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@ -37,24 +37,24 @@ relations:
start: 1949
end: 1968
role: "editor and publisher"
fn: 16
fn: 17
- type: owned
with: "[[Fortnightly Corporation]]"
role: "stockholder with Marion Rosenwald Ascoli and Nathan W. Levin (1963 application record)"
fn: 25
fn: 26
- type: owned
with: "[[Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company]]"
start: 1963
role: "vice president and director; owned through Fortnightly Corporation (WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia)"
fn: 25
fn: 26
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Marion Rosenwald Ascoli]]"
start: 1940
fn: 11
fn: 12
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Julius Rosenwald]]"
role: "father-in-law (wife's father)"
fn: 11
fn: 12
- type: head_of
with: "[[Mazzini Society]]"
start: 1940
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ relations:
with: "[[Fight for Freedom]]"
start: 1941
role: "donor described by Mark Chadwin as particularly generous, as reported by Thomas Mahl"
fn: 12
fn: 13
- type: funded
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
reverse: true
@ -75,17 +75,22 @@ relations:
with: "[[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]]"
start: 1942
role: "listed as Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs in a February 18, 1942 Coordinator of Information memorandum; associate director of cultural relations per Fermi"
fn: 14
fn: 15
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "CIAA representative at the Committee's meetings"
fn: 14
fn: 15
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Committee on United Europe]]"
role: "listed among the mass-media members of the 1950 membership in a secondary account drawn from the Rebattet thesis"
fn: 22
fn: 23
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision"
end: 1942
fn: 11
---
Max Ascoli (1898 to 1978) was an Italian anti-fascist jurist and political philosopher who left Italy in 1931 on a [[Rockefeller Foundation]] fellowship, joined the [[University in Exile]] at the [[New School for Social Research]], and served as dean of its Graduate Faculty. He was the first president of the [[Mazzini Society]], held a post in the [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] under [[Nelson Rockefeller]] in 1942, and from 1949 to 1968 was editor and, with his wife [[Marion Rosenwald Ascoli]], owner of the biweekly [[The Reporter]].[^1][^2]
@ -106,35 +111,37 @@ Camurri lists his books of the period as *Intelligence in Politics* (1936), *Pol
*School and Society* reported on March 16, 1940 that Ascoli had been elected dean of the graduate faculty of political and social science at the New School, "succeeding Frieda Wunderlich, whose term expires next fall."[^8] The *American Teacher* of May 1941 describes him as the dean of the Graduate Faculty.[^9] In 1954 he wrote that he joined the Graduate Faculty two years after the fellowship and "Later I became Dean of the Faculty."[^3] [[Laura Fermi]] writes that he had been a professor at the New School since 1933 and that [[Franco Modigliani]] obtained a fellowship with his help.[^10] Camurri writes that he gave up the academic career in 1949 to devote himself to The Reporter.[^1]
Ascoli was involved in the initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision of the [[Institute of World Affairs]], the New School research unit, until [[Adolph Lowe]] became its director of research in 1942.[^11]
### Marriage to Marion Rosenwald
In 1940 Ascoli married Marion Rosenwald Stern, a daughter of [[Julius Rosenwald]], chairman of [[Sears, Roebuck and Company]]. She had been married to [[Alfred K. Stern]], a housing specialist, and they were divorced in 1936.[^11] Camurri writes that the marriage gave him contacts at the highest levels of the political and administrative establishment.[^1]
In 1940 Ascoli married Marion Rosenwald Stern, a daughter of [[Julius Rosenwald]], chairman of [[Sears, Roebuck and Company]]. She had been married to [[Alfred K. Stern]], a housing specialist, and they were divorced in 1936.[^12] Camurri writes that the marriage gave him contacts at the highest levels of the political and administrative establishment.[^1]
### Mazzini Society
Camurri names Ascoli among the founders of the Mazzini Society in 1939, with [[Roberto Bolaffio]], [[Renato Poggioli]], [[Michele Cantarella]], Salvemini and [[Lionello Venturi]], and gives his presidency as 1940 to 1943, adding that Ascoli and his family contributed substantially to the support of the organization.[^1] Fermi dates the society's creation to 1940 and writes that Ascoli was appointed its first president and Salvemini its honorary president; that in early 1941 it was broadcasting from Boston to Italy; that it began the weekly *Nazioni Unite* in March 1942; and that its political contacts with the American government "were not extensive and, at least at the beginning, limited to the Intelligence Service." She also writes that he was named president in 1940 and "the following year resigned" because the society was in New York while his wartime duties required him in Washington.[^10] Richet, summarizing Grippa, calls him one of the leaders of the society and an agent of the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] during the war.[^4]
[[Thomas E. Mahl]] reports that the secret "BSC Account" of [[British Security Coordination]] stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society headed by Ascoli, and quotes a July 1941 report by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the [[Special Operations Executive]] that a subsidy had been paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts from the Boston radio station [[WRUL]].[^12] Mahl also writes that Ascoli was one of the donors listed by [[Mark Chadwin]] as particularly generous to [[Fight for Freedom]], a committee Mahl describes as a British intelligence front, and that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^12] The [[Princeton University]] finding aid for the Fight for Freedom, Inc. records lists a correspondence folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^13]
[[Thomas E. Mahl]] reports that the secret "BSC Account" of [[British Security Coordination]] stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society headed by Ascoli, and quotes a July 1941 report by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the [[Special Operations Executive]] that a subsidy had been paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts from the Boston radio station [[WRUL]].[^13] Mahl also writes that Ascoli was one of the donors listed by [[Mark Chadwin]] as particularly generous to [[Fight for Freedom]], a committee Mahl describes as a British intelligence front, and that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^13] The [[Princeton University]] finding aid for the Fight for Freedom, Inc. records lists a correspondence folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^14]
### Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, 1942
Camurri lists among Ascoli's institutional affiliations of the late 1930s and early 1940s the Bureau of Latin America Relations, the Inter-American Affairs office of Nelson Rockefeller, the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], the [[Council for Democracy]] and the [[Committee for a National Trade Policy]].[^1] Fermi states that at the time of his resignation from the Mazzini presidency he was associate director of cultural relations in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.[^10]
Released minutes and memoranda of the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], filed in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room under an [[Office of Strategic Services]] heading, record Ascoli at the committee's weekly meetings, convened by [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]], Assistant Secretary of State, at the State Department from February to April 1942. A memorandum of the [[Coordinator of Information]] (the predecessor agency of the OSS) by [[DeWitt C. Poole]] to [[John C. Wiley]], dated February 11, 1942, names "Mr. Nelson Rockefeller, Dr. Max Ascoli and Mr. Wallace K. Harrison of the Office of the Coordinator for Latin American Relations" among those present, and Poole's memorandum of February 18, 1942 lists "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs." Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 to the Secretary of War gives the CIAA members as "Mr. N. A Rockefeller; Mr. Wallace K. Harrison; Dr. Ascoli." The minutes list him as CIAA representative at the sixth meeting (March 11, with Rockefeller and Harrison), the seventh (March 18), the ninth (April 15) and the tenth (April 29).[^14]
Released minutes and memoranda of the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], filed in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room under an [[Office of Strategic Services]] heading, record Ascoli at the committee's weekly meetings, convened by [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]], Assistant Secretary of State, at the State Department from February to April 1942. A memorandum of the [[Coordinator of Information]] (the predecessor agency of the OSS) by [[DeWitt C. Poole]] to [[John C. Wiley]], dated February 11, 1942, names "Mr. Nelson Rockefeller, Dr. Max Ascoli and Mr. Wallace K. Harrison of the Office of the Coordinator for Latin American Relations" among those present, and Poole's memorandum of February 18, 1942 lists "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs." Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 to the Secretary of War gives the CIAA members as "Mr. N. A Rockefeller; Mr. Wallace K. Harrison; Dr. Ascoli." The minutes list him as CIAA representative at the sixth meeting (March 11, with Rockefeller and Harrison), the seventh (March 18), the ninth (April 15) and the tenth (April 29).[^15]
The March 11 minutes record that Ascoli reported, on information from "Mr. Romualdi, a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America," that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited there for an anti-Fascist Italian legion, that interest was most intense in Uruguay, and that a cable be sent to the embassy in Montevideo about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and Argentina. A Coordinator of Information memorandum to Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] of the same date lists Rockefeller, Ascoli and Harrison among those present, and the same memorandum records Ascoli describing Salvemini's skepticism about the number of probable recruits for an Italian legion as "undoubtedly excessive" and suggesting that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to Africa as "missionaries." At the April 15 meeting, "Dr. Ascoli for CIAA" referred to the problem of Mexicans in the southwest and offered the assistance of his organization, and Berle suggested that Cramer of the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice and Ascoli meet with [[Jonathan Daniels]] of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] to work out plans on the "color" problem.[^14]
The March 11 minutes record that Ascoli reported, on information from "Mr. Romualdi, a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America," that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited there for an anti-Fascist Italian legion, that interest was most intense in Uruguay, and that a cable be sent to the embassy in Montevideo about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and Argentina. A Coordinator of Information memorandum to Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] of the same date lists Rockefeller, Ascoli and Harrison among those present, and the same memorandum records Ascoli describing Salvemini's skepticism about the number of probable recruits for an Italian legion as "undoubtedly excessive" and suggesting that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to Africa as "missionaries." At the April 15 meeting, "Dr. Ascoli for CIAA" referred to the problem of Mexicans in the southwest and offered the assistance of his organization, and Berle suggested that Cramer of the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice and Ascoli meet with [[Jonathan Daniels]] of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] to work out plans on the "color" problem.[^15]
[[Hugh Wilford]] writes that during the war Ascoli "worked alongside Nelson Rockefeller, John Hay Whitney, and C. D. Jackson," although Jackson never warmed to him.[^15]
[[Hugh Wilford]] writes that during the war Ascoli "worked alongside Nelson Rockefeller, John Hay Whitney, and C. D. Jackson," although Jackson never warmed to him.[^16]
### The Reporter, 1949 to 1968
The June 21, 1949 issue of The Reporter lists Ascoli as "Editor & Publisher," says the magazine was published every other Tuesday by [[Fortnightly Publishing Company]], a limited partnership, and lists [[Douglass Cater]] on the staff.[^16] By December 1955 the masthead gives Ascoli as editor and [[Harlan Cleveland]] as publisher, with [[The Reporter Magazine Company]] at 136 East 57th Street; in 1961 he is "Editor and Publisher," with Cater as Washington editor, and the company at 660 Madison Avenue.[^17][^18] Fermi writes that Ascoli wrote an editorial for each issue, decided policy and chose authors, and that the magazine's existence depended on "the never-sufficiently-eulogized assistance of American money."[^10]
The June 21, 1949 issue of The Reporter lists Ascoli as "Editor & Publisher," says the magazine was published every other Tuesday by [[Fortnightly Publishing Company]], a limited partnership, and lists [[Douglass Cater]] on the staff.[^17] By December 1955 the masthead gives Ascoli as editor and [[Harlan Cleveland]] as publisher, with [[The Reporter Magazine Company]] at 136 East 57th Street; in 1961 he is "Editor and Publisher," with Cater as Washington editor, and the company at 660 Madison Avenue.[^18][^19] Fermi writes that Ascoli wrote an editorial for each issue, decided policy and chose authors, and that the magazine's existence depended on "the never-sufficiently-eulogized assistance of American money."[^10]
Wilford writes that The Reporter had "intimate ties to the U.S. intelligence community," that there is no evidence Ascoli received covert payments "in the same manner as" the editor of The New Leader, "although this is perhaps not surprising, given the apparent destruction of The Reporter's financial records," and that Ascoli had "conspicuous access to wealth" through his wife. Wilford identifies [[Philip Horton]] and Douglass Cater as ex-OSS officers who kept their intelligence connections, states that Horton served briefly as the CIA's first station chief in Paris before joining Time and then The Reporter as Ascoli's second in command, and that Horton used contacts with Donovan, [[Allen Dulles]] and [[James Jesus Angleton]] to enhance foreign coverage. Wilford adds that Cater helped found the [[United States National Student Association]] and later served in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] White House, and that The Reporter had ties to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], the American Committee on United Europe, the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] and the Vietnam Lobby.[^15]
Wilford writes that The Reporter had "intimate ties to the U.S. intelligence community," that there is no evidence Ascoli received covert payments "in the same manner as" the editor of The New Leader, "although this is perhaps not surprising, given the apparent destruction of The Reporter's financial records," and that Ascoli had "conspicuous access to wealth" through his wife. Wilford identifies [[Philip Horton]] and Douglass Cater as ex-OSS officers who kept their intelligence connections, states that Horton served briefly as the CIA's first station chief in Paris before joining Time and then The Reporter as Ascoli's second in command, and that Horton used contacts with Donovan, [[Allen Dulles]] and [[James Jesus Angleton]] to enhance foreign coverage. Wilford adds that Cater helped found the [[United States National Student Association]] and later served in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] White House, and that The Reporter had ties to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], the American Committee on United Europe, the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] and the Vietnam Lobby.[^16]
A CIA memorandum dated March 19, 1952 concerns "The China Lobby" by [[Charles Christian Wertenbaker]], written for The Reporter. Its author, an assistant to the Director, reports that Wertenbaker invited him to review the piece before publication, and that the text would go to Philip Horton, assistant editor, who would edit it. The memorandum says the piece ran to 30,000 to 35,000 words in two installments beginning in early April 1952, and that the magazine "presumably" was building a promotional campaign around it. Wertenbaker had notified Ascoli, "editor and publisher," that he could not devote any more time to the piece.[^19]
A CIA memorandum dated March 19, 1952 concerns "The China Lobby" by [[Charles Christian Wertenbaker]], written for The Reporter. Its author, an assistant to the Director, reports that Wertenbaker invited him to review the piece before publication, and that the text would go to Philip Horton, assistant editor, who would edit it. The memorandum says the piece ran to 30,000 to 35,000 words in two installments beginning in early April 1952, and that the magazine "presumably" was building a promotional campaign around it. Wertenbaker had notified Ascoli, "editor and publisher," that he could not devote any more time to the piece.[^20]
[[Hans Renders]], reviewing [[Elke van Cassel]]'s history of the magazine, writes that the Reporter, against the prevailing anticommunism of the period, attacked the witch hunt of [[Joseph McCarthy]], and that it kept alive the American tradition of investigative journalism through the conformist 1950s.[^20]
[[Hans Renders]], reviewing [[Elke van Cassel]]'s history of the magazine, writes that the Reporter, against the prevailing anticommunism of the period, attacked the witch hunt of [[Joseph McCarthy]], and that it kept alive the American tradition of investigative journalism through the conformist 1950s.[^21]
### Senator Bridges, 1954
@ -142,27 +149,27 @@ On August 19, 1954 Senator [[Styles Bridges]] attacked The Reporter in a Senate
### Allen Dulles and the American Committee on United Europe
[[Richard Aldrich]] describes the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE) as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]], and as officially incorporated in February 1949. William J. Donovan was its chairman, Dulles its vice-chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, its executive director, with day-to-day administration in Braden's hands. Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^21]
[[Richard Aldrich]] describes the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE) as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]], and as officially incorporated in February 1949. William J. Donovan was its chairman, Dulles its vice-chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, its executive director, with day-to-day administration in Braden's hands. Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^22]
[[David Barnby]], drawing on that 1962 Oxford thesis on the European Movement, writes that ACUE had a membership of 380 in 1950 and lists, among 29 media figures, "Dr. Max Ascoli, publisher of (The Reporter)."[^22] Wilford lists the American Committee on United Europe among the Agency fronts with which The Reporter had ties.[^15]
[[David Barnby]], drawing on that 1962 Oxford thesis on the European Movement, writes that ACUE had a membership of 380 in 1950 and lists, among 29 media figures, "Dr. Max Ascoli, publisher of (The Reporter)."[^23] Wilford lists the American Committee on United Europe among the Agency fronts with which The Reporter had ties.[^16]
A copy of a February 7, 1958 letter from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers to Dulles, then Director of Central Intelligence, thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses the list of participants, which includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^23] The 1968 closing file of The Reporter in the Ascoli papers indexes a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles, dated May 27, among letters from friends of Ascoli expressing regret at the closing.[^24]
A copy of a February 7, 1958 letter from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers to Dulles, then Director of Central Intelligence, thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses the list of participants, which includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^24] The 1968 closing file of The Reporter in the Ascoli papers indexes a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles, dated May 27, among letters from friends of Ascoli expressing regret at the closing.[^25]
### Fortnightly Corporation and the Clarksburg television station, 1959 to 1963
In an application filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on March 21, 1963 for assignment of the license of television station WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia, from Rust Craft Broadcasting Company to Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company, the published notice lists the officers of the purchaser as including Max Ascoli, vice president and director, and Marion R. Ascoli, vice president and director, with Nathan W. Levin as president, treasurer and director. It states that [[Fortnightly Corporation]] was the sole stockholder of the purchaser, that Max Ascoli and Marion R. Ascoli were vice presidents and directors of Fortnightly, and that "The stockholders of Fortnightly Corporation are: Max Ascoli, Marion R. Ascoli, and Nathan W. Levin."[^25]
In an application filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on March 21, 1963 for assignment of the license of television station WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia, from Rust Craft Broadcasting Company to Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company, the published notice lists the officers of the purchaser as including Max Ascoli, vice president and director, and Marion R. Ascoli, vice president and director, with Nathan W. Levin as president, treasurer and director. It states that [[Fortnightly Corporation]] was the sole stockholder of the purchaser, that Max Ascoli and Marion R. Ascoli were vice presidents and directors of Fortnightly, and that "The stockholders of Fortnightly Corporation are: Max Ascoli, Marion R. Ascoli, and Nathan W. Levin."[^26]
The brief of the appellants, the Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company, in their appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] against the Commission's approval, states that Fortnightly owned and operated community antenna (cable) systems in Clarksburg and Fairmont, West Virginia; that in March 1959 it had bought the stock of Schwager-Wood Corporation of Portland, Oregon, a manufacturer of electrical switches used mainly by public utilities, which became a division of Fortnightly and was later divested; and that Fortnightly urged approval of the sale on the grounds that it was familiar with the area, that pending litigation between Rust Craft and Fortnightly would be resolved, and that acquisition of WBOY "would give Fortnightly, owner and publisher of the Reporter Magazine, an additional medium for public discussion of national affairs."[^25]
The brief of the appellants, the Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company, in their appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] against the Commission's approval, states that Fortnightly owned and operated community antenna (cable) systems in Clarksburg and Fairmont, West Virginia; that in March 1959 it had bought the stock of Schwager-Wood Corporation of Portland, Oregon, a manufacturer of electrical switches used mainly by public utilities, which became a division of Fortnightly and was later divested; and that Fortnightly urged approval of the sale on the grounds that it was familiar with the area, that pending litigation between Rust Craft and Fortnightly would be resolved, and that acquisition of WBOY "would give Fortnightly, owner and publisher of the Reporter Magazine, an additional medium for public discussion of national affairs."[^26]
### Closing, 1968
In April 1968 the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that The Reporter would cease publication with its June 13 issue. Circulation had risen to 210,000 in the final half of 1967, from 172,000 five years earlier, while advertising had fallen to 401 pages in 1967 from 843 pages in 1963. The magazine had run a deficit in each of its nineteen years, and the deficits "have been met by" Ascoli and his wife Marion, "who are sole owners." The Journal described the magazine as having drifted rightward and as one of a handful of national magazines with a hawkish stand on the Vietnam war. Some features and two of its 54 employees were taken over by [[Harper's Magazine]], and Ascoli was to contribute an essay each month to Harper's.[^26]
In April 1968 the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that The Reporter would cease publication with its June 13 issue. Circulation had risen to 210,000 in the final half of 1967, from 172,000 five years earlier, while advertising had fallen to 401 pages in 1967 from 843 pages in 1963. The magazine had run a deficit in each of its nineteen years, and the deficits "have been met by" Ascoli and his wife Marion, "who are sole owners." The Journal described the magazine as having drifted rightward and as one of a handful of national magazines with a hawkish stand on the Vietnam war. Some features and two of its 54 employees were taken over by [[Harper's Magazine]], and Ascoli was to contribute an essay each month to Harper's.[^27]
The index of names for the 1968 closing letters includes [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry Kissinger]], Adolf Berle, [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], [[Theodore H. White]], [[William Rosenwald]], [[Paul Douglas]] and [[John Dos Passos]], as well as Dulles.[^24] Ascoli died in New York on January 1, 1978.[^1]
The index of names for the 1968 closing letters includes [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry Kissinger]], Adolf Berle, [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], [[Theodore H. White]], [[William Rosenwald]], [[Paul Douglas]] and [[John Dos Passos]], as well as Dulles.[^25] Ascoli died in New York on January 1, 1978.[^1]
### Papers
Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at Boston University, whose Special Collections keep the editorial files of The Reporter.[^2] The Italian Senate's historical archive holds a federated description of a "Max Ascoli Collections" fonds with the Gotlieb Center as custodian, listed at 209 boxes. Its Reporter series includes a historical file of 1947 to 1950, editorial correspondence from 1949 to about 1968, killed manuscripts, libel files, letters to the editor and a closing file. Its personal series contains correspondence from 1934 to 1978 and thematic files on institutions with which Ascoli worked.[^27]
Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at Boston University, whose Special Collections keep the editorial files of The Reporter.[^2] The Italian Senate's historical archive holds a federated description of a "Max Ascoli Collections" fonds with the Gotlieb Center as custodian, listed at 209 boxes. Its Reporter series includes a historical file of 1947 to 1950, editorial correspondence from 1949 to about 1968, killed manuscripts, libel files, letters to the editor and a closing file. Its personal series contains correspondence from 1934 to 1978 and thematic files on institutions with which Ascoli worked.[^28]
### Footnotes
@ -176,20 +183,21 @@ Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at B
[^8]: "Educational Notes and News," *School and Society* 51, no. 1316 (March 16, 1940), https://archive.org/details/sim_usa-today_1940-03-16_51_1316.
[^9]: "Contributors to this Issue," *The American Teacher* 25, no. 9 (May 1941), https://archive.org/details/sim_american-teacher_1941-05_25_9.
[^10]: Laura Fermi, *Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930-41* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 118-119 (Mazzini Society; "Political contacts" sentence at p. 119) and pp. 283-284 (The Reporter; the 1940 presidency, resignation and CIAA position at p. 284), p. 336 (Modigliani), https://archive.org/details/illustriousimmig0000unse.
[^11]: Glenn Fowler, "Marion Rosenwald Ascoli, 88, Longtime Advocate for Children," *New York Times*, October 2, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/obituaries/marion-rosenwald-ascoli-88-longtime-advocate-for-children.html. The obituary states that Marion was a daughter of Julius Rosenwald, that she married Alfred K. Stern and was divorced in 1936, that she married Dr. Ascoli in 1940, and that he died in 1978.
[^12]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24 and 31 and the biographical entry for Ascoli at p. 190 (index: Ascoli, 24, 31, 190); the Morrell quotation appears in the chapter on front groups. Mahl cites Mark Lincoln Chadwin, *The Warhawks* (1968) for the donor list.
[^13]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^14]: CIA reading room, "OSS: Memoranda on meetings of the Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems," CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: pp. 39-41 (Poole to Wiley, February 11, 1942), p. 34 (Poole to Wiley, February 18, 1942), pp. 29-30 (Berle to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1942, postscript listing members), pp. 17-18 (minutes of the sixth meeting, March 11, 1942), p. 12 (seventh meeting, March 18), pp. 22-24 (memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 11), pp. 72-75 (ninth meeting, April 15) and p. 5 (tenth meeting, April 29). The minutes give the abbreviation as CIAA; the March 11 and 18 lists print it as OCIAA.
[^15]: Hugh Wilford, *The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231, with endnotes citing the C. D. Jackson Papers and the Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers.
[^16]: *The Reporter*, June 21, 1949 (Vol. 1, No. 5), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1949-06-21_1_5_0.
[^17]: *The Reporter*, December 15, 1955 (Vol. 13, No. 10), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1955-12-15_13_10_0.
[^18]: *The Reporter*, November 23, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 9), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1961-11-23_25_9.
[^19]: CIA memorandum for the Director, "Magazine Piece: 'The China Lobby' by Charles Christian Wertenbaker (for Reporter magazine)," March 19, 1952, CIA-RDP57-00384R000200090021-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000200090021-0. The memorandum's author is redacted in the released copy. Sole source for the pre-publication contact.
[^20]: Hans Renders, review of Elke van Cassel, *A Cold War Magazine of Causes: A Critical History of The Reporter, 1949-1968* (self-published, 573 pp.), "Culturele propaganda," *Media Facts* (2007), p. 45, https://hansrendersarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Elke-van-Cassel-A-cold-war-magazine-History-of-the-reporter-Media-Facts-1020074.pdf. Dutch-language review, translated. Sole source for the magazine's position on McCarthy.
[^21]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 184-227, at pp. 192 (leadership) and 211-212 (Braden's assertion; the Rabattet passage), DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf. The quoted sentence is Aldrich's account of Rabattet's conclusion.
[^22]: David Barnby, *The EU: A Corporatist Racket* (Orinoco Standard, 2014), pp. 85-88, citing F. X. Rebattet, "The European Movement 1945-1953" (thesis, 1962, Bodleian Library, Oxford). Self-published secondary account; the names are stated there to be taken from the thesis.
[^23]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, with program and participant list, "Conference on America's Human Resources," CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^24]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, "Letters expressing regrets upon closing of The Reporter from personal friends of Max Ascoli, 1968," index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968. The index lists "Dulles Allen W., photocopy TL May 27" among letters with carbon replies from Ascoli.
[^25]: *Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company v. Federal Communications Commission*, No. 18,738 (D.C. Cir.), brief for appellants and transcript of record (statement of questions presented and statement of facts, including the published notice of the March 1963 application), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1964_18738_citizens_tv_protest_comm_et_al_v_fed_comm_commn.
[^26]: "Reporter Magazine To Stop Publication With June 13 Issue," *Wall Street Journal*, April 10, 1968 (stamped copy in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100620020-5), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100620020-5. The article is credited to a Wall Street Journal staff reporter and names Ascoli and his wife Marion as the magazine's sole owners.
[^27]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, "Max Ascoli" fonds, introduction ("Introduzione archivistica"), https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli/introduzione.
[^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^12]: Glenn Fowler, "Marion Rosenwald Ascoli, 88, Longtime Advocate for Children," *New York Times*, October 2, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/obituaries/marion-rosenwald-ascoli-88-longtime-advocate-for-children.html. The obituary states that Marion was a daughter of Julius Rosenwald, that she married Alfred K. Stern and was divorced in 1936, that she married Dr. Ascoli in 1940, and that he died in 1978.
[^13]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24 and 31 and the biographical entry for Ascoli at p. 190 (index: Ascoli, 24, 31, 190); the Morrell quotation appears in the chapter on front groups. Mahl cites Mark Lincoln Chadwin, *The Warhawks* (1968) for the donor list.
[^14]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^15]: CIA reading room, "OSS: Memoranda on meetings of the Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems," CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: pp. 39-41 (Poole to Wiley, February 11, 1942), p. 34 (Poole to Wiley, February 18, 1942), pp. 29-30 (Berle to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1942, postscript listing members), pp. 17-18 (minutes of the sixth meeting, March 11, 1942), p. 12 (seventh meeting, March 18), pp. 22-24 (memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 11), pp. 72-75 (ninth meeting, April 15) and p. 5 (tenth meeting, April 29). The minutes give the abbreviation as CIAA; the March 11 and 18 lists print it as OCIAA.
[^16]: Hugh Wilford, *The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231, with endnotes citing the C. D. Jackson Papers and the Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers.
[^17]: *The Reporter*, June 21, 1949 (Vol. 1, No. 5), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1949-06-21_1_5_0.
[^18]: *The Reporter*, December 15, 1955 (Vol. 13, No. 10), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1955-12-15_13_10_0.
[^19]: *The Reporter*, November 23, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 9), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1961-11-23_25_9.
[^20]: CIA memorandum for the Director, "Magazine Piece: 'The China Lobby' by Charles Christian Wertenbaker (for Reporter magazine)," March 19, 1952, CIA-RDP57-00384R000200090021-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000200090021-0. The memorandum's author is redacted in the released copy. Sole source for the pre-publication contact.
[^21]: Hans Renders, review of Elke van Cassel, *A Cold War Magazine of Causes: A Critical History of The Reporter, 1949-1968* (self-published, 573 pp.), "Culturele propaganda," *Media Facts* (2007), p. 45, https://hansrendersarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Elke-van-Cassel-A-cold-war-magazine-History-of-the-reporter-Media-Facts-1020074.pdf. Dutch-language review, translated. Sole source for the magazine's position on McCarthy.
[^22]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 184-227, at pp. 192 (leadership) and 211-212 (Braden's assertion; the Rabattet passage), DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf. The quoted sentence is Aldrich's account of Rabattet's conclusion.
[^23]: David Barnby, *The EU: A Corporatist Racket* (Orinoco Standard, 2014), pp. 85-88, citing F. X. Rebattet, "The European Movement 1945-1953" (thesis, 1962, Bodleian Library, Oxford). Self-published secondary account; the names are stated there to be taken from the thesis.
[^24]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, with program and participant list, "Conference on America's Human Resources," CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^25]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, "Letters expressing regrets upon closing of The Reporter from personal friends of Max Ascoli, 1968," index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968. The index lists "Dulles Allen W., photocopy TL May 27" among letters with carbon replies from Ascoli.
[^26]: *Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company v. Federal Communications Commission*, No. 18,738 (D.C. Cir.), brief for appellants and transcript of record (statement of questions presented and statement of facts, including the published notice of the March 1963 application), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1964_18738_citizens_tv_protest_comm_et_al_v_fed_comm_commn.
[^27]: "Reporter Magazine To Stop Publication With June 13 Issue," *Wall Street Journal*, April 10, 1968 (stamped copy in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100620020-5), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100620020-5. The article is credited to a Wall Street Journal staff reporter and names Ascoli and his wife Marion as the magazine's sole owners.
[^28]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, "Max Ascoli" fonds, introduction ("Introduzione archivistica"), https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli/introduzione.

54
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Alvin Johnson.md
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@ -44,11 +44,16 @@ relations:
role: "associate editor"
start: 1927
end: 1935
fn: 35
fn: 38
- type: informant_for
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
role: "met regularly with FBI officials to report on the faculty, by his own acknowledgment in private letters"
start: 1930
fn: 32
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "gave an address at the inaugural meeting, November 17, 1943"
start: 1943-11
fn: 29
---
@ -92,29 +97,31 @@ The committee's records hold a New School file for 1933 to 1945, and they includ
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, which the school's archive calls the Free French School. The school's finding aid says the Ecole Libre offered courses from 1942 to 1946, that it was legally part of the New School, and that its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. The school severed the Ecole Libre in June 1947.[^27] The Foundation's records group an Ecole Libre file, titled "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," under its New School grants.[^28]
Johnson gave an address at the inaugural meeting of the [[Institute of World Affairs]] on November 17, 1943. Transcripts of his address and of Lowe's were printed as the pamphlet *Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs* (1944).[^29] With [[Ernest Hamburger]] he wrote the occasional paper "The Economic Problem of Germany" (1946), which the Institute distributed.[^30] Speier wrote to Johnson on March 5, 1944, a letter that Daniel Bessner cites in connection with the invitation to join the Institute's council.[^31]
### Reporting on the faculty
Rutkoff and Scott write that after 1947 Johnson's anticommunist rhetoric intensified, "and in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty."[^29] The same history quotes [[Sidney Hook]] that on at least one occasion Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]," and says that in 1940 Johnson supported the adoption by the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]] of "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter" in response to the school's difficulty with the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] and immigration authorities.[^29]
Rutkoff and Scott write that after 1947 Johnson's anticommunist rhetoric intensified, "and in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty."[^32] The same history quotes [[Sidney Hook]] that on at least one occasion Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]," and says that in 1940 Johnson supported the adoption by the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]] of "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter" in response to the school's difficulty with the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] and immigration authorities.[^32]
Rutkoff and Scott write that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum "indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Their endnote for the passage cites a memorandum of January 27, 1942, in the "Hans Eisler File" of the Rockefeller Foundation Archives, with a letter from Johnson to Urban of December 9, 1948.[^30] In the early 1950s, the same history reports, the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^31]
Rutkoff and Scott write that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum "indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Their endnote for the passage cites a memorandum of January 27, 1942, in the "Hans Eisler File" of the Rockefeller Foundation Archives, with a letter from Johnson to Urban of December 9, 1948.[^33] In the early 1950s, the same history reports, the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^34]
### Enemy alien hearing board and the 1942 panel
Johnson's memoir records that after America entered the war he was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with [[Maurice Davidson]], chairman, and [[Joseph Leary Delaney]]. He writes: "Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."[^32]
Johnson's memoir records that after America entered the war he was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with [[Maurice Davidson]], chairman, and [[Joseph Leary Delaney]]. He writes: "Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."[^35]
In early 1942, Rutkoff and Scott write, Johnson, Hans Staudinger and [[Alexander Makinsky]] met with State Department officials in Washington at a meeting Johnson requested after complaining of departmental "high jinks." They spent the day testifying before what the history describes as "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," and Johnson "had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit.'" Rutkoff and Scott add that officials of the Visa Division regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School as dangerous to American policy.[^33]
In early 1942, Rutkoff and Scott write, Johnson, Hans Staudinger and [[Alexander Makinsky]] met with State Department officials in Washington at a meeting Johnson requested after complaining of departmental "high jinks." They spent the day testifying before what the history describes as "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," and Johnson "had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit.'" Rutkoff and Scott add that officials of the Visa Division regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School as dangerous to American policy.[^36]
### Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences
The *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences* appeared under Seligman as editor-in-chief, with Johnson as associate editor. The title page of volume three, published in 1930, gives that credit.[^34] Bessner writes that Johnson accepted Seligman's offer of the associate editorship in 1927, and that "both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the [[Social Science Research Council]] oversaw."[^35] Rutkoff and Scott name a different pair of funders, the [[Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial]] and the [[Russell Sage Foundation]], through which Seligman "secured financial support."[^36]
The *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences* appeared under Seligman as editor-in-chief, with Johnson as associate editor. The title page of volume three, published in 1930, gives that credit.[^37] Bessner writes that Johnson accepted Seligman's offer of the associate editorship in 1927, and that "both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the [[Social Science Research Council]] oversaw."[^38] Rutkoff and Scott name a different pair of funders, the [[Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial]] and the [[Russell Sage Foundation]], through which Seligman "secured financial support."[^39]
### New York anti-discrimination work
In 1943 Johnson served as vice-chairman of New York State's [[Commission on Discrimination in Employment]]. The New School's finding aid says he helped draft and pass the New York Fair Employment Act of 1945, and that Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] sent him the signing statement and pen.[^37] The [[New York State Division of Human Rights]] describes the 1945 measure as the [[Ives-Quinn Act]], which Dewey signed and which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin.[^38] In February 1947 Johnson resigned as chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education because of his duties on the State Commission for a State University.[^39]
In 1943 Johnson served as vice-chairman of New York State's [[Commission on Discrimination in Employment]]. The New School's finding aid says he helped draft and pass the New York Fair Employment Act of 1945, and that Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] sent him the signing statement and pen.[^40] The [[New York State Division of Human Rights]] describes the 1945 measure as the [[Ives-Quinn Act]], which Dewey signed and which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin.[^41] In February 1947 Johnson resigned as chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education because of his duties on the State Commission for a State University.[^42]
### Papers and later years
The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic feet dated 1908 to 1973, in four series: biographical, correspondence, subject files and writings. Its correspondence and subject files concern fundraising, a proposed labor college and a Faculty of Retired Professors.[^40] The finding aid places institutional papers from Johnson's New School years at the [[Yale University]] Library, and says that papers from his [[West Nyack, New York]] home went to the Love Library at his alma mater, the University of Nebraska, which it places in Omaha. Bessner cites a Johnson collection at the Love Library in Lincoln.[^40][^41] Yale University's Manuscripts and Archives holds the Alvin Saunders Johnson papers (MS 615), 1902 to 1969, 5.75 linear feet in 15 boxes, given by Johnson, [[Agnes de Lima]] and Edith Levy in 1967, arranged as correspondence, biographical and subject files, and writings. Its scope note says the papers contain only a very limited amount of material on the New School, the University in Exile, the Ecole Libre and the state commission on discrimination in employment.[^42] Johnson's autobiography, *Pioneer's Progress*, was published in 1952.[^40] He received honorary degrees from [[Brandeis University]] in 1957, [[Hebrew Union College]] in 1960 and [[Freie Universität Berlin]] in 1964.[^37]
The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic feet dated 1908 to 1973, in four series: biographical, correspondence, subject files and writings. Its correspondence and subject files concern fundraising, a proposed labor college and a Faculty of Retired Professors.[^43] The finding aid places institutional papers from Johnson's New School years at the [[Yale University]] Library, and says that papers from his [[West Nyack, New York]] home went to the Love Library at his alma mater, the University of Nebraska, which it places in Omaha. Bessner cites a Johnson collection at the Love Library in Lincoln.[^43][^44] Yale University's Manuscripts and Archives holds the Alvin Saunders Johnson papers (MS 615), 1902 to 1969, 5.75 linear feet in 15 boxes, given by Johnson, [[Agnes de Lima]] and Edith Levy in 1967, arranged as correspondence, biographical and subject files, and writings. Its scope note says the papers contain only a very limited amount of material on the New School, the University in Exile, the Ecole Libre and the state commission on discrimination in employment.[^45] Johnson's autobiography, *Pioneer's Progress*, was published in 1952.[^43] He received honorary degrees from [[Brandeis University]] in 1957, [[Hebrew Union College]] in 1960 and [[Freie Universität Berlin]] in 1964.[^40]
### Footnotes
@ -146,17 +153,20 @@ The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic fe
[^26]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, container list: Series II, New School file, 1933-1945, box 148, folders 1 to 12; Series VI, executive committee correspondence, "Johnson, Alvin 1940-1945," box 190, folder 8; Series I.B, Non-Grantees: Riezler (box 107, folder 16), Speier (box 118, folder 17), Ascoli (box 38, folder 46), Colm (box 50, folder 5), Brecht (box 46, folder 36), Simons (box 117, folder 3), Staudinger (box 119, folder 3), Marschak (box 93, folder 52), Lowe (box 91, folder 23), Lederer (box 86, folder 44), Reich (box 105, folder 36).
[^27]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn Ecole Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the establishment of the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severed from the New School in June 1947).
[^28]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file group "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," https://dimes.rockarch.org
[^29]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Hook: Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; 1940 "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter." Note 22 (p. 296).
[^30]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226, text: "A Rockefeller Foundation memorandum indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Note 22 (p. 296): "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives; Sidney Hook, telephone interview with Professor Roy Wortman, Kenyon College (June 20, 1981)." The note names no author for the memorandum. Sole source for the enemy alien monitoring.
[^31]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 228: the administration "also received inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals" during the early 1950s.
[^32]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 370: "After America entered the war I was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with Maurice Davidson, chairman, and Joseph Leary Delaney. Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."
[^33]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 135: "In early 1942, Johnson, Hans Staudinger, and Makinsky met with State Department officials in Washington. Johnson, having complained of departmental 'high jinks,' requested the meeting. They spent the day testifying before a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army"; "Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit'"; Visa Division officials "regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School, in particular, as dangerous to American policy."
[^34]: *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences*, vol. 3 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), title page: "Editor-in-Chief Edwin R. A. Seligman, Associate Editor Alvin Johnson." https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_b9t1
[^35]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, dissertation text on the encyclopedia and note 14: Johnson accepted Seligman's 1927 offer; "Both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the Social Science Research Council oversaw." Competing account at note 36.
[^36]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 67: "Seligman secured financial support from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller and Russell Sage foundations."
[^37]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Johnson honorary degrees and family photographs," NA.0035.01, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/567 (vice-chairmanship of the New York State Commission on Discrimination in Employment in 1943; the 1945 letter and Dewey's signing pen; honorary degrees from Brandeis University in 1957, Hebrew Union College in 1960 and Freie Universitat Berlin in 1964).
[^38]: New York State Division of Human Rights, "About the Division," https://dhr.ny.gov/about (Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Anti-Discrimination Act in 1945, prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin).
[^39]: "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education," *The Omaha Guide*, February 8, 1947, p. 2. https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn93062828/1947-02-08/ed-1/seq-2/
[^40]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Saunders Johnson collection," NS-01-01-01, abstract, arrangement, biographical note and related materials (see note 1).
[^41]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, note 15: Alvin Johnson Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Love Library, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Box 47, folder "Graduate Faculty-University in Exile."
[^42]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, "Alvin Saunders Johnson papers," MS 615, https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/3846 (accessed October 9, 2026).
[^29]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs, 1944," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 16, Folder 17. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27156
[^30]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, IWA Bibliography (Occasional Papers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 note 3 (Hans Speier to Alvin Johnson, March 5, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 115). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^32]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Hook: Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; 1940 "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter." Note 22 (p. 296).
[^33]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226, text: "A Rockefeller Foundation memorandum indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Note 22 (p. 296): "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives; Sidney Hook, telephone interview with Professor Roy Wortman, Kenyon College (June 20, 1981)." The note names no author for the memorandum. Sole source for the enemy alien monitoring.
[^34]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 228: the administration "also received inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals" during the early 1950s.
[^35]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 370: "After America entered the war I was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with Maurice Davidson, chairman, and Joseph Leary Delaney. Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."
[^36]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 135: "In early 1942, Johnson, Hans Staudinger, and Makinsky met with State Department officials in Washington. Johnson, having complained of departmental 'high jinks,' requested the meeting. They spent the day testifying before a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army"; "Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit'"; Visa Division officials "regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School, in particular, as dangerous to American policy."
[^37]: *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences*, vol. 3 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), title page: "Editor-in-Chief Edwin R. A. Seligman, Associate Editor Alvin Johnson." https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_b9t1
[^38]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, dissertation text on the encyclopedia and note 14: Johnson accepted Seligman's 1927 offer; "Both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the Social Science Research Council oversaw." Competing account at note 36.
[^39]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 67: "Seligman secured financial support from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller and Russell Sage foundations."
[^40]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Johnson honorary degrees and family photographs," NA.0035.01, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/567 (vice-chairmanship of the New York State Commission on Discrimination in Employment in 1943; the 1945 letter and Dewey's signing pen; honorary degrees from Brandeis University in 1957, Hebrew Union College in 1960 and Freie Universitat Berlin in 1964).
[^41]: New York State Division of Human Rights, "About the Division," https://dhr.ny.gov/about (Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Anti-Discrimination Act in 1945, prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin).
[^42]: "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education," *The Omaha Guide*, February 8, 1947, p. 2. https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn93062828/1947-02-08/ed-1/seq-2/
[^43]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Saunders Johnson collection," NS-01-01-01, abstract, arrangement, biographical note and related materials (see note 1).
[^44]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, note 15: Alvin Johnson Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Love Library, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Box 47, folder "Graduate Faculty-University in Exile."
[^45]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, "Alvin Saunders Johnson papers," MS 615, https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/3846 (accessed October 9, 2026).

8
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ernst Kris.md
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@ -43,9 +43,11 @@ Kris was born in Vienna, the son of the lawyer Leopold Kris. He studied art hist
After emigrating to London in 1938 he worked at the Psychoanalytic Institute and as a training analyst. In 1939 and 1940 he built up the BBC's analysis of enemy radio propaganda as Senior Research Officer; the German biographical account adds that he was then sent to help found similar institutions in Canada and the United States. After a brief period on a similar task at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in Montreal, he settled in New York in 1940 and became a visiting professor of psychology at the New School; the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication ran from 1941 to 1944 with Speier. The 1944 book German Radio Propaganda carries Kris's epilogue. His papers include BBC correspondence with Mark A. Abrams (1940 to 1943) and with John Scarlett Alexander Salt (1940 to 1956), telegrams concerning German propaganda from 1940, New School files with Max Ascoli (1940 to 1941) and Alvin Johnson (1941 to 1944), a Rockefeller Foundation file for 1940 to 1952, and a file of correspondence with Edward L. Bernays for 1942.[^1][^2][^3][^4]
Kris's project on German academic institutions under National Socialism, dated 1942 in the [[Institute of World Affairs]] records, drew correspondence about the inability to secure funding for the research from the [[Carnegie Corporation]].[^5] The Institute's finding aid states that the Institute developed from two divisions of the Graduate Faculty, a Study Group on Germany and the Totalitarian Communication Project organized by Speier and Kris.[^6]
### Later Career
From 1942 Kris taught at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and then at the College of the City of New York, where he was a professor in the Graduate Division from 1945. He attended the September 1947 conference of social scientists convened by Project RAND at which Speier was recruited; his papers contain a file of correspondence with Leo Rosten for 1946 to 1948, the screenwriter through whom Speier came to RAND's attention. In 1949 he joined the Child Study Center at Yale, becoming professor of psychology in 1951 and of psychiatry in 1953. He died in New York on February 27, 1957. His papers (MSS84824, about 7,000 items, bulk 1940 to 1956, a gift of his children in 2001) are at the Library of Congress; they include a folder of correspondence with Hans Speier for 1940 to 1949 and the project's research papers for 1941 to 1944.[^1][^4][^5]
From 1942 Kris taught at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and then at the College of the City of New York, where he was a professor in the Graduate Division from 1945. He attended the September 1947 conference of social scientists convened by Project RAND at which Speier was recruited; his papers contain a file of correspondence with Leo Rosten for 1946 to 1948, the screenwriter through whom Speier came to RAND's attention. In 1949 he joined the Child Study Center at Yale, becoming professor of psychology in 1951 and of psychiatry in 1953. He died in New York on February 27, 1957. His papers (MSS84824, about 7,000 items, bulk 1940 to 1956, a gift of his children in 2001) are at the Library of Congress; they include a folder of correspondence with Hans Speier for 1940 to 1949 and the project's research papers for 1941 to 1944.[^1][^4][^7]
### Footnotes
@ -53,4 +55,6 @@ From 1942 Kris taught at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and then at the C
[^2]: Kris, Ernst, and Hans Speier. German Radio Propaganda. New York: Oxford University Press, 1944, Preface and Epilogue. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499058
[^3]: The New School Archives, "Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, 1940-1944," NS-02-16-01. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451
[^4]: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Ernst Kris Papers (MSS84824), register by Michael Spangler, 2003: biographical chronology, scope note and container list (British Broadcasting Corp. files; New School files; Rockefeller Foundation; Bernays, Edward L., 1942; Rosten, Leo Calvin, 1946-1948; Speier, Hans). https://web.archive.org/web/20161221192727id_/http://rs5.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2006/ms006003.pdf. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 130 note 41 cites Kris Papers, Box 13, Folder "Speier, Hans, 1940-1949."
[^5]: Bessner, Daniel M. "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State." PhD diss., Duke University, 2013, p. 190 note 88 (attendee list of RAND R-106, Conference of Social Scientists, September 14-19, 1947). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^5]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Kris, Ernst. 'The German Academic Institutions Under National Socialism', 1942," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 11, Folder 19. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27469
[^6]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^7]: Bessner, Daniel M. "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State." PhD diss., Duke University, 2013, p. 190 note 88 (attendee list of RAND R-106, Conference of Social Scientists, September 14-19, 1947). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content

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10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Simons.md
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@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ In June 1950 Simons was selected as the third president of the New School, succe
A file in the New School central administration records holds Simons's "Future of the New School," dated September 18, 1958. Its scope note relates it to a Publicity Office record in which Simons responds to the "McGrath Report."[^14] The New School Associates records hold a presidential talk on "Hans Simon's report on India," dated January 28, 1960.[^15]
His resignation is dated to 1960. Correspondence in his Adult Division file is "mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School."[^16] He retired from the presidency in 1960.[^1] The scope note of the John R. Everett records lists his presidency as 1950 to 1961.[^17] Press releases in the school's records announce the appointment of [[Henry David]] as president between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and record his inauguration on October 23, 1961.[^18][^19] David resigned on March 22, 1963.[^20]
His resignation is dated to 1960. Correspondence in his Adult Division file is "mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School."[^16] He retired from the presidency in 1960.[^1] The scope note of the [[John R. Everett]] records lists his presidency as 1950 to 1961.[^17] Press releases in the school's records announce the appointment of [[Henry David]] as president between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and record his inauguration on October 23, 1961.[^18][^19] David resigned on March 22, 1963.[^20]
### Project MKUltra memoranda, 1961