vault backup: 2026-10-09 16:03:12

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Boris Nikolic.md

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ JPMorgan's 2019 internal review of Epstein's emails, Project Jeep, recorded what
 
 On July 22, 2013 Epstein wrote to Nikolic and [[Terje Rod-Larsen]], president of the [[International Peace Institute]]: "ipi has not heard from gabriella ."[^8] In November 2013 Nikolic and the Russian bridge player [[Mila Antonova]], whom he had introduced to Epstein, met Epstein at his Manhattan townhouse to pitch an online bridge-teaching venture; Epstein did not invest, and later used Gates's past relationship with Antonova to press him, according to *[[The Wall Street Journal]]*.[^9] On April 13, 2018 Epstein sent Nikolic, without comment, a link to a 2015 *Forbes* article headlined "Charlie Sheen's $10M Blackmail Tax Deduction."[^10]
 
+On September 28, 2014 Epstein wrote to [[Bob Kerrey]]: "boris nikolic really enjoyed your meeting". Kerrey replied that night: "He's first rate. Are you gong to invest in his fund? When is our next encounter?" On September 29 Epstein asked: "what was your candid view of fund? kept in confidence". Kerrey answered on September 30: "I believe Boris has the intellect and experience to separate the scientific wheat from the chaff but I do not know if he or his team can separate the leaders who can take a great idea and make it profitable from those who cannot. My understanding if that Bill Gates track record in this space is not very good."[^11]
+
 ### The Backup Executor
 
 Epstein's will, signed on August 8, 2019, two days before his death, named his lawyers [[Darren Indyke]] and [[Richard Kahn]] as executors and Nikolic as successor executor, who would take control of the estate if they could not serve. Nikolic, then 49, said he was "shocked" and "was never consulted on these matters and has no intent to fulfill these duties, whatsoever," and filed no oath of acceptance; a spokesperson said he and Epstein had no business ties.[^2][^3]
@@ -64,3 +66,4 @@ Epstein's will, signed on August 8, 2019, two days before his death, named his l
 [^8]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02572271, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Boris Nikolic and Terje Rod-Larsen, July 22, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02572271.pdf
 [^9]: Safdar, Khadeeja, and Emily Glazer. "Jeffrey Epstein Apparently Threatened Bill Gates Over Affair." *The Wall Street Journal,* May 21, 2023; summarized in "WSJ: Jeffrey Epstein threatened Bill Gates over affair with Russian bridge player." *Boing Boing,* May 22, 2023. https://boingboing.net/2023/05/22/wsj-jeffrey-epstein-threatened-bill-gates-over-affair-with-russian-bridge-player.html
 [^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02476126, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Boris Nikolic, April 13, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02476126.pdf
+[^11]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, September 28 to 30, 2014, EFTA00997847 and EFTA00997848, Data Set 9, and EFTA02516727, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02516727.pdf

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Speier.md

@@ -84,17 +84,17 @@ relations:
     role: "panel member, Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel"
     start: 1955-06
     end: 1955-06
-    fn: 45
+    fn: 49
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
     role: "consultant on the Behavioral Sciences Program"
     start: 1951
-    fn: 43
+    fn: 47
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]"
     role: "professor of sociology"
     start: 1969
-    fn: 47
+    fn: 51
 ---
 
 Hans Speier (February 3, 1905 to February 17, 1990) was a German sociologist who emigrated in 1933, helped found the Graduate Faculty (the University in Exile) at the [[New School for Social Research]], co-directed a Rockefeller-funded study of Nazi radio propaganda, and then moved through the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]], the [[Office of War Information]] and the [[U.S. Department of State]] into the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from 1948 to 1960. He sat on the State Department's [[Project Troy]] panel in 1950 and 1951 and on the 1955 [[Quantico I and II|Quantico]] panel convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], and he drafted the plan that became the [[Ford Foundation]]'s Behavioral Sciences Program and Stanford's [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]].[^1]
@@ -165,29 +165,31 @@ Truman announced the "Campaign of Truth" in April 1950, after the senator Willia
 
 Barrett, head of the State Department's public affairs office, organized a group of experts, Speier among them, in April 1950 to discuss psychological strategy, tactics and organization; Barrett later claimed that he had drawn on the conclusions of that symposium in helping to prepare Truman's Campaign of Truth speech. The State Department then convened Project Troy after RCA chairman [[David Sarnoff]] complained to President [[Harry Truman]] about the Voice of America; State's James Webb then approached MIT's president [[James Killian]] and dean [[John Burchard]] to host a study of Soviet jamming. Speier was among the roughly twenty participants, who met in Washington in October 1950 and in Cambridge, Massachusetts until January 1951 and included [[Lloyd Berkner]], [[Jerome Bruner]], [[Clyde Kluckhohn]], [[Edward Purcell]], [[Merle Tuve]], [[Jerome Wiesner]] and Robert Morison, a physician of the Rockefeller Foundation. The report to Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] is dated February 1, 1951, and Bessner records Acheson's receipt of it on February 15. A State Department progress report of March 1951 describes the project as MIT's assembly of "30 of the nation's top scientists and other experts to explore all means" of penetrating the Iron Curtain, conventional and unconventional. Robert Hooker of the Policy Planning Staff told Paul Nitze on March 26, 1951, that the report "deserves the most serious consideration" and recorded its recommendations to stimulate "mutual distrust" among Soviet leaders "by artificial means, bogus letters, etc." and to increase defection. The report was anonymous; Daniel Bessner infers from the similarity to Speier's writings that Speier was a primary author of its sections on psychological warfare against the Soviet Union.[^39]
 
-The project was followed by CENIS, MIT's Center for International Studies, which began operating in the fall of 1951 and whose first director, from February 1952, was Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA.[^40] The Psychological Strategy Board's directive PSB D-31 of November 26, 1952, issued by a panel of State, Defense, CIA and PSB personnel (the board for which Speier would consult), called for increasing suspicion within the communist system "to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions."[^41]
+The project was followed by CENIS, MIT's Center for International Studies, which began operating in the fall of 1951 and whose first director, from February 1952, was [[Max Millikan]], an economist who had spent a year at the CIA.[^40] A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952 records that Millikan "participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT," identified in the note as the Troy Project, whose recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB."[^41] The Psychological Strategy Board's directive PSB D-31 of November 26, 1952, issued by a panel of State, Defense, CIA and PSB personnel (the board for which Speier would consult), called for increasing suspicion within the communist system "to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions."[^42]
+
+Bessner argues that the Troy report's Soviet chapters carried Speier's central question into the government's planning. The report began by asking "What is the nature of the people to whom the United States' messages are and ought to be directed?" and answered that "The immediate object of our political warfare is to reduce the Russian power or will to destroy. Control of the power is, today, concentrated in the hands of a little group of Soviet leaders."[^43] Bessner says that the report's declarations on psychological warfare against the Soviet Union, read with Speier's own writings, make clear that he was "a primary author of these sections."[^44] His ideas, Bessner writes, "came to influence the tactical directives of PSB D-31."[^44] When Speier learned that Millikan was seeking Ford Foundation money for the Center for International Studies, he visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's direction, according to Bessner.[^45]
 
 ### Psychological Warfare in Germany
 
-At the request of Shepard Stone of the High Commission for Occupied Germany, Speier and Wallace Carroll visited Germany in autumn 1950 as State Department consultants and delivered on December 1, 1950, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," whose primary recommendation was to "destroy Soviet power in Germany." The report called for propaganda to create the belief that an East German resistance movement was ready to fight, and described later phases of "infiltration of selected Soviet zone organizations, ... sabotage, abduction, direct action against selected, high placed functionaries." After Stalin's note of March 1952 the Psychological Strategy Board's directive PSB D-21 (October 9, 1952) set out tasks including disaffection and defection in the Soviet Zone and non-attributable psychological, political and economic harassment; a later implementation report records financial assistance to a West Berlin publisher to distribute 50,000 fake copies of the East German labor paper Tribuene.[^42]
+At the request of Shepard Stone of the High Commission for Occupied Germany, Speier and Wallace Carroll visited Germany in autumn 1950 as State Department consultants and delivered on December 1, 1950, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," whose primary recommendation was to "destroy Soviet power in Germany." The report called for propaganda to create the belief that an East German resistance movement was ready to fight, and described later phases of "infiltration of selected Soviet zone organizations, ... sabotage, abduction, direct action against selected, high placed functionaries." After Stalin's note of March 1952 the Psychological Strategy Board's directive PSB D-21 (October 9, 1952) set out tasks including disaffection and defection in the Soviet Zone and non-attributable psychological, political and economic harassment; a later implementation report records financial assistance to a West Berlin publisher to distribute 50,000 fake copies of the East German labor paper Tribuene.[^46]
 
 ### The Ford Foundation and the Behavioral Sciences Center
 
-Gaither, who chaired the Ford Foundation study committee of 1949 and had arranged RAND's Ford loan, asked Speier and Donald Marquis in late 1950 for advice on the foundation's Program Five. Speier recommended Bernard Berelson as its director; with Marquis and Berelson he presented in December 1951 a plan proposing an institute for advanced training in the behavioral sciences, a research center on international communication and a study of the stability of totalitarian governments. The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences opened at Stanford in September 1954 under Ralph Tyler. Speier spent 1956 and 1957 there as a fellow.[^43]
+Gaither, who chaired the Ford Foundation study committee of 1949 and had arranged RAND's Ford loan, asked Speier and Donald Marquis in late 1950 for advice on the foundation's Program Five. Speier recommended Bernard Berelson as its director; with Marquis and Berelson he presented in December 1951 a plan proposing an institute for advanced training in the behavioral sciences, a research center on international communication and a study of the stability of totalitarian governments. The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences opened at Stanford in September 1954 under Ralph Tyler. Speier spent 1956 and 1957 there as a fellow.[^47]
 
-For the MIT program, Speier visited Millikan in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 for a research program in international communication. Speier chaired the planning committee (Bruner, Carroll, Lasswell, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], Edward Shils, [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]]), whose June 1953 report recommended study of "communications to and from the wielders of power and influence"; Pool became the program's research director after Speier declined the position.[^44]
+For the MIT program, Speier visited Millikan in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 for a research program in international communication. Speier chaired the planning committee (Bruner, Carroll, Lasswell, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], Edward Shils, [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]]), whose June 1953 report recommended study of "communications to and from the wielders of power and influence"; Pool became the program's research director after Speier declined the position.[^48]
 
 ### Quantico I
 
-Nelson Rockefeller, then Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning, invited Speier on May 25, 1955. The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel met at the Marine Corps Schools from June 5 to 10, 1955, with [[Henry Kissinger]] and members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the National Security Council attending some sessions. Its report lists Speier as of the RAND Corporation. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of MIT; the other members were Frederick Dunn, [[C. D. Jackson]], Ellis Johnson, Paul Linebarger, Max Millikan, Philip Mosely, George Pettee, Stefan Possony, Speier and Charles A. H. Thomson. On June 13, 1955, Rockefeller sent [[Allen Dulles]] a copy (Copy No. 42), thanking him for the participation of members of his agency in the panel discussions; on July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum drawing attention to Ellis Johnson's supporting paper on the requirements for the United States and NATO to win the arms race. Its report, stamped Secret, recommends proposals including "a proposed agreement for mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments" and a convention on the right of aircraft to fly over any country. Speier's memorandum for the panel held that the Soviets would use the Geneva summit for advantage in "the international struggle for power" and that the United States should "force them to retreat." Rockefeller handed Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection on July 6 and sent him a memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," on July 11. On July 21, 1955, Eisenhower proposed Open Skies, and Rockefeller cabled panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction." Speier did not attend Quantico II (September 25 to 29, 1955), because he was in Germany for RAND; Kissinger attended in his place, and Rockefeller became Kissinger's patron. According to Bessner, Speier never again consulted for the executive branch.[^45]
+Nelson Rockefeller, then Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning, invited Speier on May 25, 1955. The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel met at the Marine Corps Schools from June 5 to 10, 1955, with [[Henry Kissinger]] and members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the National Security Council attending some sessions. Its report lists Speier as of the RAND Corporation. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of MIT; the other members were Frederick Dunn, [[C. D. Jackson]], Ellis Johnson, Paul Linebarger, Max Millikan, Philip Mosely, George Pettee, Stefan Possony, Speier and Charles A. H. Thomson. On June 13, 1955, Rockefeller sent [[Allen Dulles]] a copy (Copy No. 42), thanking him for the participation of members of his agency in the panel discussions; on July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum drawing attention to Ellis Johnson's supporting paper on the requirements for the United States and NATO to win the arms race. Its report, stamped Secret, recommends proposals including "a proposed agreement for mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments" and a convention on the right of aircraft to fly over any country. Speier's memorandum for the panel held that the Soviets would use the Geneva summit for advantage in "the international struggle for power" and that the United States should "force them to retreat." Rockefeller handed Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection on July 6 and sent him a memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," on July 11. On July 21, 1955, Eisenhower proposed Open Skies, and Rockefeller cabled panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction." Speier did not attend Quantico II (September 25 to 29, 1955), because he was in Germany for RAND; Kissinger attended in his place, and Rockefeller became Kissinger's patron. According to Bessner, Speier never again consulted for the executive branch.[^49]
 
 ### The Political Game
 
-With Herbert Goldhamer, Speier developed a free-form political simulation, played four times at RAND in 1955 and 1956 and presented to the Social Science Research Council, the Army War College and West Point. Players took national roles, wrote justifications for each move and met random events refereed by staff; State Department officials joined the fourth game. In 1960 CENIS held the game POLEX II, the Joint War Games Agency adopted it, and in September and October 1961 two Berlin crisis games directed by [[Thomas Schelling]] were played by officials including McGeorge Bundy, Alain Enthoven, Carl Kaysen, Henry Kissinger, Robert Komer and John McNaughton's aide Henry Rowen. Kaysen briefed President Kennedy on the results.[^46]
+With Herbert Goldhamer, Speier developed a free-form political simulation, played four times at RAND in 1955 and 1956 and presented to the Social Science Research Council, the Army War College and West Point. Players took national roles, wrote justifications for each move and met random events refereed by staff; State Department officials joined the fourth game. In 1960 CENIS held the game POLEX II, the Joint War Games Agency adopted it, and in September and October 1961 two Berlin crisis games directed by [[Thomas Schelling]] were played by officials including McGeorge Bundy, Alain Enthoven, Carl Kaysen, Henry Kissinger, Robert Komer and John McNaughton's aide Henry Rowen. Kaysen briefed President Kennedy on the results.[^50]
 
 ### Later Career
 
-Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and Berlin (Divided Berlin, 1961), held a Senior Fellowship at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1964 at the request of [[John J. McCloy]], and left for a professorship in sociology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1969. He later edited with Lasswell and [[Daniel Lerner]] the three-volume Propaganda and Communication in World History (1979 to 1980), and was named professor emeritus of the New School's Graduate Faculty. He died in Sarasota, Florida.[^47]
+Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and Berlin (Divided Berlin, 1961), held a Senior Fellowship at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1964 at the request of [[John J. McCloy]], and left for a professorship in sociology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1969. He later edited with Lasswell and [[Daniel Lerner]] the three-volume Propaganda and Communication in World History (1979 to 1980), and was named professor emeritus of the New School's Graduate Faculty. He died in Sarasota, Florida.[^51]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -231,10 +233,14 @@ Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and
 [^38]: Speier, Hans. Psychological Warfare Reconsidered. RAND P-196, February 5, 1951 (DTIC AD0603909). https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0603909. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 209-210 note 164-165 (quoting Speier, "The Historical Development of Public Opinion," American Journal of Sociology 55, January 1950, p. 378), pp. 229-233 and notes 6-27 (Benton's "Marshall Plan of Ideas," Truman's speech of April 1950, the April 10, 1950 Foreign Service Institute address, Speier Papers Box 9, Folder 35, and P-196 pp. 7, 14-15, 17, 30-32). University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), Series 4 (the 1951 Foreign Service Institute pamphlet).
 [^39]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236-239 and notes 37-50, citing Project Troy, Report to the Secretary of State, Vol. 1, February 1, 1951, RG 59, Lot 52-283, National Archives II. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1) and Document 59 (Hooker to Nitze, March 26, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59. The participant list is at Bessner pp. 237-238 note 41, the April 1950 symposium and Barrett's later claim at p. 236 and p. 237 note 38 (Bessner names the official William Barrett at p. 236 and Edward W. Barrett at p. 230), and Acheson's receipt on February 15 at p. 238 note 41; FRUS Document 57 note states the report was submitted on February 1, 1951. The identification of Speier as primary author of the report's Soviet sections is Bessner's inference.
 [^40]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 256 (CENIS began operating in the fall of 1951; Millikan accepted the directorship in February 1952, an economics professor who had spent a year at the CIA).
-[^41]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 139, PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d139. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and notes 51-53 (Strategic Concept Panel; Speier would consult for the PSB).
-[^42]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 241-246 and notes 54-76, citing Carroll and Speier, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," December 1, 1950, RG 466, National Archives II, and PSB D-21, FRUS 1952-1954, vol. 7, Document 156; Bessner observes at p. 245 that the appendix tasks echoed the Speier and Carroll report.
-[^43]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 247-255 and notes 82-104, citing Speier, Marquis and Berelson, "The Ford Foundation Behavioral Sciences Program: Proposed Plan," December 1951 (Ford Foundation Archives, Report 002072). Speier's CASBS year is given as 1956 to 1957 by Bessner (p. 255) and by University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm); Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans," gives 1957 and 1958. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology: "1951 Consultant, Ford Foundation."
-[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 255-258 and notes 106-116 (trustees' grant "in the spring of 1952"; Pool as research director after Speier declined, p. 257 note 110), citing Speier et al., Research in International Communication: An Advisory Report of the Planning Committee (MIT Center for International Studies, June 1953), and Blackmer, Donald L. M., The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951-1969 (2002).
-[^45]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rockefeller's letter to Allen W. Dulles of June 13, 1955 and Richard M. Bissell's memorandum of July 25, 1955 (CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5), CIA Reading Room. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 260-266 and notes 126-148, citing Rockefeller to Speier, May 25, July 21 and August 16, 1955, Rockefeller to Eisenhower, July 11, 1955 (FRUS 1955-1957, vol. 5, Document 154), and Speier, "U.S. Strategy at the Forthcoming Conference," Speier Papers Box 4, Folder 60. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), container list (folders for Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1955-1956, and the Rockefeller Foundation, 1944 and 1975, Box 4).
-[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 266-278 and notes 152-187, citing Goldhamer and Speier, "Some Observations on Political Gaming," World Politics 12, no. 1 (October 1959), and Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, The Worlds of Herman Kahn (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapter 6.
-[^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 283, 303, 307 (Council on Foreign Relations fellowship at McCloy's request; move to the University of Massachusetts in 1969; Propaganda and Communication in World History). Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (NDB 24, 2010; sfz123260), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz123260.html, dates his Amherst teaching 1969 to 1973 and the RAND Research Council 1960 to 1968, and gives the death as February 17, 1990, in Sarasota, Florida; University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), adds that he died while vacationing there.
+[^41]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
+[^42]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 139, PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d139. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and notes 51-53 (Strategic Concept Panel; Speier would consult for the PSB).
+[^43]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 238 and note 42, quoting the Project TROY report, Volume 1, February 1, 1951, p. 3, and note 43 (p. 41). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
+[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction (Speier's ideas and the tactical directives of PSB D-31), and p. 240 (the report's declarations and the three arguments D-31 endorsed), citing PSB D-31 of November 26, 1952, note 52.
+[^45]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 256 and notes 107 to 109.
+[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 241-246 and notes 54-76, citing Carroll and Speier, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," December 1, 1950, RG 466, National Archives II, and PSB D-21, FRUS 1952-1954, vol. 7, Document 156; Bessner observes at p. 245 that the appendix tasks echoed the Speier and Carroll report.
+[^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 247-255 and notes 82-104, citing Speier, Marquis and Berelson, "The Ford Foundation Behavioral Sciences Program: Proposed Plan," December 1951 (Ford Foundation Archives, Report 002072). Speier's CASBS year is given as 1956 to 1957 by Bessner (p. 255) and by University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm); Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans," gives 1957 and 1958. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology: "1951 Consultant, Ford Foundation."
+[^48]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 255-258 and notes 106-116 (trustees' grant "in the spring of 1952"; Pool as research director after Speier declined, p. 257 note 110), citing Speier et al., Research in International Communication: An Advisory Report of the Planning Committee (MIT Center for International Studies, June 1953), and Blackmer, Donald L. M., The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951-1969 (2002).
+[^49]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rockefeller's letter to Allen W. Dulles of June 13, 1955 and Richard M. Bissell's memorandum of July 25, 1955 (CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5), CIA Reading Room. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 260-266 and notes 126-148, citing Rockefeller to Speier, May 25, July 21 and August 16, 1955, Rockefeller to Eisenhower, July 11, 1955 (FRUS 1955-1957, vol. 5, Document 154), and Speier, "U.S. Strategy at the Forthcoming Conference," Speier Papers Box 4, Folder 60. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), container list (folders for Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1955-1956, and the Rockefeller Foundation, 1944 and 1975, Box 4).
+[^50]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 266-278 and notes 152-187, citing Goldhamer and Speier, "Some Observations on Political Gaming," World Politics 12, no. 1 (October 1959), and Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, The Worlds of Herman Kahn (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapter 6.
+[^51]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 283, 303, 307 (Council on Foreign Relations fellowship at McCloy's request; move to the University of Massachusetts in 1969; Propaganda and Communication in World History). Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (NDB 24, 2010; sfz123260), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz123260.html, dates his Amherst teaching 1969 to 1973 and the RAND Research Council 1960 to 1968, and gives the death as February 17, 1990, in Sarasota, Florida; University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), adds that he died while vacationing there.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kathryn Ruemmler.md

@@ -50,15 +50,17 @@ According to the *[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]*'s 2023 report
 
 Epstein introduced Ruemmler to [[Ariane de Rothschild]], chief executive of the [[Edmond de Rothschild Group]], and the introduction led the bank to hire Latham & Watkins for U.S. regulatory matters. Latham said that "Epstein was never a client of Latham's."[^2] Goldman described her contacts with Epstein as "the same kinds of contacts and engagements she had with other contacts and clients" and said she "didn't see anything that would lead her to be concerned" at the townhouse. Ruemmler told the *Journal*: "I regret ever knowing Jeffrey Epstein."[^2]
 
+On September 12, 2014 Epstein wrote to Ruemmler: "can you find out if cass can do sunday with bob kerrey", and she answered "Yes."[^4] On September 13, replying to her question "You are expecting Cass and me tomorrow for lunch, correct?", Epstein wrote: "yes with bob kerrey and petr thiel". The meal was moved to 11 am: Epstein wrote "would you like brunch, say 11am/ ok with me." after she wrote that Cass asked whether they could come earlier, and she answered: "That would work better."[^5] That night Epstein wrote to her: "sorry you missed it, peter will not make it tomorw we just finished". On the morning of September 14 he wrote: "why don't you come at 10 casss and kerrey arrive 11?" and then "or ifi you wnat to invite cass at 1030 so its just us three for a while , your call." She replied: "I'll ask him."[^6] On September 15 Epstein wrote to Stephen M. Kosslyn of the [[Minerva Project]] that [[Bob Kerrey]] "tried to describe minerva to cass sunstein, total fluff".[^7]
+
 ### The CIA Medal
 
-On January 8, 2015, while a partner at Latham & Watkins, Ruemmler wrote to Epstein: "John Brennan gave me the CIA Agency Medal (the CIA's highest award) this morning. How cool is that?"[^4] [[John Brennan]] was then director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
+On January 8, 2015, while a partner at Latham & Watkins, Ruemmler wrote to Epstein: "John Brennan gave me the CIA Agency Medal (the CIA's highest award) this morning. How cool is that?"[^8] [[John Brennan]] was then director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
 
-On April 13, 2018, Epstein sent her, without comment, a link to a November 2015 *[[Forbes]]* article on a "blackmail tax deduction" of 10 million dollars claimed by the actor Charlie Sheen.[^5]
+On April 13, 2018, Epstein sent her, without comment, a link to a November 2015 *[[Forbes]]* article on a "blackmail tax deduction" of 10 million dollars claimed by the actor Charlie Sheen.[^9]
 
 ### The Bannon Messages
 
-On August 23, 2018, Epstein exchanged iMessages with [[Steve Bannon]], who was screening his documentary *Trump@War* with journalists from the *Wall Street Journal* and offered to send Epstein a link. Epstein wrote: "Your girlfriend Ruemmler is coming over," and "I wont share it unless you think ok." Bannon replied, "Let her watch," and "It's x rated for violence and language now." Earlier that evening Epstein had written, "Pecker immunity one more drop," a reference to the immunity granted to [[David Pecker]] of [[American Media]] in the [[Michael Cohen]] campaign-finance case. At 10:04 pm Epstein wrote to Bannon: "your girlfriend is outraged. . I suggested to her he pardon everyone, say this is not good for the country, and then fake the heart attack." Two minutes later he added: "she said it is a failure to disclose charge. and his changing stories lead to knowledge of wrongdoing. only transmitting." Bannon answered, "Lmao."[^6] No message from Ruemmler appears in the log.
+On August 23, 2018, Epstein exchanged iMessages with [[Steve Bannon]], who was screening his documentary *Trump@War* with journalists from the *Wall Street Journal* and offered to send Epstein a link. Epstein wrote: "Your girlfriend Ruemmler is coming over," and "I wont share it unless you think ok." Bannon replied, "Let her watch," and "It's x rated for violence and language now." Earlier that evening Epstein had written, "Pecker immunity one more drop," a reference to the immunity granted to [[David Pecker]] of [[American Media]] in the [[Michael Cohen]] campaign-finance case. At 10:04 pm Epstein wrote to Bannon: "your girlfriend is outraged. . I suggested to her he pardon everyone, say this is not good for the country, and then fake the heart attack." Two minutes later he added: "she said it is a failure to disclose charge. and his changing stories lead to knowledge of wrongdoing. only transmitting." Bannon answered, "Lmao."[^10] No message from Ruemmler appears in the log.
 
 ### The 2026 Releases
 
@@ -71,6 +73,10 @@ Goldman's chief executive, [[David Solomon]], said, "I accepted her resignation,
 [^1]: *CBS News,* February 2026, on Ruemmler's resignation as Goldman Sachs general counsel. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kathryn-ruemmler-resigning-from-goldman-sachs-epstein-files/
 [^2]: "The Former Biglaw Partner In Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar." *Above the Law,* May 2023, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal*'s "Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar" series. https://abovethelaw.com/2023/05/the-former-biglaw-partner-in-jeffrey-epsteins-private-calendar/
 [^3]: Chapman, Michelle. "Thomas Pritzker steps down from Hyatt board, saying he deeply regrets association with Epstein." Associated Press via *PBS NewsHour,* February 17, 2026. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/thomas-pritzker-steps-down-from-hyatt-board-saying-he-deeply-regrets-association-with-epstein
-[^4]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02386175, DataSet 11, email from Kathy Ruemmler to Jeffrey Epstein, January 8, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02386175.pdf
-[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02475670, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathy Ruemmler, April 13, 2018, linking Robert W. Wood, "Charlie Sheen's $10M Blackmail Tax Deduction," *Forbes,* November 18, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02475670.pdf
-[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01615267, DataSet 10, iMessage log between Jeffrey Epstein and Steve Bannon, August 23, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01615267.pdf
+[^4]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Kathryn Ruemmler, September 12, 2014, EFTA02588000, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02588000.pdf
+[^5]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13, 2014, EFTA00362855, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00362855.pdf
+[^6]: Emails between Jeffrey Epstein and Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13 and 14, 2014, EFTA02338079, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02338079.pdf
+[^7]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Stephen M. Kosslyn, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996933, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00996933.pdf
+[^8]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02386175, DataSet 11, email from Kathy Ruemmler to Jeffrey Epstein, January 8, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02386175.pdf
+[^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02475670, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathy Ruemmler, April 13, 2018, linking Robert W. Wood, "Charlie Sheen's $10M Blackmail Tax Deduction," *Forbes,* November 18, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02475670.pdf
+[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01615267, DataSet 10, iMessage log between Jeffrey Epstein and Steve Bannon, August 23, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01615267.pdf

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Whitney Straight.md

@@ -77,6 +77,19 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Belinda Crompton]]"
     start: 1939
     end: 1969
+    fn: 56
+  - type: relative_of
+    with: "[[Louis Dolivet]]"
+    role: brother-in-law
+    fn: 43
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Free World, Inc.]]"
+    start: 1946
+    fn: 52
+  - type: member_of
+    with: "[[Free World (magazine)]]"
+    role: editorial board
+    start: 1941
     fn: 50
 ---
 
@@ -174,25 +187,29 @@ The 1969 summary also records a December 6, 1952 article in the Washington Times
 
 ### Family and Associates
 
-An FBI investigation of an unidentified Soviet subject known as "Dan," conducted in 1968, examined Straight. The Bureau's memoranda record that his military record tended to eliminate him as a suspect, and they asked for information on his brother, Whitney Straight. They also considered Louis Dolivet, who had been married to Straight's sister Beatrice, and noted that Dolivet had tried to interest [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and [[John Hay Whitney]] in a [[United Nations]] journal. The memoranda concluded that Dolivet could not be considered a good suspect.[^43] The 1969 summary gives the marriage of Beatrice and Dolivet as February 21, 1941; the 1968 memoranda give February 21, 1942. It records that informants "who have furnished reliable information in the past" said Dolivet was in early 1930 an active international Communist agent in Europe and a close associate of [[Willi Münzenberg]], that his employers recommended him as pro-American and anti-Soviet, and that other informants thought him "an inactive, but highly placed, Soviet Agent." The Bureau reported in September 1969 that Straight had not associated with Dolivet in over twenty years.[^30][^44] The Vassiliev concordance lists Dolivet as Straight's brother-in-law with references in White Notebooks #2 and #3.[^14] The National Archives' MI5 file KV 2/4366 (December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951) is on Dolivet and is catalogued as describing a secret Communist who moved to the United States in 1941.[^45]
+An FBI investigation of an unidentified Soviet subject known as "Dan," conducted in 1968, examined Straight. The Bureau's memoranda record that his military record tended to eliminate him as a suspect, and they asked for information on his brother, Whitney Straight. They also considered Louis Dolivet, who had been married to Straight's sister Beatrice,[^43] and noted that Dolivet had tried to interest [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and [[John Hay Whitney]] in a [[United Nations]] journal. The memoranda concluded that Dolivet could not be considered a good suspect.[^44] The 1969 summary gives the marriage of Beatrice and Dolivet as February 21, 1941; the 1968 memoranda give February 21, 1942. The 1969 summary records that the couple were reportedly separated as of September 1950, and that in about 1966 Beatrice Straight married the actor [[Peter Cookson]].[^45] A 1969 supplementary memorandum records that Dolivet reportedly resided in [[Paris]], France, and travelled to the United States once or twice a year on business.[^46] It records that informants "who have furnished reliable information in the past" said Dolivet was in early 1930 an active international Communist agent in Europe and a close associate of [[Willi Münzenberg]], that his employers recommended him as pro-American and anti-Soviet, and that other informants thought him "an inactive, but highly placed, Soviet Agent." The Bureau reported in September 1969 that Straight had not associated with Dolivet in over twenty years.[^30][^47] The Vassiliev concordance lists Dolivet as Straight's brother-in-law with references in White Notebooks #2 and #3.[^14] The National Archives' MI5 file KV 2/4366 (December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951) is on Dolivet and is catalogued as describing a secret Communist who moved to the United States in 1941.[^48]
 
-An FBI index entry records that Whitney Straight was chief executive of the British Overseas Airways Corporation in 1948 and joined the board of Rolls-Royce in 1955; Straight told the FBI in 1963 that his brother was executive vice president of Rolls-Royce and that during a visit to Moscow about February 1963 he talked with Burgess, who sent Michael his regards.[^27][^29] The 1969 inquiry recorded that his son David had applied to the [[National Security Agency]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and that his son Michael Willard Straight was a naval officer.[^46] It also records that his daughter Susan was one of three persons observed on September 19, 1967 placing handbills on cars in the Pentagon parking lot that read "Exorcise the Pentagon, 10/21-22."[^30]
+An FBI index entry records that Whitney Straight was chief executive of the British Overseas Airways Corporation in 1948 and joined the board of Rolls-Royce in 1955; Straight told the FBI in 1963 that his brother was executive vice president of Rolls-Royce and that during a visit to Moscow about February 1963 he talked with Burgess, who sent Michael his regards.[^27][^29] The 1969 inquiry recorded that his son David had applied to the [[National Security Agency]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and that his son Michael Willard Straight was a naval officer.[^49] It also records that his daughter Susan was one of three persons observed on September 19, 1967 placing handbills on cars in the Pentagon parking lot that read "Exorcise the Pentagon, 10/21-22."[^30]
+
+### Free World
+
+Michael Straight is named on the editorial board of [[Free World (magazine)]], edited by his brother-in-law Dolivet, in the first issue of October 1941 and in the December 1941 issue.[^50] At the Free World congress reported in December 1942 he chaired the Commission on Federalism.[^51] The statement of ownership for Free World, Inc. for October 1, 1946 lists him among the directors with Dolivet, [[Li Yu-Ying]], [[Hugh Moore]], [[Frederick McKee]], William Emerson and [[Wou Saofong]], and on the editorial board with [[Max Ascoli]] and others.[^52]
 
 ### After Long Silence
 
 Straight published his account as *After Long Silence* in 1983, serialised in the Observer.[^34] The New York Times summarized the book as a confession in which Straight said he was reluctant to spy when Blunt ordered him to in 1937. It reported that critics on the right accused him of confessing to the FBI "only to clear his career path" and speculated whether blowing the whistle sooner might not have saved lives, and that "gentler reviewers" accused him of "sentimentality and narcissism."[^1] In the January 1983 radio interview, asked who was criticizing him when Blunt had thanked him, Straight answered that he was being "hit very hard" for one line in the book saying that he remained a liberal, and said: "I've had a lot of criticism for writing the story."[^10] In a 1995 letter to the London Review of Books he wrote: "I was not a spy in the accepted usage of that word."[^1]
 
-His papers are at [[Cornell University]] (collection #4465, 21 cubic feet, 1890 to 1992), including FBI files requested under the Freedom of Information Act, files on the National Endowment for the Arts and Nancy Hanks, clippings and letters relating to Blunt, and notes on *The Haunted Wood*.[^47]
+His papers are at [[Cornell University]] (collection #4465, 21 cubic feet, 1890 to 1992), including FBI files requested under the Freedom of Information Act, files on the National Endowment for the Arts and Nancy Hanks, clippings and letters relating to Blunt, and notes on *The Haunted Wood*.[^53]
 
 ### Contested Accounts
 
-[[Roland Perry]]'s biography, *The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight* (2005), argues that Straight's involvement in Soviet espionage continued after the break he dated to 1942. A [[PopMatters]] review summarized Perry's case as follows. Perry argued that Straight's 1963 confession was false. Perry also argued that Straight's later civil liberties work and his involvement with Amnesty International served Soviet interests. Perry further held that Straight worked near the agent handling [[Walter Krivitsky]], who was found dead in 1941, and left his government post three days after the death to edit the New Republic. The review recorded that Perry lacked hard evidence, and that the surviving documents generally supported Straight's account.[^48] The sources give State Department end dates of February 28, 1941 and May 21, 1941; the Vassiliev notes record Straight's resignation as reported to a KGB contact on July 15, 1941.[^3][^13][^21]
+[[Roland Perry]]'s biography, *The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight* (2005), argues that Straight's involvement in Soviet espionage continued after the break he dated to 1942. A [[PopMatters]] review summarized Perry's case as follows. Perry argued that Straight's 1963 confession was false. Perry also argued that Straight's later civil liberties work and his involvement with Amnesty International served Soviet interests. Perry further held that Straight worked near the agent handling [[Walter Krivitsky]], who was found dead in 1941, and left his government post three days after the death to edit the New Republic. The review recorded that Perry lacked hard evidence, and that the surviving documents generally supported Straight's account.[^54] The sources give State Department end dates of February 28, 1941 and May 21, 1941; the Vassiliev notes record Straight's resignation as reported to a KGB contact on July 15, 1941.[^3][^13][^21]
 
-On the Hiss question, Allen Weinstein's book [[Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]] asserted that Straight tried to recruit Alger Hiss. Straight wrote to The New York Review of Books in December 1997 that in the June 1938 dispatch published by Weinstein, Akhmerov noted only that Straight "mentioned" Hiss as "a very progressive man," and that Weinstein had asserted that he "tried to recruit" Hiss. Weinstein replied that the book's line should read that Straight, code-named "Nigel," "identified and described Hiss to Itzhak Akhmerov," and that it would read that way in any future edition.[^15] In the 1983 radio interview Straight said he had one or two encounters with Hiss, and that on the day Chambers named Hiss he telephoned Hiss, who answered quietly and deliberately that it was an effort to undermine the Carnegie Endowment for World Peace, of which he was president; Straight said he reasoned from the calm that "he's been preparing himself for this day for quite a while."[^10] The CIA's selected Venona messages, published as *[[Venona Part II]]*, do not name Straight or "Nigel"; the Wilson Center concordance lists "Nigel" as a cover name in the Vassiliev notebooks only.[^14][^49]
+On the Hiss question, Allen Weinstein's book [[Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]] asserted that Straight tried to recruit Alger Hiss. Straight wrote to The New York Review of Books in December 1997 that in the June 1938 dispatch published by Weinstein, Akhmerov noted only that Straight "mentioned" Hiss as "a very progressive man," and that Weinstein had asserted that he "tried to recruit" Hiss. Weinstein replied that the book's line should read that Straight, code-named "Nigel," "identified and described Hiss to Itzhak Akhmerov," and that it would read that way in any future edition.[^15] In the 1983 radio interview Straight said he had one or two encounters with Hiss, and that on the day Chambers named Hiss he telephoned Hiss, who answered quietly and deliberately that it was an effort to undermine the Carnegie Endowment for World Peace, of which he was president; Straight said he reasoned from the calm that "he's been preparing himself for this day for quite a while."[^10] The CIA's selected Venona messages, published as *[[Venona Part II]]*, do not name Straight or "Nigel"; the Wilson Center concordance lists "Nigel" as a cover name in the Vassiliev notebooks only.[^14][^55]
 
 ### Death
 
-Straight died at home in [[Chicago]] on January 4, 2004, aged 87, of pancreatic cancer, according to his lawyer, [[Arthur Mahon]].[^1] He had married Belinda Crompton on September 10, 1939. A court in Washoe County granted her a divorce from him in [[Reno, Nevada]] on August 27, 1969, on grounds of incompatibility.[^50]
+Straight died at home in [[Chicago]] on January 4, 2004, aged 87, of pancreatic cancer, according to his lawyer, [[Arthur Mahon]].[^1] He had married Belinda Crompton on September 10, 1939. A court in Washoe County granted her a divorce from him in [[Reno, Nevada]] on August 27, 1969, on grounds of incompatibility.[^56]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -238,11 +255,17 @@ Straight died at home in [[Chicago]] on January 4, 2004, aged 87, of pancreatic
 [^40]: National Arts Publication Database, Americans for the Arts, entry for Michael Straight, *Twigs for an Eagle's Nest: Government and the Arts, 1965-1978* (Devon Press, 1978), https://ww2.americansforthearts.org/publications/twigs-eagles-nest-government-and-arts-1965-1978.
 [^41]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes of September 1969 on interviews with Milton C. Rose, Herbert Faber, Harriett K. Evison and Dr. Shelton Siegel, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
 [^42]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Miscellaneous Information"), citing the Washington Times-Herald of December 6, 1952, and the clipping of that article in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1." The same clipping reports the testimony before the committee of Marshall Field.
-[^43]: FBI, memoranda on UNSUB aka "Dan" (file 65-61067), July and August 1968, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
-[^44]: FBI, supplementary memorandum of September 29, 1969, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
-[^45]: The National Archives (UK), file KV 2/4366, "Louis DOLIVET," covering dates December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951, Discovery catalogue record C16548843, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16548843.
-[^46]: FBI, teletype of September 5, 1969 from Baltimore and airtel of September 23, 1969 from Alexandria, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
-[^47]: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, "Michael Whitney Straight papers," #4465, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/4143.
-[^48]: PopMatters Staff, review of Roland Perry, *The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight* (Da Capo Press, 2005), https://www.popmatters.com/last-of-the-cold-war-spies-2496243761.html. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^49]: Central Intelligence Agency, *Venona Part II: Selected Messages, 1939-1957*, https://cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Venona-Part-II-Selected-Messages-1939-1957.pdf.
-[^50]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Marital Status") and report of Belinda C. Straight's statement, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1"; the 1963 memorandum gives the marriage as September 1939 and the summary as September 10, 1939.
+[^43]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, letter to SAC, New York, 1968, "RE: UNSUB; aka Dan," file 65-61067, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), passage naming Louis Dolivet as "former husband of Beatrice Straight, sister of Michael and Whitney Straight." https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1
+[^44]: FBI, memoranda on UNSUB aka "Dan" (file 65-61067), July and August 1968, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
+[^45]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969, section "Information Concerning Former Brother-in-law, Louis Dolivet," in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1." https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1
+[^46]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, supplementary memorandum of 1969 (stating that it supplements the summary memorandum of September 10, 1969), in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1." https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1
+[^47]: FBI, supplementary memorandum of September 29, 1969, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
+[^48]: The National Archives (UK), file KV 2/4366, "Louis DOLIVET," covering dates December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951, Discovery catalogue record C16548843, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16548843.
+[^49]: FBI, teletype of September 5, 1969 from Baltimore and airtel of September 23, 1969 from Alexandria, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
+[^50]: Free World, October 1941 (Vol. 1, No. 1) and December 1941 (Vol. 1, No. 3), editorial board lists. https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946
+[^51]: Free World, December 1942 (Vol. 4, No. 3), congress program. https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-12_4_3
+[^52]: Free World, December 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 5), statement of ownership for October 1, 1946. https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946
+[^53]: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, "Michael Whitney Straight papers," #4465, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/4143.
+[^54]: PopMatters Staff, review of Roland Perry, *The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight* (Da Capo Press, 2005), https://www.popmatters.com/last-of-the-cold-war-spies-2496243761.html.
+[^55]: Central Intelligence Agency, *Venona Part II: Selected Messages, 1939-1957*, https://cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Venona-Part-II-Selected-Messages-1939-1957.pdf.
+[^56]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Marital Status") and report of Belinda C. Straight's statement, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1"; the 1963 memorandum gives the marriage as September 1939 and the summary as September 10, 1939.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Paul Nitze.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
----
+---
 created: 2026-05-15
 updated: 2026-05-17
 title: Paul Nitze
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ tags:
   - 1960s
   - 1980s
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
-summary: "Paul Nitze was the U.S. foreign policy official who authored NSC-68 in 1950 - replacing George Kennan's political containment with a militarized framework - and remained a central figure in American arms control and nuclear strategy debates for five decades, from the Truman administration through Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative."
+summary: "Paul Nitze was the U.S. foreign policy official who authored NSC-68 in 1950, replacing George Kennan's political containment with a militarized framework, and who shaped arms control and nuclear strategy from Truman through Reagan."
 born: 1907-01-16
 died: 2004-10-19
 location: "Washington, D.C."
@@ -25,19 +25,23 @@ Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 - October 19, 2004) was an American [[Cold Wa
 
 Nitze graduated from [[Harvard University]] and worked on Wall Street before entering government service during [[World War II]]. He served in the Strategic Bombing Survey after the war, analyzing the effects of Allied bombing on German and Japanese war production - experience that shaped his thinking about industrial capacity and military competition.
 
-He joined the State Department and in 1949 succeeded [[George Kennan]] as Director of the Policy Planning Staff when Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] concluded that Kennan's political approach to containment was insufficient for the threat environment following the Soviet atomic bomb test and the Chinese communist victory.[^1]
+He joined the State Department and in 1949 succeeded George Kennan as Director of the Policy Planning Staff when Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] concluded that Kennan's political approach to containment was insufficient for the threat environment following the Soviet atomic bomb test and the Chinese communist victory.[^1]
 
 ### NSC-68
 
-Nitze led the drafting of [[NSC-68]], submitted to President [[Harry Truman]] on April 14, 1950. The document argued that the Soviet Union's military capabilities, particularly its developing nuclear arsenal, required the United States to roughly quadruple its defense spending and build conventional and nuclear forces sufficient to deter Soviet aggression across all contingencies.
+Nitze led the drafting of NSC-68, submitted to President [[Harry Truman]] on April 14, 1950. The document argued that the Soviet Union's military capabilities, particularly its developing nuclear arsenal, required the United States to roughly quadruple its defense spending and build conventional and nuclear forces sufficient to deter Soviet aggression across all contingencies.
 
 Kennan opposed the document directly, arguing that it misread Soviet motivations and would produce a militarized competition that could be avoided through political means. Nitze's assessment prevailed: Truman approved NSC-68 following the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] in June 1950, and American defense spending increased dramatically in subsequent years, establishing the baseline military establishment that persisted through the Cold War.[^1]
 
+### Psychological warfare and the Troy report, 1951
+
+Nitze, then Director of the Policy Planning Staff, received two memoranda on the [[Project Troy]] report in the spring of 1951. On March 26 Robert J. Hooker of his staff wrote that the report "almost uniformly reflects a very high order of technical competence, political sophistication, and common sense," and that it "deserves the most serious consideration."[^2] On April 9 Nitze wrote to Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]], objecting to the use of the report as a frame of reference for the new [[Psychological Strategy Board]]. "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information."[^3] He added that "In effect it proposed a new board to take over the jurisdiction of all the agencies operating in the foreign field, of the NSC, and in part of the President himself."[^3]
+
 ### Pentagon and Negotiations
 
 Nitze served as Secretary of the Navy from 1963 to 1967 under Presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and as Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1967 to 1969. He participated in the [[SALT I]] negotiations under Nixon and SALT II discussions, developing expertise in the technical details of arms control that made him one of the most persistent voices in nuclear policy debates regardless of which party held power.
 
-In 1982, during the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration's intermediate nuclear force negotiations in Geneva, Nitze proposed an informal compromise known as the "walk in the woods" - a private conversation with Soviet negotiator Yuli Kvitsinsky in which the two men outlined a framework for reducing intermediate-range nuclear forces in Europe. Both governments rejected the proposal; Reagan's administration was committed to deploying new missiles and did not want to foreclose that option.[^2]
+In 1982, during the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration's intermediate nuclear force negotiations in Geneva, Nitze proposed an informal compromise known as the "walk in the woods" - a private conversation with Soviet negotiator Yuli Kvitsinsky in which the two men outlined a framework for reducing intermediate-range nuclear forces in Europe. Both governments rejected the proposal; Reagan's administration was committed to deploying new missiles and did not want to foreclose that option.[^4]
 
 ### Reagan Era
 
@@ -48,4 +52,6 @@ He died in [[Washington, D.C.]] on October 19, 2004, at age 97, having spanned U
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Callahan, David. *Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War.* HarperCollins, 1990. Nitze, Paul H., with Ann M. Smith and Steven L. Rearden. *From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision.* Grove Weidenfeld, 1989.
-[^2]: Talbott, Strobe. *Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control.* Knopf, 1984.
+[^2]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59 (Hooker to Nitze, March 26, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59
+[^3]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 62 (Nitze to Webb, April 9, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62
+[^4]: Talbott, Strobe. *Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control.* Knopf, 1984.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Philip Scaturro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+---
+aliases:
+  - Philip Scaturro
+  - Philip J. Scaturro
+  - Philip John Scaturro
+  - Phil Scaturro
+  - Philip D. Scaturro
+category: "Business & Finance"
+tags:
+  - Banker
+  - InvestmentBanking
+  - AllenAndCompany
+  - NewSchool
+  - BoardChair
+  - Trustee
+  - Chancellor
+  - Wilmorite
+  - Macerich
+  - Abtech
+  - FECDonations
+  - BobKerrey
+summary: "Allen and Company executive vice president and managing director who was a New School trustee from 1989, treasurer, chancellor from 1999 to 2002 and board chairman from 2002 to 2008."
+location: "New York City"
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Allen and Company]]"
+    role: "executive vice president, managing director and director (2001 to 2002)"
+    start: 1983-06-28
+    fn: 2
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
+    role: "trustee"
+    start: 1989
+    fn: 1
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
+    role: "chancellor"
+    start: 1999
+    end: 2002-06
+    fn: 1
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
+    role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
+    start: 2002-07
+    end: 2008-06-30
+    fn: 12
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[New York City Opera]]"
+    role: "chairman of the finance committee and treasurer of the board (2002)"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation]]"
+    role: "director (2002)"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: owned
+    with: "[[Wilmorite Holdings]]"
+    role: "limited partner under the 2005 amended and restated partnership agreement; holder of company LP units under the 2005 registration rights agreement"
+    start: 2005-04
+    fn: 15
+  - type: funded
+    with: "[[Abtech Holdings]]"
+    role: "investor, subscription accepted September 7, 2012"
+    start: 2012-09-07
+    fn: 17
+---
+
+Philip John Scaturro is an investment banker at [[Allen and Company]] who sat on the board of trustees of the [[New School for Social Research]] from 1989, served as its treasurer from 1995, as its chancellor from 1999 to 2002, and as chairman of the board of trustees from 2002 to 2008. A Philip Scaturro signed the 2005 partnership agreement and registration rights agreement of [[Wilmorite Holdings]], the entity that [[The Macerich Company]] acquired that year, and he appears in individual campaign contribution records from 1983 to 2012.[^1][^2]
+
+### Career at Allen and Company
+
+On June 12, 2002, Scaturro was elected chairman of the board of trustees for a three-year term beginning in July 2002, with the title "Executive Vice President and Managing Director of Allen and Company Incorporated." The school described the firm as "a New York investment bank with a staff of 175 in New York City" that "is considered a leading expert in media, entertainment and telecommunications."[^1] Schedule 13D filings made by Allen and Company with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] on July 20, 2001 (for [[iBEAM Broadcasting]]), January 7 and January 24, 2002 (for [[Convera]]), May 22, 2002 (for [[Chaparral Resources]]) and October 21, 2002 (for [[Aros Corporation]]) each attach a list of the firm's officers and directors that includes "Philip D. Scaturro," "Executive Vice President, Managing Director, Director." The same lists carry [[Nancy B. Peretsman]], who is also named as a vice chair of the New School's board of trustees in the school's December 2000 fact sheet, and [[Bill Bradley]] as managing director. The list for the holding company, Allen Holding Inc., does not include Scaturro.[^3] Individual contribution records filed with the [[Federal Election Commission]] list his employer as Allen & Company in entries dated June 28, 1983 through October 4, 2006, and again on November 5, 2012, when his occupation is given as retired.[^2]
+
+The 2002 announcement states that he holds a J.D. and an M.B.A. from [[Columbia University]] and a B.A. from [[Williams College]]. It also lists him as chairman of the finance committee and treasurer of the board of the [[New York City Opera]] at [[Lincoln Center]], and as a director of the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation]] in North Adams, Massachusetts.[^1]
+
+### Trustee, treasurer and chancellor, 1989 to 2002
+
+Scaturro had been a member of the board since 1989 and its treasurer since 1995.[^1] He chaired the board of governors of the [[Mannes College of Music]], chaired the board's audit committee, and sat on its Investment Advisory Group and Investment Committees.[^1] The New School's archive holds a trustee file for "Scaturro, Philip John, 1991-2010" in the Office of the President's Board of Trustees records, in the same series as a file for [[Robert Millard]] dated 1990 to 2011.[^4]
+
+He was chancellor from 1999 to June 2002.[^1] A December 11, 2000 capture of the school's fact sheet lists "Chief Officer: Philip Scaturro, Chancellor," with [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost, [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president, "Philip Scaturro, Treasurer" among the officers, and [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees.[^5] When the university announced that [[Bob Kerrey]] would become its seventh president, the [[New York Times]] of February 17, 2000 quoted Scaturro: "We view ourselves as a place of independence," said Philip Scaturro, the school's chancellor, "a place where free inquiry and discussion is valued, and we believe those same values are important to him."[^6]
+
+On February 13, 2001, the Times ran a profile of Kerrey by [[Karen W. Arenson]] in which Scaturro is identified as "an investment banker and trustee of the New School." He said: "The attraction of someone like Bob is that he could bring us more visibility, broaden our constituency and give us call on more resources," and that Kerrey's "leadership skills and independent mind were also pluses."[^7] At Kerrey's installation as seventh president, a school release identifies Scaturro as chancellor and gives his remarks at the ceremony.[^8]
+
+### Chairman of the board, 2002 to 2008
+
+Scaturro succeeded John L. Tishman, who had chaired the board since 1995.[^1] In an announcement reported on January 4, 2004, the trustees extended Kerrey's term to June 2011, and Scaturro, identified as chairperson of the board, said: "In just four years as president, Bob Kerrey has confidently charted an ambitious course that has given the university far greater national visibility and recognition."[^9]
+
+On October 21, 2004, the school announced that [[Bernard L. Schwartz]], chairman and chief executive of [[Loral Space & Communications]], together with [[Peggy Brim Bewkes]], [[Eileen Naughton]] and [[Richard Reiss Jr.]], had joined the board of trustees on September 1, 2004. The release states: "Philip Scaturro is Chairman of the Board."[^10] On November 4, 2004, the school announced a $10 million grant from the [[Starr Foundation]] to establish the [[India China Institute]] and a $3.7 million gift from Schwartz to establish the [[Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis]]. No quotation from Scaturro appears in that release.[^11]
+
+On June 30, 2008, the school announced that [[Julien J. Studley]], chairman and chief executive of [[Studley New Vista Associates]], would succeed Scaturro as chairman effective July 1, 2008. The release says that Scaturro "has served as Chairman since 2002" and "will continue to serve as a member of The New School's Board of Trustees."[^12]
+
+### The December 2008 no-confidence vote
+
+On December 10, 2008, senior faculty voted no confidence in Kerrey. The [[NBC New York]] report of December 11, 2008 gives the tally as "Seventy-four senior, tenured faculty members" in favor, two against and one abstention. It reports that the board "on Wednesday gave Kerrey a unanimous vote of confidence at its regular meeting," according to school spokeswoman [[Caroline Oyama]].[^13] Studley had taken office as chairman on July 1, 2008.[^12]
+
+An [[amNY]] report of December 23, 2008 gives a different faculty count: "a majority of senior faculty members approved a no-confidence measure against Kerrey by a vote of 269 to 18." The same report lists among the student occupation's demands the resignation of Kerrey, of the school's vice president James Murtha, and of "Robert Millard, the treasurer of the board of trustees," and the creation of a socially responsible investment committee.[^14]
+
+### Corporate interests
+
+On April 25, 2005, Macerich and its operating partnership, [[Macerich Partnership]], completed the purchase of [[Wilmorite Properties]] and Wilmorite Holdings for approximately $2.333 billion, including the assumption of about $879 million of debt. The Macerich Form 8-K filed April 29, 2005 states that an affiliate of Macerich would be the general partner of Wilmorite Holdings and would own about 80 percent of it, with the remaining 20 percent held by limited partners who elected to receive convertible preferred units or common units.[^15] Among the exhibits to that filing is the 2005 Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Wilmorite Holdings, L.P., with a signature page for Philip Scaturro as a limited partner, and a Registration Rights Agreement with a signature page for "Philip D. Scaturro" as a holder of the company LP units issued in the merger. The Allen and Company filings give the same middle initial; the New School archive names the trustee Philip John Scaturro.[^15][^16]
+
+On April 18, 2013, [[Abtech Holdings]] filed an amendment to its registration statement with an investor table that lists "Philip Scaturro," with a subscription accepted September 7, 2012 and a pre-existing relationship described as "Personal relationship of [[Axiom]]." The table gives no further identification of the investor.[^17]
+
+### Political contributions
+
+Individual contribution records under the name Philip Scaturro total 41 entries, dated June 28, 1983 to December 31, 2012. Most went to Democratic presidential and Senate committees: [[Walter Mondale]] (1983), Bill Bradley (1983, 1989, 1998 and 1999), [[Michael Dukakis]] (1987), [[George H.W. Bush|George H. W. Bush]] (1988), [[Bush for President, Inc.]] (1999), [[Bill Clinton]] (1992), the [[Democratic National Committee]] (1992), [[Joseph Lieberman]] (1993), [[Chuck Schumer]] (1997, 2001 and 2003), [[Max Baucus]] (2001), [[Tom Daschle]] (2002), [[Tom Harkin]] (2002) and [[Arlen Specter]] (2002). Other entries go to [[John McCain]] (1999 and 2003), [[Barbara Boxer]] (2003), [[Mark Pryor]] (2002), [[Jeanne Shaheen]] (2002), [[Strickland for Colorado]] (2002), [[Pete Dawkins]] (Pete Dawkins for Senate, 1988), Kostmayer 2000 (1999), Larry Graham for Congress (2000) and Walsh for Congress Committee (2006), whose entry gives his occupation as investment banker.[^2]
+
+Two groups of entries concern Kerrey. On October 7, 1991, a $1,000 contribution went to the [[Kerrey for U.S. Senate Committee]]. In 2012 the records show two $2,500 contributions to [[Nebraskans for Kerrey]] on March 14, 2012, a $10,000 contribution to the [[Nebraska Senate Victory Fund]] on March 14, 2012 and a $5,000 contribution to it on November 6, 2012, and $5,000 contributions to the [[Nebraska Democratic Party]] on March 31 and December 31, 2012. A $5,000 contribution routed through [[ActBlue]] on November 5, 2012 lists his employer as Allen & Company.[^2]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: New School University, "Philip Scaturro Elected Chairman of New School University's Board of Trustees," press release, June 12, 2002, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2002/061202_nsu_scaturro.html (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot). Covers: executive vice president and managing director of Allen and Company; chairman from July 2002 for three years; trustee since 1989; treasurer since 1995; chair of the Mannes board of governors; chair of the board's audit committee; Investment Advisory Group and Investment Committees; chancellor 1999 to June 2002; chairman of the finance committee and treasurer of the board of the New York City Opera; director of the Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation; J.D. and M.B.A., Columbia; B.A., Williams.
+[^2]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A individual contributions, API query contributor_name "SCATURRO, PHILIP" (41 results), https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=SCATURRO%2C%20PHILIP. Employer and occupation fields as filed. Kerrey entries: October 7, 1991, to Kerrey for U.S. Senate Committee; 2012 entries to Nebraskans for Kerrey (FEC committee C00515122, first filed March 6, 2012), Nebraska Senate Victory Fund (FEC committee C00515643, first filed March 13, 2012), and Nebraska Democratic Party. ActBlue entry of November 5, 2012, employer ALLEN & COMPANY, occupation RETIRED.
+[^3]: Allen and Company Incorporated, Schedule 13D, "Officers and Directors of Reporting Persons" exhibits, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission: iBEAM Broadcasting Corp. (July 20, 2001, accession 0000932799-01-500047, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/904807/000093279901500047/allenhodir.txt); Convera Corp. (January 7, 2002, accession 0000932799-02-000005, and Schedule 13D/A of January 24, 2002, accession 0000932799-02-000007); Chaparral Resources Inc. (May 22, 2002, accession 0000932799-02-000059); Aros Corp. (October 21, 2002, accession 0000932799-02-000090). Each lists "Philip D. Scaturro" with the title quoted. Peretsman as vice chair: New School University, "New School University at a Glance," Wayback Machine capture of December 11, 2000.
+[^4]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, Office of the President, Board of Trustees records (NS-01-01-04), Series 4, Trustee files, 1967-2011; "Scaturro, Philip John, 1991-2010," Box 5, Folders 26-30, https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/28425; "Millard, Robert, 1990-2011," Box 4, Folders 28-30, https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/28410.
+[^5]: New School University, "New School University at a Glance," Wayback Machine capture of December 11, 2000, https://www.newschool.edu/aboutnsu/an_ata.html (capture timestamp 20001211161500). Lists Chief Officer: Philip Scaturro, Chancellor; Chief Academic Officer: Elizabeth Dickey, Acting Provost; Chief Financial Officer: James Murtha, Executive Vice President; Philip Scaturro, Treasurer; John L. Tishman, Chairman, Board of Trustees; Arnold H. Aronson, Michael E. Gellert and Nancy B. Peretsman, Vice Chairs.
+[^6]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," New York Times, February 17, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html.
+[^7]: Karen W. Arenson, "For Bob Kerrey, a Blind Date in Academia," New York Times, February 13, 2001 (print copy). Quoted passages are verbatim from the print copy, including the wording "give us call on more resources."
+[^8]: New School University, "Bob Kerrey Installed as New School University's 7th President," press release, 2001 (undated copy). The text identifies "Philip Scaturro, Chancellor of New School University" among the speakers.
+[^9]: Lincoln Anderson, "New School extends Kerrey's contract six more years," amNY (The Villager), January 4, 2004, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-extends-kerreys-contract-six-more-years.
+[^10]: New School University, "New School University Announces New Board Members," press release, October 21, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/102104_nsu_members.html (Wayback Machine capture; Bewkes, Naughton, Reiss and Schwartz joined the board September 1, 2004).
+[^11]: New School University, "Gifts to New School University," press release, November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot).
+[^12]: The New School, "Julien J. Studley Elected Chairman of The New School's Board of Trustees," press release, June 30, 2008, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2008/julienstudleyrelease06302008.htm (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot; Studley effective July 1, 2008; "Mr. Studley succeeds Philip Scaturro, who has served as Chairman since 2002").
+[^13]: "New School Votes No Confidence in Kerrey," NBC New York, published December 11, 2008, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735.
+[^14]: Jefferson Siegel, "In turmoil, students occupy building, tell Kerrey to quit," amNY, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit. Faculty count and student demands are as printed in this article.
+[^15]: The Macerich Company, Form 8-K filed April 29, 2005, Item 2.01 (completion of acquisition, April 25, 2005), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/912242/000110465905019358/a05-7552_18k.htm; Exhibit 10.1, 2005 Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of MACWH, LP, signature page for Philip Scaturro as a limited partner of Wilmorite Holdings, L.P., https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/912242/000110465905019358/a05-7552_1ex10d1.htm. Address on the signature page omitted.
+[^16]: The Macerich Company, Form 8-K filed April 29, 2005, Exhibit 10.4, Registration Rights Agreement between The Macerich Company and the holders of Wilmorite Holdings, L.P. units, signature page for "Philip D. Scaturro," https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/912242/000110465905019358/a05-7552_1ex10d4.htm. Address on the signature page omitted.
+[^17]: Abtech Holdings, Inc., Form S-1/A filed April 18, 2013 (accession 0001144204-13-022569), investor table listing "Philip Scaturro," subscription accepted 9/7/2012, relationship "Personal relationship of Axiom," https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1405858/000114420413022569/filename13.htm.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Serafino Romualdi.md

@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@ died: 1967
 location: "New York"
 created: 2026-06-05
 updated: 2026-06-05
+relations:
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Mazzini Society]]"
+    start: 1942
+    end: 1942
+    role: "society representative who reported South American recruiting figures to the Interdepartmental Committee, March 1942"
+    fn: 3
 ---
 
 Serafino Romualdi (November 18, 1900 - November 1967) was the [[AFL-CIO]]'s Inter-American representative for over two decades and the founding executive director of the [[AIFLD]] (American Institute for Free Labor Development), which he built into the CIA's principal labor-movement instrument in [[Latin America]]. Born in [[Bastia Umbra]], Perugia, Italy, Romualdi fled fascism in 1923 and built his anti-communist credentials through the [[ILGWU]], wartime service in the [[CIAA]] and [[OSS]], and nearly two decades as the AFL's roving labor ambassador to the hemisphere. The CIA assigned him the pseudonym "Charles Guymers" and the cryptonym [[ZRSIGN]]; [[Philip Agee]] identified him in print as "the principal CIA agent for labor operations in Latin America." His receipt in autumn 1963 of advance information about São Paulo Governor [[Adhemar de Barros]]'s coup plans against [[Joao Goulart]] led directly to AIFLD's crash training of thirty-three Brazilian unionists whose subsequent role in the 1964 coup was publicly acknowledged by his successor, [[William Doherty Jr.]]
@@ -30,23 +37,25 @@ In July 1941, months before the United States entered the war, Romualdi traveled
 
 This wartime double track, operating simultaneously through labor networks and intelligence channels, became the template for his postwar career. The institutional relationships Romualdi built within the OCIAA, including contacts with the Rockefeller apparatus, carried forward directly into the AFL's postwar Latin American operations and, ultimately, into AIFLD's funding base.
 
+In March 1942 [[Max Ascoli]] reported to the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]] on information received from Romualdi, whom the minutes describe as "a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America."[^3] Ascoli's report put perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians in play as possible recruits, most of them in [[Uruguay]], and the committee discussed a cable to the embassy at [[Montevideo]] about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and [[Argentina]].[^3] The [[Mazzini Society]]'s Free Italian congress at Montevideo followed in August 1942.[^4]
+
 ### AFL Latin American Representative, 1945-1962
 
 Romualdi resumed his ILGWU work in fall 1945 and was immediately assigned by the American Federation of Labor to establish contacts with Latin American labor organizations. In January 1948 he attended the Lima conference that established the Inter-American Confederation of Workers (CIT). In March 1948 he was formally appointed the AFL's full-time Latin American representative. He was a founding figure of the [[ORIT]] (Organización Regional Interamericana de Trabajadores) when the CIT reorganized in 1951; he served as ORIT's assistant secretary and edited its Inter-American Labor Bulletin. After the 1955 merger creating the AFL-CIO, he became Inter-American Representative of the unified federation and executive secretary of its Inter-American Affairs Committee.[^1]
 
-During this period he worked in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, [[Guatemala]], [[British Guiana]], Italy, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.[^3]
+During this period he worked in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, [[Guatemala]], [[British Guiana]], Italy, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.[^5]
 
 ### Guatemala, 1953-1954
 
-In 1953 and 1954, Romualdi described Guatemalan President [[Jacobo Arbenz]] as running a "veritable communist trade union dictatorship" and used ORIT to help create the Unión Nacional de Trabajadores Libres (UNTL) as a rival federation to undermine Arbenz-aligned labor. Many UNTL leaders subsequently participated in the movement supporting the CIA-backed 1954 coup that installed [[Carlos Castillo Armas]]. After the coup, Romualdi praised the new regime; AFL president [[George Meany]] announced that the AFL "rejoices over the downfall" of the Arbenz government.[^4]
+In 1953 and 1954, Romualdi described Guatemalan President [[Jacobo Arbenz]] as running a "veritable communist trade union dictatorship" and used ORIT to help create the Unión Nacional de Trabajadores Libres (UNTL) as a rival federation to undermine Arbenz-aligned labor. Many UNTL leaders subsequently participated in the movement supporting the CIA-backed 1954 coup that installed [[Carlos Castillo Armas]]. After the coup, Romualdi praised the new regime; AFL president [[George Meany]] announced that the AFL "rejoices over the downfall" of the Arbenz government.[^6]
 
-ORIT's Guatemalan files, including Romualdi's correspondence and reports spanning 1950 through 1958, are held at the [[Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives]] at Cornell University (Box 3, Folders 11-16 of the Serafino Romualdi Papers).[^3]
+ORIT's Guatemalan files, including Romualdi's correspondence and reports spanning 1950 through 1958, are held at the [[Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives]] at Cornell University (Box 3, Folders 11-16 of the Serafino Romualdi Papers).[^5]
 
 ### British Guiana, 1962-1964
 
-In April 1962, Romualdi visited British Guiana and identified young union leaders he regarded as needing "intensive training to combat Dr. [[Cheddi Jagan]]'s efforts." Eight Guianese workers arrived in Washington in June 1962 for AIFLD's first training course; by September 1962, six graduates had returned to British Guiana on AIFLD internship stipends. When the CIA-funded general strike against Jagan's government began, Romualdi placed the institute's six interns at the disposal of the strike committee and extended their stipended internships from June 15 to August 15, 1963, to sustain operations during the strike. He subsequently declared pride in the graduates who "kept their places in the front lines" through what he called the "difficult and...sometimes bloody battle." Romualdi also sent papers to presidential aide [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] itemizing Jagan's pro-communist record; those papers are now held in the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]].[^5]
+In April 1962, Romualdi visited British Guiana and identified young union leaders he regarded as needing "intensive training to combat Dr. [[Cheddi Jagan]]'s efforts." Eight Guianese workers arrived in Washington in June 1962 for AIFLD's first training course; by September 1962, six graduates had returned to British Guiana on AIFLD internship stipends. When the CIA-funded general strike against Jagan's government began, Romualdi placed the institute's six interns at the disposal of the strike committee and extended their stipended internships from June 15 to August 15, 1963, to sustain operations during the strike. He subsequently declared pride in the graduates who "kept their places in the front lines" through what he called the "difficult and...sometimes bloody battle." Romualdi also sent papers to presidential aide [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] itemizing Jagan's pro-communist record; those papers are now held in the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]].[^7]
 
-CIA funding for the British Guiana operations was channeled through the AFL-CIO and through [[AFSCME]] to labor organizers on the ground. The 80-day general strike in 1963, sustained in part by this funding, contributed to the electoral defeat of Jagan's party in December 1964 and the installation of [[Forbes Burnham]] as prime minister.[^5]
+CIA funding for the British Guiana operations was channeled through the AFL-CIO and through [[AFSCME]] to labor organizers on the ground. The 80-day general strike in 1963, sustained in part by this funding, contributed to the electoral defeat of Jagan's party in December 1964 and the installation of [[Forbes Burnham]] as prime minister.[^7]
 
 ### AIFLD and Brazil
 
@@ -58,9 +67,9 @@ In autumn 1963, Romualdi and AIFLD vice-president [[Berent Friele]], described a
 
 Acting on the intelligence from de Barros, Romualdi arranged a special all-Brazilian training class of thirty-three participants at AIFLD's facilities in Washington, D.C. and at the [[Front Royal]] training center in Virginia. The trainees received instruction in U.S. history and anti-communist organizational tactics and were subsequently paid as AIFLD interns in exchange for intelligence reporting on Brazilian political conditions.
 
-When the Brazilian military coup succeeded on April 1, 1964, Romualdi's successor as executive director, William Doherty Jr., stated at an AFL-CIO Labor News Conference in July 1964: "What happened in Brazil on April 1st did not just happen. It was planned, and planned months in advance." He specified that the thirty-three Brazilian union trainees "when they returned to Brazil, some of them... became intimately involved in some of the clandestine operations of the revolution before it took place."[^6]
+When the Brazilian military coup succeeded on April 1, 1964, Romualdi's successor as executive director, William Doherty Jr., stated at an AFL-CIO Labor News Conference in July 1964: "What happened in Brazil on April 1st did not just happen. It was planned, and planned months in advance." He specified that the thirty-three Brazilian union trainees "when they returned to Brazil, some of them... became intimately involved in some of the clandestine operations of the revolution before it took place."[^8]
 
-After the coup, AIFLD-affiliated workers maintained vital telephone lines during the military takeover despite the CGT's call for a general strike.[^7]
+After the coup, AIFLD-affiliated workers maintained vital telephone lines during the military takeover despite the CGT's call for a general strike.[^9]
 
 ### CIA Connections and the ZRSIGN Program
 
@@ -73,9 +82,9 @@ Declassified JFK-era CIA cables pertaining to Romualdi include:
 - Document 104-10100-10270: October 24, 1963 cable indicating early return due to illness.
 - Document 104-10076-10007: December 3, 1963 cable regarding anti-Cuban labor training initiatives.
 - Document 104-10077-10445: December 13, 1963 cable on labor training courses, bearing the ZRSIGN slugline alongside the "GUYMERS" identifier.
-- Document 104-10261-10051: June 26, 1960 memorandum on discussions with Cuban labor leaders regarding [[FRD]] operations.[^8]
+- Document 104-10261-10051: June 26, 1960 memorandum on discussions with Cuban labor leaders regarding [[FRD]] operations.[^10]
 
-Philip Agee's 1975 book "CIA Diary" identified Romualdi as "the principal CIA agent for labor operations in Latin America," a characterization consistent with his IO Division role and the volume of CIA cable traffic under his pseudonym.[^9]
+Philip Agee's 1975 book "CIA Diary" identified Romualdi as "the principal CIA agent for labor operations in Latin America," a characterization consistent with his IO Division role and the volume of CIA cable traffic under his pseudonym.[^11]
 
 ### AFL-CIO Operations and Succession
 
@@ -83,23 +92,27 @@ Romualdi built the AIFLD model in conjunction with AFL-CIO president George Mean
 
 In September 1965, Romualdi retired from his posts with both the AFL-CIO and AIFLD to undertake consulting work and complete his memoirs. William Doherty Jr., who had served as AIFLD's Social Projects Director and had publicly acknowledged the AIFLD trainees' role in the 1964 Brazilian coup, became AIFLD executive director at that point.
 
-After the 1964 coup, Romualdi's colleague [[Andrew McLellan]] traveled to Brazil to work with the [[Humberto Castelo Branco]] government through U.S. Military Attaché [[Vernon Walters]] on revised labor regulations for the post-coup order.[^10]
+After the 1964 coup, Romualdi's colleague [[Andrew McLellan]] traveled to Brazil to work with the [[Humberto Castelo Branco]] government through U.S. Military Attaché [[Vernon Walters]] on revised labor regulations for the post-coup order.[^12]
 
 Romualdi's memoirs, "Presidents and Peons: Recollections of a Labor Ambassador in Latin America," were published by Funk and Wagnalls in 1967. He died in November 1967.
 
 ### Primary Source Collections
 
-Romualdi's personal papers, spanning 1936 through 1968, are held at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives at [[Cornell University]] (KCL 05459). The collection covers all major countries of operation with dedicated files: Brazil correspondence, reports, and clippings are in Box 2, Folders 5-7; Guatemala correspondence and reports spanning 1950-1958 are in Box 3, Folders 11-16; British Guiana correspondence and clippings covering 1953-1964 are in Box 5, Folders 1-2 and Box 11, Folder 5.[^3]
+Romualdi's personal papers, spanning 1936 through 1968, are held at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives at [[Cornell University]] (KCL 05459). The collection covers all major countries of operation with dedicated files: Brazil correspondence, reports, and clippings are in Box 2, Folders 5-7; Guatemala correspondence and reports spanning 1950-1958 are in Box 3, Folders 11-16; British Guiana correspondence and clippings covering 1953-1964 are in Box 5, Folders 1-2 and Box 11, Folder 5.[^5]
 
 A second collection, AFL-CIO International Affairs Department Serafino Romualdi records, is held at the University of Maryland Special Collections (bulk dates 1946-1966).
 
+### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Guide to the Serafino Romualdi Papers, 1936-1968, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University (Collection KCL 05459), rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL05459.html.
 [^2]: Cambridge Core, "Italian-Uruguayans for Free Italy: Serafino Romualdi's Quest for Transnational Anti-Fascist Networks during World War II," *The Americas* (2020). The article establishes that OCIAA recruited Romualdi based on his South American intelligence reports.
-[^3]: Guide to the Serafino Romualdi Papers, 1936-1968, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University (KCL 05459). Series-level descriptions identify box and folder locations for Brazil, Guatemala, and British Guiana files.
-[^4]: Voltairenet.org, "1962-1979: The AFL-CIO and Trade Union Counterinsurgency," citing Romualdi's characterization of Arbenz and Meany's post-coup statement.
-[^5]: Stanley Meisler, "Meddling in Latin America," citing Romualdi's April 1962 British Guiana visit, the eight trainees in June 1962, the extension of internships during the 1963 strike, and Romualdi's correspondence with Schlesinger at the Kennedy Library.
-[^6]: William C. Doherty Jr., statement at AFL-CIO Labor News Conference, July 1964, as quoted in BrasilWire, "1964: Brasil & CIA."
-[^7]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995. Ch. 29.
-[^8]: Mary Ferrell Foundation, Cryptonym Database, ZRSIGN entry. Documents listed are from the JFK Assassination Records Collection, released under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992. Document numbers are National Archives identifiers.
-[^9]: Philip Agee, *CIA Diary: Inside the Company*. Stonehill Publishing, 1975.
-[^10]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29, Appendix A.
+[^3]: Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems, minutes and memoranda, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, minutes of the sixth meeting (March 11, 1942), pp. 17-18. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5
+[^4]: *Fourth International*, June 1943, vol. 4, no. 6 (Trotskyist monthly; secondary account of the Montevideo decision of August 17, 1942). https://archive.org/details/sim_international-socialist-review_1943-06_4_6
+[^5]: Guide to the Serafino Romualdi Papers, 1936-1968, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University (KCL 05459). Series-level descriptions identify box and folder locations for Brazil, Guatemala, and British Guiana files.
+[^6]: Voltairenet.org, "1962-1979: The AFL-CIO and Trade Union Counterinsurgency," citing Romualdi's characterization of Arbenz and Meany's post-coup statement.
+[^7]: Stanley Meisler, "Meddling in Latin America," citing Romualdi's April 1962 British Guiana visit, the eight trainees in June 1962, the extension of internships during the 1963 strike, and Romualdi's correspondence with Schlesinger at the Kennedy Library.
+[^8]: William C. Doherty Jr., statement at AFL-CIO Labor News Conference, July 1964, as quoted in BrasilWire, "1964: Brasil & CIA."
+[^9]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995. Ch. 29.
+[^10]: Mary Ferrell Foundation, Cryptonym Database, ZRSIGN entry. Documents listed are from the JFK Assassination Records Collection, released under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992. Document numbers are National Archives identifiers.
+[^11]: Philip Agee, *CIA Diary: Inside the Company*. Stonehill Publishing, 1975.
+[^12]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29, Appendix A.