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---
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category: "Politics & Activism"
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tags:
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- Person
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- Black_Panther_Party
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- COINTELPRO
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- FBI
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- Chicago
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- Political_Assassination
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- 1969
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summary: "Fred Hampton (1948-1969) was the chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party and a prominent Chicago community organizer who was killed at age 21 in a pre-dawn police raid on December 4, 1969. FBI documents later established that Hampton's personal security chief, William O'Neal, was an FBI informant who provided a detailed floor plan of Hampton's apartment to the FBI and Chicago police before the raid. The civil lawsuit Hampton v. Hanrahan settled in 1982 for $1.85 million."
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born: 1948-08-30
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died: 1969-12-04
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location: "Chicago, Illinois"
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---
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Fred Hampton (August 30, 1948 - December 4, 1969) was chairman of the Illinois chapter of the [[Black Panther Party]] and a prominent Chicago community organizer. He was killed at age 21 in a pre-dawn Chicago Police Department raid on his apartment at 2337 W. Monroe Street on December 4, 1969. His fellow panther Mark Clark was also killed. FBI documents declassified in subsequent investigations established that Hampton's personal security chief, William O'Neal, was an FBI informant operating under COINTELPRO who provided a detailed floor plan of Hampton's apartment to the FBI and Chicago police in advance of the raid.[^1]
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### Black Panther Party Leadership
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Hampton joined the NAACP youth chapter in Maywood, Illinois, in his teens and became chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party in 1968, at age 20. He was an effective organizer who established the Rainbow Coalition, an alliance between the Black Panthers, the Young Patriots Organization (a poor white group from Appalachia), and the Young Lords (a Puerto Rican organization), as well as with other Chicago street organizations. He also organized a free breakfast program for children and a community health clinic. The FBI identified him in 1969 as a potential "Black Messiah" - the specific language used in Hoover's 1967 COINTELPRO directive regarding Black organizations - and began intensive surveillance.[^1]
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### William O'Neal and the FBI Floor Plan
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William O'Neal was recruited as an FBI informant under Special Agent Roy Mitchell of the Chicago FBI field office in 1969. O'Neal joined the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party and became Hampton's personal bodyguard and director of security. In late November 1969, O'Neal provided Mitchell with a detailed hand-drawn floor plan of Hampton's apartment, specifically marking the location of Hampton's bed. O'Neal also, according to investigators' findings, administered a dose of barbiturates (secobarbital) to Hampton in a drink the night before the raid, which rendered Hampton unable to wake during the assault.[^1]
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### The Raid
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At approximately 4:45 a.m. on December 4, 1969, Chicago Police Department officers from the State's Attorney's office, directed by First Assistant State's Attorney Richard Elrod, executed a search warrant at 2337 W. Monroe Street. The official justification was a weapons search. The officers fired approximately 90-99 rounds into the apartment; the occupants fired one or two shots in response. Hampton was found unconscious, having been unable to wake from the drugged state. He was shot twice in the head at close range; forensic analysis conducted in the civil litigation found that these shots were fired with Hampton's head on a pillow, indicating he was lying down when shot. Mark Clark was also killed. Four other occupants were wounded and seven were arrested. Hampton was 21 years old.[^1]
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### Investigations and Legal Proceedings
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The Chicago Police Department and State's Attorney initially characterized the raid as a gunfight initiated by the Panthers. A special grand jury was convened in 1970 under Special State's Attorney Barnabas Sears; Sears's report in 1972 concluded that the police had fired 90-99 rounds while evidence supported only one shot having been fired by the occupants, and that the operation had been planned with the intent to kill. However, Sears's recommendation for prosecution was not pursued.
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A federal civil rights lawsuit, Hampton v. Hanrahan, was filed by Hampton's family and other survivors. After thirteen years of litigation, the case was settled in 1982 for $1.85 million, paid by the federal government (FBI), the City of Chicago, and Cook County.[^1]
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FBI documents obtained through the civil litigation and subsequent FOIA requests confirmed O'Neal's role and established that the FBI's Chicago field office had shared O'Neal's apartment floor plan with the police in advance of the raid. O'Neal himself received a $300 bonus payment from the FBI following Hampton's death. He died in 1990, on the 21st anniversary of Hampton's death, in what was ruled a suicide.[^1]
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### COINTELPRO Context
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Hampton's death is documented by the Church Committee and subsequent declassified records as among the most dramatic examples of [[COINTELPRO]] coordination between the FBI and local law enforcement resulting in the death of a targeted individual. The Church Committee found that the FBI's "neutralization" tactics against Black organizations included coordination with local police in ways that the committee characterized as having facilitated violence against targeted individuals.[^2]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: FBI COINTELPRO records, Hampton v. Hanrahan civil litigation record (N.D. Ill., settled 1982). Haas, Jeffrey. *The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther*. Lawrence Hill Books, 2010. O'Reilly, Kenneth. *Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972*. Free Press, 1989.
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[^2]: Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. "Counterintelligence and the Rights of Americans," Book III, AARC Library, aarclibrary.org.
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@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ died: 1992-05-01
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location: "Kronberg, Germany"
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---
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# Hella Hammid
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Hella Hammid was a professional photographer and psychic who participated in [[Project Deep Quest]], a unique psychic functioning experiment conducted in the summer of 1977. She joined the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] team, including [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Dale Graff]], and worked alongside [[Ingo Swann]] and [[Stephan Schwartz]][^1].
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Hammid, along with Swann, was tasked with locating a previously unidentified shipwreck on the seafloor near Catalina Island using [[Dowsing]]. She would "sort of look at the map not as much with my eyes as sort of get the feeling of it," and mark locations where she sensed a wreck. Her marks, along with Swann's, were used to pinpoint a single target for the *Taurus I* submersible[^1].
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@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
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---
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category: "Nuclear Scientists & Programs"
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category: "Intelligence & Government"
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tags:
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- Person
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- FBI
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- COINTELPRO
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- Domestic_Surveillance
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- Cold_War
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- Nuclear
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summary: "Hoover was a frequent visitor to the Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, an exclusive hotel opened by Clint Murchison, Sr."
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summary: "J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972) served as Director of the FBI for 48 years, from 1924 to his death in 1972. He created COINTELPRO in 1956, the systematic domestic counterintelligence program targeting political organizations, and maintained voluminous secret files on political figures that enabled his institutional survival across eight presidential administrations."
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born: 1895-01-01
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died: 1972-05-02
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location: "Washington, D.C."
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@ -11,6 +15,18 @@ location: "Washington, D.C."
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[[J. Edgar Hoover]] served as the first Director of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] (and its predecessor, the Bureau of Investigation) for 48 years, from 1924 until his death in 1972. His long tenure was marked by both his law enforcement activities and his connections to influential political and business figures.
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### COINTELPRO
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Hoover created [[COINTELPRO]] (Counter Intelligence Program) in 1956, initially targeting the Communist Party USA. The program expanded to target the Socialist Workers Party (1961), white hate groups (1964), Black nationalist organizations (1967), and New Left groups (1968). COINTELPRO used infiltration, fabricated communications designed to sow internal discord, coordination with local law enforcement, and referrals for prosecution. A 1967 Hoover memo described the program's objective regarding Black activists as preventing "the rise of a 'messiah' who could unify and electrify the militant Black Nationalist movement." The program was formally terminated by Hoover on April 27, 1971, after documents were stolen from the FBI's Media, Pennsylvania field office by the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI on March 8, 1971, and distributed to the press. The Church Committee subsequently documented COINTELPRO as a systematic campaign against legal political activity.[^3]
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### Relationship with British Security Coordination
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During World War II, Hoover initially cooperated with [[British Security Coordination]] (BSC), reportedly suggesting the organization's name and permitting BSC to use FBI radio channels. He became increasingly hostile as evidence accumulated that BSC was conducting unilateral covert operations on U.S. soil, which he regarded as exclusively FBI territory. The Berle surveillance incident (1942), in which BSC operative Dennis Paine was reported to have conducted surveillance on Assistant Secretary of State Adolf Berle, was one documented flashpoint. Hoover eventually refused further dealings with BSC and had to rebuild intelligence relationships with MI5 and MI6 from scratch post-war.[^3]
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### Secret Files and Political Durability
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The Church Committee documented that Hoover maintained extensive personal files on political figures, and that these files provided leverage that contributed to his ability to remain as FBI Director across eight presidential administrations despite periodic efforts to remove him. He died on May 2, 1972, in office, while COINTELPRO was under investigation.[^3]
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### Hotel Del Charro Connections
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Hoover was a frequent visitor to the Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, an exclusive hotel opened by [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] in the early 1950s. Hoover visited the hotel every summer between 1953 and 1959. During these visits, [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] covered Hoover's tab, which amounted to approximately $19,000 in free vacations over those years. [[Richard Nixon]] and Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] were also often seen at Murchison's Hotel Del Charro.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. _The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal_. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
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[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 18.
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[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 18.
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[^3]: Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Powers, Richard Gid. *Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover*. Free Press, 1987. Medsger, Betty. *The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover's Secret FBI*. Knopf, 2014. "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998.
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ summary: "Hadden sent Colonel Carmelo V."
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John L. Hadden served as the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] station chief in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]], in the mid-1960s. He viewed Ambassador [[Walworth Barbour]] as a professional and encouraged his staff to find out what they could about [[Dimona]]. Hadden worked closely with [[Robert T. Webber]], the embassy's scientific attaché, in clear violation of a [[State Department]] decree forbidding scientific attachés from engaging in intelligence work.[^1]
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Hadden sent [[Colonel Carmelo V. Alba]] to [[Beersheba]] to conduct a census of French names on mailboxes in the city's apartment complexes, as part of an ongoing effort to determine who was working at [[Dimona]]. Hadden also inadvertently got into trouble with the Israeli foreign office when his American license plates were put on a jeep used by Alba for a weekend trip to the [[Negev]], leading to a stiff protest from the Israelis who suspected the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] station chief was sneaking around.[^1]
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Hadden sent [[Colonel Carmelo V. Alba]] to [[Beersheba]] to conduct a census of French names on mailboxes in the city's apartment complexes, as part of an ongoing effort to determine who was working at [[Dimona]]. Hadden also inadvertently got into trouble with the Israeli foreign office when his American license plates were put on a jeep used by Alba for a weekend trip to the [[Negev Desert|Negev]], leading to a stiff protest from the Israelis who suspected the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] station chief was sneaking around.[^1]
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### Footnotes
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- Person
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- Journalist
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- Author
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summary: "Investigative journalist and author of The Crimes of Patriots, which documented Michael Hand's escape from Australia after Nugan Hand Bank collapsed."
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- CIA
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- NuganHand
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- WallStreetJournal
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- InvestigativeJournalism
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summary: "Jonathan Kwitny was a Wall Street Journal investigative journalist who spent two decades documenting the intersections of American foreign policy, intelligence operations, and organized crime. His book The Crimes of Patriots (W.W. Norton, 1987) remains the authoritative account of the Nugan Hand Bank, and his Endless Enemies (1984) documented how covert U.S. interventions generated anti-American backlash in the developing world."
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born: 1941-03-23
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died: 1998-11-26
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location: "Indianapolis, Indiana"
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---
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[[Jonathan Kwitny]] was the author of the book *The Crimes of Patriots*. In his book, Kwitny reported that [[Michael Hand]] reportedly fled [[Australia]] under a false identity on June 14, 1980, on a flight to [[Fiji]]. He also identified an American code-named "Charlie" as a former member of the [[United States Army Special Forces|U.S. Special Forces]] and ex-[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operative who allegedly helped Hand escape.[^1]
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---
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Jonathan Kwitny was born March 23, 1941, in Indianapolis, Indiana. He worked as a reporter for the Wall Street Journal for approximately twenty years, developing a reputation as one of the American press's most rigorous investigators of the nexus between U.S. intelligence operations, organized crime, and foreign policy. He died November 26, 1998, in Indianapolis, at age 57, from cancer.[^1]
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### The Crimes of Patriots
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Kwitny's most significant work, *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money and the CIA* (W.W. Norton, 1987), was the product of years of reporting on the [[Nugan Hand Bank]], the Sydney-based financial institution that served as a CIA financial conduit and money-laundering operation from its founding in 1973 until its collapse in 1980. Kwitny tracked down and interviewed participants across multiple countries, reconstructed the bank's structure and the backgrounds of its remarkable board - which included retired American military generals and a former CIA deputy director - and documented the bank's role in facilitating drug money flows from the Golden Triangle and funding covert operations.[^2]
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Among the key findings Kwitny reported: [[Michael Hand]], the bank's American co-founder and a former Green Beret with [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] associations from the [[Laos]] operation, fled [[Australia]] under a false identity on June 14, 1980, shortly after co-founder [[Frank Nugan]] was found shot to death. Kwitny identified a man code-named "Charlie" - described as a former U.S. Special Forces member and ex-CIA operative - as having helped Hand escape to Fiji. Australian authorities were never able to locate Hand after his disappearance. The book documented how the network of American military and intelligence veterans surrounding Nugan Hand connected to the broader private covert operations infrastructure associated with [[Ted Shackley]], [[Tom Clines]], and [[Air America]].[^2]
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### Endless Enemies
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*Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World* (Congdon and Weed, 1984) documented Kwitny's thesis that American covert interventions and support for repressive regimes consistently created the conditions for blowback - producing enemies rather than allies. The book drew on Kwitny's reporting from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East to argue that the logic of anti-Communist intervention had systematically damaged American interests by associating the United States with corrupt and brutal governments. The book received positive reviews from foreign policy analysts and won the George Polk Award for journalism.[^1]
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### Vicious Circles
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*Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace* (W.W. Norton, 1979) examined organized crime's penetration of legitimate American business, drawing on Kwitny's reporting for the Wall Street Journal on mob influence in industries including meat packing, trucking, and waste disposal. The book contributed to public understanding of how organized crime operated through legitimate commercial structures rather than purely through enforcement and extortion.[^1]
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### Man of the Century
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Kwitny's final major work, *Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II* (Henry Holt, 1997), represented a departure from his intelligence and organized crime reporting. The biography of the Polish pope who confronted Soviet power in Eastern Europe drew on Kwitny's interest in the Cold War dimensions of the Catholic Church's role in Polish resistance. The book received significant attention as a comprehensive account of John Paul II's life and his relationship to the political changes that ended Communist rule in Eastern Europe.[^1]
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### Legacy
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Kwitny's reporting on Nugan Hand Bank preceded by years the broader academic and investigative literature on the private covert operations networks of the 1970s and 1980s. His sourcing and reconstruction of the bank's operations remained the documentary foundation for subsequent treatments of the subject, including accounts connecting Nugan Hand to the broader [[Ted Shackley]]-centered network and to the financial infrastructure that supported operations from Angola to Southeast Asia to Iran-Contra.
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
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[^1]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World.* Congdon and Weed, 1984. Obituary notice, Wall Street Journal, November 1998.
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[^2]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money and the CIA.* W.W. Norton, 1987.
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42
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lawrence King Jr..md
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---
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category: "Crime"
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tags:
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- Person
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- Nebraska
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- Franklin_Scandal
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- Republican_Party
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- Financial_Fraud
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- Reagan
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- 1980s
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- 1990s
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summary: "Lawrence 'Larry' King Jr. was the operator of the Franklin Community Federal Credit Union in Omaha, Nebraska, whose collapse in November 1988 revealed $39.4 million in embezzlement. King had a prominent profile within the Nebraska Republican Party and Reagan administration circles. He pleaded guilty to fraud in February 1991 and served approximately ten years of a fifteen-year federal sentence."
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location: "Omaha, Nebraska"
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---
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Lawrence King Jr. (known as Larry King) was the operator of the Franklin Community Federal Credit Union in Omaha, Nebraska. On November 4, 1988, the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) shut down the credit union after determining that $39.4 million had been stolen. King pleaded guilty in February 1991 to conspiracy, embezzlement, and making false statements and was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison. He served approximately ten years.[^1]
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### Republican Party Profile
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King developed a prominent profile within Nebraska and national Republican Party circles during the 1980s. He chaired the Nebraska Black Republican Council and served as vice chairman for finance of the National Black Republican Council, an affiliate of the Republican National Committee. In January 1985 he was an advisory committee member for President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s second inauguration; his participation is documented in Reagan Presidential Library records (reaganlibrary.gov/public/2023-10/40-819-198416-K-LawrenceKingJr-002-2023.pdf). He performed the national anthem at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas; the performance is archived by C-SPAN (c-span.org/clip/public-affairs-event/user-clip-larry-king-sings-gop-convention-1984/4814862). He hosted parties at the 1988 Republican National Convention in New Orleans at an estimated cost of $100,000.[^1]
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### Federal Case
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Following the NCUA raid, King was indicted on 40 counts including conspiracy, fraud, and embezzlement. He entered a guilty plea to reduced charges in February 1991. His sentence of 15 years in federal prison resulted in approximately ten years served before release in the early 2000s. His wife Alice King also entered a guilty plea to reduced charges relating to the embezzlement. The federal civil case is documented at GovInfo under USCOURTS-ned-8_88-cv-00819.[^1]
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In parallel with the criminal proceedings, alleged victim [[Paul Bonacci]] filed a federal civil complaint against King. King declined to respond to the civil complaint. Senior U.S. District Judge Warren K. Urbom entered a default judgment against King of $1 million in February 1999. Default judgments under federal civil rules treat uncontested allegations as admitted for purposes of the default; the court did not conduct a contested evaluation of the underlying facts.[^2]
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### Abuse Allegations
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During the Nebraska Legislature's Franklin Committee investigation (December 1988 onward) and subsequent proceedings, multiple individuals alleged that King had operated a child prostitution network extending from Omaha to Washington D.C. Two separate grand juries - the Douglas County grand jury in July 1990 and a federal grand jury in September 1990 - found the abuse allegations to be unsubstantiated and characterized them as a "carefully crafted hoax." Alisha Owen was convicted of perjury in relation to her grand jury testimony in 1991.[^2]
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The investigation and its context are documented in the [[Franklin Credit Union Scandal]] entry.
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### Connection to Craig Spence
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Contemporary Washington Times reporting connected King to [[Craig Spence]], a Washington D.C. lobbyist documented in June-November 1989 journalism to have arranged late-night White House tours with male prostitutes and to have maintained connections in Republican Party social circles. The nature and extent of King's relationship with Spence was documented in contemporary reporting but not in any government record.[^3]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Federal civil case: GovInfo, USCOURTS-ned-8_88-cv-00819. Reagan Library document: reaganlibrary.gov/public/2023-10/40-819-198416-K-LawrenceKingJr-002-2023.pdf. C-SPAN 1984 RNC performance: c-span.org/clip/public-affairs-event/user-clip-larry-king-sings-gop-convention-1984/4814862.
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[^2]: Douglas County Grand Jury Report, July 23, 1990. State v. Owen, 510 N.W.2d 503, Nebraska Court of Appeals, 1993. Bonacci v. King, default judgment, U.S. District Court for the District of Nebraska, February 1999. CourtListener opinion 582386.
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[^3]: Hedges, Michael, and Jerry Seper. "Power Broker Served Drugs, Sex at Parties Bugged for Blackmail." Washington Times, June 29, 1989.
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@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ born: 1926-07-30
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died: 1990-04-11
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location: "Leningrad, Soviet Union"
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---
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# Ninel Kulagina
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Ninel Kulagina (1926–1990), also known as Nina Kulagina, was a celebrated Soviet psychic and a decorated [[World War II]] hero, having served as a front-line soldier and tank radio operator for the [[Red Army]]. She gained international attention for her purported [[Psychokinesis|psychokinetic]] abilities, particularly her capacity to move matter with her mind[^1].
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Kulagina's abilities reportedly manifested in childhood, with objects spontaneously moving when she became angry. Starting in the mid-1960s, her psychokinetic feats became the subject of state-run television programs in the [[Soviet Union]], such as *Science Films* produced by Leningrad Studios. She was filmed moving objects sealed inside a glass aquarium, including metal salt shakers, matchsticks, and cigar canisters[^1].
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Another experiment involved Kulagina attempting to increase the heart rate of a skeptical physician, which reportedly reached dangerous levels within minutes. While some U.S. analysts suspected a Soviet disinformation campaign, others, particularly from the Medical Intelligence Office of the [[U.S. Army]], considered the military applications of such abilities to be extremely important[^1].
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Kulagina's alleged abilities contributed to the [[Pentagon]]'s decision to launch a joint intelligence assessment of the "Soviet psychoenergetic threat," a term coined to encompass Soviet research into anomalous mental phenomena and [[Electromagnetic Weapons|electromagnetic weapons]] programs[^1]. Her work, along with that of [[H. S. Tsien]] in [[China]], highlighted the perceived need for the U.S. to invest in its own psychic research programs.
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Kulagina's alleged abilities contributed to the [[Pentagon]]'s decision to launch a joint intelligence assessment of the "Soviet psychoenergetic threat," a term coined to encompass Soviet research into anomalous mental phenomena and [[Electromagnetic Weapons|electromagnetic weapons]] programs[^1]. Her work, along with that of [[Qian Xuesen|H. S. Tsien]] in [[China]], highlighted the perceived need for the U.S. to invest in its own psychic research programs.
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
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@ -1,22 +1,35 @@
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---
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category: "Key Figures"
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category: "Intelligence & Government"
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tags:
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- Person
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- Stargate
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- CIA
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- RemoteViewer
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- SRI
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summary: "Helms personally approved the continuation and expansion of the CIA's psychic research program, initially known as the Biofield Measurements Program and later as the Paranormal Perception Research Project."
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- Operation_CHAOS
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- MKUltra
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- Chile
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- Church_Committee
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- Cold_War
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- Stargate
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summary: "Richard Helms (1913-2002) served as Director of Central Intelligence from 1966 to 1973. He initiated Operation CHAOS under LBJ and expanded it under Nixon, ordered the destruction of CHAOS and MKULTRA records in 1973, and was convicted in 1977 of lying to Congress about CIA involvement in destabilizing Allende's Chile."
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born: 1913-03-30
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died: 2002-10-22
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location: "St. Davids, Pennsylvania, USA"
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Richard Helms (March 30, 1913 - October 22, 2002) served as Director of Central Intelligence from June 30, 1966, to February 2, 1973. He authorized [[Operation CHAOS]] in August 1967 under direct pressure from President [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]], ordered the destruction of CHAOS and MKULTRA records in 1973 before congressional investigation, and was convicted in 1977 of making false and misleading statements to Congress about CIA involvement in efforts to prevent Salvador Allende from taking power in Chile.[^1]
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[[Richard Helms]] was the [[Director of Central Intelligence|Director of Central Intelligence]] (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. He played a key role in the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s early involvement in psychic research, including the decision to test [[Uri Geller]] at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]].[^1]
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### Operation CHAOS and Records Destruction
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Helms personally approved the continuation and expansion of the CIA's psychic research program, initially known as the Biofield Measurements Program and later as the Paranormal Perception Research Project. His decision was based on the belief that there was value in exploring these phenomena, particularly in response to perceived Soviet advancements in the field.[^1]
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On receiving LBJ's instruction in August 1967 to determine whether foreign powers were directing the American antiwar movement, Helms tasked [[James Jesus Angleton]]'s Counterintelligence Staff with establishing the Special Operations Group that became [[Operation CHAOS]]. He subsequently expanded the program under Nixon's presidency. In 1973, before the Watergate-related congressional investigations reached CHAOS, Helms ordered the destruction of CHAOS operational records. A cache of budget and operational documents survived only because it had been misfiled. In the same period, he ordered the destruction of records related to [[MKULTRA]], the CIA's human experimentation program. The Church Committee found that this records destruction deprived investigators of a complete documentary record of both programs.[^1]
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### Chile and Congressional Perjury Conviction
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[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
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In 1970, Helms received a direct instruction from President Nixon to conduct a covert operation to prevent Allende from assuming the Chilean presidency - what Nixon called making the Chilean economy "scream." In 1973, when Helms testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding CIA activities in Chile, he stated that the CIA had not "tried to overthrow the government of Chile" and had not "passed money to the opponents of Allende." The 1974 coup against Allende and subsequent Church Committee investigation revealed that both statements were false. In 1977, Helms was charged with two misdemeanor counts of making false and misleading statements to Congress. He pleaded no contest (nolo contendere) and was fined $2,000 and given a two-year suspended sentence. CIA veterans gave Helms a standing ovation in the courthouse corridor after sentencing.[^1]
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### Psychic Research
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Helms personally approved the continuation and expansion of the CIA's psychic research program, initially known as the Biofield Measurements Program and later as the Paranormal Perception Research Project. His decision was based in part on concern about perceived Soviet advancements in parapsychology research. He authorized testing of [[Uri Geller]] at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] and the program that evolved into [[Project Stargate]].[^2]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Powers, Thomas. *The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA*. Knopf, 1979. Hersh, Seymour M. "Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Antiwar Forces." New York Times, December 22, 1974.
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[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
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