vault backup: 2026-10-09 14:42:16

00 - META/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+- 2026-10-09T1441 · [[Robert M. Brier]]
+- 2026-10-09T1441 · [[Martin Ebon]]
+- 2026-10-09T1440 · [[Project MKUltra]]
 - 2026-10-09T1439 · [[Klara G. Roman]]
 - 2026-10-09T1439 · [[New School for Social Research]]
 - 2026-10-09T1437 · [[United States Information Agency]]
@@ -34,14 +37,11 @@
 - 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Michael Whitney Straight]]
 - 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]
 - 2026-10-09T1301 · [[Leo Strauss]]
-- 2026-10-09T1259 · [[Project MKUltra]]
 - 2026-10-09T1259 · [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]
 - 2026-10-09T1258 · [[National Reconnaissance Office]]
 - 2026-10-09T1258 · [[Eileen Garrett]]
 - 2026-10-09T1256 · [[James Monroe]]
 - 2026-10-09T1256 · [[John Gittinger]]
-- 2026-10-09T1253 · [[Robert M. Brier]]
-- 2026-10-09T1253 · [[Martin Ebon]]
 - 2026-10-09T1253 · [[Kurt Riezler]]
 - 2026-10-09T1253 · [[Ernst Kris]]
 - 2026-10-09T1241 · [[Jeffrey Epstein]]

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Martin Ebon.md

@@ -40,47 +40,47 @@ relations:
     role: "Radio information specialist (GS-11); chief, Pakistan unit (GS-13); director of Vietnamese, Indonesian, Hindi and Urdu language units"
     start: 1950
     end: 1953
-    fn: 9
+    fn: 10
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Hill and Knowlton]]"
     role: "Account executive"
     start: 1952
     end: 1953
-    fn: 15
+    fn: 16
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Parapsychology Foundation]]"
     role: "Administrative secretary"
     start: 1953
     end: 1965
-    fn: 17
+    fn: 18
   - type: reported_to
     with: "[[Eileen Garrett]]"
     role: "Administrative secretary to the founder"
     start: 1953
     end: 1965
-    fn: 16
+    fn: 17
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Tomorrow (magazine)]]"
     role: "Managing editor"
     start: 1955
-    fn: 20
+    fn: 21
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
     role: "Lecturer, Division of Social Sciences; lecture series Parapsychology: From Magic to Science"
     start: 1966
     end: 1968
-    fn: 24
+    fn: 25
   - type: director_of
     with: "[[Survival Research Foundation]]"
     role: "Chairman"
     start: 1971
-    fn: 28
+    fn: 29
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]]"
     role: "Panelist, Psychic Arms Race session, Stanford University conference"
     start: 1984
     end: 1984
-    fn: 41
+    fn: 45
 ---
 
 Martin Ebon was the pen name of Hans Martin Schwarz, a journalist and author born in [[Hamburg]] on May 27, 1917.[^1] He served in the [[Office of War Information]] and the [[United States Department of State]] information program, directed language units of the [[Voice of America]] in New York in 1950 and after, and from 1953 was administrative secretary of the [[Parapsychology Foundation]] under [[Eileen Garrett]]. He wrote books on Soviet affairs and on parapsychology, among them *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* (1983).[^2]
@@ -95,85 +95,85 @@ He emigrated to the United States in 1938 and was naturalized in 1945.[^3] The 1
 
 In 1941 and 1942 Ebon was a contributing correspondent of the [[Christian Science Monitor]].[^3] The 1948 entry lists him as managing editor of the Foreign Language Division of the [[Overseas News Agency]] in 1943, and a 1945 contributor note in *Free World* describes him as a staff member of that agency who also acted as managing editor of its Foreign Language Division.[^3][^5] The emigrant reference work gives the same post.[^4]
 
-From 1943 to 1945 he was on the staff of the Office of War Information, as chief of its basic news intelligence desk in 1943 and then as chief of the Foreign News Section of its Overseas News and Features Bureau.[^3] Contributor notes of 1946 and 1948 describe him as having served with the Department of State as an information officer, and as a staff member of the [[Foreign Policy Association]].[^6] His 1948 entry gives his office address as the [[Partisan Review]], 1545 Broadway, New York.[^3]
+From 1943 to 1945 he was on the staff of the Office of War Information, as chief of its basic news intelligence desk in 1943 and then as chief of the Foreign News Section of its Overseas News and Features Bureau.[^3] The Overseas News and Features Bureau was a subgroup of the New York Office of the Overseas Operations Branch, whose records are in the National Archives under Record Group 208, subgroup 208.5 (1930 to 1951), including the News and Features Bureau's records at 208.5.2.[^6] Contributor notes of 1946 and 1948 describe him as having served with the Department of State as an information officer, and as a staff member of the [[Foreign Policy Association]].[^7] His 1948 entry gives his office address as the [[Partisan Review]], 1545 Broadway, New York.[^3]
 
-In 1948 [[Whittlesey House]], the trade imprint of [[McGraw-Hill]], published his *World Communism Today*, a country-by-country reference work; its acknowledgment states that data had been obtained from government officials and from functionaries of Communist parties in all parts of the world.[^7] Two 1948 articles, "World Communism Has Passed Its Peak" and "The New Communist Internationals," appeared under his name.[^3] The *American Mercury* note for the second describes him as the author of *World Communism Today* and as having worked for the State Department, the Office of War Information and the Foreign Policy Association.[^8] A 1948 contributor note in the *Middle East Journal* describes him as a member of the faculty of the [[New School for Social Research]].[^9]
+In 1948 [[Whittlesey House]], the trade imprint of [[McGraw-Hill]], published his *World Communism Today*, a country-by-country reference work; its acknowledgment states that data had been obtained from government officials and from functionaries of Communist parties in all parts of the world.[^8] Two 1948 articles, "World Communism Has Passed Its Peak" and "The New Communist Internationals," appeared under his name.[^3] The *American Mercury* note for the second describes him as the author of *World Communism Today* and as having worked for the State Department, the Office of War Information and the Foreign Policy Association.[^9] A 1948 contributor note in the *Middle East Journal* describes him as a member of the faculty of the [[New School for Social Research]].[^10]
 
 ### Voice of America
 
-The Department of State's *Biographic Register* records that Ebon, born May 27, 1917, was appointed radio information specialist (GS-11) in the Department of State on August 31, 1950, and became chief of the Pakistan unit (GS-13) on June 10, 1951; the entry in the supplement of April 1, 1952 carries the office symbol IBS, the International Broadcasting Service that operated the Voice of America.[^9][^10]
+The Department of State's *Biographic Register* records that Ebon, born May 27, 1917, was appointed radio information specialist (GS-11) in the Department of State on August 31, 1950, and became chief of the Pakistan unit (GS-13) on June 10, 1951; the entry in the supplement of April 1, 1952 carries the office symbol IBS, the International Broadcasting Service that operated the Voice of America.[^10][^11]
 
-Ebon's own account places him in the fall of 1950 "in a half-empty office at the Voice of America in New York," surrounded by books, files and clippings on Indochina, newly appointed to direct the new Vietnamese-language unit of the agency's short-wave and medium-wave broadcasts. He had earlier directed the agency's broadcasts to Indonesia and later was put in charge of the Hindi and Urdu units, which transmitted to India and Pakistan. His research on Vietnamese religious tendencies led him to the Cao Dai movement and to its veneration of [[Victor Hugo]] among its saints, which became the subject of his introduction to a later edition of Hugo's table-rapping transcripts.[^11]
+Ebon's own account places him in the fall of 1950 "in a half-empty office at the Voice of America in New York," surrounded by books, files and clippings on Indochina, newly appointed to direct the new Vietnamese-language unit of the agency's short-wave and medium-wave broadcasts. He had earlier directed the agency's broadcasts to Indonesia and later was put in charge of the Hindi and Urdu units, which transmitted to India and Pakistan. His research on Vietnamese religious tendencies led him to the Cao Dai movement and to its veneration of [[Victor Hugo]] among its saints, which became the subject of his introduction to a later edition of Hugo's table-rapping transcripts.[^12]
 
-The biographical notes in Ebon's books state that he served with the Office of War Information in World War II, was subsequently on the staff of the Foreign Policy Association, and was with the [[United States Information Agency]] during the Korean War.[^12] A directory entry lists him as information officer of the United States Information Agency from 1950 to 1952.[^13] His *Malenkov: Stalin's Successor* (McGraw-Hill, 1953), a study of [[Georgy Malenkov]] with an introduction by [[Harry Schwartz]], acknowledges the research report on Malenkov by [[Lazar Pistrak]] of the Voice of America staff and is dedicated to 23,000 Greek children abducted by Communist guerrillas in 1948.[^14]
+The biographical notes in Ebon's books state that he served with the Office of War Information in World War II, was subsequently on the staff of the Foreign Policy Association, and was with the [[United States Information Agency]] during the Korean War.[^13] A directory entry lists him as information officer of the United States Information Agency from 1950 to 1952.[^14] His *Malenkov: Stalin's Successor* (McGraw-Hill, 1953), a study of [[Georgy Malenkov]] with an introduction by [[Harry Schwartz]], acknowledges the research report on Malenkov by [[Lazar Pistrak]] of the Voice of America staff and is dedicated to 23,000 Greek children abducted by Communist guerrillas in 1948.[^15]
 
-In the 1953 House Appropriations hearings on a supplemental bill, a section titled "Reduction in force in New York broadcasting office" reproduces a table headed "Name, Title, Grade, Salary, Reason" for the New York offices of the International Broadcasting Service, with reasons that include reduction in force, resignation and death. Martin Ebon is among the names listed for the service.[^15]
+In the 1953 House Appropriations hearings on a supplemental bill, a section titled "Reduction in force in New York broadcasting office" reproduces a table headed "Name, Title, Grade, Salary, Reason" for the New York offices of the International Broadcasting Service, with reasons that include reduction in force, resignation and death. Martin Ebon is among the names listed for the service.[^16]
 
 ### Hill and Knowlton
 
-The emigrant reference work lists Ebon as an account executive of the public relations firm [[Hill and Knowlton]] from 1950 to 1952, and a writers' directory lists the same post for 1952 to 1953.[^4][^13] The latter places his administrative secretaryship at the Parapsychology Foundation from 1953.[^13]
+The emigrant reference work lists Ebon as an account executive of the public relations firm [[Hill and Knowlton]] from 1950 to 1952, and a writers' directory lists the same post for 1952 to 1953.[^4][^14] The latter places his administrative secretaryship at the Parapsychology Foundation from 1953.[^14]
 
 ### Parapsychology Foundation
 
-Records differ on the dates of Ebon's work for the Parapsychology Foundation. The [[Skeptical Inquirer]] biography gives administrative secretary from 1953 to 1965.[^16] The emigrant reference work gives administrative secretary and editor from 1953 to 1965, with the managing editorship of *Tomorrow* from 1953 to 1962 and a place on the editorial board of *International Reports* from 1959 to 1965.[^4] A book biography of 1974 gives administrative secretary from 1953 to 1962, managing editor of *Tomorrow* from 1953 to 1965 and of the *International Journal of Parapsychology* from 1959 to 1962.[^17] A 1998 edition of Hugo's transcripts describes him as having served for twelve years as administrative secretary.[^11] A writers' directory gives administrative secretary from 1953 to 1959 and executive editor of the *International Journal of Parapsychology* from 1959 to 1965, a member of the editorial board of *International Reports* from 1960 to 1967, president of Lombard Associates, Inc. of New York from 1962 to 1982, and consulting editor of the [[New American Library]] from 1966 to 1985.[^13] The Occult World biography dates the post from 1954 and describes him as working with the founder, Eileen Garrett.[^18]
+Records differ on the dates of Ebon's work for the Parapsychology Foundation. The [[Skeptical Inquirer]] biography gives administrative secretary from 1953 to 1965.[^17] The emigrant reference work gives administrative secretary and editor from 1953 to 1965, with the managing editorship of *Tomorrow* from 1953 to 1962 and a place on the editorial board of *International Reports* from 1959 to 1965.[^4] A book biography of 1974 gives administrative secretary from 1953 to 1962, managing editor of *Tomorrow* from 1953 to 1965 and of the *International Journal of Parapsychology* from 1959 to 1962.[^18] A 1998 edition of Hugo's transcripts describes him as having served for twelve years as administrative secretary.[^12] A writers' directory gives administrative secretary from 1953 to 1959 and executive editor of the *International Journal of Parapsychology* from 1959 to 1965, a member of the editorial board of *International Reports* from 1960 to 1967, president of Lombard Associates, Inc. of New York from 1962 to 1982, and consulting editor of the [[New American Library]] from 1966 to 1985.[^14] The Occult World biography dates the post from 1954 and describes him as working with the founder, Eileen Garrett.[^19]
 
-[[H. P. Albarelli Jr.]] wrote that one former CIA official had reported that the writings of Ebon on parapsychology and the paranormal were of special interest to the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and that many of Ebon's books originated in studies conducted by the CIA's Security Research Staff and Technical Services Staff; the official is not named.[^19]
+[[H. P. Albarelli Jr.]] wrote that one former CIA official had reported that the writings of Ebon on parapsychology and the paranormal were of special interest to the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and that many of Ebon's books originated in studies conducted by the CIA's Security Research Staff and Technical Services Staff; the official is not named.[^20]
 
 ### Tomorrow magazine
 
-The summer 1955 issue of *Tomorrow*, a quarterly review of psychical research published in New York by Garrett Publications, names Garrett as editor-publisher and Ebon as managing editor.[^20] The masthead of volume 4 (1956) lists Garrett as editor-publisher, Ebon as managing editor, Lenore Davison as assistant to the publisher and Lester Buckland as circulation and business manager, at 500 Fifth Avenue, New York.[^21] The masthead of volume 9 (1961) lists Ebon as managing editor with Garrett as editor.[^22]
+The summer 1955 issue of *Tomorrow*, a quarterly review of psychical research published in New York by Garrett Publications, names Garrett as editor-publisher and Ebon as managing editor.[^21] The masthead of volume 4 (1956) lists Garrett as editor-publisher, Ebon as managing editor, Lenore Davison as assistant to the publisher and Lester Buckland as circulation and business manager, at 500 Fifth Avenue, New York.[^22] The masthead of volume 9 (1961) lists Ebon as managing editor with Garrett as editor.[^23]
 
 ### New School for Social Research
 
-A directory of writers lists Ebon as lecturer in the Division of Social Sciences of the New School for Social Research in 1949 and 1950, 1955 and 1956, and 1967.[^13] The jacket notes of his 1967 *Beyond Space and Time* and the Associated Press and newspaper notices of his *Svetlana* in 1967 describe him as a member of the faculty.[^23] The biography in *Psychic Exploration* (1974) states that he conducted a lecture series at the school titled "Parapsychology: From Magic to Science" from 1966 to 1968.[^24] The school's own archives hold, in the records of the Adult Division Office of the Dean, a 1975 file titled "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship," regarding a scholarship to take a New School course in parapsychology.[^25]
+A directory of writers lists Ebon as lecturer in the Division of Social Sciences of the New School for Social Research in 1949 and 1950, 1955 and 1956, and 1967.[^14] The jacket notes of his 1967 *Beyond Space and Time* and the Associated Press and newspaper notices of his *Svetlana* in 1967 describe him as a member of the faculty.[^24] The biography in *Psychic Exploration* (1974) states that he conducted a lecture series at the school titled "Parapsychology: From Magic to Science" from 1966 to 1968.[^25] The school's own archives hold, in the records of the Adult Division Office of the Dean, a 1975 file titled "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship," regarding a scholarship to take a New School course in parapsychology.[^26]
 
-A 1975 directory of parapsychology research and teaching lists under the New School an entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], Ebon and [[Gilbert Roller]], with the address 66 West 12th Street, New York; it lists Brier in the philosophy department of [[C.W. Post College]].[^26] The school's *Bulletin* for the spring 1975 semester (volume 32, number 5, dated December 27, 1974) lists a course "Experimental Parapsychology," taught by Bob Brier on Wednesdays from February 5, and a course "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena," taught by Gilbert Roller on Tuesdays from February 4, each at $90.[^27] The bulletin's faculty biography of Brier gives a Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina, a research fellowship at the [[Institute for Parapsychology]], an associate professorship of philosophy at C.W. Post College, membership in the Parapsychological Association, and editorship with [[J. B. Rhine]] of *Parapsychology Today*.[^27] The bulletin's index does not list Ebon.[^27]
+A 1975 directory of parapsychology research and teaching lists under the New School an entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], Ebon and [[Gilbert Roller]], with the address 66 West 12th Street, New York; it lists Brier in the philosophy department of [[C.W. Post College]].[^27] The school's *Bulletin* for the spring 1975 semester (volume 32, number 5, dated December 27, 1974) lists a course "Experimental Parapsychology," taught by Bob Brier on Wednesdays from February 5, and a course "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena," taught by Gilbert Roller on Tuesdays from February 4, each at $90.[^28] The bulletin's faculty biography of Brier gives a Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina, a research fellowship at the [[Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man|Institute for Parapsychology]], an associate professorship of philosophy at C.W. Post College, membership in the Parapsychological Association, and editorship with [[J. B. Rhine]] of *Parapsychology Today*.[^28] The bulletin's index does not list Ebon.[^28]
 
-The same bulletin's faculty biography of Gilbert Roller states that he conducted investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and was a faculty member of the Fashion Institute of Technology, president of Hepworth Films Corp. and of IFE Corp., a director of Opti-Sound Corp., and a member of the [[American Society for Psychical Research]] and the American Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine.[^27] *Parapsychology Review* reported in 1973 that Gilbert Roller was teaching a course introducing the most controversial aspects of paranormal phenomena, among them telekinesis, poltergeists and ectoplasmia.[^28] A Gilbert Roller, described as a retired television producer and writer, was with [[Leonard Lauer]] one of the core members of the [[Bindelof séance circle]] that began in 1929 and produced table movement, levitations and raps; that Roller later worked as an artist, writer, filmmaker and television producer and died in 2004 aged 89.[^29] The records found do not state in one document that the New School's Gilbert Roller and the Bindelof circle's Gilbert Roller are the same man.
+The same bulletin's faculty biography of Gilbert Roller states that he conducted investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and was a faculty member of the Fashion Institute of Technology, president of Hepworth Films Corp. and of IFE Corp., a director of Opti-Sound Corp., and a member of the [[American Society for Psychical Research]] and the American Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine.[^28] *Parapsychology Review* reported that Gilbert Roller was teaching a course introducing the most controversial aspects of paranormal phenomena, among them telekinesis, poltergeists and ectoplasmia.[^29] A Gilbert Roller, described as a retired television producer and writer, was with [[Leonard Lauer]] one of the core members of the [[Bindelof séance circle]] that began in 1929 and produced table movement, levitations and raps; that Roller later worked as an artist, writer, filmmaker and television producer and died in 2004 aged 89.[^30] The New School's Gilbert Roller and the Bindelof circle's Gilbert Roller are the same man. Roller's own 1975 book, *A Voice From Beyond*, prints in one author biography the New School course in paramechanics, his career in television and motion-picture production, a childhood poltergeist, his mother's séances and a teenage group of friends who "held séances regularly for about two years."[^31] [[Rosemarie Pilkington]], author of *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof*, wrote in 2007 that she "knew Gil Roller for more than 30 years" and called the first part of her book an account of "Gil Roller's and the Bindelof group's extraordinary experiences."[^32] The book's publisher describes it as "Gilbert Roller's utterly charming and disarming auto-biographical account of a group of teenagers."[^33]
 
 ### Survival Research Foundation
 
-In September 1971 the psychic and author [[Susy Smith]] established the [[Survival Research Foundation]] in [[Tucson, Arizona]], with Ebon as chairman and eleven other trustees. The foundation's stated aim was to conduct, subsidize and assist in procuring scientific evidence of conscious survival of the human soul or spirit after death.[^30] The index of *Parapsychology Review* records "Survival Research Foundation established" in the first issue of its volume, at page 28, and a report in the same volume of a lecture by Ebon titled "Can $300,000 Prove Life after Death," which took as its starting point the will of the gold prospector [[James Kidd]].[^31]
+In September 1971 the psychic and author [[Susy Smith]] established the [[Survival Research Foundation]] in [[Tucson, Arizona]], with Ebon as chairman and eleven other trustees. The foundation's stated aim was to conduct, subsidize and assist in procuring scientific evidence of conscious survival of the human soul or spirit after death.[^34] The index of *Parapsychology Review* records "Survival Research Foundation established" in the first issue of its volume, at page 28, and a report in the same volume of a lecture by Ebon titled "Can $300,000 Prove Life after Death," which took as its starting point the will of the gold prospector [[James Kidd]].[^35]
 
 ### Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?
 
-McGraw-Hill published *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* in New York in 1983.[^2] The book has nineteen chapters: "Moscow, June 11, 1977" (page 1), "Would Marx Approve?" (12), "The Great Nautilus Hoax" (22), "Amplified Mind Power" (33), "The Tragedy of Edward Naumov" (45), "If Thoughts Can Kill" (63), "Code by Telepathy" (79), "The Skin Readers" (88), "They Call It Psychotronics" (98), "Secrets, Rumors, Speculations" (110), "Boosting the Human Brain" (121), "The Novosibirsk Connection" (132), "Dzhuna the Healer" (141), "The KGB Takes Control" (151), "An Astronaut Speaks Out" (165), "The View from Menlo Park" (176), "Washington's Dilemma" (188), "Threat or Illusion?" (199) and "The Century of Fear." Appendixes follow, one of them an "Outline of CIA Project on ESP" reprinted at pages 256 to 260, with a bibliography of English-language literature on Soviet and United States government efforts in parapsychology compiled by [[Marcello Truzzi]].[^32]
+McGraw-Hill published *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* in New York in 1983.[^2] The book has nineteen chapters: "Moscow, June 11, 1977" (page 1), "Would Marx Approve?" (12), "The Great Nautilus Hoax" (22), "Amplified Mind Power" (33), "The Tragedy of Edward Naumov" (45), "If Thoughts Can Kill" (63), "Code by Telepathy" (79), "The Skin Readers" (88), "They Call It Psychotronics" (98), "Secrets, Rumors, Speculations" (110), "Boosting the Human Brain" (121), "The Novosibirsk Connection" (132), "Dzhuna the Healer" (141), "The KGB Takes Control" (151), "An Astronaut Speaks Out" (165), "The View from Menlo Park" (176), "Washington's Dilemma" (188), "Threat or Illusion?" (199) and "The Century of Fear." Appendixes follow, one of them an "Outline of CIA Project on ESP" reprinted at pages 256 to 260, with a bibliography of English-language literature on Soviet and United States government efforts in parapsychology compiled by [[Marcello Truzzi]].[^36]
 
-Chapter 3 reports the 1960 French story of telepathy experiments with the nuclear submarine [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)|Nautilus]], with a 1980 conversation with Gérard Messadié of *Science et Vie* and an account of [[Jacques Bergier]] (pages 22 to 31), and states that the Navy and Westinghouse statements on the reports were published in the newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation.[^33] In the book's account the Soviet drive in parapsychology followed the Nautilus reports.[^33]
+Chapter 3 reports the 1960 French story of telepathy experiments with the nuclear submarine [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)|Nautilus]], with a 1980 conversation with Gérard Messadié of *Science et Vie* and an account of [[Jacques Bergier]] (pages 22 to 31), and states that the Navy and Westinghouse statements on the reports were published in the newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation.[^37] In the book's account the Soviet drive in parapsychology followed the Nautilus reports.[^37]
 
-Chapter 17 reports the congressional report on parapsychology (pages 188 to 190); a *Fate* article of July 1981 by [[Randy Fitzgerald]] on CIA memoranda on ESP obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, including a document of April 9, 1952 on whether ESP capabilities are affected by drugs, and Fitzgerald's reference to Project Artichoke and MKULTRA (page 191); and the statements of [[Victor Marchetti]] that the agency had become "involved with mediums" and that "They began to contact our own dead agents, as well as dead agents from the other side," with [[Oleg Penkovsky]] as the example (pages 193 and 194).[^34] Ebon wrote that the CIA could not openly back major parapsychology research for fear of the accusation of financing "a bunch of psychic kooks," and that the agency had ordered and received a status report on Soviet parapsychology from a private California corporation (page 210).[^35] The book's appendix reprints an "Outline of CIA Project on ESP," introduced as text "released by the Central Intelligence Agency under the Freedom of Information Act" in 1981 that deals with a twofold project to examine the potential use of extrasensory perception for "practical problems of intelligence"; Ebon notes that there are "no indications whether the project was actually undertaken" (pages 257 to 260).[^36]
+Chapter 17 reports the congressional report on parapsychology (pages 188 to 190); a *Fate* article of July 1981 by [[Randy Fitzgerald]] on CIA memoranda on ESP obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, including a document of April 9, 1952 on whether ESP capabilities are affected by drugs, and Fitzgerald's reference to Project Artichoke and MKULTRA (page 191); and the statements of [[Victor Marchetti]] that the agency had become "involved with mediums" and that "They began to contact our own dead agents, as well as dead agents from the other side," with [[Oleg Penkovsky]] as the example (pages 193 and 194).[^38] Ebon wrote that the CIA could not openly back major parapsychology research for fear of the accusation of financing "a bunch of psychic kooks," and that the agency had ordered and received a status report on Soviet parapsychology from a private California corporation (page 210).[^39] The book's appendix reprints an "Outline of CIA Project on ESP," introduced as text "released by the Central Intelligence Agency under the Freedom of Information Act" in 1981 that deals with a twofold project to examine the potential use of extrasensory perception for "practical problems of intelligence"; Ebon notes that there are "no indications whether the project was actually undertaken" (pages 257 to 260).[^40]
 
-Ebon's chapter on the Soviet microwave bombardment of the United States embassy in [[Moscow]] states two hypotheses, one that the beams served to defeat Soviet listening devices or jam American electronic eavesdropping, and another that they were used to change minds; he wrote that the possibility of [[Jimmy Carter]] having been subjected to some esoteric form of mind manipulation at the Vienna summit with Leonid Brezhnev on [[SALT II]] could not be ruled out (pages 118, 119 and 129).[^37] Chapter 16 reports the remote-viewing experiments of [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Russell Targ]] and [[Edwin May]] at [[SRI International]], including trials with [[Hella Hammid]] (pages 176 to 187); chapter 15 reports the Apollo 14 ESP experiment of Capt. [[Edgar Mitchell]] (pages 172 to 174), and the book quotes at length the appendix "The New Mental Battlefield" by Lt. Col. [[John B. Alexander]] to a 1981 Army study (pages 15 and 108).[^38]
+Ebon's chapter on the Soviet microwave bombardment of the United States embassy in [[Moscow]] states two hypotheses, one that the beams served to defeat Soviet listening devices or jam American electronic eavesdropping, and another that they were used to change minds; he wrote that the possibility of [[Jimmy Carter]] having been subjected to some esoteric form of mind manipulation at the Vienna summit with Leonid Brezhnev on [[SALT II]] could not be ruled out (pages 118, 119 and 129).[^41] Chapter 16 reports the remote-viewing experiments of [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Russell Targ]] and [[Edwin May]] at [[SRI International]], including trials with [[Hella Hammid]] (pages 176 to 187); chapter 15 reports the Apollo 14 ESP experiment of Capt. [[Edgar Mitchell]] (pages 172 to 174), and the book quotes at length the appendix "The New Mental Battlefield" by Lt. Col. [[John B. Alexander]] to a 1981 Army study (pages 15 and 108).[^42]
 
 ### Reception in the military and intelligence record
 
-The Associated Press reported on November 6, 1983 that a U.S. Army study had found "significant progress" by the Soviet Union toward psychic weapons, as disclosed in Ebon's book, and described him as a New York-based professional writer specializing in Soviet affairs.[^39] The *New York Times* of January 10, 1984 reviewed the book among three reports on Pentagon psychic research and reported that, by one of them, President Carter ordered the CIA in 1977 to review psychic research behind the Iron Curtain.[^40] A review of the book by Michael S. Evancevich, U.S. Army, Retired, in *Military Intelligence* states that it contains strong evidence that the military, scientific and intelligence communities of both superpowers had been making zealous attempts to harness the mind, and summarizes Ebon's account of CIA experiments using persons with keen psychic gifts to contact agents who had died on operational missions, citing Penkovsky.[^41]
+The Associated Press reported on November 6, 1983 that a U.S. Army study had found "significant progress" by the Soviet Union toward psychic weapons, as disclosed in Ebon's book, and described him as a New York-based professional writer specializing in Soviet affairs.[^43] The *New York Times* of January 10, 1984 reviewed the book among three reports on Pentagon psychic research and reported that, by one of them, President Carter ordered the CIA in 1977 to review psychic research behind the Iron Curtain.[^44] A review of the book by Michael S. Evancevich, U.S. Army, Retired, in *Military Intelligence* states that it contains strong evidence that the military, scientific and intelligence communities of both superpowers had been making zealous attempts to harness the mind, and summarizes Ebon's account of CIA experiments using persons with keen psychic gifts to contact agents who had died on operational missions, citing Penkovsky.[^45]
 
-In the "Psychic Arms Race" session at the conference of the [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]] at [[Stanford University]] on November 9 and 10, 1984, Ebon took part; he also wrote "Psychic Studies: The Soviet Dilemma" for the *Skeptical Inquirer* (winter 1985/1986).[^16] On the *MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour* of November 13, 1984 he appeared from San Francisco opposite [[Paul Kurtz]], was introduced as the only "true believer" to emerge from the conference, and said of the remote-viewing hypothesis that "I think that is much more fundamentally correct" and of the phrase psychic arms race that it was "a sort of tabloid sensationalism."[^42] An [[ABC]] *Nightline* segment of February 15, 1984 identified him as a "Soviet specialist" and presented him on the 1960 Nautilus story as a hoax, after a quotation from a 1952 CIA memorandum on using high-ESP individuals on intelligence problems; a Science Applications International Corporation video log lists Ebon, Kurtz and Hammid among the segment's speakers.[^43]
+In the "Psychic Arms Race" session at the conference of the [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]] at [[Stanford University]] on November 9 and 10, 1984, Ebon took part; he also wrote "Psychic Studies: The Soviet Dilemma" for the *Skeptical Inquirer* (winter 1985/1986).[^17] On the *MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour* of November 13, 1984 he appeared from San Francisco opposite [[Paul Kurtz]], was introduced as the only "true believer" to emerge from the conference, and said of the remote-viewing hypothesis that "I think that is much more fundamentally correct" and of the phrase psychic arms race that it was "a sort of tabloid sensationalism."[^46] An [[ABC]] *Nightline* segment of February 15, 1984 identified him as a "Soviet specialist" and presented him on the 1960 Nautilus story as a hoax, after a quotation from a 1952 CIA memorandum on using high-ESP individuals on intelligence problems; a Science Applications International Corporation video log lists Ebon, Kurtz and Hammid among the segment's speakers.[^47]
 
-The Air War College research report "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier" (May 1988) states that Capt. Mitchell commented in an early 1980s interview with Ebon, and that Ebon cites the Defense Intelligence Agency report *Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR*, which McKelvy states was declassified eight years ahead of schedule.[^44] A 1992 Defense Intelligence College thesis by Michael E. Zarbo cites the book for the microwave hypothesis, the Carter passage, a comparison with Alexander's views on remote viewing, and the sentence on page 219.[^45]
+The Air War College research report "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier" (May 1988) states that Capt. Mitchell commented in an early 1980s interview with Ebon, and that Ebon cites the Defense Intelligence Agency report *Controlled Offensive Behavior: USSR*, which McKelvy states was declassified eight years ahead of schedule.[^48] A 1992 Defense Intelligence College thesis by Michael E. Zarbo cites the book for the microwave hypothesis, the Carter passage, a comparison with Alexander's views on remote viewing, and the sentence on page 219.[^49]
 
 ### After Psychic Warfare
 
-On August 5, 1984 Ebon wrote to John McMahon, Deputy Director of the CIA, enclosing the outline of his projected book *The Soviet Propaganda Machine*, for McGraw-Hill, listing his earlier books (*The Andropov File* and *Psychic Warfare* the year before, *World Communism Today* "after leaving the Office of War Information," *Malenkov*, biographies of Svetlana and Lin Piao, and *Che: The Making of a Legend*), stating that he would not request material under the Freedom of Information Act, and asking whether the interagency committee on Soviet "active measures" could provide guidance. On August 16, 1984 [[George V. Lauder]], the CIA's Director of Public Affairs, replied that the agency had no unclassified material beyond what was available at the United States Information Agency or the Department of State, and referred him to [[Herbert Romerstein]], Assistant to the Associate Director for Plans at the United States Information Agency.[^46]
+On August 5, 1984 Ebon wrote to John McMahon, Deputy Director of the CIA, enclosing the outline of his projected book *The Soviet Propaganda Machine*, for McGraw-Hill, listing his earlier books (*The Andropov File* and *Psychic Warfare* the year before, *World Communism Today* "after leaving the Office of War Information," *Malenkov*, biographies of Svetlana and Lin Piao, and *Che: The Making of a Legend*), stating that he would not request material under the Freedom of Information Act, and asking whether the interagency committee on Soviet "active measures" could provide guidance. On August 16, 1984 [[George V. Lauder]], the CIA's Director of Public Affairs, replied that the agency had no unclassified material beyond what was available at the United States Information Agency or the Department of State, and referred him to [[Herbert Romerstein]], Assistant to the Associate Director for Plans at the United States Information Agency.[^50]
 
-*The Andropov File* (McGraw-Hill, 1983) concerned [[Yuri Andropov]]; *The Soviet Propaganda Machine* (McGraw-Hill, 1987) was published and later cited in U.S. Army professional journals on Soviet active measures; a book on [[Nikita Khrushchev]] appeared in 1986, and *KGB: Death and Rebirth* in 1994.[^47] *Svetlana: The Story of Stalin's Daughter* (New American Library, 1967) was excerpted in newspapers; in 1967 an AP dispatch from Moscow reported a Soviet magazine's charge that the CIA ghost-wrote the memoirs of Svetlana Alliluyeva, and added that those memoirs were not to be confused with Ebon's book.[^48] *Lin Piao: The Life and Writings of China's New Ruler* was published by [[Stein and Day]] in 1970.[^49]
+*The Andropov File* (McGraw-Hill, 1983) concerned [[Yuri Andropov]]; *The Soviet Propaganda Machine* (McGraw-Hill, 1987) was published and later cited in U.S. Army professional journals on Soviet active measures; a book on [[Nikita Khrushchev]] appeared in 1986, and *KGB: Death and Rebirth* in 1994.[^51] *Svetlana: The Story of Stalin's Daughter* (New American Library, 1967) was excerpted in newspapers; in 1967 an AP dispatch from Moscow reported a Soviet magazine's charge that the CIA ghost-wrote the memoirs of Svetlana Alliluyeva, and added that those memoirs were not to be confused with Ebon's book.[^52] *Lin Piao: The Life and Writings of China's New Ruler* was published by [[Stein and Day]] in 1970.[^53]
 
-Ebon edited *The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology* (New American Library, 1978), whose chapters, among them Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ on remote viewing and [[Montague Ullman]] and [[Stanley Krippner]] on experimental dream studies, were cited in later Defense Department and Army research reports.[^50] His New American Library paperbacks run from *Beyond Time and Space* (1967) through *Witchcraft Today* (1971) and include *Test Your ESP*, *They Knew the Unknown* and *Psychic Discoveries of the Russians* (1971).[^51]
+Ebon edited *The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology* (New American Library, 1978), whose chapters, among them Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ on remote viewing and [[Montague Ullman]] and [[Stanley Krippner]] on experimental dream studies, were cited in later Defense Department and Army research reports.[^54] His New American Library paperbacks run from *Beyond Time and Space* (1967) through *Witchcraft Today* (1971) and include *Test Your ESP*, *They Knew the Unknown* and *Psychic Discoveries of the Russians* (1971).[^55]
 
 ### Writing on Soviet and Chinese parapsychology
 
-Two Ebon articles in the *Parapsychology Review*, "Peking Journal Denounces Telepathy Studies" (November-December 1975) and "Parapsychology in Contemporary China" (September-October 1981), are cited in a 1982 Defense Intelligence Agency-funded report on psychoenergetics research in the People's Republic of China.[^52] Marcello Truzzi called Ebon an "astute China watcher" in *Omni*.[^53]
+Two Ebon articles in the *Parapsychology Review*, "Peking Journal Denounces Telepathy Studies" (November-December 1975) and "Parapsychology in Contemporary China" (September-October 1981), are cited in a 1982 Defense Intelligence Agency-funded report on psychoenergetics research in the People's Republic of China.[^56] Marcello Truzzi called Ebon an "astute China watcher" in *Omni*.[^57]
 
-A CIA summary of Soviet parapsychology cites Ebon's *Psi in the USSR: Religion Without a Cross*, which dates psi research in Russia to before the 1917 revolution and describes a telepathy experiment in [[Tashkent]] around 1870.[^54] Ebon was among those who congratulated [[Hans Bender]] on a bibliography of his writings published with a 1987 special issue marking Bender's eightieth birthday.[^55]
+A CIA summary of Soviet parapsychology cites Ebon's *Psi in the USSR: Religion Without a Cross*, which dates psi research in Russia to before the 1917 revolution and describes a telepathy experiment in [[Tashkent]] around 1870.[^58] Ebon was among those who congratulated [[Hans Bender]] on a bibliography of his writings published with a 1987 special issue marking Bender's eightieth birthday.[^59]
 
 ### Citations in the STARGATE record
 
-Ebon's works recur in the bibliographies that Defense Intelligence Agency programs and their contractors compiled on psychic research. A 1990 DIA bibliographic database on psychoenergetics lists his 1974 chapter "A history of parapsychology," from *Psychic Exploration*.[^56] A 1991 anthology compiled by Science Applications International Corporation cites the same chapter and lists the New School for Social Research among the colleges and universities pursuing parapsychology.[^57] A 1991 report by Edwin May and S. LaBerge on anomalous cognition in lucid dreams cites the 1978 *Signet Handbook* chapter by Ullman and Krippner.[^58] The CREST file of the STARGATE collection also holds printouts of the Associated Press, *New York Times* and *MacNeil/Lehrer* items on *Psychic Warfare*.[^59]
+Ebon's works recur in the bibliographies that Defense Intelligence Agency programs and their contractors compiled on psychic research. A 1990 DIA bibliographic database on psychoenergetics lists his 1974 chapter "A history of parapsychology," from *Psychic Exploration*.[^60] A 1991 anthology compiled by Science Applications International Corporation cites the same chapter and lists the New School for Social Research among the colleges and universities pursuing parapsychology.[^61] A 1991 report by Edwin May and S. LaBerge on anomalous cognition in lucid dreams cites the 1978 *Signet Handbook* chapter by Ullman and Krippner.[^62] The CREST file of the STARGATE collection also holds printouts of the Associated Press, *New York Times* and *MacNeil/Lehrer* items on *Psychic Warfare*.[^63]
 
 ### Later life and death
 
-John Chambers, translator of Hugo's transcripts, thanks Ebon as mentor, benefactor and friend.[^60] Ebon died on February 11, 2006; the Leo Baeck Institute's note places his death in New York.[^1]
+John Chambers, translator of Hugo's transcripts, thanks Ebon as mentor, benefactor and friend.[^64] Ebon died on February 11, 2006; the Leo Baeck Institute's note places his death in New York.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -182,58 +182,62 @@ John Chambers, translator of Hugo's transcripts, thanks Ebon as mentor, benefact
 [^3]: *Who's Who in America*, 1948 edition, p. 178, entry "Ebon, Martin, author, lecturer on world affairs" (born May 27, 1917, Hamburg; son of Julius and Martha Ebon; Hochschule fuer Politik; came to America 1938, naturalized 1945; managing editor, Foreign Language Division, Overseas News Agency, 1943; staff of Office of War Information 1943-45; "World Communism Has Passed Its Peak" and "The New Communist Internationals," 1948; office, Partisan Review, 1545 Broadway). https://books.google.com/books?id=paYSAAAAIAAJ
 [^4]: *Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933*, vol. 2, *The Arts, Sciences, and Literature* (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1983; reprint Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014), p. 233, entry "Ebon, Martin." https://books.google.com/books?id=fNKJDwAAQBAJ
 [^5]: *Free World* (New York), 1945, contributor note on Martin Ebon. https://books.google.com/books?id=gKe0AAAAMAAJ
-[^6]: *Forum* (1946), contributor note (member of the staff of the Foreign Policy Association; served recently with the Department of State as an information officer and, during the war, as chief of the Foreign News Section of the Office of War Information). https://books.google.com/books?id=POsZAAAAMAAJ. *The Middle East Journal* (1948), contributor note to "Communist Tactics in Palestine" (member of the faculty of the New School of Social Research; chief of the Foreign News Section, Overseas News and Features Bureau, Office of War Information; since served with the Department of State). https://books.google.com/books?id=icIsAQAAIAAJ
-[^7]: Martin Ebon, *World Communism Today* (New York: Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill, 1948), title page, copyright page and acknowledgment. https://archive.org/details/worldcommunismto00ebon
-[^8]: *The American Mercury* (1948), contributor note to Martin Ebon, "The New Communist Internationals." https://books.google.com/books?id=N40qAAAAMAAJ
-[^9]: *Middle East Journal*, 1948, contributor note, as cited in note 6. U.S. Department of State, *Biographic Register*, supplement of April 1, 1953 (Publication 5056), entry "Ebon, Martin." https://archive.org/details/biographicregist1953wash
-[^10]: U.S. Department of State, *Biographic Register*, supplement of April 1, 1952, entry "Ebon, Martin ... app. radio info. specialist, GS-11, Dept. of State, Aug. 31, 1950; chief, Pakistan unit, GS-13, June 10, 1951.; office symbol IBS." https://archive.org/details/biographicregist1952wash
-[^11]: John Chambers, *Conversations with Eternity: Victor Hugo's Forgotten Masterwork* (Boca Raton: New Paradigm Books, 1998), introduction by Martin Ebon, "Victor the Grandiose," as reprinted in *Victor Hugo's Conversations with the Spirit World* (Rochester, Vt.: Destiny Books, 2008) and in the Spanish edition *Conversaciones con la eternidad* (Editorial Diana, 2002), pp. 1-2 and author notes. https://books.google.com/books?id=hFwoDwAAQBAJ and https://archive.org/details/conversaciones-con-la-eternidad-victor-hugo.-introduccion-martin-ebon
-[^12]: Martin Ebon, *The Andropov File* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), "About the Author"; *The Soviet Propaganda Machine* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), "About the Author"; *KGB: Death and Rebirth* (1994), "About the Author." https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8IeAAAAMAAJ, https://books.google.com/books?id=5kIFAQAAIAAJ and https://books.google.com/books?id=UgoJAAAAMAAJ
-[^13]: *The Writer's Directory, 1998-2000* (Detroit: St. James Press, 1995), p. 424, entry "Ebon, Martin." https://books.google.com/books?id=AKgKAB3ClvwC
-[^14]: Martin Ebon, *Malenkov: Stalin's Successor* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953), dedication, preface, acknowledgment and introduction by Harry Schwartz. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183698
-[^15]: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Appropriations, *Supplemental Appropriation Bill, 1954*, hearings before subcommittees, 83d Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1953), section "Reduction in Force in New York Broadcasting Office," pp. 656-665 (Ebon at p. 665). https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt3joDo0OXwC
-[^16]: Skeptical Inquirer, "Martin Ebon," author biography. https://skepticalinquirer.org/authors/martin-ebon/
-[^17]: John White, ed., *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science* (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974), contributor note on Martin Ebon. https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC
-[^18]: Occult World, "Martin Ebon," biography (captured 2021). https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://occult-world.com/martin-ebon/
-[^19]: H. P. Albarelli Jr., *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments* (Walterville, Ore.: Trine Day, 2009), p. 495. Sole source for the passage so cited; the former CIA official is not named. https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOdEQAAQBAJ
-[^20]: *Tomorrow: Quarterly Review of Psychical Research*, vol. 3, no. 4 (summer 1955), New York: Garrett Publications, editor-publisher Eileen J. Garrett, managing editor Martin Ebon. Eton College Collections, shelfmark Lee.4.12. https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B21120
-[^21]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 4, nos. 1-3 (1956), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=OHUPAQAAIAAJ
-[^22]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 9, nos. 2-3 (1961), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=8HAPAQAAIAAJ
-[^23]: Martin Ebon, *Beyond Space and Time: An ESP Casebook* (New York: New American Library, 1967), jacket note. https://books.google.com/books?id=lKGb7SLZtaIC. Associated Press dispatch, "Ghosted," Chicago Sun-Times, 1967, and the New American Library serial notice of *Svetlana*, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP88-01350R000200680022-6 and CIA-RDP75-00001R000400200004-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01350r000200680022-6
-[^24]: John White, ed., *Psychic Exploration*, contributor note, and Martin Ebon, "A History of Parapsychology" (the same volume, chapter 1). https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC
-[^25]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, NS-02-01-01, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records, Series 5, Office files, Awards and scholarships, Box 7, Folder 43, "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975." https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/
-[^26]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, "Research, Investigation and Teaching: A Survey of the International Scene," p. 228 (C.W. Post College entry) and p. 229 (New School for Social Research entry). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
-[^27]: New School for Social Research, *New School Bulletin*, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), published as *Announcement of Courses of Study*: course 2750-0 and Brier biography (pp. 88 and 328), course 2755-3 and Roller biography (pp. 88 and 356), index (pp. 383, 396, 399). https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ
-[^28]: *Parapsychology Review* (1973), news item on a course taught by Gilbert Roller, and volume index entry "Roller, Gilbert, 6:10." https://books.google.com/books?id=sH8YAQAAMAAJ
-[^29]: *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* (2000), article on the Bindelof experience, list of participants. https://books.google.com/books?id=VndRAAAAYAAJ. Psi Encyclopedia, "Bindelof Phenomena," Society for Psychical Research. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/bindelof-phenomena/, drawing on Rosemarie Pilkington, *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof: The Enigma of Séance Phenomena* (San Antonio: Anomalist Books, 2006).
-[^30]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), p. 235, entry for the Survival Research Foundation. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
-[^31]: *Parapsychology Review* (New York: Parapsychology Foundation), volume index and issues, entries "Survival Research Foundation established, 1:28" and the report of Ebon's lecture on the Kidd will. https://books.google.com/books?id=QXoYAQAAMAAJ
-[^32]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, contents, appendixes and bibliography (pp. 221-262). https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
-[^33]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, chapter 3, "The Great Nautilus Hoax," pp. 22-31, and p. 208. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
-[^34]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, chapter 17, "Washington's Dilemma," pp. 188-197. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
-[^35]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, p. 210. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
-[^36]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, appendix "Outline of CIA Project on ESP," pp. 257-260 (introductory note on p. 257; the book's index lists the reprinted project outline at 257-260). https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
-[^37]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, pp. 118-119 and 128-129. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
-[^38]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, pp. 15, 108, 172-174, 176-187. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
-[^39]: Barton Reppert, "Study Cites Soviet Progress on Mind Weapons," Associated Press, November 6, 1983, and "U.S. Military Research: From War Games to Mind Games?", November 7, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230033-6 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230030-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200230033-6
-[^40]: William J. Broad, "Pentagon Is Said to Focus on ESP for Wartime Use," *New York Times*, January 10, 1984, sec. C, p. 1. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230027-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200230027-3
-[^41]: Michael S. Evancevich, review of Martin Ebon, *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* (McGraw-Hill, 282 pages, $15.95), *Military Intelligence*. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030002-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200030002-5
-[^42]: *The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour*, transcript no. 2382, November 13, 1984, segment "Psychic Warfare." CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230022-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200230022-8
-[^43]: *ABC News Nightline*, February 15, 1984, transcript. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000606540004-8 and CIA-RDP90-00806R000200970098-6. Science Applications International Corporation, letter of May 13, 1995 with video log entry "Night Line (ABC)," CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1, which dates the entry "approximately 1983." https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000606540004-8
-[^44]: Dolan M. McKelvy, "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier" (Air War College research report, Maxwell Air Force Base, May 1988). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3
-[^45]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" (Defense Intelligence College thesis, November 1992), pp. 23-24 and 52 and notes 17, 22, 32, 33, 60, 85. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002600250001-6
-[^46]: Martin Ebon to John McMahon, August 5, 1984, and George V. Lauder, Director, Public Affairs, CIA, to Martin Ebon, August 16, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP86M00886R001100080008-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp86m00886r001100080008-7
-[^47]: Ebon, *The Andropov File* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983); *The Soviet Propaganda Machine* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), cited in *Military Review* (1989); *Nikita Khrushchev* (1986); *KGB: Death and Rebirth* (1994). https://archive.org/details/andropovfilelife00ebon, https://archive.org/details/sovietpropaganda0000ebon, https://archive.org/details/nikitakhrushchev0000ebon and https://archive.org/details/kgbdeathrebirth00ebon
-[^48]: Martin Ebon, *Svetlana: The Story of Stalin's Daughter* ([New York]: New American Library, 1967). https://archive.org/details/svetlanastoryofs00ebon. Associated Press, Moscow, "Ghosted," Chicago Sun-Times, 1967, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP88-01350R000200680022-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01350r000200680022-6
-[^49]: Martin Ebon, *Lin Piao: The Life and Writings of China's New Ruler* (New York: Stein and Day, 1970). https://archive.org/details/linpiaolifewriti00ebon
-[^50]: Martin Ebon, ed., *The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology* (New York: New American Library, 1978). https://archive.org/details/signethandbookof00ebon. Chapter citations: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, "Remote Viewing: A New Research Frontier," and Montague Ullman and Stanley Krippner, "Experimental Dream Studies," pp. 409-422, as cited in Puthoff and Edwin C. May, *DoD Psychoenergetics Program: Replication Studies*, SRI/GF-0260 (February 1984), CIA CREST CIA-RDP96-00792R000600310001-7, and in the John Palmer report for the European Research Office, CIA CREST CIA-RDP96-00789R003800360001-1.
-[^51]: Ebon titles as listed in the references of CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, pp. 252-253: *Beyond Time and Space* (New American Library, 1967), *Prophecy in Our Time* (1969), *The Psychic Reader* (1970), *Reincarnation in the Twentieth Century* (1970), *Test Your ESP* (1971), *They Knew the Unknown* (1972), *True Experiences in Communicating With the Dead* (1968), *True Experiences in Exotic ESP* (1968), *Witchcraft Today* (1971), and *Psychic Discoveries of the Russians* (1971).
-[^52]: Harold E. Puthoff, *Psychoenergetics Research in the People's Republic of China (1982)*, final report, Defense Intelligence Agency contract MDA908-82-C-0034 (October 1982), reference list. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400320001-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000400320001-8
-[^53]: Marcello Truzzi, "China's Psychic Savants," *Omni* (1984), corpus copy. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000300420017-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000300420017-1
-[^54]: "Parapsychology in the USSR," CIA CREST summary, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500210001-9, citing Ebon's "Psi in the USSR: Religion Without a Cross" (Appendix 1, reference literature). Sole source for the title and the Tashkent account as given here; publisher not identified in this record. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500210001-9
-[^55]: *Parapsychology Abstracts International*, 1988, reporting the special issue marking Hans Bender's eightieth birthday (5 February 1987), with a 207-item bibliography compiled by Eberhard Bauer and a list of congratulants that includes Martin Ebon. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000700650003-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000700650003-7
-[^56]: Defense Intelligence Agency, bibliographic database, "Psychoenergetics (U), Initial Report," 16 November 1990, entry for Ebon, "A history of parapsychology," in *Psychic Exploration*. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900060001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900060001-4
-[^57]: Science Applications International Corporation, *Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers* (24 June 1991), reference 1 and institutions roster. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4
-[^58]: Edwin C. May and S. LaBerge, "Anomalous Cognition in Lucid Dreams" (20 December 1991), references, citing Ullman and Krippner in Ebon (ed.), *The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology* (1978). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100140001-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100140001-2
-[^59]: CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230021-9, -0022-8, -0026-4, -0027-3, -0030-9, -0031-8, -0032-7 and -0033-6 (database-search printouts). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200230027-3
-[^60]: John Chambers, acknowledgments in *Victor Hugo's Conversations with the Spirit World* (Rochester, Vt.: Destiny Books, 2008). https://books.google.com/books?id=hFwoDwAAQBAJ
+[^6]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 208, administrative history and subgroups 208.5 and 208.5.2 (Records of the New York Office, Overseas Operations Branch, 1930 to 1951). https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/208.html
+[^7]: *Forum* (1946), contributor note (member of the staff of the Foreign Policy Association; served recently with the Department of State as an information officer and, during the war, as chief of the Foreign News Section of the Office of War Information). https://books.google.com/books?id=POsZAAAAMAAJ. *The Middle East Journal* (1948), contributor note to "Communist Tactics in Palestine" (member of the faculty of the New School of Social Research; chief of the Foreign News Section, Overseas News and Features Bureau, Office of War Information; since served with the Department of State). https://books.google.com/books?id=icIsAQAAIAAJ
+[^8]: Martin Ebon, *World Communism Today* (New York: Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill, 1948), title page, copyright page and acknowledgment. https://archive.org/details/worldcommunismto00ebon
+[^9]: *The American Mercury* (1948), contributor note to Martin Ebon, "The New Communist Internationals." https://books.google.com/books?id=N40qAAAAMAAJ
+[^10]: *Middle East Journal*, 1948, contributor note, as cited in note 6. U.S. Department of State, *Biographic Register*, supplement of April 1, 1953 (Publication 5056), entry "Ebon, Martin." https://archive.org/details/biographicregist1953wash
+[^11]: U.S. Department of State, *Biographic Register*, supplement of April 1, 1952, entry "Ebon, Martin ... app. radio info. specialist, GS-11, Dept. of State, Aug. 31, 1950; chief, Pakistan unit, GS-13, June 10, 1951.; office symbol IBS." https://archive.org/details/biographicregist1952wash
+[^12]: John Chambers, *Conversations with Eternity: Victor Hugo's Forgotten Masterwork* (Boca Raton: New Paradigm Books, 1998), introduction by Martin Ebon, "Victor the Grandiose," as reprinted in *Victor Hugo's Conversations with the Spirit World* (Rochester, Vt.: Destiny Books, 2008) and in the Spanish edition *Conversaciones con la eternidad* (Editorial Diana, 2002), pp. 1-2 and author notes. https://books.google.com/books?id=hFwoDwAAQBAJ and https://archive.org/details/conversaciones-con-la-eternidad-victor-hugo.-introduccion-martin-ebon
+[^13]: Martin Ebon, *The Andropov File* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), "About the Author"; *The Soviet Propaganda Machine* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), "About the Author"; *KGB: Death and Rebirth* (1994), "About the Author." https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8IeAAAAMAAJ, https://books.google.com/books?id=5kIFAQAAIAAJ and https://books.google.com/books?id=UgoJAAAAMAAJ
+[^14]: *The Writer's Directory, 1998-2000* (Detroit: St. James Press, 1995), p. 424, entry "Ebon, Martin." https://books.google.com/books?id=AKgKAB3ClvwC
+[^15]: Martin Ebon, *Malenkov: Stalin's Successor* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953), dedication, preface, acknowledgment and introduction by Harry Schwartz. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183698
+[^16]: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Appropriations, *Supplemental Appropriation Bill, 1954*, hearings before subcommittees, 83d Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1953), section "Reduction in Force in New York Broadcasting Office," pp. 656-665 (Ebon at p. 665). https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt3joDo0OXwC
+[^17]: Skeptical Inquirer, "Martin Ebon," author biography. https://skepticalinquirer.org/authors/martin-ebon/
+[^18]: John White, ed., *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science* (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974), contributor note on Martin Ebon. https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC
+[^19]: Occult World, "Martin Ebon," biography (captured 2021). https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://occult-world.com/martin-ebon/
+[^20]: H. P. Albarelli Jr., *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments* (Walterville, Ore.: Trine Day, 2009), p. 495. Sole source for the passage so cited; the former CIA official is not named. https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOdEQAAQBAJ
+[^21]: *Tomorrow: Quarterly Review of Psychical Research*, vol. 3, no. 4 (summer 1955), New York: Garrett Publications, editor-publisher Eileen J. Garrett, managing editor Martin Ebon. Eton College Collections, shelfmark Lee.4.12. https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B21120
+[^22]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 4, nos. 1-3 (1956), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=OHUPAQAAIAAJ
+[^23]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 9, nos. 2-3 (1961), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=8HAPAQAAIAAJ
+[^24]: Martin Ebon, *Beyond Space and Time: An ESP Casebook* (New York: New American Library, 1967), jacket note. https://books.google.com/books?id=lKGb7SLZtaIC. Associated Press dispatch, "Ghosted," Chicago Sun-Times, 1967, and the New American Library serial notice of *Svetlana*, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP88-01350R000200680022-6 and CIA-RDP75-00001R000400200004-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01350r000200680022-6
+[^25]: John White, ed., *Psychic Exploration*, contributor note, and Martin Ebon, "A History of Parapsychology" (the same volume, chapter 1). https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC
+[^26]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, NS-02-01-01, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records, Series 5, Office files, Awards and scholarships, Box 7, Folder 43, "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975." https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/
+[^27]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, "Research, Investigation and Teaching: A Survey of the International Scene," p. 228 (C.W. Post College entry) and p. 229 (New School for Social Research entry). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
+[^28]: New School for Social Research, *New School Bulletin*, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), published as *Announcement of Courses of Study*: course 2750-0 and Brier biography (pp. 88 and 328), course 2755-3 and Roller biography (pp. 88 and 356), index (pp. 383, 396, 399). https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ
+[^29]: *Parapsychology Review*, news item on a course taught by Gilbert Roller, and volume index entry "Roller, Gilbert, 6:10." https://books.google.com/books?id=sH8YAQAAMAAJ
+[^30]: *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* (2000), article on the Bindelof experience, list of participants. https://books.google.com/books?id=VndRAAAAYAAJ. Psi Encyclopedia, "Bindelof Phenomena," Society for Psychical Research. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/bindelof-phenomena/, drawing on Rosemarie Pilkington, *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof: The Enigma of Séance Phenomena* (San Antonio: Anomalist Books, 2006).
+[^31]: Gilbert Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (New York: Popular Library, 1975), "About the Author," pp. 11-13. https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
+[^32]: Rosemarie Pilkington, letter "Three-legged Physical mediumship," *Fortean Times* 226 (September 2007), pp. 73-74. https://archive.org/details/fortean-times-september-2007
+[^33]: Anomalist Books, catalogue page for Rosemarie Pilkington, *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof: The Enigma of Séance Phenomena* (trade paperback, 248 pages, ISBN 1933665130). https://www.anomalistbooks.com/book.cfm?id=51
+[^34]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), p. 235, entry for the Survival Research Foundation. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
+[^35]: *Parapsychology Review* (New York: Parapsychology Foundation), volume index and issues, entries "Survival Research Foundation established, 1:28" and the report of Ebon's lecture on the Kidd will. https://books.google.com/books?id=QXoYAQAAMAAJ
+[^36]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, contents, appendixes and bibliography (pp. 221-262). https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
+[^37]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, chapter 3, "The Great Nautilus Hoax," pp. 22-31, and p. 208. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
+[^38]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, chapter 17, "Washington's Dilemma," pp. 188-197. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
+[^39]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, p. 210. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
+[^40]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, appendix "Outline of CIA Project on ESP," pp. 257-260 (introductory note on p. 257; the book's index lists the reprinted project outline at 257-260). https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
+[^41]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, pp. 118-119 and 128-129. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
+[^42]: Ebon, *Psychic Warfare*, pp. 15, 108, 172-174, 176-187. https://books.google.com/books?id=fdShyTnpk9gC
+[^43]: Barton Reppert, "Study Cites Soviet Progress on Mind Weapons," Associated Press, November 6, 1983, and "U.S. Military Research: From War Games to Mind Games?", November 7, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230033-6 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230030-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200230033-6
+[^44]: William J. Broad, "Pentagon Is Said to Focus on ESP for Wartime Use," *New York Times*, January 10, 1984, sec. C, p. 1. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230027-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200230027-3
+[^45]: Michael S. Evancevich, review of Martin Ebon, *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* (McGraw-Hill, 282 pages, $15.95), *Military Intelligence*. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200030002-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200030002-5
+[^46]: *The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour*, transcript no. 2382, November 13, 1984, segment "Psychic Warfare." CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230022-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200230022-8
+[^47]: *ABC News Nightline*, February 15, 1984, transcript. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000606540004-8 and CIA-RDP90-00806R000200970098-6. Science Applications International Corporation, letter of May 13, 1995 with video log entry "Night Line (ABC)," CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1, which dates the entry "approximately 1983." https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000606540004-8
+[^48]: Dolan M. McKelvy, "Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier" (Air War College research report, Maxwell Air Force Base, May 1988). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3
+[^49]: Michael E. Zarbo, "Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?" (Defense Intelligence College thesis, November 1992), pp. 23-24 and 52 and notes 17, 22, 32, 33, 60, 85. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002600250001-6
+[^50]: Martin Ebon to John McMahon, August 5, 1984, and George V. Lauder, Director, Public Affairs, CIA, to Martin Ebon, August 16, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP86M00886R001100080008-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp86m00886r001100080008-7
+[^51]: Ebon, *The Andropov File* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983); *The Soviet Propaganda Machine* (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), cited in *Military Review* (1989); *Nikita Khrushchev* (1986); *KGB: Death and Rebirth* (1994). https://archive.org/details/andropovfilelife00ebon, https://archive.org/details/sovietpropaganda0000ebon, https://archive.org/details/nikitakhrushchev0000ebon and https://archive.org/details/kgbdeathrebirth00ebon
+[^52]: Martin Ebon, *Svetlana: The Story of Stalin's Daughter* ([New York]: New American Library, 1967). https://archive.org/details/svetlanastoryofs00ebon. Associated Press, Moscow, "Ghosted," Chicago Sun-Times, 1967, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP88-01350R000200680022-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01350r000200680022-6
+[^53]: Martin Ebon, *Lin Piao: The Life and Writings of China's New Ruler* (New York: Stein and Day, 1970). https://archive.org/details/linpiaolifewriti00ebon
+[^54]: Martin Ebon, ed., *The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology* (New York: New American Library, 1978). https://archive.org/details/signethandbookof00ebon. Chapter citations: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, "Remote Viewing: A New Research Frontier," and Montague Ullman and Stanley Krippner, "Experimental Dream Studies," pp. 409-422, as cited in Puthoff and Edwin C. May, *DoD Psychoenergetics Program: Replication Studies*, SRI/GF-0260 (February 1984), CIA CREST CIA-RDP96-00792R000600310001-7, and in the John Palmer report for the European Research Office, CIA CREST CIA-RDP96-00789R003800360001-1.
+[^55]: Ebon titles as listed in the references of CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, pp. 252-253: *Beyond Time and Space* (New American Library, 1967), *Prophecy in Our Time* (1969), *The Psychic Reader* (1970), *Reincarnation in the Twentieth Century* (1970), *Test Your ESP* (1971), *They Knew the Unknown* (1972), *True Experiences in Communicating With the Dead* (1968), *True Experiences in Exotic ESP* (1968), *Witchcraft Today* (1971), and *Psychic Discoveries of the Russians* (1971).
+[^56]: Harold E. Puthoff, *Psychoenergetics Research in the People's Republic of China (1982)*, final report, Defense Intelligence Agency contract MDA908-82-C-0034 (October 1982), reference list. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400320001-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000400320001-8
+[^57]: Marcello Truzzi, "China's Psychic Savants," *Omni* (1984), corpus copy. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000300420017-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000300420017-1
+[^58]: "Parapsychology in the USSR," CIA CREST summary, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500210001-9, citing Ebon's "Psi in the USSR: Religion Without a Cross" (Appendix 1, reference literature). Sole source for the title and the Tashkent account as given here; publisher not identified in this record. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500210001-9
+[^59]: *Parapsychology Abstracts International*, 1988, reporting the special issue marking Hans Bender's eightieth birthday (5 February 1987), with a 207-item bibliography compiled by Eberhard Bauer and a list of congratulants that includes Martin Ebon. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000700650003-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000700650003-7
+[^60]: Defense Intelligence Agency, bibliographic database, "Psychoenergetics (U), Initial Report," 16 November 1990, entry for Ebon, "A history of parapsychology," in *Psychic Exploration*. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900060001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900060001-4
+[^61]: Science Applications International Corporation, *Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers* (24 June 1991), reference 1 and institutions roster. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4
+[^62]: Edwin C. May and S. LaBerge, "Anomalous Cognition in Lucid Dreams" (20 December 1991), references, citing Ullman and Krippner in Ebon (ed.), *The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology* (1978). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100140001-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100140001-2
+[^63]: CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230021-9, -0022-8, -0026-4, -0027-3, -0030-9, -0031-8, -0032-7 and -0033-6 (database-search printouts). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000200230027-3
+[^64]: John Chambers, acknowledgments in *Victor Hugo's Conversations with the Spirit World* (Rochester, Vt.: Destiny Books, 2008). https://books.google.com/books?id=hFwoDwAAQBAJ

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert M. Brier.md

@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ relations:
     role: "taught the course Experimental Parapsychology, spring 1975"
     start: 1975
     end: 1975
-    fn: 6
+    fn: 13
   - type: employed_by
-    with: "[[Institute for Parapsychology]]"
-    role: "Research fellow"
+    with: "[[Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man]]"
+    role: "Research fellow, Institute for Parapsychology"
     start: 1966
     end: 1970
     fn: 1
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ relations:
     fn: 1
 ---
 
-Robert M. Brier was a research fellow at the [[Institute for Parapsychology]] in Durham, North Carolina, in the late 1960s, taught philosophy at [[C.W. Post College]] of [[Long Island University]] for three decades, and later joined the faculty of the [[Webb Institute]] as an Egyptologist.[^1]
+Robert M. Brier was a research fellow at the [[Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man|Institute for Parapsychology]] in Durham, North Carolina, in the late 1960s, taught philosophy at [[C.W. Post College]] of [[Long Island University]] for three decades, and later joined the faculty of the [[Webb Institute]] as an Egyptologist.[^1]
 
 ### Education
 
@@ -54,17 +54,30 @@ Brier received an A.B. from [[Hunter College]] in 1964 and studied psychology an
 
 ### Parapsychology research, 1966 to 1970
 
-Brier was a research fellow at the Institute for Parapsychology, formerly the [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]], in Durham from 1966 to 1970.[^1] A 1975 bibliography of parapsychology lists [[Joseph B. Rhine]]'s *Parapsychology Today* (New York: Citadel Press, 1968) as co-written with Robert Brier.[^2]
+Brier was a research fellow at the Institute for Parapsychology, formerly the [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]], in Durham from 1966 to 1970.[^1] The 1975 Uphoff survey gives the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man, Durham, the name Institute for Parapsychology.[^2] A 1975 bibliography of parapsychology lists [[Joseph B. Rhine]]'s *Parapsychology Today* (New York: Citadel Press, 1968) as co-written with Robert Brier.[^3]
 
-With [[S. R. Feather]], Brier published "The possible effect of the checker in precognition tests" in the *Journal of Parapsychology* in 1968.[^3] The March 1971 issue of the *Journal of Parapsychology* carries an article on repetitions of the French precognition experiments with mice, in which the authors state that Dr. Robert Brier made important contributions at several points.[^4]
+With [[S. R. Feather]], Brier published "The possible effect of the checker in precognition tests" in the *Journal of Parapsychology* in 1968.[^4] The March 1971 issue of the *Journal of Parapsychology* carries an article on repetitions of the French precognition experiments with mice, in which the authors state that Dr. Robert Brier made important contributions at several points.[^5]
+
+### Journal of Parapsychology publications, 1966 to 1975
+
+The author, title and subject indexes of the *Journal of Parapsychology* print the author as Bob Brier in 1966, 1967 and 1975 and as Robert M. Brier or Robert Brier from 1968 to 1974.
+
+- 1966, volume 30: a review of Michael M. Hare, *Microcosm and Macrocosm*, by Bob Brier, p. 214.[^6]
+- 1967, volume 31: "A Correspondence ESP Experiment with High-I.Q. Subjects" by Bob Brier, p. 143; a correspondence exchange between Jan Stevenson and Bob Brier, p. 149; a review of *Winning at Casino Gaming* by the Staff of Rouge et Noir by Bob Brier, p. 249; and an abstract "PK on a bio-electric system," p. 335.[^7]
+- 1968, volume 32: a review of Charles McCreery, *Science, Philosophy and ESP*, by Robert M. Brier, p. 139, and "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition" by Sara R. Feather and Robert Brier, pp. 167-175 (the index spells the title "...Precognition Tests"; the contents page omits "Tests").[^8]
+- 1969, volume 33: "A Mass School Test of Precognition" by Robert M. Brier, pp. 125-135; the abstract "PK on a bio-electrical system," pp. 159-160; and abstracts with Walter V. Tyminski, "A preliminary attempt at assured identification," p. 160, and "Majority vote technique and psi application," p. 322.[^9]
+- 1970, volume 34: "Psi Application: Part I. A Preliminary Attempt" and "Psi Application: Part II. The Majority-Vote Technique, Analyses and Observations," both by Robert M. Brier and Walter V. Tyminski (number 1, March 1970), and "The Stacking Effect and Methods of Correcting for It" by Robert H. Thouless and Robert M. Brier (number 2, June 1970), p. 124.[^10]
+- 1975, volume 39: "Precognition and the Philosophy of Science" by Bob Brier, pp. 74-76, listed in the contents with Antony Flew's name beside it.[^11]
+
+The 1969 index prints "Winter," "Spring" and "Summer Review Meeting of the Institute for Parapsychology" (pp. 70, 158, 320).[^9]
 
 ### C.W. Post College and Long Island University
 
-A 1975 directory lists "Dr. Robert M. Brier" in the philosophy department of C.W. Post College (Long Island University).[^5] His career there is recorded as an assistant professorship from 1971 to 1974, an associate professorship from 1974 to 1980, a professorship from 1980 to 2003, and the chairmanship of the philosophy department from 1980 to 1996. From 2003 he is recorded as a senior research fellow there.[^1]
+A 1975 directory lists "Dr. Robert M. Brier" in the philosophy department of C.W. Post College (Long Island University).[^12] His career there is recorded as an assistant professorship from 1971 to 1974, an associate professorship from 1974 to 1980, a professorship from 1980 to 2003, and the chairmanship of the philosophy department from 1980 to 1996. From 2003 he is recorded as a senior research fellow there.[^1]
 
 ### New School listing
 
-The 1975 directory also lists Brier under the New School for Social Research, at 66 West 12th Street, together with [[Martin Ebon]] and [[Gilbert Roller]] and others.[^5] The school's *Bulletin* for spring 1975 lists the course "Experimental Parapsychology," taught by Bob Brier on Wednesdays from February 5 and covering telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition and "a history of the development of parapsychology from magic to science," and a course on Egyptian culture; its faculty biography reads "Bob Brier, Ph.D., University of North Carolina; Research Fellow, Institute for Parapsychology. Associate Professor of Philosophy, C. W. Post College. Member, Parapsychological Association. Editor, with J. B. Rhine, Parapsychology Today; author, Precognition and the Philosophy of Science."[^6]
+The 1975 directory also lists Brier under the New School for Social Research, at 66 West 12th Street, together with [[Martin Ebon]] and [[Gilbert Roller]] and others.[^12] The school's *Bulletin* for spring 1975 lists the course "Experimental Parapsychology," taught by Bob Brier on Wednesdays from February 5 and covering telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition and "a history of the development of parapsychology from magic to science," and a course on Egyptian culture; its faculty biography reads "Bob Brier, Ph.D., University of North Carolina; Research Fellow, Institute for Parapsychology. Associate Professor of Philosophy, C. W. Post College. Member, Parapsychological Association. Editor, with J. B. Rhine, Parapsychology Today; author, Precognition and the Philosophy of Science."[^13]
 
 ### Egyptology and publications
 
@@ -73,8 +86,15 @@ From 2012 Brier is recorded as an adjunct assistant professor of Egyptology at t
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Webb Institute, faculty profile, "Robert M. Brier," curriculum vitae as posted. https://www.webb.edu/academics/faculty/robert-m-brier/
-[^2]: CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, references list of Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975): "Rhine, Joseph B. (with Robert Brier), Parapsychology Today, Citadel Press, New York (1968)." https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
-[^3]: S. R. Feather and R. Brier, "The possible effect of the checker in precognition tests," *Journal of Parapsychology* 32 (1968): 167-175, as listed in the bibliography of CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200410001-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200410001-2
-[^4]: Walter J. Levy, Jr., L. Allen Mayo, Jr., et al., "Repetition of the French Precognition Experiments with Mice," *Journal of Parapsychology* 35, no. 1 (March 1971), acknowledgment, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100021-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400100021-6
-[^5]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, pp. 228-229 (C.W. Post College and New School for Social Research entries). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
-[^6]: New School for Social Research, *New School Bulletin*, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), course 2750-0 (p. 88), Egyptian culture course (p. 82), faculty biography (p. 328). https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ
+[^2]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, p. 233, "Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man (FRNM) also called the Institute for Parapsychology." CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
+[^3]: CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, references list of Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975): "Rhine, Joseph B. (with Robert Brier), Parapsychology Today, Citadel Press, New York (1968)." https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
+[^4]: S. R. Feather and R. Brier, "The possible effect of the checker in precognition tests," *Journal of Parapsychology* 32 (1968): 167-175, as listed in the bibliography of CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200410001-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200410001-2
+[^5]: Walter J. Levy, Jr., L. Allen Mayo, Jr., et al., "Repetition of the French Precognition Experiments with Mice," *Journal of Parapsychology* 35, no. 1 (March 1971), acknowledgment, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100021-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400100021-6
+[^6]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 30 (1966), contents entry "Microcosm and Macrocosm by Michael M. Hare ... Bob Brier 214." https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1966_30_index
+[^7]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 31 (1967), contents entries (pp. 143, 149, 249) and abstracts index "Brier, B. PK on a bio-electric system. P. 335." https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1967_31_index
+[^8]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 32 (1968), author index "Brier, Robert M., 131, 133, 141, 258, 261" and contents entries for the McCreery review (p. 139) and the Feather and Brier article (p. 167); the New School for Social Research, New York, is indexed at pp. 171-173. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1968_32_index
+[^9]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 33 (1969), contents entry "A Mass School Test of Precognition ... Robert M. Brier 125" and author index entries for the abstracts (pp. 159-160, 160, 322); index entries for the Review Meetings of the Institute for Parapsychology. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1969_33_index
+[^10]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 34 (1970), contents of numbers 1 and 2. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1970_34_index
+[^11]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 39 (1975), contents entry "Precognition and the Philosophy of Science by Bob Brier, Antony Flew, 74," and author index "Brier, Robert, 74-76." https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1975_39_contents
+[^12]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, *New Psychic Frontiers* (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, pp. 228-229 (C.W. Post College and New School for Social Research entries). CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6
+[^13]: New School for Social Research, *New School Bulletin*, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), course 2750-0 (p. 88), Egyptian culture course (p. 82), faculty biography (p. 328). https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ

30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project MKUltra.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
----
+---
 created: 2025-07-22
 updated: 2026-10-09
 title: Project MKUltra
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ relations:
     with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
     start: 1961
     end: 1962
-    role: "two 1962 New School projects, per the Everett file; subproject numbers not stated there (Subprojects 134 and 137 match the two descriptions)"
-    fn: 6
+    role: "two New School projects, Subprojects 134 and 137, per the Everett file; the CIA copy sent to the school in 1977 carries the school's name in red insertions on both memoranda"
+    fn: 3
 ---
 
 Project MKUltra was a classified research and operational program of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] authorized on April 13, 1953, by Director [[Allen Dulles]] and directed by [[Sidney Gottlieb]], chief of the agency's [[Technical Services Division]]. The program systematically administered [[LSD]] and other drugs, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychological coercion to human subjects who had not consented to the experiments - including psychiatric patients, prisoners, drug addicts, sex workers, military personnel, and ordinary members of the public. It ran across approximately 150 subprojects funded through [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology|cut-out foundations]] and direct institutional contracts, and it killed at least one CIA officer. [[Richard Helms]] ordered the destruction of nearly all MKULTRA records in December 1972-January 1973; approximately 20,000 surviving documents, discovered misfiled in a financial records annex during a 1977 FOIA search, form the primary documentary record of the program.[^1]
@@ -48,25 +48,27 @@ The program was administered through the CIA's Technical Services Division with
 
 ### MKDELTA, MKNAOMI, and the Operational Arm
 
-MKULTRA was already under way before Dulles gave it structure. Under the code name [[MKDELTA]], the Clandestine Services had set up procedures the year before to govern the field use of chemical and biological materials; MKDELTA became the operational arm to MKULTRA's research function, the framework for actually deploying substances (Gottlieb later described [[Chemical and Biological Warfare|CBW]] field interrogations under MKDELTA using LSD and the stimulant Meratran without medical supervision). Also in 1952 the Technical Services Staff had agreed with the [[Special Operations Division]] of the Army's biological center at Fort Detrick that SOD would produce germ weapons for the CIA under the program [[MKNAOMI]]. Dulles approved an initial $300,000 for MKULTRA, exempt from normal financial controls, payable blindly on the signatures of Gottlieb and TSS chief [[Willis Gibbons]].[^4]
+MKULTRA was already under way before Dulles gave it structure. Under the code name [[MKDELTA]], the Clandestine Services had set up procedures the year before to govern the field use of chemical and biological materials; MKDELTA became the operational arm to MKULTRA's research function, the framework for actually deploying substances (Gottlieb later described [[Chemical and Biological Warfare|CBW]] field interrogations under MKDELTA using LSD and the stimulant Meratran without medical supervision). Also in 1952 the Technical Services Staff had agreed with the [[Special Operations Division]] of the Army's biological center at Fort Detrick that SOD would produce germ weapons for the CIA under the program [[MKNAOMI]]. Dulles approved an initial $300,000 for MKULTRA, exempt from normal financial controls, payable blindly on the signatures of Gottlieb and TSS chief [[Willis Gibbons]].[^2]
 
 ### Subproject Structure and Key Institutions
 
-The 149 surviving subprojects funded research at some 80 institutions, including 44 colleges and universities, using 185 private researchers, stabilized at roughly 20 percent of the Technical Services Division's annual research budget. Subproject 35 funneled money through [[Charles Geschickter]]'s [[Geschickter Fund for Medical Research]] to build a research wing (the Gorman Annex) at [[Georgetown University Hospital]] with $375,000 in CIA construction funds, providing access to patients as subjects; Subproject 47 tested large LSD doses on volunteers at the [[Atlanta Federal Penitentiary]] through [[Emory University]]; Subproject 42 covered White's safehouse operations; and Subproject 58 covered [[James Moore]]'s work at the [[University of Delaware]] on psilocybin and other natural psychedelics.[^4]
+The 149 surviving subprojects funded research at some 80 institutions, including 44 colleges and universities, using 185 private researchers, stabilized at roughly 20 percent of the Technical Services Division's annual research budget. Subproject 35 funneled money through [[Charles Geschickter]]'s [[Geschickter Fund for Medical Research]] to build a research wing (the Gorman Annex) at [[Georgetown University Hospital]] with $375,000 in CIA construction funds, providing access to patients as subjects; Subproject 47 tested large LSD doses on volunteers at the [[Atlanta Federal Penitentiary]] through [[Emory University]]; Subproject 42 covered White's safehouse operations; and Subproject 58 covered [[James Moore]]'s work at the [[University of Delaware]] on psilocybin and other natural psychedelics.[^2]
 
 ### Subprojects 134 and 137 and the New School
 
-The New School Archives hold a file titled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978" in the John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29. Its description states that the folder "contains a report of two projects conducted at the [[New School for Social Research|New School]] in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra; the first attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics, and the second concerned graphology and psychopathologies." The description adds: "It appears that the researchers for at least one of these projects was unaware of CIA sponsorship." The correspondence concerns the release of "universities' involvement."[^6] The description gives no subproject numbers.
+The New School Archives hold a file titled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978" in the John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29. Its description states that the folder "contains a report of two projects conducted at the [[New School for Social Research|New School]] in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra; the first attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics, and the second concerned graphology and psychopathologies." The description adds: "It appears that the researchers for at least one of these projects was unaware of CIA sponsorship." The correspondence concerns the release of "universities' involvement."[^3] The description gives no subproject numbers.
 
-Two released subproject files match the two descriptions. Subproject 134 was a $22,000 project recommended in a memorandum of June 9, 1961, whose addressee and signatory are redacted. The memorandum recommends funding "despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable products which have issued from previous research," says that three redacted doctors "can strengthen the research accomplished through monitorship and close guidance," and says: "This work fits into our indirect assessment requirement and will contribute to the Wechsler-Bellevue work in which Dr." [redacted] "is engaging." The stated purpose was "exploratory research upon the relation of component physique (body typing) to patterns of personality characteristics." The proposal, a letter covering September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962, describes a "constitutional psychology" study building on a pilot project that used Sheldon's somatotyping, and the author states that his own contract expires at the end of June. The attached pilot report describes fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers, photographed and somatotyped by Sheldon or his assistants, and tested on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and other measures. A reviewer's comments, signed Ph.D. and redacted, call the report "poorly organized," note "more variables (60 to 70) than subjects," and recommend "a larger number of subjects, better representative of the general population."[^7]
+Two released subproject files match the two descriptions. Subproject 134 was a $22,000 project recommended in a memorandum of June 9, 1961, whose addressee and signatory are redacted. The memorandum recommends funding "despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable products which have issued from previous research," says that three redacted doctors "can strengthen the research accomplished through monitorship and close guidance," and says: "This work fits into our indirect assessment requirement and will contribute to the Wechsler-Bellevue work in which Dr." [redacted] "is engaging." The stated purpose was "exploratory research upon the relation of component physique (body typing) to patterns of personality characteristics." The proposal, a letter covering September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962, describes a "constitutional psychology" study building on a pilot project that used Sheldon's somatotyping, and the author writes of "devoting my full attention to this project as soon as my present contract expires at the end of June." The attached pilot report describes fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers, photographed and somatotyped by Sheldon or his assistants, and tested on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and other measures. A reviewer's comments, signed Ph.D. and redacted, call the report "poorly organized," note "more variables (60 to 70) than subjects," and recommend "a larger number of subjects, better representative of the general population."[^4]
 
-A table of Human Ecology Fund grants for 1960 to 1963, compiled by the anthropologist David H. Price from the Fund's 1961-1963 report, lists "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator Frank Haronian, psychology, $39,000. A 1964 paper by A. A. Sugerman and Frank Haronian on body type is cited in later sport-psychology reviews. The Fund's table gives a single sum of $39,000 where the Subproject 134 file shows $22,000 initially.[^8]
+A table of Human Ecology Fund grants for 1960 to 1963, compiled by the anthropologist David H. Price from the Fund's 1961-1963 report, lists "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator Frank Haronian, psychology, $39,000. A 1964 paper by A. A. Sugerman and Frank Haronian on body type is cited in later sport-psychology reviews. Haronian's grant is the only entry in the table whose title concerns physique. A draft memorandum for the record of May 29, 1961 says the investigator, who appears in it as "Mr." with the name redacted, "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor," that the status page lists the contractor "as a grantee of the" redacted body, and that a redacted doctor will receive "additional data which will be useful in advancing his own research program (MKULTRA, Subproject 77)," the Wechsler-scale factor study.[^5][^6] Haronian's later publications are in pastoral psychology and religion and health journals, as the clergy subjects of the pilot study would suggest.[^7] Records found do not establish that Frank Haronian is the investigator named in the redacted Subproject 134 file, and nothing found places him at the New School in 1961. The Fund's table gives $39,000 where the file shows $22,000 initially.[^8]
 
 Subproject 137 was a $2,000 project for a graphology lexicon. The memorandum for the record of August 24, 1961 states that its purpose was "to support the work of Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting," that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "She is advanced in years and her health is failing," and that her manuscript was "now eighty percent complete." It states that the Technical Services Division "continues to approach the problem of handwriting identification and analysis in a number of ways" in support of its "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The proposal states that "no compendium of terms exists for student or layman which deals with the history and evolution of handwriting, its psychology and psychopathology." A $2,000 treasurer's check dated September 11, 1961 was paid to a redacted institution. A memorandum of February 1963 states that the investigator "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," that her brother wrote that the manuscript was "almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." The accounting for the advance was approved on March 10, 1964 over the signature "Sidney Gottlieb, DC/TSD," and a certification states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received."[^9]
 
 The curriculum vitae in the proposal (name redacted) lists the invention of a "Graphodyne" for measuring writing speed and pressure, a 1928 diploma, a 1948 research appointment at an institute of psychosomatic and psychiatric research "in conjunction with" an institute of psychoanalysis, and faculty membership from 1949. The graphologist [[Klara G. Roman]] (1881-1962) invented an instrument called the graphodyne, graduated in 1928, was called to Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago by Franz Alexander, and taught at the New School from 1948. Her posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word, published in 1968, thanks "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund," and the Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by Price, lists a $2,000 grant to "Roman, Klara G." The released CIA file does not name her.[^10]
 
-[[John D. Marks]] writes that the Human Ecology grantees' Wechsler scores fed John Gittinger's assessment system: "At Gittinger's urging, other Human Ecology grantees gave the Wechsler battery to their experimental subjects and sent him the scores." He adds that the Society "wound up funding handwriting research and a publication in West Germany" and that Gittinger "went on to hire a resident graphologist." Marks writes: "In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund, but for convenience sake it will be called the Society throughout the book."[^11]
+The copy of the two files that the CIA sent to the New School on September 7, 1977 carries red insertions of the school's name. On the draft memorandum dated May 29, 1961 for Subproject 134 (page image 134-12), the insertion reads "New School for Social Research" in the first paragraph, where the researcher appears only as "Mr." with the name blacked out.[^5] On the memorandum for the record dated August 24, 1961 for Subproject 137 (page image 137-10), the insertion reads "New School for Social Research, New York City" beside the blacked-out name of the investigator, who is referred to as "her" in the text.[^11] The cover letter of September 7, 1977, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents" and that the names of all other institutions, individuals and CIA employees remain deleted.[^12] The New School copy does not restore any individual's name. The Subproject 134 status page (New School copy PDF p. 10) shows the contractor and "grantee of the" fields still blacked out.[^6]
+
+[[John D. Marks]] writes that the Human Ecology grantees' Wechsler scores fed John Gittinger's assessment system: "At Gittinger's urging, other Human Ecology grantees gave the Wechsler battery to their experimental subjects and sent him the scores." He adds that the Society "wound up funding handwriting research and a publication in West Germany" and that Gittinger "went on to hire a resident graphologist." Marks writes: "In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund, but for convenience sake it will be called the Society throughout the book."[^13]
 
 ### Subproject 68: Ewen Cameron and the Allan Memorial Institute
 
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ Cameron died in 1967 before the program's public disclosure. A class action suit
 
 White recruited prostitutes to bring men to the safe houses. The men - drawn from populations unlikely to file credible complaints - were served drinks spiked with LSD. CIA observers watched through one-way mirrors, recording behavioral responses for Gottlieb's files. The operational theory was that LSD's effects as an interrogation adjunct should be tested in conditions approximating actual field use rather than controlled laboratory settings.
 
-Midnight Climax ran for approximately eight years before White's retirement in 1963 ended the San Francisco operation. White's personal diaries, discovered by journalist John Marks during FOIA research, described the operation with enthusiasm. The program administered LSD to an unknown number of men who were never informed of the experiment and never consented to it. Some were given doses that produced lasting psychological effects.[^2]
+Midnight Climax ran for approximately eight years before White's retirement in 1963 ended the San Francisco operation. White's personal diaries, discovered by journalist John Marks during FOIA research, described the operation with enthusiasm. The program administered LSD to an unknown number of men who were never informed of the experiment and never consented to it. Some were given doses that produced lasting psychological effects.[^14]
 
 ### Frank Olson
 
@@ -101,11 +103,11 @@ Olson experienced a severe adverse reaction. In the nine days following the retr
 
 Director Dulles was briefed on the circumstances. The CIA paid Olson's family $750,000 in a private settlement and secured their silence. The program was concealed.
 
-When the MKULTRA documents surfaced in 1977, Olson's family learned for the first time that he had been non-consensually dosed with LSD nine days before his death. In 1994, Olson's son Eric arranged an exhumation; forensic pathologist James Starrs found cranial injuries inconsistent with the fall, suggesting Olson had been struck before going through the window. The New York County District Attorney opened a homicide investigation; it was never prosecuted due to insufficient surviving evidence. The question of whether Olson was murdered - and if so by whom - remained unresolved at Gottlieb's death in 1999.[^3]
+When the MKULTRA documents surfaced in 1977, Olson's family learned for the first time that he had been non-consensually dosed with LSD nine days before his death. In 1994, Olson's son Eric arranged an exhumation; forensic pathologist James Starrs found cranial injuries inconsistent with the fall, suggesting Olson had been struck before going through the window. The New York County District Attorney opened a homicide investigation; it was never prosecuted due to insufficient surviving evidence. The question of whether Olson was murdered - and if so by whom - remained unresolved at Gottlieb's death in 1999.[^15]
 
 ### Additional Fatalities: Blauer and Hoch
 
-Beyond Olson, other deaths traced to the program. [[Harold Blauer]], a professional tennis player, died in 1953 after being injected with the psychedelic MDA during Army-contracted experiments at the [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]], the drug supplied by the [[Army Chemical Corps]] in cooperation with MKULTRA; one researcher later admitted "we didn't know if it was dog piss or what it was we were giving to him." Dr. [[Paul Hoch]], a CIA consultant, gave psychiatric patients intraspinal injections of LSD and [[mescaline]] and then lobotomized them, in one case asking a subject under a local anesthetic to describe his visual experiences as surgeons removed pieces of his brain.[^5]
+Beyond Olson, other deaths traced to the program. [[Harold Blauer]], a professional tennis player, died in 1953 after being injected with the psychedelic MDA during Army-contracted experiments at the [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]], the drug supplied by the [[Army Chemical Corps]] in cooperation with MKULTRA; one researcher later admitted "we didn't know if it was dog piss or what it was we were giving to him." Dr. [[Paul Hoch]], a CIA consultant, gave psychiatric patients intraspinal injections of LSD and [[mescaline]] and then lobotomized them, in one case asking a subject under a local anesthetic to describe his visual experiences as surgeons removed pieces of his brain.[^16]
 
 ### Military and Prison Subjects
 
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ Gottlieb's own assessment - reflected in program memoranda - was that LSD did no
 
 ### The 1963 Inspector General Report
 
-In the summer of 1963 Inspector General [[John Earman]] discovered the safehouse operations during a routine inspection and filed a 48-page Top Secret report dated July 26, 1963, noting that the program had run 144 separate projects over a decade, 25 still active. He found that "research in the manipulation of human behavior is considered by many authorities in medicine and related fields to be professionally unethical" and warned that public disclosure "could induce serious adverse reaction in U.S. public opinion." Earman documented the standing arrangement with the [[Federal Bureau of Narcotics]] ($10,000 a year per safehouse city for "cultivation of targets"), recorded that test subjects had been made ill "for hours or days, including hospitalization in at least one case," and warned that "files are notably incomplete ... A substantial portion of the MKULTRA record appears to rest in the memories of the principal officers." Director [[John McCone]] suspended unwitting testing pending review, but Helms wrote at least three memos urging its resumption.[^4]
+In the summer of 1963 Inspector General [[John Earman]] discovered the safehouse operations during a routine inspection and filed a 48-page Top Secret report dated July 26, 1963, noting that the program had run 144 separate projects over a decade, 25 still active. He found that "research in the manipulation of human behavior is considered by many authorities in medicine and related fields to be professionally unethical" and warned that public disclosure "could induce serious adverse reaction in U.S. public opinion." Earman documented the standing arrangement with the [[Federal Bureau of Narcotics]] ($10,000 a year per safehouse city for "cultivation of targets"), recorded that test subjects had been made ill "for hours or days, including hospitalization in at least one case," and warned that "files are notably incomplete ... A substantial portion of the MKULTRA record appears to rest in the memories of the principal officers." Director [[John McCone]] suspended unwitting testing pending review, but Helms wrote at least three memos urging its resumption.[^2]
 
 ### Records Destruction and Surviving Documents
 
@@ -125,7 +127,15 @@ The destruction eliminated the core operational files: individual subject record
 
 A partial record survived accidentally. Approximately 20,000 documents - primarily budget requests, financial accountings, and administrative correspondence - had been routed to a TSD financial records annex rather than the main operational files and were overlooked in the destruction. When journalist John Marks filed a Freedom of Information Act request in 1977, an archivist located the misfiled documents. The CIA produced them; they provided sufficient evidence for the 1977 Senate Health Subcommittee hearings and for Marks's subsequent book *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (1979) - still the primary investigative account of the program.
 
-Gottlieb testified before the Church Committee in 1975 and the Senate Health Subcommittee on August 3, 1977. He confirmed the program's existence, the records destruction, and the safe house operations. He defended the program as a reasonable response to a genuine Cold War threat and expressed carefully qualified regret for individual outcomes while declining to characterize the overall program as wrong.[^2]
+Gottlieb testified before the Church Committee in 1975 and the Senate Health Subcommittee on August 3, 1977. He confirmed the program's existence, the records destruction, and the safe house operations. He defended the program as a reasonable response to a genuine Cold War threat and expressed carefully qualified regret for individual outcomes while declining to characterize the overall program as wrong.[^14]
+
+### 1977 Notifications to Institutions
+
+Director of Central Intelligence [[Stansfield Turner]] wrote to Senator [[Daniel K. Inouye]] on August 2, 1977 that the recovered material identified "185 non-government researchers and assistants" and "80 institutions where work was done or with which these people were affiliated."[^17] He listed the institutions as 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics, and 3 penal institutions. He gave "all of the names on a classified basis" to the Senate committee and wrote that he had "a legal obligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers without their consent."[^17] He also wrote that he was "working closely with the Attorney General and with the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare on this matter."[^17]
+
+General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] wrote to each notified institution in August 1977. The letter stated that "Your institution is included among the institutions at which some portion of this CIA-sponsored research appears to have been performed or with which one or more individuals performing some aspect of this research were affiliated." It quoted the Director's statement that "this Agency does not intend to reveal to the public the identities of any institutions that knowingly or unknowingly were involved in MKULTRA activities, or the names of individual researchers."[^18] On November 7, 1977, Lapham asked whether each institution had made its correspondence public, and wrote that "Where an institution has itself made public these relationships, there would seem to be little point in our continued refusal to confirm these facts."[^19] On March 17, 1978, Assistant General Counsel Cinquegrana wrote that institutions not responding by April 15, 1978 would be presumed to want their identities protected.[^19]
+
+The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that the Senate Health Subcommittee had invited the presidents of 20 institutions to testify on September 20 and 21, and that only one accepted, without a scheduled appearance because the others declined.[^20]
 
 ### Lawsuits and Settlements
 
@@ -138,13 +148,22 @@ MKULTRA generated litigation in multiple jurisdictions:
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Marks, John. *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control.* Times Books, 1979 (the foundational investigative account using surviving MKULTRA documents). Kinzer, Stephen. *Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control.* Henry Holt and Company, 2019. Church Committee (U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities). Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976.
-[^2]: "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification." Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977. U.S. Government Printing Office. Available: intelligence.senate.gov.
-[^3]: Albarelli, H.P. *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments.* Trine Day, 2009. Starrs, James E. Forensic examination report, Olson exhumation, 1994.
-[^4]: Earman, John S., CIA Inspector General, "Report of Inspection of MKULTRA/TSD," July 26, 1963 (National Security Archive Document 16); National Security Archive, "CIA Behavior Control Experiments Focus of New Scholarly Collection," December 23, 2024, and "Top Secret Testimony of CIA's MKULTRA Chief, 50 Years Later," October 30, 2025; John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 4.
-[^5]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.
-[^6]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3, Subject files, File "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," Box 7, Folder 29. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220
-[^7]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017393 (58 pages): memorandum of June 9, 1961, proposal letter and pilot report, "Comments on Report." https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017393 . Addressee, contractor, consultants and reviewer are redacted.
+[^2]: Earman, John S., CIA Inspector General, "Report of Inspection of MKULTRA/TSD," July 26, 1963 (National Security Archive Document 16); National Security Archive, "CIA Behavior Control Experiments Focus of New Scholarly Collection," December 23, 2024, and "Top Secret Testimony of CIA's MKULTRA Chief, 50 Years Later," October 30, 2025; John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 4.
+[^3]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3, Subject files, File "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," Box 7, Folder 29. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220
+[^4]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017393 (58 pages): memorandum of June 9, 1961, proposal letter and pilot report, "Comments on Report." https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017393 . Addressee, contractor, consultants and reviewer are redacted.
+[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017393 (MKULTRA Subproject 134), memorandum draft dated May 29, 1961, page image 134-12. New School Archives copy in NS010102_000027 (John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29), PDF p. 27. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
+[^6]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, status page (purpose, initiation, contractor and cost), New School copy in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 10. Release DOC_0000017393. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393
+[^7]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, September 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144.
 [^8]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide . Sole source for the Haronian grant listing: Price's table. The Sugerman and Haronian (1964) citation appears in sport-psychology reviews.
 [^9]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (19 pages): memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961; proposal, budget and curriculum vitae; obligation memorandum, August 28, 1961; invoice, check receipt and certifications; accounting memorandum, February 1963; accounting by individual for advance, approved March 10, 1964. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017396 . Names, institutions and signatories other than Gottlieb's are redacted. Sole source for the 1961-1964 payment and accounting details.
 [^10]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284 ; Roman, *Handwriting: A Key to Personality* (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), preface pp. v-vi; *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: F. Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments; Price 2007 (see note 8). Sole source for the identification: the matches listed; the CIA copy is redacted.
-[^11]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n. (renaming); chapter 10, p. 170 (Wechsler scores) and p. 171 n. (handwriting research and a resident graphologist).
+[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (MKULTRA Subproject 137), memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961, page image 137-10. New School copy in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 78. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
+[^12]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7.
+[^13]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n. (renaming); chapter 10, p. 170 (Wechsler scores) and p. 171 n. (handwriting research and a resident graphologist).
+[^14]: "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification." Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977. U.S. Government Printing Office. Available: intelligence.senate.gov.
+[^15]: Albarelli, H.P. *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments.* Trine Day, 2009. Starrs, James E. Forensic examination report, Olson exhumation, 1994.
+[^16]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.
+[^17]: Turner, Stansfield, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to Senator Daniel K. Inouye, chairman, Select Committee on Intelligence, August 2, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 96-103 (figures at p. 101; Privacy Act at p. 102; Attorney General passage at p. 103).
+[^18]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977 (stamped August 15, 1977), in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 94-95. The quoted passage refers to "page 8 of the statement by the Director."
+[^19]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, letter to John R. Everett, November 7, 1977 (PDF p. 3), and Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978 (PDF p. 1), Central Intelligence Agency, in NS010102_000027.
+[^20]: Thomas, Jo, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977, CIA reading room clipping CIA-RDP88-01315R000300390007-3.