vault backup: 2026-10-09 14:39:58

2026-10-09 14:39:58 -04:00 · 2026-10-09 14:39:58 -04:00 · 699ff251ca
commit 699ff251ca
parent a3d80c10ad
3 changed files with 179 additions and 133 deletions
--- a/META/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/META/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 - 2026-10-09T1439 · [[Klara G. Roman]]
 - 2026-10-09T1439 · [[New School for Social Research]]
 - 2026-10-09T1437 · [[United States Information Agency]]
 - 2026-10-09T1437 · [[Rand Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-09T1437 · [[Stansfield Turner]]
@ -28,11 +30,9 @@
 - 2026-10-09T1330 · [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
 - 2026-10-09T1329 · [[Rockefeller Foundation]]
 - 2026-10-09T1328 · [[Bob Kerrey]]
 - 2026-10-09T1327 · [[New School for Social Research]]
 - 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Bernard L. Schwartz]]
 - 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Michael Whitney Straight]]
 - 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]
 - 2026-10-09T1322 · [[Klara G. Roman]]
 - 2026-10-09T1301 · [[Leo Strauss]]
 - 2026-10-09T1259 · [[Project MKUltra]]
 - 2026-10-09T1259 · [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Klara
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Klara
@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ relations:
    with: "[[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "the Human Ecology Fund is thanked in the Encyclopedia of the Written Word as having helped her during the years she worked on it"
-    fn: 4
+    fn: 5
  - type: funded
    with: "[[Project MKUltra]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "MKULTRA Subproject 137, $2,000 advance of September 11, 1961 toward her graphology lexicon, paid through the Human Ecology Fund; approved by Sidney Gottlieb"
    start: 1961
-    fn: 10
+    fn: 12
 created: 2026-10-09
 updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ In the preface to her 1954 book, Roman wrote that she had "the privilege of work
 ### Teaching at the New School
-Roman was invited to offer a course at the New School in 1948.[^1] The school's archive holds the course "Graphology: A Psychological Method for the Study of Personality," dated 1949 and 1959.[^3] Her 1954 preface credits "her unusually mature students at the New School for Social Research, New York" with "further excellent opportunities for observation and testing."[^2] She continued to teach until shortly before her death and entrusted her classes to a protege, Daniel S. Anthony.[^1] The Encyclopedia's acknowledgments thank Anthony "of The New School."[^4]
+Roman was invited to offer a course at the New School in 1948.[^1] The school's archive holds the course "Graphology: A Psychological Method for the Study of Personality," dated 1949 and 1959.[^3] The school's [[Propaganda Research Center]], part of its [[Institute of World Affairs]], ran from 1947 to 1953 with much of its research performed with assistance from the [[Office of Naval Research]]. Its project files for 1951 to 1953 include a folder titled "Graphology in Political Intelligence," dated 1952.[^4] Her 1954 preface credits "her unusually mature students at the New School for Social Research, New York" with "further excellent opportunities for observation and testing."[^2] She continued to teach until shortly before her death and entrusted her classes to a protege, Daniel S. Anthony.[^1] The Encyclopedia's acknowledgments thank Anthony "of The New School."[^5]
 Roman served as research consultant to the treatment clinic of the [[Manhattan Criminal Court]] and as clinical psychologist and graphologist for the [[Children's Health Council of the Mid-Peninsula]] in [[Palo Alto]], California.[^1] She invented the "graphodyne," an instrument for measuring writing speed and pressure.[^1]
@ -63,25 +63,25 @@ Roman served as research consultant to the treatment clinic of the [[Manhattan C
 *Handwriting: A Key to Personality* appeared in 1952 and was published in London by [[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] in 1954.[^1][^2] Its preface states that the method "rests mainly upon psychometrically and experimentally verified observations."[^2] A further book, *Handwriting, etc.*, is dated 1961.[^1]
-*Encyclopedia of the Written Word: A Lexicon for Graphology and Other Aspects of Writing* was "written and compiled by Klara G. Roman" and "edited by Rose Wolfson and Maurice Edwards" (xviii, 550 pages, [[F. Ungar Publishing Company]], New York, 1968).[^5] The New School holds the editors' working files for it, dated 1962 to 1969.[^3] Edwards, a stage actor who had worked for Roman helping to put her lectures and writings into English, edited it after her death.[^1][^6]
+*Encyclopedia of the Written Word: A Lexicon for Graphology and Other Aspects of Writing* was "written and compiled by Klara G. Roman" and "edited by Rose Wolfson and Maurice Edwards" (xviii, 550 pages, [[F. Ungar Publishing Company]], New York, 1968).[^6] The New School holds the editors' working files for it, dated 1962 to 1969.[^3] Edwards, a stage actor who had worked for Roman helping to put her lectures and writings into English, edited it after her death.[^1][^7]
 ### Funding of the Encyclopedia
-The Encyclopedia's acknowledgments thank "the two foundations that helped Klara G. Roman during the years she worked on this Encyclopedia: The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund," and, among individuals, Huntington Hartford and Dr. Clarence A. Tripp "of The Handwriting Institute," Dr. Walter P. Pasternak "of the Human Ecology Fund," and Daniel S. Anthony "of The New School for Social Research and former assistant to Mrs. Roman."[^4] The editors' account, signed Rose Wolfson, states that "Sometime later, The Human Ecology Fund in New York City contributed research funds for the preparation of this book" and that "From 1959 to the beginning of 1962, Klara Roman labored on it."[^4] A preface in the first person states that The Handwriting Institute subsidized Roman for the work and retained an editor to help her with it.[^4] The preface also states that when she died the Encyclopedia was about eighty-five per cent finished.[^4]
+The Encyclopedia's acknowledgments thank "the two foundations that helped Klara G. Roman during the years she worked on this Encyclopedia: The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund," and, among individuals, Huntington Hartford and Dr. Clarence A. Tripp "of The Handwriting Institute," Dr. Walter P. Pasternak "of the Human Ecology Fund," and Daniel S. Anthony "of The New School for Social Research and former assistant to Mrs. Roman."[^5] The editors' account, signed Rose Wolfson, states that "Sometime later, The Human Ecology Fund in New York City contributed research funds for the preparation of this book" and that "From 1959 to the beginning of 1962, Klara Roman labored on it."[^5] A preface in the first person states that The Handwriting Institute subsidized Roman for the work and retained an editor to help her with it.[^5] The preface also states that when she died the Encyclopedia was about eighty-five per cent finished.[^5]
-Pasternak is listed as technical writer in the 1957 annual report of the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, which was renamed the Human Ecology Fund in 1961.[^7][^8]
+Pasternak is listed as technical writer in the 1957 annual report of the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, which was renamed the Human Ecology Fund in 1961.[^8][^9]
 ### Death
-The New School Archives date her death to 1962.[^1] Wolfson's account in the Encyclopedia says she found a letter from Roman dated July 31, in which Roman wrote "I have lost my way," and that Roman "had died on August 9"; the same passage places the year at 1962.[^4] A memorial edition of the periodical [[Handwriting Analysts News]], titled for her, appeared in 1963, and the school holds a copy.[^3]
+The New School Archives date her death to 1962.[^1] Wolfson's account in the Encyclopedia says she found a letter from Roman dated July 31, in which Roman wrote "I have lost my way," and that Roman "had died on August 9"; the same passage places the year at 1962.[^5] The accounting memorandum for MKULTRA Subproject 137 dated February 1963 (stamped 2/25/63) states that she "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting" and that the file held "a letter from her brother stating that the manuscript is almost finished." The memorandum gives the year only.[^10] A memorial edition of the periodical [[Handwriting Analysts News]], titled for her, appeared in 1963, and the school holds a copy.[^3]
 ### MKULTRA Subproject 137
-A file in the [[John R. Everett]] records at the New School, labeled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," describes "two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra," the second of which "concerned graphology and psychopathologies."[^9]
+A file in the [[John R. Everett]] records at the New School, labeled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," describes "two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra," the second of which "concerned graphology and psychopathologies."[^11]
-The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s released file for MKULTRA Subproject 137 names no contractor. Its memorandum of August 24, 1961 states that the purpose of the subproject was "to support the work of Dr." [redacted], whose institution is also redacted, "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting." It continues: "Dr." [redacted] "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech. She is advanced in years and her health is failing. It is important that her manuscript, now eighty percent complete, be finished in order not to waste many tedious years of effort." The memorandum describes the Technical Services Division's "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," states that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and states that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship."[^10]
+The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s released file for MKULTRA Subproject 137 names no contractor. Its memorandum of August 24, 1961 states that the purpose of the subproject was "to support the work of Dr." [redacted], whose institution is also redacted, "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting." It continues: "Dr." [redacted] "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech. She is advanced in years and her health is failing. It is important that her manuscript, now eighty percent complete, be finished in order not to waste many tedious years of effort." The memorandum describes the Technical Services Division's "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," states that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and states that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship."[^12]
-The attached proposal, "A Proposal for Support to Complete the Manuscript of a Psycholexicon on Writing and the Written Word," requests $2,000, of which $1,750 was for a half-time research assistant-secretary and $250 for photographic services, with no salary for the principal investigator. It states that "no compendium of terms exists for student or layman which deals with the history and evolution of handwriting, its psychology and psychopathology," that the manuscript was "presently 80 per cent complete," and that twelve more months were needed.[^10] The curriculum vitae attached to the proposal has the name redacted. Its entries are set beside her recorded biography below.
+The attached proposal, "A Proposal for Support to Complete the Manuscript of a Psycholexicon on Writing and the Written Word," requests $2,000, of which $1,750 was for a half-time research assistant-secretary and $250 for photographic services, with no salary for the principal investigator. It states that "no compendium of terms exists for student or layman which deals with the history and evolution of handwriting, its psychology and psychopathology," that the manuscript was "presently 80 per cent complete," and that twelve more months were needed.[^12] The curriculum vitae attached to the proposal has the name redacted. Its entries are set beside her recorded biography below.
 | Subproject 137 curriculum vitae (name redacted) | Roman record |
 |---|---|
@ -92,22 +92,32 @@ The attached proposal, "A Proposal for Support to Complete the Manuscript of a P
 | 1949, member of the faculty of a redacted institution | Invited to teach at the New School in 1948; course on file for 1949[^1][^3] |
 | Official handwriting expert to courts and for juvenile delinquents, 1932 to 1947 | Research consultant to the Manhattan Criminal Court treatment clinic[^1] |
-The invoice for Subproject 137 shows a $2,000 treasurer's check, number 185479, dated September 11, 1961, payable to a redacted institution, with a receipt dated October 4, 1961. The accounting memorandum of February 1963 states: "Dr." [redacted] "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting." It records that she had "four editorial assistants during the period," that "We have two letters from Dr." [redacted] "acknowledging receipt of the money and a letter from her brother stating that the manuscript is almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." Two men whose names are redacted "concur that no further accounting is possible." A certification states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received." The accounting form for the $2,000 advance of September 11, 1961 was approved on March 10, 1964 over the signature of Sidney Gottlieb, marked "DC/TSD."[^10] The F. Ungar Publishing Company published the Encyclopedia of the Written Word in 1968.[^5]
+The invoice for Subproject 137 shows a $2,000 treasurer's check, number 185479, dated September 11, 1961, payable to a redacted institution, with a receipt dated October 4, 1961. The accounting memorandum of February 1963 states: "Dr." [redacted] "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting." It records that she had "four editorial assistants during the period," that "We have two letters from Dr." [redacted] "acknowledging receipt of the money and a letter from her brother stating that the manuscript is almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." Two men whose names are redacted "concur that no further accounting is possible." A certification states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received." The accounting form for the $2,000 advance of September 11, 1961 was approved on March 10, 1964 over the signature of Sidney Gottlieb, marked "DC/TSD."[^12] The F. Ungar Publishing Company published the Encyclopedia of the Written Word in 1968.[^6]
-The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by anthropologist David H. Price, lists a grant of $2,000 for "Book: The Psychology of Writing" to "Roman, Klara G." in the field of psychology.[^11]
+The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by anthropologist David H. Price, lists a grant of $2,000 for "Book: The Psychology of Writing" to "Roman, Klara G." in the field of psychology.[^13]
-The investigator of Subproject 137 was Roman. The released file redacts her name, but its curriculum vitae matches her record entry for entry, the Everett file places the graphology project at the New School in 1962, the Human Ecology Fund's report lists the $2,000 under her name, and her Encyclopedia thanks the Fund and its technical writer. The 1961 memorandum states that she was neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship.
+The copy of the Subproject 137 memorandum for the record of August 24, 1961 that the CIA sent to the New School on September 7, 1977 carries a red insertion, "New School for Social Research, New York City," placed beside the blacked-out name of the investigator, who is referred to as "her" in the text.[^14] The covering letter, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents." The release still redacts the investigator's name.[^15]
 The curriculum vitae attached to the proposal also lists a 1946 lectureship in the postgraduate training of high school teachers, and a 1948 research appointment to the staff of an Institute for Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Research and Training "in conjunction with" an Institute for Psychoanalysis; all institution names are redacted.[^16] The memorandum states that the project cost was not to exceed $2,000.[^17]
 The investigator of Subproject 137 was Roman. The released file redacts her name, but its curriculum vitae matches her record entry for entry, the red insertion on the copy sent to the school places the investigator at the New School, the Everett file places the graphology project at the New School in 1962, the Human Ecology Fund's report lists the $2,000 under her name, and her Encyclopedia thanks the Fund and its technical writer. The 1961 memorandum states that she was neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship.
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note (source cited there: introduction by Rose Wolfson to the *Encyclopedia of the Written Word*). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284
 [^2]: Klara G. Roman, *Handwriting: A Key to Personality* (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), preface, pp. v-vi. University of Ghana digital repository copy: https://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstreams/a2528ff1-0d2f-4ccc-ad93-b6b7e13b1c37/download
 [^3]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Roman, Klara G. archival objects: course "Graphology: A Psychological Method for the Study of Personality," 1949, 1959, Series 6, Box 6, Folder 31, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19951 ; *Encyclopedia of the Written Word*, 1962-1969, Box 1, Folder 4, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/32418 ; *Handwriting Analysts News*, Klara G. Roman Memorial Edition, 1963, Box 1, Folder 13, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/32422
-[^4]: *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1968), acknowledgments, preface and editors' account signed by Rose Wolfson.
+[^4]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3, "Propaganda Research Center, 1947-1953," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27434 ; "Graphology in Political Intelligence, 1952," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27446
-[^5]: Library of Congress catalog record (LCCN 68-12124), "Encyclopedia of the written word; a lexicon for graphology and other aspects of writing, written and compiled by Klara G. Roman. Edited by Rose Wolfson and Maurice Edwards. New York, F. Ungar Pub. Co. [1968], xviii, 550 p.," as reproduced in the Internet Archive MARC record, https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwr0000roma
+[^5]: *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1968), acknowledgments, preface and editors' account signed by Rose Wolfson.
-[^6]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers (NA-0010-01), biographical note on Edwards. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284
+[^6]: Library of Congress catalog record (LCCN 68-12124), "Encyclopedia of the written word; a lexicon for graphology and other aspects of writing, written and compiled by Klara G. Roman. Edited by Rose Wolfson and Maurice Edwards. New York, F. Ungar Pub. Co. [1968], xviii, 550 p.," as reproduced in the Internet Archive MARC record, https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwr0000roma
-[^7]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, *1957 Annual Report*, officers and staff ("Walter P. Pasternak, Technical Writer"). Wayback Machine capture of https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf
+[^7]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers (NA-0010-01), biographical note on Edwards. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284
-[^8]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (New York: Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n. ("In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund").
+[^8]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, *1957 Annual Report*, officers and staff ("Walter P. Pasternak, Technical Writer"). Wayback Machine capture of https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf
-[^9]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3, Subject files, File "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," Box 7, Folder 29. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220
+[^9]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (New York: Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n. ("In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund").
-[^10]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (19 pages): memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961; proposal, budget and curriculum vitae; obligation memorandum, August 28, 1961; invoice and receipt for check no. 185479 (September 11 and October 4, 1961); accounting memorandum, February 1963; accounting by individual for advance, approved March 10, 1964. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017396 . The contractor, institution and most signatories are redacted in the release.
+[^10]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, accounting memorandum, February 1963, New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 76 (page image 137-8). https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
-[^11]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and unwitting anthropological research for the CIA," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, *Report*, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide
+[^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3, Subject files, File "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," Box 7, Folder 29. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220
 [^12]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (19 pages): memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961; proposal, budget and curriculum vitae; obligation memorandum, August 28, 1961; invoice and receipt for check no. 185479 (September 11 and October 4, 1961); accounting memorandum, February 1963; accounting by individual for advance, approved March 10, 1964. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017396 . The contractor, institution and most signatories are redacted in the release.
 [^13]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and unwitting anthropological research for the CIA," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, *Report*, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide
 [^14]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (MKULTRA Subproject 137), memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961, page image 137-10, as reproduced with a red insertion in the New School copy, John R. Everett records NS010102_000027, PDF p. 78. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
 [^15]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7.
 [^16]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, curriculum vitae, New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 82-83 (page image 137-11).
 [^17]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961, New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 78-79.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/New
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/New
@ -73,124 +73,124 @@ relations:
    start: 1939
    end: 1952
    role: "professor of philosophy, Graduate Faculty"
-    fn: 37
+    fn: 42
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Max Ascoli]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1933
    role: "Graduate Faculty member from late 1933"
-    fn: 48
+    fn: 53
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Leo Strauss]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1938
    end: 1948
    role: "Graduate Faculty member"
-    fn: 34
+    fn: 39
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Hannah Arendt]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1967
    end: 1975
    role: "University Professor in Philosophy"
-    fn: 35
+    fn: 40
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Hans Simons]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1950
    end: 1961
    role: "president"
-    fn: 66
+    fn: 79
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[John R. Everett]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1964
    end: 1982
    role: "president"
-    fn: 66
+    fn: 79
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Jonathan F. Fanton]]"
    reverse: true
    end: 1999
    role: "president"
-    fn: 68
+    fn: 88
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Bob Kerrey]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2001-01
    end: 2010-12-31
    role: "seventh president, named in 2000 and due to start after leaving the Senate; president through 2010"
-    fn: 72
+    fn: 92
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[David E. Van Zandt]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2011
    role: "eighth president"
-    fn: 72
+    fn: 92
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Dwight A. McBride]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2020
    end: 2023
    role: "ninth president"
-    fn: 74
+    fn: 94
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Donna Shalala]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2023
    end: 2024
    role: "interim president"
-    fn: 74
+    fn: 94
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Joel Towers]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2024
    role: "tenth president"
-    fn: 74
+    fn: 94
  - type: funded
    with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2014
    end: 2019
    role: "tuition and transfers paid from Epstein accounts, as recorded in bank statements and a Deutsche Bank exhibit"
-    fn: 90
+    fn: 110
  - type: funded
    with: "[[Starr Foundation]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2004
    role: "$10 million grant to establish the India China Institute"
-    fn: 76
+    fn: 96
  - type: funded
    with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2004
    role: "$3.7 million gift for the Center for Economic Policy Analysis and an endowed professorship"
-    fn: 76
+    fn: 96
  - type: director_of
    with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2004
    role: "trustee, joined the board September 1, 2004"
-    fn: 75
+    fn: 95
  - type: funded
    with: "[[United States Department of the Air Force]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2013
    role: "assistance award FA95501410030, $6,176,482, on the dynamics of sacred values"
-    fn: 84
+    fn: 104
  - type: funded
    with: "[[Project MKUltra]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1961
    end: 1962
    role: "two 1962 projects at the school, per the Everett file; subproject numbers not stated there"
-    fn: 62
+    fn: 70
  - type: funded
    with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 2001
    role: "$1.1 million for the Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture Series and Project in Markets, Equality and Democracy"
-    fn: 77
+    fn: 97
  - type: director_of
    with: "[[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]"
    reverse: true
@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ relations:
    start: 1939
    end: 1941
    role: "associate professor lecturing in psychiatry, per a New School official to the FBI"
-    fn: 50
+    fn: 55
 ---
 A private New York City university founded in 1919 by professors who had been dismissed or had resigned during the First World War, the New School for Social Research opened as an adult school of social science with money from the circle around [[The New Republic]].[^1] Its Graduate Faculty, known from 1933 as the [[University in Exile]], took in German and Central European scholars, and during the Second World War members of that faculty worked for the [[Office of Strategic Services]], the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] and the [[Office of War Information]].
@ -238,63 +238,79 @@ The Office of Strategic Services considered the New School "the best collection
 The [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]], led by Speier and the psychoanalyst [[Ernst Kris]], was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation until 1943.[^21] The project ran from 1940 to 1944 in the school's finding aid.[^22] The preface of its 1944 book dates the start of work to April 1, 1941. The Rockefeller Foundation granted $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942, and Johnson housed the staff in New School rooms, which Bessner attributes to his wish to show the government and the intellectual community that he was not hiding a fifth column. Its research papers went to agencies in Washington, London and Ottawa.[^23] Its analysts studied radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and coordinated their work with the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] and United States agencies. Many of the researchers later held federal posts.[^21] The project's staff included Sidney Axelrad, Joe Carmichael, Rose M. Chayes, Henry Elkin, Erik Estorik, Jacob Goldstein, Hans Herma, George Hilton, Eleanor Horn, Gertrud Kurth, Stanley Lipkin, Janice Loeb, Rita Lowe, Margaret P. Mascret, Alexander Mintz, George A. Nelson Jr., Margaret Otis, Heinz Paechter, Thomas Rubinstein, Dorothy L. Sandler, Joseph Shor, Ursula Wasserman, Florence Weil and Howard B. White.[^24] The project's 1944 book, German Radio Propaganda, went to allied agencies, and the acting head of the British Political Warfare Mission in Washington called it "a magnificent piece of work."[^25]
-Speier's wartime career ran from the project into the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, where [[Goodwin Watson]], head of its Analysis Division, offered him the post of Senior Political Analyst in February 1942; he became Principal Political Analyst in November 1942, and Bessner writes that Watson later "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst."[^26][^27] On May 22, 1944 he transferred to the Office of War Information's Overseas Operations Branch.[^27] A connection he made at the OWI with [[Leo Rosten]] brought him to the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from July 1948.[^28][^29] [[John Foster Dulles]], a Rockefeller Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation after the war to continue work in this field in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^21]
+Exiles from the Graduate Faculty held wartime posts across the government. Bessner's list places [[Franz Borkenau]], [[Joseph Bornstein]], [[Leo Löwenthal]] and [[Heinz Paechter]] at the Office of War Information, and [[Felix Gilbert]], [[Emil Gumbel]], [[Arkadij Gurland]], [[Hajo Holborn]], [[Otto Kirchheimer]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Franz Neumann]] and [[Sigmund Neumann]] at the Office of Strategic Services.[^26]
 Speier's wartime career ran from the project into the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, where [[Goodwin Watson]], head of its Analysis Division, offered him the post of Senior Political Analyst in February 1942; he became Principal Political Analyst in November 1942, and Bessner writes that Watson later "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst."[^27][^28] On May 22, 1944 he transferred to the Office of War Information's Overseas Operations Branch.[^28] A connection he made at the OWI with [[Leo Rosten]] brought him to the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from July 1948.[^29][^30] [[John Foster Dulles]], a Rockefeller Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation after the war to continue work in this field in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^21]
 ### Institute of World Affairs
-The finding aid for the Institute of World Affairs states that the Institute, established in 1942 as an independent unit of the New School, developed from two divisions of the Graduate Faculty, a Study Group on Germany and the Totalitarian Communication Project organized by Speier and Kris, and that its studies included work done in conjunction with, or on the commission of, United States war offices, among them Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction.[^30] Bessner writes that from 1943 Speier was in conflict with colleagues over the Institute, a research center funded by [[Doris Duke]]; he declined to serve on its council in October 1943 and wrote that he did not want to be "a pawn" in faculty fights. In 1947 and 1948 he planned a Division of International Studies, which was elected on December 17, 1947 and never realized.[^31]
+The [[Institute of World Affairs]] was founded as an independent unit of the New School in 1943, taking over the collective research projects of the Graduate Faculty, and was redesignated the Research Division in 1953. It developed from a Study Group on Germany and from the Totalitarian Communication Project organized by Speier and Kris, and its studies included work done in conjunction with, or on the commission of, United States war offices, among them Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction. Max Ascoli handled initial planning and fund-raising until Adolph Lowe became director of research in 1942.[^31] The records' abstract gives 1942 as the founding year.[^32] Funding for 1943 to 1951 is reported at $630,000, from [[Independent Aid]], the Rockefeller Foundation, the Viking Fund, the Hebrew Technical Institute, the Rosenwald Foundation and individual donors.[^31] Bessner describes the Institute as "a research center funded by Doris Duke."[^33] Independent Aid, Inc. was the first charitable foundation established by [[Doris Duke]]; it was incorporated in Delaware in October 1934 and renamed the Doris Duke Foundation in October 1951.[^34]
 In October 1943 [[Albert Salomon]] asked Speier to join the Institute's council. Speier replied that he "would like to be helpful, if I am wanted," and later withdrew his declaration to serve "in principle" pending further information, writing to Lowe on February 25, 1944 that he did not want to be considered a member of the council.[^35] Bessner states that he came to believe he was being "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics."[^35] In 1947 and 1948 he planned a Division of International Studies, which was elected on December 17, 1947 and never realized.[^36]
 ### Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes
-In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, also called the Free French School. Between 1942 and 1946 it offered courses, mostly in French, in the social sciences and humanities. The Ecole Libre was recognized by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments as equivalent to a university degree. Its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. Some faculty held that the school should be scholarly and non-political, while others, supporters of the Free France movement led by [[Charles de Gaulle]], held that it had an intrinsic relationship to that movement. The Ecole Libre was severed from the New School in June 1947.[^32]
+In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, also called the Free French School. Between 1942 and 1946 it offered courses, mostly in French, in the social sciences and humanities. The Ecole Libre was recognized by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments as equivalent to a university degree. Its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. Some faculty held that the school should be scholarly and non-political, while others, supporters of the Free France movement led by [[Charles de Gaulle]], held that it had an intrinsic relationship to that movement. The Ecole Libre was severed from the New School in June 1947.[^37]
 ### Faculty
-[[Leo Strauss]] came to the school on a path that ran through the Rockefeller Foundation. The Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the London School of Economics recommended him to Johnson.[^33] Strauss taught at the New School from 1938 to 1948.[^34] [[Hannah Arendt]] was University Professor in Philosophy from 1967 to 1975. The school's archive holds her office files, including correspondence with [[Elizabeth Young-Bruehl]] from 1969 to 1975.[^35] The Rockefeller Foundation records list a grant in aid to Arendt under the New School.[^36]
+[[Leo Strauss]] came to the school on a path that ran through the Rockefeller Foundation. The Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the London School of Economics recommended him to Johnson.[^38] Strauss taught at the New School from 1938 to 1948.[^39] [[Hannah Arendt]] was University Professor in Philosophy from 1967 to 1975. The school's archive holds her office files, including correspondence with [[Elizabeth Young-Bruehl]] from 1969 to 1975.[^40] The Rockefeller Foundation records list a grant in aid to Arendt under the New School.[^41]
-Riezler, a diplomat and philosopher, emigrated at the end of 1938 and held a Graduate Faculty post. The Editors' Note in the Spring 1956 issue of [[Social Research]] states that he was Professor of Philosophy from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus; [[Wayne C. Thompson]] writes that he retired in 1952, the Marbach authority record gives his New School affiliation as circa 1939 to 1954, and the Neue Deutsche Biographie has him returning to Rome in 1954.[^37][^38][^39][^40] Johnson recorded Riezler as his last appointment: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^41] The Institute of World Affairs finding aid lists him among the Study Group on Germany, attended by Eduard Heimann, [[Erich Hula]], [[Karl Mayer]], [[Albert Salomon]], Strauss, [[Horace Kallen]] and [[Felix Kaufmann]], and among the researchers associated with the University in Exile.[^30] The papers of Reuben Abel list him among the lecturers Abel attended, and the school's faculty vertical files hold a file for him.[^42][^43] Riezler and Strauss taught two courses together in the mid-1940s, one on Aristotle's De anima and Descartes's Passions of the Soul with [[Solomon Asch]] and one on Plato's Theaetetus with [[Alexandre Koyré]], and Riezler published "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man" in Social Research in 1945.[^44][^45] Strauss's eulogy for Riezler appeared in Social Research in 1956 beside a memorial article by [[Theodor Heuss]]. His daughter Maria married the New School professor [[Howard B. D. White]].[^40][^46][^47] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933 after Johnson recruited him as one of two Rockefeller scholars, and he later edited [[The Reporter]].[^48]
+Riezler, a diplomat and philosopher, emigrated at the end of 1938 and held a Graduate Faculty post. The Editors' Note in the Spring 1956 issue of [[Social Research]] states that he was Professor of Philosophy from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus; [[Wayne C. Thompson]] writes that he retired in 1952, the Marbach authority record gives his New School affiliation as circa 1939 to 1954, and the Neue Deutsche Biographie has him returning to Rome in 1954.[^42][^43][^44][^45] Johnson recorded Riezler as his last appointment: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^46] The Institute of World Affairs finding aid lists him among the Study Group on Germany, attended by Eduard Heimann, [[Erich Hula]], [[Karl Mayer]], Albert Salomon, Strauss, [[Horace Kallen]] and [[Felix Kaufmann]], and among the researchers associated with the University in Exile.[^31] The papers of Reuben Abel list him among the lecturers Abel attended, and the school's faculty vertical files hold a file for him.[^47][^48] Riezler and Strauss taught two courses together in the mid-1940s, one on Aristotle's De anima and Descartes's Passions of the Soul with [[Solomon Asch]] and one on Plato's Theaetetus with [[Alexandre Koyré]], and Riezler published "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man" in Social Research in 1945.[^49][^50] Strauss's eulogy for Riezler appeared in Social Research in 1956 beside a memorial article by [[Theodor Heuss]]. His daughter Maria married the New School professor [[Howard B. D. White]].[^45][^51][^52] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933 after Johnson recruited him as one of two Rockefeller scholars, and he later edited [[The Reporter]].[^53]
-Wilhelm Reich appears in the school's archive through a bound photocopy of his 1940 New School lectures, transcribed from the archive of the Orgone Institute.[^49] The NYPL files list a Reich file for 1939 and 1940 under non-grantees.[^15] An official of the school, whose name is redacted, told FBI agents in December 1941 that Reich had been an associate professor for two years, during 1939 and 1940, at about $1,500 a year, and that the connection ended after the spring term of 1941; the school, the official said, "makes no inquiry of their political views or background."[^50] The same official described Reich as conducting "a lecture in psychiatry" and said he "claims to have a cure-all for cancer," all of which the official "stated smacked of 'quack' tactics on subject's part."[^50] A Bureau memorandum of May 6, 1941 records that Reich's non-quota visa of August 11, 1939 was issued because his "New York Seminar for Vegetotherapy" was part of the New School; the immigration record gives his arrival as August 28, 1939 and his destination as the school at 66 West 12th Street, and the New York report names "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Director" as the destination.[^51] A Bureau summary of February 1957 (M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols) condenses the 1941 interview to a statement that Reich entered the United States in 1939, taught psychology at the New School "until let out by the school because his teaching 'smacked of quack tactics,'" and was apprehended as a German alien on December 12, 1941.[^52] The school's archive also keeps a faculty vertical file for [[Gregory Bateson]].[^53] [[Erich Fromm]] taught courses at the school from 1941 to 1959.[^54]
+Wilhelm Reich appears in the school's archive through a bound photocopy of his 1940 New School lectures, transcribed from the archive of the Orgone Institute.[^54] The NYPL files list a Reich file for 1939 and 1940 under non-grantees.[^15] An official of the school, whose name is redacted, told FBI agents in December 1941 that Reich had been an associate professor for two years, during 1939 and 1940, at about $1,500 a year, and that the connection ended after the spring term of 1941; the school, the official said, "makes no inquiry of their political views or background."[^55] The same official described Reich as conducting "a lecture in psychiatry" and said he "claims to have a cure-all for cancer," all of which the official "stated smacked of 'quack' tactics on subject's part."[^55] A Bureau memorandum of May 6, 1941 records that Reich's non-quota visa of August 11, 1939 was issued because his "New York Seminar for Vegetotherapy" was part of the New School; the immigration record gives his arrival as August 28, 1939 and his destination as the school at 66 West 12th Street, and the New York report names "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Director" as the destination.[^56] A Bureau summary of February 1957 (M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols) condenses the 1941 interview to a statement that Reich entered the United States in 1939, taught psychology at the New School "until let out by the school because his teaching 'smacked of quack tactics,'" and was apprehended as a German alien on December 12, 1941.[^57] The school's archive also keeps a faculty vertical file for [[Gregory Bateson]].[^58] [[Erich Fromm]] taught courses at the school from 1941 to 1959.[^59]
 ### Parapsychology listings and teaching, 1968 to 1994
-The school appears in several parapsychology directories and reports in the CIA-held STARGATE record. A special report in the Princeton Alumni Weekly by [[Robert G. Jahn]] lists the New School among the colleges and universities in its survey of psychic research in the Western world.[^55] The 1975 survey New Psychic Frontiers by [[Walter Uphoff]] and [[Mary Jo Uphoff]] lists under the New School an entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], [[Martin Ebon]], [[Gilbert Roller]] and others at 66 West 12th Street, New York 10011, in its chapter on research, investigation and teaching; the same survey places Brier at [[C.W. Post College]] in its philosophy department and [[Hans Holzer]] at the New York Institute of Technology.[^56] Records found do not establish whether the Gilbert Roller in this entry is the Gilbert Roller who co-founded the early 1930s [[Bindelof séance circle]].
+The school appears in several parapsychology directories and reports in the CIA-held STARGATE record. A special report in the Princeton Alumni Weekly by [[Robert G. Jahn]] lists the New School among the colleges and universities in its survey of psychic research in the Western world.[^60] The 1975 survey New Psychic Frontiers by [[Walter Uphoff]] and [[Mary Jo Uphoff]] lists under the New School an entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], [[Martin Ebon]], [[Gilbert Roller]] and others at 66 West 12th Street, New York 10011, in its chapter on research, investigation and teaching; the same survey places Brier at [[C.W. Post College]] in its philosophy department and [[Hans Holzer]] at the New York Institute of Technology.[^61] The Gilbert Roller of this entry is the Gilbert Roller who as a teenager took part in the early 1930s [[Bindelof séance circle]]: [[Rosemarie Pilkington]], author of *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof*, wrote in 2007 that she "knew Gil Roller for more than 30 years" and called the first part of her book an account of "Gil Roller's and the Bindelof group's extraordinary experiences."[^62]
-The school's Bulletin for spring 1975 lists "Experimental Parapsychology" (course 2750-0, Bob Brier, Wednesdays from February 5, $90), "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena" (2755-3, Gilbert Roller, Tuesdays from February 4, $90), "The Challenge of Psychic Phenomena" (2760-3, Edith Wegman) and a parapsychology course by Parimal Das (5747-3). Roller's faculty biography reads that he conducted investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and was a faculty member of F.I.T. and president of Hepworth Films Corp.; Parapsychology Review reported in 1973 that Roller taught a course on telekinesis, poltergeists and ectoplasmia.[^57] Ebon's own lecture series "Parapsychology: From Magic to Science" ran from 1966 to 1968, and The Writer's Directory lists him as lecturer in the Division of Social Sciences in 1949 to 1950, 1955 to 1956 and 1967.[^58] The archive holds a file "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975" and a file "Soviet Affairs Forum: Related Courses, 1964 January 29."[^59]
+The school's Bulletin for spring 1975 lists "Experimental Parapsychology" (course 2750-0, Bob Brier, Wednesdays from February 5, $90), "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena" (2755-3, Gilbert Roller, Tuesdays from February 4, $90), "The Challenge of Psychic Phenomena" (2760-3, Edith Wegman) and a parapsychology course by Parimal Das (5747-3). Roller's faculty biography reads that he conducted investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and was a faculty member of F.I.T. and president of Hepworth Films Corp.; Parapsychology Review reported that Roller taught a course on telekinesis, poltergeists and ectoplasmia.[^63] Ebon's own lecture series "Parapsychology: From Magic to Science" ran from 1966 to 1968, and The Writer's Directory lists him as lecturer in the Division of Social Sciences in 1949 to 1950, 1955 to 1956 and 1967.[^64] The archive holds a file "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975" and a file "Soviet Affairs Forum: Related Courses, 1964 January 29."[^65]
-A 1982 engineering article by Jahn in the Proceedings of the IEEE (February 1982) includes a roster of United States universities and colleges where parapsychology is pursued that names the New School for Social Research, and the same roster appears in a 1991 anthology compiled by [[Science Applications International Corporation]].[^60] A conference program circulated by email in March 1994 lists [[Sheila Davis]] of the New School with a paper titled "Cerebral function, Jungian typology and language style: Toward a new theory."[^61]
+The 1968 *Journal of Parapsychology* index lists the New School for Social Research, New York, at pages 171 to 173, within the pages (167-175) of the article "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition" by [[Sara R. Feather]] and Robert Brier.[^66]
 The author biography of Gilbert Roller's 1975 book *A Voice From Beyond* states that he teaches a course in paramechanics at the New School for Social Research in New York City, which "comprises an inquiry into telekinesis, poltergeists, ectoplasm and thought photography." The same biography records a childhood poltergeist, his mother's séances and a teenage group of friends who "held séances regularly for about two years."[^67]
 A 1982 engineering article by Jahn in the Proceedings of the IEEE (February 1982) includes a roster of United States universities and colleges where parapsychology is pursued that names the New School for Social Research, and the same roster appears in a 1991 anthology compiled by [[Science Applications International Corporation]].[^68] A conference program circulated by email in March 1994 lists [[Sheila Davis]] of the New School with a paper titled "Cerebral function, Jungian typology and language style: Toward a new theory."[^69]
 ### MKULTRA projects, 1962
-The school's archive holds a folder of the records of president [[John R. Everett]] headed "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." The folder contains correspondence between Everett and the CIA about the release of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] details, including the release of universities' involvement, and "a report of two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra." The first attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics, and the second concerned graphology and psychopathologies. The description states that the researchers on at least one of them appear to have been unaware of CIA sponsorship.[^62] The description does not name the researchers or give subproject numbers. Two released subproject files, Subprojects 134 and 137, match the two descriptions and are set out on the Project MKUltra page.[^63]
+The school's archive holds a folder of the records of president [[John R. Everett]] headed "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." The folder contains correspondence between Everett and the CIA about the release of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] details, including the release of universities' involvement, and "a report of two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra." The first attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics, and the second concerned graphology and psychopathologies. The description states that the researchers on at least one of them appear to have been unaware of CIA sponsorship.[^70] The description does not name the researchers or give subproject numbers. Two released subproject files, Subprojects 134 and 137, match the two descriptions and are set out on the Project MKUltra page.[^71]
-The graphology teacher [[Klara G. Roman]] taught at the school from 1948 until shortly before her death in 1962. Her Encyclopedia of the Written Word, a graphology lexicon, was edited after her death by [[Maurice Edwards]] and [[Rose Wolfson]], and its acknowledgments thank "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" and Daniel S. Anthony "of The New School for Social Research."[^64] Subproject 137, a $2,000 grant paid in 1961 for the manuscript of a graphology lexicon by an unnamed woman who died in 1962, has a curriculum vitae in the released file that lists the invention of a "Graphodyne"; Roman invented the graphodyne. The CIA copy does not name her. The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by David H. Price, lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G."[^63] The first project, on body type and personality, matches Subproject 134, whose investigator is not named in the released file.
+The copy of the two subproject files that the CIA sent the school on September 7, 1977 carries red insertions of the school's name on the Subproject 134 memorandum of May 29, 1961 and on the Subproject 137 memorandum of August 24, 1961, where the insertion reads "New School for Social Research, New York City." The agency's cover letter, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents."[^72] The investigators' names remain blacked out in that copy.[^73]
-On October 9, 1977, the New York Times reported that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A." that it had hosted agency research, and that 26 colleges and universities had acknowledged the research publicly.[^65]
+The agency first notified the school by a letter from General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] that Everett's reply of August 16, 1977 calls "Your letter of August 12th." Everett wrote that it "came as quite a shock to me," that the relevant people at the school "know nothing about the matter," and that "some have left and others have died."[^74] The school's typed draft statement on the notification, undated, states that the school "chose not to notify either its own members or the public of its involvement pending its receipt of additional information from the CIA."[^75] Cinquegrana wrote on March 17, 1978 that "to date we have received no response from your institution."[^76]
 The graphology teacher [[Klara G. Roman]] taught at the school from 1948 until shortly before her death in 1962. Her Encyclopedia of the Written Word, a graphology lexicon, was edited after her death by [[Maurice Edwards]] and [[Rose Wolfson]], and its acknowledgments thank "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" and Daniel S. Anthony "of The New School for Social Research."[^77] Subproject 137, a $2,000 grant paid in 1961 for the manuscript of a graphology lexicon by an unnamed woman who died in 1962, has a curriculum vitae in the released file that lists the invention of a "Graphodyne"; Roman invented the graphodyne. The CIA copy does not name her. The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by David H. Price, lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G."[^71] The first project, on body type and personality, matches Subproject 134, whose investigator is not named in the released file.
 On October 9, 1977, the New York Times reported that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A." that it had hosted agency research, and that 26 colleges and universities had acknowledged the research publicly.[^78]
 ### Presidents
-The finding aid for the school's presidential records lists Hans Simons (1950 to 1961), [[Henry David]] (1961 to 1963), [[Robert MacIver]] (1963 to 1964) and Everett (1964 to 1982).[^66] Everett's tenure is described as one of the longest in the school's history, second only to Johnson's.[^67] [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], appointed in 1984, left the $250,000 post in September 1999 for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and on February 17, 2000 the school named [[Bob Kerrey]], who said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, as its seventh president, to start after he left the Senate in January 2001.[^68] A fact sheet captured by the Internet Archive on December 11, 2000 lists [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees, [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] as vice chairs and Scaturro as treasurer, and names Scaturro as chancellor, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^69] Kerrey was installed at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001, with Tishman, "Chair of the Board of Trustees," giving remarks, and Tenet Healthcare's proxy statement of August 2001 gives him as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^70] On December 10, 2008 the faculty voted no confidence in him, which the Chronicle of Higher Education described as "nearly unanimous" with 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention in a summary by Faculty Senate co-chair Jim Miller; the trustees met the same day and, in a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in him. The amNewYork newspaper reported on December 23, 2008 that a majority of senior faculty approved a no-confidence measure "by a vote of 269 to 18" after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation of the cafeteria at 65 Fifth Avenue.[^71] [[David E. Van Zandt]], dean and professor of law at the Northwestern University School of Law, was announced on August 26, 2010 as the eighth president and took office on January 1, 2011, with Kerrey remaining president until the end of 2010; Van Zandt's installation ceremony took place on September 15, 2011, and the archive's biographical note for Kerrey dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010."[^72][^73] [[Dwight A. McBride]] was the ninth president from 2020 to 2023, [[Donna Shalala]] served as interim president from August 2023, and [[Joel Towers]], a member of the school since 2004 and a former executive dean of [[Parsons School of Design]], was appointed the tenth president effective August 1, 2024.[^74]
+The finding aid for the school's presidential records lists Hans Simons (1950 to 1961), [[Henry David]] (1961 to 1963), [[Robert MacIver]] (1963 to 1964) and Everett (1964 to 1982).[^79] The school's history and the Adult Division records date Simons's retirement from the presidency to 1960, when he moved to a consultancy and directorship with the [[Ford Foundation]].[^80][^81] The press releases for the appointment of Henry David fall between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and his inauguration was held on October 23, 1961.[^82][^83]
 Simons's presidency is also documented in the school's own files. His "Future of the New School," dated September 18, 1958, responds in a Publicity Office record to what the finding aid calls the "McGrath Report."[^84] The New School Associates records hold a presidential talk on "Hans Simon's report on India," dated January 28, 1960.[^85]
 Everett's tenure is described as one of the longest in the school's history, second only to Johnson's.[^86] The New School Archives' Everett records list Everett's presidency as 1964 to 1982 and describe the Everett papers' Britannica period as 1962 to 1964, before his New School appointment.[^87] [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], appointed in 1984, left the $250,000 post in September 1999 for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and on February 17, 2000 the school named [[Bob Kerrey]], who said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, as its seventh president, to start after he left the Senate in January 2001.[^88] A fact sheet captured by the Internet Archive on December 11, 2000 lists [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees, [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] as vice chairs and Scaturro as treasurer, and names Scaturro as chancellor, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^89] Kerrey was installed at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001, with Tishman, "Chair of the Board of Trustees," giving remarks, and Tenet Healthcare's proxy statement of August 2001 gives him as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^90] On December 10, 2008 the faculty voted no confidence in him, which the Chronicle of Higher Education described as "nearly unanimous" with 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention in a summary by Faculty Senate co-chair Jim Miller; the trustees met the same day and, in a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in him. The amNewYork newspaper reported on December 23, 2008 that a majority of senior faculty approved a no-confidence measure "by a vote of 269 to 18" after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation of the cafeteria at 65 Fifth Avenue.[^91] [[David E. Van Zandt]], dean and professor of law at the Northwestern University School of Law, was announced on August 26, 2010 as the eighth president and took office on January 1, 2011, with Kerrey remaining president until the end of 2010; Van Zandt's installation ceremony took place on September 15, 2011, and the archive's biographical note for Kerrey dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010."[^92][^93] [[Dwight A. McBride]] was the ninth president from 2020 to 2023, [[Donna Shalala]] served as interim president from August 2023, and [[Joel Towers]], a member of the school since 2004 and a former executive dean of [[Parsons School of Design]], was appointed the tenth president effective August 1, 2024.[^94]
 ### Trustees and finances
-[[Philip Scaturro]] was chairman of the board in 2004, when [[Peggy Brim Bewkes]], [[Eileen Naughton]], [[Richard Reiss Jr.]] and [[Bernard L. Schwartz]], chairman and chief executive of [[Loral Space & Communications]], joined the Board of Trustees on September 1.[^75] On November 4, 2004 the school announced a $10 million grant from the [[Starr Foundation]], the largest foundation gift in its history, to establish the [[India China Institute]], led by Provost [[Arjun Appadurai]] and Graduate Faculty dean [[Benjamin Lee]], and a $3.7 million gift from Schwartz for the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and the Irene and Bernard L. Schwartz Professorship of Economics and Policy. The announcement attributes the Schwartz gift to Schwartz and, in Kerrey's quoted remarks, to the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation.[^76]
+[[Philip Scaturro]] was chairman of the board in 2004, when [[Peggy Brim Bewkes]], [[Eileen Naughton]], [[Richard Reiss Jr.]] and [[Bernard L. Schwartz]], chairman and chief executive of [[Loral Space & Communications]], joined the Board of Trustees on September 1.[^95] On November 4, 2004 the school announced a $10 million grant from the [[Starr Foundation]], the largest foundation gift in its history, to establish the [[India China Institute]], led by Provost [[Arjun Appadurai]] and Graduate Faculty dean [[Benjamin Lee]], and a $3.7 million gift from Schwartz for the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and the Irene and Bernard L. Schwartz Professorship of Economics and Policy. The announcement attributes the Schwartz gift to Schwartz and, in Kerrey's quoted remarks, to the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation.[^96]
-On November 9, 2001, the school announced a gift of $1.1 million from Schwartz, then chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, for the Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture Series and Project in Markets, Equality and Democracy, a four-year project based at the Graduate Faculty's Center for Economic Policy Analysis.[^77] The November 4, 2004 release says the center had been established in September 2004 and would be renamed the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis "in recognition of the Schwartz Foundation's gift," and that it would continue to sponsor the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture.[^78]
+On November 9, 2001, the school announced a gift of $1.1 million from Schwartz, then chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, for the Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture Series and Project in Markets, Equality and Democracy, a four-year project based at the Graduate Faculty's Center for Economic Policy Analysis.[^97] The November 4, 2004 release says the center had been established in September 2004 and would be renamed the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis "in recognition of the Schwartz Foundation's gift," and that it would continue to sponsor the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture.[^98]
-The same release describes the Starr Foundation as established in 1955 by [[Cornelius Vander Starr]], an insurance entrepreneur who founded the American International family of insurance companies, now [[American International Group]], and as holding assets of approximately $3.5 billion.[^79] The House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China deposed Schwartz on November 21, 1998 and reported that Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, Ltd., met directly with Commerce Secretary [[Ron Brown]] on at least four occasions after 1993.[^80]
+The same release describes the Starr Foundation as established in 1955 by [[Cornelius Vander Starr]], an insurance entrepreneur who founded the American International family of insurance companies, now [[American International Group]], and as holding assets of approximately $3.5 billion.[^99] The House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China deposed Schwartz on November 21, 1998 and reported that Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, Ltd., met directly with Commerce Secretary [[Ron Brown]] on at least four occasions after 1993.[^100]
-The school's fiscal 2022 Form 990 lists [[Linda E. Rappaport]] as chair, [[Elliot Stein]], [[Franci J. Blassberg]] and Susan L. Foote as vice chairs, and McBride as president with reportable compensation of $815,044 and estimated other compensation of $604,206; the trustees listed include [[Beth Rudin DeWoody]] and [[Bevis Longstreth]].[^81] The school's board page lists current trustees without titles, with Rappaport first and Towers as president ex officio; life trustees include Scaturro, who was the school's chancellor when Kerrey was named.[^68][^82] The school's federal filings, retrieved through the ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer summary data for EIN 13-3297197, show total revenue of $602,901,362 and total assets of $1,706,553,269 for the fiscal year ending June 2023. Contributions reported in that year were $35,451,892, down from $55,910,574 in fiscal 2022.[^83]
+The school's fiscal 2022 Form 990 lists [[Linda E. Rappaport]] as chair, [[Elliot Stein]], [[Franci J. Blassberg]] and Susan L. Foote as vice chairs, and McBride as president with reportable compensation of $815,044 and estimated other compensation of $604,206; the trustees listed include [[Beth Rudin DeWoody]] and [[Bevis Longstreth]].[^101] The school's board page lists current trustees without titles, with Rappaport first and Towers as president ex officio; life trustees include Scaturro, who was the school's chancellor when Kerrey was named.[^88][^102] The school's federal filings, retrieved through the ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer summary data for EIN 13-3297197, show total revenue of $602,901,362 and total assets of $1,706,553,269 for the fiscal year ending June 2023. Contributions reported in that year were $35,451,892, down from $55,910,574 in fiscal 2022.[^103]
 ### Federal awards
-USAspending.gov records list several federal awards to The New School. The largest defense award is an Air Force assistance award, FA95501410030, for $6,176,482 with a period of performance from December 15, 2013 to March 14, 2019, under the title "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities in Governance and Conflict Management."[^84] The [[Minerva Research Initiative]] lists a project with the same title, 2014 to 2019, managed by the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]], with [[Jeremy Ginges]] of the school as principal investigator and [[Scott Atran]], Richard Davis, [[Douglas Medin]], [[John Alderdice]], Adolf Tobena and Oscar Vilarroya as co-principal investigators.[^85] An earlier Defense Technical Information Center final report, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," covering May 2010 to April 2013 under Air Force Office of Scientific Research contracts, names Atran as principal investigator with Medin, Ginges and Davis as co-investigators.[^86] A [[National Science Foundation]] award of $653,245 beginning May 1, 2016 carries the title "The Devoted Actor: Sacred Values, Identity Fusion and Intergroup Conflict."[^85] Other records include a 2009 Army award of $1,370,000 for "Northern Chicago Clinic EMR Development," a 2011 Defense Department award of $1,048,998 for a "Multi-Inclusion, Universal Client Electronic Health Record," a 2012 Defense Department award of $522,399 for "Design and Visualization Best Practice," and a 2009 Energy Department award of $1,903,000 for the school's green building.[^84]
+USAspending.gov records list several federal awards to The New School. The largest defense award is an Air Force assistance award, FA95501410030, for $6,176,482 with a period of performance from December 15, 2013 to March 14, 2019, under the title "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities in Governance and Conflict Management."[^104] The [[Minerva Research Initiative]] lists a project with the same title, 2014 to 2019, managed by the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]], with [[Jeremy Ginges]] of the school as principal investigator and [[Scott Atran]], Richard Davis, [[Douglas Medin]], [[John Alderdice]], Adolf Tobena and Oscar Vilarroya as co-principal investigators.[^105] An earlier Defense Technical Information Center final report, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," covering May 2010 to April 2013 under Air Force Office of Scientific Research contracts, names Atran as principal investigator with Medin, Ginges and Davis as co-investigators.[^106] A [[National Science Foundation]] award of $653,245 beginning May 1, 2016 carries the title "The Devoted Actor: Sacred Values, Identity Fusion and Intergroup Conflict."[^105] Other records include a 2009 Army award of $1,370,000 for "Northern Chicago Clinic EMR Development," a 2011 Defense Department award of $1,048,998 for a "Multi-Inclusion, Universal Client Electronic Health Record," a 2012 Defense Department award of $522,399 for "Design and Visualization Best Practice," and a 2009 Energy Department award of $1,903,000 for the school's green building.[^104]
 ### Epstein payments
-Bank statements for [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s account at [[Deutsche Bank]] record payments to the school. The August 2015 statement lists an outgoing transfer on August 6 of $16,083.00 to a [[Bank of America]] account, with the beneficiary line "E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT."[^87] The October 2016 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated October 27 of $17,030.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL."[^88] The May 2017 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated May 10 of $10,856.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL." The same statement page lists an outgoing transfer on May 11 of $3,589.00 through Sterling National Bank with the beneficiary line "FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY."[^89] A Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, dated September 12, 2019, lists in an exhibit titled "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women" nine payments to The New School from Epstein accounts: $29,025 on February 4, 2014; $15,704 on January 5, 2015; $4,730 on June 12, 2015; $16,083 on August 6, 2015; $16,656 on December 9, 2015; $4,420 on June 14, 2016; $16,850 on July 8, 2016; $3,756 on January 13, 2017; and $8,790 on January 10, 2019. The exhibit's only [[New York Film Academy]] entry is $3,442 on March 10, 2017.[^90]
+Bank statements for [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s account at [[Deutsche Bank]] record payments to the school. The August 2015 statement lists an outgoing transfer on August 6 of $16,083.00 to a [[Bank of America]] account, with the beneficiary line "E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT."[^107] The October 2016 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated October 27 of $17,030.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL."[^108] The May 2017 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated May 10 of $10,856.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL." The same statement page lists an outgoing transfer on May 11 of $3,589.00 through Sterling National Bank with the beneficiary line "FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY."[^109] A Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, dated September 12, 2019, lists in an exhibit titled "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women" nine payments to The New School from Epstein accounts: $29,025 on February 4, 2014; $15,704 on January 5, 2015; $4,730 on June 12, 2015; $16,083 on August 6, 2015; $16,656 on December 9, 2015; $4,420 on June 14, 2016; $16,850 on July 8, 2016; $3,756 on January 13, 2017; and $8,790 on January 10, 2019. The exhibit's only [[New York Film Academy]] entry is $3,442 on March 10, 2017.[^110]
-Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one student's tuition, invoiced by the school each term from fall 2014 to spring 2019. Epstein's bookkeeper [[Bella Klein]] wired the payments, and his accountant [[Richard Kahn]] forwarded invoices for approval. On December 9, 2015, Klein asked Epstein to "confirm that i can proceed with wire in the amount of $16,656," and he replied "yes."[^91] On September 20, 2016, Kahn forwarded a fall invoice with "approval to pay thank you."[^92] The fall 2015 invoice of $16,083 matches the August 6, 2015 wire to the school's operating account.[^93] On August 1, 2018, Klein wrote: "Today I paid balance for her fall semester in the amount of $7719."[^94] The spring 2019 invoice was $8,790.[^95]
+Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one student's tuition, invoiced by the school each term from fall 2014 to spring 2019. Epstein's bookkeeper [[Bella Klein]] wired the payments, and his accountant [[Richard Kahn]] forwarded invoices for approval. On December 9, 2015, Klein asked Epstein to "confirm that i can proceed with wire in the amount of $16,656," and he replied "yes."[^111] On September 20, 2016, Kahn forwarded a fall invoice with "approval to pay thank you."[^112] The fall 2015 invoice of $16,083 matches the August 6, 2015 wire to the school's operating account.[^113] On August 1, 2018, Klein wrote: "Today I paid balance for her fall semester in the amount of $7719."[^114] The spring 2019 invoice was $8,790.[^115]
 ### Footnotes
@ -323,73 +339,93 @@ Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one stud
 [^23]: Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (New York: Oxford University Press, 1944), Preface; New School Archives, NS-02-16-01, Series 3, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451; Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 130-131 and note 47.
 [^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 47, citing the New School Archives, "Totalitarianism Research Project," Box 1.
 [^25]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 49, citing Walter Adams to Ernst Kris, May 8, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 3, Folder 134, and John Marshall's reply.
-[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 137 (Watson "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst").
+[^26]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14-15 and note 16. Sole source for the exile lists. The dissertation lists "Gurland" in note 16 and "Gurman" in the introduction's list, and the page image of the introduction (printed p. 14) confirms the printed "Gurman" is a typographical slip for Arkadij Gurland.
-[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-137 (the offer of February 1942; Principal Political Analyst, November 1942) and pp. 145-146 (transfer to the Overseas Operations Branch on May 22, 1944).
+[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 137 (Watson "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst").
-[^28]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 (the connection made at the OWI with Leo Rosten "brought Speier to the RAND Corporation").
+[^28]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-137 (the offer of February 1942; Principal Political Analyst, November 1942) and pp. 145-146 (transfer to the Overseas Operations Branch on May 22, 1944).
-[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 194-195 (consultant May 1948, head of the Social Science Division July 1948).
+[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 (the connection made at the OWI with Leo Rosten "brought Speier to the RAND Corporation").
-[^30]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," record group NS-02-16-01, historical note and scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
+[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 194-195 (consultant May 1948, head of the Social Science Division July 1948).
-[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-170.
+[^31]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," record group NS-02-16-01, historical note and scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
-[^32]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn École Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; recognition by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severance from the New School in June 1947).
+[^32]: Same finding aid, abstract. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
-[^33]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
+[^33]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content. Sole source for the Doris Duke funding passage.
-[^34]: "Leo Strauss," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strauss-leo/ (the New School years, 1938 to 1948).
+[^34]: Duke University Libraries, Rubenstein Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid ; "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound (subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959").
-[^35]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hannah Arendt New School faculty files," https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/233 (University Professor in Philosophy, 1967 to 1975; office files; correspondence with Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, 1969 to 1975).
+[^35]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-165 and notes 3, 9 and 11 (Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 14).
-[^36]: Rockefeller Archive Center, search "New School for Social Research," Rockefeller Foundation records, Series 200, folder "New School for Social Research - Hannah Arendt - (Grant in Aid)" (folder title).
+[^36]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-170.
-[^37]: Editors' Note, *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), p. 233 (footnote to Leo Strauss, "Kurt Riezler, 1882-1955"): "Kurt Riezler was Professor of Philosophy in the Graduate Faculty of the New School from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus."
+[^37]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn École Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; recognition by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severance from the New School in June 1947).
-[^38]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, p. 232.
+[^38]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
-[^39]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, Normdaten record PE00079064, "Riezler, Kurt (1882-1955)," affiliations ("New School for Social Research <New York, NY> (1919-1997) (ca. 1939-1954)") and relations ("Liebermann, Käthe (1885-1955), Ehefrau 1915"). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00079064/
+[^39]: "Leo Strauss," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strauss-leo/ (the New School years, 1938 to 1948).
-[^40]: Becker, Bert, "Riezler, Kurt Karl Joseph Siegmund (Pseudonym J. J. Ruedorffer)," *Neue Deutsche Biographie* 21 (2003), pp. 618-619, the biographical article on Riezler, including its literature list. https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118601008.html
+[^40]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hannah Arendt New School faculty files," https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/233 (University Professor in Philosophy, 1967 to 1975; office files; correspondence with Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, 1969 to 1975).
-[^41]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 97 (Riezler's 1932 role at Frankfurt and "philosopher and diplomat Kurt Riezler"); Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
+[^41]: Rockefeller Archive Center, search "New School for Social Research," Rockefeller Foundation records, Series 200, folder "New School for Social Research - Hannah Arendt - (Grant in Aid)" (folder title).
-[^42]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Reuben Abel papers," collection NA-0003-01, scope and contents (list of lecturers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/165
+[^42]: Editors' Note, *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), p. 233 (footnote to Leo Strauss, "Kurt Riezler, 1882-1955"): "Kurt Riezler was Professor of Philosophy in the Graduate Faculty of the New School from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus."
-[^43]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Riezler, Kurt," File, Box 10, Folder 18, New School faculty vertical files collection (NS-08-02-02). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/43221
+[^43]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, p. 232.
-[^44]: Colen, José A., and Svetozar Minkov, "Leo Strauss on Social and Natural Science: Two Previously Unpublished Papers," *The Review of Politics* 76, no. 4 (2014), pp. 619-633, introduction, and Strauss's paper "The frame of reference in the social sciences" (Leo Strauss Papers, Box 14, Folder 10). DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S003467051400059X
+[^44]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, Normdaten record PE00079064, "Riezler, Kurt (1882-1955)," affiliations ("New School for Social Research <New York, NY> (1919-1997) (ca. 1939-1954)") and relations ("Liebermann, Käthe (1885-1955), Ehefrau 1915"). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00079064/
-[^45]: Riezler, Kurt, "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man," *Social Research* 12, no. 4 (1945), pp. 481-505, as listed in Colen and Minkov.
+[^45]: Becker, Bert, "Riezler, Kurt Karl Joseph Siegmund (Pseudonym J. J. Ruedorffer)," *Neue Deutsche Biographie* 21 (2003), pp. 618-619, the biographical article on Riezler, including its literature list. https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118601008.html
-[^46]: Strauss, Leo, "Kurt Riezler (1882-1955)," *Social Research* 23 (1956), pp. 233-258, reprinted in *What Is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies* (1959).
+[^46]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 97 (Riezler's 1932 role at Frankfurt and "philosopher and diplomat Kurt Riezler"); Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
-[^47]: Heuss, Theodor, "A Word in Memory of Kurt Riezler," *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), opening article of the issue.
+[^47]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Reuben Abel papers," collection NA-0003-01, scope and contents (list of lecturers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/165
-[^48]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 102: "Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; p. 118: Ascoli "joined the University in Exile in late 1933," later editor of the Reporter.
+[^48]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Riezler, Kurt," File, Box 10, Folder 18, New School faculty vertical files collection (NS-08-02-02). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/43221
-[^49]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Wilhelm Reich Lectures, New School for Social Research (1940), 2018," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58166 (bound color photocopy of the 1940 transcripts from the Archives of the Orgone Institute).
+[^49]: Colen, José A., and Svetozar Minkov, "Leo Strauss on Social and Natural Science: Two Previously Unpublished Papers," *The Review of Politics* 76, no. 4 (2014), pp. 619-633, introduction, and Strauss's paper "The frame of reference in the social sciences" (Leo Strauss Papers, Box 14, Folder 10). DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S003467051400059X
-[^50]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alien Enemy Control," NY file 100-8422, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The synopsis of the report gives the arrival date as August 26, 1939; its body and the immigration record give August 28.
+[^50]: Riezler, Kurt, "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man," *Social Research* 12, no. 4 (1945), pp. 481-505, as listed in Colen and Minkov.
-[^51]: FBI memorandum of May 6, 1941 and Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
+[^51]: Strauss, Leo, "Kurt Riezler (1882-1955)," *Social Research* 23 (1956), pp. 233-258, reprinted in *What Is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies* (1959).
-[^52]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, file on Dr. Wilhelm Reich, bufile 100-14601, Part 2 of 10, memorandum of M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, February 14, 1957, PDF page 123, beginning "Files reflect Wilhelm Reich, Austrian born, entered the U. S. in 1939," archive.org item WilhelmReichFBI, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The item has ten parts (reich1, reich2, reich3, reich4a, 4b, 4c, reich5a, 5b, 5c, reich6).
+[^52]: Heuss, Theodor, "A Word in Memory of Kurt Riezler," *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), opening article of the issue.
-[^53]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Bateson, Gregory," New School faculty vertical files, NS-08-02-02, Box 1, Folder 20, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/42943.
+[^53]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 102: "Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; p. 118: Ascoli "joined the University in Exile in late 1933," later editor of the Reporter.
-[^54]: "Erich Fromm," Histories of The New School, https://histories.newschool.edu/people/erich-fromm (courses at the New School "from 1941 to 1959").
+[^54]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Wilhelm Reich Lectures, New School for Social Research (1940), 2018," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58166 (bound color photocopy of the 1940 transcripts from the Archives of the Orgone Institute).
-[^55]: Robert G. Jahn, "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," Princeton Alumni Weekly special report, "Psychic Research in the Western World: Colleges and Universities" list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500070001-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500070001-1.
+[^55]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alien Enemy Control," NY file 100-8422, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The synopsis of the report gives the arrival date as August 26, 1939; its body and the immigration record give August 28.
-[^56]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, New Psychic Frontiers (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, pp. 228-229 (C.W. Post College and New School entries; Holzer at the New York Institute of Technology), CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6.
+[^56]: FBI memorandum of May 6, 1941 and Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
-[^57]: New School Bulletin, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), pp. 82, 88, 172, 328 and 356, https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ; Parapsychology Review (1973), index entry "Roller, Gilbert, 6:10," https://books.google.com/books?id=sH8YAQAAMAAJ.
+[^57]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, file on Dr. Wilhelm Reich, bufile 100-14601, Part 2 of 10, memorandum of M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, February 14, 1957, PDF page 123, beginning "Files reflect Wilhelm Reich, Austrian born, entered the U. S. in 1939," archive.org item WilhelmReichFBI, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The item has ten parts (reich1, reich2, reich3, reich4a, 4b, 4c, reich5a, 5b, 5c, reich6).
-[^58]: John White, ed., Psychic Exploration (New York: Putnam, 1974), https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC; The Writer's Directory, 1998-2000, p. 424, https://books.google.com/books?id=AKgKAB3ClvwC.
+[^58]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Bateson, Gregory," New School faculty vertical files, NS-08-02-02, Box 1, Folder 20, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/42943.
-[^59]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 5, Box 7, Folder 43; NS-03-01-07, Box 2, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3.
+[^59]: "Erich Fromm," Histories of The New School, https://histories.newschool.edu/people/erich-fromm (courses at the New School "from 1941 to 1959").
-[^60]: Robert G. Jahn, "The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering Perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE 70, no. 2 (February 1982), pp. 136-170, roster of colleges and universities, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100010004-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100010004-6; Science Applications International Corporation, Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers (June 24, 1991), institutions roster, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4.
+[^60]: Robert G. Jahn, "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," Princeton Alumni Weekly special report, "Psychic Research in the Western World: Colleges and Universities" list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500070001-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500070001-1.
-[^61]: Brian Josephson, Tucson conference program, email circulated March 21, 1994 to the pdl@jsasoc.com list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100130005-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000100130005-8.
+[^61]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, New Psychic Frontiers (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, pp. 228-229 (C.W. Post College and New School entries; Holzer at the New York Institute of Technology), CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6.
-[^62]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (scope note). Sole source for the 1962 projects described in this paragraph.
+[^62]: Rosemarie Pilkington, letter "Three-legged Physical mediumship," *Fortean Times* 226 (September 2007), pp. 73-74. https://archive.org/details/fortean-times-september-2007
-[^63]: MKULTRA Subproject 134 (CIA release DOC_0000017393) and Subproject 137 (DOC_0000017396), https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 and https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396; David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), 2007, fig. 4, https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide.
+[^63]: New School Bulletin, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), pp. 82, 88, 172, 328 and 356, https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ; Parapsychology Review, news item and volume index entry "Roller, Gilbert, 6:10," https://books.google.com/books?id=sH8YAQAAMAAJ.
-[^64]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284; Encyclopedia of the Written Word (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments.
+[^64]: John White, ed., Psychic Exploration (New York: Putnam, 1974), https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC; The Writer's Directory, 1998-2000, p. 424, https://books.google.com/books?id=AKgKAB3ClvwC.
-[^65]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8), CIA reading room copy, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3.
+[^65]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 5, Box 7, Folder 43; NS-03-01-07, Box 2, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3.
-[^66]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289 (Everett 1964-1982; MacIver 1963-1964; Henry David 1961-1963; Hans Simons 1950-1961).
+[^66]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 32 (1968), subject index, "New School for Social Research, New York, 171-73"; contents entry "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition," Sara R. Feather and Robert Brier, p. 167; index "Checker, effect of, 133, 167-75." https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1968_32_index
-[^67]: Public Seminar, "The New School's Forgotten President," https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-new-schools-forgotten-president/ (Everett's tenure 1964 to 1982, "second only to the school's founding father Alvin Johnson").
+[^67]: Gilbert Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (New York: Popular Library, 1975), "About the Author," pp. 11-13. https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
-[^68]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," New York Times, February 17, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" in September 1999 to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "He will be the school's seventh president"; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor).
+[^68]: Robert G. Jahn, "The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering Perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE 70, no. 2 (February 1982), pp. 136-170, roster of colleges and universities, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100010004-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100010004-6; Science Applications International Corporation, Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers (June 24, 1991), institutions roster, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4.
-[^69]: New School University fact sheet, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html.
+[^69]: Brian Josephson, Tucson conference program, email circulated March 21, 1994 to the pdl@jsasoc.com list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100130005-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000100130005-8.
-[^70]: New School University press release, February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html; Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement, August 21, 2001, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000091205701529713/a2056401zdef14a.htm.
+[^70]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (scope note). Sole source for the 1962 projects described in this paragraph.
-[^71]: Chronicle of Higher Education, December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/; NBC New York, December 11, 2008, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735; amNewYork, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit.
+[^71]: MKULTRA Subproject 134 (CIA release DOC_0000017393) and Subproject 137 (DOC_0000017396), https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 and https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396; David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), 2007, fig. 4, https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide.
-[^72]: New School press release, "The New School Names David E. Van Zandt New President," August 26, 2010, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2010/NewPresidentAppointment.htm (Wayback Machine capture of January 24, 2021: eighth president, effective January 1, 2011, succeeding Kerrey, who "was appointed in 2001" and remained president through 2010; Michael J. Johnston, chair of the board).
+[^72]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
-[^73]: New School Archives, Board of Trustees records NS-01-01-04, Series 2, folder "David Van Zandt--installation as University President (September 15, 2011)," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244; New School Archives and Special Collections, biographical note to "Video statement by Bob Kerrey, 2014 January 28" (NS-03-02-08), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58008.
+[^73]: Central Intelligence Agency releases DOC_0000017393 (Subproject 134, page images 134-11 and 134-12) and DOC_0000017396 (Subproject 137, page image 137-10), as reproduced in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 10, 21, 27 and 78.
-[^74]: Daniel Jonas Roche, "The New School taps architect Joel Towers as its tenth president," The Architect's Newspaper, June 7, 2024, https://www.archpaper.com/2024/06/the-new-school-architect-joel-towers-tenth-president/ (Towers at the school since 2004; appointment begins August 1, 2024; succeeds interim president Donna E. Shalala, in the role since August 2023, and Dwight A. McBride, ninth president 2020 to 2023; Linda E. Rappaport, chair of the board).
+[^74]: Everett, John R., letter to Anthony A. Lapham, August 16, 1977, and Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 92-95.
-[^75]: New School press release, "New School University Announces New Board Members," October 21, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/102104_nsu_members.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: Bewkes, Naughton, Reiss and Schwartz joined September 1, 2004; "Philip Scaturro is Chairman of the Board").
+[^75]: New School typed draft statement on the CIA notification, undated, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 4-5. The draft carries typewriter strikeovers.
-[^76]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: $10 million from the Starr Foundation, "the largest foundation gift in the University's history"; $3.7 million from Bernard L. Schwartz; Kerrey's remarks naming the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation).
+[^76]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 1.
-[^77]: New School press release, November 9, 2001, http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060910004616/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html): the $1.1 million gift from Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, and the four-year project at the Center for Economic Policy Analysis.
+[^77]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284; Encyclopedia of the Written Word (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments.
-[^78]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: "Since its establishment in September 2004"; the center renamed for the Schwartz gift; the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture).
+[^78]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8), CIA reading room copy, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3.
-[^79]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html, section "About the Starr Foundation" (established 1955 by Cornelius Vander Starr; American International family, now American International Group, Inc.; assets of approximately $3.5 billion).
+[^79]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289 (Everett 1964-1982; MacIver 1963-1964; Henry David 1961-1963; Hans Simons 1950-1961).
-[^80]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. I, pp. 49 to 50 and notes 112 to 116 (p. 240), including the November 21, 1998 deposition of Bernard L. Schwartz, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
+[^80]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (retirement in 1960; consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation).
-[^81]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, Form 990 for the fiscal year ending June 2022 (filing 202301359349306540), Part VII, Section A, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197/202301359349306540/full (McBride, president, 815,044 reportable compensation and 604,206 estimated other compensation; Rappaport, chair; Stein, Blassberg and Foote, vice chairs; DeWoody and Longstreth, trustees).
+[^81]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School").
-[^82]: New School, "Board of Trustees Members," https://www.newschool.edu/about/university-leadership/board-of-trustees-members/ (members listed without titles, Linda E. Rappaport listed first, Joel Towers as president, life trustees including Philip Scaturro; no chair identified on the page).
+[^82]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 17, "Announcements for appointment of Henry David as president, 1961 January 18-March 19," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38467
-[^83]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, EIN 13-3297197, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197 (organization summary data, tax years 2011 to 2023).
+[^83]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Development and Public Relations Office records (NS-03-02-02), Series 2, "Inauguration of Dr. Henry David, 1961 Oct 23," Box 5, Folder 5, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/21027
-[^84]: USAspending.gov award records, recipient "THE NEW SCHOOL,": FA95501410030 (Department of the Air Force, start 2013-12-15, $6,176,482); W81XWH0910456 (Army, 2009, $1,370,000); W81XWH1120183 (Defense Department, 2011, $1,048,998); FA87501220325 (Defense Department, 2012, $522,399); DEEE0001719 (Energy, 2009, $1,903,000).
+[^84]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272
-[^85]: Minerva Research Initiative, "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities," awarded projects, https://minerva.defense.gov/Research/Funded-Projects/Article/2029607/dynamics-of-sacred-values-and-social-responsibilities/ (Wayback Machine capture of December 10, 2019: principal investigator Jeremy Ginges, co-principal investigators, years 2014-2019, managing service agency Air Force Office of Scientific Research). USAspending award detail for ASST_NON_FA95501410030_097: period of performance 2013-12-15 to 2019-03-14. NSF award 1559387: USAspending.gov, start 2016-05-01, $653,245.
+[^85]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576
-[^86]: Scott Atran, Douglas Medin, Jeremy Ginges and Richard Davis, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," final report, Defense Technical Information Center ADA591831 (archive.org mirror DTIC_ADA591831), project period May 2010 to April 2013.
+[^86]: Public Seminar, "The New School's Forgotten President," https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-new-schools-forgotten-president/ (Everett's tenure 1964 to 1982, "second only to the school's founding father Alvin Johnson").
-[^87]: Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, August 1 to 31, 2015, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01285659, page 1 of 5: "08-06 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO BANK OF AMERICA A/C [redacted] TH E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT (16,083.00)." The preceding 08-06 line is an $8,155.00 transfer to 1st United Bank for W. Chester Brewer, Jr., P.A.
+[^87]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett papers," NA.0017.01, biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/336
-[^88]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, October 1 to 31, 2016, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01286417, page 3 of 5 (Bates EFTA01286419): "10-27 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (17,030.00)."
+[^88]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," New York Times, February 17, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" in September 1999 to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "He will be the school's seventh president"; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor).
-[^89]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, May 1 to 31, 2017, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01299344, page 2 of 5 (Bates EFTA01299345): "05-10 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (10,856.00)." The same page lists "05-11 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO STERLING NATIONAL BANK A/C [redacted] FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (3,589.00)" and, on May 19, an American Express payment of $89,103.78.
+[^89]: New School University fact sheet, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html.
-[^90]: Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, September 12, 2019, Exhibit R, "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women," DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01681865, page marked EFTA01681912 (printed page 49).
+[^90]: New School University press release, February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html; Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement, August 21, 2001, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000091205701529713/a2056401zdef14a.htm.
-[^91]: Bella Klein email exchange with Jeffrey Epstein, December 9, 2015, EFTA02478844, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
+[^91]: Chronicle of Higher Education, December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/; NBC New York, December 11, 2008, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735; amNewYork, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit.
-[^92]: Richard Kahn email, September 20, 2016, EFTA01782038, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
+[^92]: New School press release, "The New School Names David E. Van Zandt New President," August 26, 2010, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2010/NewPresidentAppointment.htm (Wayback Machine capture of January 24, 2021: eighth president, effective January 1, 2011, succeeding Kerrey, who "was appointed in 2001" and remained president through 2010; Michael J. Johnston, chair of the board).
-[^93]: The New School invoice, fall 2015, EFTA02491750; Deutsche Bank statement, August 2015, EFTA01285659, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
+[^93]: New School Archives, Board of Trustees records NS-01-01-04, Series 2, folder "David Van Zandt--installation as University President (September 15, 2011)," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244; New School Archives and Special Collections, biographical note to "Video statement by Bob Kerrey, 2014 January 28" (NS-03-02-08), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58008.
-[^94]: Bella Klein email, August 1, 2018, EFTA02600764, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
+[^94]: Daniel Jonas Roche, "The New School taps architect Joel Towers as its tenth president," The Architect's Newspaper, June 7, 2024, https://www.archpaper.com/2024/06/the-new-school-architect-joel-towers-tenth-president/ (Towers at the school since 2004; appointment begins August 1, 2024; succeeds interim president Donna E. Shalala, in the role since August 2023, and Dwight A. McBride, ninth president 2020 to 2023; Linda E. Rappaport, chair of the board).
-[^95]: The New School invoice, spring 2019, EFTA01008842, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
+[^95]: New School press release, "New School University Announces New Board Members," October 21, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/102104_nsu_members.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: Bewkes, Naughton, Reiss and Schwartz joined September 1, 2004; "Philip Scaturro is Chairman of the Board").
 [^96]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: $10 million from the Starr Foundation, "the largest foundation gift in the University's history"; $3.7 million from Bernard L. Schwartz; Kerrey's remarks naming the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation).
 [^97]: New School press release, November 9, 2001, http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060910004616/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html): the $1.1 million gift from Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, and the four-year project at the Center for Economic Policy Analysis.
 [^98]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: "Since its establishment in September 2004"; the center renamed for the Schwartz gift; the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture).
 [^99]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html, section "About the Starr Foundation" (established 1955 by Cornelius Vander Starr; American International family, now American International Group, Inc.; assets of approximately $3.5 billion).
 [^100]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. I, pp. 49 to 50 and notes 112 to 116 (p. 240), including the November 21, 1998 deposition of Bernard L. Schwartz, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
 [^101]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, Form 990 for the fiscal year ending June 2022 (filing 202301359349306540), Part VII, Section A, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197/202301359349306540/full (McBride, president, 815,044 reportable compensation and 604,206 estimated other compensation; Rappaport, chair; Stein, Blassberg and Foote, vice chairs; DeWoody and Longstreth, trustees).
 [^102]: New School, "Board of Trustees Members," https://www.newschool.edu/about/university-leadership/board-of-trustees-members/ (members listed without titles, Linda E. Rappaport listed first, Joel Towers as president, life trustees including Philip Scaturro; no chair identified on the page).
 [^103]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, EIN 13-3297197, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197 (organization summary data, tax years 2011 to 2023).
 [^104]: USAspending.gov award records, recipient "THE NEW SCHOOL,": FA95501410030 (Department of the Air Force, start 2013-12-15, $6,176,482); W81XWH0910456 (Army, 2009, $1,370,000); W81XWH1120183 (Defense Department, 2011, $1,048,998); FA87501220325 (Defense Department, 2012, $522,399); DEEE0001719 (Energy, 2009, $1,903,000).
 [^105]: Minerva Research Initiative, "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities," awarded projects, https://minerva.defense.gov/Research/Funded-Projects/Article/2029607/dynamics-of-sacred-values-and-social-responsibilities/ (Wayback Machine capture of December 10, 2019: principal investigator Jeremy Ginges, co-principal investigators, years 2014-2019, managing service agency Air Force Office of Scientific Research). USAspending award detail for ASST_NON_FA95501410030_097: period of performance 2013-12-15 to 2019-03-14. NSF award 1559387: USAspending.gov, start 2016-05-01, $653,245.
 [^106]: Scott Atran, Douglas Medin, Jeremy Ginges and Richard Davis, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," final report, Defense Technical Information Center ADA591831 (archive.org mirror DTIC_ADA591831), project period May 2010 to April 2013.
 [^107]: Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, August 1 to 31, 2015, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01285659, page 1 of 5: "08-06 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO BANK OF AMERICA A/C [redacted] TH E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT (16,083.00)." The preceding 08-06 line is an $8,155.00 transfer to 1st United Bank for W. Chester Brewer, Jr., P.A.
 [^108]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, October 1 to 31, 2016, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01286417, page 3 of 5 (Bates EFTA01286419): "10-27 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (17,030.00)."
 [^109]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, May 1 to 31, 2017, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01299344, page 2 of 5 (Bates EFTA01299345): "05-10 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (10,856.00)." The same page lists "05-11 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO STERLING NATIONAL BANK A/C [redacted] FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (3,589.00)" and, on May 19, an American Express payment of $89,103.78.
 [^110]: Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, September 12, 2019, Exhibit R, "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women," DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01681865, page marked EFTA01681912 (printed page 49).
 [^111]: Bella Klein email exchange with Jeffrey Epstein, December 9, 2015, EFTA02478844, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
 [^112]: Richard Kahn email, September 20, 2016, EFTA01782038, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
 [^113]: The New School invoice, fall 2015, EFTA02491750; Deutsche Bank statement, August 2015, EFTA01285659, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
 [^114]: Bella Klein email, August 1, 2018, EFTA02600764, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
 [^115]: The New School invoice, spring 2019, EFTA01008842, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.