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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Max Ascoli.md
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@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ relations:
start: 1949
end: 1968
role: "editor and publisher"
fn: 17
fn: 19
- type: owned
with: "[[Fortnightly Corporation]]"
role: "stockholder with Marion Rosenwald Ascoli and Nathan W. Levin (1963 application record)"
fn: 26
fn: 28
- type: owned
with: "[[Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company]]"
start: 1963
role: "vice president and director; owned through Fortnightly Corporation (WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia)"
fn: 26
fn: 28
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Marion Rosenwald Ascoli]]"
start: 1940
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ relations:
with: "[[Fight for Freedom]]"
start: 1941
role: "donor described by Mark Chadwin as particularly generous, as reported by Thomas Mahl"
fn: 13
fn: 14
- type: funded
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
reverse: true
@ -75,17 +75,17 @@ relations:
with: "[[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]]"
start: 1942
role: "listed as Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs in a February 18, 1942 Coordinator of Information memorandum; associate director of cultural relations per Fermi"
fn: 15
fn: 17
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "CIAA representative at the Committee's meetings"
fn: 15
fn: 17
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Committee on United Europe]]"
role: "listed among the mass-media members of the 1950 membership in a secondary account drawn from the Rebattet thesis"
fn: 23
fn: 25
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision"
@ -121,27 +121,29 @@ In 1940 Ascoli married Marion Rosenwald Stern, a daughter of [[Julius Rosenwald]
Camurri names Ascoli among the founders of the Mazzini Society in 1939, with [[Roberto Bolaffio]], [[Renato Poggioli]], [[Michele Cantarella]], Salvemini and [[Lionello Venturi]], and gives his presidency as 1940 to 1943, adding that Ascoli and his family contributed substantially to the support of the organization.[^1] Fermi dates the society's creation to 1940 and writes that Ascoli was appointed its first president and Salvemini its honorary president; that in early 1941 it was broadcasting from Boston to Italy; that it began the weekly *Nazioni Unite* in March 1942; and that its political contacts with the American government "were not extensive and, at least at the beginning, limited to the Intelligence Service." She also writes that he was named president in 1940 and "the following year resigned" because the society was in New York while his wartime duties required him in Washington.[^10] Richet, summarizing Grippa, calls him one of the leaders of the society and an agent of the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] during the war.[^4]
[[Thomas E. Mahl]] reports that the secret "BSC Account" of [[British Security Coordination]] stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society headed by Ascoli, and quotes a July 1941 report by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the [[Special Operations Executive]] that a subsidy had been paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts from the Boston radio station [[WRUL]].[^13] Mahl also writes that Ascoli was one of the donors listed by [[Mark Chadwin]] as particularly generous to [[Fight for Freedom]], a committee Mahl describes as a British intelligence front, and that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^13] The [[Princeton University]] finding aid for the Fight for Freedom, Inc. records lists a correspondence folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^14]
The Communist monthly *Lo Stato Operaio* reported in June and July 1942 that at a congress of the society a proposal from the Republican group, to take the initiative in a wider front of anti-fascist action without exclusion of any political tendency, was rejected by 627 votes to 238.[^13] The same account gives Ascoli, as president, telling the congress that before the American government "any rapprochement with the Communists would be extremely harmful" (in the periodical's Italian, "qualsiasi avvicinamento ai comunisti sarebbe estremamente nocivo").[^13] That account thus has him presiding in mid-1942, the year after the resignation Fermi describes and within the 1940 to 1943 presidency Camurri gives. The article also gives the society's total membership, by agreement with its leadership, as exactly 627 in the United States, and has [[Augusto Bellanca]] saying at the congress that all the society's successes with the American authorities depended on its reputation as liberals untainted by extremist infiltration.[^13]
[[Thomas E. Mahl]] reports that the secret "BSC Account" of [[British Security Coordination]] stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society headed by Ascoli, and quotes a July 1941 report by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the [[Special Operations Executive]] that a subsidy had been paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts from the Boston radio station [[WRUL]].[^14] Mahl also writes that Ascoli was one of the donors listed by [[Mark Chadwin]] as particularly generous to [[Fight for Freedom]], a committee Mahl describes as a British intelligence front, and that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^14] The [[Princeton University]] finding aid for the Fight for Freedom, Inc. records lists a correspondence folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^15]
### Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, 1942
Camurri lists among Ascoli's institutional affiliations of the late 1930s and early 1940s the Bureau of Latin America Relations, the Inter-American Affairs office of Nelson Rockefeller, the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], the [[Council for Democracy]] and the [[Committee for a National Trade Policy]].[^1] Fermi states that at the time of his resignation from the Mazzini presidency he was associate director of cultural relations in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.[^10]
Released minutes and memoranda of the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], filed in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room under an [[Office of Strategic Services]] heading, record Ascoli at the committee's weekly meetings, convened by [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]], Assistant Secretary of State, at the State Department from February to April 1942. A memorandum of the [[Coordinator of Information]] (the predecessor agency of the OSS) by [[DeWitt C. Poole]] to [[John C. Wiley]], dated February 11, 1942, names "Mr. Nelson Rockefeller, Dr. Max Ascoli and Mr. Wallace K. Harrison of the Office of the Coordinator for Latin American Relations" among those present, and Poole's memorandum of February 18, 1942 lists "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs." Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 to the Secretary of War gives the CIAA members as "Mr. N. A Rockefeller; Mr. Wallace K. Harrison; Dr. Ascoli." The minutes list him as CIAA representative at the sixth meeting (March 11, with Rockefeller and Harrison), the seventh (March 18), the ninth (April 15) and the tenth (April 29).[^15]
Released minutes and memoranda of the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], filed in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room under an [[Office of Strategic Services]] heading, record Ascoli at the committee's weekly meetings, convened by [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]], Assistant Secretary of State, at the State Department from February to April 1942. A memorandum of the [[Coordinator of Information]] (the predecessor agency of the OSS) by [[DeWitt C. Poole]] to [[John C. Wiley]], dated February 11, 1942, names "Mr. Nelson Rockefeller, Dr. Max Ascoli and Mr. Wallace K. Harrison of the Office of the Coordinator for Latin American Relations" among those present, and Poole's memorandum of February 18, 1942 lists "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs." Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 to the Secretary of War gives the CIAA members as "Mr. N. A Rockefeller; Mr. Wallace K. Harrison; Dr. Ascoli." A Foreign Nationalities Branch position report of March 11, 1942 records that, in connection with a report on Greek politics in the Western Hemisphere, cooperation was being established with "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs."[^16] The minutes list him as CIAA representative at the sixth meeting (March 11, with Rockefeller and Harrison), the seventh (March 18), the ninth (April 15) and the tenth (April 29).[^17]
The March 11 minutes record that Ascoli reported, on information from "Mr. Romualdi, a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America," that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited there for an anti-Fascist Italian legion, that interest was most intense in Uruguay, and that a cable be sent to the embassy in Montevideo about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and Argentina. A Coordinator of Information memorandum to Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] of the same date lists Rockefeller, Ascoli and Harrison among those present, and the same memorandum records Ascoli describing Salvemini's skepticism about the number of probable recruits for an Italian legion as "undoubtedly excessive" and suggesting that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to Africa as "missionaries." At the April 15 meeting, "Dr. Ascoli for CIAA" referred to the problem of Mexicans in the southwest and offered the assistance of his organization, and Berle suggested that Cramer of the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice and Ascoli meet with [[Jonathan Daniels]] of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] to work out plans on the "color" problem.[^15]
The March 11 minutes record that Ascoli reported, on information from "Mr. Romualdi, a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America," that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited there for an anti-Fascist Italian legion, that interest was most intense in Uruguay, and that a cable be sent to the embassy in Montevideo about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and Argentina. A Coordinator of Information memorandum to Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] of the same date lists Rockefeller, Ascoli and Harrison among those present, and the same memorandum records Ascoli describing Salvemini's skepticism about the number of probable recruits for an Italian legion as "undoubtedly excessive" and suggesting that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to Africa as "missionaries." At the April 15 meeting, "Dr. Ascoli for CIAA" referred to the problem of Mexicans in the southwest and offered the assistance of his organization, and Berle suggested that Cramer of the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice and Ascoli meet with [[Jonathan Daniels]] of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] to work out plans on the "color" problem.[^17]
[[Hugh Wilford]] writes that during the war Ascoli "worked alongside Nelson Rockefeller, John Hay Whitney, and C. D. Jackson," although Jackson never warmed to him.[^16]
[[Hugh Wilford]] writes that during the war Ascoli "worked alongside Nelson Rockefeller, John Hay Whitney, and C. D. Jackson," although Jackson never warmed to him.[^18]
### The Reporter, 1949 to 1968
The June 21, 1949 issue of The Reporter lists Ascoli as "Editor & Publisher," says the magazine was published every other Tuesday by [[Fortnightly Publishing Company]], a limited partnership, and lists [[Douglass Cater]] on the staff.[^17] By December 1955 the masthead gives Ascoli as editor and [[Harlan Cleveland]] as publisher, with [[The Reporter Magazine Company]] at 136 East 57th Street; in 1961 he is "Editor and Publisher," with Cater as Washington editor, and the company at 660 Madison Avenue.[^18][^19] Fermi writes that Ascoli wrote an editorial for each issue, decided policy and chose authors, and that the magazine's existence depended on "the never-sufficiently-eulogized assistance of American money."[^10]
The June 21, 1949 issue of The Reporter lists Ascoli as "Editor & Publisher," says the magazine was published every other Tuesday by [[Fortnightly Publishing Company]], a limited partnership, and lists [[Douglass Cater]] on the staff.[^19] By December 1955 the masthead gives Ascoli as editor and [[Harlan Cleveland]] as publisher, with [[The Reporter Magazine Company]] at 136 East 57th Street; in 1961 he is "Editor and Publisher," with Cater as Washington editor, and the company at 660 Madison Avenue.[^20][^21] Fermi writes that Ascoli wrote an editorial for each issue, decided policy and chose authors, and that the magazine's existence depended on "the never-sufficiently-eulogized assistance of American money."[^10]
Wilford writes that The Reporter had "intimate ties to the U.S. intelligence community," that there is no evidence Ascoli received covert payments "in the same manner as" the editor of The New Leader, "although this is perhaps not surprising, given the apparent destruction of The Reporter's financial records," and that Ascoli had "conspicuous access to wealth" through his wife. Wilford identifies [[Philip Horton]] and Douglass Cater as ex-OSS officers who kept their intelligence connections, states that Horton served briefly as the CIA's first station chief in Paris before joining Time and then The Reporter as Ascoli's second in command, and that Horton used contacts with Donovan, [[Allen Dulles]] and [[James Jesus Angleton]] to enhance foreign coverage. Wilford adds that Cater helped found the [[United States National Student Association]] and later served in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] White House, and that The Reporter had ties to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], the American Committee on United Europe, the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] and the Vietnam Lobby.[^16]
Wilford writes that The Reporter had "intimate ties to the U.S. intelligence community," that there is no evidence Ascoli received covert payments "in the same manner as" the editor of The New Leader, "although this is perhaps not surprising, given the apparent destruction of The Reporter's financial records," and that Ascoli had "conspicuous access to wealth" through his wife. Wilford identifies [[Philip Horton]] and Douglass Cater as ex-OSS officers who kept their intelligence connections, states that Horton served briefly as the CIA's first station chief in Paris before joining Time and then The Reporter as Ascoli's second in command, and that Horton used contacts with Donovan, [[Allen Dulles]] and [[James Jesus Angleton]] to enhance foreign coverage. Wilford adds that Cater helped found the [[United States National Student Association]] and later served in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] White House, and that The Reporter had ties to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], the American Committee on United Europe, the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] and the Vietnam Lobby.[^18]
A CIA memorandum dated March 19, 1952 concerns "The China Lobby" by [[Charles Christian Wertenbaker]], written for The Reporter. Its author, an assistant to the Director, reports that Wertenbaker invited him to review the piece before publication, and that the text would go to Philip Horton, assistant editor, who would edit it. The memorandum says the piece ran to 30,000 to 35,000 words in two installments beginning in early April 1952, and that the magazine "presumably" was building a promotional campaign around it. Wertenbaker had notified Ascoli, "editor and publisher," that he could not devote any more time to the piece.[^20]
A CIA memorandum dated March 19, 1952 concerns "The China Lobby" by [[Charles Christian Wertenbaker]], written for The Reporter. Its author, an assistant to the Director, reports that Wertenbaker invited him to review the piece before publication, and that the text would go to Philip Horton, assistant editor, who would edit it. The memorandum says the piece ran to 30,000 to 35,000 words in two installments beginning in early April 1952, and that the magazine "presumably" was building a promotional campaign around it. Wertenbaker had notified Ascoli, "editor and publisher," that he could not devote any more time to the piece.[^22]
[[Hans Renders]], reviewing [[Elke van Cassel]]'s history of the magazine, writes that the Reporter, against the prevailing anticommunism of the period, attacked the witch hunt of [[Joseph McCarthy]], and that it kept alive the American tradition of investigative journalism through the conformist 1950s.[^21]
[[Hans Renders]], reviewing [[Elke van Cassel]]'s history of the magazine, writes that the Reporter, against the prevailing anticommunism of the period, attacked the witch hunt of [[Joseph McCarthy]], and that it kept alive the American tradition of investigative journalism through the conformist 1950s.[^23]
### Senator Bridges, 1954
@ -149,34 +151,34 @@ On August 19, 1954 Senator [[Styles Bridges]] attacked The Reporter in a Senate
### Allen Dulles and the American Committee on United Europe
[[Richard Aldrich]] describes the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE) as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]], and as officially incorporated in February 1949. William J. Donovan was its chairman, Dulles its vice-chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, its executive director, with day-to-day administration in Braden's hands. Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^22]
[[Richard Aldrich]] describes the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE) as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]], and as officially incorporated in February 1949. William J. Donovan was its chairman, Dulles its vice-chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, its executive director, with day-to-day administration in Braden's hands. Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^24]
[[David Barnby]], drawing on that 1962 Oxford thesis on the European Movement, writes that ACUE had a membership of 380 in 1950 and lists, among 29 media figures, "Dr. Max Ascoli, publisher of (The Reporter)."[^23] Wilford lists the American Committee on United Europe among the Agency fronts with which The Reporter had ties.[^16]
[[David Barnby]], drawing on that 1962 Oxford thesis on the European Movement, writes that ACUE had a membership of 380 in 1950 and lists, among 29 media figures, "Dr. Max Ascoli, publisher of (The Reporter)."[^25] Wilford lists the American Committee on United Europe among the Agency fronts with which The Reporter had ties.[^18]
A copy of a February 7, 1958 letter from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers to Dulles, then Director of Central Intelligence, thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses the list of participants, which includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^24] The 1968 closing file of The Reporter in the Ascoli papers indexes a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles, dated May 27, among letters from friends of Ascoli expressing regret at the closing.[^25]
A copy of a February 7, 1958 letter from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers to Dulles, then Director of Central Intelligence, thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses the list of participants, which includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^26] The 1968 closing file of The Reporter in the Ascoli papers indexes a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles, dated May 27, among letters from friends of Ascoli expressing regret at the closing.[^27]
### Fortnightly Corporation and the Clarksburg television station, 1959 to 1963
In an application filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on March 21, 1963 for assignment of the license of television station WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia, from Rust Craft Broadcasting Company to Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company, the published notice lists the officers of the purchaser as including Max Ascoli, vice president and director, and Marion R. Ascoli, vice president and director, with Nathan W. Levin as president, treasurer and director. It states that [[Fortnightly Corporation]] was the sole stockholder of the purchaser, that Max Ascoli and Marion R. Ascoli were vice presidents and directors of Fortnightly, and that "The stockholders of Fortnightly Corporation are: Max Ascoli, Marion R. Ascoli, and Nathan W. Levin."[^26]
In an application filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on March 21, 1963 for assignment of the license of television station WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia, from Rust Craft Broadcasting Company to Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company, the published notice lists the officers of the purchaser as including Max Ascoli, vice president and director, and Marion R. Ascoli, vice president and director, with Nathan W. Levin as president, treasurer and director. It states that [[Fortnightly Corporation]] was the sole stockholder of the purchaser, that Max Ascoli and Marion R. Ascoli were vice presidents and directors of Fortnightly, and that "The stockholders of Fortnightly Corporation are: Max Ascoli, Marion R. Ascoli, and Nathan W. Levin."[^28]
The brief of the appellants, the Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company, in their appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] against the Commission's approval, states that Fortnightly owned and operated community antenna (cable) systems in Clarksburg and Fairmont, West Virginia; that in March 1959 it had bought the stock of Schwager-Wood Corporation of Portland, Oregon, a manufacturer of electrical switches used mainly by public utilities, which became a division of Fortnightly and was later divested; and that Fortnightly urged approval of the sale on the grounds that it was familiar with the area, that pending litigation between Rust Craft and Fortnightly would be resolved, and that acquisition of WBOY "would give Fortnightly, owner and publisher of the Reporter Magazine, an additional medium for public discussion of national affairs."[^26]
The brief of the appellants, the Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company, in their appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] against the Commission's approval, states that Fortnightly owned and operated community antenna (cable) systems in Clarksburg and Fairmont, West Virginia; that in March 1959 it had bought the stock of Schwager-Wood Corporation of Portland, Oregon, a manufacturer of electrical switches used mainly by public utilities, which became a division of Fortnightly and was later divested; and that Fortnightly urged approval of the sale on the grounds that it was familiar with the area, that pending litigation between Rust Craft and Fortnightly would be resolved, and that acquisition of WBOY "would give Fortnightly, owner and publisher of the Reporter Magazine, an additional medium for public discussion of national affairs."[^28]
### Closing, 1968
In April 1968 the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that The Reporter would cease publication with its June 13 issue. Circulation had risen to 210,000 in the final half of 1967, from 172,000 five years earlier, while advertising had fallen to 401 pages in 1967 from 843 pages in 1963. The magazine had run a deficit in each of its nineteen years, and the deficits "have been met by" Ascoli and his wife Marion, "who are sole owners." The Journal described the magazine as having drifted rightward and as one of a handful of national magazines with a hawkish stand on the Vietnam war. Some features and two of its 54 employees were taken over by [[Harper's Magazine]], and Ascoli was to contribute an essay each month to Harper's.[^27]
In April 1968 the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that The Reporter would cease publication with its June 13 issue. Circulation had risen to 210,000 in the final half of 1967, from 172,000 five years earlier, while advertising had fallen to 401 pages in 1967 from 843 pages in 1963. The magazine had run a deficit in each of its nineteen years, and the deficits "have been met by" Ascoli and his wife Marion, "who are sole owners." The Journal described the magazine as having drifted rightward and as one of a handful of national magazines with a hawkish stand on the Vietnam war. Some features and two of its 54 employees were taken over by [[Harper's Magazine]], and Ascoli was to contribute an essay each month to Harper's.[^29]
The index of names for the 1968 closing letters includes [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry Kissinger]], Adolf Berle, [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], [[Theodore H. White]], [[William Rosenwald]], [[Paul Douglas]] and [[John Dos Passos]], as well as Dulles.[^25] Ascoli died in New York on January 1, 1978.[^1]
The index of names for the 1968 closing letters includes [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry Kissinger]], Adolf Berle, [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], [[Theodore H. White]], [[William Rosenwald]], [[Paul Douglas]] and [[John Dos Passos]], as well as Dulles.[^27] Ascoli died in New York on January 1, 1978.[^1]
### Papers
Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at Boston University, whose Special Collections keep the editorial files of The Reporter.[^2] The Italian Senate's historical archive holds a federated description of a "Max Ascoli Collections" fonds with the Gotlieb Center as custodian, listed at 209 boxes. Its Reporter series includes a historical file of 1947 to 1950, editorial correspondence from 1949 to about 1968, killed manuscripts, libel files, letters to the editor and a closing file. Its personal series contains correspondence from 1934 to 1978 and thematic files on institutions with which Ascoli worked.[^28]
Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at Boston University, whose Special Collections keep the editorial files of The Reporter.[^2] The Italian Senate's historical archive holds a federated description of a "Max Ascoli Collections" fonds with the Gotlieb Center as custodian, listed at 209 boxes. Its Reporter series includes a historical file of 1947 to 1950, editorial correspondence from 1949 to about 1968, killed manuscripts, libel files, letters to the editor and a closing file. Its personal series contains correspondence from 1934 to 1978 and thematic files on institutions with which Ascoli worked.[^30]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Renato Camurri, biographical note, "Max Ascoli 1898 - 1978," in Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, federated fonds Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Max Ascoli, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli (Italian; translated). Sole source for the Giovane Italia investigation as the reason for the 1928 arrest, the Camerino and Cagliari teaching posts, the Frankfurter introduction to Johnson, the Mazzini Society presidency of 1940 to 1943, the list of institutional affiliations, the 1949 end of the academic career and the death on January 1, 1978.
[^2]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Sole source for the address-book account of the 1928 arrest, the "cradle of Fascism" phrase and the Gotlieb Center holdings.
[^3]: "The Reporter's Notes," *The Reporter*, September 23, 1954 (Vol. 11, No. 5), pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5, excerpting Max Ascoli's reply to Senator Bridges (Congressional Record, September 3, 1954, pp. A6583-A6585) and citing Bridges's speech of August 19, 1954 (Congressional Record, pp. 14472-14480). Sole source for Ascoli's own account of the 1928 arrest, the Einaudi fellowship offer and Handicraft Development, Inc.
[^4]: Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, *Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti. Democrazia e identità nazionale nel pensiero di Max Ascoli (1898-1947)*, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/. Sole source for the Grippa biography's account of the Mazzini Society and State Department service, as reported by the reviewer, and for the mentorship, *Intelligence in Politics* (1936) and the citizenship in 1940.
[^1]: Renato Camurri, biographical note, "Max Ascoli 1898 - 1978," in Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, federated fonds Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Max Ascoli, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli (Italian; translated).
[^2]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm.
[^3]: "The Reporter's Notes," *The Reporter*, September 23, 1954 (Vol. 11, No. 5), pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5, excerpting Max Ascoli's reply to Senator Bridges (Congressional Record, September 3, 1954, pp. A6583-A6585) and citing Bridges's speech of August 19, 1954 (Congressional Record, pp. 14472-14480).
[^4]: Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, *Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti. Democrazia e identità nazionale nel pensiero di Max Ascoli (1898-1947)*, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
[^5]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, *New School: A History of the New School for Social Research* (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
[^6]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), note 21 and note 116, https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^7]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B (Non-Grantees), box 38, folder 46, "Ascoli, Max 1933-1935, 1939-1943," https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922.
@ -185,19 +187,21 @@ Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at B
[^10]: Laura Fermi, *Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930-41* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 118-119 (Mazzini Society; "Political contacts" sentence at p. 119) and pp. 283-284 (The Reporter; the 1940 presidency, resignation and CIAA position at p. 284), p. 336 (Modigliani), https://archive.org/details/illustriousimmig0000unse.
[^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^12]: Glenn Fowler, "Marion Rosenwald Ascoli, 88, Longtime Advocate for Children," *New York Times*, October 2, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/obituaries/marion-rosenwald-ascoli-88-longtime-advocate-for-children.html. The obituary states that Marion was a daughter of Julius Rosenwald, that she married Alfred K. Stern and was divorced in 1936, that she married Dr. Ascoli in 1940, and that he died in 1978.
[^13]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24 and 31 and the biographical entry for Ascoli at p. 190 (index: Ascoli, 24, 31, 190); the Morrell quotation appears in the chapter on front groups. Mahl cites Mark Lincoln Chadwin, *The Warhawks* (1968) for the donor list.
[^14]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^15]: CIA reading room, "OSS: Memoranda on meetings of the Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems," CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: pp. 39-41 (Poole to Wiley, February 11, 1942), p. 34 (Poole to Wiley, February 18, 1942), pp. 29-30 (Berle to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1942, postscript listing members), pp. 17-18 (minutes of the sixth meeting, March 11, 1942), p. 12 (seventh meeting, March 18), pp. 22-24 (memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 11), pp. 72-75 (ninth meeting, April 15) and p. 5 (tenth meeting, April 29). The minutes give the abbreviation as CIAA; the March 11 and 18 lists print it as OCIAA.
[^16]: Hugh Wilford, *The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231, with endnotes citing the C. D. Jackson Papers and the Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers.
[^17]: *The Reporter*, June 21, 1949 (Vol. 1, No. 5), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1949-06-21_1_5_0.
[^18]: *The Reporter*, December 15, 1955 (Vol. 13, No. 10), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1955-12-15_13_10_0.
[^19]: *The Reporter*, November 23, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 9), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1961-11-23_25_9.
[^20]: CIA memorandum for the Director, "Magazine Piece: 'The China Lobby' by Charles Christian Wertenbaker (for Reporter magazine)," March 19, 1952, CIA-RDP57-00384R000200090021-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000200090021-0. The memorandum's author is redacted in the released copy. Sole source for the pre-publication contact.
[^21]: Hans Renders, review of Elke van Cassel, *A Cold War Magazine of Causes: A Critical History of The Reporter, 1949-1968* (self-published, 573 pp.), "Culturele propaganda," *Media Facts* (2007), p. 45, https://hansrendersarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Elke-van-Cassel-A-cold-war-magazine-History-of-the-reporter-Media-Facts-1020074.pdf. Dutch-language review, translated. Sole source for the magazine's position on McCarthy.
[^22]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 184-227, at pp. 192 (leadership) and 211-212 (Braden's assertion; the Rabattet passage), DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf. The quoted sentence is Aldrich's account of Rabattet's conclusion.
[^23]: David Barnby, *The EU: A Corporatist Racket* (Orinoco Standard, 2014), pp. 85-88, citing F. X. Rebattet, "The European Movement 1945-1953" (thesis, 1962, Bodleian Library, Oxford). Self-published secondary account; the names are stated there to be taken from the thesis.
[^24]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, with program and participant list, "Conference on America's Human Resources," CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^25]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, "Letters expressing regrets upon closing of The Reporter from personal friends of Max Ascoli, 1968," index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968. The index lists "Dulles Allen W., photocopy TL May 27" among letters with carbon replies from Ascoli.
[^26]: *Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company v. Federal Communications Commission*, No. 18,738 (D.C. Cir.), brief for appellants and transcript of record (statement of questions presented and statement of facts, including the published notice of the March 1963 application), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1964_18738_citizens_tv_protest_comm_et_al_v_fed_comm_commn.
[^27]: "Reporter Magazine To Stop Publication With June 13 Issue," *Wall Street Journal*, April 10, 1968 (stamped copy in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100620020-5), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100620020-5. The article is credited to a Wall Street Journal staff reporter and names Ascoli and his wife Marion as the magazine's sole owners.
[^28]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, "Max Ascoli" fonds, introduction ("Introduzione archivistica"), https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli/introduzione.
[^13]: *Lo Stato Operaio*, vol. II, nos. 6-7 (June-July 1942), article "Il Congresso della Mazzini" (Italian; translated). https://archive.org/details/lo-stato-operaio_june-july-1942_2_6-7
[^14]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24 and 31 and the biographical entry for Ascoli at p. 190 (index: Ascoli, 24, 31, 190); the Morrell quotation appears in the chapter on front groups. Mahl cites Mark Lincoln Chadwin, *The Warhawks* (1968) for the donor list.
[^15]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^16]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Foreign Nationalities Branch, "Position and Relations as of March 11, 1942," p. 1 (PDF p. 248). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7
[^17]: CIA reading room, "OSS: Memoranda on meetings of the Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems," CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: pp. 39-41 (Poole to Wiley, February 11, 1942), p. 34 (Poole to Wiley, February 18, 1942), pp. 29-30 (Berle to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1942, postscript listing members), pp. 17-18 (minutes of the sixth meeting, March 11, 1942), p. 12 (seventh meeting, March 18), pp. 22-24 (memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 11), pp. 72-75 (ninth meeting, April 15) and p. 5 (tenth meeting, April 29). The minutes give the abbreviation as CIAA; the March 11 and 18 lists print it as OCIAA.
[^18]: Hugh Wilford, *The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231, with endnotes citing the C. D. Jackson Papers and the Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers.
[^19]: *The Reporter*, June 21, 1949 (Vol. 1, No. 5), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1949-06-21_1_5_0.
[^20]: *The Reporter*, December 15, 1955 (Vol. 13, No. 10), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1955-12-15_13_10_0.
[^21]: *The Reporter*, November 23, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 9), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1961-11-23_25_9.
[^22]: CIA memorandum for the Director, "Magazine Piece: 'The China Lobby' by Charles Christian Wertenbaker (for Reporter magazine)," March 19, 1952, CIA-RDP57-00384R000200090021-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000200090021-0. The memorandum's author is redacted in the released copy.
[^23]: Hans Renders, review of Elke van Cassel, *A Cold War Magazine of Causes: A Critical History of The Reporter, 1949-1968* (self-published, 573 pp.), "Culturele propaganda," *Media Facts* (2007), p. 45, https://hansrendersarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Elke-van-Cassel-A-cold-war-magazine-History-of-the-reporter-Media-Facts-1020074.pdf. Dutch-language review, translated.
[^24]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 184-227, at pp. 192 (leadership) and 211-212 (Braden's assertion; the Rabattet passage), DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf. The quoted sentence is Aldrich's account of Rabattet's conclusion.
[^25]: David Barnby, *The EU: A Corporatist Racket* (Orinoco Standard, 2014), pp. 85-88, citing F. X. Rebattet, "The European Movement 1945-1953" (thesis, 1962, Bodleian Library, Oxford). Self-published secondary account; the names are stated there to be taken from the thesis.
[^26]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, with program and participant list, "Conference on America's Human Resources," CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^27]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, "Letters expressing regrets upon closing of The Reporter from personal friends of Max Ascoli, 1968," index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968. The index lists "Dulles Allen W., photocopy TL May 27" among letters with carbon replies from Ascoli.
[^28]: *Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company v. Federal Communications Commission*, No. 18,738 (D.C. Cir.), brief for appellants and transcript of record (statement of questions presented and statement of facts, including the published notice of the March 1963 application), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1964_18738_citizens_tv_protest_comm_et_al_v_fed_comm_commn.
[^29]: "Reporter Magazine To Stop Publication With June 13 Issue," *Wall Street Journal*, April 10, 1968 (stamped copy in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100620020-5), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100620020-5. The article is credited to a Wall Street Journal staff reporter and names Ascoli and his wife Marion as the magazine's sole owners.
[^30]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, "Max Ascoli" fonds, introduction ("Introduzione archivistica"), https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli/introduzione.