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@ -44,17 +44,17 @@ relations:
role: "associate editor"
start: 1927
end: 1935
fn: 38
fn: 40
- type: informant_for
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
role: "met regularly with FBI officials to report on the faculty, by his own acknowledgment in private letters"
start: 1930
fn: 32
fn: 34
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "gave an address at the inaugural meeting, November 17, 1943"
start: 1943-11
fn: 29
fn: 31
---
Alvin Saunders Johnson (December 18, 1874 to June 7, 1971) was an American economist, editor and educator who co-founded the [[New School for Social Research]] in New York and served as its director and then its president.[^1][^2] He was associate editor of the [[Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences]] and the organizer of the [[University in Exile]], the New School division that gave refuge to scholars whose careers were being upended in Europe after 1933.[^3] The [[New York Times]] reported on June 9, 1971, that he died "Monday night" at his home in Upper Nyack, aged 96, and had been president emeritus since 1945.[^4]
@ -75,53 +75,55 @@ Johnson became director in April 1922, after serving as a trustee, and wrote to
### The University in Exile
In April 1933 Johnson began to raise $60,000 a year for two years to support a faculty of fifteen scholars at $4,000 each.[^3] Before the largest gift he had collected between $7,000 and $15,000.[^10]
In April 1933 Johnson began to raise $60,000 a year for two years to support a faculty of fifteen scholars at $4,000 each.[^3] Rutkoff and Scott put the sum he had collected before the largest gift at between $7,000 and $15,000.[^10]
[[Hiram J. Halle]] gave the entire sum. Rutkoff and Scott write that Halle had pledged the whole amount Johnson required before the announcement of May 13, 1933, that he wanted his name kept out of it, and that he had "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance."[^10] In Johnson's account, Halle telephoned him after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. Johnson had answered Halle's question about the amount pledged with "Twelve thousand," and Halle said: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once." Johnson writes that [[Frank Altschul]] vouched for Halle's credit, saying that Halle's signature on a check for a million dollars would be accepted by any bank, and that Altschul advised keeping the offer quiet because nobody would contribute if he knew Halle was ready to carry the whole load.[^11] The historian [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as part owner of the [[Gulf Oil Company]] and associated with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].[^12]
[[Hiram J. Halle]] supplied the guarantee. The school's history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000 he received the whole $60,000 from Halle.[^3] Rutkoff and Scott write that Halle had pledged the whole amount Johnson required before the announcement of May 13, 1933, that he wanted his name kept out of it, and that he had "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance."[^10] In Johnson's account, Halle telephoned him after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. Johnson had answered Halle's question about the amount pledged with "Twelve thousand," and Halle said: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once." Johnson writes that [[Frank Altschul]] vouched for Halle's credit, saying that Halle's signature on a check for a million dollars would be accepted by any bank, and that Altschul advised keeping the offer quiet because nobody would contribute if he knew Halle was ready to carry the whole load.[^11] The historian [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as part owner of the [[Gulf Oil Company]] and associated with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].[^12] Bessner also writes that Johnson "had collected $120,000 from the Jewish philanthropist Hiram Halle, which allowed him to fund fifteen professorships at a salary of $4,000 per year."[^13]
Rutkoff and Scott write that Johnson recruited two additional "Rockefeller scholars," the Italian political scientist [[Max Ascoli]] and the Austrian [[Erich Hula]], and that Johnson persuaded the Foundation to appoint [[Hans Simons]] in Hula's place after Hula first rejected the offer.[^13] The same history lists Johnson's 1934 additions as Alfred Kahler, Fritz Lehmann, Arthur Feiler and Hans Staudinger.[^13] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933.[^14] Johnson's account of the appointments ends with [[Kurt Riezler]]: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^15] The school's history records that the Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the [[London School of Economics]] recommended [[Leo Strauss]] to Johnson.[^16]
A 1938 invitation from Halle to [[Albert Einstein]] for the fall barbecue at Halle's Pound Ridge property described the gathering as one at which "Dr. Alvin Johnson with the staff, professors and trustees of the" University in Exile came together with their families. Einstein declined, citing poor health.[^14]
Rutkoff and Scott write that Johnson recruited two additional "Rockefeller scholars," the Italian political scientist [[Max Ascoli]] and the Austrian [[Erich Hula]], and that Johnson persuaded the Foundation to appoint [[Hans Simons]] in Hula's place after Hula first rejected the offer.[^15] The same history lists Johnson's 1934 additions as Alfred Kahler, Fritz Lehmann, Arthur Feiler and Hans Staudinger.[^15] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933.[^16] Johnson's account of the appointments ends with [[Kurt Riezler]]: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^17] The school's history records that the Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the [[London School of Economics]] recommended [[Leo Strauss]] to Johnson.[^18]
### Rockefeller Foundation and the choice of scholars
Johnson and the Foundation agreed on about a dozen individuals to rescue. The Foundation's associate in [[Paris]], [[Tracy Kittredge]], wrote on March 29, 1933.[^17][^18] Rutkoff and Scott write that the [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these cases, and that the Foundation wished to salvage "the most empirical segment of German social science."[^19][^20] The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee program says its officers worked closely with Johnson from 1933 onward, and it cites a July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson in the Foundation's records.[^21]
Johnson and the Foundation agreed on about a dozen individuals to rescue. The Foundation's associate in [[Paris]], [[Tracy Kittredge]], wrote on March 29, 1933.[^19][^20] Rutkoff and Scott write that the [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these cases, and that the Foundation wished to salvage "the most empirical segment of German social science."[^21][^22] The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee program says its officers worked closely with Johnson from 1933 onward, and it cites a July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson in the Foundation's records.[^23]
Johnson writes that the Foundation "had never been very cordial to the New School or to me," and that he decided to ask its president, [[Raymond Fosdick]], for traveling expenses and a two-year stipend for five scholars. He revised the figure to fifteen on the bus to [[Rockefeller Center]] and to twenty-five in the elevator, and when Fosdick asked how many could be cared for he answered that the project was not worth undertaking "unless we are prepared to take care of a hundred." Fosdick said he would consult his trustees and telephoned the next day to say they had approved.[^22] He also writes that the Foundation supplied expert information on which refugees were Nazi or Fascist.[^22] The Times obituary of Johnson repeats the Fosdick account and states that the Foundation approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres.[^4]
Johnson writes that the Foundation "had never been very cordial to the New School or to me," and that he decided to ask its president, [[Raymond Fosdick]], for traveling expenses and a two-year stipend for five scholars. He revised the figure to fifteen on the bus to [[Rockefeller Center]] and to twenty-five in the elevator, and when Fosdick asked how many could be cared for he answered that the project was not worth undertaking "unless we are prepared to take care of a hundred." Fosdick said he would consult his trustees and telephoned the next day to say they had approved.[^24] He also writes that the Foundation supplied expert information on which refugees were Nazi or Fascist.[^24] The Times obituary of Johnson repeats the Fosdick account and states that the Foundation approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres.[^4]
### The Emergency Committee
The Emergency Committee was formed in May 1933, when [[Alfred E. Cohn]], [[Bernard Flexner]] and [[Fred M. Stein]] approached [[Stephen Duggan]] of the [[Institute of International Education]]. [[Felix Warburg]] and [[Alan Gregg]] advised the organizers, and [[Livingston Farrand]] chaired the committee.[^23] The committee made grants to host institutions rather than to scholars, and it made 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants.[^24] Duggan invited Johnson to lunch after the University in Exile was announced and told him of the committee's plan.[^25] [[Edward R. Murrow]] was its assistant secretary until 1935.[^23]
The Emergency Committee was formed in May 1933, when [[Alfred E. Cohn]], [[Bernard Flexner]] and [[Fred M. Stein]] approached [[Stephen Duggan]] of the [[Institute of International Education]]. [[Felix Warburg]] and [[Alan Gregg]] advised the organizers, and [[Livingston Farrand]] chaired the committee.[^25] The committee made grants to host institutions rather than to scholars, and it made 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants.[^26] Duggan invited Johnson to lunch after the University in Exile was announced and told him of the committee's plan.[^27] [[Edward R. Murrow]] was its assistant secretary until 1935.[^25]
The committee's records hold a New School file for 1933 to 1945, and they include Johnson's name in executive committee correspondence for 1940 to 1945. They also hold applicant files filed under the heading "Non-Grantees" for [[Hans Speier]], [[Gerhard Colm]], [[Arnold Brecht]], Hans Simons, [[Hans Staudinger]], [[Jacob Marschak]], [[Adolph Lowe]], [[Emil Lederer]], Ascoli, Riezler and [[Wilhelm Reich]].[^26]
The committee's records hold a New School file for 1933 to 1945, and they include Johnson's name in executive committee correspondence for 1940 to 1945. They also hold applicant files filed under the heading "Non-Grantees" for [[Hans Speier]], [[Gerhard Colm]], [[Arnold Brecht]], Hans Simons, [[Hans Staudinger]], [[Jacob Marschak]], [[Adolph Lowe]], [[Emil Lederer]], Ascoli, Riezler and [[Wilhelm Reich]].[^28]
### The Ecole Libre
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, which the school's archive calls the Free French School. The school's finding aid says the Ecole Libre offered courses from 1942 to 1946, that it was legally part of the New School, and that its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. The school severed the Ecole Libre in June 1947.[^27] The Foundation's records group an Ecole Libre file, titled "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," under its New School grants.[^28]
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, which the school's archive calls the Free French School. The school's finding aid says the Ecole Libre offered courses from 1942 to 1946, that it was legally part of the New School, and that its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. The school severed the Ecole Libre in June 1947.[^29] The Foundation's records group an Ecole Libre file, titled "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," under its New School grants.[^30]
Johnson gave an address at the inaugural meeting of the [[Institute of World Affairs]] on November 17, 1943. Transcripts of his address and of Lowe's were printed as the pamphlet *Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs* (1944).[^29] With [[Ernest Hamburger]] he wrote the occasional paper "The Economic Problem of Germany" (1946), which the Institute distributed.[^30] Speier wrote to Johnson on March 5, 1944, a letter that Daniel Bessner cites in connection with the invitation to join the Institute's council.[^31]
Johnson gave an address at the inaugural meeting of the [[Institute of World Affairs]] on November 17, 1943. Transcripts of his address and of Lowe's were printed as the pamphlet *Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs* (1944).[^31] With [[Ernest Hamburger]] he wrote the occasional paper "The Economic Problem of Germany" (1946), which the Institute distributed.[^32] Speier wrote to Johnson on March 5, 1944, a letter that Daniel Bessner cites in connection with the invitation to join the Institute's council.[^33]
### Reporting on the faculty
Rutkoff and Scott write that after 1947 Johnson's anticommunist rhetoric intensified, "and in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty."[^32] The same history quotes [[Sidney Hook]] that on at least one occasion Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]," and says that in 1940 Johnson supported the adoption by the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]] of "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter" in response to the school's difficulty with the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] and immigration authorities.[^32]
Rutkoff and Scott write that after 1947 Johnson's anticommunist rhetoric intensified, "and in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty."[^34] The same history quotes [[Sidney Hook]] that on at least one occasion Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]," and says that in 1940 Johnson supported the adoption by the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]] of "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter" in response to the school's difficulty with the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] and immigration authorities.[^34]
Rutkoff and Scott write that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum "indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Their endnote for the passage cites a memorandum of January 27, 1942, in the "Hans Eisler File" of the Rockefeller Foundation Archives, with a letter from Johnson to Urban of December 9, 1948.[^33] In the early 1950s, the same history reports, the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^34]
Rutkoff and Scott write that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum "indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Their endnote for the passage cites a memorandum of January 27, 1942, in the "Hans Eisler File" of the Rockefeller Foundation Archives, with a letter from Johnson to Urban of December 9, 1948.[^35] In the early 1950s, the same history reports, the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^36]
### Enemy alien hearing board and the 1942 panel
Johnson's memoir records that after America entered the war he was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with [[Maurice Davidson]], chairman, and [[Joseph Leary Delaney]]. He writes: "Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."[^35]
Johnson's memoir records that after America entered the war he was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with [[Maurice Davidson]], chairman, and [[Joseph Leary Delaney]]. He writes: "Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."[^37]
In early 1942, Rutkoff and Scott write, Johnson, Hans Staudinger and [[Alexander Makinsky]] met with State Department officials in Washington at a meeting Johnson requested after complaining of departmental "high jinks." They spent the day testifying before what the history describes as "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," and Johnson "had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit.'" Rutkoff and Scott add that officials of the Visa Division regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School as dangerous to American policy.[^36]
In early 1942, Rutkoff and Scott write, Johnson, Hans Staudinger and [[Alexander Makinsky]] met with State Department officials in Washington at a meeting Johnson requested after complaining of departmental "high jinks." They spent the day testifying before what the history describes as "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," and Johnson "had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit.'" Rutkoff and Scott add that officials of the Visa Division regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School as dangerous to American policy.[^38]
### Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences
The *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences* appeared under Seligman as editor-in-chief, with Johnson as associate editor. The title page of volume three, published in 1930, gives that credit.[^37] Bessner writes that Johnson accepted Seligman's offer of the associate editorship in 1927, and that "both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the [[Social Science Research Council]] oversaw."[^38] Rutkoff and Scott name a different pair of funders, the [[Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial]] and the [[Russell Sage Foundation]], through which Seligman "secured financial support."[^39]
The *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences* appeared under Seligman as editor-in-chief, with Johnson as associate editor. The title page of volume three, published in 1930, gives that credit.[^39] Bessner writes that Johnson accepted Seligman's offer of the associate editorship in 1927, and that "both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the [[Social Science Research Council]] oversaw."[^40] Rutkoff and Scott name a different pair of funders, the [[Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial]] and the [[Russell Sage Foundation]], through which Seligman "secured financial support."[^41]
### New York anti-discrimination work
In 1943 Johnson served as vice-chairman of New York State's [[Commission on Discrimination in Employment]]. The New School's finding aid says he helped draft and pass the New York Fair Employment Act of 1945, and that Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] sent him the signing statement and pen.[^40] The [[New York State Division of Human Rights]] describes the 1945 measure as the [[Ives-Quinn Act]], which Dewey signed and which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin.[^41] In February 1947 Johnson resigned as chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education because of his duties on the State Commission for a State University.[^42]
In 1943 Johnson served as vice-chairman of New York State's [[Commission on Discrimination in Employment]]. The New School's finding aid says he helped draft and pass the New York Fair Employment Act of 1945, and that Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] sent him the signing statement and pen.[^42] The [[New York State Division of Human Rights]] describes the 1945 measure as the [[Ives-Quinn Act]], which Dewey signed and which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin.[^43] In February 1947 Johnson resigned as chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education because of his duties on the State Commission for a State University.[^44]
### Papers and later years
The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic feet dated 1908 to 1973, in four series: biographical, correspondence, subject files and writings. Its correspondence and subject files concern fundraising, a proposed labor college and a Faculty of Retired Professors.[^43] The finding aid places institutional papers from Johnson's New School years at the [[Yale University]] Library, and says that papers from his [[West Nyack, New York]] home went to the Love Library at his alma mater, the University of Nebraska, which it places in Omaha. Bessner cites a Johnson collection at the Love Library in Lincoln.[^43][^44] Yale University's Manuscripts and Archives holds the Alvin Saunders Johnson papers (MS 615), 1902 to 1969, 5.75 linear feet in 15 boxes, given by Johnson, [[Agnes de Lima]] and Edith Levy in 1967, arranged as correspondence, biographical and subject files, and writings. Its scope note says the papers contain only a very limited amount of material on the New School, the University in Exile, the Ecole Libre and the state commission on discrimination in employment.[^45] Johnson's autobiography, *Pioneer's Progress*, was published in 1952.[^43] He received honorary degrees from [[Brandeis University]] in 1957, [[Hebrew Union College]] in 1960 and [[Freie Universität Berlin]] in 1964.[^40]
The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic feet dated 1908 to 1973, in four series: biographical, correspondence, subject files and writings. Its correspondence and subject files concern fundraising, a proposed labor college and a Faculty of Retired Professors.[^45] The finding aid places institutional papers from Johnson's New School years at the [[Yale University]] Library, and says that papers from his [[West Nyack, New York]] home went to the Love Library at his alma mater, the University of Nebraska, which it places in Omaha. Bessner cites a Johnson collection at the Love Library in Lincoln.[^45][^46] Yale University's Manuscripts and Archives holds the Alvin Saunders Johnson papers (MS 615), 1902 to 1969, 5.75 linear feet in 15 boxes, given by Johnson, [[Agnes de Lima]] and Edith Levy in 1967, arranged as correspondence, biographical and subject files, and writings. Its scope note says the papers contain only a very limited amount of material on the New School, the University in Exile, the Ecole Libre and the state commission on discrimination in employment.[^47] Johnson's autobiography, *Pioneer's Progress*, was published in 1952.[^45] He received honorary degrees from [[Brandeis University]] in 1957, [[Hebrew Union College]] in 1960 and [[Freie Universität Berlin]] in 1964.[^42]
### Footnotes
@ -136,37 +138,39 @@ The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic fe
[^9]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 30, on Johnson's April 1922 letter to Dorothy Straight after taking over as director. The letter is cited in the book's note 40.
[^10]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 92: Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required"; before the gift Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000"; Halle "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance"; Halle's anonymity was kept to avoid discouraging other donors.
[^11]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 340: Halle's call after a letter Johnson wrote to Seligman; Johnson's answer "Twelve thousand"; Halle: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once"; Altschul: "Hiram Halle's signature on a check for a million dollars would be accepted by any bank in New York. But we'll keep his amazing offer under our hats. Nobody will contribute if he knows Halle is ready to carry the whole load."
[^12]: Daniel Morris Bessner, *The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State* (Duke University dissertation), note 16, on Halle as part owner of the Gulf Oil Company and associated with the Rockefeller Foundation, which spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars. Sole source for the Gulf Oil ownership.
[^13]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 102: "Beyond these original appointments, Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; Hula "originally rejected Johnson's offer"; "Johnson persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to appoint Hans Simons"; 1934 additions Alfred Kahler, Fritz Lehman, Arthur Feiler and Hans Staudinger.
[^14]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 118: "Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933."
[^15]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
[^16]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
[^17]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 86: Johnson and the Rockefeller Foundation "had agreed to rescue" a dozen individuals.
[^18]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 91, printed as "Tracy Kittridge, an associate in the Paris office of the Rockefeller Foundation," writing on March 29, 1933.
[^19]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 94: "the Emergency Committee, acting for the Rockefeller Foundation."
[^20]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 95: the Foundation "wished to salvage the most empirical segment of German social science."
[^21]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked with Johnson from 1933; letter from Marc Bloch to Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
[^22]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, pp. 366 to 367: "The president of the Foundation, Raymond Fosdick, whom I regarded as our foremost international educational statesman, would at least hear me. I decided to ask for traveling expenses and a two years' stipend for five scholars"; "five," "fifteen," "twenty-five," and "unless we are prepared to take care of a hundred"; "The trustees had approved and I could go ahead immediately." The statement on expert information about Nazi or Fascist refugees is at p. 369.
[^23]: New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, "Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, 1933-1945," MssCol 922, biographical note, https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (Cohn, Flexner and Stein contacted Duggan in May 1933; Warburg and Gregg served as advisors; Farrand chaired; Murrow served as assistant secretary until 1935).
[^24]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, scope note: grants for 335 scholars from about 6,000 applicants.
[^25]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 344: "Stephen Duggan, of the Institute for International Education, invited me to lunch."
[^26]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, container list: Series II, New School file, 1933-1945, box 148, folders 1 to 12; Series VI, executive committee correspondence, "Johnson, Alvin 1940-1945," box 190, folder 8; Series I.B, Non-Grantees: Riezler (box 107, folder 16), Speier (box 118, folder 17), Ascoli (box 38, folder 46), Colm (box 50, folder 5), Brecht (box 46, folder 36), Simons (box 117, folder 3), Staudinger (box 119, folder 3), Marschak (box 93, folder 52), Lowe (box 91, folder 23), Lederer (box 86, folder 44), Reich (box 105, folder 36).
[^27]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn Ecole Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the establishment of the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severed from the New School in June 1947).
[^28]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file group "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," https://dimes.rockarch.org
[^29]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs, 1944," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 16, Folder 17. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27156
[^30]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, IWA Bibliography (Occasional Papers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 note 3 (Hans Speier to Alvin Johnson, March 5, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 115). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^32]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Hook: Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; 1940 "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter." Note 22 (p. 296).
[^33]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226, text: "A Rockefeller Foundation memorandum indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Note 22 (p. 296): "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives; Sidney Hook, telephone interview with Professor Roy Wortman, Kenyon College (June 20, 1981)." The note names no author for the memorandum. Sole source for the enemy alien monitoring.
[^34]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 228: the administration "also received inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals" during the early 1950s.
[^35]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 370: "After America entered the war I was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with Maurice Davidson, chairman, and Joseph Leary Delaney. Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."
[^36]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 135: "In early 1942, Johnson, Hans Staudinger, and Makinsky met with State Department officials in Washington. Johnson, having complained of departmental 'high jinks,' requested the meeting. They spent the day testifying before a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army"; "Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit'"; Visa Division officials "regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School, in particular, as dangerous to American policy."
[^37]: *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences*, vol. 3 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), title page: "Editor-in-Chief Edwin R. A. Seligman, Associate Editor Alvin Johnson." https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_b9t1
[^38]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, dissertation text on the encyclopedia and note 14: Johnson accepted Seligman's 1927 offer; "Both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the Social Science Research Council oversaw." Competing account at note 36.
[^39]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 67: "Seligman secured financial support from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller and Russell Sage foundations."
[^40]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Johnson honorary degrees and family photographs," NA.0035.01, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/567 (vice-chairmanship of the New York State Commission on Discrimination in Employment in 1943; the 1945 letter and Dewey's signing pen; honorary degrees from Brandeis University in 1957, Hebrew Union College in 1960 and Freie Universitat Berlin in 1964).
[^41]: New York State Division of Human Rights, "About the Division," https://dhr.ny.gov/about (Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Anti-Discrimination Act in 1945, prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin).
[^42]: "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education," *The Omaha Guide*, February 8, 1947, p. 2. https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn93062828/1947-02-08/ed-1/seq-2/
[^43]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Saunders Johnson collection," NS-01-01-01, abstract, arrangement, biographical note and related materials (see note 1).
[^44]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, note 15: Alvin Johnson Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Love Library, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Box 47, folder "Graduate Faculty-University in Exile."
[^45]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, "Alvin Saunders Johnson papers," MS 615, https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/3846 (accessed October 9, 2026).
[^12]: Daniel Morris Bessner, *The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State* (Duke University dissertation), note 16, on Halle as part owner of the Gulf Oil Company and associated with the Rockefeller Foundation, which spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars. The New School Archives biographical note for Collection NA-0008-01 also states that Halle was part owner of Gulf Oil company.
[^13]: Daniel Morris Bessner, *The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State* (Duke University dissertation, 2013), p. 84. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
[^14]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hiram Halle home movies of annual barbecue for University in Exile at Pound Ridge," Collection NA-0008-01, biographical note and scope and contents. https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/256
[^15]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 102: "Beyond these original appointments, Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; Hula "originally rejected Johnson's offer"; "Johnson persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to appoint Hans Simons"; 1934 additions Alfred Kahler, Fritz Lehman, Arthur Feiler and Hans Staudinger.
[^16]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 118: "Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933."
[^17]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
[^18]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
[^19]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 86: Johnson and the Rockefeller Foundation "had agreed to rescue" a dozen individuals.
[^20]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 91, printed as "Tracy Kittridge, an associate in the Paris office of the Rockefeller Foundation," writing on March 29, 1933.
[^21]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 94: "the Emergency Committee, acting for the Rockefeller Foundation."
[^22]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 95: the Foundation "wished to salvage the most empirical segment of German social science."
[^23]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked with Johnson from 1933; letter from Marc Bloch to Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
[^24]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, pp. 366 to 367: "The president of the Foundation, Raymond Fosdick, whom I regarded as our foremost international educational statesman, would at least hear me. I decided to ask for traveling expenses and a two years' stipend for five scholars"; "five," "fifteen," "twenty-five," and "unless we are prepared to take care of a hundred"; "The trustees had approved and I could go ahead immediately." The statement on expert information about Nazi or Fascist refugees is at p. 369.
[^25]: New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, "Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, 1933-1945," MssCol 922, biographical note, https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (Cohn, Flexner and Stein contacted Duggan in May 1933; Warburg and Gregg served as advisors; Farrand chaired; Murrow served as assistant secretary until 1935).
[^26]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, scope note: grants for 335 scholars from about 6,000 applicants.
[^27]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 344: "Stephen Duggan, of the Institute for International Education, invited me to lunch."
[^28]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, container list: Series II, New School file, 1933-1945, box 148, folders 1 to 12; Series VI, executive committee correspondence, "Johnson, Alvin 1940-1945," box 190, folder 8; Series I.B, Non-Grantees: Riezler (box 107, folder 16), Speier (box 118, folder 17), Ascoli (box 38, folder 46), Colm (box 50, folder 5), Brecht (box 46, folder 36), Simons (box 117, folder 3), Staudinger (box 119, folder 3), Marschak (box 93, folder 52), Lowe (box 91, folder 23), Lederer (box 86, folder 44), Reich (box 105, folder 36).
[^29]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn Ecole Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the establishment of the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severed from the New School in June 1947).
[^30]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file group "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," https://dimes.rockarch.org
[^31]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs, 1944," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 16, Folder 17. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27156
[^32]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, IWA Bibliography (Occasional Papers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 note 3 (Hans Speier to Alvin Johnson, March 5, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 115). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^34]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Hook: Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; 1940 "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter." Note 22 (p. 296).
[^35]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226, text: "A Rockefeller Foundation memorandum indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Note 22 (p. 296): "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives; Sidney Hook, telephone interview with Professor Roy Wortman, Kenyon College (June 20, 1981)." The note names no author for the memorandum.
[^36]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 228: the administration "also received inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals" during the early 1950s.
[^37]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 370: "After America entered the war I was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with Maurice Davidson, chairman, and Joseph Leary Delaney. Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."
[^38]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 135: "In early 1942, Johnson, Hans Staudinger, and Makinsky met with State Department officials in Washington. Johnson, having complained of departmental 'high jinks,' requested the meeting. They spent the day testifying before a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army"; "Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit'"; Visa Division officials "regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School, in particular, as dangerous to American policy."
[^39]: *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences*, vol. 3 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), title page: "Editor-in-Chief Edwin R. A. Seligman, Associate Editor Alvin Johnson." https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_b9t1
[^40]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, dissertation text on the encyclopedia and note 14: Johnson accepted Seligman's 1927 offer; "Both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the Social Science Research Council oversaw." Competing account at note 36.
[^41]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 67: "Seligman secured financial support from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller and Russell Sage foundations."
[^42]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Johnson honorary degrees and family photographs," NA.0035.01, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/567 (vice-chairmanship of the New York State Commission on Discrimination in Employment in 1943; the 1945 letter and Dewey's signing pen; honorary degrees from Brandeis University in 1957, Hebrew Union College in 1960 and Freie Universitat Berlin in 1964).
[^43]: New York State Division of Human Rights, "About the Division," https://dhr.ny.gov/about (Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Anti-Discrimination Act in 1945, prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin).
[^44]: "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education," *The Omaha Guide*, February 8, 1947, p. 2. https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn93062828/1947-02-08/ed-1/seq-2/
[^45]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Saunders Johnson collection," NS-01-01-01, abstract, arrangement, biographical note and related materials (see note 1).
[^46]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, note 15: Alvin Johnson Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Love Library, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Box 47, folder "Graduate Faculty-University in Exile."
[^47]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, "Alvin Saunders Johnson papers," MS 615, https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/3846 (accessed October 9, 2026).

196
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bob Kerrey.md
View file

@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ relations:
with: "[[Fulbright University Vietnam]]"
role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
start: 2016-05-16
fn: 53
fn: 110
- type: member_of
with: "[[United States Senate]]"
start: 1989
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Committee for the Liberation of Iraq]]"
start: 2002-11
fn: 28
fn: 29
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Thanh Phong]]"
start: 1969-02-25
@ -93,7 +93,16 @@ relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Carmen Group]]"
start: 2013-04
fn: 51
fn: 108
- type: head_of
with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
role: "executive chairman, per a LinkedIn update to Epstein of August 12, 2013"
start: 2013-08
fn: 88
- type: member_of
with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
role: "advisory board, per an undated Minerva overview in the Epstein files"
fn: 49
---
Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (J. Robert Kerrey, born August 27, 1943[^1]) is a former [[United States Navy]] SEAL officer who served as [[Governor of Nebraska]] and as a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from Nebraska, and who was president of the [[New School for Social Research]] from January 2001 to December 2010.[^1][^2] He was vice chairman of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] in the 105th Congress (1997 to 1998), co-chaired the [[National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office]] in 2000, and sat on the [[National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States]] from 2003 to 2004.[^3] He sat on the boards of [[Tenet Healthcare]], [[Genworth Financial]], [[Jones Apparel Group]] and, according to Tenet's 2001 proxy statement, the board of trustees of [[The Aerospace Corporation]].[^4]
@ -128,7 +137,7 @@ The [[National Governors Association]] lists Kerrey's term as governor as Januar
The commission was created by Title VII of the [[Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000]], approved December 3, 1999, as [[Public Law 106-120]].[^25] The conference report's joint explanatory statement says that neither the House bill nor the Senate amendment contained a similar provision, that "the managers determined that an independent review of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)" was needed before the conferees met, and that they included the provision. [[Porter Goss]] filed the conference report for the House.[^24] Section 702 set the membership at eleven: the [[Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management]], three members appointed by the Senate majority leader (one senator and two private citizens), two by the Senate minority leader, three by the Speaker of the House and two by the House minority leader. The director of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]] sat as an ex officio member.[^25] The statute required two co-chairs, one from each party, jointly agreed by the President and the congressional leaders, and set November 1, 2000 as the deadline for the final report.[^25]
The co-chairs were Kerrey and Goss, the Republican [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] from Florida who chaired the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]].[^26] In an August 11, 2003 letter to NRO director [[Peter B. Teets]], written in response to an article in [[U.S. News & World Report]] titled "Lack of Intelligence," Kerrey wrote: "believing that organizational change was needed, I wrote the 1999 Congressional Act that authorized the creation of the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office. After President Clinton signed this into law, I asked Congressman Porter Goss to co-chair this effort with me." The letter says the commission met first on February 1, 2000 and released its report on November 15, 2000.[^22] The report's appendix lists Wayne Allard, [[Anthony C. Beilenson]], [[Larry D. Cox]], [[Joan Avalyn Dempsey]] (Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management), [[Norm Dicks]], [[Martin C. Faga]], [[Keith R. Hall]] (NRO director, ex officio), [[Patrick M. Hughes]], [[Eli S. Jacobs]] and [[William Schneider Jr.]] as members.[^26] The report, titled [[The NRO at the Crossroads]], is dated November 1, 2000 on its cover. Its executive summary recommended that a new office, to be called the Office of Space Reconnaissance, be established, and states that "The NRO has become a publicly acknowledged organization that openly announces many of its new program initiatives."[^27] Its biography of Kerrey states that he "earned the Congressional Medal of Honor, America's highest military honor, and is currently the only member of Congress who has received this honor."[^18] Kerrey's 2003 letter quotes the report's unanimous findings, including "Over time, the NRO has gained a well-deserved reputation as the preeminent research, development, and acquisition organization in the Intelligence Community and DoD."[^22]
The co-chairs were Kerrey and Goss, the Republican [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] from Florida who chaired the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]].[^26] In an August 11, 2003 letter to NRO director [[Peter B. Teets]], written in response to an article in [[U.S. News & World Report]] titled "Lack of Intelligence," Kerrey wrote: "believing that organizational change was needed, I wrote the 1999 Congressional Act that authorized the creation of the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office. After President Clinton signed this into law, I asked Congressman Porter Goss to co-chair this effort with me." The letter says the commission met first on February 1, 2000 and released its report on November 15, 2000.[^22] The commission's report is itself dated November 1, 2000, on its cover, so the two dates sit side by side in the record.[^27] The report's Appendix G gives Porter Goss a parallel biography as co-chairman, on pages 135 to 136.[^27] The report's appendix lists Wayne Allard, [[Anthony C. Beilenson]], [[Larry D. Cox]], [[Joan Avalyn Dempsey]] (Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management), [[Norm Dicks]], [[Martin C. Faga]], [[Keith R. Hall]] (NRO director, ex officio), [[Patrick M. Hughes]], [[Eli S. Jacobs]] and [[William Schneider Jr.]] as members.[^26] The report, titled [[The NRO at the Crossroads]], is dated November 1, 2000 on its cover. Its executive summary recommended that a new office, to be called the Office of Space Reconnaissance, be established, and states that "The NRO has become a publicly acknowledged organization that openly announces many of its new program initiatives."[^28] Its biography of Kerrey states that he "earned the Congressional Medal of Honor, America's highest military honor, and is currently the only member of Congress who has received this honor."[^18] Kerrey's 2003 letter quotes the report's unanimous findings, including "Over time, the NRO has gained a well-deserved reputation as the preeminent research, development, and acquisition organization in the Intelligence Community and DoD."[^22]
### The 9/11 Commission
@ -136,43 +145,73 @@ On December 10, 2003, Democracy Now reported that Kerrey had been named to the N
### Committee for the Liberation of Iraq and the 2002 protests
In November 2002 [[Salon]] reported that Kerrey was part of the newly formed [[Committee for the Liberation of Iraq]], with former Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]] and Senator [[John McCain]], a group meant to shore up support for regime change in Iraq.[^28] In December 2002 New School students confronted him over the committee. Democracy Now headlined the confrontation as students who "Demand Resignation."[^29] The same program reported in December 2003 that thousands of New School students had protested his decision to join the committee the previous year.[^23]
In November 2002 [[Salon]] reported that Kerrey was part of the newly formed [[Committee for the Liberation of Iraq]], with former Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]] and Senator [[John McCain]], a group meant to shore up support for regime change in Iraq.[^29] In December 2002 New School students confronted him over the committee. Democracy Now headlined the confrontation as students who "Demand Resignation."[^30] The same program reported in December 2003 that thousands of New School students had protested his decision to join the committee the previous year.[^23]
### New School presidency, 2001 to 2010
On February 17, 2000, the [[Associated Press]] reported, in the [[Orlando Sentinel]], that Kerrey had announced the previous month that he would not seek a third term. He said he would start working for the university "next January, after he officially has left office."[^30] The [[New York Post]] headlined its item "New School taps Kerrey" and described him as a 56-year-old Vietnam veteran.[^31] The Times reported that Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, that his predecessor [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], appointed in 1984, had left the $250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence the previous September for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and that Kerrey did not yet have a formal contract. It quoted [[Philip Scaturro]], the school's chancellor.[^32]
On February 17, 2000, the [[Associated Press]] reported, in the [[Orlando Sentinel]], that Kerrey had announced the previous month that he would not seek a third term. He said he would start working for the university "next January, after he officially has left office."[^31] The [[New York Post]] headlined its item "New School taps Kerrey" and described him as a 56-year-old Vietnam veteran.[^32] The Times reported that Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, that his predecessor [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], appointed in 1984, had left the $250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence the previous September for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and that Kerrey did not yet have a formal contract. It quoted [[Philip Scaturro]], the school's chancellor.[^33]
A New School fact sheet captured by the [[Internet Archive]] on December 11, 2000 names [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees. [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] are listed as vice chairs, and Scaturro as treasurer. The same page names Scaturro as chancellor and chief officer, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost, and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^33] The university installed Kerrey as its seventh president at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001. Tishman gave introductory remarks, and [[Joseph Lieberman]], then a senator from Connecticut, spoke.[^34] The Tenet proxy statement of August 2001 gives Kerrey as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^4]
On February 13, 2001, the Times ran a profile of Kerrey by [[Karen W. Arenson]], which identifies Scaturro as "an investment banker and trustee of the New School." Scaturro said of the appointment: "The attraction of someone like Bob is that he could bring us more visibility, broaden our constituency and give us call on more resources," and added that Kerrey's "leadership skills and independent mind were also pluses."[^34]
The New School Archives' biographical note states that Kerrey "was an unpopular choice with faculty members, although his political connections made him very popular with the board of trustees," and that he renamed New School University as The New School in 2005. The same note dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010" and states that he was "succeeded in 2011 by David Van Zandt."[^5] The New School's press release of August 26, 2010 announcing Van Zandt as eighth president states that Kerrey "will remain as New School president until the end of 2010," that Van Zandt would assume the post on January 1, 2011, and that Kerrey "was appointed in 2001," and the Chronicle of Higher Education wrote in 2012 that Van Zandt "succeeded Mr. Kerrey as New School's president in January 2011."[^2][^35]
A New School fact sheet captured by the [[Internet Archive]] on December 11, 2000 names [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees. [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] are listed as vice chairs, and Scaturro as treasurer. The same page names Scaturro as chancellor and chief officer, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost, and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^35] The university installed Kerrey as its seventh president at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001. Tishman gave introductory remarks, and [[Joseph Lieberman]], then a senator from Connecticut, spoke.[^36] The Tenet proxy statement of August 2001 gives Kerrey as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^4]
In March 2002 [[Kenneth Prewitt]], recruited as dean of the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]], resigned on March 6 after less than a year. He told The American Prospect: "Given the prevailing priorities in the administration," he said, "I could not do what I had been recruited to do." The Prospect reported that the trustees, after Vistica's article appeared, had stood by Kerrey, reminding the public in a statement that "war is hell" and giving him their "unqualified support."[^36] At a faculty and student meeting on March 15, 2002, in [[Tishman Auditorium]], Prewitt described a provost's proposal for "private bonuses" to deans who raised enrollment, and Kerrey took the microphone and asked: "You know whose idea the 'private bonuses' were?" He answered "Mine," and added: "I concede now that it was a bad idea."[^36]
The New School Archives' biographical note states that Kerrey "was an unpopular choice with faculty members, although his political connections made him very popular with the board of trustees," and that he renamed New School University as The New School in 2005. The same note dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010" and states that he was "succeeded in 2011 by David Van Zandt."[^5] The New School's press release of August 26, 2010 announcing Van Zandt as eighth president states that Kerrey "will remain as New School president until the end of 2010," that Van Zandt would assume the post on January 1, 2011, and that Kerrey "was appointed in 2001," and the Chronicle of Higher Education wrote in 2012 that Van Zandt "succeeded Mr. Kerrey as New School's president in January 2011."[^2][^37]
On January 4, 2004, the trustees extended Kerrey's term to June 2011, from an original expiry in June 2006. Scaturro, then chairperson of the board, said: "In just four years as president, Bob Kerrey has confidently charted an ambitious course that has given the university far greater national visibility and recognition."[^37]
In March 2002 [[Kenneth Prewitt]], recruited as dean of the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]], resigned on March 6 after less than a year. He told The American Prospect: "Given the prevailing priorities in the administration," he said, "I could not do what I had been recruited to do." The Prospect reported that the trustees, after Vistica's article appeared, had stood by Kerrey, reminding the public in a statement that "war is hell" and giving him their "unqualified support."[^38] At a faculty and student meeting on March 15, 2002, in [[Tishman Auditorium]], Prewitt described a provost's proposal for "private bonuses" to deans who raised enrollment, and Kerrey took the microphone and asked: "You know whose idea the 'private bonuses' were?" He answered "Mine," and added: "I concede now that it was a bad idea."[^38]
On December 10, 2008, the Faculty Senate met in an emergency closed-door session and approved a motion of no confidence in Kerrey. A summary released by faculty senate co-chair Jim Miller recorded 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention, and the [[Chronicle of Higher Education]] described the vote as "nearly unanimous."[^38] [[NBC New York]] reported the same tally on December 11, with the faculty members described as senior and tenured.[^39] The trustees met the same day at a regularly scheduled meeting and, according to a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in Kerrey's leadership.[^38][^39] The faculty vote followed Kerrey's announcement that he would serve as provost temporarily after the departure of the fifth provost in seven years.[^39] [[amNewYork]] reported on December 23 that after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation, a majority of senior faculty members approved a no-confidence measure against Kerrey "by a vote of 269 to 18."[^40]
On January 4, 2004, the trustees extended Kerrey's term to June 2011, from an original expiry in June 2006. Scaturro, then chairperson of the board, said: "In just four years as president, Bob Kerrey has confidently charted an ambitious course that has given the university far greater national visibility and recognition."[^39]
On Wednesday, December 17, 2008, several dozen students occupied the ground-floor cafeteria of the New School's graduate faculty building on Fifth Avenue.[^40][^41] The students' demands included the resignation of Kerrey, of Murtha and of [[Robert Millard]], the treasurer of the board of trustees, along with transparency in investments and a socially responsible investment committee.[^40] amNewYork reported that the occupation ended peacefully early on Friday morning, December 19. The six-point document that Kerrey signed did not include the resignations. It granted total amnesty to those involved, provided for student participation in establishing a committee for socially responsible investing, and gave a student senate representative access to board meetings.[^40] The New School Archives' biographical note states that the New York City police "were brought in to expel" students from the building.[^5]
On June 30, 2008, the school announced that [[Julien J. Studley]] would succeed Scaturro as chairman of the board of trustees effective July 1, 2008, and that Scaturro would remain a trustee. The release described Scaturro as having "served as Chairman since 2002." Kerrey, quoted in the same release, said Studley had joined the board in 1987.[^40]
In May 2009 Kerrey announced that he would step down once a successor was named. The Chronicle reported that the trustees then awarded him a $1.2 million "retention" bonus, according to the university's Form 990, and that with a deferred compensation payout of more than $620,000 his total earnings from the school for 2010 to 2011 came to $3,047,703; it gave his base earnings for 2010 to 2011 as $602,593. Board chairman [[Michael J. Johnston]] said the bonus was meant "to ensure a smooth transition to his successor's presidency."[^35] Financial disclosures from Kerrey's 2012 campaign office estimated that he would earn between $400,000 and $600,000 a year as president emeritus.[^35] [[David E. Van Zandt]] succeeded him in January 2011 and was installed as university president on September 15, 2011.[^35][^42]
On December 10, 2008, the Faculty Senate met in an emergency closed-door session and approved a motion of no confidence in Kerrey. A summary released by faculty senate co-chair Jim Miller recorded 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention, and the [[Chronicle of Higher Education]] described the vote as "nearly unanimous."[^41] [[NBC New York]] reported the same tally on December 11, with the faculty members described as senior and tenured.[^42] The trustees met the same day at a regularly scheduled meeting and, according to a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in Kerrey's leadership.[^41][^42] The faculty vote followed Kerrey's announcement that he would serve as provost temporarily after the departure of the fifth provost in seven years.[^42] [[amNewYork]] reported on December 23 that after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation, a majority of senior faculty members approved a no-confidence measure against Kerrey "by a vote of 269 to 18."[^43]
On Wednesday, December 17, 2008, several dozen students occupied the ground-floor cafeteria of the New School's graduate faculty building on Fifth Avenue.[^43][^44] The students' demands included the resignation of Kerrey, of Murtha and of [[Robert Millard]], the treasurer of the board of trustees, along with transparency in investments and a socially responsible investment committee.[^43] amNewYork reported that the occupation ended peacefully early on Friday morning, December 19. The six-point document that Kerrey signed did not include the resignations. It granted total amnesty to those involved, provided for student participation in establishing a committee for socially responsible investing, and gave a student senate representative access to board meetings.[^43] The New School Archives' biographical note states that the New York City police "were brought in to expel" students from the building.[^5]
In May 2009 Kerrey announced that he would step down once a successor was named. The Chronicle reported that the trustees then awarded him a $1.2 million "retention" bonus, according to the university's Form 990, and that with a deferred compensation payout of more than $620,000 his total earnings from the school for 2010 to 2011 came to $3,047,703; it gave his base earnings for 2010 to 2011 as $602,593. Board chairman [[Michael J. Johnston]] said the bonus was meant "to ensure a smooth transition to his successor's presidency."[^37] Financial disclosures from Kerrey's 2012 campaign office estimated that he would earn between $400,000 and $600,000 a year as president emeritus.[^37] [[David E. Van Zandt]] succeeded him in January 2011 and was installed as university president on September 15, 2011.[^37][^45]
### Jeffrey Epstein
Kerrey appears in [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s 2013 scheduling records released by the Department of Justice. An April 15, 2013 calendar alert reads "NEED to start coordinating dinner w/woody,soon yi, bob Kerrey for April 23" (a dinner with [[Woody Allen]], [[Soon-Yi Previn]] and Kerrey).[^43] On May 28, 2013 Epstein's scheduler [[Lesley Groff]] wrote to household staff under the heading "Lunch w/Barak and Bob Kerrey": "Heads up! We have scheduled Barak and Bob Kerrey for lunch at noon on Tues. June 4th!"[^44] The "Barak" of that email is [[Ehud Barak]], named in full in the office's next schedule. Groff's schedule email of June 2, 2013 lists the day in full: "10:00am-12:00pm Appt w/Eileen Alexanderson, Miriam, Peggy, etc. at [[Leon Black]]'s office", then "12:00pm Lunch w/Ehud Barak & Bob Kerrey", then a tentative appointment with [[Reid Weingarten]].[^45] The same office's schedules list "Appt w/Ehud Barak" at 4:00 pm the previous day, with [[Mort Zuckerman]] at 6:00 pm, and the final schedule for June 4 lists "Appt w Ehud Barak" at 1:00 pm followed by "Lunch to be served", without Kerrey's name.[^46] On August 22, 2013 a calendar alert asked "can bob Kerrey join for dinner tonight."[^47]
A list of invitees for a September 16 dinner that the publicist [[Peggy Siegal]] sent [[Jeffrey Epstein]] on August 10, 2010 under the subject "Sept. 16 dinner" includes Kerrey and his wife.[^46]
Kerrey first appears in the scheduling records on February 21, 2013. [[Stephen M. Kosslyn]], then director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at [[Stanford University]], wrote to Epstein's scheduler [[Lesley Groff]] about a lunch the next day: "Would noon work?" and "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" Groff answered: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey".[^47] The schedule for Friday, February 22 lists "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey", and a calendar reminder for the day reads "12:00 Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Sen Bob Kerrey".[^48] The Ben of the exchange is [[Ben Nelson]], the founder and chief executive of the [[Minerva Project]], whose seed investment from [[Benchmark Capital]] was $25 million in 2012.[^49] Kosslyn wrote to Epstein that evening, weighing a position with the project, that he was "absolutely torn by the situation", that "the rest of the team is A+", and that Kerrey was "really terrific". Epstein replied on February 22: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front".[^50]
On February 27, 2013 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn: "i have bill gates at the house tonight after 10.. does bob kerry know bill, how well, would he like to come", and Kosslyn returned an address for Kerrey.[^51] Epstein wrote to Kerrey the same day: "bob, do you know bill gates.? He will be at my house , and i wondered if you would like to stop by?" Kerrey answered the next morning: "I just picked this up. I flew to Dallas yesterday and then on to California. I won't return until next Thursday. Sorry. I do know Bill Gates; not well but we've met a few times. Invite me again! I enjoyed meeting and talking to you. Thanks." Epstein replied: "sorry , you would have made a positve difference in the conversation on education. I will return on the 19 th and 20th if you are free ,".[^52] On March 1 Kerrey wrote to Epstein under the subject "Better email": "Jeff I respond faster to text. This is a better email." Epstein answered "great.. i will return to ny the 19th, but could speak on the phone before", and Kerrey wrote: "I head to Belize with my family on 3/17 and return on 3/24." He proposed meeting after his return.[^53] On March 12 Groff asked Epstein: "Did you want me to touch base with Bob Kerrey of the Minvera Project and see if he might be free 19th, 20th?", and Epstein replied "ok".[^54] Kerrey wrote to Groff on March 13: "I am sorry (actually I am not sorry!) but I will be in Belize with my family next week. Please, tell Jeffrey thanks for the offer to get together again. I do look forward to continuing our conversations."[^55]
On April 9, 2013 Epstein wrote to Kerrey: "are you in town to join a dinner with woody alien at my house 23rd?" Kerrey answered within ten minutes: "April 23rd? It looks open but I am cc'ing Nily to make certain." The reply that followed came from Kerrey's scheduler, whose signature reads "Scheduler/ Asst. to Bob Kerrey" at The New School, 80 Fifth Avenue, Room 806.[^56] On April 10 Groff wrote to the household staff: "Wanted to let you all know a small dinner party is in the works for Tues. April 23rd at 7:30pm! Woody Allen, Soon Yi and Bob Kerrey are the invited guests so far..we know this will get bigger!"[^57] Epstein wrote that day to [[Mort Zuckerman]]: "dinner on the 23 with bob kerrey and woody, . woudl you like to invite Joel klein, or someone who might enjoy while being able to keep up."[^58] An April 15, 2013 calendar alert reads "NEED to start coordinating dinner w/woody,soon yi, bob Kerrey for April 23" (a dinner with [[Woody Allen]], [[Soon-Yi Previn]] and Kerrey).[^59] The schedules of April 15 to 17 list "7:30pm Dinner w/Ehud Barak, Nili, Woody Allen, Soon Yi, Bob Kerrey, Mort Zuckerman (Mort will arrive after 8:30pm) Joel Klein and his wife, Nicole Seligman".[^60] A staff headcount of April 18 names "Woody, Soon yi, Ehud, Nili, Joel Klein, Nicole Seligman, Bob Kerrey, Nicole Seligman." and Epstein answered: "ehud and nilli are not invited, it is mort."[^61] The schedules from April 19 list "7:30pm Dinner w/ Woody Allen, Soon Yi, Bob Kerrey, Mort Zuckerman (Mort will arrive after 8:30pm) Joel Klein and his wife, Nicole Seligman".[^62] On April 22 Groff wrote to Epstein: "Woody, Soon Yi, Bob Kerrey have all been told dinner is a 7:30 arrival..."[^63]
On April 23, 2013 Groff wrote to Kerrey: "Jeffrey wants Bob to know this is very informal tonight...no ties!...wear jeans if you want!"[^64] Kerrey's scheduler wrote to Groff that day: "Bob said that he will be coming alone (and in jeans)!"[^65] The calendar entry for the evening reads "7:30 DINNER W/WOODY ALLEN, SOON YI, Bob Kerrey, Mort Zuckerman (Mort to arrive after 8:30)".[^66] Epstein wrote to Kerrey at 11:30 that night: "thanks ,, next time we should have more one on one time". Kerrey answered on April 24: "Sounds good to me. Thanks for a wonderful evening." Epstein asked: "give me the name of the book that has currently been able to capture your obviously wide interest." Kerrey replied: "Orlando Figes "The Crimean War" and "The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry" by Rachel Joyce."[^67] Amazon shipping notices dated April 25, 2013 in Epstein's files report the shipment of two books: "When I Was a Young Man: A Memoir" by Bob Kerrey and "The Education of Lieutenant Kerrey" by Gregory L. Vistica.[^68] An email from Epstein's account of April 25 with no recipient listed carries the subject line "ehud, larry, ? jes, anderw? joel kelin, leon bottsetin? , kerrey. mort."[^69]
On April 27 Groff asked Kerrey about breakfast at Epstein's house on the following Thursday or Sunday. Kerrey wrote: "Thursday May 2nd doesn't work. Do you mean Sunday May 5th? What time?"[^70] The breakfast took place on Sunday, May 5. Kerrey wrote to Epstein that afternoon, under the subject "Breakfast": "Thanks for breakfast. It was great being with you. If you can get me Terry's contact information, I will try to get the other Kerry to reach out to him."[^71] Epstein forwarded the message to [[Terje Rød-Larsen]] at 4:25 pm, and on May 6 sent it again to Kerrey and Rød-Larsen together under the subject "Re: Breakfast".[^72]
On May 28, 2013 Epstein wrote to Groff: "see if Bob kerrey would like to join me and ehod on the 4th."[^73] A schedule line of the same day reads "12:00pm Appt w/Ehud Barak (LUNCH??) Possibly Bob Kerrey also (Awaiting replyfrom Bob Kerrey's office)".[^74] Groff wrote to Kerrey: "Jeffrey is having Ehud Barak to his home on Tuesday June 4th at noon...Jeffrey is wondering if you might be available to join the meeting as well. Might you be around and available?" Kerrey replied: "I think so. I am cc'ing Natia who can confirm." Groff answered: "You are available! We actually just firmed everything up! We will see you at noon for lunch with Jeffrey and Ehud on June 4th at noon!"[^75] She told Epstein: "Bob Kerrey will join the meeting with you and Barak on June 4th at noon! Do you want this to be a lunch?"[^76] On May 28 Groff also wrote to household staff under the heading "Lunch w/Barak and Bob Kerrey": "Heads up! We have scheduled Barak and Bob Kerrey for lunch at noon on Tues. June 4th!"[^77] The "Barak" of that email is [[Ehud Barak]], named in full in the office's next schedule. Groff's schedule email of June 2, 2013 lists the day in full: "10:00am-12:00pm Appt w/" others "at [[Leon Black]]'s office", then "12:00pm Lunch w/Ehud Barak & Bob Kerrey", then a tentative appointment with [[Reid Weingarten]].[^78] On June 3 Groff asked Epstein: "What do you want for lunch tomorrow w/Barak & Bob Kerrey at noon?" and he answered "Chicken parm".[^79] A calendar alert that day reads "do we want to move the lunch to 1pm tomorrow? Can Barak do it? Shall I ask Bob Kerrey?"[^80] At 8:02 pm on June 3, Groff having asked whether Kerrey could come to the house "at 1:30 instead of 12:00", Kerrey wrote: "I am afraid not. Sorry. Rain check?"[^81] On June 4 Groff wrote to Kerrey's scheduler that "Bob emailed me back stating he can't make 1:30 lunch today and asked for a rain check", and the scheduler answered: "Indeed Bob won't be able to make it and thank you so much for clarification. I hope we can find other dates in the near future for the three to meet."[^82] The same office's schedules list "Appt w/Ehud Barak" at 4:00 pm the previous day, with Mort Zuckerman at 6:00 pm, and the final schedule for June 4 lists "Appt w/Ehud Barak" at 1:00 pm followed by "Lunch to be served", without Kerrey's name.[^83]
Epstein wrote to Kerrey on July 22, 2013: "how is the summer going so far? are you planing on new york at all." and offered "most of august if you would like to come vist," at [[Santa Fe]]. Kerrey replied on July 23: "The summer is going fast. We purchased a coop on lower Fifth and are experiencing the joy of moving. We'll be in NY most of August. I would love to come to Santa Fe but the prospects are not good. I hope all is well with you."[^84] On July 26 the educator [[Roger Schank]] wrote to Epstein under the subject "minerva project": "am to meet bob kerrey (who I know) monday", "ran into kosslyn wed who is also involved" and "now I see your buddy summers on it". Epstein replied: "i know about it, i think it nuts, i like kerry alot. as you know he lost part of his leg in vietnam , and when i asked him about his wife, he said , as soon as i met her she swept me off my foot. from that moment i knew." He then asked: "he and kosslyn are only init for the money nu?" and Schank answered: "He has enough I would have thought (Maybe not Steve)".[^85] On July 31 Epstein asked Schank: "how did bob kerrey , meeting go." Schank replied: "Good guy".[^86] A [[LinkedIn]] notice to Epstein on July 30 reports that Kerrey accepted his invitation and lists him as "President at New School University", and a LinkedIn update of August 12 reports that "Bob Kerrey is now Executive Chairman at The Minerva Institute".[^87][^88]
On August 22, 2013 a calendar alert asked "can bob Kerrey join for dinner tonight."[^89] Groff's email to Kerrey that afternoon invited him to dinner at 7:30 and added: "Leon Botstein will be coming also..." (the president of [[Bard College]], [[Leon Botstein]]). Kerrey replied: "Unfortunately, I cannot come. I am out on Shelter Island. Thanks."[^90] On September 11 Epstein's office asked Kerrey's scheduler whether he would be in New York September 20 through 22; Groff advised the sender to "email him and cc the assistant. He seems to answer before she does...", and a one-line note to Epstein that day reads "Bob kerrey will be out of town".[^91]
On July 19, 2014 Kerrey wrote to Epstein under the subject "Visit": "It was good being with you again. The book I mentioned is Ari Shavit's "My Promised Land". I think you will like it. I hope we can get together again. You are very good company !" Epstein answered on July 20: "I always enjoy the time, Im in santa fe for two to three weeks if you would like to visit. or if you are in aspen i will send plane for you."[^92]
On September 2, 2014 Epstein's scheduler wrote to Kerrey: "Jeffrey is having Peter Thiel and possibly Bill Burns for lunch at his home in NY on Sat. Sept 13th and Sun. Sept. 14th...Jeffrey is asking if you might be available to join..." Kerrey answered, copying his new executive assistant: "I think both work but let me double check with Jen!"[^93] The assistant's signature block reads [[Allen and Company|Allen & Company]], 711 Fifth Avenue, and Kerrey's own emails of September 2014 carry that company's e-mail monitoring notice.[^94] On September 9 Epstein wrote to [[Peter Thiel]]: "if you choose we can bring in kathy ruemmler. former obama counsel for 5 years. and or sen Bob kerrey, former senate intellignece".[^95] On September 10 he sent Thiel a schedule: "2 pm one on one you and I , 3 -4 bill burns to join. i will need alone time with him after. 730 woody and kathy ruemmler for dinner ( again you can bring guest/s if you choose). sunday lunch with bob kerrey if you have interest or we can continue our one on one". Thiel replied on September 12: "Free from about 5pm onwards on Saturday... Sunday lunch with Kerrey would be great."[^96]
The scheduler's September 12 note to Kerrey's assistant asked: "could Senator Kerry come for lunch on Sunday Sept. 14th at 12:30?" and, when the assistant asked who would attend, a reminder in Epstein's calendar read "did you want to give Bob Kerrey any other names for lunch on Sunday? We told him Peter Thiel (Kathy Ruemmler and Cass are attending as well)". Epstein answered "tell him".[^97] On September 13 Epstein wrote to [[Kathryn Ruemmler]]: "yes with bob kerrey and petr thiel".[^98] The meal was moved to 11 am: Groff wrote to Epstein "Yes! Bob Kerrey can come at 11am for brunch tomorrow." and then "I confirmed with Kathy Ruemmler and Bob Kerrey...did you want me to reach out to Thiel's assistants re 11am brunch tomorrow?"[^99] The scheduler confirmed to Kerrey's assistant that "Jeffrey will see Bob tomorrow at 11am. Same address."[^100] On the night of September 13 Epstein told Ruemmler that "peter will not make it tomorw", and on September 14 wrote to her: "why don't you come at 10 casss and kerrey arrive 11?"[^101]
On September 15 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn, then dean of the Minerva School of Arts and Sciences: "met with kerrey, too used to not being questioned properly". Kosslyn answered "You surprised?" and Epstein continued: "he tried to describe minerva to cass sunstein, total fluff, but did say you had rasied 100 m with the condition that if students didn't come the money would be returned????" Kosslyn replied: "???... I know nothing about that condition, and have no idea where he got that idea.. But maybe he knows something I don't know."[^102] Kerrey wrote to Epstein on September 16: "Thanks for a wonderful brunch and another great conversation. I hope to see you again soon." Epstein replied "likewise." and asked: "you said that steve had raised 100 million . to be returned if students didn't enroll, could you tell me more?" Kerrey answered: "He has not closed the round yet but has very strong interest that will enable him to close. He will not lower standards to bring in the first large class in 2015 and will return unspent money from the second round if we fail to recruit at the standard we have set." Epstein forwarded the exchange to Kosslyn.[^103]
On September 28, 2014 Epstein wrote to Kerrey: "boris nikolic really enjoyed your meeting". Kerrey replied that night: "He's first rate. Are you gong to invest in his fund? When is our next encounter?" On September 29 Epstein asked: "what was your candid view of fund? kept in confidence". Kerrey wrote on September 30: "I believe Boris has the intellect and experience to separate the scientific wheat from the chaff but I do not know if he or his team can separate the leaders who can take a great idea and make it profitable from those who cannot. My understanding if that Bill Gates track record in this space is not very good."[^104] The Boris of the exchange is [[Boris Nikolic]], named in full in Epstein's first message.
### Later career
Kerrey served on the board of Tenet Healthcare from March 2001 to March 2012. Tenet's proxy statement of August 2001 lists him as a director on its ethics, quality and compliance and nominating committees and states that he sat on the boards of [[infoUSA]], class.com and the [[Concord Coalition]], and on the board of trustees of The Aerospace Corporation; the 2002 proxy adds Jones Apparel Group.[^4] Tenet announced his return on November 30, 2012, as an independent director on its audit and compensation committees. Its chief executive [[Trevor Fetter]] said: "His wisdom and insight have been invaluable to Tenet's board through the years."[^20]
Genworth Financial's 2005 proxy statement lists Kerrey as a director since 2004 and a member of its audit committee, and gives his Jones Apparel and Tenet directorships. He resigned from the Genworth board effective March 14, 2012, "in order to pursue his campaign for the United States Senate representing the state of Nebraska," according to the company's filing.[^19][^48]
Genworth Financial's 2005 proxy statement lists Kerrey as a director since 2004 and a member of its audit committee, and gives his Jones Apparel and Tenet directorships. He resigned from the Genworth board effective March 14, 2012, "in order to pursue his campaign for the United States Senate representing the state of Nebraska," according to the company's filing.[^19][^105]
Kerrey ran for the Senate seat in 2012 against the Republican state senator [[Deb Fischer]]. As early returns came in on November 6, 2012, Fischer's lead grew "to a 58 to 42 percent margin as the evening wore on."[^49] The Federal Election Commission's candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee show receipts of $5,798,058 and disbursements of $5,662,682.[^50]
Kerrey ran for the Senate seat in 2012 against the Republican state senator [[Deb Fischer]]. As early returns came in on November 6, 2012, Fischer's lead grew "to a 58 to 42 percent margin as the evening wore on."[^106] The Federal Election Commission's candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee show receipts of $5,798,058 and disbursements of $5,662,682.[^107]
In April 2013 Kerrey joined the government affairs firm [[Carmen Group]]. [[The Hill]] reported on April 22, 2013 that the firm had earned $7.3 million in lobbying fees the previous year, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]], that many of its clients were state and local entities or governments, and quoted the firm's founder, [[David Carmen]], as saying Kerrey "has a wealth of experience in business, education and public service at the state and federal level." Kerrey said in a statement: "I have known David Carmen for more than ten years."[^51]
In April 2013 Kerrey joined the government affairs firm [[Carmen Group]]. [[The Hill]] reported on April 22, 2013 that the firm had earned $7.3 million in lobbying fees the previous year, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]], that many of its clients were state and local entities or governments, and quoted the firm's founder, [[David Carmen]], as saying Kerrey "has a wealth of experience in business, education and public service at the state and federal level." Kerrey said in a statement: "I have known David Carmen for more than ten years."[^108]
Kerrey was under contract to serve as president emeritus of the New School through 2016. He resigned that post in February 2013, calling the decision "largely mutual."[^52]
Kerrey was under contract to serve as president emeritus of the New School through 2016. He resigned that post in February 2013, calling the decision "largely mutual."[^109]
In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright University Vietnam]], a university promoted by the [[Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam]]. [[Thomas J. Vallely]], the trust's chairman, called him "the ideal candidate for the job." Asia Times reported that the appointment was reportedly made on May 16, and that it angered some people in Vietnam after the online news outlet [[Zing]] published a story on Kerrey's role at Thanh Phong on May 30. [[Barack Obama]], speaking in Ho Chi Minh City on May 25, called Kerrey "one of the key people to help lead" the project. In a piece published by Zing on June 1, the former Vietnamese ambassador to the European Union and Belgium, [[Ton Nu Thi Ninh]], wrote that she was "extremely stunned" by the decision.[^53]
In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright University Vietnam]], a university promoted by the [[Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam]]. [[Thomas J. Vallely]], the trust's chairman, called him "the ideal candidate for the job." Asia Times reported that the appointment was reportedly made on May 16, and that it angered some people in Vietnam after the online news outlet [[Zing]] published a story on Kerrey's role at Thanh Phong on May 30. [[Barack Obama]], speaking in Ho Chi Minh City on May 25, called Kerrey "one of the key people to help lead" the project. In a piece published by Zing on June 1, the former Vietnamese ambassador to the European Union and Belgium, [[Ton Nu Thi Ninh]], wrote that she was "extremely stunned" by the decision.[^110]
### Footnotes
@ -185,11 +224,11 @@ In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright Un
[^7]: Amy Waldman, "Bob Kerrey Reveals His Role in Deaths of Vietnam Civilians," The New York Times, April 25, 2001, as reproduced in a compilation at holtz.org. https://holtz.org/Library/Social%20Science/History/Atomic%20Age/Kerrey%20Vietnam%20atrocity.htm
[^8]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part I, transcript. Includes Kerrey's 2001 interview with Dan Rather and the account of how Vistica obtained the documents. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-i
[^9]: Vistica, "One Awful Night in Thanh Phong," The New York Times Magazine, April 25, 2001 (excerpt as in note 4). Kerrey's 1998 interview with Vistica, the after-action report quoted by Vistica, and Kerrey's 2001 comments on whether shots were fired are all from this text. https://muckrakerfarm.com/2001/04/one-awful-night-in-than-phong/
[^10]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part II, transcript, including Gerhard Klann's interview and his description of the first hooch. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-ii
[^10]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part II, transcript, including Gerhard Klann's interview and his description of the first hooch. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-ii
[^11]: Dan Kennedy, "Bob Kerrey's war," Providence Phoenix, May 3 to 10, 2001 (quoting Time magazine on Pham Tri Lanh and the statement of Kerrey and five other SEALs). https://www.providencephoenix.com/archive/features/01/05/03/KERREY.html
[^12]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part I, transcript, including the interview with Pham Tri Lanh, 62 years old, and the broadcast's note on her wartime role. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-i
[^12]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part I, transcript, including the interview with Pham Tri Lanh, 62 years old, and the broadcast's note on her wartime role. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-i
[^13]: Richard C. Paddock, "Two Survivors Say U.S. Unit Killed Villagers 'in Cold Blood,'" Los Angeles Times, April 29, 2001, as reproduced on the World Systems Network list archive. https://wsarch.ucr.edu/wsnmail/2001/msg00754.html
[^14]: Vietnam News Agency, "US squad's killing of civilians exposed by witnesses," May 10, 2001, reproduced by the Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States. The agency quotes the Washington Post, which the drafter did not open. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://vietnamembassy-usa.org/relations/us-squads-killing-civilians-exposed-witnesses
[^14]: Vietnam News Agency, "US squad's killing of civilians exposed by witnesses," May 10, 2001, reproduced by the Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States. The agency quotes the Washington Post, which the drafter did not open. https://vietnamembassy-usa.org/relations/us-squads-killing-civilians-exposed-witnesses
[^15]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part III, transcript, including Kerrey's responses on Klann, the Bronze Star, the Medal of Honor and the Nha Trang operation. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-iii
[^16]: Vistica, "One Awful Night in Thanh Phong," The New York Times Magazine, April 25, 2001 (excerpt as in note 4), on Captain Roy Hoffmann and Kerrey's statement that the squad was instructed not to take prisoners. https://muckrakerfarm.com/2001/04/one-awful-night-in-than-phong/
[^17]: National Governors Association, "Joseph Robert (Bob) Kerrey," former governors listing. https://www.nga.org/governor/joseph-robert-bob-kerrey/
@ -197,35 +236,92 @@ In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright Un
[^19]: Genworth Financial, Inc., Schedule 14A proxy statement for the annual meeting of May 19, 2005 (Kerrey: director since 2004, audit committee, "From January 1982 to December 1987" as governor). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1276520/000119312505073486/ddef14a.htm
[^20]: Tenet Healthcare Corporation, "Tenet Names Bob Kerrey to Board of Directors," press release, November 30, 2012, which gives his age as 69, his service as governor as 1983 to 1987, and his Senate service as 1989 to 2001. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000070318/000110465912081033/a12-28321_1ex99d1.htm
[^21]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Activities, Special Report, January 7, 1997 to October 21, 1998, S. Rpt. 106-3 (February 3, 1999), committee roster and letter of transmittal, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/1999/02/03/publications-committee-activities-special-report-select-committee-intelligence-january-7-1997/ ; Select Committee on Intelligence, hearing on the Report of the National Commission on Terrorism, June 2000, committee roster.
[^22]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, Director, National Reconnaissance Office, August 11, 2003, posted by the NRO as "Former Senator and Co-Chair of SSCI Bob Kerrey Expresses His Support of the NRO" (NRO press release 2003-03). Sole source for Kerrey's statements about drafting the 1999 Act and recruiting Goss. https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf
[^22]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, Director, National Reconnaissance Office, August 11, 2003, posted by the NRO as "Former Senator and Co-Chair of SSCI Bob Kerrey Expresses His Support of the NRO" (NRO press release 2003-03). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf
[^23]: Democracy Now!, "Bob Kerrey Tapped For 9/11 Independent Panel," headline item, December 10, 2003. https://democracynow.org/2003/12/10/headlines/bob_kerrey_tapped_for_9_11_independent_panel
[^24]: U.S. House of Representatives, Conference Report 106-457 on H.R. 1555 (Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000), November 5, 1999, joint explanatory statement on Title VII and list of managers. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt457/html/CRPT-106hrpt457.htm
[^25]: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Public Law 106-120, approved December 3, 1999, Title VII, secs. 701 to 709. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ120/pdf/PLAW-106publ120.pdf
[^26]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, The NRO at the Crossroads, November 1, 2000, cover and Appendix G (members and co-chairs). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^27]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, The NRO at the Crossroads, November 1, 2000, Executive Summary, pp. 7 to 8 ("Office of Space Reconnaissance"). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^28]: Salon, interview with Bob Kerrey on the Iraq war, November 11, 2002, which describes the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq. https://www.salon.com/2002/11/11/kerrey_3/
[^29]: Democracy Now!, "Students Confront New School University President Bob Kerrey Over His Role in the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq and Demand Resignation," headline item, December 5, 2002. https://www.democracynow.org/2002/12/5/students_confront_new_school_university_president
[^30]: Associated Press, report on Kerrey's appointment, Orlando Sentinel, February 17, 2000. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2000/02/17/kerrey-to-be-president-of-new-school-university-2/
[^31]: "New School taps Kerrey," New York Post, February 17, 2000. https://nypost.com/2000/02/17/new-school-taps-kerrey/
[^32]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," The New York Times, February 17, 2000. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" the previous September to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor)
[^33]: New School University, fact sheet on the university, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html
[^34]: New School University, press release, "Bob Kerrey Installed as President of New School University," February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html
[^35]: Jack Stripling, "Lucrative Payments to Bob Kerrey by the New School Irk Critics in a Time of Austerity," Chronicle of Higher Education, May 31, 2012 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Bob-Kerreys-Pay-From-the-New/132063/
[^36]: "Kerrey's Quagmire," The American Prospect, April 26, 2002. https://prospect.org/2002/04/26/kerrey-s-quagmire/
[^37]: Lincoln Anderson, "New School extends Kerrey's contract six more years," amNY (The Villager), January 4, 2004. https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-extends-kerreys-contract-six-more-years
[^38]: Chronicle of Higher Education, "New School Faculty Senate Votes No Confidence in President Bob Kerrey," December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/
[^39]: NBC New York, "New School Votes No Confidence in Kerrey," December 11, 2008. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735
[^40]: amNY, "New School in turmoil; Students occupy building, tell Kerrey, 'Quit!'," December 23, 2008. https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit
[^41]: Democracy Now!, "New School Students Protest Kerrey with Sit-In," headline item, December 18, 2008. https://democracynow.org/2008/12/18/headlines/new_school_students_protest_kerrey_with_sit_in
[^42]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Office of the President, Board of Trustees records (NS-01-01-04), finding aid, including the Series 2 "Presidential searches" listing with the folder for the David E. Van Zandt installation on September 15, 2011. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244
[^43]: Calendar alert, April 15, 2013, EFTA02141689, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02141689.pdf
[^44]: Lesley Groff email to household staff including Richard Barnett, "Lunch w/Barak and Bob Kerrey," May 28, 2013, EFTA00365259 (full header copy EFTA02100188), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00365259.pdf
[^45]: Lesley Groff, schedule email "10-12 meeting on Tues. June 4th at Leon Black's office," June 2, 2013, EFTA00389623, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library (duplicates EFTA01756762, EFTA00389634).
[^46]: Epstein office schedules for June 3 and 4, 2013, EFTA00284774; calendar alerts EFTA02137359, EFTA02137042, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^47]: Calendar alert, August 22, 2013, EFTA02130566, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02130566.pdf
[^48]: Genworth Financial, Form 8-K, March 2012, reporting that J. Robert Kerrey resigned from the board effective March 14, 2012. https://investor.genworth.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001193125-12-119695/d308983d8k.htm
[^49]: Fred Knapp, "Fischer defeats Kerrey for Nebraska U.S. Senate seat," Nebraska Public Media, November 7, 2012. https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/fischer-defeats-kerrey-for-nebraska-us-senate-seat/
[^50]: Federal Election Commission, candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee (candidate ID S8NE00067), 2012 cycle, via the FEC open data API. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/S8NE00067/totals/?cycle=2012
[^51]: Megan R. Wilson, "Former Sen. Bob Kerrey joins government affairs firm," The Hill, April 22, 2013. https://digital-release.thehill.com/?p=148312
[^52]: "Bob Kerrey resigns from controversial president emeritus post at New School," Higher Ed Dive, February 4, 2013. https://www.highereddive.com/news/bob-kerrey-resigns-from-controversial-president-emeritus-post-at-new-school/96160/
[^53]: "Vietnam's Kerrey dilemma: Fulbright U appointment is lightning rod for US ties," Asia Times, June 2016. https://asiatimes.com/2016/06/vietnams-kerrey-dilemma-fulbright-u-appointment-is-lightning-rod-for-us-ties/
[^27]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, "The NRO at the Crossroads," cover (dated November 1, 2000) and Appendix G, "Commission Member Biographies," pp. 135 to 136. Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^28]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, The NRO at the Crossroads, November 1, 2000, Executive Summary, pp. 7 to 8 ("Office of Space Reconnaissance"). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^29]: Salon, interview with Bob Kerrey on the Iraq war, November 11, 2002, which describes the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq. https://www.salon.com/2002/11/11/kerrey_3/
[^30]: Democracy Now!, "Students Confront New School University President Bob Kerrey Over His Role in the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq and Demand Resignation," headline item, December 5, 2002. https://www.democracynow.org/2002/12/5/students_confront_new_school_university_president
[^31]: Associated Press, report on Kerrey's appointment, Orlando Sentinel, February 17, 2000. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2000/02/17/kerrey-to-be-president-of-new-school-university-2/
[^32]: "New School taps Kerrey," New York Post, February 17, 2000. https://nypost.com/2000/02/17/new-school-taps-kerrey/
[^33]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," The New York Times, February 17, 2000. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" the previous September to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor)
[^34]: Karen W. Arenson, "For Bob Kerrey, a Blind Date in Academia," New York Times, February 13, 2001 (print copy). Quoted passages are verbatim from the print copy.
[^35]: New School University, fact sheet on the university, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html
[^36]: New School University, press release, "Bob Kerrey Installed as President of New School University," February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html
[^37]: Jack Stripling, "Lucrative Payments to Bob Kerrey by the New School Irk Critics in a Time of Austerity," Chronicle of Higher Education, May 31, 2012 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Bob-Kerreys-Pay-From-the-New/132063/
[^38]: "Kerrey's Quagmire," The American Prospect, April 26, 2002. https://prospect.org/2002/04/26/kerrey-s-quagmire/
[^39]: Lincoln Anderson, "New School extends Kerrey's contract six more years," amNY (The Villager), January 4, 2004. https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-extends-kerreys-contract-six-more-years
[^40]: The New School, "Julien J. Studley Elected Chairman of The New School's Board of Trustees," press release, June 30, 2008, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2008/julienstudleyrelease06302008.htm (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot).
[^41]: Chronicle of Higher Education, "New School Faculty Senate Votes No Confidence in President Bob Kerrey," December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/
[^42]: NBC New York, "New School Votes No Confidence in Kerrey," December 11, 2008. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735
[^43]: amNY, "New School in turmoil; Students occupy building, tell Kerrey, 'Quit!'," December 23, 2008. https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit
[^44]: Democracy Now!, "New School Students Protest Kerrey with Sit-In," headline item, December 18, 2008. https://democracynow.org/2008/12/18/headlines/new_school_students_protest_kerrey_with_sit_in
[^45]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Office of the President, Board of Trustees records (NS-01-01-04), finding aid, including the Series 2 "Presidential searches" listing with the folder for the David E. Van Zandt installation on September 15, 2011. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244
[^46]: Peggy Siegal email to Jeffrey Epstein, "Sept. 16 dinner," invitee list, August 10, 2010, EFTA00677665, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9 (copy EFTA02407603, Data Set 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00677665.pdf
[^47]: Email exchange between Stephen M. Kosslyn and Lesley Groff, "Re: complication," February 21, 2013, EFTA02147246, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02147246.pdf
[^48]: Epstein office schedule for February 22, 2013, EFTA00395264, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00395264.pdf; calendar reminder for February 22, 2013, EFTA02148035, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02148035.pdf
[^49]: Minerva Project overview, undated, EFTA01144731, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01144731.pdf
[^50]: Stephen M. Kosslyn email to Jeffrey Epstein, "thanks," February 22, 2013, EFTA01760981, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (quoted from this copy). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01760981.pdf; Epstein reply of February 22, 2013, EFTA00955209, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00955209.pdf
[^51]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn, February 27, 2013, EFTA00652828, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00652828.pdf
[^52]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, "Re: tonite," February 27 and 28, 2013, EFTA00394788, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00394788.pdf
[^53]: Email exchange between Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Better email," March 1, 2013, EFTA01902413, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (Kerrey's first message EFTA01902317; his reply on Belize EFTA01788490). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01902413.pdf
[^54]: Email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Bob Kerrey w/the Minerva Project," with Epstein's reply, March 12, 2013, EFTA00393723, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00393723.pdf
[^55]: Email from Bob Kerrey to Lesley Groff, "Re: Jeffrey Epstein," March 13, 2013, EFTA02145385, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (relayed to Epstein as "Bob Kerrey/Minerva," EFTA02567383, Data Set 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02145385.pdf
[^56]: Email exchange among Jeffrey Epstein, Bob Kerrey and Kerrey's New School scheduler, April 9, 2013, EFTA01897416 (Epstein's message), EFTA01897691 (Kerrey's reply) and EFTA01897859 (scheduler's reply), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01897691.pdf
[^57]: Lesley Groff email to household staff, "Heads Up for a Dinner Party April 23," April 10, 2013, EFTA02142183, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02142183.pdf
[^58]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Mortimer Zuckerman, April 10, 2013, EFTA00958139, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00958139.pdf
[^59]: Calendar alert, April 15, 2013, EFTA02141689, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02141689.pdf
[^60]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Priv & Conf. April 17- May 1," April 16, 2013, EFTA00392425, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9 (the same line in EFTA00392154, Data Set 9, and EFTA01761708, Data Set 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00392425.pdf
[^61]: Email exchange, "Re: Dinner 23rd April," April 18, 2013, EFTA01896399, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (headcount also in EFTA02016985). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01896399.pdf
[^62]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Jean Luc," April 22, 2013, EFTA01894862, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (the same line in EFTA02337319, Data Set 11, dated April 19, 2013). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01894862.pdf
[^63]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Joel Kleine and Nicole Seligman," April 22, 2013, EFTA01895165, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01895165.pdf
[^64]: Email from Lesley Groff to Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein (again)," April 23, 2013, EFTA00391829, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00391829.pdf
[^65]: Email from Kerrey's New School scheduler to Lesley Groff, "Re: Jeffrey Epstein," April 23, 2013, EFTA02140904, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02140904.pdf
[^66]: Google Calendar reminder, April 23, 2013, EFTA02141080, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02141080.pdf
[^67]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, April 23 and 24, 2013, EFTA00874500 (Kerrey's reply and Epstein's question), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; Epstein's message EFTA00874496 and Kerrey's book titles EFTA00874506, Data Set 9; Kerrey's reply also in EFTA02026240, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00874500.pdf
[^68]: Amazon.com shipment notices, April 25, 2013, EFTA01759723 and EFTA01759810, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01759723.pdf
[^69]: Email from jeevacation@gmail.com to itself, subject line quoted, April 25, 2013, EFTA00628058, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9 (about forty further copies, including EFTA01762660, Data Set 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00628058.pdf
[^70]: Email from Bob Kerrey, "Re: Jeffrey Epstein," April 27, 2013, EFTA02141459, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02141459.pdf
[^71]: Email from Bob Kerrey to Jeffrey Epstein, "Breakfast," May 5, 2013, EFTA01758143, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01758143.pdf
[^72]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Terje Rød-Larsen, "Fwd: Breakfast," May 5, 2013, EFTA01975308, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; Epstein email to Bob Kerrey and Terje Rød-Larsen, "Re: Breakfast," May 6, 2013, EFTA00959981, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01975308.pdf
[^73]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Lesley Groff, May 28, 2013, EFTA00961223, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00961223.pdf
[^74]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Reminder: June 6th Botstein & Barnaby Marsh are scheduled at 6:30-7ish," May 28, 2013, EFTA00389826, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00389826.pdf
[^75]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein," May 28, 2013, EFTA02138268 (Groff's invitation and Kerrey's reply), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; Groff's confirmation EFTA00389851, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02138268.pdf
[^76]: Email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Bob Kerrey," May 28, 2013, EFTA02570566, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11 (Epstein's reply, EFTA01972413, Data Set 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02570566.pdf
[^77]: Lesley Groff email to household staff, "Lunch w/Barak and Bob Kerrey," May 28, 2013, EFTA00365259 (full header copy EFTA02100188, Data Set 10), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00365259.pdf
[^78]: Lesley Groff, schedule email "10-12 meeting on Tues. June 4th at Leon Black's office," June 2, 2013, EFTA00389623, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9 (duplicates EFTA01756762, Data Set 10, and EFTA00389634, Data Set 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00389623.pdf
[^79]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Jeffrey Epstein, "What for Lunch tomorrow w/Barak & Bob Kerrey," June 3, 2013, EFTA01969376, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01969376.pdf
[^80]: Calendar alert, June 3, 2013, EFTA02138382, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02138382.pdf
[^81]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Bob Kerrey, "Re: Jeffrey Epstein 1:30 tomorrow," June 3, 2013, EFTA02137020, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (copy forwarded to Epstein, EFTA01969475). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02137020.pdf
[^82]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Kerrey's New School scheduler, "Bob can't make it at 1:30!," June 4, 2013, EFTA02136966 and EFTA02136979, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02136979.pdf
[^83]: Epstein office schedules for June 3 and 4, 2013, EFTA00284774, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; calendar alerts EFTA02137359 and EFTA02137042, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00284774.pdf
[^84]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Bob Kerrey, July 22, 2013, EFTA00873155, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; Kerrey's reply of July 23, 2013, EFTA02722860, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00873155.pdf
[^85]: Email exchange between Roger Schank and Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: minerva project," July 26, 2013, EFTA00966277, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00966277.pdf
[^86]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Roger Schank, July 31, 2013, EFTA00965743, and Schank's reply, EFTA00676687, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00676687.pdf
[^87]: LinkedIn connection notice to Jeffrey Epstein, July 30, 2013, EFTA01966060, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01966060.pdf
[^88]: LinkedIn Updates email to Jeffrey Epstein, "Bob Kerrey's new title, and other updates from your network," August 12, 2013, EFTA00652362, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00652362.pdf
[^89]: Calendar alert, August 22, 2013, EFTA02130566, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02130566.pdf
[^90]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein," August 22, 2013, EFTA00385345 and EFTA00385347, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00385347.pdf
[^91]: Emails to Kerrey's scheduler and internal, September 11, 2013, EFTA00383870 (Data Set 9), EFTA02128739 (Data Set 10) and EFTA02574481 (Data Set 11), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02128739.pdf
[^92]: Email exchange between Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Visit," July 19 and 20, 2014, EFTA01915288 (Kerrey) and EFTA01916387 (Epstein), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (copies EFTA00694005 and EFTA00993781, Data Set 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01916387.pdf
[^93]: Email from Epstein's scheduler to Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein," September 2, 2014, EFTA00363673, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; Kerrey's reply, EFTA00363687, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00363673.pdf
[^94]: Email thread among Epstein's scheduler and Kerrey's executive assistant, "Jeffrey Epstein dinner - Senator Bob Kerrey" and "9/14: Lunch - Jeffrey Epstein & Senator Bob Kerrey," September 2 to 12, 2014, EFTA02096452, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02096452.pdf
[^95]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, September 9, 2014, EFTA00996779, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00996779.pdf
[^96]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, September 10, 2014, EFTA00362932, and Thiel's reply of September 12, 2014, EFTA00362699, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00362699.pdf
[^97]: Email thread, "9/14: Lunch - Jeffrey Epstein & Senator Bob Kerrey," September 12, 2014, EFTA02096452, and calendar reminder with Epstein's reply, "Re: Reminder Bob Kerrey," September 12, 2014, EFTA02097598, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02097598.pdf
[^98]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13, 2014, EFTA02588610, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02588610.pdf
[^99]: Emails between Lesley Groff and Jeffrey Epstein, September 13, 2014, EFTA00362845 and EFTA00362855, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00362855.pdf
[^100]: Email from Epstein's scheduler to Kerrey's executive assistant, "Re: 9/14: Lunch - Jeffrey Epstein & Senator Bob Kerrey," September 13, 2014, EFTA02096374, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02096374.pdf
[^101]: Emails from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13 and 14, 2014, EFTA02338079 and EFTA02589297, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02589297.pdf
[^102]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996897 and EFTA00704445, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00704445.pdf
[^103]: Email exchange between Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Brunch," September 16, 2014, EFTA02590688, EFTA02590901 and EFTA02591244, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11; forwarded to Kosslyn, EFTA00996971, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02591244.pdf
[^104]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, September 28 to 30, 2014, EFTA00997847 and EFTA00997848, Data Set 9, and EFTA02516727, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02516727.pdf
[^105]: Genworth Financial, Form 8-K, March 2012, reporting that J. Robert Kerrey resigned from the board effective March 14, 2012. https://investor.genworth.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001193125-12-119695/d308983d8k.htm
[^106]: Fred Knapp, "Fischer defeats Kerrey for Nebraska U.S. Senate seat," Nebraska Public Media, November 7, 2012. https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/fischer-defeats-kerrey-for-nebraska-us-senate-seat/
[^107]: Federal Election Commission, candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee (candidate ID S8NE00067), 2012 cycle, via the FEC open data API. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/S8NE00067/totals/?cycle=2012
[^108]: Megan R. Wilson, "Former Sen. Bob Kerrey joins government affairs firm," The Hill, April 22, 2013. https://digital-release.thehill.com/?p=148312
[^109]: "Bob Kerrey resigns from controversial president emeritus post at New School," Higher Ed Dive, February 4, 2013. https://www.highereddive.com/news/bob-kerrey-resigns-from-controversial-president-emeritus-post-at-new-school/96160/
[^110]: "Vietnam's Kerrey dilemma: Fulbright U appointment is lightning rod for US ties," Asia Times, June 2016. https://asiatimes.com/2016/06/vietnams-kerrey-dilemma-fulbright-u-appointment-is-lightning-rod-for-us-ties/

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---
category: "Medicine & Psychology"
tags:
- Person
- Psychology
- Psychosynthesis
- HumanisticPsychology
- Physique
- MKULTRA
- HumanEcologyFund
- NewSchool
- NewJersey
aliases:
- Frank Haronian
- Frank J. Haronian Jr.
- Frank Haronian Ph.D.
- F. Haronian
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
summary: "Frank J. Haronian Jr. (1922-1994) was a New Jersey clinical psychologist, a New School Ph.D. (1963), and the investigator of MKULTRA Subproject 134, a 1961 physique study financed by the CIA."
location: "Lawrenceville, New Jersey"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Somerville School District]]"
start: 1950
role: "school psychologist"
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
end: 1963
role: "doctoral student; Ph.D. in clinical psychology, 1963"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry]]"
start: 1965
end: 1967
role: "affiliation listed on co-authored papers and on the December 1967 seminar notice, Princeton"
fn: 15
- type: funded
with: "[[Project MKUltra]]"
reverse: true
start: 1961-07
end: 1962-08
role: "investigator, Subproject 134, cost $22,000.00"
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
reverse: true
start: 1961-07
end: 1962-08
role: "funds for Subproject 134 through MKULTRA"
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]"
reverse: true
start: 1961
end: 1963
role: "Human Ecology Fund grant, Physique and psychological functioning, $39,000"
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Psychosynthesis Research Foundation]]"
start: 1967
end: 1968
role: "speaker, December 15, 1967 seminar; participant, 1968/69 seminar series"
fn: 23
- type: founded
with: "[[Trinity Counseling Service]]"
role: "co-founder and first clinician, Princeton"
fn: 1
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Ardell Marashian Haronian]]"
end: 1990
fn: 1
---
Frank J. Haronian Jr. (1922-1994), who published as Frank Haronian, was a clinical psychologist who practiced in the Princeton area of [[New Jersey]] and the investigator of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] Subproject 134, a 1961 study of physique and personality financed by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. He received his Ph.D. from the [[New School for Social Research]] in 1963, co-authored body-type studies with [[A. Arthur Sugerman]] between 1964 and 1967, and spoke and wrote for the [[Psychosynthesis Research Foundation]].
### Family and education
Haronian was born in [[Durham, North Carolina]], in 1922 and lived in [[New York City]] before moving to [[Lawrenceville, New Jersey]], in 1958.[^1] His father, Frank J. Haronian, was born in Constantinople. The records of the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] list a Frank J. Haronian of Constantinople among graduate students for 1920 and 1921, and a Frank John Haronian, M.A., as instructor in French for 1922-1923.[^2] His mother, Violet E. Haronian, was born at Mikhalitch, Turkey, on December 23, 1896, and died at [[Ocean Grove, New Jersey]], on May 3, 1981. Her obituary describes her as the widow of Frank J. Haronian, a former Captain in the [[United States Army]] who after his retirement taught French at the University of North Carolina and at Morris High School in New York City, and lists her survivors as two sons, one of them the subject.[^3]
Haronian received a bachelor of science degree in 1943 from the [[City College of New York]], where he was enrolled in the ROTC program. He enlisted in the Army, served as a sergeant in [[Paris]] during [[World War II]], and afterward received a master's degree in education from City College.[^1] He began work in 1950 as a school psychologist in the [[Somerville School District]] of New Jersey and also worked in the school districts of Princeton and neighboring towns.[^1] In 1963 he received a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the New School for Social Research in New York City.[^1]
### Subproject 134
Haronian was the investigator of MKULTRA Subproject 134.[^4][^5] The subproject's status page gives its purpose as exploratory research on the relation of component patterns of physique to patterns of personality characteristics. It records the subproject as initiated in July 1961, at a cost of $22,000.00, with actual work expected to commence in September 1961.[^6]
A memorandum for the record of May 29, 1961 calls the study "frankly exploratory in nature" and places its relevance to the Agency in its potential contribution to clandestine indirect assessment work carried out without the subject's awareness.[^7] The memorandum refers to the investigator only as "Mr." with the name blacked out, and states that he "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor." It says that the research will provide a redacted doctor with data "useful in advancing his own research program (MKULTRA, Subproject 77)."
A memorandum of June 9, 1961, titled "Recommendation for Funding," recommends the $22,000 "despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable products which have issued from previous research." It says the work "fits into our indirect assessment requirement and will contribute to the [[David Wechsler|Wechsler-Bellevue]] work" in which a redacted doctor is engaged.[^8]
The proposal arrived as a revision in the form of a letter. It covered the year from September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962, with a budget of $22,000 in which the stipend line was $10,800. It planned preparation from September to November 1961, testing and data collection from December 1961 to May 1962, and analysis from June to August 1962, with at least 100 subjects and possibly as many as 150.[^9] The letter says the author would devote his full attention to the project "as soon as my present contract expires at the end of June," and that a redacted consultant "has kindly agreed to act as a consultant to me."
The pilot study used fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers, photographed and somatotyped by [[William H. Sheldon|Sheldon]] or his assistants. The participants were given the MMPI, the Myers-Briggs and the [[Saul Rosenzweig|Rosenzweig]] picture-frustration test, and only the MMPI scores had entered the statistical analysis.[^10] A reviewer whose name is redacted, signing as "Ph.D.," called the report "poorly organized," noted "more variables (60 to 70) than subjects," and wrote that "some of the findings are provocative, and more work of this sort should be done."[^11]
An invoice memorandum of July 12, 1961 asks that the check be forwarded by July 24, 1961, and says that additional funds were anticipated for the project.[^12] A February 1963 accounting for the grant period from September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962 records $22,000.00 received. Its expenditures include $10,800.00 for the "Salary of Principal Investigator" and total $18,827.50, which leaves a balance of $3,172.50 "to be applied to next year's grant." The accounting closes with the statement that it is a true account "as reported to the Fund." A receipt dated August 16, 1961 acknowledges Treasurer's Check No. 184788, dated August 11, 1961, in the amount of $22,000.00.[^13]
[[David H. Price]] tabulated the grants of the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology|Human Ecology Fund]] for 1960 to 1963. His table lists "Physique and psychological functioning," with Frank Haronian as investigator in psychology, at $39,000. It is the only entry in the table whose title concerns physique.[^4] The release redacts the investigator's name in every memorandum. The 1961 memorandum fixes the subproject at $22,000, and the accounting records a balance carried to the next year's grant.
The first-page note of the 1964 paper by Sugerman and Haronian reads: "This study was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund."[^5]
The copy of the subproject file that the CIA sent to the New School on September 7, 1977 carries the school's name reinserted in red on the May 29 memorandum.[^7] The covering letter, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the agency's Office of General Counsel and addressed to [[John R. Everett]], says that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents." The letter states that the names of all other institutions, all individuals and the CIA employees who are not publicly acknowledged remain deleted.[^14]
### New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry
The 1964 paper with Sugerman gives Haronian's address as [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], New Jersey, and Sugerman's affiliation as the [[New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]].[^5] The papers of 1965 to 1967 list both men at the Bureau, two of them with a Princeton address.[^15][^16][^17]
With Sugerman he published the 1964 study in the [[Journal of Personality]], a 1965 comparison of two methods for quantifying physique in the [[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]], a 1966 study of field independence in [[Perceptual and Motor Skills]], and a 1967 review of field independence studies in [[Psychological Reports]].[^5][^15][^16][^17] Alone, he published "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique" in the [[Journal of Religion and Health]] in April 1967.[^18]
### Psychosynthesis Research Foundation
[[Roberto Assagioli]] wrote that the foundation was created in 1957 with its own seat at Valmy, Greenville, Delaware, and that an international congress was held at Valmy in 1959.[^19] The London institute's own history states that the foundation was created in New York under the patronage of the [[Dupont family]] and names [[Frank Hilton]] as its head in New York.[^20] By 1969 the foundation had an office in New York, with Frank Hilton as director.[^21] By proclamation of January 24, 1966, [[Charles L. Terry Jr.]], Governor of [[Delaware]], declared repealed the charters of corporations that had failed for two years to pay assessed taxes, and the list printed in the Laws of Delaware includes the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation.[^22] The foundation's notice of December 1, 1967 gives its New York office and, as its registered office and treasurer, an address in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].[^23]
Haronian spoke on "The Denial of the Sublime" at the third meeting of the foundation's 1967/68 series of Psychosynthesis Seminars, held at 7:45 p.m. on December 15, 1967 in the Directors Room of the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York. The notice, signed by [[Jack Cooper]], M.D., describes him as of the Bureau.[^23] The paper was issued as "The Repression of the Sublime," "Presented at a seminar of the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, on December 15, 1967."[^24] Assagioli's 1973 book The Act of Will says that the subject had been "well dealt with by Frank Haronian."[^25] At the second meeting of the 1968/69 series, on November 15, 1968, [[Jean Houston]] spoke on "The relationship between the psychedelic experience and some of the techniques of psychosynthesis." The participants listed include Frank Haronian, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Hilton, Jack Cooper and Houston.[^26] Haronian translated [[Robert Desoille]]'s The Directed Daydream, issued by the foundation as its Issue No. 18.[^27]
Haronian's "A Psychosynthetic Model of Personality and Its Implications for Psychotherapy" appeared in the [[Journal of Humanistic Psychology]] in the fall of 1975, and "Psychosynthesis: A Psychotherapist's Personal Overview" in [[Pastoral Psychology]] in Fall 1976. In the second, he wrote that he first became interested in psychosynthesis because he was looking for "a point of view that could bridge psychology and religion," and that he had been surprised by the readiness with which "my clerical colleagues" accepted the Freudian image of human nature. The article's author note gives a Lawrenceville address, states "Dr. Haronian is in private practice," and directs readers to the foundation's New York office.[^28][^29]
### Practice, family and death
Advertisements in the Princeton weekly Town Topics from 1987 to 1991 list Frank Haronian, Ph.D., among the practitioners of psychotherapy and transpersonal counseling at an office in Princeton.[^30] He was a co-founder and the first clinician of [[Trinity Counseling Service]] in Princeton, where he remained active.[^1]
His wife, Ardell Marashian Haronian, died in 1990. He died at his home in Lawrenceville on October 22, 1994, aged 72, survived by two daughters, a brother and four grandchildren. A memorial service was held at Trinity Church in Princeton.[^1] The New Jersey death indexes list Violet E. Haronian in 1981 and Frank J. Haronian Jr. in 1994.[^31] [[Nancy Newton Verrier]]'s book The Primal Wound is dedicated to Frank Haronian (1922-1994).[^32]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Frank J. Haronian Jr., 72, a clinical psychologist, died October 22 at his home in Lawrenceville," obituary, Town Topics (Princeton), October 26, 1994. Born in Durham, N.C.; lived in New York City before moving to Lawrenceville in 1958; B.S. City College of New York 1943 (ROTC); Army sergeant in Paris, World War II; master's in education, City College; school psychologist, Somerville School District from 1950; Ph.D. in clinical psychology, New School for Social Research, 1963; private practice in the Lawrenceville and Princeton areas; co-founder and first clinician, Trinity Counseling Service; husband of the late Ardell Marashian Haronian (d. 1990); survivors as stated; memorial service at Trinity Church. https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4834unse
[^2]: The University of North Carolina Record, The Graduate School [1921] (Haronian, Frank J., Constantinople, Turkey, A.B., listed among graduate students for 1920 and 1921), https://archive.org/details/universityofnort185univ ; Catalogue of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill [1922-1923] ("Frank John Haronian, M.A., Instructor in French"), https://archive.org/details/catalogueofunive200univ
[^3]: Obituary of Violet E. Haronian, Armenian Missionary Association of America, 1981 no. 3, p. 15 (born December 23, 1896, Mikhalitch, now Karacabey, Turkey; died May 3, 1981, Ocean Grove, New Jersey; widow of Frank J. Haronian, a former Captain in the U.S. Army; two sons, the subject and a brother; two granddaughters). https://archive.org/details/2016-2_202312
[^4]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), June 2007, pp. 8-13, Figure 4 ("Known grants funded by the CIA research front known as the Human Ecology Fund, 1960-1963, ranked by grant size," from the Fund's 1961-1963 report): "Physique and psychological functioning," Haronian, Frank, psychology, $39,000. The release of the Subproject 134 file redacts the investigator's name throughout. The 1964 acknowledgment (note 5) records a Human Ecology Fund grant to Haronian for a body-type study.
[^5]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, pp. 380-394, first-page note. Affiliation metadata: Haronian, "Trenton, N. J"; Sugerman, New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Princeton. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x
[^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA Subproject 134, status page ("Purpose: To do exploratory research upon the relation of component patterns of measurements of physique (body typing) to patterns of personality characteristics (MKULTRA 134)"; "Initiated: July 1961"; contractor line: name redacted, "as a grantee of the" [redacted]; "Cost: $22,000.00"; "Actual work is expected to commence in September 1961"), release DOC_0000017393 (58 pp.); New School Archives copy NS010102_000027 (John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29), PDF p. 10. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017393 ; https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^7]: Memorandum for the record, May 29, 1961, MKULTRA Subproject 134, page image 134-12; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 27; release DOC_0000017393. Paragraph 1 (research studies of "Mr." [redacted]; red insertion "New School for Social Research"), paragraph 2 (indirect assessment, "frankly exploratory in nature"; by-product data for Subproject 77), paragraph 4 ($22,000.00 for one year, Allotment No. 2125-1390-3902), paragraph 5 ("neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor").
[^8]: Memorandum, "Recommendation for Funding," June 9, 1961, stamped 134-11; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 21; release DOC_0000017393.
[^9]: Letter of proposal revision, MKULTRA Subproject 134, with budget and schedule; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 23-26 (budget, schedule and the "at least 100 subjects" sentence at p. 25; the present-contract and consultant sentences at p. 26); release DOC_0000017393.
[^10]: Pilot report, Subproject 134, "Fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers," all "photographed and somatotyped" by Sheldon or his assistants, New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 37; the three paper-and-pencil tests (MMPI, Myers-Briggs, Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test) are in paragraph 7 of the proposal letter, PDF p. 24; release DOC_0000017393.
[^11]: "Comments on [redacted] Report," reviewer signed "Ph.D." with the name redacted; release DOC_0000017393; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 22.
[^12]: Memorandum "Invoice No. 1," MKULTRA Subproject 134, July 12, 1961, Allotment 2125-1390-3902 (check "by 24 July 1961"; "additional funds will be obligated for this project"); New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 13; release DOC_0000017393.
[^13]: Accounting, "grant from 9-1-61 to 8-31-62," February 1963 (stamped 134-9), New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 17; Receipt for Treasurer's Check No. 184788, dated August 11, 1961, signed August 16, 1961, PDF p. 18; release DOC_0000017393.
[^14]: Letter from A. R. Cinquegrana, Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, enclosing "all available documents which relate to Subprojects 134 and 137 of Project MKULTRA and involve the School"; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7; release DOC_0000017393. The letter describes the deletions as covering "all other institutions and organizations, all individuals, and CIA employees" not publicly acknowledged.
[^15]: Haronian, Frank, and A. Arthur Sugerman, "A comparison of Sheldon's and Parnell's methods for quantifying morphological differences," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 23(2), June 1965, pp. 135-141. Affiliation metadata: New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Princeton, New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330230213
[^16]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Field Independence and Resistance to Reversal of Perspective," Perceptual and Motor Skills 22(2), April 1966, pp. 543-546. Affiliation metadata: New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry (no city). https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1966.22.2.543
[^17]: Haronian, Frank, and A. Arthur Sugerman, "Fixed and Mobile Field Independence: Review of Studies Relevant to Werner's Dimension," Psychological Reports 21(1), August 1967, pp. 41-57. Affiliation metadata: New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Princeton. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1967.21.1.41
[^18]: Haronian, Frank, "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique," Journal of Religion and Health 6(2), April 1967, pp. 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01532250
[^19]: Roberto Assagioli, "Psicosintesi e parapsicologia," typescript, Archivio Assagioli, Istituto di Psicosintesi, Florence, pp. 1-2 (Italian; translated here): "Nel 1957 ... fu creata la Psychosynthesis Research Foundation con sede propria a Valmy, Greenville, nel Delaware (U.S.A.)"; congress "a Valmy (1959)." https://www.psicosintesi.it/files-scritti/01%20PRESENTAZIONE%20DELLA%20PSICOSINTESI/psicosintesi-e-parapsicologia.pdf
[^20]: "History of the Institute of Psychosynthesis, London," psychosynthesis.org: the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation "was created in New York under the patronage of the Dupont family," and the writers "talked to Frank Hilton in New York, head of the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation (PRF)." https://www.psychosynthesis.org/blog/history-of-the-institute-of-psychosynthesis-london
[^21]: Saturday Review, July 12, 1969 (vol. 52, no. 28), directory of organizations: "Psychosynthesis Research Foundation," New York, "Frank Hilton, director." https://archive.org/details/saturday-review_202511
[^22]: Laws of Delaware, vol. 55, part 2, chapter 559 (Proclamation of Governor Charles L. Terry Jr., January 24, 1966, under 8 Del. C. sections 511 and 512, on a report by Tax Commissioner E. Hobson Davis), pp. 1694-1714; "Psychosynthesis Research Foundation" is on p. 1708. https://archive.org/details/del-laws
[^23]: Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, notice of the third meeting of the 1967/68 Psychosynthesis Seminars, December 1, 1967, signed Jack Cooper, M.D. ("Dr. Frank Haronian of the New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry will speak on 'The Denial of the Sublime'"); letterhead gives a New York office and a registered office and treasurer in Wilmington, Del. https://www.psychosynthesisresources.com/NieuweBestanden/13denial_of_sublime.pdf
[^24]: Frank Haronian, "The Repression of the Sublime," Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, title page. http://synthesiscenter.org/articles/0130.pdf
[^25]: Roberto Assagioli, The Act of Will (New York: Viking Press, 1973), p. 119 (the index lists Haronian at ix and 120). https://archive.org/details/actofwill00robe
[^26]: Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, "Psychosynthesis Seminars, 1968/69 Series, Second Meeting: November 15, 1968," cover sheet. https://www.psychosynthesisresources.com/NieuweBestanden/21psychedelics.pdf
[^27]: Robert Desoille, The Directed Daydream, trans. Frank Haronian, Psychosynthesis Research Foundation Issue No. 18 (New York), cited in Claudio Naranjo, The One Quest (1972). https://archive.org/details/onequest00nara
[^28]: Haronian, Frank, "Psychosynthesis: A Psychotherapist's Personal Overview," Pastoral Psychology 25(1), Fall 1976, pp. 16-33; author line "Frank Haronian Ph.D."; author note gives a present address in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, states "Dr. Haronian is in private practice," and directs readers to the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation at a New York City address. The reprint text reads: "I first became interested in psychosynthesis because I was looking for a point of view that could bridge psychology and religion" and "I had been surprised by the readiness with which my clerical colleagues accepted the constricted Freudian image of human nature." https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01761144 ; https://www.synthesiscenter.org/articles/0120.pdf
[^29]: Haronian, Frank, "A Psychosynthetic Model of Personality and Its Implications for Psychotherapy," Journal of Humanistic Psychology 15(4), Fall 1975; cited in the reference list of the 1976 article (note 28). https://doi.org/10.1177/002216787501500404
[^30]: Town Topics (Princeton), advertisements of October 21, 1987 ("Psychotherapy and Transpersonal Counseling," Frank Haronian, Ph.D.), and September 5, 1990 ("Transpersonal Counseling Biofeedback Services," Frank Haronian, Ph.D.). https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4232unse ; https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4526unse
[^31]: New Jersey Death Index, 1981, surnames E-K (Reclaim The Records scan), entry "HARONIAN,VIOLET.E." https://archive.org/details/NJ_Death_Index_1981_E-K ; New Jersey Death Index, 1994, surnames G-N, entry "HARONIAN JR FRANK J." https://archive.org/details/NJ_Death_Index_1994_G-N
[^32]: Nancy Newton Verrier, The Primal Wound: Understanding the Adopted Child, dedication ("Dedicated to Frank Haronian (1922-1994)"). https://archive.org/details/primalwoundtrans00firm

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---
aliases:
- Hiram J. Halle
- Hiram Halle
- Halle, Hiram J.
- Hiram Joseph Halle
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- HiramJHalle
- UniversalOilProducts
- GulfOil
- UniversityInExile
- NewSchoolForSocialResearch
- PoundRidge
- AlvinJohnson
- JacobEpstein
- Philanthropist
summary: "Hiram J. Halle was a Cleveland-born businessman, president of Universal Oil Products and part owner of Gulf Oil, who provided principal funding with the Rockefeller Foundation for the New School's University in Exile in 1933."
born: 1867
died: 1944
location: "Cleveland, Ohio; New York City; Pound Ridge, New York"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Universal Oil Products]]"
role: "president"
start: 1916
fn: 3
- type: owned
with: "[[Gulf Oil Company]]"
role: "part owner"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
role: "principal funding, with the Rockefeller Foundation, for the University in Exile"
start: 1933
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[University in Exile]]"
role: "pledge of $60,000 a year for two years in Johnson's account"
start: 1933
fn: 12
- type: funded
with: "[[Jacob Epstein]]"
role: "financial supporter of the sculptor"
fn: 20
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Joseph Halle Schaffner]]"
role: "nephew"
fn: 20
---
Hiram J. Halle (1867 to 1944) was an American businessman, inventor and philanthropist who was president of [[Universal Oil Products]] and part owner of [[Gulf Oil Company]].[^1] In 1933 he provided principal funding, with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], for the [[University in Exile]] that [[Alvin Johnson]] organized at the [[New School for Social Research]].[^1][^2]
### Early life
Halle was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio]] and left high school to work in his family's dry goods store.[^1] The text of the marker erected for him by the [[Pound Ridge Historical Society]] and the [[Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation]] on April 28, 2019, states that he was born in Cleveland to German Jewish immigrants.[^3]
### Typewriter patents
Halle's earliest patents are two assigned to the [[Elliott-Fisher Company]] of [[New York City]]. U.S. Patent 773,287, a type-writing machine, was filed on November 10, 1903 and granted on October 25, 1904. U.S. Patent 804,720, a bill or statement blank, was filed on March 14, 1905 and granted on November 14, 1905. Both specifications give his residence as New York, in the county of New York.[^4]
### Universal Oil Products
The marker states that Halle was head of Universal Oil Products from 1916 to 1944.[^3] Universal Oil Products began as a firm formed to enforce patent rights to the cracking process of [[Jesse Dubbs]], who retired in 1914 and died four years later.[^5] His son [[Carbon Dubbs]] stayed with the company to prove the process and spent most of his time on other projects, to the displeasure of the company's president, Halle.[^5]
In 1919, the year the company took the name Universal Oil Products, Carbon Dubbs revealed a refining method called Clean Circulation, which circulated a quantity of refined gasoline back into the feedstock.[^5] The company's history records that "Halle decided UOP should license the Clean Circulation process to any refiner in exchange for a royalty fee, based on production," with UOP engineering its customers' refineries and guaranteeing performance.[^5] Licensing began with [[Shell Oil Company]]'s Roxana refinery at Wood River, Illinois in 1922, and the company established its [[UOP Riverside Laboratory]] in present-day [[McCook, Illinois]] in 1921.[^5]
A patent granted on March 7, 1933 for a process and apparatus for treating hydrocarbons, on an application dated February 6, 1926, names Halle of New York as inventor and assignor to Universal Oil Products Company of Chicago, a South Dakota corporation.[^6] A 2019 article in Westchester Magazine states that Halle retired as president of Universal Oil Products before taking up residence in Pound Ridge in 1929.[^7]
In 1931, with a judgment against them in the cracking patent litigation, a consortium of defendants bought Universal Oil Products for $25 million through the United Gasoline Corporation, jointly controlled by Shell Oil and Standard Oil Company of California, and later including Standard Oil of Indiana, Standard Oil of New Jersey, The Texas Company, the Atlantic Refining Company and Gulf Oil.[^8] Time reported in 1936 that Chicago packer [[J. Ogden Armour]] had sold a few Universal Oil certificates to his wife for $1,500,000 before dying insolvent in London in 1927, and that four years later "the Widow Armour, Carbon Petroleum Dubbs and a handful of other stockholders sold out to a group of big oil companies for more than $22,000,000."[^9] The same article reports that the special master in the patent suit against Standard Oil of Indiana, the Missouri lawyer Holmes Hall, was found by a U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals to have "betrayed his trust by attempting to deceive, intimidate and coerce a wealthy litigant."[^9]
### Gulf Oil
The archive of the New School describes Halle as part owner of Gulf Oil company.[^1] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that Halle was part owner of the Gulf Oil Company.[^10] An article on Pound Ridge by [[Mary Shustack]] calls him an owner of Gulf Oil.[^11]
### University in Exile
The school's history states that in April 1933 Johnson began to raise $60,000 per year for two consecutive years, and that this $120,000 was to support a faculty of fifteen scholars at $4,000 each. It states that "After only raising $10,000, Alvin Johnson received a donation of the whole $60,000 from Hiram J. Halle," making all other donations additions to the cause, and that additional funding from the Rockefeller Foundation "enabled him to enlarge his rescue efforts."[^2]
Johnson's account in [[Pioneer's Progress]] has Halle telephone him after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. Johnson answered Halle's question about the amount pledged with "Twelve thousand," and Halle replied: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once."[^12] In the same account [[Frank Altschul]] said that "Hiram Halle's signature on a check for a million dollars would be accepted by any bank in New York" and advised keeping the offer quiet, because nobody would contribute if he knew Halle was ready to carry the whole load.[^12]
[[Rutkoff and Scott]] write that Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required," that Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000," and that Halle's name was kept out of the announcement; they describe him as having "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance."[^13] Bessner writes that Johnson "had collected $120,000 from the Jewish philanthropist Hiram Halle, which allowed him to fund fifteen professorships at a salary of $4,000 per year," and describes Halle as associated with the Rockefeller Foundation, which he writes spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars.[^14]
[[Jerry Klinger]] writes that Halle guaranteed the salaries of Jewish refugee scholars through his association with the New School and obtained the needed visas. He writes that Halle and Johnson realized the [[United States Department of State]] would grant visas to farmers, that "It was a loophole," that "Halle provided seed money," and that the academics were classified as "farmers" and brought to [[Van Eeden]], North Carolina.[^15] Klinger's commentary on the marker page adds that Halle supported the Van Eeden agricultural project in [[Burgaw, North Carolina]].[^3] A state history of Van Eeden records that Johnson, working with [[Hugh MacRae]], brought Jewish families there after finding that farm workers carried no quota.[^16]
### Pound Ridge
Halle moved to [[Pound Ridge]], New York in 1929; the marker places his first purchase, a house on [[Trinity Pass Road]], in February 1929.[^1][^3][^17] A 2019 article gives the number of houses he purchased as 33 and the number of local men he employed renovating them as more than 60.[^7] The school's archive states that he purchased more than thirty houses and that thirteen of his homes are on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].[^1] The [[National Park Service]] record for the [[Pound Ridge Historic District]] lists Halle among its architects, followed by "et al."[^18] A real estate listing history gives his collaborators as the designer Walter Gillooly and the craftsman Herman P. Scheid and dates his move to 1928.[^19]
The school's archive says Halle brought a number of European Jewish exiles to Pound Ridge and gave them work restoring vintage homes, and that he provided support to struggling farmers during the Depression.[^1] The [[Old Mill]], a property he renovated and used for entertaining, housed his collection of American folk art, and a farm where he stored his collection of American and English antiques was among his holdings.[^1] The marker credits him with helping construct the elementary school and the fire department.[^3]
Halle hosted an annual fall barbecue on his property for the University in Exile, its families and New School staff. The New School Archives holds two silent 16mm home movies of the event, dated probably 1935 and 1937, made at his residence known as the White House and at the Old Mill.[^1] His letter of invitation to [[Albert Einstein]] for the gathering in 1938 described "the annual gathering at our home in Poundridge, Westchester County, where Dr. Alvin Johnson with the staff, professors and trustees of the 'University in Exile' with their families come together for a pleasant day in the country at its most beautiful time to lunch on barbecued lamb in an old mill over a waterfall," and named Saturday, October 8. Einstein declined, citing poor health.[^1]
In 1939 Halle became owner of the little old schoolhouse in exchange for giving the [[Pound Ridge School District|Pound Ridge school board]] the land on which the elementary school now stands.[^17]
### Jacob Epstein and the Einstein bust
The Institute for Advanced Study holds a bronze bust of Albert Einstein by [[Jacob Epstein]], in the Common Room of Fuld Hall. Its catalogue record states that the bust was sculpted from life in 1933 in Cromer, Norfolk, England, for Hiram J. Halle, who was "a close friend and financial supporter of Epstein," and that it passed to Halle's nephew [[Joseph Halle Schaffner]], a friend of Harold Linder, who left a life interest to his wife and to the Institute; on his death his widow waived her interest and the bust passed to the [[Institute for Advanced Study]].[^20]
### Family
Halle's great-nephew and the great-nephew's sister donated the two barbecue films to the New School in 2015; the letters that accompany them remained with the donors.[^1]
A 1918 obituary of the Chicago businessman Joseph Schaffner states that in 1888 he married Miss Sarah Halle of Cleveland and that three children were born of the union, all living in Chicago.[^21] The Pound Ridge Library's later wing contains the Joseph Halle Schaffner Room.[^17]
The 1930 to 1931 edition of Who's Who in America lists Rita S. Halle, writer, as the wife of Louis J. Halle of New York City, married September 23, 1908, with children Rita, Louis J. and Roger, and a summer address at Poundridge, New York.[^22] A Louis J. Halle Jr. published Birds against Men in 1938 and River of Ruins in 1941. Records found do not establish whether the Louis J. Halle of the Who's Who entry was Hiram Halle's brother or whether his son Louis J. Halle Jr. is Hiram Halle's nephew.[^22]
### Death and estate
The library's history states that Halle worked with local artisans to restore and renovate Pound Ridge from his arrival there until his death in 1944.[^17] The trustees of his estate donated the schoolhouse to the newly formed [[Pound Ridge Library]] Association in 1950.[^17] The library's history records that "It was her idea to make the library a memorial to Hiram J. Halle," referring to [[Ruth M. Knight]], who pledged funds to operate the library for its first three years and whose name the 1955 reading room bears.[^17]
### Footnotes
[^1]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hiram Halle home movies of annual barbecue for University in Exile at Pound Ridge," Collection NA-0008-01, biographical note, scope and contents, and immediate source of acquisition. https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/256
[^2]: Histories of The New School, "University in Exile." https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile
[^3]: Marker inscription "Hiram Halle (1867-1944)," Pound Ridge Historical Society and Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, erected April 28, 2019, and the commentary "Regarding Hiram Halle (1867-1944)" submitted by Jerry Klinger, Historical Marker Database. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=134062
[^4]: U.S. Patent 773,287, "Type-writing machine," Hiram J. Halle of New York, assignor to Elliott-Fisher Company, filed November 10, 1903, patented October 25, 1904; U.S. Patent 804,720, "Bill or statement blank," filed March 14, 1905, patented November 14, 1905. https://patents.google.com/patent/US773287A/en and https://patents.google.com/patent/US804720A/en
[^5]: Honeywell UOP, "A Revolution in Transportation," UOP History. https://uop.honeywell.com/en/uop-history/a-revolution-in-transportation
[^6]: U.S. Patent 1,900,105, "Process and apparatus for treating hydrocarbons," Hiram J. Halle of New York, assignor to Universal Oil Products Company of Chicago, Illinois, patented March 7, 1933. https://patents.google.com/patent/US1900105A/en
[^7]: Dave Zucker, "Take a Tour of Pound Ridge's Historic Hiram Halle Homes," Westchester Magazine, March 20, 2019. https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/take-a-tour-of-pound-ridges-historic-hiram-halle-homes/
[^8]: Honeywell UOP, "The Peace of 1931," UOP History. https://uop.honeywell.com/en/uop-history/the-peace-of-1931
[^9]: "Business: Sedalia Sequel," Time, July 20, 1936. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771866,00.html
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State (Duke University dissertation, 2013), note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
[^11]: Mary Shustack, article on the Halle barns and houses in Pound Ridge, photographs by Tim Lee. https://www.wagmag.com/?p=7705
[^12]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (New York: Viking Press, 1952), p. 340.
[^13]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of The New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 92.
[^14]: Bessner, The Night Watchman, p. 84 and note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
[^15]: Jerry Klinger, "He found ways to obtain U.S. visas for persecuted European Jews," San Diego Jewish World, April 29, 2019. https://www.sdjewishworld.com/?p=121004
[^16]: DigitalNC, "Van Eeden books now online." https://www.digitalnc.org/blog/van-eeden-books-now-online/
[^17]: Pound Ridge Library, "Visit," history of the library building. https://poundridgelibrary.org/visit/
[^18]: National Park Service, National Register Information System, record 85003196, Pound Ridge Historic District, architects and significant names fields. https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85003196
[^19]: Brownstoner, listing history for 3 Old Mill River Road, Pound Ridge. https://www.brownstoner.com/upstate/pound-ridge-ny-hiram-j-halle-3-old-mill-river-road-1930s-colonial-revival-barn/
[^20]: Institute for Advanced Study, Digital Collections, "Bust of Albert Einstein," Jacob Epstein, description field. https://albert.ias.edu/20.500.12111/1500
[^21]: Obituary of Joseph Schaffner, Daily Jewish Courier, April 21, 1918, Foreign Language Press Survey, Newberry Library. https://flps.newberry.org/id/5423972_10_1_1095
[^22]: Who's Who in America, vol. 16, 1930-1931 (Chicago: A. N. Marquis), entry "HALLE, Rita S."; Louis J. Halle Jr., Birds against Men (1938) and River of Ruins (New York: Henry Holt, 1941), title page.

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---
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- MaxMillikan
- CenisMit
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- ProjectTroy
- MassachusettsInstituteOfTechnology
- FordFoundation
- PsychologicalStrategyBoard
- ColdWar
- Economist
aliases:
- Max Millikan
- Max F. Millikan
- Max Franklin Millikan
- Millikan
summary: "MIT economist, member of the Project Troy study group, assistant director of the CIA's Office of Research and Reports in 1951, and first director of MIT's Center for International Studies from 1952 to 1969."
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Assistant Director, Research and Reports (1951); Special Consultant (1952)"
start: 1951-01
end: 1952-03
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
role: "professor of economics"
start: 1949
end: 1969-12
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
role: "first director"
start: 1952-02
end: 1969-12
fn: 11
- type: member_of
with: "[[Project Troy]]"
role: "member of the study group, per MIT's finding aid for his papers and a CIA historian's interview note of March 5, 1952"
start: 1950
end: 1951
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Robert Andrews Millikan]]"
role: son
fn: 1
---
Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952.
### Early career
Millikan was born in Chicago on December 12, 1913, the son of [[Robert Andrews Millikan]]. He took a B.S. in physics at [[Yale University]] in 1935, studied at the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1935 and 1936, and received a Yale Ph.D. in 1941. He worked at the [[Office of Price Administration]] in 1942 and at the [[War Shipping Administration]] from 1942 to 1946, as principal economist and then assistant director of its Division of Ship Requirements. From January to June 1946 he was chief of the Economic Intelligence Branch of the Division of Research for Europe at the [[State Department]]. In 1947 he was assistant secretary of the [[President's Committee on Foreign Aid]], and from 1948 a consultant to the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]]. He served on the Air Force Human Resources Professional Advisory Committee and joined the MIT faculty as an associate professor in 1949.[^1]
### CIA service, 1951 to 1952
MIT's biographical note for his papers states that he took a leave of absence in 1951-1952 to serve as assistant director of the Central Intelligence Agency.[^1]
In a letter stamped January 30, 1951, Millikan wrote that "I have gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency," and that the office's mission "has been focused much more sharply on economic matters." He asked the addressee, whose name is redacted, to come to Washington for a survey of work in the field because "General Smith has asked me to request" it.[^2] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to another recruit that he had been "down here for the last nine or ten months trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research," that he had been reluctant "to become involved in a Government job again," and that he had been persuaded "to take a leave of absence from M.I.T." because there was "a particularly urgent job to be done in this Agency on which might depend in some measure our success in the international conflict in which we are now engaged."[^3]
A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion with State Department officers of psychological intelligence and of the intelligence support to be given to the Office of Policy Coordination in the psychological field. The memorandum records his concern that placing the production of that intelligence in several organizations would bring "the shortcomings of decentralization."[^4] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, addressed to the intelligence chiefs of the State Department, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, was issued "for the Director of Central Intelligence" over Millikan's typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^5]
A letter of November 26, 1951 over his typed signature, filed as AD/RR, tells a correspondent whose name is redacted that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^6] A letter of March 3, 1952 from [[Stuart A. Rice]] of the Bureau of the Budget addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^7]
### Project Troy and the Psychological Strategy Board
MIT's biographical note for his papers describes Project TROY as "a study group (of which Millikan was a member) contracted by the Department of State in 1950."[^1] He does not appear in the participant list printed by Bessner.[^8]
A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952, titled "Origin of PSB," records that the stream "which seems to have flown directly to the creation of the PSB in the early part of 1951" was the "Troy Project," and that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT, in the fall of 1951," a date corrected by hand to 1950. The note says the study's objective "was to find some means of penetrating the 'Iron Curtain,'" that "The men in Cambridge spent some three months," and that "Secretary Webb was much impressed with the report." Millikan is recorded as saying that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors,'" that he "did not have time to go further into the detail of the 'Troy Project,'" and that the study's recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB." The interviewer, A. B. Darling, recorded Millikan's view that the [[Psychological Strategy Board]], consisting of the Under Secretaries of State and Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence, was a compromise, with a director "of caliber and distinction" comparable to the Director of Central Intelligence in relation to the National Security Council. Darling added that he wished he had asked Millikan about establishing an "Office of Psychological Warfare within the Central Intelligence Agency."[^9]
### The Center for International Studies
The Center for International Studies, known as CENIS, began operating at MIT in the fall of 1951.[^10] MIT's biographical note for his papers states that the center, "established in January 1952, continued the contract work undertaken for the government under Project TROY," and that Millikan "assumed the directorship on February 1, 1952."[^1] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^11] The historian [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Millikan as an economics professor who had spent a year at the CIA, and reports that he accepted the offer to serve as the center's first director in February 1952.[^10]
Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of the [[Ford Foundation]] for money. When [[Hans Speier]] learned of the request, he visited Millikan in February 1952 to discuss a center for research in international communication. Millikan was reticent, believing that MIT's comparative advantage lay in economic and political studies, but Speier "convinced him otherwise." Bessner attributes the Ford trustees' grant of $875,000 to CENIS in the spring of 1952 to Speier's efforts.[^10]
In April 1956 the Office of National Estimates of the CIA circulated to its Board, and proposed possibly to pass to the Director of Central Intelligence, Millikan's comments, sent on the center's letterhead, on the draft National Intelligence Estimate 100-3-56, "Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas." They were accompanied by an imaginary statement by Molotov written by Walt Rostow.[^12]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^13]
### Funding
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^14] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^15] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^16]
### Death
MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^17]
### Footnotes
[^1]: MIT Libraries, Department of Distinctive Collections, Max F. Millikan papers (MC-0188), biographical note. https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/722
[^2]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^3]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951 (recipient redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
[^4]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
[^5]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, issued "For the Director of Central Intelligence" over the typed name of Max F. Millikan, Assistant Director, Research and Reports (the signature block above it is redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
[^6]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (typed signature block; file notation AD/RR:MFMillikan; addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^7]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, addressing him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
[^8]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 238 and note 41 (list of Project Troy participants). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^9]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. The typed text reads "fall of 1951"; a handwritten "1950" appears beside it. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, the fall 1951 start, Millikan's CIA year and February 1952 appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^11]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History." https://cis.mit.edu/about/history
[^12]: CIA Office of National Estimates, Staff Memorandum No. 33-56, "Views of Max Millikan on NIE 100-3-56: Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas," April 26, 1956, J. C. Graham, with attached letter from Millikan of April 25, 1956, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79R01012A008400030013-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79r01012a008400030013-4
[^13]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^14]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^15]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^16]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^17]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917