briefed them on the Limestone Base sightings, a Florida scoutmaster's case and the Utah motion pictures, and brought Stratton up to date "since our previous discussion of the subject in August." His memorandum of the next day records: "Dr. Stratton reiterated his earlier position that this is a subject which must be investigated and he said that probably the best means of getting a thoroughly competent review of the problem would be through Project LINCOLN." Stratton said that "Alfred Hill would be the best man to head the group." [[Albert G. Hill]], who had succeeded Stratton at the Research Laboratory of Electronics, was then director of the Lincoln Laboratory. Should Lincoln prove impractical, Stratton "felt very strongly that Cal Tech would be the better" choice, "in view of the presence there of Robertson, Lauritson, Spitzer (on temporary duty from Princeton), Millikan's brother and others." He "asked particularly that we keep him informed of the progress that we make in having this problem investigated as he is personally very interested as well as fully aware of the potential danger and implications of the situation."[^2] + +Strong lunched the same day at the faculty club with [[Lloyd Berkner]] and [[Jerrold Zacharias]]. Berkner "felt strongly that the saucer problem should be thoroughly investigated from a scientific point of view." Zacharias proposed Shirley Quimby of [[Columbia University]], "probably the most expert man in the country on magic and general chicanery." Strong concluded that "it will probably be necessary to secure the full backing of DCI in order that a scientific review of this problem may be laid on."[^2] + +The panel met under the Office of Scientific Intelligence from January 14 to 18, 1953. It was chaired by H. P. Robertson of the [[California Institute of Technology]], and Berkner sat on it. Its report of January 17 is signed by Robertson, [[Luis W. Alvarez]], Berkner, [[Samuel Goudsmit]] and [[Thornton Page]].[^3] On January 27 Chadwell wrote to "Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Provost": "Remembering your request to be kept informed of any progress in the problem of 'unidentified flying objects,' this letter will bring you up to date." He enclosed the report, the list of personnel and the evidence presented, and wrote: "Since the problems related to this subject appear to be operational rather than intelligence in nature, we will be concerned only indirectly in the future. However, if there are any developments in which we believe you might be interested, we shall inform you. Incidentally, knowledge of any interest of CIA in the subject of 'flying saucers' has been carefully restricted, in view of probable misunderstanding if it were publicly known."[^4] + +[^1]: H. Marshall Chadwell, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Flying Saucers," October 2, 1952, Tab A, paragraph 5, CIA reading room document 0005515933. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515933 +[^2]: Philip G. Strong, memorandum for the record, "Flying Saucers," December 3, 1952, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100020007-3 (reading room 0005515940). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515940 ; for Hill, "Albert G. Hill Dies at 86," MIT News, October 25, 1996, https://news.mit.edu/1996/hill +[^3]: "Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," January 17, 1953, CIA-RDP80B01676R004000110022-4; "Report of Meetings of Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects Convened by Office of Scientific Intelligence, CIA, January 14 to 18, 1953," CIA-RDP81R00560R000100030027-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r004000110022-4 +[^4]: H. Marshall Chadwell to Julius A. Stratton, January 27, 1953, CIA reading room document 0005515714. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0005515714