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28
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dean Acheson.md
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
---
---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-17
title: Dean Acheson
@ -11,10 +11,17 @@ tags:
- 1940s
- 1950s
category: "Political Figure"
summary: "Dean Acheson was Secretary of State under Truman from 1949 to 1953 who helped design the Truman Doctrine, NATO, and the Marshall Plan, pushed through NSC-68 which militarized containment over George Kennan's objections, and managed U.S. policy through the Korean War."
summary: "Dean Acheson was Secretary of State under Truman from 1949 to 1953, who helped design the Truman Doctrine, NATO and the Marshall Plan, pushed through NSC-68 over George Kennan's objections, and managed the Korean War."
born: 1893-04-11
died: 1971-10-12
location: "Sandy Spring, Maryland"
relations:
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Project Troy]]"
reverse: true
role: "recipient of the report of February 1, 1951"
start: 1951-02
fn: 4
---
Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 - October 12, 1971) was [[United States|U.S.]] Secretary of State from 1949 to 1953 under President [[Harry Truman]], and one of the principal architects of American [[Cold War]] foreign policy. Acheson helped design the [[Truman Doctrine]], [[NATO]], and the [[Marshall Plan]], and was responsible for approving [[NSC-68]] - the 1950 policy document that militarized the "containment" strategy [[George Kennan]] had formulated, over Kennan's explicit objections. Acheson's memoir, *Present at the Creation* (Norton, 1969), took its title from his self-assessment of having helped build the postwar international order.[^1]
@ -23,13 +30,19 @@ Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 - October 12, 1971) was [[United States|U
Acheson graduated from [[Yale University]] and [[Harvard Law School]] and clerked for Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis. He practiced law at Covington & Burling in [[Washington, D.C.]] and served briefly as Under Secretary of the Treasury in 1933 before resigning over disagreements with Roosevelt's monetary policies.
He returned to government as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs in 1941 and rose to Under Secretary of State under Secretary James Byrnes from 1945 to 1947. In this role he was central to the early articulation of postwar American foreign policy, including drafting the speech for which the [[Truman Doctrine]] was named when [[Britain]] informed the United States it could no longer sustain aid to [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] against communist insurgencies.[^1]
He returned to government as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs in 1941 and rose to Under Secretary of State under Secretary James Byrnes from 1945 to 1947. In this role he was central to the early articulation of postwar American foreign policy, including drafting the speech for which the Truman Doctrine was named when [[Britain]] informed the United States it could no longer sustain aid to [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] against communist insurgencies.[^1]
### Address to Italian-Americans, 1942
On June 3, 1942, while Assistant Secretary of State, Acheson released an address to Americans of Italian descent. The [[Mazzini Society]] and the [[Italian-American Labor Council]] had invited him to speak at a gathering held on the day dedicated to the memory of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].[^2] The address stated that "The President of the United States has made it clear that the liberation of the Italian and other peoples from the military cliques which hold them in their clutches is one of the war aims of the United Nations."[^2]
### Secretary of State
Acheson was appointed Secretary of State in January 1949 and served through the end of the Truman administration in January 1953. His tenure covered the most consequential early Cold War events: the Soviet atomic bomb test in August 1949, the Chinese communist victory and proclamation of the People's Republic in October 1949, the Korean War beginning in June 1950, and the development of the hydrogen bomb.
Acheson's central policy disagreement with [[George Kennan]], whom he effectively marginalized and replaced as Policy Planning director with [[Paul Nitze]] in 1950, concerned whether containment was primarily a political-economic strategy or required massive military buildup. Acheson backed Nitze's [[NSC-68]] analysis that the Soviet military threat required U.S. defense spending to roughly quadruple. Kennan viewed this as a militarization that misread Soviet intentions and would produce unnecessary confrontation.[^1]
Acheson's central policy disagreement with George Kennan, whom he effectively marginalized and replaced as Policy Planning director with [[Paul Nitze]] in 1950, concerned whether containment was primarily a political-economic strategy or required massive military buildup. Acheson backed Nitze's NSC-68 analysis that the Soviet military threat required U.S. defense spending to roughly quadruple. Kennan viewed this as a militarization that misread Soviet intentions and would produce unnecessary confrontation.[^1]
On March 1, 1950 Truman sent Acheson a note on the Sarnoff proposal for a committee to improve the [[Voice of America]], and wrote: "I wish you would consider that, and we will discuss it when you come over tomorrow."[^3] Acheson discussed the proposal with Truman on March 6, 1950, and told him that Assistant Secretary [[Edward W. Barrett|Barrett]] was preparing a plan for an advisory committee along the lines [[David Sarnoff|Sarnoff]] had suggested.[^3] In 1951 the [[Project Troy]] report reached Acheson's office; it was dated February 1, 1951, and Acheson received it on February 15.[^4]
### NATO and German Rearmament
@ -39,7 +52,7 @@ Acheson was a primary architect of NATO's founding in 1949 and subsequently push
The [[Korean War]] that began June 1950 dominated the second half of Acheson's tenure. His January 1950 speech defining the American "defense perimeter" in Asia - which appeared to exclude [[South Korea]] - was later cited as a possible signal to [[North Korea]] that the United States would not defend the South, though Acheson disputed this reading.
The war eventually led to Truman's firing of General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in April 1951 after MacArthur publicly challenged Truman's authority over war strategy - a civil-military confrontation that Acheson supported Truman in resolving in favor of civilian control.[^2]
The war eventually led to Truman's firing of General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in April 1951 after MacArthur publicly challenged Truman's authority over war strategy - a civil-military confrontation that Acheson supported Truman in resolving in favor of civilian control.[^5]
### Legacy
@ -50,4 +63,7 @@ After leaving government, Acheson returned to law practice and remained influent
### Footnotes
[^1]: Acheson, Dean. *Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department.* Norton, 1969. Beisner, Robert L. *Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War.* Oxford University Press, 2006.
[^2]: Brands, H.W. *The General vs. the President: MacArthur and Truman at the Brink of Nuclear War.* Doubleday, 2016. Hogan, Michael J. *A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954.* Cambridge University Press, 1998.
[^2]: *Department of State Bulletin*, vol. VI, no. 154 (June 6, 1942), "Address by Assistant Secretary Acheson to Americans of Italian Descent," released to the press June 3. https://archive.org/details/sim_department-of-state-bulletin_1942-06-06_6_154
[^3]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950) with the editorial note on Acheson's discussion with Truman. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131
[^4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 238 (the report's final date and Acheson's receipt on February 15, 1951).
[^5]: Brands, H.W. *The General vs. the President: MacArthur and Truman at the Brink of Nuclear War.* Doubleday, 2016. Hogan, Michael J. *A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954.* Cambridge University Press, 1998.

67
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ehud Barak.md
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@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ relations:
with: "[[Carbyne]]"
role: "board member"
end: 2019
fn: 8
fn: 15
- type: director_of
with: "[[Carbyne]]"
role: "chairman, by his own description in correspondence"
start: 2019-01
fn: 18
fn: 25
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Nili Priel]]"
role: "husband"
@ -73,11 +73,17 @@ Barak returned as defense minister under Ehud Olmert from 2007 and continued in
Barak subsequently described Thiel and Epstein as "owners" of a venture fund, a claim a Thiel spokesman has denied. The discrepancy is unresolved in the public record. Thiel is named over 2,200 times in the Epstein files per Al Jazeera reporting, and the volume of the Thiel-Epstein correspondence, combined with the Barak introduction, documents a sustained effort by Epstein to connect the Israeli-intelligence principal (Barak) with the commercial-surveillance-infrastructure principal (Thiel/Palantir). Epstein's promotional framing of Palantir to Barak ran alongside Barak's own subsequent relationships with Israeli surveillance-tech firms.[^3][^4]
### 2013 Meetings with Epstein and Bob Kerrey
Epstein's schedule for April 21, 2013 carries the reminder "Ehud Barak in NY".[^8] The schedules of April 15 to 17 list a dinner at Jeffrey Epstein's house on Tuesday, April 23 as "7:30pm Dinner w/Ehud Barak, Nili, Woody Allen, Soon Yi, Bob Kerrey, Mort Zuckerman (Mort will arrive after 8:30pm) Joel Klein and his wife, Nicole Seligman".[^8] A staff headcount of April 18 names "Woody, Soon yi, Ehud, Nili, Joel Klein, Nicole Seligman, Bob Kerrey, Nicole Seligman." and Epstein answered: "ehud and nilli are not invited, it is mort."[^9] The schedules from April 19 list the dinner without Barak and Nili.[^10]
On May 28, 2013 Epstein wrote to his scheduler [[Lesley Groff]]: "see if Bob kerrey would like to join me and ehod on the 4th."[^11] Groff wrote to [[Bob Kerrey]]: "Jeffrey is having Ehud Barak to his home on Tuesday June 4th at noon...Jeffrey is wondering if you might be available to join the meeting as well."[^12] Epstein's schedule for the week lists "4:00pm Appt w/Ehud Barak" on June 3, "1:00pm Appt w/Ehud Barak" followed by "1:30pm Lunch to be served (one chicken parm/fruit salad)" on June 4, and "5:00pm Appt w/Barak" on June 5.[^13] On the evening of June 3 Groff asked Kerrey whether he could come "at 1:30 instead of 12:00", and Kerrey answered: "I am afraid not. Sorry. Rain check?" On June 4 Kerrey's scheduler wrote to Groff: "I hope we can find other dates in the near future for the three to meet."[^14]
### The Carbyne Investment
In 2015, Barak helped Epstein quietly invest approximately one million dollars in the Israeli police and emergency-response technology startup [[Reporty|Reporty]], which subsequently renamed itself Carbyne. The investment was arranged through Barak, and [[Forbes|Forbes]] reported that it could have grown to be worth up to one hundred million dollars. Carbyne develops 911-emergency-communication and surveillance technology, including systems that integrate smartphone location, video, and incident data into emergency-response platforms. The technology has documented surveillance applications beyond the emergency-response function, and the Reason reporting characterizes the Carbyne investment as part of Epstein's broader effort to enter the surveillance-technology industry in the post-2008-conviction period.[^3][^8]
In 2015, Barak helped Epstein quietly invest approximately one million dollars in the Israeli police and emergency-response technology startup [[Reporty|Reporty]], which subsequently renamed itself Carbyne. The investment was arranged through Barak, and [[Forbes|Forbes]] reported that it could have grown to be worth up to one hundred million dollars. Carbyne develops 911-emergency-communication and surveillance technology, including systems that integrate smartphone location, video, and incident data into emergency-response platforms. The technology has documented surveillance applications beyond the emergency-response function, and the Reason reporting characterizes the Carbyne investment as part of Epstein's broader effort to enter the surveillance-technology industry in the post-2008-conviction period.[^3][^15]
Through the Carbyne investment, Epstein moved from social-network brokerage to direct commercial investment in surveillance technology, and Barak was the channel through which the investment was arranged. Reason reported, drawing on the [[Black Agenda Report]]'s account of a Nigerian ports contract, that Epstein and Barak marketed Israeli surveillance technology internationally, including to [[Nigeria]], with technology that had reportedly been tested on Palestinians. The international marketing extended the Barak-Epstein surveillance-tech relationship into the documented export context.[^3][^8]
Through the Carbyne investment, Epstein moved from social-network brokerage to direct commercial investment in surveillance technology, and Barak was the channel through which the investment was arranged. Reason reported, drawing on the [[Black Agenda Report]]'s account of a Nigerian ports contract, that Epstein and Barak marketed Israeli surveillance technology internationally, including to [[Nigeria]], with technology that had reportedly been tested on Palestinians. The international marketing extended the Barak-Epstein surveillance-tech relationship into the documented export context.[^3][^15]
### The Palantir-Israel Expansion
@ -87,15 +93,15 @@ The parapolitical question of whether the 2014 Epstein-brokered Barak-Thiel intr
### Meals with Vitaly Churkin, 2016
Epstein repeatedly invited the Russian ambassador to the [[United Nations]], [[Vitaly Churkin]], to meet Barak. On January 2, 2016 he wrote to Churkin, "Ehud Barak in town this week if a meal is convenient."[^9] On August 28, 2016 he wrote, "Don't know if you have any interest . Ehud Barak and TOM Barrack at house tomorw . You are always welcome," and Churkin accepted a 1 p.m. time.[^10] Epstein's scheduler, [[Lesley Groff]], then circulated the notice "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," and the calendar entry for August 29, 2016 read "12:30pm LUNCH w/Ehud Barak, Tom Barrack and Vitaly Chrukin," a party of four with Epstein and the real estate investor [[Tom Barrack]].[^11] On November 13, 2016 Epstein wrote to Churkin, "Ehud coming today at 430 . As always you are welcome."[^12]
Epstein repeatedly invited the Russian ambassador to the [[United Nations]], [[Vitaly Churkin]], to meet Barak. On January 2, 2016 he wrote to Churkin, "Ehud Barak in town this week if a meal is convenient."[^16] On August 28, 2016 he wrote, "Don't know if you have any interest . Ehud Barak and TOM Barrack at house tomorw . You are always welcome," and Churkin accepted a 1 p.m. time.[^17] Epstein's scheduler, Lesley Groff, then circulated the notice "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," and the calendar entry for August 29, 2016 read "12:30pm LUNCH w/Ehud Barak, Tom Barrack and Vitaly Chrukin," a party of four with Epstein and the real estate investor [[Tom Barrack]].[^18] On November 13, 2016 Epstein wrote to Churkin, "Ehud coming today at 430 . As always you are welcome."[^19]
### The Black Cube Question, 2017
On November 6, 2017 *[[The New Yorker]]* reported that [[Harvey Weinstein]] had used the Israeli private intelligence company [[Black Cube]], under contracts signed by his lawyer [[David Boies]], to gather information on women accusing him and on journalists.[^13] On November 8 a spokesman for Barak said that Weinstein had asked Barak, more than a year earlier, about an Israeli company he had heard of, that Barak had told him it was "likely Black Cube" and "gave Weinstein its contact information," and that Barak "was not aware until this morning of the fact the company was hired by Weinstein, or for what purposes or operations."[^14] At 15:54 GMT that day Epstein wrote to Barak: "boies said he got to the mossad guys through you? true?" At 16:49 he wrote again: "Did Boies ask you to help Obtain former mossad agents to do dirty investigations. ? this is getting a lot of press, ." Barak answered on the morning of November 9: "Call me.. [number redacted] in Paris."[^15]
On November 6, 2017 *[[The New Yorker]]* reported that [[Harvey Weinstein]] had used the Israeli private intelligence company [[Black Cube]], under contracts signed by his lawyer [[David Boies]], to gather information on women accusing him and on journalists.[^20] On November 8 a spokesman for Barak said that Weinstein had asked Barak, more than a year earlier, about an Israeli company he had heard of, that Barak had told him it was "likely Black Cube" and "gave Weinstein its contact information," and that Barak "was not aware until this morning of the fact the company was hired by Weinstein, or for what purposes or operations."[^21] At 15:54 GMT that day Epstein wrote to Barak: "boies said he got to the mossad guys through you? true?" At 16:49 he wrote again: "Did Boies ask you to help Obtain former mossad agents to do dirty investigations. ? this is getting a lot of press, ." Barak answered on the morning of November 9: "Call me.. [number redacted] in Paris."[^22]
### The Wexner Foundation Payments
The Wexner Foundation, founded in 1983 by [[Leslie Wexner]] of [[L Brands]], paid Barak 2.3 million dollars between 2004 and 2006, the years between his premiership and his 2007 return as defense minister.[^5][^6] The payments were for two commissioned studies. Barak completed a 267-page study on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; for a second study on leadership the foundation "received an abstract, but did not receive a full paper." Israel's [[Channel 12 (Israel)|Channel 12]] reported that he did not finish it because he returned to politics in 2007, and he did not offer to return any of the money. The foundation said its management at the time "decided that the work done and material received was enough to end the project and justify the payment."[^5][^16] In a 2026 statement it described both works as books on leadership: Barak "only provided one completed manuscript plus an outline for the second one," was "paid in full over the years 2004-06," and the payments "were properly reported in the foundation's 990s."[^6]
The Wexner Foundation, founded in 1983 by [[Leslie Wexner]] of [[L Brands]], paid Barak 2.3 million dollars between 2004 and 2006, the years between his premiership and his 2007 return as defense minister.[^5][^6] The payments were for two commissioned studies. Barak completed a 267-page study on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; for a second study on leadership the foundation "received an abstract, but did not receive a full paper." Israel's [[Channel 12 (Israel)|Channel 12]] reported that he did not finish it because he returned to politics in 2007, and he did not offer to return any of the money. The foundation said its management at the time "decided that the work done and material received was enough to end the project and justify the payment."[^5][^23] In a 2026 statement it described both works as books on leadership: Barak "only provided one completed manuscript plus an outline for the second one," was "paid in full over the years 2004-06," and the payments "were properly reported in the foundation's 990s."[^6]
Epstein was a trustee of the foundation from 1992 to 2007. The foundation said, citing an independent review by the law firm [[Kegler Brown Hill + Ritter]], that his role was "limited to dealing with documents and reports related to transferring the Wexner family's monetary support," that he "never donated a single dollar to the foundation," and that the Wexner family dismissed him when the first suspicions about him surfaced.[^5] During the 2019 Israeli election campaign, Benjamin Netanyahu's campaign released a video titled "What else has sex offender Epstein given to Barak?"[^5] The Attorney General, [[Avichai Mandelblit]], declined to open an investigation, stating that Barak had been a private citizen at the time and that the statute of limitations had passed. The [[Likud]] petitioned the [[Supreme Court of Israel|High Court of Justice]]; after the foundation told the court that Epstein was not involved in the decision to make the payments, the court rejected the petition in 2020, upholding Mandelblit's decision.[^6]
@ -111,15 +117,15 @@ In an interview with Channel 12 on February 12, 2026, Barak said of Epstein, "I
### Carbyne Correspondence, 2018-2019
On May 21, 2018 Epstein wrote to Peter Thiel: "FYI trae is meeting carbyne Ehud Barak co."[^17]
On May 21, 2018 Epstein wrote to Peter Thiel: "FYI trae is meeting carbyne Ehud Barak co."[^24]
On January 1, 2019 Barak forwarded to [[Jabor Al Thani]], with Epstein copied, a [[Qatar]] presentation prepared by Carbyne's chief executive, [[Amir Elichai]], writing: "Please find attached short presentation of Carbine. Public safety company of which I'm the chairman and leading investor. We are interested in participating in the security effort for the 2022 Games. We can work through a European company of your choice and minimize Israeli profile. Please consider." He closed, "Best to HH HBJ."[^18] In a reply of January 20 quoted in the same thread, Jabor Al Thani wrote that "Our security services company" wished to begin discussions about the presentation for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|Qatar 2022]] games and that "it will be appreciated if you are able to assist with any anti-drone services or technologies." Barak answered the next day that he was "Overwhelmed in Davos," and on February 3 wrote: "Sorry for the late response. Israeli politics is complicated and time consuming and I'm a little bit involved. We will be glad to explore with your services company the possibility of cooperation re the 2022 Games," naming Elichai as the contact and promising to address "the anti-drone issue in a separate email." He signed "Ehud Barak, Carbyne, Chairman." On February 4 Jabor Al Thani named the country manager of a Qatari company, [[Lysys WLL]], as the contact on his side.[^19]
On January 1, 2019 Barak forwarded to [[Jabor Al Thani]], with Epstein copied, a [[Qatar]] presentation prepared by Carbyne's chief executive, [[Amir Elichai]], writing: "Please find attached short presentation of Carbine. Public safety company of which I'm the chairman and leading investor. We are interested in participating in the security effort for the 2022 Games. We can work through a European company of your choice and minimize Israeli profile. Please consider." He closed, "Best to HH HBJ."[^25] In a reply of January 20 quoted in the same thread, Jabor Al Thani wrote that "Our security services company" wished to begin discussions about the presentation for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|Qatar 2022]] games and that "it will be appreciated if you are able to assist with any anti-drone services or technologies." Barak answered the next day that he was "Overwhelmed in Davos," and on February 3 wrote: "Sorry for the late response. Israeli politics is complicated and time consuming and I'm a little bit involved. We will be glad to explore with your services company the possibility of cooperation re the 2022 Games," naming Elichai as the contact and promising to address "the anti-drone issue in a separate email." He signed "Ehud Barak, Carbyne, Chairman." On February 4 Jabor Al Thani named the country manager of a Qatari company, [[Lysys WLL]], as the contact on his side.[^26]
On February 18, 2019 the investor [[Nicole Junkermann]] wrote to Epstein, in a message about the division of their interests, "Carbyne invested 1.5 m (1m you and 0.5m me) net of fees is3.9m your share, Ehud carry1.5 m and my share 2m," and asked, in connection with a separate China matter, "Can Ehud help?"[^20] In late February and March 2019 the [[Tel Aviv]] law firm handling the investment told Darren Indyke that SUM (E.B.) Limited Partnership, the vehicle that had made the initial investment in Carbyne, held warrants to buy 61,251 additional Preferred A shares for 3.5 million dollars, the exercise of which would raise its holding from about 13 percent to about 26.33 percent on a fully diluted basis. [[Southern Trust Company]], Epstein's Virgin Islands company, transferred 2.4 million dollars of the 3.6 million dollars raised. The Israeli bank receiving the funds then asked, under its anti-money-laundering rules, for the controlling person and citizenship of each limited partner.[^21] Epstein forwarded the request to Barak, who replied on March 11, 2019: "Jeff, That's the Israeli banks paranoia after they paid the penalties they've paid to the US authorities for past mistakes. According to our experience it was never leaked out of the banks. Just kept with them as an insurance policy. We have to follow on it. On a minimal but satisfying base."[^21] On March 12 Indyke wrote to Epstein, "I thought we did not want your name associated with this Investment?"; on March 14 Epstein confirmed that Indyke could identify him as the controlling person of Southern Trust.[^22] Epstein was arrested in New York four months later.
On February 18, 2019 the investor [[Nicole Junkermann]] wrote to Epstein, in a message about the division of their interests, "Carbyne invested 1.5 m (1m you and 0.5m me) net of fees is3.9m your share, Ehud carry1.5 m and my share 2m," and asked, in connection with a separate China matter, "Can Ehud help?"[^27] In late February and March 2019 the [[Tel Aviv]] law firm handling the investment told Darren Indyke that SUM (E.B.) Limited Partnership, the vehicle that had made the initial investment in Carbyne, held warrants to buy 61,251 additional Preferred A shares for 3.5 million dollars, the exercise of which would raise its holding from about 13 percent to about 26.33 percent on a fully diluted basis. [[Southern Trust Company]], Epstein's Virgin Islands company, transferred 2.4 million dollars of the 3.6 million dollars raised. The Israeli bank receiving the funds then asked, under its anti-money-laundering rules, for the controlling person and citizenship of each limited partner.[^28] Epstein forwarded the request to Barak, who replied on March 11, 2019: "Jeff, That's the Israeli banks paranoia after they paid the penalties they've paid to the US authorities for past mistakes. According to our experience it was never leaked out of the banks. Just kept with them as an insurance policy. We have to follow on it. On a minimal but satisfying base."[^28] On March 12 Indyke wrote to Epstein, "I thought we did not want your name associated with this Investment?"; on March 14 Epstein confirmed that Indyke could identify him as the controlling person of Southern Trust.[^29] Epstein was arrested in New York four months later.
### Carbyne After Epstein
Barak left the Carbyne board in 2019, the year of Epstein's arrest and death. The company's board also included [[Pinhas Buchris]], a former commander of Unit 8200 and former director general of the Israeli [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]]. [[Axon Enterprise]], the maker of Taser weapons and police body cameras, agreed to buy Carbyne for 625 million dollars in cash, a deal that closed in early 2026.[^8][^23]
Barak left the Carbyne board in 2019, the year of Epstein's arrest and death. The company's board also included [[Pinhas Buchris]], a former commander of Unit 8200 and former director general of the Israeli [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]]. [[Axon Enterprise]], the maker of Taser weapons and police body cameras, agreed to buy Carbyne for 625 million dollars in cash, a deal that closed in early 2026.[^15][^30]
### Footnotes
@ -130,19 +136,26 @@ Barak left the Carbyne board in 2019, the year of Epstein's arrest and death. Th
[^5]: *The Times of Israel,* on the Wexner Foundation's statement that its 2.3 million dollars to Barak paid for two reports, one unfinished. https://www.timesofisrael.com/wexner-foundation-2-3-million-to-barak-was-for-2-reports-1-wasnt-finished/
[^6]: Lefkovits, Etgar. "Complaint seeks police probe into Ehud Barak and Wexner Foundation." *JNS,* March 17, 2026. https://www.jns.org/complaint-seeks-police-probe-into-barak-and-wexner-foundation/
[^7]: Ponieman, Natan. *Benzinga,* May 2023, on Epstein's private calendar, quoting the *Wall Street Journal.* https://www.benzinga.com/news/23/05/32134015/private-calendar-reveals-jeffrey-epsteins-meetings-with-cia-director-noamchomsky-and-goldman-sachs
[^8]: Brewster, Thomas. "Epstein Could Have Made $100 Million On A Secret Police Tech Investment With Ehud Barak." *Forbes,* February 10, 2026. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2026/02/10/epstein-police-surveillance-investments-with-ehud-barak/
[^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619434, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," November 16, 2015 to February 23, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf
[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619438, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," May 23, 2016 to September 7, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619438.pdf
[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02044775, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," August 28, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02044775.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02045038, DataSet 10, calendar alert, August 29, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02045038.pdf
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619444, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," October 3, 2016 to January 10, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619444.pdf
[^13]: Farrow, Ronan. "Harvey Weinstein's Army of Spies." *The New Yorker,* November 6, 2017. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/harvey-weinsteins-army-of-spies
[^14]: "Ehud Barak referred Weinstein to ex-Mossad agents he hired to quash allegations." *The Times of Israel,* November 8, 2017. https://www.timesofisrael.com/ehud-barak-referred-weinstein-to-ex-mossad-agents-he-hired-to-quash-allegations/
[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00964912, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Ehud Barak, November 8, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00964912.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00964979, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Ehud Barak, November 8, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00964979.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00965384, DataSet 9, email from Ehud Barak to Jeffrey Epstein, November 9, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00965384.pdf
[^16]: "Ehud Barak Received $2.3 Million for Two Studies, One Was Not Completed, Wexner Foundation Says." *Haaretz,* 2019. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-ehud-barak-received-2-3-million-for-two-studies-one-was-not-completed-wexner-foun-1.8983735
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01052344, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, May 21, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01052344.pdf
[^18]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02607775, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jabor Al Thani, copied to Jeffrey Epstein, "Fwd: Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02607775.pdf
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02628648, DataSet 11, email thread among Ehud Barak, Jabor Al Thani, Amir Elichai, and Jeffrey Epstein, "Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1 to February 4, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02628648.pdf
[^20]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02630791, DataSet 11, email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Nicole Junkermann, February 18, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02630791.pdf
[^21]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02632339, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Carbyne warrants," March 11, 2019, with forwarded correspondence of Tomer Toor, Darren Indyke, and NJF Capital, February 28 to March 11, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02632339.pdf
[^22]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02634615, DataSet 11, email exchange between Darren Indyke and Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Carbyne warrants," March 12-14, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02634615.pdf
[^23]: *Coverager,* on Axon's agreement to acquire Carbyne for 625 million dollars. https://coverager.com/axon-to-acquire-carbyne-for-625-million/ ; "Axon to Acquire Carbyne, Uniting Cloud Infrastructure and AI to Redefine the 911 Experience." Axon Enterprise press release, *PR Newswire.* https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/axon-to-acquire-carbyne-uniting-cloud-infrastructure-and-ai-to-redefine-the-911-experience-302604614.html
[^8]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Priv & Conf. April 17- May 1," April 16, 2013, EFTA00392425, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00392425.pdf
[^9]: Email exchange, "Re: Dinner 23rd April," April 18, 2013, EFTA01896399, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01896399.pdf
[^10]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Jean Luc," April 22, 2013, EFTA01894862, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01894862.pdf
[^11]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Lesley Groff, May 28, 2013, EFTA00961223, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00961223.pdf
[^12]: Email from Lesley Groff to Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein," May 28, 2013, EFTA02138268, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02138268.pdf
[^13]: Epstein office schedules for June 3 to 5, 2013, EFTA00284774, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00284774.pdf
[^14]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Bob Kerrey, June 3, 2013, EFTA02137020, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; Groff and Kerrey's scheduler, June 4, 2013, EFTA02136979, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02136979.pdf
[^15]: Brewster, Thomas. "Epstein Could Have Made $100 Million On A Secret Police Tech Investment With Ehud Barak." *Forbes,* February 10, 2026. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2026/02/10/epstein-police-surveillance-investments-with-ehud-barak/
[^16]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619434, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," November 16, 2015 to February 23, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619438, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," May 23, 2016 to September 7, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619438.pdf
[^18]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02044775, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," August 28, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02044775.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02045038, DataSet 10, calendar alert, August 29, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02045038.pdf
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619444, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," October 3, 2016 to January 10, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619444.pdf
[^20]: Farrow, Ronan. "Harvey Weinstein's Army of Spies." *The New Yorker,* November 6, 2017. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/harvey-weinsteins-army-of-spies
[^21]: "Ehud Barak referred Weinstein to ex-Mossad agents he hired to quash allegations." *The Times of Israel,* November 8, 2017. https://www.timesofisrael.com/ehud-barak-referred-weinstein-to-ex-mossad-agents-he-hired-to-quash-allegations/
[^22]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00964912, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Ehud Barak, November 8, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00964912.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00964979, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Ehud Barak, November 8, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00964979.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00965384, DataSet 9, email from Ehud Barak to Jeffrey Epstein, November 9, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00965384.pdf
[^23]: "Ehud Barak Received $2.3 Million for Two Studies, One Was Not Completed, Wexner Foundation Says." *Haaretz,* 2019. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-ehud-barak-received-2-3-million-for-two-studies-one-was-not-completed-wexner-foun-1.8983735
[^24]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01052344, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, May 21, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01052344.pdf
[^25]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02607775, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jabor Al Thani, copied to Jeffrey Epstein, "Fwd: Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02607775.pdf
[^26]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02628648, DataSet 11, email thread among Ehud Barak, Jabor Al Thani, Amir Elichai, and Jeffrey Epstein, "Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1 to February 4, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02628648.pdf
[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02630791, DataSet 11, email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Nicole Junkermann, February 18, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02630791.pdf
[^28]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02632339, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Carbyne warrants," March 11, 2019, with forwarded correspondence of Tomer Toor, Darren Indyke, and NJF Capital, February 28 to March 11, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02632339.pdf
[^29]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02634615, DataSet 11, email exchange between Darren Indyke and Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Carbyne warrants," March 12-14, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02634615.pdf
[^30]: *Coverager,* on Axon's agreement to acquire Carbyne for 625 million dollars. https://coverager.com/axon-to-acquire-carbyne-for-625-million/ ; "Axon to Acquire Carbyne, Uniting Cloud Infrastructure and AI to Redefine the 911 Experience." Axon Enterprise press release, *PR Newswire.* https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/axon-to-acquire-carbyne-uniting-cloud-infrastructure-and-ai-to-redefine-the-911-experience-302604614.html

11
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/John R. Everett.md
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@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ The release's accounting pages for Subproject 137 record a February 1963 memoran
The Subproject 137 investigator is [[Klara G. Roman]]. The New School insertion, the graphology lexicon, the death in 1962 and the failing health in 1961 correspond to her record, as do the entries in the curriculum vitae attached to the proposal: a 1928 diploma, the 1930 construction of the "Graphodyne," an instrument "to measure writing speed and pressure," and a 1948 research appointment to an Institute for Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Research and Training "in conjunction with" an Institute for Psychoanalysis, which corresponds to the Chicago work that her 1954 preface credits to [[Michael Reese Hospital]] and [[Franz Alexander]]. The Human Ecology Fund's 1963 report, as tabulated by [[David H. Price]], lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G." for "Book: The Psychology of Writing." The release redacts her name.[^24][^25]
The same table lists a grant titled "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator [[Frank Haronian]], psychology, $39,000; it is the only entry whose title concerns physique.[^25] The Subproject 134 proposal concerns physique and psychological functioning, and its funds passed to a grantee of a redacted body. Haronian later published "Body type and sophistication of body concept" with A. Arthur Sugerman in the Journal of Personality (September 1964), and articles in Pastoral Psychology and the Journal of Religion and Health, the same field as the clergy subjects of the pilot study.[^26] The release redacts the investigator's name, and the $39,000 of the Fund's table differs from the $22,000 of the subproject. No record found places Haronian at the New School. The consultant whom the 134 memorandum ties to Subproject 77 is the investigator of that subproject, a study of the factor structure of the Wechsler scales.[^27]
The same table lists a grant titled "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator [[Frank Haronian]], psychology, $39,000; it is the only entry whose title concerns physique.[^25] The Subproject 134 proposal concerns physique and psychological functioning, and its funds passed to a grantee of a redacted body. Haronian later published "Body type and sophistication of body concept" with A. Arthur Sugerman in the Journal of Personality (September 1964), and articles in Pastoral Psychology and the Journal of Religion and Health, the same field as the clergy subjects of the pilot study.[^26] That paper states that the study "was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund."[^31] The Subproject 134 investigator is Haronian. The release redacts his name, and the $39,000 of the Fund's table differs from the $22,000 of the subproject. The consultant whom the 134 memorandum ties to Subproject 77 is the investigator of that subproject, a study of the factor structure of the Wechsler scales.[^27]
### The Everett Records
@ -178,7 +178,9 @@ The finding aid notes that some files are restricted and that the collection inc
### Death
Everett died of pancreatic cancer at a New York City hospital on January 21, 1992, at age 73.[^1][^2] After his retirement a scholarship was established in his name at Hollins, which the university continued to offer in the twenty-first century.[^1] The New School holds a file titled "John R. Everett Memorial," dated April 6, 1992, in the Office of the President's Laserfiche files.[^28]
In May 1982 the trustees, under chairman [[Dorothy H. Hirshon]], elected [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], vice president for planning at the [[University of Chicago]], to succeed Everett, who was retiring; Fanton was to take office on September 1, 1982.[^30]
Everett died of pancreatic cancer at [[Cabrini Medical Center]] in Manhattan on January 21, 1992, at age 73. He lived in Manhattan and [[Pawling, New York]].[^1][^2][^29] His obituary records that the City University chancellorship had been created three years before it was offered to him, at a salary of $25,000 a year, that he resigned it in 1962 for what he called "overwhelmingly personal and financial" reasons, and that during his New School presidency enrollment grew from 8,000 to 30,000 students.[^29] After his retirement a scholarship was established in his name at Hollins, which the university continued to offer in the twenty-first century.[^1] The New School holds a file titled "John R. Everett Memorial," dated April 6, 1992, in the Office of the President's Laserfiche files.[^28]
### Footnotes
@ -207,6 +209,9 @@ Everett died of pancreatic cancer at a New York City hospital on January 21, 199
[^23]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, accounting memorandum (February 1963), invoice certifications and accounting by individual for the advance of September 11, 1961, approved March 10, 1964 (release DOC_0000017396; New School copy pp. 72-85 of NS010102_000027). https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^24]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284
[^25]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide
[^26]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, Frank, "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique," Journal of Religion and Health, April 1967, doi:10.1007/bf01532250; Haronian, Frank, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, September 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144 (bibliographic records, Crossref).
[^26]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, Frank, "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique," Journal of Religion and Health, April 1967, doi:10.1007/bf01532250; Haronian, Frank, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, Fall 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144 (bibliographic records, Crossref).
[^27]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, release DOC_0000017393, memorandum draft of May 29, 1961, paragraph 2; MKULTRA Subproject 77, CIA reading room item 00017478 (56 documents, July 1957 to January 1962), reports on factor analyses of the Wechsler scales, investigator redacted. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017478
[^28]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett Memorial, 1992 April 6," New School Office of the President Laserfiche files, NS-01-01-06, archival object 50524. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/50524
[^29]: James Barron, "John Everett, CUNY Chancellor And New School Head, Dies at 73," New York Times, January 22, 1992, Section A, p. 19. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/22/obituaries/john-everett-cuny-chancellor-and-new-school-head-dies-at-73.html
[^30]: Gene I. Maeroff, "University of Chicago Official to Be the New School's Head," New York Times, May 23, 1982, Section 1, p. 30. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/23/nyregion/university-of-chicago-official-to-be-the-new-school-s-head.html ; Edward B. Fiske, "The New School, a Maverick, Gets Ready to Rebuild," New York Times, May 13, 1982. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/13/nyregion/the-new-school-a-maverick-gets-ready-to-rebuild.html
[^31]: A. Arthur Sugerman and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, pp. 380-394, first-page note ("This study was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund"). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x

177
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis Dolivet.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
---
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Louis Dolivet
aliases:
- Louis Dolivet
- Louis Dolivé
- Louis Doliveux
- L. Dolivet
- Ludovic Brecher
- Ludwig Brecher
- Ludovici Udeanu
- Ulianu
- Bovet
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- Dolivet
- FreeWorld
- UnitedNationsWorld
- Straight
- Munzenberg
- Comintern
- MI5
- FBI
- UnitedNations
- PeaceMovement
- ColdWar
- 1930s
- 1940s
summary: "Louis Dolivet, born Ludovic Brecher, was a Romanian-origin editor of Free World and United Nations World, and husband of Beatrice Straight, whom an MI5 file describes as a secret Communist in the pre-war peace movement."
born: 1908
died: 1989
location: "New York City; Paris; Switzerland"
relations:
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Beatrice Straight]]"
start: 1942
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Michael Whitney Straight]]"
role: brother-in-law
fn: 2
- type: participant_in
with: "[[International Peace Campaign]]"
start: 1936
role: secretary
fn: 6
- type: head_of
with: "[[Free World Association]]"
start: 1941
role: secretary-general
fn: 11
- type: director_of
with: "[[Free World, Inc.]]"
start: 1942
fn: 13
- type: employed_by
with: "[[United Nations World]]"
start: 1947
role: international editor
fn: 20
- type: head_of
with: "[[United Nations World]]"
start: 1949
role: president
fn: 23
- type: investigated
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1945
fn: 5
- type: investigated
with: "[[MI5]]"
reverse: true
start: 1935
fn: 3
---
Louis Dolivet (1908 to 1989), also known as Ludovic Brecher, was a [[Romania|Romanian]]-origin writer, magazine editor and film producer whom an [[MI5]] file describes as a secret Communist in the pre-war European peace movement.[^1] He edited [[Free World (magazine)|Free World]] in [[New York City]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]], and married [[Beatrice Straight]], sister of [[Michael Whitney Straight]].[^2]
### Names and Origins
The National Archives catalogue describes the subject of its file KV 2/4366 as "Louis DOLIVET alias DOLIVEUX, Ludovic BRECHER, ULIANU, BOVET: Romanian, Czech, French, Swiss."[^1] MI5 kept five files on him, KV 2/4365 (October 5, 1935 to December 2, 1937) through KV 2/4369 (July 9, 1955 to February 16, 1959), with identical scope notes.[^3] The Wilson Center concordance to the [[Alexander Vassiliev|Vassiliev]] notebooks and the [[Venona]] decrypts gives Dolivet as also known as Ludovici Udeanu and Ludwig Brecher, describes him as Romanian born and a naturalized French citizen, says he "Escaped the fall of France and came to the United States in 1940," and cites Vassiliev's White Notebook #3, pages 123 to 124, for the Romanian names.[^4]
The accounts of his birth differ. A 1968 [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] letter calls him a Romanian by birth.[^2] A Washington Field Office report of 1945, summarizing a July 1945 report by Special Agent John N. Doran of the New York office, states that he "was born in France of Roumanian origin and became a naturalized French citizen in 1937," and that he was "alleged to be a member of the Swiss Communist Party but no substantiation has been obtained regarding this allegation."[^5]
The [[British Library]] authority record for him, within the Cecil of Chelwood Papers, gives the years 1908 to 1989 and the description "writer, editor, producer and alleged spy."[^6]
### The Peace Campaign and the Comintern Link
The MI5 scope note for KV 2/4366, covering December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951, ties Dolivet to the [[Comintern]] and to its leader [[Willi Münzenberg]] in these words: "A secret Communist, DOLIVET was active in the pre-war European peace movement, apparently acting under the instructions of Comintern leader Willi MUNZENBERG. From 1937 he was Secretary of the communist-influenced International Peace Campaign while continuing to present himself as a moderate socialist."[^1] The earlier file, KV 2/4365, opens in October 1935.[^3]
The British Library holds correspondence between [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood|Lord Cecil]] and "Louis Dolivet, Secretary, International Peace Campaign; 1936-1944."[^6] The concordance places Dolivet in French Communist politics in the 1930s in association with [[Pierre Cot]] and Münzenberg, and describes him as a leader of the [[Rassemblement Universel pour la Paix]], which it calls an anti-Fascist front with strong Communist and Soviet ties.[^4] The Labour Party archive catalogue lists a letter of August 12, 1936 from Louis Launay to Lord Cecil "explaining reasons why he has resigned as Assistant Secretary of RUP," and correspondence of September 7, 1936 with Launay "re Communist influence in International Peace Campaign."[^7]
A 1969 FBI summary records informants who described Dolivet as an active international Communist agent in Europe in the early 1930s, allegedly active in communist front organizations in [[France]] and [[Switzerland]], and a close associate of Münzenberg. Other informants considered him an inactive but highly placed Soviet agent.[^8] The concordance also lists the cover name "Matus" for an unidentified KGB agent in France used to compromise Dolivet, and names Marta Jansen as Dolivet's secretary in France.[^4]
The Vassiliev notes record a report of June 3, 1942, attributed to "Maxim," which described Michael Straight as ideologically corrupted and recorded the anti-Soviet influence of Dolivet, "who is married to N's sister."[^9] The notes use "Nigel" as the cover name for Michael Straight.[^4]
### Emigration, 1939 to 1941
The accounts of his arrival in the United States differ. The 1945 Doran report, as summarized by the Washington Field Office, states that he "entered the United States on January 9, 1941, and married the sister of MICHAEL STRAIGHT."[^5] The National Archives record says he moved to the USA in 1941.[^1] The concordance says he came to the United States in 1940.[^4] The FBI's 1969 summary refers to his "arrival in the United States in 1939."[^8] The 1968 FBI letter places his emigration in "the late 1930s or early 1940s."[^2]
### Free World and the Free World Association
The first issue of Free World, dated October 1941, carries an article by Dolivet titled "Political War" and a statement that the "International Free World Association" broadcast several times a week to Europe and Latin America.[^10] The masthead names [[Free World, Inc.]], at 55 West Forty-second Street, New York, as owner and publisher, with [[Clark M. Eichelberger]], [[Freda Kirchwey]] and Simon Marcovici Cleja as directors, [[Li Yu-Ying]] as chairman, [[J. Alvarez del Vayo]] as vice-chairman and [[Wou Saofong]] as secretary-treasurer.[^10] The issue's honorary board includes Lord Cecil, described there as "Co-President, International Peace Campaign," [[Albert Einstein]], [[Thomas Mann]] and [[Harold L. Ickes]]; a second list carries the names of [[Norman Angell]], [[Henri Bonnet]], Pierre Cot, Dolivet, Eichelberger, Kirchwey, [[Louis Lipsky]] and [[Chih Meng]].[^10] The December 1941 issue prints the same list with descriptions, among them "Pierre Cot ... Former Minister of the French Republic" and "Louis Dolivet ... Secretary-General, Free World Association," and names Michael Straight on the editorial board.[^11] From the December 1941 issue the directors listed are Eichelberger, Kirchwey, S. M. Cleja and J. Wm. Terry.[^11]
The magazine was entered at the New York post office as second-class matter on September 17, 1941.[^12] The November 1942 masthead replaces Cleja and Terry: Free World, Inc. is owned and published by Louis Dolivet, Freda Kirchwey, Clark M. Eichelberger and [[Frederick McKee]] as directors, with [[Hugh Moore]] and Alvarez del Vayo as vice-chairmen and Beatrice W. Straight as associate treasurer.[^13] A statement of ownership sworn on November 13, 1942 by Wou Saofong lists Beatrice Straight of 22 Gramercy Park among the names given with Kirchwey, Eichelberger and McKee.[^14] The February 1943 issue gives Dolivet as Secretary-General of the Free World Association and co-editor of the magazine.[^15]
The July 1942 issue announces an American section of the Free World Association, chaired by [[Mrs. J. Borden Harriman]], and carries an article by Dolivet titled "Planning for the Future" with the subtitle "Potential Forces of Asia."[^16] The June 1942 issue reports a speech by [[Henry A. Wallace]] at the dinner that closed the second Free World Congress held by the Free World Association, and says it had "awakened in this country and abroad a new interest."[^17] The December 1942 issue lists Michael Straight as chairman of the Commission on Federalism at the Free World congress.[^14]
By the July 1944 masthead the board of Free World, Inc. is given as Li Yu-Ying (chairman), Hugh Moore (executive vice-chairman), Alvarez del Vayo (vice-chairman), Frederick McKee (treasurer) and Wou Saofong (secretary); Dolivet is listed as international editor in the issues of 1946.[^18] The statement of ownership for October 1, 1946 describes Free World, Inc. as a non-profit organization with no stockholders, names Dolivet as international editor, Michael Straight and Max Ascoli on the editorial board, and Dolivet and Michael Straight among the directors with Li Yu-Ying, Hugh Moore, McKee, William Emerson and Wou Saofong.[^19]
A 1968 FBI letter records that through the marriage Dolivet became editor of Free World, which was later changed to [[United Nations World]], and that the magazine was financed mainly by the Straight family.[^2]
### United Nations World
United Nations World began publication in February 1947 with an editorial board chaired by [[Richard J. Walsh]], Dolivet as international editor, and [[Egbert White]] as publisher.[^20] The statement of ownership dated October 1, 1947 and printed in the December 1947 issue names the owner as United Nations World, Inc., 385 Madison Avenue, and Beatrice S. Dolivet, and lists as security holders [[Nelson Rockefeller]], J. H. Whitney (see [[John Hay Whitney]]), Max Ascoli and Editorial Publications, Inc.[^21] The corresponding statement for October 1, 1948, printed in the December 1948 issue and sworn by Egbert White as President of United Nations World, Inc., lists as owners a body of shareholders that includes T. W. Phillips Jr. of Butler, Pennsylvania, Atwell Company (account of John Hay Whitney), H. J. Heinz II, Eliot D. Pratt, Richard J. Walsh, Egbert White, Louis Dolivet and Beatrice S. Dolivet, with Max Ascoli and Atwell & Company among the preferred stockholders.[^22]
The statement for October 1, 1949 was sworn by Dolivet as President of United Nations World, Inc.; it names him as editor, lists [[Marshall Field III]], Free World, Inc. and Funk & Wagnalls Co. among the security holders, and gives the name of the shareholder formerly printed as Beatrice S. Dolivet as Beatrice S. Cookson.[^23] The July 1950 issue reports that the government of Chile had conferred the Star of Grand Officer of the Legion of Merit, "highest decoration awarded to non-nationals," on its editor, Louis Dolivet; the statement printed in the November 1950 issue still names Dolivet as editor, at 563 Park Avenue, and gives the magazine's editorial office as 319 East Forty-fourth Street.[^24]
### United Nations Work
Dolivet's book _The United Nations: A Handbook on the New World Organization_ was published by [[Farrar, Straus and Company]] with a preface by [[Trygve Lie]]; a review in the October 1946 issue of Free World gives it as 152 pages at $1.75, and the same issue prints a condensed chapter on the General Assembly.[^25] The archive.org catalogue lists it under the creator name Louis Dolivet with a date of 1947.[^26]
A cable of April 20, 1953 from the United States High Commissioner for Austria, reporting the visit of [[Roy Cohn]] and [[David Schine]] of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] to the [[United States Information Service]] library in [[Vienna]], records that "a volume called A Handbook to the U.N. by Louis Dolivet had been removed, because of the author’s subsequent political orientation."[^27]
### Marriage to Beatrice Straight
The 1968 FBI letter gives the marriage as February 21, 1942, at [[Des Moines, Iowa]].[^2] The FBI's 1969 summary gives February 21, 1941 and records that the couple were reportedly separated as of September 1950; the 1945 Doran report places his arrival in the United States on January 9, 1941.[^8][^5] The same summary records that in about 1966 Beatrice Straight married the actor [[Peter Cookson]]; a September 1969 FBI teletype records [[Milton Rose]] of [[Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander]] stating that she was formerly married to Dolivet before her marriage to Cookson in or about 1966.[^8][^28] The shareholder lists of United Nations World, Inc. print the name Beatrice S. Dolivet in the statements for October 1, 1947 and October 1, 1948 and Beatrice S. Cookson in the statement for October 1, 1949.[^21][^22][^23]
### The FBI Dan Inquiry and the 1950 Report
In 1968 the Bureau's investigation of an unidentified Soviet subject known as "Dan" considered Dolivet as a possible identity. A New York office letter reviewing its files records that he served in the [[United States Army]] from October 8 to November 23, 1943, that he was in [[Washington, D.C.]] on January 11, 1945 while residing in New York, and that he was suspected by the French of having acted as a British double agent in the United States. The same letter records him as a close friend of [[Philip Noel-Baker]], British Minister of State from 1945 to 1946.[^29] A Bureau memorandum of August 20, 1968 to the New York office found it "unlikely that Dolivet could be identical with the unknown subject."[^30]
The Bureau's letter of 1968 cites a New York report by [[Thomas G. Spencer]] of September 26, 1950, titled "Louis Dolivet, IS-R and FR," which states on page 71 that Dolivet attempted to establish a United Nations journal and tried to interest Nelson Rockefeller and John Hay Whitney in the venture. The same letter cites page 38 of the report, which states that Dolivet was leaving the United States to travel to London as a special correspondent for the General Assembly of the [[United Nations]] Organization, scheduled to begin January 10, 1946.[^2]
### Visa Denial and Later Life
The National Archives record for KV 2/4366 states: "In 1941 he moved to the USA where he continued similar activities until 1950, when he settled in Switzerland after being denied an entry visa by the USA. He later became a film producer and appeared to have given up any communist activity."[^1] The scope notes for KV 2/4367 (March 20, 1951 to May 16, 1953), KV 2/4368 (August 1, 1953 to July 8, 1955) and KV 2/4369 repeat the same description and aliases.[^3] The concordance describes him as "Later a well-know figure in Hollywood."[^4]
A 1969 FBI supplementary memorandum, which says it supplements the summary of September 10, 1969, states that Michael Straight had not been associated with his former brother-in-law in over twenty years, and that Dolivet reportedly resided in [[Paris]], France, and travelled to the United States once or twice a year on business.[^31] A September 1969 teletype from the New York office records Milton Rose as saying that Dolivet was associated with the motion picture industry and comes to the United States once or twice a year on business, and an Episcopal clergyman, a friend of the Straight family, as saying Dolivet was a French citizen who "HAS NOT BEEN IN USA IN YEARS."[^32]
### Footnotes
[^1]: The National Archives (UK), file KV 2/4366, "Louis DOLIVET," covering December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951, Discovery catalogue record C16548843, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16548843 (record data at https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/API/records/v1/details/C16548843; opening date November 28, 2017).
[^2]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, letter to SAC, New York, 1968, "RE: UNSUB; aka Dan," file 65-61067, passages on Dolivet's origins, marriage on February 21, 1942 at Des Moines, Iowa, the Free World magazine, and the 1950 New York report, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^3]: The National Archives (UK), Discovery records KV 2/4365 (C16548842, October 5, 1935 to December 2, 1937), KV 2/4367 (C16548844, March 20, 1951 to May 16, 1953), KV 2/4368 (C16548845, August 1, 1953 to July 8, 1955) and KV 2/4369 (C16548846, July 9, 1955 to February 16, 1959), https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/API/records/v1/details/C16548842 and the parallel record numbers.
[^4]: Wilson Center, "Vassiliev Notebooks and Venona Index Concordance" (update of November 1, 2014), https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/article/Vassiliev-Notebooks-and-Venona-Index-Concordance_update-2014-11-01.pdf, entries "Dolivet, Louis," "Brecher, Ludwig," "Udeanu, Ludovici," "Matus," "Jansen, Marta" and "Nigel."
[^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington Field Office report (file 65-6216 series) in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," passage summarizing the report of Special Agent John N. Doran, New York, July 1945, "LOUIS DOLIVET, with aliases; INTERNAL SECURITY-R; REGISTRATION ACT," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^6]: British Library, Cecil of Chelwood Papers, vol. LXXIII (ff. 192), catalogue record, https://searcharchives.bl.uk/catalog/040-001958988, entries "Dolivet, Louis, writer, editor, producer and alleged spy, 1908-1989" and "ff. 84-192v. Louis Dolivet, Secretary, International Peace Campaign; 1936-1944."
[^7]: Labour Party archive, International Department series LP/ID/CI/74, items 49 (Louis Launay to Lord Cecil, August 12, 1936) and 52-55 (correspondence with Launay, September 7, 1936), as catalogued in The National Archives Discovery, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ (search "Rassemblement Universel").
[^8]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969, section "Information Concerning Former Brother-in-law, Louis Dolivet," in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^9]: Vassiliev, White Notebook #3 (English translation), pp. 119 to 123, entry of June 3, 1942 attributed to "Maxim," https://digitalarchive.umd.edu/node/88908.
[^10]: Free World, October 1941 (Vol. 1, No. 1), contents ("Political War," Louis Dolivet, p. 64), masthead, editorial statement on the International Free World Association, and honorary and international board lists, https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946 (item file "Free World v01n01 (1941-10) (unz.org)").
[^11]: Free World, December 1941 (Vol. 1, No. 3), masthead and board lists with descriptions, and round-table participant list ("Louis Dolivet, Secretary-General of the Free World Association"), https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946 (item file "Free World v01n03 (1941-12) (unz.org)").
[^12]: Free World, May 1943 (Vol. 5, No. 5), masthead, "Entered as second class matter September 17, 1941, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y.," https://archive.org/details/free-world_1943-05_5_5.
[^13]: Free World, November 1942 (Vol. 4, No. 2), masthead, "owned and published monthly by FREE WORLD, INC., 55 West Forty-second Street, New York," https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-11_4_2.
[^14]: Free World, December 1942 (Vol. 4, No. 3), statement of ownership sworn November 13, 1942 (signed Wousaofong, Secretary-Treasurer) and congress program listing "Chairman, Michael Straight" for the Commission on Federalism, https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-12_4_3 and https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946.
[^15]: Free World, February 1943 (Vol. 5, No. 2), contributors page, "LOUIS DOLIVET Secretary-General, Free World Association; co-editor, Free World," https://archive.org/details/free-world_1943-02_5_2.
[^16]: Free World, July 1942 (Vol. 3, No. 2), cover and contents ("Planning for the Future," "Potential Forces of Asia," by Louis Dolivet), and the Declaration of the Free World Association with the American section, chaired by Mrs. J. Borden Harriman, https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-07_3_2.
[^17]: Free World, June 1942 (Vol. 3, No. 1), editorial passage on the speech by Vice-President Wallace at the dinner that closed the second Free World Congress, https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-06_3_1.
[^18]: Free World, July 1944 (Vol. 8, No. 1), masthead, and January 1946 (Vol. 11, No. 1), October 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 3) and December 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 5), mastheads ("International Editor: LOUIS DOLIVET"), https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946.
[^19]: Free World, December 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 5), "Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc." for October 1, 1946, sworn by Samson Trop, Assistant to the Publisher, https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946.
[^20]: United Nations World, February 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 1) and September 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 7), mastheads ("EDITORIAL BOARD: Richard J. Walsh, Chairman; Louis Dolivet, International Editor"; "PUBLISHER: Egbert White"), https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-02_1_1 and https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-09_1_7.
[^21]: United Nations World, December 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 10), statement of ownership for October 1, 1947, https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-12_1_10.
[^22]: United Nations World, December 1948 (Vol. 2, No. 11), statement of ownership, https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1948-12_2_11.
[^23]: United Nations World, November 1949 (Vol. 3, No. 11), statement of ownership for October 1, 1949 sworn by Louis Dolivet as President of United Nations World, Inc., https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1949-11_3_11.
[^24]: United Nations World, July 1950 (Vol. 4, No. 7), "Chile Honors Editor," https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1950-07_4_7; November 1950 (Vol. 4, No. 11), masthead and statement of ownership, https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1950-11_4_11.
[^25]: Free World, October 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 3), review of "The United Nations: A Handbook on the New World Organization, by Louis Dolivet, with a preface by Trygve Lie, Farrar, Straus. 1946. 152 pages. $1.75," and "The General Assembly" by Louis Dolivet, https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946.
[^26]: Internet Archive, catalogue record for _The United Nations: A Handbook on the New World Organization_, creator "Louis Dolivet," publisher "Farrar, Straus and Company," item unitednationshan0000loui, https://archive.org/details/unitednationshan0000loui.
[^27]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952 to 1954, General: Economic and Political Matters, Volume I, Part 2, Document 213, The United States High Commissioner for Austria (Thompson) to the Department of State, Vienna, April 20, 1953 (No. 1754, confidential), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v01p2/d213.
[^28]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, teletype reporting an investigation of September 3, 1969 by Special Agent Ernest W. Minton at the law firm Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander, 20 Broad Street, New York, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^29]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York office letter (file 65-16090) responding to the Bureau's inquiry whether Dolivet could be the unidentified subject "Dan," in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^30]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, memorandum from the Director to SAC, New York, August 20, 1968, "UNSUB; aka Dan (SOVMET) ESP-R," file 65-61067, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^31]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, supplementary memorandum of 1969 (stating that it supplements the summary memorandum of September 10, 1969), passage on Louis Dolivet and Michael Straight, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^32]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, teletype of September 1969 (reply to a New York conversation of September 10, 1969) reporting the statements of Milton Rose and an Episcopal clergyman, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.

90
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Max Ascoli.md
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@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ relations:
start: 1949
end: 1968
role: "editor and publisher"
fn: 17
fn: 19
- type: owned
with: "[[Fortnightly Corporation]]"
role: "stockholder with Marion Rosenwald Ascoli and Nathan W. Levin (1963 application record)"
fn: 26
fn: 28
- type: owned
with: "[[Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company]]"
start: 1963
role: "vice president and director; owned through Fortnightly Corporation (WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia)"
fn: 26
fn: 28
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Marion Rosenwald Ascoli]]"
start: 1940
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ relations:
with: "[[Fight for Freedom]]"
start: 1941
role: "donor described by Mark Chadwin as particularly generous, as reported by Thomas Mahl"
fn: 13
fn: 14
- type: funded
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
reverse: true
@ -75,17 +75,17 @@ relations:
with: "[[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]]"
start: 1942
role: "listed as Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs in a February 18, 1942 Coordinator of Information memorandum; associate director of cultural relations per Fermi"
fn: 15
fn: 17
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "CIAA representative at the Committee's meetings"
fn: 15
fn: 17
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Committee on United Europe]]"
role: "listed among the mass-media members of the 1950 membership in a secondary account drawn from the Rebattet thesis"
fn: 23
fn: 25
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision"
@ -121,27 +121,29 @@ In 1940 Ascoli married Marion Rosenwald Stern, a daughter of [[Julius Rosenwald]
Camurri names Ascoli among the founders of the Mazzini Society in 1939, with [[Roberto Bolaffio]], [[Renato Poggioli]], [[Michele Cantarella]], Salvemini and [[Lionello Venturi]], and gives his presidency as 1940 to 1943, adding that Ascoli and his family contributed substantially to the support of the organization.[^1] Fermi dates the society's creation to 1940 and writes that Ascoli was appointed its first president and Salvemini its honorary president; that in early 1941 it was broadcasting from Boston to Italy; that it began the weekly *Nazioni Unite* in March 1942; and that its political contacts with the American government "were not extensive and, at least at the beginning, limited to the Intelligence Service." She also writes that he was named president in 1940 and "the following year resigned" because the society was in New York while his wartime duties required him in Washington.[^10] Richet, summarizing Grippa, calls him one of the leaders of the society and an agent of the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] during the war.[^4]
[[Thomas E. Mahl]] reports that the secret "BSC Account" of [[British Security Coordination]] stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society headed by Ascoli, and quotes a July 1941 report by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the [[Special Operations Executive]] that a subsidy had been paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts from the Boston radio station [[WRUL]].[^13] Mahl also writes that Ascoli was one of the donors listed by [[Mark Chadwin]] as particularly generous to [[Fight for Freedom]], a committee Mahl describes as a British intelligence front, and that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^13] The [[Princeton University]] finding aid for the Fight for Freedom, Inc. records lists a correspondence folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^14]
The Communist monthly *Lo Stato Operaio* reported in June and July 1942 that at a congress of the society a proposal from the Republican group, to take the initiative in a wider front of anti-fascist action without exclusion of any political tendency, was rejected by 627 votes to 238.[^13] The same account gives Ascoli, as president, telling the congress that before the American government "any rapprochement with the Communists would be extremely harmful" (in the periodical's Italian, "qualsiasi avvicinamento ai comunisti sarebbe estremamente nocivo").[^13] That account thus has him presiding in mid-1942, the year after the resignation Fermi describes and within the 1940 to 1943 presidency Camurri gives. The article also gives the society's total membership, by agreement with its leadership, as exactly 627 in the United States, and has [[Augusto Bellanca]] saying at the congress that all the society's successes with the American authorities depended on its reputation as liberals untainted by extremist infiltration.[^13]
[[Thomas E. Mahl]] reports that the secret "BSC Account" of [[British Security Coordination]] stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society headed by Ascoli, and quotes a July 1941 report by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the [[Special Operations Executive]] that a subsidy had been paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts from the Boston radio station [[WRUL]].[^14] Mahl also writes that Ascoli was one of the donors listed by [[Mark Chadwin]] as particularly generous to [[Fight for Freedom]], a committee Mahl describes as a British intelligence front, and that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^14] The [[Princeton University]] finding aid for the Fight for Freedom, Inc. records lists a correspondence folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^15]
### Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, 1942
Camurri lists among Ascoli's institutional affiliations of the late 1930s and early 1940s the Bureau of Latin America Relations, the Inter-American Affairs office of Nelson Rockefeller, the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], the [[Council for Democracy]] and the [[Committee for a National Trade Policy]].[^1] Fermi states that at the time of his resignation from the Mazzini presidency he was associate director of cultural relations in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.[^10]
Released minutes and memoranda of the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], filed in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room under an [[Office of Strategic Services]] heading, record Ascoli at the committee's weekly meetings, convened by [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]], Assistant Secretary of State, at the State Department from February to April 1942. A memorandum of the [[Coordinator of Information]] (the predecessor agency of the OSS) by [[DeWitt C. Poole]] to [[John C. Wiley]], dated February 11, 1942, names "Mr. Nelson Rockefeller, Dr. Max Ascoli and Mr. Wallace K. Harrison of the Office of the Coordinator for Latin American Relations" among those present, and Poole's memorandum of February 18, 1942 lists "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs." Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 to the Secretary of War gives the CIAA members as "Mr. N. A Rockefeller; Mr. Wallace K. Harrison; Dr. Ascoli." The minutes list him as CIAA representative at the sixth meeting (March 11, with Rockefeller and Harrison), the seventh (March 18), the ninth (April 15) and the tenth (April 29).[^15]
Released minutes and memoranda of the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], filed in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room under an [[Office of Strategic Services]] heading, record Ascoli at the committee's weekly meetings, convened by [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]], Assistant Secretary of State, at the State Department from February to April 1942. A memorandum of the [[Coordinator of Information]] (the predecessor agency of the OSS) by [[DeWitt C. Poole]] to [[John C. Wiley]], dated February 11, 1942, names "Mr. Nelson Rockefeller, Dr. Max Ascoli and Mr. Wallace K. Harrison of the Office of the Coordinator for Latin American Relations" among those present, and Poole's memorandum of February 18, 1942 lists "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs." Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 to the Secretary of War gives the CIAA members as "Mr. N. A Rockefeller; Mr. Wallace K. Harrison; Dr. Ascoli." A Foreign Nationalities Branch position report of March 11, 1942 records that, in connection with a report on Greek politics in the Western Hemisphere, cooperation was being established with "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs."[^16] The minutes list him as CIAA representative at the sixth meeting (March 11, with Rockefeller and Harrison), the seventh (March 18), the ninth (April 15) and the tenth (April 29).[^17]
The March 11 minutes record that Ascoli reported, on information from "Mr. Romualdi, a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America," that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited there for an anti-Fascist Italian legion, that interest was most intense in Uruguay, and that a cable be sent to the embassy in Montevideo about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and Argentina. A Coordinator of Information memorandum to Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] of the same date lists Rockefeller, Ascoli and Harrison among those present, and the same memorandum records Ascoli describing Salvemini's skepticism about the number of probable recruits for an Italian legion as "undoubtedly excessive" and suggesting that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to Africa as "missionaries." At the April 15 meeting, "Dr. Ascoli for CIAA" referred to the problem of Mexicans in the southwest and offered the assistance of his organization, and Berle suggested that Cramer of the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice and Ascoli meet with [[Jonathan Daniels]] of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] to work out plans on the "color" problem.[^15]
The March 11 minutes record that Ascoli reported, on information from "Mr. Romualdi, a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America," that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited there for an anti-Fascist Italian legion, that interest was most intense in Uruguay, and that a cable be sent to the embassy in Montevideo about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and Argentina. A Coordinator of Information memorandum to Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] of the same date lists Rockefeller, Ascoli and Harrison among those present, and the same memorandum records Ascoli describing Salvemini's skepticism about the number of probable recruits for an Italian legion as "undoubtedly excessive" and suggesting that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to Africa as "missionaries." At the April 15 meeting, "Dr. Ascoli for CIAA" referred to the problem of Mexicans in the southwest and offered the assistance of his organization, and Berle suggested that Cramer of the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice and Ascoli meet with [[Jonathan Daniels]] of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] to work out plans on the "color" problem.[^17]
[[Hugh Wilford]] writes that during the war Ascoli "worked alongside Nelson Rockefeller, John Hay Whitney, and C. D. Jackson," although Jackson never warmed to him.[^16]
[[Hugh Wilford]] writes that during the war Ascoli "worked alongside Nelson Rockefeller, John Hay Whitney, and C. D. Jackson," although Jackson never warmed to him.[^18]
### The Reporter, 1949 to 1968
The June 21, 1949 issue of The Reporter lists Ascoli as "Editor & Publisher," says the magazine was published every other Tuesday by [[Fortnightly Publishing Company]], a limited partnership, and lists [[Douglass Cater]] on the staff.[^17] By December 1955 the masthead gives Ascoli as editor and [[Harlan Cleveland]] as publisher, with [[The Reporter Magazine Company]] at 136 East 57th Street; in 1961 he is "Editor and Publisher," with Cater as Washington editor, and the company at 660 Madison Avenue.[^18][^19] Fermi writes that Ascoli wrote an editorial for each issue, decided policy and chose authors, and that the magazine's existence depended on "the never-sufficiently-eulogized assistance of American money."[^10]
The June 21, 1949 issue of The Reporter lists Ascoli as "Editor & Publisher," says the magazine was published every other Tuesday by [[Fortnightly Publishing Company]], a limited partnership, and lists [[Douglass Cater]] on the staff.[^19] By December 1955 the masthead gives Ascoli as editor and [[Harlan Cleveland]] as publisher, with [[The Reporter Magazine Company]] at 136 East 57th Street; in 1961 he is "Editor and Publisher," with Cater as Washington editor, and the company at 660 Madison Avenue.[^20][^21] Fermi writes that Ascoli wrote an editorial for each issue, decided policy and chose authors, and that the magazine's existence depended on "the never-sufficiently-eulogized assistance of American money."[^10]
Wilford writes that The Reporter had "intimate ties to the U.S. intelligence community," that there is no evidence Ascoli received covert payments "in the same manner as" the editor of The New Leader, "although this is perhaps not surprising, given the apparent destruction of The Reporter's financial records," and that Ascoli had "conspicuous access to wealth" through his wife. Wilford identifies [[Philip Horton]] and Douglass Cater as ex-OSS officers who kept their intelligence connections, states that Horton served briefly as the CIA's first station chief in Paris before joining Time and then The Reporter as Ascoli's second in command, and that Horton used contacts with Donovan, [[Allen Dulles]] and [[James Jesus Angleton]] to enhance foreign coverage. Wilford adds that Cater helped found the [[United States National Student Association]] and later served in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] White House, and that The Reporter had ties to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], the American Committee on United Europe, the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] and the Vietnam Lobby.[^16]
Wilford writes that The Reporter had "intimate ties to the U.S. intelligence community," that there is no evidence Ascoli received covert payments "in the same manner as" the editor of The New Leader, "although this is perhaps not surprising, given the apparent destruction of The Reporter's financial records," and that Ascoli had "conspicuous access to wealth" through his wife. Wilford identifies [[Philip Horton]] and Douglass Cater as ex-OSS officers who kept their intelligence connections, states that Horton served briefly as the CIA's first station chief in Paris before joining Time and then The Reporter as Ascoli's second in command, and that Horton used contacts with Donovan, [[Allen Dulles]] and [[James Jesus Angleton]] to enhance foreign coverage. Wilford adds that Cater helped found the [[United States National Student Association]] and later served in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] White House, and that The Reporter had ties to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], the American Committee on United Europe, the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] and the Vietnam Lobby.[^18]
A CIA memorandum dated March 19, 1952 concerns "The China Lobby" by [[Charles Christian Wertenbaker]], written for The Reporter. Its author, an assistant to the Director, reports that Wertenbaker invited him to review the piece before publication, and that the text would go to Philip Horton, assistant editor, who would edit it. The memorandum says the piece ran to 30,000 to 35,000 words in two installments beginning in early April 1952, and that the magazine "presumably" was building a promotional campaign around it. Wertenbaker had notified Ascoli, "editor and publisher," that he could not devote any more time to the piece.[^20]
A CIA memorandum dated March 19, 1952 concerns "The China Lobby" by [[Charles Christian Wertenbaker]], written for The Reporter. Its author, an assistant to the Director, reports that Wertenbaker invited him to review the piece before publication, and that the text would go to Philip Horton, assistant editor, who would edit it. The memorandum says the piece ran to 30,000 to 35,000 words in two installments beginning in early April 1952, and that the magazine "presumably" was building a promotional campaign around it. Wertenbaker had notified Ascoli, "editor and publisher," that he could not devote any more time to the piece.[^22]
[[Hans Renders]], reviewing [[Elke van Cassel]]'s history of the magazine, writes that the Reporter, against the prevailing anticommunism of the period, attacked the witch hunt of [[Joseph McCarthy]], and that it kept alive the American tradition of investigative journalism through the conformist 1950s.[^21]
[[Hans Renders]], reviewing [[Elke van Cassel]]'s history of the magazine, writes that the Reporter, against the prevailing anticommunism of the period, attacked the witch hunt of [[Joseph McCarthy]], and that it kept alive the American tradition of investigative journalism through the conformist 1950s.[^23]
### Senator Bridges, 1954
@ -149,34 +151,34 @@ On August 19, 1954 Senator [[Styles Bridges]] attacked The Reporter in a Senate
### Allen Dulles and the American Committee on United Europe
[[Richard Aldrich]] describes the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE) as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]], and as officially incorporated in February 1949. William J. Donovan was its chairman, Dulles its vice-chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, its executive director, with day-to-day administration in Braden's hands. Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^22]
[[Richard Aldrich]] describes the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE) as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]], and as officially incorporated in February 1949. William J. Donovan was its chairman, Dulles its vice-chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, its executive director, with day-to-day administration in Braden's hands. Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^24]
[[David Barnby]], drawing on that 1962 Oxford thesis on the European Movement, writes that ACUE had a membership of 380 in 1950 and lists, among 29 media figures, "Dr. Max Ascoli, publisher of (The Reporter)."[^23] Wilford lists the American Committee on United Europe among the Agency fronts with which The Reporter had ties.[^16]
[[David Barnby]], drawing on that 1962 Oxford thesis on the European Movement, writes that ACUE had a membership of 380 in 1950 and lists, among 29 media figures, "Dr. Max Ascoli, publisher of (The Reporter)."[^25] Wilford lists the American Committee on United Europe among the Agency fronts with which The Reporter had ties.[^18]
A copy of a February 7, 1958 letter from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers to Dulles, then Director of Central Intelligence, thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses the list of participants, which includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^24] The 1968 closing file of The Reporter in the Ascoli papers indexes a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles, dated May 27, among letters from friends of Ascoli expressing regret at the closing.[^25]
A copy of a February 7, 1958 letter from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers to Dulles, then Director of Central Intelligence, thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses the list of participants, which includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^26] The 1968 closing file of The Reporter in the Ascoli papers indexes a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles, dated May 27, among letters from friends of Ascoli expressing regret at the closing.[^27]
### Fortnightly Corporation and the Clarksburg television station, 1959 to 1963
In an application filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on March 21, 1963 for assignment of the license of television station WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia, from Rust Craft Broadcasting Company to Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company, the published notice lists the officers of the purchaser as including Max Ascoli, vice president and director, and Marion R. Ascoli, vice president and director, with Nathan W. Levin as president, treasurer and director. It states that [[Fortnightly Corporation]] was the sole stockholder of the purchaser, that Max Ascoli and Marion R. Ascoli were vice presidents and directors of Fortnightly, and that "The stockholders of Fortnightly Corporation are: Max Ascoli, Marion R. Ascoli, and Nathan W. Levin."[^26]
In an application filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on March 21, 1963 for assignment of the license of television station WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia, from Rust Craft Broadcasting Company to Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company, the published notice lists the officers of the purchaser as including Max Ascoli, vice president and director, and Marion R. Ascoli, vice president and director, with Nathan W. Levin as president, treasurer and director. It states that [[Fortnightly Corporation]] was the sole stockholder of the purchaser, that Max Ascoli and Marion R. Ascoli were vice presidents and directors of Fortnightly, and that "The stockholders of Fortnightly Corporation are: Max Ascoli, Marion R. Ascoli, and Nathan W. Levin."[^28]
The brief of the appellants, the Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company, in their appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] against the Commission's approval, states that Fortnightly owned and operated community antenna (cable) systems in Clarksburg and Fairmont, West Virginia; that in March 1959 it had bought the stock of Schwager-Wood Corporation of Portland, Oregon, a manufacturer of electrical switches used mainly by public utilities, which became a division of Fortnightly and was later divested; and that Fortnightly urged approval of the sale on the grounds that it was familiar with the area, that pending litigation between Rust Craft and Fortnightly would be resolved, and that acquisition of WBOY "would give Fortnightly, owner and publisher of the Reporter Magazine, an additional medium for public discussion of national affairs."[^26]
The brief of the appellants, the Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company, in their appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] against the Commission's approval, states that Fortnightly owned and operated community antenna (cable) systems in Clarksburg and Fairmont, West Virginia; that in March 1959 it had bought the stock of Schwager-Wood Corporation of Portland, Oregon, a manufacturer of electrical switches used mainly by public utilities, which became a division of Fortnightly and was later divested; and that Fortnightly urged approval of the sale on the grounds that it was familiar with the area, that pending litigation between Rust Craft and Fortnightly would be resolved, and that acquisition of WBOY "would give Fortnightly, owner and publisher of the Reporter Magazine, an additional medium for public discussion of national affairs."[^28]
### Closing, 1968
In April 1968 the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that The Reporter would cease publication with its June 13 issue. Circulation had risen to 210,000 in the final half of 1967, from 172,000 five years earlier, while advertising had fallen to 401 pages in 1967 from 843 pages in 1963. The magazine had run a deficit in each of its nineteen years, and the deficits "have been met by" Ascoli and his wife Marion, "who are sole owners." The Journal described the magazine as having drifted rightward and as one of a handful of national magazines with a hawkish stand on the Vietnam war. Some features and two of its 54 employees were taken over by [[Harper's Magazine]], and Ascoli was to contribute an essay each month to Harper's.[^27]
In April 1968 the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that The Reporter would cease publication with its June 13 issue. Circulation had risen to 210,000 in the final half of 1967, from 172,000 five years earlier, while advertising had fallen to 401 pages in 1967 from 843 pages in 1963. The magazine had run a deficit in each of its nineteen years, and the deficits "have been met by" Ascoli and his wife Marion, "who are sole owners." The Journal described the magazine as having drifted rightward and as one of a handful of national magazines with a hawkish stand on the Vietnam war. Some features and two of its 54 employees were taken over by [[Harper's Magazine]], and Ascoli was to contribute an essay each month to Harper's.[^29]
The index of names for the 1968 closing letters includes [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry Kissinger]], Adolf Berle, [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], [[Theodore H. White]], [[William Rosenwald]], [[Paul Douglas]] and [[John Dos Passos]], as well as Dulles.[^25] Ascoli died in New York on January 1, 1978.[^1]
The index of names for the 1968 closing letters includes [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry Kissinger]], Adolf Berle, [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], [[Theodore H. White]], [[William Rosenwald]], [[Paul Douglas]] and [[John Dos Passos]], as well as Dulles.[^27] Ascoli died in New York on January 1, 1978.[^1]
### Papers
Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at Boston University, whose Special Collections keep the editorial files of The Reporter.[^2] The Italian Senate's historical archive holds a federated description of a "Max Ascoli Collections" fonds with the Gotlieb Center as custodian, listed at 209 boxes. Its Reporter series includes a historical file of 1947 to 1950, editorial correspondence from 1949 to about 1968, killed manuscripts, libel files, letters to the editor and a closing file. Its personal series contains correspondence from 1934 to 1978 and thematic files on institutions with which Ascoli worked.[^28]
Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at Boston University, whose Special Collections keep the editorial files of The Reporter.[^2] The Italian Senate's historical archive holds a federated description of a "Max Ascoli Collections" fonds with the Gotlieb Center as custodian, listed at 209 boxes. Its Reporter series includes a historical file of 1947 to 1950, editorial correspondence from 1949 to about 1968, killed manuscripts, libel files, letters to the editor and a closing file. Its personal series contains correspondence from 1934 to 1978 and thematic files on institutions with which Ascoli worked.[^30]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Renato Camurri, biographical note, "Max Ascoli 1898 - 1978," in Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, federated fonds Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Max Ascoli, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli (Italian; translated). Sole source for the Giovane Italia investigation as the reason for the 1928 arrest, the Camerino and Cagliari teaching posts, the Frankfurter introduction to Johnson, the Mazzini Society presidency of 1940 to 1943, the list of institutional affiliations, the 1949 end of the academic career and the death on January 1, 1978.
[^2]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Sole source for the address-book account of the 1928 arrest, the "cradle of Fascism" phrase and the Gotlieb Center holdings.
[^3]: "The Reporter's Notes," *The Reporter*, September 23, 1954 (Vol. 11, No. 5), pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5, excerpting Max Ascoli's reply to Senator Bridges (Congressional Record, September 3, 1954, pp. A6583-A6585) and citing Bridges's speech of August 19, 1954 (Congressional Record, pp. 14472-14480). Sole source for Ascoli's own account of the 1928 arrest, the Einaudi fellowship offer and Handicraft Development, Inc.
[^4]: Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, *Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti. Democrazia e identità nazionale nel pensiero di Max Ascoli (1898-1947)*, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/. Sole source for the Grippa biography's account of the Mazzini Society and State Department service, as reported by the reviewer, and for the mentorship, *Intelligence in Politics* (1936) and the citizenship in 1940.
[^1]: Renato Camurri, biographical note, "Max Ascoli 1898 - 1978," in Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, federated fonds Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Max Ascoli, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli (Italian; translated).
[^2]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm.
[^3]: "The Reporter's Notes," *The Reporter*, September 23, 1954 (Vol. 11, No. 5), pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5, excerpting Max Ascoli's reply to Senator Bridges (Congressional Record, September 3, 1954, pp. A6583-A6585) and citing Bridges's speech of August 19, 1954 (Congressional Record, pp. 14472-14480).
[^4]: Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, *Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti. Democrazia e identità nazionale nel pensiero di Max Ascoli (1898-1947)*, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
[^5]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, *New School: A History of the New School for Social Research* (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
[^6]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), note 21 and note 116, https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^7]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B (Non-Grantees), box 38, folder 46, "Ascoli, Max 1933-1935, 1939-1943," https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922.
@ -185,19 +187,21 @@ Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at B
[^10]: Laura Fermi, *Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930-41* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 118-119 (Mazzini Society; "Political contacts" sentence at p. 119) and pp. 283-284 (The Reporter; the 1940 presidency, resignation and CIAA position at p. 284), p. 336 (Modigliani), https://archive.org/details/illustriousimmig0000unse.
[^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^12]: Glenn Fowler, "Marion Rosenwald Ascoli, 88, Longtime Advocate for Children," *New York Times*, October 2, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/obituaries/marion-rosenwald-ascoli-88-longtime-advocate-for-children.html. The obituary states that Marion was a daughter of Julius Rosenwald, that she married Alfred K. Stern and was divorced in 1936, that she married Dr. Ascoli in 1940, and that he died in 1978.
[^13]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24 and 31 and the biographical entry for Ascoli at p. 190 (index: Ascoli, 24, 31, 190); the Morrell quotation appears in the chapter on front groups. Mahl cites Mark Lincoln Chadwin, *The Warhawks* (1968) for the donor list.
[^14]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^15]: CIA reading room, "OSS: Memoranda on meetings of the Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems," CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: pp. 39-41 (Poole to Wiley, February 11, 1942), p. 34 (Poole to Wiley, February 18, 1942), pp. 29-30 (Berle to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1942, postscript listing members), pp. 17-18 (minutes of the sixth meeting, March 11, 1942), p. 12 (seventh meeting, March 18), pp. 22-24 (memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 11), pp. 72-75 (ninth meeting, April 15) and p. 5 (tenth meeting, April 29). The minutes give the abbreviation as CIAA; the March 11 and 18 lists print it as OCIAA.
[^16]: Hugh Wilford, *The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231, with endnotes citing the C. D. Jackson Papers and the Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers.
[^17]: *The Reporter*, June 21, 1949 (Vol. 1, No. 5), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1949-06-21_1_5_0.
[^18]: *The Reporter*, December 15, 1955 (Vol. 13, No. 10), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1955-12-15_13_10_0.
[^19]: *The Reporter*, November 23, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 9), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1961-11-23_25_9.
[^20]: CIA memorandum for the Director, "Magazine Piece: 'The China Lobby' by Charles Christian Wertenbaker (for Reporter magazine)," March 19, 1952, CIA-RDP57-00384R000200090021-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000200090021-0. The memorandum's author is redacted in the released copy. Sole source for the pre-publication contact.
[^21]: Hans Renders, review of Elke van Cassel, *A Cold War Magazine of Causes: A Critical History of The Reporter, 1949-1968* (self-published, 573 pp.), "Culturele propaganda," *Media Facts* (2007), p. 45, https://hansrendersarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Elke-van-Cassel-A-cold-war-magazine-History-of-the-reporter-Media-Facts-1020074.pdf. Dutch-language review, translated. Sole source for the magazine's position on McCarthy.
[^22]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 184-227, at pp. 192 (leadership) and 211-212 (Braden's assertion; the Rabattet passage), DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf. The quoted sentence is Aldrich's account of Rabattet's conclusion.
[^23]: David Barnby, *The EU: A Corporatist Racket* (Orinoco Standard, 2014), pp. 85-88, citing F. X. Rebattet, "The European Movement 1945-1953" (thesis, 1962, Bodleian Library, Oxford). Self-published secondary account; the names are stated there to be taken from the thesis.
[^24]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, with program and participant list, "Conference on America's Human Resources," CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^25]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, "Letters expressing regrets upon closing of The Reporter from personal friends of Max Ascoli, 1968," index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968. The index lists "Dulles Allen W., photocopy TL May 27" among letters with carbon replies from Ascoli.
[^26]: *Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company v. Federal Communications Commission*, No. 18,738 (D.C. Cir.), brief for appellants and transcript of record (statement of questions presented and statement of facts, including the published notice of the March 1963 application), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1964_18738_citizens_tv_protest_comm_et_al_v_fed_comm_commn.
[^27]: "Reporter Magazine To Stop Publication With June 13 Issue," *Wall Street Journal*, April 10, 1968 (stamped copy in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100620020-5), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100620020-5. The article is credited to a Wall Street Journal staff reporter and names Ascoli and his wife Marion as the magazine's sole owners.
[^28]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, "Max Ascoli" fonds, introduction ("Introduzione archivistica"), https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli/introduzione.
[^13]: *Lo Stato Operaio*, vol. II, nos. 6-7 (June-July 1942), article "Il Congresso della Mazzini" (Italian; translated). https://archive.org/details/lo-stato-operaio_june-july-1942_2_6-7
[^14]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24 and 31 and the biographical entry for Ascoli at p. 190 (index: Ascoli, 24, 31, 190); the Morrell quotation appears in the chapter on front groups. Mahl cites Mark Lincoln Chadwin, *The Warhawks* (1968) for the donor list.
[^15]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^16]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Foreign Nationalities Branch, "Position and Relations as of March 11, 1942," p. 1 (PDF p. 248). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7
[^17]: CIA reading room, "OSS: Memoranda on meetings of the Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems," CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: pp. 39-41 (Poole to Wiley, February 11, 1942), p. 34 (Poole to Wiley, February 18, 1942), pp. 29-30 (Berle to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1942, postscript listing members), pp. 17-18 (minutes of the sixth meeting, March 11, 1942), p. 12 (seventh meeting, March 18), pp. 22-24 (memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 11), pp. 72-75 (ninth meeting, April 15) and p. 5 (tenth meeting, April 29). The minutes give the abbreviation as CIAA; the March 11 and 18 lists print it as OCIAA.
[^18]: Hugh Wilford, *The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231, with endnotes citing the C. D. Jackson Papers and the Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers.
[^19]: *The Reporter*, June 21, 1949 (Vol. 1, No. 5), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1949-06-21_1_5_0.
[^20]: *The Reporter*, December 15, 1955 (Vol. 13, No. 10), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1955-12-15_13_10_0.
[^21]: *The Reporter*, November 23, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 9), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1961-11-23_25_9.
[^22]: CIA memorandum for the Director, "Magazine Piece: 'The China Lobby' by Charles Christian Wertenbaker (for Reporter magazine)," March 19, 1952, CIA-RDP57-00384R000200090021-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000200090021-0. The memorandum's author is redacted in the released copy.
[^23]: Hans Renders, review of Elke van Cassel, *A Cold War Magazine of Causes: A Critical History of The Reporter, 1949-1968* (self-published, 573 pp.), "Culturele propaganda," *Media Facts* (2007), p. 45, https://hansrendersarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Elke-van-Cassel-A-cold-war-magazine-History-of-the-reporter-Media-Facts-1020074.pdf. Dutch-language review, translated.
[^24]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 184-227, at pp. 192 (leadership) and 211-212 (Braden's assertion; the Rabattet passage), DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf. The quoted sentence is Aldrich's account of Rabattet's conclusion.
[^25]: David Barnby, *The EU: A Corporatist Racket* (Orinoco Standard, 2014), pp. 85-88, citing F. X. Rebattet, "The European Movement 1945-1953" (thesis, 1962, Bodleian Library, Oxford). Self-published secondary account; the names are stated there to be taken from the thesis.
[^26]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, with program and participant list, "Conference on America's Human Resources," CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^27]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, "Letters expressing regrets upon closing of The Reporter from personal friends of Max Ascoli, 1968," index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968. The index lists "Dulles Allen W., photocopy TL May 27" among letters with carbon replies from Ascoli.
[^28]: *Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company v. Federal Communications Commission*, No. 18,738 (D.C. Cir.), brief for appellants and transcript of record (statement of questions presented and statement of facts, including the published notice of the March 1963 application), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1964_18738_citizens_tv_protest_comm_et_al_v_fed_comm_commn.
[^29]: "Reporter Magazine To Stop Publication With June 13 Issue," *Wall Street Journal*, April 10, 1968 (stamped copy in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100620020-5), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100620020-5. The article is credited to a Wall Street Journal staff reporter and names Ascoli and his wife Marion as the magazine's sole owners.
[^30]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, "Max Ascoli" fonds, introduction ("Introduzione archivistica"), https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli/introduzione.

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@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
---
aliases:
- Porter Goss
- Porter J. Goss
- Porter Johnston Goss
category: "Political Figure"
tags:
- Politician
- Congressman
- CIADirector
- CIAOfficer
- HPSCI
- NROCommission
- JointInquiry
- NineElevenInquiry
- Cunningham
- KyleFoggo
- InterrogationTapes
- Sanibel
- FARARegistrant
summary: "Former CIA clandestine services officer, Florida congressman, House intelligence chairman from 1997, co-chair of the 2000 National Reconnaissance Office commission, and CIA director from 2004 to 2006."
location: "Sanibel, Florida"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[United States House of Representatives]]"
role: "representative, Florida 13th district, then 14th district"
start: 1989-01-03
end: 2004-09-23
fn: 10
- type: head_of
with: "[[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]"
role: "chairman, 105th through 108th Congresses"
start: 1997-01
end: 2004-09-23
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "clandestine services officer, Directorate of Operations"
start: 1962
end: 1972
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Director of Central Intelligence, then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency"
start: 2004-09-24
end: 2006-05
fn: 6
- type: appointed
with: "[[George W. Bush]]"
reverse: true
role: "nominated Director of Central Intelligence, August 10, 2004; confirmed 77 to 17 on September 22, 2004"
start: 2004-08-10
end: 2004-09-22
fn: 2
- type: member_of
with: "[[National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office]]"
role: "co-chair"
start: 2000-02-01
end: 2000-11
fn: 5
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Bob Kerrey]]"
role: "co-chair, National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office"
start: 2000-02-01
end: 2000-11
fn: 5
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Bob Graham]]"
role: "chairmen of the House and Senate intelligence committees who led the joint inquiry into the September 11 attacks"
start: 2002-02
end: 2002-12
fn: 4
- type: appointed
with: "[[Bob Graham]]"
reverse: true
role: "Lee County commissioner, appointed by Governor Graham, 1983"
start: 1983
fn: 8
- type: member_of
with: "[[House October Surprise Task Force]]"
role: "Republican member"
start: 1992
end: 1993-01
fn: 11
- type: founded
with: "[[Island Reporter]]"
role: "co-founder"
start: 1973
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[Island Press and Publicity]]"
role: "officer and director, resigned on election as mayor"
start: 1973
end: 1974-12
fn: 9
- type: head_of
with: "[[Sanibel, Florida]]"
role: "councilman and mayor"
start: 1974
end: 1982
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[Lee County, Florida]]"
role: "county commissioner, chairman 1985 to 1986"
start: 1983
end: 1988
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Dickstein Shapiro LLP]]"
role: "senior advisor; FARA short form for the Republic of Turkey (through the Gephardt Group)"
start: 2015-04-23
end: 2015-07-31
fn: 39
- type: head_of
with: "[[Office of Congressional Ethics]]"
role: "board co-chairman from 2008, chairman by 2013"
start: 2008-07-24
fn: 37
---
Porter Johnston Goss (born November 26, 1938, in Waterbury, Connecticut) is a former [[Central Intelligence Agency]] clandestine services officer who represented [[Florida]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from January 1989 to September 2004.[^1][^2] He chaired the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] from 1997, led the 2002 [[Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001|joint inquiry]] into the attacks of September 11, 2001 with [[Bob Graham]], co-chaired the [[National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office]] in 2000, and served as Director of Central Intelligence and then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from September 24, 2004 to May 2006.[^3][^4][^5][^6]
### Education, Army service and CIA entry
Goss was born in Waterbury to Richard Goss, a manager at a manufacturing company, and Virginia (Johnson) Goss.[^2] He took a B.A. in classics and Greek from [[Yale University]] in 1960.[^7] The Congressional Directory records service in the [[United States Army]] as a second lieutenant from 1960 to 1962.[^1] In 2004 he told the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]: "And while in the Army, I was trained and worked as a photo interpreter."[^8]
### Central Intelligence Agency, 1962 to 1972
The Congressional Directory lists Goss as a clandestine services officer of the CIA from 1962 to 1972.[^1] He told the Senate committee in 2004: "I worked in the [[Directorate of Operations]] at the CIA in the 1960s as a clandestine services officer."[^8] In the same statement he recalled that during the [[Cold War]] "the mission of the intelligence community was very clear": to obtain the plans and intentions of adversaries before they could attack the United States.[^8] Because of his fluency in Spanish, his first posting was to Miami during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. He then undertook clandestine assignments in [[Haiti]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Mexico]] and Europe, until a bacteriological infection in 1970 ended his field career; he left the agency in 1972 after moving to [[Sanibel, Florida|Sanibel Island]].[^7] A CNN chronology gives the postings as [[Latin America]], the [[Caribbean]] and Europe and states that he was forced to retire by a severe staph infection.[^2] Graham, introducing him to the Senate committee, said: "For a decade, early in his career, Congressman Goss served our Nation in both Army and the CIA. He knows firsthand the value and the risk of clandestine operations."[^8]
### Sanibel, the Island Reporter and local office
Goss co-founded the [[Island Reporter]], a weekly newspaper on Sanibel, in 1973.[^2] The Directory lists him as newspaper publisher and small business owner, councilman and mayor of Sanibel from 1974 to 1982, and a director of the [[National Audubon Society]].[^1] On December 26, 1974 the Sanibel paper [[The Islander]] reported that Goss, who led the field in the city council election and was elected mayor unanimously by the council at its first meeting, had resigned temporarily from the Reporter during the campaign and was making the resignation permanent: he gave up his position as officer and director of Island Press and Publicity, which published the Reporter, and severed any connection with the paper for as long as he held public office. The board voted to install [[Mary R. Goss]] as a member of the board in his place.[^9] CNN dates his mayoralty to 1975 to 1977 and 1981 to 1982, with council seats from 1974 to 1980 and 1981 to 1982; Britannica gives 1974 as the year he became the city's first mayor.[^2][^7]
Graham, as governor of Florida, appointed Goss to the [[Lee County, Florida|Lee County]] commission in 1983. In his 2004 introduction Graham said that three of the five commissioners had been indicted for corruption during the building of a new county airport, that he suspended them and found three replacements, and that "Porter Goss was one of those three people." Graham added that Goss "soon rose to be the Chairman of the Lee County Commission" and completed the airport.[^8] The Directory gives his county service as commissioner, District 1, 1983 to 1988, and commission chairman 1985 to 1986, and lists him as chairman of the State Advisory Committee on Coastal Management, vice chairman of the West Coast Inland Navigational District and port commissioner of the Southwest Florida Regional Airport. It records that he is married to the former Mariel Robinson and has four children.[^1]
### Congress, 1989 to 2004
Goss was elected on November 8, 1988 to the 101st Congress and reelected to each succeeding Congress.[^1] The House member data in the congress-legislators dataset (Bioguide ID G000336) lists his first term as beginning January 3, 1989, in Florida's 13th district, the 14th district from January 1993, and his last term ending September 23, 2004.[^10]
In the 102nd Congress the Speaker, after consultation with the Republican Leader, appointed Goss as one of five Republican members of the House Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 (the [[House October Surprise Task Force]]), chaired by [[Lee Hamilton]] with [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.|E. Lawrence Barcella]] as chief counsel. The joint report is dated January 3, 1993, and carries his signature.[^11]
The Congressional Directory for June 1997 lists him as chairman of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and as a member of the [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]]; the June 1999 Directory lists him as chairman of the intelligence committee, with [[Jerry Lewis]] as vice chairman, and as vice chairman of Rules.[^3][^12] CNN dates his chairmanship from 1997 to August 10, 2004, after membership from 1995, and records that in 2003 Speaker [[Dennis Hastert]] arranged a waiver of House rules to let him keep both his seat on the committee beyond the usual term limit and the chairmanship.[^2] The National Commission biography of 2000 describes his legislative work as an effort to advance democracy in Haiti, [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]] and [[El Salvador]], states that he "has actively participated in strategic deliberations regarding U.S. foreign policy towards [[Iraq]], [[North Korea]] and [[Russia]]," and describes his chairmanship as "his second term as chairman of the Committee, on which he is now serving his third term as a member."[^13]
On November 5, 1999, Goss filed the conference report on the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 for the House, which opens: "Mr. Goss, from the committee of conference, submitted the following conference report." The House conferees were Goss, [[Nancy Pelosi]], [[Heather Wilson]], [[Julian Dixon]], [[Gary Condit]] and several other members.[^14] Among the committee's Republican members in the 107th Congress was Representative [[Randy Cunningham]] of California.[^15]
Goss submitted the committee's report on the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 on June 21, 2004. It states that the Directorate of Operations "needs fixing" and that "For too long the CIA has been ignoring its core mission activities. There is a dysfunctional denial of any need for corrective action." The same report records that the committee majority rejected an amendment by Representative [[Anna Eshoo]] that would have withheld all funds of the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence until the committee received a full accounting of the Defense Department's relationship with [[Ahmed Chalabi]] from January 2001 through May 2004, and rejected Pelosi's amendment, as ranking minority member, to add her bill creating a Director of National Intelligence (H.R. 4104), which the majority described as an additional layer of bureaucracy.[^16] At his confirmation hearing Senator [[Ron Wyden]] put to Goss that he had led a party-line vote to reject an inquiry into dealings with Chalabi; asked whether he still felt oversight had worked well on Chalabi, Goss answered: "Yes, sir, I do."[^8]
Senator [[Jay Rockefeller]], vice chairman of the Senate committee, said on the Senate floor on September 22, 2004 that when the identity of CIA officer [[Valerie Plame]] was leaked and Goss was asked whether the disclosure warranted an investigation, Goss had said: "Someone sends me a blue dress and some DNA, I'll have an investigation." Rockefeller also stated that Goss and others had suggested that [[Richard Clarke]] may have lied to the joint inquiry in closed session and had vowed to declassify his testimony, and that after the [[National Security Council]] forwarded a declassified version to Goss on June 25, 2004 he took no action to release it. Rockefeller further stated that Goss, after the 1999 disclosures of Chinese espionage at the Department of Energy weapons laboratories, had laid the blame on the Clinton administration, saying on the House floor in the final days of the 2000 campaign: "We have in the Clinton-Gore administration seen a cultural disdain for security." Rockefeller noted that the [[Cox Commission]], on which Goss served as vice chairman, had found that the laboratory security problems predated that administration.[^17]
### Nomination and confirmation as Director of Central Intelligence
President [[George W. Bush]] nominated Goss on August 10, 2004, to succeed [[George Tenet]], who had resigned that summer.[^2][^6] [[RFE/RL]] reported that the nomination came as "In August 2004, the CIA was battered by criticism over intelligence failures related to the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq war."[^18] The Senate intelligence committee held hearings on September 14 and 20, 2004 (Senate Hearing 108-777).[^8] Senator [[Chris Dodd]] stated on the floor that the committee had voted 12 to 4 on September 21 to send the nomination to the Senate.[^17] The Senate confirmed the nomination on September 22, 2004 by 77 to 17 (Roll Call Vote 187), with Rockefeller among the 17 voting no.[^17] Goss left the House on September 23, and on September 24 [[Andrew Card]], the White House chief of staff, swore him in at an Oval Office ceremony with Bush standing by.[^10][^6] CNN dates his title "the first director of the CIA," under the new [[Director of National Intelligence]] structure, to April 21, 2005.[^2]
### National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office
Title VII of the [[Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000]], approved December 3, 1999 as [[Public Law 106-120]], created the commission. Section 702(d) required two co-chairs, one from each major party, "jointly agreed upon" by the President, the Senate majority and minority leaders, and the Speaker and House minority leader.[^19] The commission's report, dated November 1, 2000, carries Goss's biography on pages 135 to 136 under the heading "Congressman Porter J. Goss, Co-Chairman," with a parallel biography for [[Bob Kerrey]] as co-chairman.[^13]
Kerrey's own account is a letter of August 11, 2003, to [[Peter B. Teets]], director of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]]. It reads: "After President Clinton signed this into law, I asked Congressman Porter Goss to co-chair this effort with me. He agreed, and from the first meeting on February 1, 2000, until the release of its report on November 15, 2000, the Commission examined in detail the NRO's roles and missions." The letter gives November 15, 2000 as the release date, while the report itself is dated November 1, 2000.[^5]
### Joint inquiry, 2002
In 2002 Goss and Graham, then chairmen of the House and Senate intelligence committees, led the joint inquiry into the attacks. The inquiry's final report, dated December 2002, runs 858 pages and lists Goss as chairman of the House committee, [[Richard Shelby]] as vice chairman of the Senate committee and Pelosi as ranking Democrat of the House committee.[^15] On January 29, 2003, Graham, Goss, Shelby and Pelosi wrote to Tenet, then Director of Central Intelligence, that the final report had been submitted to the intelligence community for declassification review and that, having been "privileged to lead this bipartisan, bicameral investigation last year," they would work for its recommendations. The letter is signed by Graham as chairman of the Senate committee in the 107th Congress, by Goss as chairman of the House committee in the 107th and 108th Congresses, by Shelby as vice chairman of the Senate committee in the 107th Congress, and by Pelosi as ranking minority member of the House committee in the 107th Congress and ex officio member as Minority Leader in the 108th.[^4] On September 1, 2005, Goss and [[Robert Mueller]] of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] signed a letter to Senator [[Pat Roberts]] enclosing a joint FBI-CIA assessment of the extent of [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] government support for terrorism.[^20]
### September 11, 2001 breakfast and Mahmud Ahmed
[[Salon]] reported on September 14, 2001 that on the morning of September 11, in a room on the House side of the Capitol, Graham and Goss "met for breakfast" with Senator [[Jon Kyl]], some other members of the House intelligence committee, the Pakistani ambassador [[Maleeha Lodhi]] and "the director of Pakistani intelligence, Lt. Gen. Mahmud Ahmed." The writer, [[Jake Tapper]], stated that the group was discussing the late-August trip that Goss, Graham and Kyl had made to [[Pakistan]], where they had met President [[Pervez Musharraf]] and the Taliban's ambassador, [[Abdul Salam Zaeef]], and that a Goss staffer entered and handed Goss a note that two planes had struck the [[World Trade Center]].[^21]
[[Ward Harkavy]] wrote in the [[Village Voice]] in August 2004 that Goss had been "having breakfast in D.C. on 9/11" with "Pakistan's security chief, Lieutenant General Mahmoud Ahmad," whom Harkavy described as "later revealed to be hijacker [[Mohammed Atta]]'s bagman." Harkavy reported that [[The Washington Post]] had mentioned the breakfast "as a cheery aside" in a May 18, 2002 profile of Goss by [[Rich Leiby]], and added: "Florida senator Bob Graham was also munching with Mahmoud, as the Post and others, including the [[Asia Times]] have reported." He wrote: "Not a word of the breakfast appears in Goss-Graham 858-page report."[^22]
The [[9/11 Commission]] report records that on September 13, 2001 Deputy Secretary of State [[Richard Armitage]] met the Pakistani ambassador and "the visiting head of Pakistan's military intelligence service, Mahmud Ahmed," and gave him seven demands, and that on September 18 Ahmed called Armitage about a two-day visit to [[Afghanistan]] during which he had met [[Mullah Omar]] and conveyed the American demands.[^23]
### Director of Central Intelligence, 2004 to 2006
A [[Talking Points Memo]] profile of the aides who followed Goss from the House committee to the agency reports that [[Patrick Murray]] "was the top lawyer on the intelligence committee under Goss, and became his chief of staff at CIA." It also reports that [[Michael Kostiw]] "was picked by Goss to be executive director," the number 3 post that later went to [[Kyle Foggo]], and that, according to the Washington Post, Kostiw had been arrested two decades earlier for stealing a package of bacon, after which he became a senior adviser to Goss. The profile quotes [[Robert Dreyfuss]], writing in [[The American Prospect]] in 2005, that Goss "was seen as a prisoner of his staff," above all of Murray. It also reports that in November 2004 "John McLaughlin, a CIA veteran who had served as acting director, resigned after warning Goss that Murray, 'was treating senior officials disrespectfully and risked widespread resignations.'" Deputy director for operations [[Stephen Kappes]] resigned soon after, following an order from Murray to fire a deputy.[^24]
### Kyle "Dusty" Foggo and the Cunningham case
Kyle "Dusty" Foggo was executive director of the CIA, its No. 3 position, from 2004 to 2006.[^25] On November 28, 2005, Representative Randy Cunningham pleaded guilty to accepting $2.4 million in bribes from defense contractors and resigned his seat.[^26] Foggo pleaded guilty in 2008 to one count of defrauding the government by using his CIA positions to steer agency contracts and funds to his childhood friend, the defense contractor [[Brent Wilkes]]. Wilkes, prosecutors said, showered him with dinners and luxury vacations and promised him a job after he retired from the agency.[^27] Prosecutors dropped 27 other counts under the plea bargain.[^25] On February 26, 2009, U.S. District Judge [[James Cacheris]] sentenced Foggo to 37 months, the term prosecutors had requested.[^28] Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Jason Forge]] told the court: "It's no coincidence that Mr. Foggo's fraud took place entirely in the aftermath of Sept. 11."[^25] Wilkes was sentenced to 12 years in prison.[^28]
Foggo's resignation was reported on Monday, May 8, 2006, in an email the network did not provide that, according to the report, stated that Foggo was stepping down in light of Goss's departure.[^29] The FBI said the [[Virginia]] home and office of the former executive director had been searched, and that the inquiry included the [[CIA Office of Inspector General]], the [[Defense Criminal Investigative Service]], the [[Internal Revenue Service]] and the [[United States Attorney's Office in San Diego]].[^30] The FBI was reported to be examining whether Foggo had improperly helped Wilkes's company, [[ADCS]], obtain large CIA contracts.[^31] [[Mark Mazzetti]] of The New York Times told [[NPR]] on May 13, 2006 that CIA officials said there was "absolutely no link whatsoever" between Foggo's departure and Goss's resignation, that Goss had asked Foggo to leave because he had become an embarrassment, and that "There certainly were enough other issues that White House officials had with Porter Goss in his tenure that pushed Mr. Goss out."[^32]
### Detention and interrogation program, 2004 to 2006
The Senate Intelligence Committee's 2014 study of the CIA program, published as Senate Report 113-288, states: "According to CIA records, no CIA officer, up to and including CIA Directors George Tenet and Porter Goss, briefed the president on the specific CIA enhanced interrogation techniques before April 2006."[^33] The study quotes [[John Helgerson]], the agency's inspector general, who wrote that Tenet, before leaving office, and Goss, shortly after taking office, "both advised me that they had made requests to brief the President." A CIA question-and-answer sheet quoted in the study states that the president was not briefed on the specific techniques until April 2006, when Goss briefed him on the seven techniques then proposed for the post-Detainee Treatment Act program.[^33] The CIA's June 2013 response to the study, also quoted there, states: "[w]hile Agency records on the subject are admittedly incomplete, former President Bush has stated in his autobiography that he discussed the program, including the use of enhanced techniques, with then-DCIA Tenet in 2002, prior to application of the techniques on Abu Zubaydah, and personally approved the techniques." The study notes that a memoir by the acting CIA general counsel [[John Rizzo]] disputes that account.[^33]
In July 2005 Goss sent the inspector general a memorandum to "express several concerns" about a review of the agency's [[Counterterrorist Center]] and asked that new reviews wait until existing ones were complete. He wrote: "[t]o my knowledge, Congress is satisfied that you are meeting its requirements."[^33] On December 1, 2005, Goss notified the national security advisor that he had authorized enhanced interrogation techniques on Abu Ja'far al-Iraqi, because "CIA believes that Abu Ja'far possesses considerable operational information about Abu Mu'sab al-Zarqawi."[^33] On March 15, 2006, Goss briefed the full committee on detention matters but did not provide the locations of CIA detention facilities.[^33]
### The 2005 videotapes
According to the study, a proposal in late 2005 for an independent commission on detainee abuse caused concern at the CIA "that such a commission would lead to the discovery of videotapes documenting CIA interrogations," and "prompted renewed interest at the CIA to destroy the videotapes." In an email of October 31, 2005, Rizzo wrote that he needed "to be the skunk at the party again." The Senate amendment to create the commission failed on November 8, 2005, and "The CIA destroyed the CIA interrogation videotapes the following day."[^33]
Emails released on April 15, 2010 by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] under a Freedom of Information Act request by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] give a different account of Goss's role. According to a November 2005 email, [[Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.|Jose Rodriguez]], head of the clandestine service, told Goss and others that he "felt it was extremely important to destroy the tapes and that if there was any heat, he would take it." Goss "laughed and said he'd be the one to take the heat." The email then states: "PG, however, agreed with the decision." NBC News reported that the email is an after-the-fact summary and does not prove that Goss approved the destruction, that current and former intelligence officials had said he did not and was angry to find out about it, that Rodriguez's lawyer disputed that account, and that Goss had not discussed the matter publicly. Another November 2005 email in the release, from an unidentified CIA officer to Foggo, said that Rizzo had called White House counsel [[Harriet Miers]], who "was livid" (the email's words: "she was livid").[^34]
Documents obtained by the ACLU indicate that Rodriguez ordered the tapes destroyed on November 9, 2005. On November 9, 2010, a Justice Department spokesman said special prosecutor [[John Durham]], appointed in 2008 by Attorney General [[Michael Mukasey]], "has concluded that he will not pursue criminal charges for the destruction of the interrogation videotapes."[^35]
### Resignation
On May 5, 2006, Bush announced at the White House that Goss had resigned, and said he accepted the resignation "with regret."[^36] Goss offered no explanation. Standing beside the president, he said he was leaving the agency "on a very even keel, it's sailing well." RFE/RL reported that Goss was "apparently disliked by some clandestine officers," that many senior staff had resigned, and that he had reportedly had differences with [[John Negroponte]], the director of national intelligence, after Negroponte moved many CIA analysts to another intelligence body.[^18]
### Office of Congressional Ethics, Turkey registration and later life
On July 24, 2008, Speaker Pelosi and Minority Leader [[John Boehner]] announced the first board of the [[Office of Congressional Ethics]], naming former Representative [[David Skaggs]] chairman and Goss, described as "Former CIA Director and former Congressman," co-chairman.[^37] Their releases of January 16, 2013 and January 8, 2014 list Goss as chairman and Skaggs as co-chairman.[^38] CNN dates his chairmanship of the board to 2008 to 2015.[^2]
On April 23, 2015, Goss filed a short form registration statement under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] as a senior advisor to [[Dickstein Shapiro LLP]], listing his Sanibel residence, a business address at the firm's offices at 1825 Eye Street NW in Washington, and one foreign principal, the "Republic of Turkey (through the Gephardt Group)." The form describes his services as counsel on strengthening the Turkish-American relationship in areas under debate in Congress, "including trade, energy security, counter-terrorism efforts, and efforts to build regional stability in the broader Middle East and Europe"; educating Members of Congress and the Administration on issues of importance to Turkey; notifying Turkey of actions on those issues; and preparing analyses of developments in Congress and the executive branch, on a part-time basis, to "continue indefinitely."[^39] The registration data list the short form as terminated on July 31, 2015, the date on which the firm's registration for the Republic of Turkey through the Gephardt Group, begun April 1, 2009, also ended.[^40] The firm's supplemental statement for the six months ending June 30, 2015 reports that Goss made no contributions during the period, that the Republic of Turkey paid the firm $96,000 on March 24, 2015 for consulting services, and that Hastert, a senior advisor to the Republic of Turkey whose short form dated from April 1, 2009, terminated his connection on May 28, 2015.[^41]
In October 2022, according to CNN, Goss joined the [[Council for Responsible Social Media]].[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Congressional Directory for the 108th Congress (2003 to 2004), August 2004, Florida delegation, Representative Porter J. Goss, Biography, p. 62: "born in Waterbury, CT, November 26, 1938; B.A., Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1960; served, U.S. Army, second lieutenant, 1960-62; clandestine services officer, CIA, 1962-72; newspaper publisher, small business owner; councilman/ mayor, city of Sanibel, 1974-82; chairman, Lee County Commission, 1985-86; commissioner, Lee County, District 1, 1983-88; director, National Audubon Society; ... married to the former Mariel Robinson; four children; elected November 8, 1988, to the 101st Congress." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-2004-08-01/html/CDIR-2004-08-01-FL-H-14.htm
[^2]: CNN, "Porter Goss fast facts," December 21, 2023 (as syndicated by KEYT): personal data (birth name Porter Johnston Goss; parents; children); timeline entries for the CIA (1962 to 1972, staph infection), the Island Reporter (1973), Sanibel offices, Lee County, House service, HPSCI chairmanship (1997 to August 10, 2004, member since 1995), the 2003 Hastert waiver, nomination August 10, 2004, confirmation by 77 to 17 on September 22, swearing-in September 24, first director of the CIA April 21, 2005, resignation May 5, 2006, Office of Congressional Ethics 2008 to 2015, April 2015 Turkey entry, and the Council for Responsible Social Media on October 12, 2022. https://keyt.com/news/national-world/cnn-national/2023/12/21/porter-goss-fast-facts-2/
[^3]: Congressional Directory for the 105th Congress (1997 to 1998), June 1997, Select and Special Committees of the House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence ("Porter J. Goss, of Florida, Chairman") and Committee on Rules (Goss listed). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1997-06-04/html/CDIR-1997-06-04-HOUSECOMMITTEES-2.htm
[^4]: Bob Graham, Porter Goss, Richard Shelby and Nancy Pelosi, letter to George J. Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, January 29, 2003, signature block (Graham "Chairman, Senate Intelligence Committee, 107th Congress"; Goss "Chairman, House Intelligence Committee, 107th and 108th Congresses"; Shelby "Vice Chairman, Senate Intelligence Committee, 107th Congress"; Pelosi "Ranking Minority Member, House Intelligence Committee, 107th Congress and Member ex officio (as Minority Leader), 108th Congress"). Copy on archive.org, item declasspart4. https://archive.org/download/declasspart4/declasspart4_djvu.txt
[^5]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, Director, National Reconnaissance Office, August 11, 2003, posted as NRO press release 2003-03, "Former Senator and Co-Chair of SSCI Bob Kerrey Expresses His Support of the NRO." https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf
[^6]: "Porter Goss Sworn in As New CIA Director," PBS NewsHour, September 24, 2004 (Oval Office ceremony Friday; sworn in by White House chief of staff Andy Card with President Bush standing nearby; Senate vote of 77 to 17 on Wednesday; Rockefeller voted against). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/government_programs-july-dec04-cia_09-24
[^7]: Britannica, "Porter Goss," biography (Wayback Machine capture of October 30, 2020): B.A. in classics and Greek, 1960; "trained as a military intelligence officer before joining the CIA in 1962"; fluency in Spanish and first posting to Miami during the Cuban missile crisis; assignments in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Europe; infection in 1970; left the CIA in 1972; cofounded a local newspaper and became Sanibel's first mayor in 1974; appointed by Governor Graham to the Lee County commission in 1983. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030123647/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Porter-Goss
[^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Nomination of the Honorable Porter J. Goss to be Director of Central Intelligence, hearings of September 14 and 20, 2004, S. Hrg. 108-777: statement of Senator Bob Graham (Lee County airport, 1980s; "For a decade, early in his career"); statement of Goss ("I worked in the Directorate of Operations at the CIA in the 1960s as a clandestine services officer. And while in the Army, I was trained and worked as a photo interpreter"; the Cold War case officer passage); questions by Senator Ron Wyden on Ahmed Chalabi. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg96698/html/CHRG-108shrg96698.htm
[^9]: "Mayor Goss Resigns From Reporter," The Islander (Sanibel, Florida), December 26, 1974, page 1. https://www.digifind-it.com/sanibel/DATA/newspapers/islander/1974/1974-12-26.pdf
[^10]: U.S. House of Representatives member data, congress-legislators dataset (unitedstates.github.io), historical YAML, entry for Porter J. Goss, Bioguide ID G000336, born 1938-11-26, House terms 1989-01-03 to 2004-09-23 (Florida 13th district, then 14th). https://unitedstates.github.io/congress-legislators/legislators-historical.yaml
[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980, Joint Report, H. Rept. 102-1102, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, January 3, 1993 (Task Force Members; Goss signature page; staff: E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr., Chief Counsel; the Speaker's appointment of Hyde, Leach, Snowe, Bereuter and Goss after consultation with the Republican Leader). Archive.org item 6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force.
[^12]: Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress (1999 to 2000), June 1999, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence ("Porter J. Goss, of Florida, Chairman. Jerry Lewis, of California, Vice Chairman") and Committee on Rules ("Porter Goss, of Florida, Vice Chairman"). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1999-06-15/html/CDIR-1999-06-15-HOUSECOMMITTEES-2.htm
[^13]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, "The NRO at the Crossroads," November 1, 2000, Appendix G, "Commission Member Biographies," pp. 135 to 136. Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Conference Report 106-457 on H.R. 1555, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, November 5, 1999. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt457/html/CRPT-106hrpt457.htm
[^15]: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, H. Rept. 107-792 (December 2002), front matter: membership of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (Graham, Chairman; Shelby, Vice Chairman) and of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 107th Congress (Goss, Chairman; Pelosi, Ranking Democrat; Republicans including Randy "Duke" Cunningham). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-107hrpt792/pdf/GPO-CRPT-107hrpt792.pdf
[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005, H. Rept. 108-558, June 21, 2004 ("Mr. Goss, from the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, submitted the following report"; "Global Human Intelligence Collection"; "Document Request" under the heading for Ahmed Chalabi; "Intelligence Community Restructuring"). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-108hrpt558/html/CRPT-108hrpt558.htm
[^17]: Congressional Record, Senate, September 22, 2004, pp. S9487 to S9518, "Senate Confirms Porter J. Goss to Be Director of Central Intelligence": remarks of Senator Jay Rockefeller (Plame remark; Clarke testimony; Wen Ho Lee and the Cox Commission); remarks of Senator Chris Dodd (committee vote of 12 to 4 "yesterday"); Rollcall Vote No. 187, yeas 77, nays 17, "The nomination was confirmed." Statements about Goss's record in the Rockefeller remarks are Rockefeller's. https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2004/9/22/senate-section/article/S9487-1 ; text copy: https://irp.fas.org/congress/2004_cr/goss092204.html
[^18]: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, "U.S.: CIA Head Resigns After Less Than Two Years On The Job," Prague, May 6, 2006. https://www.rferl.org/amp/1068216.html
[^19]: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Public Law 106-120, Title VII, section 702 ("National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office"), subsection (d) (co-chairs), as reprinted in the commission report, "Legislation Authorizing the Commission," pp. 145 to 146. https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^20]: Robert S. Mueller III and Porter J. Goss to Senator Pat Roberts, letter of September 1, 2005, with the Executive Summary of the joint FBI-CIA report on the extent of Saudi government support for terrorism, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/static/02ca03957729ccbd47d46405577cf604/Executive-Summary-of-Joint-FBI-CIA-Report-on-Extent-of_Saudi-Government-Support-for-Terrorism.pdf
[^21]: Jake Tapper, "Spying eyes and ears," Salon, September 14, 2001. https://www.salon.com/2001/09/14/human_spies/
[^22]: Ward Harkavy, "Food for Thought," Village Voice, August 10, 2004. https://www.villagevoice.com/2004/08/10/food-for-thought/
[^23]: The 9/11 Commission Report (2004), pp. 331 (September 13, 2001 meeting; Armitage's seven demands) and 333 (September 18 call from Ahmed to Armitage). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
[^24]: Talking Points Memo, "Who Are the Gosslings?" (profile of Patrick Murray, Michael Kostiw, Jay Jakub and other Goss aides; quotes Robert Dreyfuss in The American Prospect, 2005, and reports the Washington Post account of Kostiw's arrest and of McLaughlin's November 2004 resignation). Reporting in this profile on the Post and on Dreyfuss is attributed to the profile. https://talkingpointsmemo.com/?p=143189
[^25]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA executive gets 37 months in prison," February 26, 2009: Foggo as No. 3 official from 2004 to 2006, one count of fraud, 27 counts dropped, prosecutor Jason Forge's "aftermath of Sept. 11" remark, and the sentence of 37 months as requested. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29413971
[^26]: NPR, "California Congressman Pleads Guilty to Bribery," November 28, 2005. https://www.npr.org/2005/11/28/5029908/california-congressman-pleads-guilty-to-bribery
[^27]: ProPublica, "Disgraced Senior CIA Official Heads to Prison Still Claiming He's a Patriot," February 2009. https://www.propublica.org/article/disgraced-senior-cia-official-heads-to-prison-still-claiming-hes-a-patriot
[^28]: "CIA officer gets jail time for fraud," Philadelphia Inquirer (Associated Press), February 27, 2009. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090227_CIA_officer_gets_jail_time_for_fraud.html
[^29]: Paul Blumenthal, "MSNBC: Foggo Gone," Sunlight Foundation, May 8, 2006. https://sunlightfoundation.com/2006/05/08/msnbc-foggo-gone/
[^30]: JURIST, FBI says former CIA executive director's home and office searched, May 2006. https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-says-former-cia-executive/
[^31]: JURIST, FBI probes CIA defense contracts after top official resigns, May 2006. https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-probes-cia-defense-contracts-after
[^32]: NPR, Weekend Edition Saturday, "Foggo Leaving CIA Amid Investigation," May 13, 2006, Scott Simon interview of Mark Mazzetti (New York Times). https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5402875
[^33]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept. 113-288 (December 2014): Findings and Conclusions, and Executive Summary sections on briefing the president (including footnote 17 and the CIA Q&A on waterboarding), the 2005 to 2006 Goss passages, and the 2005 videotapes (p. 443). The CIA's June 2013 response is quoted in footnote 17. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
[^34]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA chief agreed with tape destruction," April 2010 (emails released by the Justice Department under an ACLU FOIA request). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36589750
[^35]: JURIST, "No charges to be filed in CIA videotape destruction case: DOJ," November 10, 2010. https://www.jurist.org/news/2010/11/no-charges-to-be-filed-in-cia-videotape-destruction-case/
[^36]: Michele Norris, "Goss Is Latest to Leave Bush Administration," NPR, All Things Considered transcript, May 5, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5387220
[^37]: Pelosi and Boehner, "Pelosi, Boehner Announce Appointments to New Office of Congressional Ethics," July 24, 2008. https://speakeremeritapelosi.house.gov/newsroom/pelosi-boehner-announce-appointments-new-office-congressional-ethics
[^38]: Boehner and Pelosi, "Boehner, Pelosi Announce Appointments to Office of Congressional Ethics," January 16, 2013 (https://pelosi.house.gov/news/press-releases/boehner-pelosi-announce-appointments-to-office-of-congressional-ethics) and "Boehner, Pelosi Announce New Appointments to Office of Congressional Ethics," January 8, 2014 (https://speakeremeritapelosi.house.gov/newsroom/boehner-pelosi-announce-new-appointments-office-congressional-ethics).
[^39]: Porter Goss, Short Form Registration Statement under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, primary registrant Dickstein Shapiro LLP (registration no. 3028), received by the NSD/FARA Registration Unit April 23, 2015, items 1 to 14 and attachment. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/3028-Short-Form-20150423-30.pdf
[^40]: U.S. Department of Justice, FARA bulk data (efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip): short forms (Goss, Porter, registration 3028, short form date 04/23/2015, terminated 07/31/2015) and foreign principals ("Republic of Turkey (through the Gephardt Group)," registered 04/01/2009, terminated 07/31/2015).
[^41]: Dickstein Shapiro LLP, Supplemental Statement under FARA for the six months ending June 30, 2015, received August 6, 2015 (items on terminated short forms; money received from the Republic of Turkey; contributions by Goss). https://efile.fara.gov/docs/3028-Supplemental-Statement-20150806-22.pdf