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16
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/British Security Coordination.md
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@ -12,8 +12,14 @@ tags:
- Roald_Dahl
start: 1940-05-01
end: 1945-12-31
summary: "British Security Coordination (BSC) was a covert British intelligence operation (1940-1945) established by William Stephenson at Rockefeller Center, New York, serving as a wartime umbrella for MI5, MI6, SOE, and PWE conducting propaganda and counterintelligence across the Western Hemisphere."
summary: "British Security Coordination (BSC) was a covert British intelligence operation (1940-1945) run by William Stephenson from Rockefeller Center, an umbrella for MI5, MI6, SOE and PWE propaganda and counterintelligence in the Western Hemisphere."
location: "New York City / Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: funded
with: "[[Mazzini Society]]"
start: 1941
role: "subsidy for Italian broadcasts, per the Morrell memorandum of July 10, 1941 as quoted by Mahl"
fn: 4
---
British Security Coordination (BSC) was a covert British intelligence organization established in May 1940, with its headquarters at Room 3603, Rockefeller Center, New York City. Operating under the direction of Sir William Samuel Stephenson ("Intrepid"), it served as the Western Hemisphere umbrella organization for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), MI5, the Special Operations Executive (SOE), and the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) throughout the war. Its primary theater of operation was the neutral United States during the period 1940-1941, before U.S. entry into the war. The organization was formally dissolved in 1945.[^1]
@ -40,7 +46,11 @@ BSC subsidized and assisted pro-British interventionist organizations in the Uni
### Influence Operations: Social Network Penetration
A distinct BSC operation used well-connected individuals deployed socially to gather intelligence and shape the opinions of senior American figures. The most thoroughly documented case is [[Roald Dahl]], who arrived in Washington in spring 1942 as RAF Assistant Air Attaché at the British Embassy and was subsequently recruited more directly into BSC work. Dahl's social assignment centered on [[Charles Marsh]], a Texas newspaper publisher with access to the highest levels of the Roosevelt administration, and through Marsh to Vice President [[Henry Wallace]] and other senior figures. Jennet Conant's "The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington" (Simon and Schuster, 2008), drawing on BSC records and private correspondence, is the principal secondary source on this dimension of BSC's Washington operations.[^2]
A distinct BSC operation used well-connected individuals deployed socially to gather intelligence and shape the opinions of senior American figures. The most thoroughly documented case is Roald Dahl, who arrived in Washington in spring 1942 as RAF Assistant Air Attaché at the British Embassy and was subsequently recruited more directly into BSC work. Dahl's social assignment centered on [[Charles Marsh]], a Texas newspaper publisher with access to the highest levels of the Roosevelt administration, and through Marsh to Vice President [[Henry Wallace]] and other senior figures. Jennet Conant's "The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington" (Simon and Schuster, 2008), drawing on BSC records and private correspondence, is the principal secondary source on this dimension of BSC's Washington operations.[^2]
### Italian-American Anti-Fascist Groups
The BSC account, as quoted by [[Thomas E. Mahl]], states that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American [[Mazzini Society]], headed by [[Max Ascoli]], and that BSC began to supply the [[WRUL]] shortwave station "through cut-outs."[^3] A July 10, 1941 memorandum by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the SO.1 section, quoted in the same account, records that another subsidy was paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts.[^4]
### Relationship to the OSS
@ -60,3 +70,5 @@ The BSC's lasting institutional contribution to U.S. intelligence was structural
[^1]: "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998 (original text compiled 1945 by Gilbert Highet, Tom Hill, and Roald Dahl). Hyde, H. Montgomery. *Room 3603: The Story of the British Intelligence Centre in New York during World War II*. Farrar, Straus and Company, 1963. Foreign Policy Research Institute, "The Origin of the US-UK Intelligence 'Special Relationship,'" fpri.org, January 2026.
[^2]: Conant, Jennet. *The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington*. Simon and Schuster, 2008.
[^3]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24, 31 and 190, quoting the BSC Account.
[^4]: Mahl, *Desperate Deception*, passages quoting Sydney Morrell, memorandum SO.1, July 10, 1941 (PRO FO 898/103), as quoted by Mahl.

77
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Central Intelligence Agency.md
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@ -28,7 +28,19 @@ relations:
with: "[[Psychological Strategy Board]]"
role: "Member agency; the Director of Central Intelligence chaired meeting M-8"
start: 1952-01-10
fn: 37
fn: 43
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
reverse: true
role: "Assistant Director, Research and Reports (1951); Special Consultant (1952)"
start: 1951-01
end: 1952-03
fn: 44
- type: funded
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
role: "agency money reported to have set up the center in 1951; $300,000 reported in 1967"
start: 1951
fn: 51
---
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a primary intelligence-gathering organization of the United States government. In the context of psychic research, the CIA played a significant, albeit often covert, role in funding and overseeing programs aimed at exploring and utilizing psychic phenomena for intelligence purposes.[^1]
@ -130,21 +142,37 @@ CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified before the [[House Permanent Selec
Multiple CIA officials were indicted during the Iran-Contra investigation. Clarridge was indicted on seven counts of perjury. Fernández was indicted on four counts. [[Alan Fiers]] pleaded guilty to withholding information from Congress. All were pardoned by former CIA director [[George H.W. Bush]].[^26]
### Interrogation videotapes and the 2004 to 2006 directorship
[[Porter Goss]], a former House intelligence chairman, was confirmed by the Senate 77 to 17 on September 22, 2004, was sworn in at the White House on September 24, 2004, and announced his resignation on May 5, 2006.[^30] His executive director, [[Kyle Foggo]], the agency's No. 3 official, resigned in May 2006 while the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] was examining whether he had improperly helped the defense contractor [[Brent Wilkes]] obtain large CIA contracts.[^31] Foggo pleaded guilty in 2008 to one count of defrauding the government and was sentenced on February 26, 2009 to 37 months.[^32]
The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]'s 2014 study of the detention and interrogation program records that the CIA destroyed videotapes of the interrogations of [[Abu Zubaydah]] and [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] on November 9, 2005, the day after the Senate's November 8 vote against an amendment to establish an independent commission on detainee treatment.[^33] In an October 31, 2005 email, the CIA attorney [[John Rizzo]] wrote that he needed "to be the skunk at the party again."[^33]
Emails released by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] in April 2010, under a Freedom of Information Act request by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], state that in November 2005 [[Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.|Jose Rodriguez]] told Goss and others he "felt it was extremely important to destroy the tapes and that if there was any heat, he would take it," and that Goss "laughed and said he'd be the one to take the heat." The same email states: "PG, however, agreed with the decision." NBC News reported that the email is an after-the-fact summary that does not prove Goss approved the destruction, that current and former intelligence officials have said he did not and was angry to find out, and that Rodriguez's lawyer disputed that.[^34] On November 9, 2010, the Justice Department said special prosecutor [[John Durham]] would not bring criminal charges over the destruction.[^35]
### Foreign Broadcast Information Service
The [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] became a unit of the agency in 1947. The [[War Department]] had sponsored the service from January 2, 1946, and the [[Director of Central Intelligence]] assumed control of it on July 31, 1946, before the [[National Security Act of 1947]] replaced the [[Central Intelligence Group]] with the agency.[^30] The administrative history of the service's record group lists the successor as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^31] The service's 1969 history says it came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^32]
The [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] became a unit of the agency in 1947. The [[War Department]] had sponsored the service from January 2, 1946, and the [[Director of Central Intelligence]] assumed control of it on July 31, 1946, before the [[National Security Act of 1947]] replaced the [[Central Intelligence Group]] with the agency.[^36] The administrative history of the service's record group lists the successor as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^37] The service's 1969 history says it came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^38]
Within the agency the service sat under the [[Assistant Director for Operations]]. In January 1947 the Assistant Director presented a propaganda analysis program to the PRC, approving the proposed program but excluding "interpretative analysis" from its scope, and the requested staff was twelve at $61,000 a year. [[Lawrence K. White]] was announced as deputy chief of the service on January 9, 1947.[^33]
Within the agency the service sat under the [[Assistant Director for Operations]]. In January 1947 the Assistant Director presented a propaganda analysis program to the PRC, approving the proposed program but excluding "interpretative analysis" from its scope, and the requested staff was twelve at $61,000 a year. [[Lawrence K. White]] was announced as deputy chief of the service on January 9, 1947.[^39]
The service's functions were folded into the [[Open Source Center]] in November 2005. The release announcing the center said the Director of the CIA would administer it on behalf of the DNI.[^34]
The service's functions were folded into the [[Open Source Center]] in November 2005. The release announcing the center said the Director of the CIA would administer it on behalf of the DNI.[^40]
### Psychological warfare liaison, 1946 to 1952
In July 1946 the Central Intelligence Group's Central Planning Staff closed out its liaison with the Security Advisory Board of the [[Office of War Information]]. The memorandum designated a liaison officer to the Director, charged him with recommending when appropriate whether the board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]], and recorded that no further action by the Security Branch was required. The board was being replaced by a new Security Advisory Board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]].[^35]
In July 1946 the Central Intelligence Group's Central Planning Staff closed out its liaison with the Security Advisory Board of the [[Office of War Information]]. The memorandum designated a liaison officer to the Director, charged him with recommending when appropriate whether the board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]], and recorded that no further action by the Security Branch was required. The board was being replaced by a new Security Advisory Board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]].[^41]
In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare was "not operable." The principal member came from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, and the memorandum was addressed to the Executive Director.[^36]
In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare was "not operable." The principal member came from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, and the memorandum was addressed to the Executive Director.[^42]
On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], the Director of Central Intelligence. Its members were the Deputy Secretary of Defense, William C. Foster, and the Under Secretary of State, James E. Webb. [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, attended as a participant from the Department of State.[^37]
On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], the Director of Central Intelligence. Its members were the Deputy Secretary of Defense, William C. Foster, and the Under Secretary of State, James E. Webb. [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, attended as a participant from the Department of State.[^43]
In a letter stamped January 30, 1951, [[Max Millikan]] wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency."[^44] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research."[^45] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion with State Department officers of psychological intelligence, and records his concern that splitting that work among several organizations would produce the shortcomings of decentralization.[^46] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, addressed to the intelligence chiefs of the State Department, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, was issued "For the Director of Central Intelligence" over Millikan's typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^47] A letter he signed as Assistant Director on November 26, 1951 says that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^48] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^49] In an interview note of March 5, 1952 titled "Origin of PSB," a CIA historian recorded that Millikan "participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT," which the note identifies as the "Troy Project," and that its study "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB."[^50]
The agency's financing of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the agency "secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents," as part of "Project MK-ULTRA," with a foundation as a "front," and that the researcher was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, "which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency."[^51] Time reported on February 24, 1967 "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^52] [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee, said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent."[^53]
The third progress report on NSC 59/1 records that the CIA had been assigned a continuing study of balloons as propaganda carriers and "instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^54] The [[Project Troy]] report had placed balloon work inside political warfare, stating that "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop."[^55]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which the center would review its first ten years.[^56]
### Footnotes
@ -177,11 +205,30 @@ On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] w
[^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
[^28]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Epilogue: "The damage that has been done"
[^29]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
[^30]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), pp. 279, 299-300 and 303. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^31]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 262, administrative history. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^32]: Roop, Part I, p. 2. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^33]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), pp. 2 and 151-152. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^34]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center," News Release No. 6-05, November 8, 2005. https://irp.fas.org/news/2005/11/odni110805.html.
[^35]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^36]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, memorandum "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^37]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
[^30]: Congressional Record, Senate, September 22, 2004, Rollcall Vote No. 187 (yeas 77, nays 17). https://irp.fas.org/congress/2004_cr/goss092204.html ; "Porter Goss Sworn in As New CIA Director," PBS NewsHour, September 24, 2004 (sworn in by Andrew Card in the Oval Office). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/government_programs-july-dec04-cia_09-24 ; Norris, "Goss Is Latest to Leave Bush Administration," NPR transcript, May 5, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5387220
[^31]: JURIST, "FBI probes CIA defense contracts after top official resigns," May 2006 (FBI probe of Foggo's possible help to ADCS). https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-probes-cia-defense-contracts-after ; Paul Blumenthal, "MSNBC: Foggo Gone," Sunlight Foundation, May 8, 2006 (resignation reported Monday). https://sunlightfoundation.com/2006/05/08/msnbc-foggo-gone/
[^32]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA executive gets 37 months in prison," February 26, 2009 (one count of fraud, 27 counts dropped, Judge James Cacheris, 37 months as requested). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29413971 ; Associated Press, "CIA officer gets jail time for fraud," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 2009. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090227_CIA_officer_gets_jail_time_for_fraud.html
[^33]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept. 113-288 (December 2014), executive summary and findings, sections on the 2005 videotapes ("The CIA destroyed the CIA interrogation videotapes the following day"; Rizzo's October 31, 2005 email). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
[^34]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA chief agreed with tape destruction," April 2010 (e-mails released by the Justice Department under an ACLU FOIA request; "PG, however, agreed with the decision"; the disputed account). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36589750
[^35]: JURIST, "No charges to be filed in CIA videotape destruction case: DOJ," November 2010 (spokesman Matthew Miller on Durham's decision; Durham appointed 2008 by Attorney General Michael Mukasey). https://www.jurist.org/news/2010/11/no-charges-to-be-filed-in-cia-videotape-destruction-case/
[^36]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), pp. 279, 299-300 and 303. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^37]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 262, administrative history. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^38]: Roop, Part I, p. 2. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^39]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), pp. 2 and 151-152. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^40]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center," News Release No. 6-05, November 8, 2005. https://irp.fas.org/news/2005/11/odni110805.html.
[^41]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^42]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, memorandum "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^43]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
[^44]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^45]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
[^46]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
[^47]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
[^48]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^49]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
[^50]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^51]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^52]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^53]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^54]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1), paragraph 12. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
[^55]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8, excerpt of the Project Troy report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951 (balloon chapter). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
[^56]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9

33
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.md
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@ -19,12 +19,19 @@ relations:
start: 1995
end: 1997
role: "chairman, 104th Congress"
fn: 5
fn: 10
- type: member_of
with: "[[Charlie Rose]]"
reverse: true
role: "chairman of the evaluation subcommittee"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Porter Goss]]"
reverse: true
start: 1997-01
end: 2004-09-23
role: "chairman, 105th through 108th Congresses"
fn: 11
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
---
@ -33,11 +40,15 @@ The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence was "created in 1977" and "
### Psychic Research
After *Parade* published "[[Psychic Spying]]" on August 7, 1977, the committee asked the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for a briefing. [[David Brandwein]], director of the [[Office of Technical Service]], gave three staff members "a short oral history of OTS efforts in the field, dating back to 1961" on November 16, 1977, and left them a written outline of the work classified SECRET, the unclassified article on the research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] and "a brief article on Mr. [[Pat Price]]." He handled most of the office's briefing of Representative [[Charlie Rose]] on February 9, 1978.[^3] On October 25, 1978, Rose, as chairman of the committee's evaluation subcommittee, wrote to [[Ruth Davis]] of the Defense Department that "we have a strong obligation also to learn what Soviet research is underway" and that he would "like to see the [[Department of Defense]] undertake those efforts deemed necessary and appropriate to investigate remote viewing and other related phenomena."[^4] On March 28, 1995, the CIA sent its status responses on the [[Stargate Project|Star Gate]] program to the committee's chairman, [[Larry Combest]], during the [[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]].[^6]
After *Parade* published "[[Psychic Spying]]" on August 7, 1977, the committee asked the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for a briefing. [[David Brandwein]], director of the [[Office of Technical Service]], gave three staff members "a short oral history of OTS efforts in the field, dating back to 1961" on November 16, 1977, and left them a written outline of the work classified SECRET, the unclassified article on the research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] and "a brief article on Mr. [[Pat Price]]." He handled most of the office's briefing of Representative [[Charlie Rose]] on February 9, 1978.[^3] On October 25, 1978, Rose, as chairman of the committee's evaluation subcommittee, wrote to [[Ruth Davis]] of the Defense Department that "we have a strong obligation also to learn what Soviet research is underway" and that he would "like to see the [[Department of Defense]] undertake those efforts deemed necessary and appropriate to investigate remote viewing and other related phenomena."[^4] On March 28, 1995, the CIA sent its status responses on the [[Stargate Project|Star Gate]] program to the committee's chairman, [[Larry Combest]], during the [[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]].[^5]
### Other Records
In March 1998 CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified to the committee on the agency's relationships with Contra supporters involved in drug trafficking.[^10] On May 11, 2000, the committee released a unanimously adopted report on the allegations of [[Gary Webb]]'s [[Dark Alliance]] series, finding that the evidence did not support the implication "that the CIA was responsible for the crack epidemic in [[Los Angeles]] or anywhere else in the United States to further the cause of the Contra war in [[Central America]]."[^9] In 2021 classified versions of the intelligence community's assessment of domestic violent extremism were briefed to the House and Senate intelligence committees.[^7] [[Jim Himes]], its ranking member in 2026, appeared that year on a leaked membership list of [[Peter Thiel]]'s Dialog society.[^8]
In March 1998 CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified to the committee on the agency's relationships with Contra supporters involved in drug trafficking.[^6] On May 11, 2000, the committee released a unanimously adopted report on the allegations of [[Gary Webb]]'s [[Dark Alliance]] series, finding that the evidence did not support the implication "that the CIA was responsible for the crack epidemic in [[Los Angeles]] or anywhere else in the United States to further the cause of the Contra war in [[Central America]]."[^7] In 2021 classified versions of the intelligence community's assessment of domestic violent extremism were briefed to the House and Senate intelligence committees.[^8] [[Jim Himes]], its ranking member in 2026, appeared that year on a leaked membership list of [[Peter Thiel]]'s Dialog society.[^9]
### Chairmen
Larry Combest chaired the committee in the 104th Congress.[^10] [[Porter Goss]] chaired the committee from the 105th Congress: the Congressional Directory of June 1997 lists "Porter J. Goss, of Florida, Chairman," and the Directory of June 1999 lists him as chairman with [[Jerry Lewis]] as vice chairman.[^11] He remained chairman through the 107th Congress, when the committee's Republican members included [[Randy Cunningham]], and signed a January 29, 2003 letter as chairman for the 107th and 108th Congresses.[^12][^13] The committee's June 21, 2004 report on the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005, submitted by Goss, states that "the Directorate of Operations (DO) needs fixing" and records the majority's rejection of a Chalabi document-request amendment by [[Anna Eshoo]] and of [[Nancy Pelosi]]'s amendment to create a Director of National Intelligence.[^14]
### Footnotes
@ -45,9 +56,13 @@ In March 1998 CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified to the committee on
[^2]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. *Final Report,* S. Rept. 94-755, 1976, as cited on the Church Committee page.
[^3]: Brandwein, David S., memorandum for the record, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," OTS memo 287-77, November 17, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020020-8; Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, "Briefing of Representative Charles Rose," February 9, 1978, OLC 78-0576, CIA-RDP81M00980R000600250087-4.
[^4]: Davis, Ruth M., memorandum for Dr. Jack Vorona, "'Remote Viewing' Project," November 20, 1978, with the letter of Charlie Rose, Chairman, Subcommittee on Evaluation, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 25, 1978.
[^5]: "COMBEST, Larry Ed," History, Art and Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/COMBEST,-Larry-Ed-(C000653)/
[^6]: Executive Director for Intelligence Community Affairs to Larry Combest, Chairman, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, March 28, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040002-2.
[^7]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security. "Domestic Violent Extremism Poses Heightened Threat in 2021." Unclassified summary, March 17, 2021.
[^8]: Cameron, Dell, and Yulia Almazova. "Leak Exposes Members of Peter Thiel's Secretive 'Dialog' Society." *WIRED,* June 16, 2026.
[^9]: *Survey of Activities of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence During the 106th Congress,* H. Rept. 106-1054, 2001, "CIA Drug Trafficking Investigation," citing the committee print *Report on the Central Intelligence Agency's Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Trafficking in the Los Angeles Area,* February 2000. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt1054/html/CRPT-106hrpt1054.htm
[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, epilogue.
[^5]: Executive Director for Intelligence Community Affairs to Larry Combest, Chairman, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, March 28, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040002-2.
[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, epilogue.
[^7]: *Survey of Activities of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence During the 106th Congress,* H. Rept. 106-1054, 2001, "CIA Drug Trafficking Investigation," citing the committee print *Report on the Central Intelligence Agency's Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Trafficking in the Los Angeles Area,* February 2000. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt1054/html/CRPT-106hrpt1054.htm
[^8]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security. "Domestic Violent Extremism Poses Heightened Threat in 2021." Unclassified summary, March 17, 2021.
[^9]: Cameron, Dell, and Yulia Almazova. "Leak Exposes Members of Peter Thiel's Secretive 'Dialog' Society." *WIRED,* June 16, 2026.
[^10]: "COMBEST, Larry Ed," History, Art and Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/COMBEST,-Larry-Ed-(C000653)/
[^11]: Congressional Directory, 105th Congress, June 1997 (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1997-06-04/html/CDIR-1997-06-04-HOUSECOMMITTEES-2.htm) and 106th Congress, June 1999 (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1999-06-15/html/CDIR-1999-06-15-HOUSECOMMITTEES-2.htm).
[^12]: H. Rept. 107-792, front matter, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence membership, 107th Congress. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-107hrpt792/pdf/GPO-CRPT-107hrpt792.pdf
[^13]: Graham, Goss, Shelby and Pelosi to Tenet, January 29, 2003. https://archive.org/download/declasspart4/declasspart4_djvu.txt
[^14]: H. Rept. 108-558, June 21, 2004. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-108hrpt558/html/CRPT-108hrpt558.htm

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@ -60,9 +60,13 @@ The OSS established a "truth drug" committee under Dr. [[Winfred Overholser]], h
Truman dissolved the OSS on October 1, 1945, distributing its functions to the State Department (Research and Analysis) and the War Department (Strategic Services Unit, which preserved the clandestine service infrastructure). Executive Order 9621 transferred the Research and Analysis Branch and the Presentation Branch to an Interim Research and Intelligence Service in the Department of State, which was abolished at the close of business on December 31, 1945.[^2] The Central Intelligence Agency was created by the National Security Act of 1947, signed July 26, 1947, and formally established September 18, 1947. The institutional culture Donovan developed - including the use of academic, journalistic, and cultural figures as intelligence assets; the cultivation of foreign service networks; and the use of proprietary companies as operational covers - became standard CIA practice after the transition.[^3]
### Foreign Nationalities Branch Reporting on Italian Anti-Fascists
The Foreign Nationalities Branch reported on the [[Mazzini Society]] and its rivals. Foreign Nationalities Branch memorandum No. 111 of March 6, 1943, summarized in a Secretariat memorandum of March 27, 1943 to William J. Donovan, described "considerable confusion" among liberal and socialist Italian and Spanish anti-Fascists in the United States.[^11] The memorandum states that the Mazzini Society "has been shaken by a series of internal disputes and crises and is much weakened by the resultant confusion" and "still maintains itself as the leading non-party, liberal anti-fascist organization," and that ex-members who were formerly important in its leadership were drifting toward the Communist-led [[Alleanza Garibaldi]], centered in [[Mexico City]].[^11] It also describes the Italian leadership and the Spanish Acción Republicana as occupied, after the August 1942 Montevideo conference, with strengthening intergroup unity, "combat legions" and national committees.[^11]
### Emigre Scholars
The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research]] "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the school's University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects routed through [[Rockefeller Foundation]] intermediaries.[^11]
The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research]] "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the school's University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects routed through [[Rockefeller Foundation]] intermediaries.[^12]
### Footnotes
@ -76,4 +80,5 @@ The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research
[^8]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Langer's letter to Leigh of April 22, 1944, National Archives, RG 262, Entry 68, Box 22. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^9]: Roop, Part I, pp. 267-268. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^10]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 1.
[^11]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 137-138, citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^11]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Office of Strategic Services, Foreign Nationalities Branch organization file (1942-43), "Confusion Among Liberal and Socialist Italian and Spanish Anti-Fascists in the United States (Summary of FNB Memo No. 111)," Secretariat memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 27, 1943, PDF p. 154; memorandum No. 111, PDF pp. 157-159. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7
[^12]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 137-138, citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content

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@ -214,11 +214,13 @@ The OWI Security Advisory Board was also reorganized. A Central Intelligence Gro
Barrett organized a group of experts in April 1950 that included Speier, to discuss psychological strategy, tactics and organization. Speier was then a State Department consultant for psychological warfare known to James E. Webb and Barrett, and he took part in [[Project TROY]], the study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology of Soviet jamming of American broadcasts.[^44] After the war Speier and Carroll worked together as psychological warfare consultants for the State Department and as consultants for the [[Ford Foundation]]. Between September 1952 and February 1953 the planning committee for the international communication program of MIT's Center for International Studies, headed by Speier and including Carroll, [[Jerome Bruner]], Harold Lasswell, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Edward Shils]] and [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]], consulted among others Gorer, Leites, [[Daniel Lerner]], Löwenthal and George Morgan.[^40]
Speier left government service in 1948 to join the [[Rand Corporation]] and became chief of its Social Science Division. He brought several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND, including [[Alexander L. George]] and Leites. Rosten, a member of the 1946 RAND committee that considered candidates for its social science division, came to RAND through [[Allen Wallis]], and Bessner writes that a connection Speier made with Rosten at OWI brought Speier to RAND.[^45]
The group Barrett convened in April 1950 followed a sequence of proposals made in Washington that spring. On March 1, 1950 President Truman sent Acheson a memorandum on a proposal by David Sarnoff for a committee to improve the Voice of America. Barrett's memorandum of March 6, 1950 recommended "a new high-level committee of Sarnoff, etc., to look for added means of getting the truth behind the Iron Curtain," and said that the committee "would not confine itself to radio but would look into such proposals as the hardy perennial of utilizing balloons to drop leaflets."[^45] Bessner writes that James E. Webb contacted [[James Killian]] of MIT that summer, and that the project Killian and [[John Burchard]] accepted, Project TROY, took up the study of Soviet jamming of American radio transmissions.[^46]
Speier left government service in 1948 to join the [[Rand Corporation]] and became chief of its Social Science Division. He brought several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND, including [[Alexander L. George]] and Leites. Rosten, a member of the 1946 RAND committee that considered candidates for its social science division, came to RAND through [[Allen Wallis]], and Bessner writes that a connection Speier made with Rosten at OWI brought Speier to RAND.[^47]
### Records
Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA description gives 3,584 cubic feet, dated 1926 to 1951 with the bulk in 1941 to 1946. Its subgroups include the Domestic Operations Branch, the Overseas Operations Branch, the New York Office and the San Francisco Office, and the general records include those of the Security Advisory Board. The finding aids are H. Stephen Helton's Preliminary Inventory PI 56 (1953) and the Helton and Forrest R. Holdcamper inventory NC 148 (1967). Related records are in RG 44 (Office of Government Reports), RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services), RG 287 (government publications) and RG 306 (United States Information Agency).[^3] Archival pulls for the agency's files include RG 208 Entry 355, box 1712, the folder for Wallace Carroll, Entry 358, box 108, for a cable of November 20, 1945 from William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, and Entry 6B, box 6, for the Overseas Operations Branch office files.[^46]
Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA description gives 3,584 cubic feet, dated 1926 to 1951 with the bulk in 1941 to 1946. Its subgroups include the Domestic Operations Branch, the Overseas Operations Branch, the New York Office and the San Francisco Office, and the general records include those of the Security Advisory Board. The finding aids are H. Stephen Helton's Preliminary Inventory PI 56 (1953) and the Helton and Forrest R. Holdcamper inventory NC 148 (1967). Related records are in RG 44 (Office of Government Reports), RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services), RG 287 (government publications) and RG 306 (United States Information Agency).[^3] Archival pulls for the agency's files include RG 208 Entry 355, box 1712, the folder for Wallace Carroll, Entry 358, box 108, for a cable of November 20, 1945 from William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, and Entry 6B, box 6, for the Overseas Operations Branch office files.[^48]
### Footnotes
@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^7]: Executive Order 9312, "Defining the Foreign Information Activities of the Office of War Information," March 9, 1943, Federal Register, March 10, 1943 (F.R. Doc. 43-3806), paragraphs 1 and 2. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000200100008-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000200100008-4
[^8]: Office of Strategic Services, Morale Operations Field Manual, Strategic Services (Provisional), Strategic Services Field Manual No. 2, January 26, 1943, section on other U.S. agencies, item d (the State Department, OWI, FEA, the Treasury Department and the CIAA).
[^9]: War Department General Staff, G-2, summary sheet "Establishment of Psychological Warfare Division, Special Staff," May 22, 1946, paragraphs 2c, 2f and 2g. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP64-00658A000100370008-0. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP64-00658A000100370008-0
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14 to 15 and note 16 (Borkenau, Bornstein, Löwenthal and Pächter worked for the OWI; Gilbert, Gumbel, Gurland, Holborn, Kirchheimer, Marcuse, F. Neumann and S. Neumann worked for the OSS). Sole source for the exile lists. The introductory list prints "Arkady Gurman" and note 16 prints "Gurland."
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14 to 15 and note 16 (Borkenau, Bornstein, Löwenthal and Pächter worked for the OWI; Gilbert, Gumbel, Gurland, Holborn, Kirchheimer, Marcuse, F. Neumann and S. Neumann worked for the OSS). The introductory list prints "Arkady Gurman" and note 16 prints "Gurland."
[^11]: United States Government Manual, 1945 edition (Washington: Division of Public Inquiries, Special Services Bureau, Office of War Information), Emergency War Agencies, Office of War Information, pp. 88 to 95 (officials; Domestic Operations Branch; Overseas Operations Branch, including the Bureau of Overseas Intelligence and its Central Intelligence, Regional Analysis and Foreign Morale Analysis Divisions). https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesgove033383mbp
[^12]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 29, 1943, remarks in the debate on the OWI appropriation ("until very recently the Director of the Domestic Branch was Mr. Gardner Cowles ... Following his resignation, Mr. Palmer Hoyt, another prominent Republican ... has left his own newspaper to come here as Director of the Domestic Branch"). Speaker not identified in the available text. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^13]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 15, 1943, p. 5909, remarks of Representative Short. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
@ -243,16 +245,16 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^19]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, Senate, June 30, 1943, pp. 6803 to 6804, remarks of Senator O'Mahoney on the Domestic Branch of the Office of War Information. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^20]: National War Agencies Appropriation Act, 1944, Public Law 139, 78th Congress, chapter 228, approved July 12, 1943, 57 Stat. 531 to 532 (Office of War Information, salaries and expenses). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-57/pdf/STATUTE-57-Pg522.pdf
[^21]: Roop, Part I, p. 14 (Graves's October 1941 announcement that Watson would accept a P-6 and serve as head of the Analysis Section). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^22]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132 to 133 and notes 51, 54 and 55 (first report sent a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; Watson's February 1942 offer of the post of Senior Political Analyst, the head of the Analysis Division's Central European Section). Sole source for the first-report date and the February 1942 offer.
[^22]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132 to 133 and notes 51, 54 and 55 (first report sent a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; Watson's February 1942 offer of the post of Senior Political Analyst, the head of the Analysis Division's Central European Section).
[^23]: Roop, Part I, pp. 121 to 122 (Watson as head of the Analysis Division writing on December 30, 1942; Leigh's announcement of April 19, 1943 and the move to the Social Security Building; Graves on May 13, 1943, "function as an integral part of OWI"; Eugene Katz's letter to Leigh of June 18, 1943, "so friendly"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 144 to 145 and note 99 (the Analysis Division's May 1943 move to OWI headquarters, "retaining Watson as its director"; offices contiguous with the Overseas Operations Branch). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 144 to 145 and note 99 (the Analysis Division's May 1943 move to OWI headquarters, "retaining Watson as its director"; offices contiguous with the Overseas Operations Branch).
[^25]: Roop, Part I, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942 to establish an analysis operation working closely with OWI in London and supplying Washington with reports; "a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145 to 146 and notes 103 to 106 (May 22, 1944 transfer from the Analysis Division to the Overseas Operations Branch under Wallace Carroll; head of the German Committee of Area One, overseeing about eight regional specialists; Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany) from December 1944, Carroll to Thurman L. Barnard, December 4, 1944; Speier "personally wrote many of the propaganda directives targeted at Germany, most of which were broadcast over" the Voice of America; Carroll signed them). Sole source for the Speier transfer, the December 1944 post and the directives.
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 and notes 46 and 47 (Rockefeller Foundation grants of $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942; the Rockefeller communications portfolio including the Princeton Shortwave Listening Center and Lasswell's Experimental Division for the Study of Wartime Communications at the Library of Congress; roster of the research project including "Dr. Heinz Pächter"). Sole source for the grant figures and the roster.
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145 to 146 and notes 103 to 106 (May 22, 1944 transfer from the Analysis Division to the Overseas Operations Branch under Wallace Carroll; head of the German Committee of Area One, overseeing about eight regional specialists; Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany) from December 1944, Carroll to Thurman L. Barnard, December 4, 1944; Speier "personally wrote many of the propaganda directives targeted at Germany, most of which were broadcast over" the Voice of America; Carroll signed them).
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 and notes 46 and 47 (Rockefeller Foundation grants of $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942; the Rockefeller communications portfolio including the Princeton Shortwave Listening Center and Lasswell's Experimental Division for the Study of Wartime Communications at the Library of Congress; roster of the research project including "Dr. Heinz Pächter").
[^28]: FBIS Administrative Memorandum No. 16, "To Officers of the FBIS," January 22, 1943, on the exchange of correspondence with Nelson A. Rockefeller, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and on the use of FBIS material through OWI officials. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP82-00177R000300410017-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp82-00177r000300410017-3
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 191, note 89 (Rosten as OWI liaison between Washington and Hollywood; "instrumental in convincing government officials to use films for propaganda"). Sole source for the Hollywood liaison role.
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 191, note 89 (Rosten as OWI liaison between Washington and Hollywood; "instrumental in convincing government officials to use films for propaganda").
[^30]: Roop, Part I, p. 122, note (Theodore Newcomb on February 15, 1943: "Unfortunately and off the record our relations with them (OWI analysts) are far from the best. There is only one person from whom I guarantee you would get a friendly ear, Otto Klineberg. He used to be with us and is now with them."). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143 to 144 and notes 96 to 98 (Speier to Leigh, December 14, 1942; Gorer to Speier, March 3, 1943; Speier to OWI Overseas Operations Branch, October 13, 1943; the OWI propaganda analysis division; weekly meetings of autumn 1942). Sole source for the quoted remarks.
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143 to 144 and notes 96 to 98 (Speier to Leigh, December 14, 1942; Gorer to Speier, March 3, 1943; Speier to OWI Overseas Operations Branch, October 13, 1943; the OWI propaganda analysis division; weekly meetings of autumn 1942).
[^32]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid for C. D. Jackson: Papers, 1931 to 1967, scope and content note (Jackson "representing the Office of War Information (OWI)" as Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Branch at AFHQ in 1943 and Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Division at SHAEF in 1944 to 1945; the Allied Information Service; correspondents; President of the Free Europe Committee 1951 to 1952; Radio Free Europe from 1949 to 1964). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf
[^33]: Office of War Information, "OWI in the ETO: A Report on the Activities of the Office of War Information in the European Theatre of Operations, January 1944 to January 1945," transmitted by Philip C. Hamblet to Elmer Davis, April 18, 1945 (OWI London and PWD; 279 OWI staff; Normandy press teams; the European News Room; ABSIE; the United States Information Service in France). https://archive.org/details/owiinetoreporton00unit
[^34]: Voice of America Programming Handbook, third edition (1992), history section (first broadcast February 24, 1942, a fifteen-minute German program, described there as set up within OWI in the Foreign Information Service; John Houseman; relay of programs from New York to Britain by military aircraft; 27 language services and 23 transmitters by the Casablanca conference in 1943; 41 languages; transfer to the Department of State; the McMahon committee in late 1945; appropriations in 1946 and 1947; the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152840_0234
@ -265,6 +267,8 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^41]: Robert T. Holt, Radio Free Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958), pp. 39 to 40. https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Station-Books/Radio-Free-Europe-Holt-1958.pdf
[^42]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^43]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and notes 37 to 41 (Barrett's April 1950 group of experts "which included Speier"; Speier's consultancy known to Webb and Barrett; Project TROY). Bessner prints "William Barrett" for Barrett's first name in this passage. Sole source for Speier's membership of the group.
[^45]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"; Speier "recruited to RAND several of his AD colleagues, including Alexander L. George and Nathan Leites"); p. 135 (Speier "brought a number of his colleagues, including George and Leites, into the organization"); p. 158, note 157 (Speier "left government service to join the RAND Corporation" in 1948); p. 189 (the 1946 committee including Rosten); p. 191, note 89 (Rosten "came to RAND through Allen Wallis"). Sole source for the RAND recruitment.
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 104 (RG 208, Entry 355, Records of the Office of War Information, General Records of the Chief, box 1712, folder "Wallace Carroll"; Entry 6B, box 6, Overseas Operations Branch, folder "OOB, Office of the Director," Barrett to all staff members of the Overseas Operations Branch, March 27, 1944); note 124 (William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn to Eric Bellquist et al., November 20, 1945, Office of War Information cable, RG 208, Entry 358, box 108). Sole source for these box and folder references.
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and notes 37 to 41 (Barrett's April 1950 group of experts "which included Speier"; Speier's consultancy known to Webb and Barrett; Project TROY). Bessner prints "William Barrett" for Barrett's first name in this passage.
[^45]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and note 37 (Acheson's request to Webb and Barrett; Webb's approach to Killian and Burchard in the summer of 1950).
[^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"; Speier "recruited to RAND several of his AD colleagues, including Alexander L. George and Nathan Leites"); p. 135 (Speier "brought a number of his colleagues, including George and Leites, into the organization"); p. 158, note 157 (Speier "left government service to join the RAND Corporation" in 1948); p. 189 (the 1946 committee including Rosten); p. 191, note 89 (Rosten "came to RAND through Allen Wallis").
[^48]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 104 (RG 208, Entry 355, Records of the Office of War Information, General Records of the Chief, box 1712, folder "Wallace Carroll"; Entry 6B, box 6, Overseas Operations Branch, folder "OOB, Office of the Director," Barrett to all staff members of the Overseas Operations Branch, March 27, 1944); note 124 (William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn to Eric Bellquist et al., November 20, 1945, Office of War Information cable, RG 208, Entry 358, box 108).

18
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Allen and Company.md
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@ -10,17 +10,29 @@ tags:
- INSLAW
- Hadron
- InvestmentBank
summary: "Wall Street investment bank of Charles Allen where Hadron's Dominic Laiti and Simeon's Paul Wormeli went for capital in September 1983, and which bought 7.8 percent of SCT for an unnamed client before SCT's 1986 bid for INSLAW, the two facts on which INSLAW built its Earl Brian financing theory."
summary: "Wall Street bank of Charles Allen, where Hadron's Dominic Laiti and Simeon's Paul Wormeli sought capital in 1983 and which bought 7.8 percent of SCT for an unnamed client before SCT's 1986 INSLAW bid."
location: "New York City"
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Philip Scaturro]]"
role: "executive vice president and managing director (2002)"
start: 1983-06-28
reverse: true
fn: 2
---
Allen and Company is the [[New York City]] investment bank of the Allen family. In September 1983 [[Dominic Laiti]], chairman of [[Hadron]], the company controlled by [[Earl Brian]], and [[Paul Wormeli]], vice president of its public-safety software subsidiary [[Simeon]], went to New York to raise capital for Simeon and met at the bank's offices with the executive [[Mark Kesselman]] and "a young man whose last name was Allen." Kesselman later visited Simeon's Northern Virginia offices; he told the investigators of the special counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] that he had been asked by [[Charles Allen]] to assist Allen's nephew [[Nathaniel Kramer]] in the analysis, and that he left the firm in February 1984. [[Bill Hamilton]] of [[INSLAW]] held that the trip's purpose was the acquisition of INSLAW and its [[PROMIS]] software; Bua's investigators concluded the thesis was "incorrect."[^1]
About 1985 or 1986 the bank bought 7.8 percent of the stock of [[SCT|Systems and Computer Technology]] on behalf of an unnamed third party. INSLAW cited the purchase, in its rebuttal to Bua's report, as evidence that Brian was secretly behind SCT's attempted hostile purchase of INSLAW in 1986. The Justice Department's 1994 review rejected the inference as unsupported and noted that on INSLAW's own theory Brian by then already controlled the enhanced PROMIS and was selling it abroad, leaving him no motive to buy the company. Neither the Bua report nor the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]'s report connects the bank to the financing of Brian's later Infotechnology, [[Financial News Network]] and [[United Press International]] ventures, which collapsed in 1991.[^1][^2]
[[Philip Scaturro]] was executive vice president and managing director of Allen and Company Incorporated in June 2002, when the school announced his election as chairman of the board of trustees of the [[New School for Social Research]]. The release describes the firm as "a New York investment bank with a staff of 175 in New York City" and "considered a leading expert in media, entertainment and telecommunications."[^2] Individual contribution records filed with the [[Federal Election Commission]] list Allen & Company as his employer in entries dated June 28, 1983 through October 4, 2006, and again on November 5, 2012, when his occupation is given as retired.[^3] Schedule 13D filings by Allen and Company for iBEAM Broadcasting (July 20, 2001), Convera (January 7 and 24, 2002), Chaparral Resources (May 22, 2002) and Aros Corporation (October 21, 2002) list "Philip D. Scaturro" as "Executive Vice President, Managing Director, Director" of the firm, alongside [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] and [[Bill Bradley|William W. Bradley]] (managing director); the holding company Allen Holding Inc. list does not include him.[^4]
About 1985 or 1986 the bank bought 7.8 percent of the stock of [[SCT|Systems and Computer Technology]] on behalf of an unnamed third party. INSLAW cited the purchase, in its rebuttal to Bua's report, as evidence that Brian was secretly behind SCT's attempted hostile purchase of INSLAW in 1986. The Justice Department's 1994 review rejected the inference as unsupported and noted that on INSLAW's own theory Brian by then already controlled the enhanced PROMIS and was selling it abroad, leaving him no motive to buy the company. Neither the Bua report nor the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]'s report connects the bank to the financing of Brian's later Infotechnology, [[Financial News Network]] and [[United Press International]] ventures, which collapsed in 1991.[^1][^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.,* March 1993, interviews of Dominic Laiti, Paul Wormeli and Mark Kesselman. https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of the United States Department of Justice on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* September 27, 1994 (bound with the Bua report in the archive.org item).
[^2]: New School University, "Philip Scaturro Elected Chairman of New School University's Board of Trustees," press release, June 12, 2002 (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot). https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2002/061202_nsu_scaturro.html
[^3]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A individual contributions, API query contributor_name "SCATURRO, PHILIP" (employer and occupation fields as filed). https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=SCATURRO%2C%20PHILIP
[^4]: Allen and Company Incorporated, Schedule 13D officer and director exhibits, accessions 0000932799-01-500047, 0000932799-02-000005, 0000932799-02-000007, 0000932799-02-000059, 0000932799-02-000090. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/904807/000093279901500047/allenhodir.txt
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of the United States Department of Justice on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* September 27, 1994 (bound with the Bua report in the archive.org item).

89
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Massachusetts Institute of Technology.md
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@ -24,29 +24,47 @@ relations:
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Center for International Studies, MKULTRA Subproject 90"
start: 1958-11
fn: 5
fn: 12
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Jack P. Ruina]]"
reverse: true
role: "professor of electrical engineering; chairman of the 1979 to 1980 Vela panel"
fn: 11
fn: 18
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Seth Lloyd]]"
reverse: true
role: "professor of mechanical engineering"
fn: 14
fn: 21
- type: head_of
with: "[[James Killian]]"
reverse: true
role: "president; first chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board"
fn: 10
fn: 17
- type: funded
with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]"
reverse: true
role: "ten donations totaling 850,000 dollars, 2002 to 2017"
start: 2002
end: 2017
fn: 14
fn: 21
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[State Department]]"
role: "Project Troy study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reporting to the Secretary of State (October 1950 to February 1951)"
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-02
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
reverse: true
role: "Center for International Studies; CIA money reported 1951, $300,000 reported 1967"
start: 1951
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
reverse: true
role: "economist; first director of the Center for International Studies (February 1952)"
start: 1952-02
fn: 2
---
The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] is a private university in [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]. Its name appears in CIA records through the [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS), in [[Project MKUltra]], in the Agency's 1952 and 1953 planning for a scientific panel on unidentified flying objects, and through the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]] and [[Lincoln Laboratory]]; in the 1979 to 1980 [[VELA Satellite]] panel chaired by [[Jack P. Ruina]]; and in the 2020 report on [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s donations.
@ -56,53 +74,66 @@ In the Agency's account of its role in the study of unidentified flying objects,
### The Center for International Studies
Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^2]
The center grew out of [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT convened in October 1950 for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts and on wider political warfare.[^2] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY," and that [[James Killian]], pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase of four research initiatives, one of which concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^2] The center began operating in the fall of 1951, and in February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^2] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^3] Bessner reports that Millikan asked a Ford Foundation official, Gaither, for funds soon after arriving, that [[Hans Speier]] then visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's scope, and that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952.[^2]
A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^3] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953.
Time of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^4] [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the center "was set up in 1951 with CIA money," and that a 1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, was paid through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] as part of "Project MK-ULTRA."[^5]
Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^6]
A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^7] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953.
In a statement made in 1954 for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]'s security clearance, Killian described "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director.[^8] Bessner describes LEXINGTON as an Air Force summer study of a nuclear-powered airplane.[^9] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^10] Killian's statement also describes a 1952 summer study of the Lincoln Laboratory, whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^8]
### MKULTRA Subproject 90
A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^4]
A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^11]
The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^5]
The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^12]
The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^6] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation.
The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^13] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation.
### MIT's 1979 committee report
An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^7]
An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^14]
### The special laboratories
The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^8]
The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^15]
The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^9]
The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^16]
### Advisory boards
The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^10]
The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^17]
### The Vela panel
The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^11] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^12] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^13]
The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^18] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^19] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^20]
### Epstein donations, 2002 to 2020
The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^14]
The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^21]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Haines, Gerald K. "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," *Studies in Intelligence* (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52" and "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," text and notes 24, 25 and 36. https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^3]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested.
[^5]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
[^6]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960).
[^7]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6
[^8]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/).
[^9]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8
[^10]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0
[^11]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^12]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20. Sole source for the passages so cited on the MIT missile-components report.
[^13]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers.
[^14]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf
[^2]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Millikan's appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^3]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history
[^4]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8 (passage on the center). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^5]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^6]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^7]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7
[^8]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4
[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40. Killian's 1954 affidavit, cited in the note above, gives the sponsor as the Atomic Energy Commission.
[^10]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (MIT, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested.
[^12]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
[^13]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960).
[^14]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6
[^15]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/).
[^16]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8
[^17]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0
[^18]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^19]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20.
[^20]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers.
[^21]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf

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@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
---
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Mazzini Society
aliases:
- Mazzini Society
- Italian-American Mazzini Society
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- MazziniSociety
- AntiFascism
- ItalianExiles
- NazioniUnite
- GaetanoSalvemini
- MaxAscoli
- AlbertoTarchiani
- CarloSforza
- SerafinoRomualdi
- OSS
- ForeignNationalitiesBranch
- BritishSecurityCoordination
- ItalianLegion
- ItalianAmericanLabor
- WorldWarII
summary: "Anti-fascist exile society of 1939 or 1940 to about 1946 led by Gaetano Salvemini and Max Ascoli, whose weekly Nazioni Unite began in 1942 and whose officers went on to hold office in postwar Italy."
location: "New York, New York; Boston, Massachusetts"
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Max Ascoli]]"
reverse: true
start: 1940
end: 1943
role: "first president; Laura Fermi gives the end of the term as 1941 (resignation for wartime duties in Washington), Camurri as 1943"
fn: 2
- type: founded
with: "[[Gaetano Salvemini]]"
reverse: true
start: 1939
role: "organizer and leader; honorary president from 1940; withdrew soon after"
fn: 3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Alberto Tarchiani]]"
reverse: true
role: "secretary of the society and editor of Nazioni Unite"
fn: 7
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Carlo Sforza]]"
reverse: true
start: 1941
end: 1943
role: "prominent member in New York until October 1943; named leader of the Free Italians at Montevideo, August 1942"
fn: 19
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Randolfo Pacciardi]]"
reverse: true
start: 1941
end: 1944
role: "member during his United States exile; attempted to organize an Italian legion in New York"
fn: 13
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Serafino Romualdi]]"
reverse: true
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "society representative who reported South American recruiting figures to the Interdepartmental Committee in March 1942"
fn: 11
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Italian-American Labor Council]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "joint hosts of the Garibaldi day meeting addressed by Dean Acheson, June 1942"
fn: 15
- type: funded
with: "[[British Security Coordination]]"
start: 1941
role: "subsidy for Italian broadcasts, per the Sydney Morrell memorandum of July 10, 1941 as quoted by Thomas E. Mahl"
fn: 9
---
The Mazzini Society was an organization of Italian anti-fascist exiles and Italian-Americans, formed in 1939 or 1940 and active until about 1946.[^1][^2] Its leaders included [[Gaetano Salvemini]] and [[Max Ascoli]], and its weekly [[Nazioni Unite]] was published from 1942.[^2][^3] Several of its officers later held office in the Italian government or diplomatic service.
### Founding and membership, 1939 to 1940
[[Renato Camurri]] names the founders as [[Roberto Bolaffio]], [[Renato Poggioli]], [[Michele Cantarella]], Salvemini, [[Lionello Venturi]] and Ascoli, and dates the society to 1939.[^1] The Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani entries on Salvemini and [[Alberto Tarchiani]] also date it to 1939, the Tarchiani entry stating that it was founded in New York by Salvemini and that he soon withdrew, judging its program by then too pro-American.[^3] [[Laura Fermi]] dates its creation to 1940 and writes that Ascoli was appointed its first president and Salvemini its honorary president.[^2] Mark Clark, writing on Salvemini in 2018, describes him as the organizer and leader of the society, which he helped create after Germany invaded [[Poland]] in September 1939.[^4]
[[Lo Stato Operaio]], the Communist monthly, wrote in 1942 that the origin of the society lay with [[Carlo Sforza]] and Salvemini, followed by Tarchiani, [[Alberto Cianca]], [[Giuseppe Antonio Borgese]], [[Randolfo Pacciardi]], [[Aurelio Natoli]] and Garosci.[^5] The same article wrote that Tarchiani was named general secretary of the society and Cianca secretary of its New York section, that Sforza remained behind the scenes in direction, that the first dispute arose between Sforza and Salvemini, each accusing the other of insufficient independence from the standpoint of Italian national interest, and that the association formally excluded Communists.[^5] It also wrote that the society's total membership, by agreement with its leadership, was exactly 627 in the United States, and that the movement employed several paid staff and published a costly weekly at a high deficit, from which the writer concluded that someone was paying and advising.[^5]
Fermi describes the membership as small but sincerely dedicated to a free, democratic Italy as envisioned by [[Giuseppe Mazzini]].[^2] Fermi also reports Ascoli's recollection that when two members went to the appropriate office of the United States court to register the society, an official rejected their application because it did not bear "Mr. Mazzini's" signature.[^2]
The Garosci named in the 1942 list is probably [[Aldo Garosci]], a leader of [[Giustizia e Libertà]] after [[Carlo Rosselli]]'s murder in 1937, who was in the United States from August 1941 to June 1943. The Dizionario Biografico entry states that he kept apart from the activities of the anti-fascist community in New York, working for Italian-language propaganda services, and that he left in June 1943 with Tarchiani, Cianca and Bruno Zevi aboard the troop transport Queen Mary.[^6][^3] The 1942 article gives no first name, and the records found do not state that Garosci held office in the society.
### Officers
Camurri gives Ascoli's presidency as 1940 to 1943 and adds that Ascoli and his family contributed substantially to the support of the organization.[^1] Fermi writes that he was named president in 1940 and resigned the following year, because the society was based in New York while his wartime duties required him in Washington; at that time, Fermi states, he was associate director of cultural relations in the [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]].[^2] Tarchiani was the society's secretary, and an [[Office of Strategic Services]] memorandum of March 6, 1943 describes him as "editor of Nazioni Unite and secretary of the Mazzini Society."[^7]
### Nazioni Unite, radio and the State Department, 1941 to 1942
The society's English-language periodical Mazzini News was replaced in March 1942 by the bilingual Nazioni Unite.[^3] Fermi gives the subtitle as The United Nations: Weekly of the Mazzini Society and quotes its first issue as describing all contributors as "men who uncompromisingly stood against Fascism all their adult lives."[^2] The Trotskyist monthly [[Fourth International]] dates the launch to shortly after Pearl Harbor. It states that the Roosevelt administration gave the society a semi-official status and that the [[Office of War Information]] arranged free radio time for its broadcasts.[^8] Fermi writes that the society's political contacts with the American government "were not extensive and, at least at the beginning, limited to the Intelligence Service."[^2]
In early 1941 the society was broadcasting from [[Boston]] to Italy, according to Fermi.[^2] The [[British Security Coordination]] account, as quoted by [[Thomas E. Mahl]], stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society, headed by Ascoli, and that BSC began to supply the [[WRUL]] shortwave station "through cut-outs." A July 1941 memorandum by the [[Special Operations Executive]] officer [[Sydney Morrell]], as quoted by Mahl, records that another subsidy was paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts in the same passage that describes WRUL.[^9]
On June 14, 1941, the society wrote to Attorney General [[Robert H. Jackson]] asking for an investigation of the relations between the newspapers of [[Generoso Pope]] and the propaganda division of the Italian government. The letter stated that the leading executives and editorial writers of the Pope newspapers were members of the Italian Fascist party.[^10]
### The Italian legion proposal, 1942 to 1943
At the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], which met at the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] under [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]] from February to April 1942, Ascoli reported on information received from [[Serafino Romualdi]], "a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America." The minutes record the estimate that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited, with the strongest interest in [[Uruguay]], and a proposal to cable the embassy at [[Montevideo]] about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and [[Argentina]].[^11] The same memorandum records Salvemini's view that the number of probable recruits was "undoubtedly excessive," and his suggestion that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to [[Africa]] as "missionaries."[^11]
The committee was also told that the War Department had gone on record against an Italian legion with its own officers and under the Italian flag, on military grounds.[^11] [[DeWitt C. Poole]] and Colonel Goodfellow reported a preliminary discussion with Colonel Pacciardi, who thought perhaps 300 Italians could be recruited for special units.[^11] Pacciardi reached New York on December 26, 1941, and the Dizionario Biografico states that in the days after Pearl Harbor the society organized lists of volunteers willing to fight in an Italian legion, with Pacciardi regarding himself as its commander in waiting.[^12] His official biography from the [[Camera dei deputati]] records that in New York he attempted to form an Italian legion to fight alongside the Anglo-American forces against the Nazis, and that he asked [[Charles de Gaulle]], through [[Pierre Mendes-France|Pierre Mendès France]], to associate that legion with the Free French movement.[^13] The Dizionario Biografico dates the fading of the legion hope from January 1943 and the unconditional surrender formula.[^12]
The Free Italian congress at Montevideo in August 1942 named Sforza leader of the Free Italians. Fermi notes that this movement, unlike the Mazzini Society, included Italian Communists.[^2] The Fourth International gives August 17, 1942 as the date the congress resolved on a National Council with Sforza as president.[^8]
### Anti-fascist and anti-Communist splits
Lo Stato Operaio reported that at a congress of the society a proposal from the Republican group to take the initiative in a wider front of anti-fascist action, without exclusion of any political tendency, was rejected by 627 votes to 238, with the members almost all represented.[^5] The same account gives Ascoli, as president of the society and an official of the American government, as telling the congress that before the American government "any rapprochement with the Communists would be extremely harmful" (in the periodical's Italian, "qualsiasi avvicinamento ai comunisti sarebbe estremamente nocivo"), and has [[Augusto Bellanca]] saying that all the society's successes with the American authorities depended on its reputation as liberals untainted by extremist infiltration.[^5]
The Fourth International described the society as holding "none too firm" authority among Italian-American trade unionists, with a left wing in the semi-socialist publication group [[Quaderni Italiani]]. It describes Communists and "Stalinists" entering the Italian-American Victory Councils that followed the order removing Italians from enemy-alien status. In that account, the society's national officers refused to sit with the councils' Fascist-linked members, and local chapters in Chicago and St. Louis then entered the councils on the government's wish.[^8]
### Labor ties and the Italian-American Labor Council
The [[Italian-American Labor Council]] (IALC) was formed on December 20, 1941, ten days after Mussolini's declaration of war on the United States, with [[Luigi Antonini]], head of Local 89 (Italian Dressmakers) and first vice-president of the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]], as the pivotal force; [[David Dubinsky]], the union's president, encouraged him to form it. Its founding members included [[Carlo Tresca]], and it claimed affiliates with 300,000 members by the end of its first year. On January 31, 1942 it held a "Freedom Rally" at Madison Square Garden attended by 22,000.[^14]
On June 3, 1942, [[Dean Acheson]], then Assistant Secretary of State, released an address to Americans of Italian descent. He had been invited by the Mazzini Society and the Italian-American Labor Council to speak at a gathering held on the day dedicated to the memory of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. The address stated that "the liberation of the Italian and other peoples from the military cliques which hold them in their clutches is one of the war aims of the United Nations."[^15] The Fourth International describes the same meeting as lending the society government approval.[^8]
### Office of Strategic Services reporting
The Foreign Nationalities Branch of the Office of Strategic Services reported on the society. A branch position report of March 11, 1942 records that, in connection with a report on Greek politics in the Western Hemisphere, cooperation was being established with "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs."[^16]
The branch's memorandum No. 111 of March 6, 1943, "Confusion Among Liberal and Socialist Italian and Spanish Anti-Fascists in the United States," states that the Mazzini Society "has been shaken by a series of internal disputes and crises and is much weakened by the resultant confusion," that it "still maintains itself as the leading non-party, liberal anti-fascist organization," and that there was "a growing list of ex-members who were formerly important in its leadership," with the drift of such ex-members in the direction of the Communist-led [[Alleanza Garibaldi]] in [[Mexico City]]. It describes the Italian leadership and the Spanish [[Acción Republicana Española]] as occupied, at the time of the August 1942 Montevideo Conference and shortly after, with strengthening intergroup unity, "combat legions" and national committees. It quotes Tarchiani's editorial of February 25, 1943 in Nazioni Unite, which called the Darlan policy in North Africa "pernicious." A Secretariat summary of the memorandum went to [[William J. Donovan]] on March 27, 1943.[^7]
Clark writes that Salvemini supplied a list of Italian-Americans engaged in fascist activities to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], Army Intelligence, the [[Dies Committee]] and the [[Coordinator of Information]], the predecessor of the Office of Strategic Services. Clark dates the FBI's interest in Salvemini from 1940 to 1944, and states that between 1944 and 1945 the agency intercepted, translated and distributed a large portion of his correspondence.[^4]
### British Security Coordination and Fight for Freedom
Mahl describes [[Fight for Freedom]] as a British intelligence front. He cites [[Mark Chadwin]] as listing Ascoli among its particularly generous donors, and states that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^9] The Princeton University finding aid for Fight for Freedom, Inc. lists a correspondence folder headed "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^17]
### State Department dealings and Sforza's return, 1943
On September 2, 1943, Berle recorded a meeting with Sforza, who had come in at Berle's request. Sforza said he had applied to the British Embassy, which had welcomed the idea, cabled London and been turned down. Berle told him that passage could not be arranged beyond North Africa at that time, and that the State Department had decided to permit him to go to North Africa "in a purely private capacity and on his own responsibility."[^18] Sforza left New York on October 6, 1943.[^19]
By October 20, 1943, Sforza had met [[Pietro Badoglio]], whom he told that he would give the government full support, meaning that he would not at present join it. The American mission at [[Brindisi]] reported Sforza's statement that he would use his influence to get the Italian people to follow a government composed of decent people.[^20] A late October 1943 telegram from [[Naples]] reported that Sforza and [[Benedetto Croce]] refused to join the Badoglio government while the King remained, and proposed the King's abdication in favor of the Prince of Naples.[^20]
### Members in the postwar government and diplomatic service
Tarchiani, who had returned to Italy in 1943, served as minister of public works in the second Badoglio government (April to June 1944). Sforza proposed him as Italian representative in Washington, and he was designated in February 1945; his term as ambassador ran from 1945 to 1955.[^3] A State Department memorandum of March 6, 1945 refers to him as "the Appointed Ambassador of Italy to the United States."[^21]
Sforza, minister without portfolio under Badoglio and in the first Bonomi government, was named foreign minister by [[Alcide De Gasperi]] in February 1947 and left the post in July 1951.[^19] A letter from Tarchiani to the Secretary of State dated June 16, 1947 refers to Sforza as the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs.[^22]
Pacciardi left New York on June 7, 1944 by air for North Africa, where OSS agents met him at Casablanca and escorted him to Algiers, and reached Naples on June 29, 1944.[^12] He entered the De Gasperi government as deputy prime minister in late December 1947 and was minister of defence from May 23, 1948 to July 7, 1953, across three De Gasperi governments.[^13]
### Dissolution
Fermi dates the society's weekly to 1942 to 1946, and a 1976 study of the society by M. Tirabassi is titled for the years 1940 to 1946.[^2][^3] Fermi records that when the liberation of Italy began, the first exiles returned to Italy and direct communication was opened between them and the anti-Fascist groups there.[^2] Tarchiani and Garosci sailed in June 1943, Sforza left in October 1943 and Pacciardi in June 1944.[^3][^19][^12]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Renato Camurri, biographical note, "Max Ascoli 1898 - 1978," Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, federated fonds Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Max Ascoli, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli (Italian; translated).
[^2]: Laura Fermi, *Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930-41* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 118-119 (Mazzini Society, Nazioni Unite, the registration anecdote, the contacts sentence), pp. 283-284 (Ascoli's presidency, resignation and CIAA post), reference notes (Nazioni Unite, 1942-1946), https://archive.org/details/illustriousimmig0000unse.
[^3]: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, entries "Tarchiani, Alberto" and "Salvemini, Gaetano," Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana (Treccani), https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-tarchiani_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ and https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gaetano-salvemini_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (Italian; translated). The Tarchiani entry cites Tirabassi, "La Mazzini Society (1940-1946). Un'associazione degli antifascisti italiani negli Stati Uniti," in *Italia e America dalla grande guerra ad oggi* (Padua, 1976), pp. 141-158.
[^4]: Mark Clark, "Gaetano Salvemini, 1873-1957," Transatlantic Perspectives, German Historical Institute, published April 11, 2018, https://www.transatlanticperspectives.org/entries/gaetano-salvemini/.
[^5]: *Lo Stato Operaio*, vol. II, nos. 6-7 (June-July 1942), article "Il Congresso della Mazzini," https://archive.org/details/lo-stato-operaio_june-july-1942_2_6-7 (Italian; translated). Communist party monthly; the statements on funding, membership and the congress are the periodical's own.
[^6]: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, entry "Garosci, Aldo," Treccani, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aldo-garosci_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (Italian; translated).
[^7]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Office of Strategic Services, Foreign Nationalities Branch organization file (1942-43), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7: Secretariat memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 27, 1943 (PDF p. 154); FNB memorandum No. 111, March 6, 1943, "Foreign Nationality Groups in the United States," pp. 1-3 (PDF pp. 157-159).
[^8]: *Fourth International*, June 1943, vol. 4, no. 6, article on Washington's policy toward the Italian anti-fascist emigres, https://archive.org/details/sim_international-socialist-review_1943-06_4_6. Trotskyist monthly.
[^9]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24, 31 and 190, with the passages quoting the BSC Account and the Sydney Morrell memorandum SO.1 of July 10, 1941 (PRO FO 898/103). The Fight for Freedom characterization and Chadwin's donor list are Mahl's own.
[^10]: *The Hour*, No. 101, June 14, 1941, p. 2, https://archive.org/details/hour_1941-06-14_101.
[^11]: Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems, minutes and memoranda, filed under an Office of Strategic Services heading, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: minutes of the sixth meeting (March 11, 1942), pp. 17-18; memorandum to Colonel Donovan (March 11, 1942), pp. 22-24; Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 and the War Department reply; the report on Colonel Pacciardi.
[^12]: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, entry "Pacciardi, Randolfo," Treccani, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/randolfo-pacciardi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (Italian; translated).
[^13]: Camera dei deputati, Archivio storico, biography of Randolfo Pacciardi, https://archivio.camera.it/resources/pu01/allegati/pacciardi.pdf (Italian; translated).
[^14]: Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, Guide to the Records of the Italian-American Labor Council (WAG.091), historical note, https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/wag_091/all.
[^15]: *Department of State Bulletin*, vol. VI, no. 154 (June 6, 1942), "Address by Assistant Secretary Acheson to Americans of Italian Descent," released to the press June 3, https://archive.org/details/sim_department-of-state-bulletin_1942-06-06_6_154.
[^16]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Foreign Nationalities Branch, "Position and Relations as of March 11, 1942," p. 1 (PDF p. 248), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7.
[^17]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^18]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943*, vol. II, memorandum of conversation by the Assistant Secretary of State (Berle), September 2, 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v02.
[^19]: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, entry "Sforza, Carlo," Treccani, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-sforza_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (Italian; translated).
[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943*, vol. II, telegram from Murphy (Algiers), October 21, 1943, 3 p.m., and telegrams of late October 1943 on the Naples group, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v02.
[^21]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945*, vol. IV, memorandum of conversation by the Assistant Secretary of State (Dunn), March 6, 1945, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v04.
[^22]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947*, vol. III, letter from Tarchiani to the Secretary of State, June 16, 1947, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v03.

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@ -54,143 +54,144 @@ relations:
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fn: 107
- type: director_of
with: "[[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]"
reverse: true
@ -203,7 +204,20 @@ relations:
start: 1939
end: 1941
role: "associate professor lecturing in psychiatry, per a New School official to the FBI"
fn: 55
fn: 57
- type: director_of
with: "[[Philip Scaturro]]"
reverse: true
start: 2002-07
end: 2008-06-30
role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
fn: 104
- type: member_of
with: "[[Frank Haronian]]"
reverse: true
end: 1963
role: "doctoral student; Ph.D. in clinical psychology, 1963"
fn: 80
---
A private New York City university founded in 1919 by professors who had been dismissed or had resigned during the First World War, the New School for Social Research opened as an adult school of social science with money from the circle around [[The New Republic]].[^1] Its Graduate Faculty, known from 1933 as the [[University in Exile]], took in German and Central European scholars, and during the Second World War members of that faculty worked for the [[Office of Strategic Services]], the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] and the [[Office of War Information]].
@ -220,97 +234,101 @@ Dorothy Payne Whitney remained on the Board of Directors until 1930, after 1925
### University in Exile, 1933
Johnson had co-edited the [[Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences]] from 1930 to 1935 and had corresponded with German-speaking scholars who contributed to it. After the Nazi seizure of power he set out to shelter them. In April 1933 he began to raise $60,000 a year for two years to support a faculty of fifteen scholars.[^10] Before the largest gift he had raised between $7,000 and $15,000.[^11]
Johnson had co-edited the [[Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences]] from 1930 to 1935 and had corresponded with German-speaking scholars who contributed to it. After the Nazi seizure of power he set out to shelter them. In April 1933 he began to raise $60,000 a year for two years to support a faculty of fifteen scholars.[^10]
[[Hiram J. Halle]] telephoned Johnson after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. Johnson's account has Halle telling him "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years." Halle wanted his name kept out of the announcement so that other donors would not hold back, and [[Frank Altschul]] vouched for his credit.[^12] The school's own history describes Halle's gift as the entire sum Johnson required.[^10] Johnson's account has Halle guaranteeing $60,000 a year for two years.[^12] Bessner writes that Johnson had collected $120,000 from Halle to fund fifteen professorships at $4,000 a year and raised further money through the Institute of International Education, and that Lederer, then in London, asked Speier to help, so that in the summer of 1933 Speier carried contracts between London and Berlin to prospective members.[^13]
[[Hiram J. Halle]] telephoned Johnson after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. In Johnson's account Halle asked how much had been pledged, Johnson answered "Twelve thousand," and Halle said: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once." Halle wanted his name kept out of the announcement so that other donors would not hold back, and [[Frank Altschul]] vouched for his credit.[^11] The school's own history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000 he received the whole $60,000 from Halle.[^10] Rutkoff and Scott write that Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required" and that Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000."[^12] Bessner writes that Johnson had collected $120,000 from Halle to fund fifteen professorships at $4,000 a year and raised further money through the Institute of International Education, and that Lederer, then in London, asked Speier to help, so that in the summer of 1933 Speier carried contracts between London and Berlin to prospective members.[^13]
The first appointments were made with the Rockefeller Foundation. Johnson and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933.[^14] The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^14] The school's history lists the original members as the agricultural economist [[Karl Brandt]], the public finance specialist [[Gerhard Colm]], [[Arthur Feiler]], [[Eduard Heimann]], [[Herman Kantorowicz]], [[Emil Lederer]], [[Hans Speier]], [[Erich von Hornbostel]], [[Max Wertheimer]] and [[Frieda Wunderlich]]. By October 1933 ten academics were teaching, and by 1935 six more had been added.[^10]
Halle hosted an annual fall barbecue on his Pound Ridge property for the University in Exile, its families and New School staff. His 1938 letter of invitation to [[Albert Einstein]] described the gathering as lunch on barbecued lamb in an old mill over a waterfall; Einstein declined, citing poor health. The New School Archives holds two silent 16mm home movies of the event, dated probably 1935 and 1937, donated in 2015 by Halle's great-nephew and the great-nephew's sister.[^14] The Institute for Advanced Study holds the bronze bust of Einstein that [[Jacob Epstein]] sculpted from life in 1933 at Cromer, Norfolk, for Halle, whom its catalogue calls "a close friend and financial supporter of Epstein"; it passed to Halle's nephew [[Joseph Halle Schaffner]] and then to the Institute.[^15]
The Emergency Committee was founded in May 1933 when Alfred E. Cohn, Bernard Flexner and Fred M. Stein approached [[Stephen Duggan]] of the [[Institute of International Education]]. [[Felix Warburg]] and [[Alan Gregg]] advised the organizers, and [[Livingston Farrand]] chaired it. The Committee made grants to host institutions rather than to scholars, and it made 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants. [[Edward R. Murrow]] was its assistant secretary until 1935.[^15] Duggan invited Johnson to lunch after the University in Exile was announced and told him of the Committee's plan.[^16] The Committee's records file [[Kurt Riezler]], Speier, [[Max Ascoli]], Colm, [[Arnold Brecht]], [[Hans Simons]], [[Hans Staudinger]], [[Jacob Marschak]], [[Adolph Lowe]], Lederer and [[Wilhelm Reich]] under the heading "Non-Grantees," which the finding aid defines as applicants not aided through the Committee.[^15] The school's history lists Colm and Speier among its original members.[^10]
The first appointments were made with the Rockefeller Foundation. Johnson and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933.[^16] The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^16] The school's history lists the original members as the agricultural economist [[Karl Brandt]], the public finance specialist [[Gerhard Colm]], [[Arthur Feiler]], [[Eduard Heimann]], [[Herman Kantorowicz]], [[Emil Lederer]], [[Hans Speier]], [[Erich von Hornbostel]], [[Max Wertheimer]] and [[Frieda Wunderlich]]. By October 1933 ten academics were teaching, and by 1935 six more had been added.[^10]
The Emergency Committee was founded in May 1933 when Alfred E. Cohn, Bernard Flexner and Fred M. Stein approached [[Stephen Duggan]] of the [[Institute of International Education]]. [[Felix Warburg]] and [[Alan Gregg]] advised the organizers, and [[Livingston Farrand]] chaired it. The Committee made grants to host institutions rather than to scholars, and it made 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants. [[Edward R. Murrow]] was its assistant secretary until 1935.[^17] Duggan invited Johnson to lunch after the University in Exile was announced and told him of the Committee's plan.[^18] The Committee's records file [[Kurt Riezler]], Speier, [[Max Ascoli]], Colm, [[Arnold Brecht]], [[Hans Simons]], [[Hans Staudinger]], [[Jacob Marschak]], [[Adolph Lowe]], Lederer and [[Wilhelm Reich]] under the heading "Non-Grantees," which the finding aid defines as applicants not aided through the Committee.[^17] The school's history lists Colm and Speier among its original members.[^10]
### Federal contacts
[[Peter M. Rutkoff]] and [[William B. Scott]] write that after 1947 Johnson acknowledged in private letters that he had been meeting regularly with [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty, and that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum of January 27, 1942 indicated that he had also monitored files of "enemy aliens" in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney.[^17] According to [[Sidney Hook]], Johnson on at least one occasion "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]." The Graduate Faculty charter adopted an explicitly anticommunist clause in 1940, after difficulties with the State Department and immigration authorities.[^17] In early 1942 Johnson requested a meeting at which he and Staudinger appeared before a panel drawn from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence and the Army, and Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a "Communist outfit."[^18] In the early 1950s the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^19] Johnson also sat on a wartime enemy alien hearing board whose cases had been "well prepared in advance by the FBI."[^12]
[[Peter M. Rutkoff]] and [[William B. Scott]] write that after 1947 Johnson acknowledged in private letters that he had been meeting regularly with [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty, and that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum of January 27, 1942 indicated that he had also monitored files of "enemy aliens" in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney.[^19] According to [[Sidney Hook]], Johnson on at least one occasion "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]." The Graduate Faculty charter adopted an explicitly anticommunist clause in 1940, after difficulties with the State Department and immigration authorities.[^19] In early 1942 Johnson requested a meeting at which he and Staudinger appeared before a panel drawn from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence and the Army, and Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a "Communist outfit."[^20] In the early 1950s the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^21] Johnson also sat on a wartime enemy alien hearing board whose cases had been "well prepared in advance by the FBI."[^11]
### Graduate Faculty and wartime government work
The Office of Strategic Services considered the New School "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects.[^20] Foreign nationals on the faculty could not work directly for Washington, so agencies used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to them. The National Defense Commission asked the Graduate Faculty in the winter of 1939 to 1940 for analyses of Nazi successes. Organizations that used Graduate Faculty research included the Board of Economic Warfare, the Foreign Economic Administration, the National Economic and Social Planning Association and the Public Administration Committee of the Social Science Research Council.[^13][^20] The Graduate Faculty also produced a translation of Hitler's Mein Kampf in 1938 and 1939, which Bessner writes the OSS and the OWI used, possibly through Speier.[^13]
The Office of Strategic Services considered the New School "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects.[^22] Foreign nationals on the faculty could not work directly for Washington, so agencies used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to them. The National Defense Commission asked the Graduate Faculty in the winter of 1939 to 1940 for analyses of Nazi successes. Organizations that used Graduate Faculty research included the Board of Economic Warfare, the Foreign Economic Administration, the National Economic and Social Planning Association and the Public Administration Committee of the Social Science Research Council.[^13][^22] The Graduate Faculty also produced a translation of Hitler's Mein Kampf in 1938 and 1939, which Bessner writes the OSS and the OWI used, possibly through Speier.[^13]
The [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]], led by Speier and the psychoanalyst [[Ernst Kris]], was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation until 1943.[^21] The project ran from 1940 to 1944 in the school's finding aid.[^22] The preface of its 1944 book dates the start of work to April 1, 1941. The Rockefeller Foundation granted $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942, and Johnson housed the staff in New School rooms, which Bessner attributes to his wish to show the government and the intellectual community that he was not hiding a fifth column. Its research papers went to agencies in Washington, London and Ottawa.[^23] Its analysts studied radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and coordinated their work with the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] and United States agencies. Many of the researchers later held federal posts.[^21] The project's staff included Sidney Axelrad, Joe Carmichael, Rose M. Chayes, Henry Elkin, Erik Estorik, Jacob Goldstein, Hans Herma, George Hilton, Eleanor Horn, Gertrud Kurth, Stanley Lipkin, Janice Loeb, Rita Lowe, Margaret P. Mascret, Alexander Mintz, George A. Nelson Jr., Margaret Otis, Heinz Paechter, Thomas Rubinstein, Dorothy L. Sandler, Joseph Shor, Ursula Wasserman, Florence Weil and Howard B. White.[^24] The project's 1944 book, German Radio Propaganda, went to allied agencies, and the acting head of the British Political Warfare Mission in Washington called it "a magnificent piece of work."[^25]
The [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]], led by Speier and the psychoanalyst [[Ernst Kris]], was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation until 1943.[^23] The project ran from 1940 to 1944 in the school's finding aid.[^24] The preface of its 1944 book dates the start of work to April 1, 1941. The Rockefeller Foundation granted $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942, and Johnson housed the staff in New School rooms, which Bessner attributes to his wish to show the government and the intellectual community that he was not hiding a fifth column. Its research papers went to agencies in Washington, London and Ottawa.[^25] Its analysts studied radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and coordinated their work with the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] and United States agencies. Many of the researchers later held federal posts.[^23] The project's staff included Sidney Axelrad, Joe Carmichael, Rose M. Chayes, Henry Elkin, Erik Estorik, Jacob Goldstein, Hans Herma, George Hilton, Eleanor Horn, Gertrud Kurth, Stanley Lipkin, Janice Loeb, Rita Lowe, Margaret P. Mascret, Alexander Mintz, George A. Nelson Jr., Margaret Otis, Heinz Paechter, Thomas Rubinstein, Dorothy L. Sandler, Joseph Shor, Ursula Wasserman, Florence Weil and Howard B. White.[^26] The project's 1944 book, German Radio Propaganda, went to allied agencies, and the acting head of the British Political Warfare Mission in Washington called it "a magnificent piece of work."[^27]
Exiles from the Graduate Faculty held wartime posts across the government. Bessner's list places [[Franz Borkenau]], [[Joseph Bornstein]], [[Leo Löwenthal]] and [[Heinz Paechter]] at the Office of War Information, and [[Felix Gilbert]], [[Emil Gumbel]], [[Arkadij Gurland]], [[Hajo Holborn]], [[Otto Kirchheimer]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Franz Neumann]] and [[Sigmund Neumann]] at the Office of Strategic Services.[^26]
Exiles from the Graduate Faculty held wartime posts across the government. Bessner's list places [[Franz Borkenau]], [[Joseph Bornstein]], [[Leo Löwenthal]] and [[Heinz Paechter]] at the Office of War Information, and [[Felix Gilbert]], [[Emil Gumbel]], [[Arkadij Gurland]], [[Hajo Holborn]], [[Otto Kirchheimer]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Franz Neumann]] and [[Sigmund Neumann]] at the Office of Strategic Services.[^28]
Speier's wartime career ran from the project into the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, where [[Goodwin Watson]], head of its Analysis Division, offered him the post of Senior Political Analyst in February 1942; he became Principal Political Analyst in November 1942, and Bessner writes that Watson later "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst."[^27][^28] On May 22, 1944 he transferred to the Office of War Information's Overseas Operations Branch.[^28] A connection he made at the OWI with [[Leo Rosten]] brought him to the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from July 1948.[^29][^30] [[John Foster Dulles]], a Rockefeller Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation after the war to continue work in this field in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^21]
Speier's wartime career ran from the project into the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, where [[Goodwin Watson]], head of its Analysis Division, offered him the post of Senior Political Analyst in February 1942; he became Principal Political Analyst in November 1942, and Bessner writes that Watson later "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst."[^29][^30] On May 22, 1944 he transferred to the Office of War Information's Overseas Operations Branch.[^30] A connection he made at the OWI with [[Leo Rosten]] brought him to the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from July 1948.[^31][^32] [[John Foster Dulles]], a Rockefeller Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation after the war to continue work in this field in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^23]
### Institute of World Affairs
The [[Institute of World Affairs]] was founded as an independent unit of the New School in 1943, taking over the collective research projects of the Graduate Faculty, and was redesignated the Research Division in 1953. It developed from a Study Group on Germany and from the Totalitarian Communication Project organized by Speier and Kris, and its studies included work done in conjunction with, or on the commission of, United States war offices, among them Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction. Max Ascoli handled initial planning and fund-raising until Adolph Lowe became director of research in 1942.[^31] The records' abstract gives 1942 as the founding year.[^32] Funding for 1943 to 1951 is reported at $630,000, from [[Independent Aid]], the Rockefeller Foundation, the Viking Fund, the Hebrew Technical Institute, the Rosenwald Foundation and individual donors.[^31] Bessner describes the Institute as "a research center funded by Doris Duke."[^33] Independent Aid, Inc. was the first charitable foundation established by [[Doris Duke]]; it was incorporated in Delaware in October 1934 and renamed the Doris Duke Foundation in October 1951.[^34]
The [[Institute of World Affairs]] was founded as an independent unit of the New School in 1943, taking over the collective research projects of the Graduate Faculty, and was redesignated the Research Division in 1953. It developed from a Study Group on Germany and from the Totalitarian Communication Project organized by Speier and Kris, and its studies included work done in conjunction with, or on the commission of, United States war offices, among them Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction. Max Ascoli handled initial planning and fund-raising until Adolph Lowe became director of research in 1942.[^33] The records' abstract gives 1942 as the founding year.[^34] Funding for 1943 to 1951 is reported at $630,000, from [[Independent Aid]], the Rockefeller Foundation, the Viking Fund, the Hebrew Technical Institute, the Rosenwald Foundation and individual donors.[^33] Bessner describes the Institute as "a research center funded by Doris Duke."[^35] Independent Aid, Inc. was the first charitable foundation established by [[Doris Duke]]; it was incorporated in Delaware in October 1934 and renamed the Doris Duke Foundation in October 1951.[^36]
In October 1943 [[Albert Salomon]] asked Speier to join the Institute's council. Speier replied that he "would like to be helpful, if I am wanted," and later withdrew his declaration to serve "in principle" pending further information, writing to Lowe on February 25, 1944 that he did not want to be considered a member of the council.[^35] Bessner states that he came to believe he was being "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics."[^35] In 1947 and 1948 he planned a Division of International Studies, which was elected on December 17, 1947 and never realized.[^36]
In October 1943 [[Albert Salomon]] asked Speier to join the Institute's council. Speier replied that he "would like to be helpful, if I am wanted," and later withdrew his declaration to serve "in principle" pending further information, writing to Lowe on February 25, 1944 that he did not want to be considered a member of the council.[^37] Bessner states that he came to believe he was being "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics."[^37] In 1947 and 1948 he planned a Division of International Studies, which was elected on December 17, 1947 and never realized.[^38]
### Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, also called the Free French School. Between 1942 and 1946 it offered courses, mostly in French, in the social sciences and humanities. The Ecole Libre was recognized by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments as equivalent to a university degree. Its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. Some faculty held that the school should be scholarly and non-political, while others, supporters of the Free France movement led by [[Charles de Gaulle]], held that it had an intrinsic relationship to that movement. The Ecole Libre was severed from the New School in June 1947.[^37]
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, also called the Free French School. Between 1942 and 1946 it offered courses, mostly in French, in the social sciences and humanities. The Ecole Libre was recognized by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments as equivalent to a university degree. Its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. Some faculty held that the school should be scholarly and non-political, while others, supporters of the Free France movement led by [[Charles de Gaulle]], held that it had an intrinsic relationship to that movement. The Ecole Libre was severed from the New School in June 1947.[^39]
### Faculty
[[Leo Strauss]] came to the school on a path that ran through the Rockefeller Foundation. The Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the London School of Economics recommended him to Johnson.[^38] Strauss taught at the New School from 1938 to 1948.[^39] [[Hannah Arendt]] was University Professor in Philosophy from 1967 to 1975. The school's archive holds her office files, including correspondence with [[Elizabeth Young-Bruehl]] from 1969 to 1975.[^40] The Rockefeller Foundation records list a grant in aid to Arendt under the New School.[^41]
[[Leo Strauss]] came to the school on a path that ran through the Rockefeller Foundation. The Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the London School of Economics recommended him to Johnson.[^40] Strauss taught at the New School from 1938 to 1948.[^41] [[Hannah Arendt]] was University Professor in Philosophy from 1967 to 1975. The school's archive holds her office files, including correspondence with [[Elizabeth Young-Bruehl]] from 1969 to 1975.[^42] The Rockefeller Foundation records list a grant in aid to Arendt under the New School.[^43]
Riezler, a diplomat and philosopher, emigrated at the end of 1938 and held a Graduate Faculty post. The Editors' Note in the Spring 1956 issue of [[Social Research]] states that he was Professor of Philosophy from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus; [[Wayne C. Thompson]] writes that he retired in 1952, the Marbach authority record gives his New School affiliation as circa 1939 to 1954, and the Neue Deutsche Biographie has him returning to Rome in 1954.[^42][^43][^44][^45] Johnson recorded Riezler as his last appointment: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^46] The Institute of World Affairs finding aid lists him among the Study Group on Germany, attended by Eduard Heimann, [[Erich Hula]], [[Karl Mayer]], Albert Salomon, Strauss, [[Horace Kallen]] and [[Felix Kaufmann]], and among the researchers associated with the University in Exile.[^31] The papers of Reuben Abel list him among the lecturers Abel attended, and the school's faculty vertical files hold a file for him.[^47][^48] Riezler and Strauss taught two courses together in the mid-1940s, one on Aristotle's De anima and Descartes's Passions of the Soul with [[Solomon Asch]] and one on Plato's Theaetetus with [[Alexandre Koyré]], and Riezler published "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man" in Social Research in 1945.[^49][^50] Strauss's eulogy for Riezler appeared in Social Research in 1956 beside a memorial article by [[Theodor Heuss]]. His daughter Maria married the New School professor [[Howard B. D. White]].[^45][^51][^52] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933 after Johnson recruited him as one of two Rockefeller scholars, and he later edited [[The Reporter]].[^53]
Riezler, a diplomat and philosopher, emigrated at the end of 1938 and held a Graduate Faculty post. The Editors' Note in the Spring 1956 issue of [[Social Research]] states that he was Professor of Philosophy from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus; [[Wayne C. Thompson]] writes that he retired in 1952, the Marbach authority record gives his New School affiliation as circa 1939 to 1954, and the Neue Deutsche Biographie has him returning to Rome in 1954.[^44][^45][^46][^47] Johnson recorded Riezler as his last appointment: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^48] The Institute of World Affairs finding aid lists him among the Study Group on Germany, attended by Eduard Heimann, [[Erich Hula]], [[Karl Mayer]], Albert Salomon, Strauss, [[Horace Kallen]] and [[Felix Kaufmann]], and among the researchers associated with the University in Exile.[^33] The papers of Reuben Abel list him among the lecturers Abel attended, and the school's faculty vertical files hold a file for him.[^49][^50] Riezler and Strauss taught two courses together in the mid-1940s, one on Aristotle's De anima and Descartes's Passions of the Soul with [[Solomon Asch]] and one on Plato's Theaetetus with [[Alexandre Koyré]], and Riezler published "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man" in Social Research in 1945.[^51][^52] Strauss's eulogy for Riezler appeared in Social Research in 1956 beside a memorial article by [[Theodor Heuss]]. His daughter Maria married the New School professor [[Howard B. D. White]].[^47][^53][^54] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933 after Johnson recruited him as one of two Rockefeller scholars, and he later edited [[The Reporter]].[^55]
Wilhelm Reich appears in the school's archive through a bound photocopy of his 1940 New School lectures, transcribed from the archive of the Orgone Institute.[^54] The NYPL files list a Reich file for 1939 and 1940 under non-grantees.[^15] An official of the school, whose name is redacted, told FBI agents in December 1941 that Reich had been an associate professor for two years, during 1939 and 1940, at about $1,500 a year, and that the connection ended after the spring term of 1941; the school, the official said, "makes no inquiry of their political views or background."[^55] The same official described Reich as conducting "a lecture in psychiatry" and said he "claims to have a cure-all for cancer," all of which the official "stated smacked of 'quack' tactics on subject's part."[^55] A Bureau memorandum of May 6, 1941 records that Reich's non-quota visa of August 11, 1939 was issued because his "New York Seminar for Vegetotherapy" was part of the New School; the immigration record gives his arrival as August 28, 1939 and his destination as the school at 66 West 12th Street, and the New York report names "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Director" as the destination.[^56] A Bureau summary of February 1957 (M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols) condenses the 1941 interview to a statement that Reich entered the United States in 1939, taught psychology at the New School "until let out by the school because his teaching 'smacked of quack tactics,'" and was apprehended as a German alien on December 12, 1941.[^57] The school's archive also keeps a faculty vertical file for [[Gregory Bateson]].[^58] [[Erich Fromm]] taught courses at the school from 1941 to 1959.[^59]
Wilhelm Reich appears in the school's archive through a bound photocopy of his 1940 New School lectures, transcribed from the archive of the Orgone Institute.[^56] The NYPL files list a Reich file for 1939 and 1940 under non-grantees.[^17] An official of the school, whose name is redacted, told FBI agents in December 1941 that Reich had been an associate professor for two years, during 1939 and 1940, at about $1,500 a year, and that the connection ended after the spring term of 1941; the school, the official said, "makes no inquiry of their political views or background."[^57] The same official described Reich as conducting "a lecture in psychiatry" and said he "claims to have a cure-all for cancer," all of which the official "stated smacked of 'quack' tactics on subject's part."[^57] A Bureau memorandum of May 6, 1941 records that Reich's non-quota visa of August 11, 1939 was issued because his "New York Seminar for Vegetotherapy" was part of the New School; the immigration record gives his arrival as August 28, 1939 and his destination as the school at 66 West 12th Street, and the New York report names "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Director" as the destination.[^58] A Bureau summary of February 1957 (M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols) condenses the 1941 interview to a statement that Reich entered the United States in 1939, taught psychology at the New School "until let out by the school because his teaching 'smacked of quack tactics,'" and was apprehended as a German alien on December 12, 1941.[^59] The school's archive also keeps a faculty vertical file for [[Gregory Bateson]].[^60] [[Erich Fromm]] taught courses at the school from 1941 to 1959.[^61]
### Parapsychology listings and teaching, 1968 to 1994
The school appears in several parapsychology directories and reports in the CIA-held STARGATE record. A special report in the Princeton Alumni Weekly by [[Robert G. Jahn]] lists the New School among the colleges and universities in its survey of psychic research in the Western world.[^60] The 1975 survey New Psychic Frontiers by [[Walter Uphoff]] and [[Mary Jo Uphoff]] lists under the New School an entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], [[Martin Ebon]], [[Gilbert Roller]] and others at 66 West 12th Street, New York 10011, in its chapter on research, investigation and teaching; the same survey places Brier at [[C.W. Post College]] in its philosophy department and [[Hans Holzer]] at the New York Institute of Technology.[^61] The Gilbert Roller of this entry is the Gilbert Roller who as a teenager took part in the early 1930s [[Bindelof séance circle]]: [[Rosemarie Pilkington]], author of *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof*, wrote in 2007 that she "knew Gil Roller for more than 30 years" and called the first part of her book an account of "Gil Roller's and the Bindelof group's extraordinary experiences."[^62]
The school appears in several parapsychology directories and reports in the CIA-held STARGATE record. A special report in the Princeton Alumni Weekly by [[Robert G. Jahn]] lists the New School among the colleges and universities in its survey of psychic research in the Western world.[^62] The 1975 survey New Psychic Frontiers by [[Walter Uphoff]] and [[Mary Jo Uphoff]] lists under the New School an entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], [[Martin Ebon]], [[Gilbert Roller]] and others at 66 West 12th Street, New York 10011, in its chapter on research, investigation and teaching; the same survey places Brier at [[C.W. Post College]] in its philosophy department and [[Hans Holzer]] at the New York Institute of Technology.[^63] The Gilbert Roller of this entry is the Gilbert Roller who as a teenager took part in the early 1930s [[Bindelof séance circle]]: [[Rosemarie Pilkington]], author of *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof*, wrote in 2007 that she "knew Gil Roller for more than 30 years" and called the first part of her book an account of "Gil Roller's and the Bindelof group's extraordinary experiences."[^64]
The school's Bulletin for spring 1975 lists "Experimental Parapsychology" (course 2750-0, Bob Brier, Wednesdays from February 5, $90), "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena" (2755-3, Gilbert Roller, Tuesdays from February 4, $90), "The Challenge of Psychic Phenomena" (2760-3, Edith Wegman) and a parapsychology course by Parimal Das (5747-3). Roller's faculty biography reads that he conducted investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and was a faculty member of F.I.T. and president of Hepworth Films Corp.; Parapsychology Review reported that Roller taught a course on telekinesis, poltergeists and ectoplasmia.[^63] Ebon's own lecture series "Parapsychology: From Magic to Science" ran from 1966 to 1968, and The Writer's Directory lists him as lecturer in the Division of Social Sciences in 1949 to 1950, 1955 to 1956 and 1967.[^64] The archive holds a file "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975" and a file "Soviet Affairs Forum: Related Courses, 1964 January 29."[^65]
The school's Bulletin for spring 1975 lists "Experimental Parapsychology" (course 2750-0, Bob Brier, Wednesdays from February 5, $90), "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena" (2755-3, Gilbert Roller, Tuesdays from February 4, $90), "The Challenge of Psychic Phenomena" (2760-3, Edith Wegman) and a parapsychology course by Parimal Das (5747-3). Roller's faculty biography reads that he conducted investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and was a faculty member of F.I.T. and president of Hepworth Films Corp.; Parapsychology Review reported that Roller taught a course on telekinesis, poltergeists and ectoplasmia.[^65] Ebon's own lecture series "Parapsychology: From Magic to Science" ran from 1966 to 1968, and The Writer's Directory lists him as lecturer in the Division of Social Sciences in 1949 to 1950, 1955 to 1956 and 1967.[^66] The archive holds a file "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975" and a file "Soviet Affairs Forum: Related Courses, 1964 January 29."[^67]
The 1968 *Journal of Parapsychology* index lists the New School for Social Research, New York, at pages 171 to 173, within the pages (167-175) of the article "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition" by [[Sara R. Feather]] and Robert Brier.[^66]
The 1968 *Journal of Parapsychology* index lists the New School for Social Research, New York, at pages 171 to 173, within the pages (167-175) of the article "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition" by [[Sara R. Feather]] and Robert Brier.[^68]
The author biography of Gilbert Roller's 1975 book *A Voice From Beyond* states that he teaches a course in paramechanics at the New School for Social Research in New York City, which "comprises an inquiry into telekinesis, poltergeists, ectoplasm and thought photography." The same biography records a childhood poltergeist, his mother's séances and a teenage group of friends who "held séances regularly for about two years."[^67]
The author biography of Gilbert Roller's 1975 book *A Voice From Beyond* states that he teaches a course in paramechanics at the New School for Social Research in New York City, which "comprises an inquiry into telekinesis, poltergeists, ectoplasm and thought photography." The same biography records a childhood poltergeist, his mother's séances and a teenage group of friends who "held séances regularly for about two years."[^69]
A 1982 engineering article by Jahn in the Proceedings of the IEEE (February 1982) includes a roster of United States universities and colleges where parapsychology is pursued that names the New School for Social Research, and the same roster appears in a 1991 anthology compiled by [[Science Applications International Corporation]].[^68] A conference program circulated by email in March 1994 lists [[Sheila Davis]] of the New School with a paper titled "Cerebral function, Jungian typology and language style: Toward a new theory."[^69]
A 1982 engineering article by Jahn in the Proceedings of the IEEE (February 1982) includes a roster of United States universities and colleges where parapsychology is pursued that names the New School for Social Research, and the same roster appears in a 1991 anthology compiled by [[Science Applications International Corporation]].[^70] A conference program circulated by email in March 1994 lists [[Sheila Davis]] of the New School with a paper titled "Cerebral function, Jungian typology and language style: Toward a new theory."[^71]
### MKULTRA projects, 1962
The school's archive holds a folder of the records of president [[John R. Everett]] headed "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." The folder contains correspondence between Everett and the CIA about the release of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] details, including the release of universities' involvement, and "a report of two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra." The first attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics, and the second concerned graphology and psychopathologies. The description states that the researchers on at least one of them appear to have been unaware of CIA sponsorship.[^70] The description does not name the researchers or give subproject numbers. Two released subproject files, Subprojects 134 and 137, match the two descriptions and are set out on the Project MKUltra page.[^71]
The school's archive holds a folder of the records of president [[John R. Everett]] headed "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." The folder contains correspondence between Everett and the CIA about the release of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] details, including the release of universities' involvement, and "a report of two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra." The first attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics, and the second concerned graphology and psychopathologies. The description states that the researchers on at least one of them appear to have been unaware of CIA sponsorship.[^72] The description does not name the researchers or give subproject numbers. Two released subproject files, Subprojects 134 and 137, match the two descriptions and are set out on the Project MKUltra page.[^73]
The copy of the two subproject files that the CIA sent the school on September 7, 1977 carries red insertions of the school's name on the Subproject 134 memorandum of May 29, 1961 and on the Subproject 137 memorandum of August 24, 1961, where the insertion reads "New School for Social Research, New York City." The agency's cover letter, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents."[^72] The investigators' names remain blacked out in that copy.[^73]
The copy of the two subproject files that the CIA sent the school on September 7, 1977 carries red insertions of the school's name on the Subproject 134 memorandum of May 29, 1961 and on the Subproject 137 memorandum of August 24, 1961, where the insertion reads "New School for Social Research, New York City." The agency's cover letter, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents."[^74] The investigators' names remain blacked out in that copy.[^75]
The agency first notified the school by a letter from General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] that Everett's reply of August 16, 1977 calls "Your letter of August 12th." Everett wrote that it "came as quite a shock to me," that the relevant people at the school "know nothing about the matter," and that "some have left and others have died."[^74] The school's typed draft statement on the notification, undated, states that the school "chose not to notify either its own members or the public of its involvement pending its receipt of additional information from the CIA."[^75] Cinquegrana wrote on March 17, 1978 that "to date we have received no response from your institution."[^76]
The agency first notified the school by a letter from General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] that Everett's reply of August 16, 1977 calls "Your letter of August 12th." Everett wrote that it "came as quite a shock to me," that the relevant people at the school "know nothing about the matter," and that "some have left and others have died."[^76] The school's typed draft statement on the notification, undated, states that the school "chose not to notify either its own members or the public of its involvement pending its receipt of additional information from the CIA."[^77] Cinquegrana wrote on March 17, 1978 that "to date we have received no response from your institution."[^78]
The graphology teacher [[Klara G. Roman]] taught at the school from 1948 until shortly before her death in 1962. Her Encyclopedia of the Written Word, a graphology lexicon, was edited after her death by [[Maurice Edwards]] and [[Rose Wolfson]], and its acknowledgments thank "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" and Daniel S. Anthony "of The New School for Social Research."[^77] Subproject 137, a $2,000 grant paid in 1961 for the manuscript of a graphology lexicon by an unnamed woman who died in 1962, has a curriculum vitae in the released file that lists the invention of a "Graphodyne"; Roman invented the graphodyne. The CIA copy does not name her. The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by David H. Price, lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G."[^71] The first project, on body type and personality, matches Subproject 134, whose investigator is not named in the released file.
The graphology teacher [[Klara G. Roman]] taught at the school from 1948 until shortly before her death in 1962. Her Encyclopedia of the Written Word, a graphology lexicon, was edited after her death by [[Maurice Edwards]] and [[Rose Wolfson]], and its acknowledgments thank "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" and Daniel S. Anthony "of The New School for Social Research."[^79] Subproject 137, a $2,000 grant paid in 1961 for the manuscript of a graphology lexicon by an unnamed woman who died in 1962, has a curriculum vitae in the released file that lists the invention of a "Graphodyne"; Roman invented the graphodyne. The CIA copy does not name her. The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by David H. Price, lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G."[^73] The first project, on body type and personality, matches Subproject 134, whose investigator is not named in the released file. Frank Haronian, the Subproject 134 investigator, received a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the New School for Social Research in 1963. He had been a school psychologist in the Somerville, New Jersey, school district since 1950, and later co-authored papers with [[A. Arthur Sugerman]] at the [[New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry]].[^80]
On October 9, 1977, the New York Times reported that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A." that it had hosted agency research, and that 26 colleges and universities had acknowledged the research publicly.[^78]
On October 9, 1977, the New York Times reported that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A." that it had hosted agency research, and that 26 colleges and universities had acknowledged the research publicly.[^81]
### Presidents
The finding aid for the school's presidential records lists Hans Simons (1950 to 1961), [[Henry David]] (1961 to 1963), [[Robert MacIver]] (1963 to 1964) and Everett (1964 to 1982).[^79] The school's history and the Adult Division records date Simons's retirement from the presidency to 1960, when he moved to a consultancy and directorship with the [[Ford Foundation]].[^80][^81] The press releases for the appointment of Henry David fall between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and his inauguration was held on October 23, 1961.[^82][^83]
The finding aid for the school's presidential records lists Hans Simons (1950 to 1961), [[Henry David]] (1961 to 1963), [[Robert MacIver]] (1963 to 1964) and Everett (1964 to 1982).[^82] The school's history and the Adult Division records date Simons's retirement from the presidency to 1960, when he moved to a consultancy and directorship with the [[Ford Foundation]].[^83][^84] The press releases for the appointment of Henry David fall between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and his inauguration was held on October 23, 1961.[^85][^86]
Simons's presidency is also documented in the school's own files. His "Future of the New School," dated September 18, 1958, responds in a Publicity Office record to what the finding aid calls the "McGrath Report."[^84] The New School Associates records hold a presidential talk on "Hans Simon's report on India," dated January 28, 1960.[^85]
Simons's presidency is also documented in the school's own files. His "Future of the New School," dated September 18, 1958, responds in a Publicity Office record to what the finding aid calls the "McGrath Report."[^87] The New School Associates records hold a presidential talk on "Hans Simon's report on India," dated January 28, 1960.[^88]
Everett's tenure is described as one of the longest in the school's history, second only to Johnson's.[^86] The New School Archives' Everett records list Everett's presidency as 1964 to 1982 and describe the Everett papers' Britannica period as 1962 to 1964, before his New School appointment.[^87] [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], appointed in 1984, left the $250,000 post in September 1999 for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and on February 17, 2000 the school named [[Bob Kerrey]], who said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, as its seventh president, to start after he left the Senate in January 2001.[^88] A fact sheet captured by the Internet Archive on December 11, 2000 lists [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees, [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] as vice chairs and Scaturro as treasurer, and names Scaturro as chancellor, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^89] Kerrey was installed at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001, with Tishman, "Chair of the Board of Trustees," giving remarks, and Tenet Healthcare's proxy statement of August 2001 gives him as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^90] On December 10, 2008 the faculty voted no confidence in him, which the Chronicle of Higher Education described as "nearly unanimous" with 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention in a summary by Faculty Senate co-chair Jim Miller; the trustees met the same day and, in a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in him. The amNewYork newspaper reported on December 23, 2008 that a majority of senior faculty approved a no-confidence measure "by a vote of 269 to 18" after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation of the cafeteria at 65 Fifth Avenue.[^91] [[David E. Van Zandt]], dean and professor of law at the Northwestern University School of Law, was announced on August 26, 2010 as the eighth president and took office on January 1, 2011, with Kerrey remaining president until the end of 2010; Van Zandt's installation ceremony took place on September 15, 2011, and the archive's biographical note for Kerrey dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010."[^92][^93] [[Dwight A. McBride]] was the ninth president from 2020 to 2023, [[Donna Shalala]] served as interim president from August 2023, and [[Joel Towers]], a member of the school since 2004 and a former executive dean of [[Parsons School of Design]], was appointed the tenth president effective August 1, 2024.[^94]
Everett's tenure is described as one of the longest in the school's history, second only to Johnson's.[^89] The New School Archives' Everett records list Everett's presidency as 1964 to 1982 and describe the Everett papers' Britannica period as 1962 to 1964, before his New School appointment.[^90] The trustees elected [[Jonathan F. Fanton]] president in May 1982, to take office on September 1, 1982.[^91] The New York Times in 2000 described Fanton as "appointed in 1984" when he left the $250,000 post in September 1999 for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and on February 17, 2000 the school named [[Bob Kerrey]], who said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, as its seventh president, to start after he left the Senate in January 2001.[^92] A fact sheet captured by the Internet Archive on December 11, 2000 lists [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees, [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] as vice chairs and [[Philip Scaturro]] as treasurer, and names Scaturro as chancellor, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^93] Kerrey was installed at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001, with Tishman, "Chair of the Board of Trustees," giving remarks, and Tenet Healthcare's proxy statement of August 2001 gives him as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^94] On December 10, 2008 the faculty voted no confidence in him, which the Chronicle of Higher Education described as "nearly unanimous" with 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention in a summary by Faculty Senate co-chair Jim Miller; the trustees met the same day and, in a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in him. On June 30, 2008 the school had announced that [[Julien J. Studley]], chairman and chief executive of [[Studley New Vista Associates]], would succeed Scaturro as chairman of the board of trustees effective July 1, 2008; the release described Scaturro as having "served as Chairman since 2002" and said he "will continue to serve as a member of The New School's Board of Trustees."[^95] The amNewYork newspaper reported on December 23, 2008 that a majority of senior faculty approved a no-confidence measure "by a vote of 269 to 18" after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation of the cafeteria at 65 Fifth Avenue.[^96] The same report lists among the occupation's demands the resignation of "Robert Millard, the treasurer of the board of trustees," along with Kerrey and the school's vice president James Murtha.[^97] [[David E. Van Zandt]], dean and professor of law at the Northwestern University School of Law, was announced on August 26, 2010 as the eighth president and took office on January 1, 2011, with Kerrey remaining president until the end of 2010; Van Zandt's installation ceremony took place on September 15, 2011, and the archive's biographical note for Kerrey dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010."[^98][^99] [[Dwight A. McBride]] was the ninth president from 2020 to 2023, [[Donna Shalala]] served as interim president from August 2023, and [[Joel Towers]], a member of the school since 2004 and a former executive dean of [[Parsons School of Design]], was appointed the tenth president effective August 1, 2024.[^100]
In April and May 2013, after Kerrey's resignation as president emeritus in February of that year, [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s office arranged his dinner of April 23 and breakfast of May 5 through a scheduler whose signature reads "Scheduler/ Asst. to Bob Kerrey" at The New School, 80 Fifth Avenue, Room 806.[^101] A different scheduler with the same title and address handled the June 4 lunch and a September 2013 inquiry.[^102] A LinkedIn notice to Epstein dated July 30, 2013, reporting that Kerrey had accepted his invitation, lists Kerrey as "President at New School University".[^103]
### Trustees and finances
[[Philip Scaturro]] was chairman of the board in 2004, when [[Peggy Brim Bewkes]], [[Eileen Naughton]], [[Richard Reiss Jr.]] and [[Bernard L. Schwartz]], chairman and chief executive of [[Loral Space & Communications]], joined the Board of Trustees on September 1.[^95] On November 4, 2004 the school announced a $10 million grant from the [[Starr Foundation]], the largest foundation gift in its history, to establish the [[India China Institute]], led by Provost [[Arjun Appadurai]] and Graduate Faculty dean [[Benjamin Lee]], and a $3.7 million gift from Schwartz for the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and the Irene and Bernard L. Schwartz Professorship of Economics and Policy. The announcement attributes the Schwartz gift to Schwartz and, in Kerrey's quoted remarks, to the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation.[^96]
Scaturro was elected chairman of the board of trustees for a three-year term beginning in July 2002, succeeding Tishman, who had chaired the board since 1995. A 2002 release describes him as executive vice president and managing director of [[Allen and Company]], as a trustee since 1989, as treasurer of the board since 1995 and as chancellor from 1999 to June 2002.[^104] He was chairman of the board in 2004, when [[Peggy Brim Bewkes]], [[Eileen Naughton]], [[Richard Reiss Jr.]] and [[Bernard L. Schwartz]], chairman and chief executive of [[Loral Space & Communications]], joined the Board of Trustees on September 1.[^105] On November 4, 2004 the school announced a $10 million grant from the [[Starr Foundation]], the largest foundation gift in its history, to establish the [[India China Institute]], led by Provost [[Arjun Appadurai]] and Graduate Faculty dean [[Benjamin Lee]], and a $3.7 million gift from Schwartz for the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and the Irene and Bernard L. Schwartz Professorship of Economics and Policy. The announcement attributes the Schwartz gift to Schwartz and, in Kerrey's quoted remarks, to the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation.[^106]
On November 9, 2001, the school announced a gift of $1.1 million from Schwartz, then chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, for the Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture Series and Project in Markets, Equality and Democracy, a four-year project based at the Graduate Faculty's Center for Economic Policy Analysis.[^97] The November 4, 2004 release says the center had been established in September 2004 and would be renamed the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis "in recognition of the Schwartz Foundation's gift," and that it would continue to sponsor the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture.[^98]
On November 9, 2001, the school announced a gift of $1.1 million from Schwartz, then chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, for the Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture Series and Project in Markets, Equality and Democracy, a four-year project based at the Graduate Faculty's Center for Economic Policy Analysis.[^107] The November 4, 2004 release says the center had been established in September 2004 and would be renamed the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis "in recognition of the Schwartz Foundation's gift," and that it would continue to sponsor the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture.[^108]
The same release describes the Starr Foundation as established in 1955 by [[Cornelius Vander Starr]], an insurance entrepreneur who founded the American International family of insurance companies, now [[American International Group]], and as holding assets of approximately $3.5 billion.[^99] The House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China deposed Schwartz on November 21, 1998 and reported that Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, Ltd., met directly with Commerce Secretary [[Ron Brown]] on at least four occasions after 1993.[^100]
The same release describes the Starr Foundation as established in 1955 by [[Cornelius Vander Starr]], an insurance entrepreneur who founded the American International family of insurance companies, now [[American International Group]], and as holding assets of approximately $3.5 billion.[^109] The House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China deposed Schwartz on November 21, 1998 and reported that Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, Ltd., met directly with Commerce Secretary [[Ron Brown]] on at least four occasions after 1993.[^110]
The school's fiscal 2022 Form 990 lists [[Linda E. Rappaport]] as chair, [[Elliot Stein]], [[Franci J. Blassberg]] and Susan L. Foote as vice chairs, and McBride as president with reportable compensation of $815,044 and estimated other compensation of $604,206; the trustees listed include [[Beth Rudin DeWoody]] and [[Bevis Longstreth]].[^101] The school's board page lists current trustees without titles, with Rappaport first and Towers as president ex officio; life trustees include Scaturro, who was the school's chancellor when Kerrey was named.[^88][^102] The school's federal filings, retrieved through the ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer summary data for EIN 13-3297197, show total revenue of $602,901,362 and total assets of $1,706,553,269 for the fiscal year ending June 2023. Contributions reported in that year were $35,451,892, down from $55,910,574 in fiscal 2022.[^103]
The school's fiscal 2022 Form 990 lists [[Linda E. Rappaport]] as chair, [[Elliot Stein]], [[Franci J. Blassberg]] and Susan L. Foote as vice chairs, and McBride as president with reportable compensation of $815,044 and estimated other compensation of $604,206; the trustees listed include [[Beth Rudin DeWoody]] and [[Bevis Longstreth]].[^111] The school's board page lists current trustees without titles, with Rappaport first and Towers as president ex officio; life trustees include Scaturro, who was the school's chancellor when Kerrey was named.[^92][^112] The school's federal filings, retrieved through the ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer summary data for EIN 13-3297197, show total revenue of $602,901,362 and total assets of $1,706,553,269 for the fiscal year ending June 2023. Contributions reported in that year were $35,451,892, down from $55,910,574 in fiscal 2022.[^113]
### Federal awards
USAspending.gov records list several federal awards to The New School. The largest defense award is an Air Force assistance award, FA95501410030, for $6,176,482 with a period of performance from December 15, 2013 to March 14, 2019, under the title "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities in Governance and Conflict Management."[^104] The [[Minerva Research Initiative]] lists a project with the same title, 2014 to 2019, managed by the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]], with [[Jeremy Ginges]] of the school as principal investigator and [[Scott Atran]], Richard Davis, [[Douglas Medin]], [[John Alderdice]], Adolf Tobena and Oscar Vilarroya as co-principal investigators.[^105] An earlier Defense Technical Information Center final report, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," covering May 2010 to April 2013 under Air Force Office of Scientific Research contracts, names Atran as principal investigator with Medin, Ginges and Davis as co-investigators.[^106] A [[National Science Foundation]] award of $653,245 beginning May 1, 2016 carries the title "The Devoted Actor: Sacred Values, Identity Fusion and Intergroup Conflict."[^105] Other records include a 2009 Army award of $1,370,000 for "Northern Chicago Clinic EMR Development," a 2011 Defense Department award of $1,048,998 for a "Multi-Inclusion, Universal Client Electronic Health Record," a 2012 Defense Department award of $522,399 for "Design and Visualization Best Practice," and a 2009 Energy Department award of $1,903,000 for the school's green building.[^104]
USAspending.gov records list several federal awards to The New School. The largest defense award is an Air Force assistance award, FA95501410030, for $6,176,482 with a period of performance from December 15, 2013 to March 14, 2019, under the title "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities in Governance and Conflict Management."[^114] The [[Minerva Research Initiative]] lists a project with the same title, 2014 to 2019, managed by the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]], with [[Jeremy Ginges]] of the school as principal investigator and [[Scott Atran]], Richard Davis, [[Douglas Medin]], [[John Alderdice]], Adolf Tobena and Oscar Vilarroya as co-principal investigators.[^115] An earlier Defense Technical Information Center final report, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," covering May 2010 to April 2013 under Air Force Office of Scientific Research contracts, names Atran as principal investigator with Medin, Ginges and Davis as co-investigators.[^116] A [[National Science Foundation]] award of $653,245 beginning May 1, 2016 carries the title "The Devoted Actor: Sacred Values, Identity Fusion and Intergroup Conflict."[^115] Other records include a 2009 Army award of $1,370,000 for "Northern Chicago Clinic EMR Development," a 2011 Defense Department award of $1,048,998 for a "Multi-Inclusion, Universal Client Electronic Health Record," a 2012 Defense Department award of $522,399 for "Design and Visualization Best Practice," and a 2009 Energy Department award of $1,903,000 for the school's green building.[^114]
### Epstein payments
Bank statements for [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s account at [[Deutsche Bank]] record payments to the school. The August 2015 statement lists an outgoing transfer on August 6 of $16,083.00 to a [[Bank of America]] account, with the beneficiary line "E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT."[^107] The October 2016 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated October 27 of $17,030.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL."[^108] The May 2017 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated May 10 of $10,856.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL." The same statement page lists an outgoing transfer on May 11 of $3,589.00 through Sterling National Bank with the beneficiary line "FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY."[^109] A Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, dated September 12, 2019, lists in an exhibit titled "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women" nine payments to The New School from Epstein accounts: $29,025 on February 4, 2014; $15,704 on January 5, 2015; $4,730 on June 12, 2015; $16,083 on August 6, 2015; $16,656 on December 9, 2015; $4,420 on June 14, 2016; $16,850 on July 8, 2016; $3,756 on January 13, 2017; and $8,790 on January 10, 2019. The exhibit's only [[New York Film Academy]] entry is $3,442 on March 10, 2017.[^110]
Bank statements for Jeffrey Epstein's account at [[Deutsche Bank]] record payments to the school. The August 2015 statement lists an outgoing transfer on August 6 of $16,083.00 to a [[Bank of America]] account, with the beneficiary line "E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT."[^117] The October 2016 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated October 27 of $17,030.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL."[^118] The May 2017 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated May 10 of $10,856.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL." The same statement page lists an outgoing transfer on May 11 of $3,589.00 through Sterling National Bank with the beneficiary line "FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY."[^119] A Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, dated September 12, 2019, lists in an exhibit titled "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women" nine payments to The New School from Epstein accounts: $29,025 on February 4, 2014; $15,704 on January 5, 2015; $4,730 on June 12, 2015; $16,083 on August 6, 2015; $16,656 on December 9, 2015; $4,420 on June 14, 2016; $16,850 on July 8, 2016; $3,756 on January 13, 2017; and $8,790 on January 10, 2019. The exhibit's only [[New York Film Academy]] entry is $3,442 on March 10, 2017.[^120]
Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one student's tuition, invoiced by the school each term from fall 2014 to spring 2019. Epstein's bookkeeper [[Bella Klein]] wired the payments, and his accountant [[Richard Kahn]] forwarded invoices for approval. On December 9, 2015, Klein asked Epstein to "confirm that i can proceed with wire in the amount of $16,656," and he replied "yes."[^111] On September 20, 2016, Kahn forwarded a fall invoice with "approval to pay thank you."[^112] The fall 2015 invoice of $16,083 matches the August 6, 2015 wire to the school's operating account.[^113] On August 1, 2018, Klein wrote: "Today I paid balance for her fall semester in the amount of $7719."[^114] The spring 2019 invoice was $8,790.[^115]
Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one student's tuition, invoiced by the school each term from fall 2014 to spring 2019. Epstein's bookkeeper [[Bella Klein]] wired the payments, and his accountant [[Richard Kahn]] forwarded invoices for approval. On December 9, 2015, Klein asked Epstein to "confirm that i can proceed with wire in the amount of $16,656," and he replied "yes."[^121] On September 20, 2016, Kahn forwarded a fall invoice with "approval to pay thank you."[^122] The fall 2015 invoice of $16,083 matches the August 6, 2015 wire to the school's operating account.[^123] On August 1, 2018, Klein wrote: "Today I paid balance for her fall semester in the amount of $7719."[^124] The spring 2019 invoice was $8,790.[^125]
### Footnotes
@ -324,108 +342,118 @@ Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one stud
[^8]: Cornell University Library, "Dorothy Whitney Straight Elmhirst papers," #3725, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/1281.
[^9]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes on the interview of Milton C. Rose, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^10]: "University in Exile," Histories of The New School, https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile (Johnson's correspondence with German-speaking scholars through the Encyclopaedia, $60,000 a year for two years, a faculty of fifteen at $4,000 each, the gift of "the whole $60,000" from Halle, the ten original members, six added by 1935, and the lists of original members). Johnson's own account (p. 340) gives $60,000 a year for two years.
[^11]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 92: Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required," Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000," and Halle "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance." Halle's anonymity is reported on the same page.
[^12]: Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 340: Halle's call, "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years," Frank Altschul's vouching for Halle's credit and the concern that other donors would not contribute if they knew Halle would carry the whole load; p. 370: Johnson appointed to an enemy alien hearing board with Maurice Davidson and Joseph Leary Delaney, with cases "well prepared in advance by the FBI."
[^11]: Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 340: Halle's call, "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years," Frank Altschul's vouching for Halle's credit and the concern that other donors would not contribute if they knew Halle would carry the whole load; p. 370: Johnson appointed to an enemy alien hearing board with Maurice Davidson and Joseph Leary Delaney, with cases "well prepared in advance by the FBI."
[^12]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 92: Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required," Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000," and Halle "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance." Halle's anonymity is reported on the same page.
[^13]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 80-81, 85-86, 129 note 38 and 138-139, https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^14]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 86: Johnson and the Rockefeller Foundation "had agreed to rescue" a dozen individuals; p. 91: Tracy Kittredge, "an associate in the Paris office of the Rockefeller Foundation," wrote on March 29, 1933; p. 94: "the Emergency Committee, acting for the Rockefeller Foundation."
[^15]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (biographical note: founding in May 1933 by Cohn, Flexner and Stein contacting Duggan; Warburg and Gregg as advisers; Farrand as chair; Murrow as assistant secretary until 1935; 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants; Series I.B "Non-Grantees" with Riezler box 107 folder 16 (1933-1934, 1940), Speier box 118 folder 17 (1934, 1940), Ascoli box 38 folder 46 (1933-1935, 1939-1943), Colm box 50 folder 5 (1933-1941), Brecht box 46 folder 36, Simons box 117 folder 3 (1933-1943), Staudinger box 119 folder 3, Marschak box 93 folder 52, Lowe box 91 folder 23, Lederer box 86 folder 44 and Reich box 105 folder 36 (1939-1940)).
[^16]: Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 344: "Stephen Duggan, of the Institute for International Education, invited me to lunch."
[^17]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Sidney Hook says Johnson "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; the 1940 "explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter"; and a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum of January 27, 1942 ("Hans Eisler File," endnote 22, p. 296) on enemy-alien files; the endnote names no author for the memorandum. Sole source for the enemy-alien monitoring and the Clara Mayer passage.
[^18]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 135: "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," with Johnson, Staudinger and Makinsky appearing in early 1942.
[^19]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 228.
[^20]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content, pp. 137-138 (the OSS quotation, over two hundred students, "over twenty-five government-associated projects," and the Rockefeller intermediaries), citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167.
[^21]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/ (Kris and Speier's study of totalitarian communication, coordinated with the BBC and government agencies; Rockefeller funding ending in 1943; researchers entering federal service; John Foster Dulles as a Foundation trustee urging post-war work; Bryce Wood's caution).
[^22]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, 1940-1944," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451 (led by Speier and Kris for the Research Center of the Graduate Faculty, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation).
[^23]: Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (New York: Oxford University Press, 1944), Preface; New School Archives, NS-02-16-01, Series 3, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451; Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 130-131 and note 47.
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 47, citing the New School Archives, "Totalitarianism Research Project," Box 1.
[^25]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 49, citing Walter Adams to Ernst Kris, May 8, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 3, Folder 134, and John Marshall's reply.
[^26]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14-15 and note 16. Sole source for the exile lists. The dissertation lists "Gurland" in note 16 and "Gurman" in the introduction's list, and the page image of the introduction (printed p. 14) confirms the printed "Gurman" is a typographical slip for Arkadij Gurland.
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 137 (Watson "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst").
[^28]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-137 (the offer of February 1942; Principal Political Analyst, November 1942) and pp. 145-146 (transfer to the Overseas Operations Branch on May 22, 1944).
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 (the connection made at the OWI with Leo Rosten "brought Speier to the RAND Corporation").
[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 194-195 (consultant May 1948, head of the Social Science Division July 1948).
[^31]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," record group NS-02-16-01, historical note and scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^32]: Same finding aid, abstract. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^33]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content. Sole source for the Doris Duke funding passage.
[^34]: Duke University Libraries, Rubenstein Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid ; "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound (subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959").
[^35]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-165 and notes 3, 9 and 11 (Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 14).
[^36]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-170.
[^37]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn École Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; recognition by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severance from the New School in June 1947).
[^38]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
[^39]: "Leo Strauss," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strauss-leo/ (the New School years, 1938 to 1948).
[^40]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hannah Arendt New School faculty files," https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/233 (University Professor in Philosophy, 1967 to 1975; office files; correspondence with Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, 1969 to 1975).
[^41]: Rockefeller Archive Center, search "New School for Social Research," Rockefeller Foundation records, Series 200, folder "New School for Social Research - Hannah Arendt - (Grant in Aid)" (folder title).
[^42]: Editors' Note, *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), p. 233 (footnote to Leo Strauss, "Kurt Riezler, 1882-1955"): "Kurt Riezler was Professor of Philosophy in the Graduate Faculty of the New School from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus."
[^43]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, p. 232.
[^44]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, Normdaten record PE00079064, "Riezler, Kurt (1882-1955)," affiliations ("New School for Social Research <New York, NY> (1919-1997) (ca. 1939-1954)") and relations ("Liebermann, Käthe (1885-1955), Ehefrau 1915"). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00079064/
[^45]: Becker, Bert, "Riezler, Kurt Karl Joseph Siegmund (Pseudonym J. J. Ruedorffer)," *Neue Deutsche Biographie* 21 (2003), pp. 618-619, the biographical article on Riezler, including its literature list. https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118601008.html
[^46]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 97 (Riezler's 1932 role at Frankfurt and "philosopher and diplomat Kurt Riezler"); Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
[^47]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Reuben Abel papers," collection NA-0003-01, scope and contents (list of lecturers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/165
[^48]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Riezler, Kurt," File, Box 10, Folder 18, New School faculty vertical files collection (NS-08-02-02). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/43221
[^49]: Colen, José A., and Svetozar Minkov, "Leo Strauss on Social and Natural Science: Two Previously Unpublished Papers," *The Review of Politics* 76, no. 4 (2014), pp. 619-633, introduction, and Strauss's paper "The frame of reference in the social sciences" (Leo Strauss Papers, Box 14, Folder 10). DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S003467051400059X
[^50]: Riezler, Kurt, "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man," *Social Research* 12, no. 4 (1945), pp. 481-505, as listed in Colen and Minkov.
[^51]: Strauss, Leo, "Kurt Riezler (1882-1955)," *Social Research* 23 (1956), pp. 233-258, reprinted in *What Is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies* (1959).
[^52]: Heuss, Theodor, "A Word in Memory of Kurt Riezler," *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), opening article of the issue.
[^53]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 102: "Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; p. 118: Ascoli "joined the University in Exile in late 1933," later editor of the Reporter.
[^54]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Wilhelm Reich Lectures, New School for Social Research (1940), 2018," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58166 (bound color photocopy of the 1940 transcripts from the Archives of the Orgone Institute).
[^55]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alien Enemy Control," NY file 100-8422, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The synopsis of the report gives the arrival date as August 26, 1939; its body and the immigration record give August 28.
[^56]: FBI memorandum of May 6, 1941 and Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
[^57]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, file on Dr. Wilhelm Reich, bufile 100-14601, Part 2 of 10, memorandum of M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, February 14, 1957, PDF page 123, beginning "Files reflect Wilhelm Reich, Austrian born, entered the U. S. in 1939," archive.org item WilhelmReichFBI, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The item has ten parts (reich1, reich2, reich3, reich4a, 4b, 4c, reich5a, 5b, 5c, reich6).
[^58]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Bateson, Gregory," New School faculty vertical files, NS-08-02-02, Box 1, Folder 20, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/42943.
[^59]: "Erich Fromm," Histories of The New School, https://histories.newschool.edu/people/erich-fromm (courses at the New School "from 1941 to 1959").
[^60]: Robert G. Jahn, "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," Princeton Alumni Weekly special report, "Psychic Research in the Western World: Colleges and Universities" list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500070001-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500070001-1.
[^61]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, New Psychic Frontiers (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, pp. 228-229 (C.W. Post College and New School entries; Holzer at the New York Institute of Technology), CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6.
[^62]: Rosemarie Pilkington, letter "Three-legged Physical mediumship," *Fortean Times* 226 (September 2007), pp. 73-74. https://archive.org/details/fortean-times-september-2007
[^63]: New School Bulletin, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), pp. 82, 88, 172, 328 and 356, https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ; Parapsychology Review, news item and volume index entry "Roller, Gilbert, 6:10," https://books.google.com/books?id=sH8YAQAAMAAJ.
[^64]: John White, ed., Psychic Exploration (New York: Putnam, 1974), https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC; The Writer's Directory, 1998-2000, p. 424, https://books.google.com/books?id=AKgKAB3ClvwC.
[^65]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 5, Box 7, Folder 43; NS-03-01-07, Box 2, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3.
[^66]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 32 (1968), subject index, "New School for Social Research, New York, 171-73"; contents entry "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition," Sara R. Feather and Robert Brier, p. 167; index "Checker, effect of, 133, 167-75." https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1968_32_index
[^67]: Gilbert Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (New York: Popular Library, 1975), "About the Author," pp. 11-13. https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^68]: Robert G. Jahn, "The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering Perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE 70, no. 2 (February 1982), pp. 136-170, roster of colleges and universities, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100010004-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100010004-6; Science Applications International Corporation, Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers (June 24, 1991), institutions roster, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4.
[^69]: Brian Josephson, Tucson conference program, email circulated March 21, 1994 to the pdl@jsasoc.com list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100130005-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000100130005-8.
[^70]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (scope note). Sole source for the 1962 projects described in this paragraph.
[^71]: MKULTRA Subproject 134 (CIA release DOC_0000017393) and Subproject 137 (DOC_0000017396), https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 and https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396; David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), 2007, fig. 4, https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide.
[^72]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^73]: Central Intelligence Agency releases DOC_0000017393 (Subproject 134, page images 134-11 and 134-12) and DOC_0000017396 (Subproject 137, page image 137-10), as reproduced in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 10, 21, 27 and 78.
[^74]: Everett, John R., letter to Anthony A. Lapham, August 16, 1977, and Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 92-95.
[^75]: New School typed draft statement on the CIA notification, undated, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 4-5. The draft carries typewriter strikeovers.
[^76]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 1.
[^77]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284; Encyclopedia of the Written Word (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments.
[^78]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8), CIA reading room copy, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3.
[^79]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289 (Everett 1964-1982; MacIver 1963-1964; Henry David 1961-1963; Hans Simons 1950-1961).
[^80]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (retirement in 1960; consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation).
[^81]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School").
[^82]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 17, "Announcements for appointment of Henry David as president, 1961 January 18-March 19," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38467
[^83]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Development and Public Relations Office records (NS-03-02-02), Series 2, "Inauguration of Dr. Henry David, 1961 Oct 23," Box 5, Folder 5, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/21027
[^84]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272
[^85]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576
[^86]: Public Seminar, "The New School's Forgotten President," https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-new-schools-forgotten-president/ (Everett's tenure 1964 to 1982, "second only to the school's founding father Alvin Johnson").
[^87]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett papers," NA.0017.01, biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/336
[^88]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," New York Times, February 17, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" in September 1999 to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "He will be the school's seventh president"; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor).
[^89]: New School University fact sheet, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html.
[^90]: New School University press release, February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html; Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement, August 21, 2001, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000091205701529713/a2056401zdef14a.htm.
[^91]: Chronicle of Higher Education, December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/; NBC New York, December 11, 2008, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735; amNewYork, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit.
[^92]: New School press release, "The New School Names David E. Van Zandt New President," August 26, 2010, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2010/NewPresidentAppointment.htm (Wayback Machine capture of January 24, 2021: eighth president, effective January 1, 2011, succeeding Kerrey, who "was appointed in 2001" and remained president through 2010; Michael J. Johnston, chair of the board).
[^93]: New School Archives, Board of Trustees records NS-01-01-04, Series 2, folder "David Van Zandt--installation as University President (September 15, 2011)," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244; New School Archives and Special Collections, biographical note to "Video statement by Bob Kerrey, 2014 January 28" (NS-03-02-08), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58008.
[^94]: Daniel Jonas Roche, "The New School taps architect Joel Towers as its tenth president," The Architect's Newspaper, June 7, 2024, https://www.archpaper.com/2024/06/the-new-school-architect-joel-towers-tenth-president/ (Towers at the school since 2004; appointment begins August 1, 2024; succeeds interim president Donna E. Shalala, in the role since August 2023, and Dwight A. McBride, ninth president 2020 to 2023; Linda E. Rappaport, chair of the board).
[^95]: New School press release, "New School University Announces New Board Members," October 21, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/102104_nsu_members.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: Bewkes, Naughton, Reiss and Schwartz joined September 1, 2004; "Philip Scaturro is Chairman of the Board").
[^96]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: $10 million from the Starr Foundation, "the largest foundation gift in the University's history"; $3.7 million from Bernard L. Schwartz; Kerrey's remarks naming the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation).
[^97]: New School press release, November 9, 2001, http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060910004616/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html): the $1.1 million gift from Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, and the four-year project at the Center for Economic Policy Analysis.
[^98]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: "Since its establishment in September 2004"; the center renamed for the Schwartz gift; the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture).
[^99]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html, section "About the Starr Foundation" (established 1955 by Cornelius Vander Starr; American International family, now American International Group, Inc.; assets of approximately $3.5 billion).
[^100]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. I, pp. 49 to 50 and notes 112 to 116 (p. 240), including the November 21, 1998 deposition of Bernard L. Schwartz, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^101]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, Form 990 for the fiscal year ending June 2022 (filing 202301359349306540), Part VII, Section A, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197/202301359349306540/full (McBride, president, 815,044 reportable compensation and 604,206 estimated other compensation; Rappaport, chair; Stein, Blassberg and Foote, vice chairs; DeWoody and Longstreth, trustees).
[^102]: New School, "Board of Trustees Members," https://www.newschool.edu/about/university-leadership/board-of-trustees-members/ (members listed without titles, Linda E. Rappaport listed first, Joel Towers as president, life trustees including Philip Scaturro; no chair identified on the page).
[^103]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, EIN 13-3297197, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197 (organization summary data, tax years 2011 to 2023).
[^104]: USAspending.gov award records, recipient "THE NEW SCHOOL,": FA95501410030 (Department of the Air Force, start 2013-12-15, $6,176,482); W81XWH0910456 (Army, 2009, $1,370,000); W81XWH1120183 (Defense Department, 2011, $1,048,998); FA87501220325 (Defense Department, 2012, $522,399); DEEE0001719 (Energy, 2009, $1,903,000).
[^105]: Minerva Research Initiative, "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities," awarded projects, https://minerva.defense.gov/Research/Funded-Projects/Article/2029607/dynamics-of-sacred-values-and-social-responsibilities/ (Wayback Machine capture of December 10, 2019: principal investigator Jeremy Ginges, co-principal investigators, years 2014-2019, managing service agency Air Force Office of Scientific Research). USAspending award detail for ASST_NON_FA95501410030_097: period of performance 2013-12-15 to 2019-03-14. NSF award 1559387: USAspending.gov, start 2016-05-01, $653,245.
[^106]: Scott Atran, Douglas Medin, Jeremy Ginges and Richard Davis, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," final report, Defense Technical Information Center ADA591831 (archive.org mirror DTIC_ADA591831), project period May 2010 to April 2013.
[^107]: Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, August 1 to 31, 2015, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01285659, page 1 of 5: "08-06 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO BANK OF AMERICA A/C [redacted] TH E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT (16,083.00)." The preceding 08-06 line is an $8,155.00 transfer to 1st United Bank for W. Chester Brewer, Jr., P.A.
[^108]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, October 1 to 31, 2016, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01286417, page 3 of 5 (Bates EFTA01286419): "10-27 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (17,030.00)."
[^109]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, May 1 to 31, 2017, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01299344, page 2 of 5 (Bates EFTA01299345): "05-10 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (10,856.00)." The same page lists "05-11 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO STERLING NATIONAL BANK A/C [redacted] FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (3,589.00)" and, on May 19, an American Express payment of $89,103.78.
[^110]: Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, September 12, 2019, Exhibit R, "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women," DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01681865, page marked EFTA01681912 (printed page 49).
[^111]: Bella Klein email exchange with Jeffrey Epstein, December 9, 2015, EFTA02478844, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^112]: Richard Kahn email, September 20, 2016, EFTA01782038, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^113]: The New School invoice, fall 2015, EFTA02491750; Deutsche Bank statement, August 2015, EFTA01285659, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^114]: Bella Klein email, August 1, 2018, EFTA02600764, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^115]: The New School invoice, spring 2019, EFTA01008842, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^14]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hiram Halle home movies of annual barbecue for University in Exile at Pound Ridge," Collection NA-0008-01, biographical note and scope and contents. https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/256
[^15]: Institute for Advanced Study, Digital Collections, "Bust of Albert Einstein," Jacob Epstein. https://albert.ias.edu/20.500.12111/1500
[^16]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 86: Johnson and the Rockefeller Foundation "had agreed to rescue" a dozen individuals; p. 91: Tracy Kittredge, "an associate in the Paris office of the Rockefeller Foundation," wrote on March 29, 1933; p. 94: "the Emergency Committee, acting for the Rockefeller Foundation."
[^17]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (biographical note: founding in May 1933 by Cohn, Flexner and Stein contacting Duggan; Warburg and Gregg as advisers; Farrand as chair; Murrow as assistant secretary until 1935; 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants; Series I.B "Non-Grantees" with Riezler box 107 folder 16 (1933-1934, 1940), Speier box 118 folder 17 (1934, 1940), Ascoli box 38 folder 46 (1933-1935, 1939-1943), Colm box 50 folder 5 (1933-1941), Brecht box 46 folder 36, Simons box 117 folder 3 (1933-1943), Staudinger box 119 folder 3, Marschak box 93 folder 52, Lowe box 91 folder 23, Lederer box 86 folder 44 and Reich box 105 folder 36 (1939-1940)).
[^18]: Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 344: "Stephen Duggan, of the Institute for International Education, invited me to lunch."
[^19]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Sidney Hook says Johnson "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; the 1940 "explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter"; and a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum of January 27, 1942 ("Hans Eisler File," endnote 22, p. 296) on enemy-alien files; the endnote names no author for the memorandum.
[^20]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 135: "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," with Johnson, Staudinger and Makinsky appearing in early 1942.
[^21]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 228.
[^22]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content, pp. 137-138 (the OSS quotation, over two hundred students, "over twenty-five government-associated projects," and the Rockefeller intermediaries), citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167.
[^23]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/ (Kris and Speier's study of totalitarian communication, coordinated with the BBC and government agencies; Rockefeller funding ending in 1943; researchers entering federal service; John Foster Dulles as a Foundation trustee urging post-war work; Bryce Wood's caution).
[^24]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, 1940-1944," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451 (led by Speier and Kris for the Research Center of the Graduate Faculty, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation).
[^25]: Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (New York: Oxford University Press, 1944), Preface; New School Archives, NS-02-16-01, Series 3, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451; Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 130-131 and note 47.
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 47, citing the New School Archives, "Totalitarianism Research Project," Box 1.
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 49, citing Walter Adams to Ernst Kris, May 8, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 3, Folder 134, and John Marshall's reply.
[^28]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14-15 and note 16. The dissertation lists "Gurland" in note 16 and "Gurman" in the introduction's list, and the page image of the introduction (printed p. 14) confirms the printed "Gurman" is a typographical slip for Arkadij Gurland.
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 137 (Watson "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst").
[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-137 (the offer of February 1942; Principal Political Analyst, November 1942) and pp. 145-146 (transfer to the Overseas Operations Branch on May 22, 1944).
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 (the connection made at the OWI with Leo Rosten "brought Speier to the RAND Corporation").
[^32]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 194-195 (consultant May 1948, head of the Social Science Division July 1948).
[^33]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," record group NS-02-16-01, historical note and scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^34]: Same finding aid, abstract. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^35]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^36]: Duke University Libraries, Rubenstein Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid ; "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound (subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959").
[^37]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-165 and notes 3, 9 and 11 (Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 14).
[^38]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-170.
[^39]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn École Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; recognition by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severance from the New School in June 1947).
[^40]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
[^41]: "Leo Strauss," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strauss-leo/ (the New School years, 1938 to 1948).
[^42]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hannah Arendt New School faculty files," https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/233 (University Professor in Philosophy, 1967 to 1975; office files; correspondence with Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, 1969 to 1975).
[^43]: Rockefeller Archive Center, search "New School for Social Research," Rockefeller Foundation records, Series 200, folder "New School for Social Research - Hannah Arendt - (Grant in Aid)" (folder title).
[^44]: Editors' Note, *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), p. 233 (footnote to Leo Strauss, "Kurt Riezler, 1882-1955"): "Kurt Riezler was Professor of Philosophy in the Graduate Faculty of the New School from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus."
[^45]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, p. 232.
[^46]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, Normdaten record PE00079064, "Riezler, Kurt (1882-1955)," affiliations ("New School for Social Research <New York, NY> (1919-1997) (ca. 1939-1954)") and relations ("Liebermann, Käthe (1885-1955), Ehefrau 1915"). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00079064/
[^47]: Becker, Bert, "Riezler, Kurt Karl Joseph Siegmund (Pseudonym J. J. Ruedorffer)," *Neue Deutsche Biographie* 21 (2003), pp. 618-619, the biographical article on Riezler, including its literature list. https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118601008.html
[^48]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 97 (Riezler's 1932 role at Frankfurt and "philosopher and diplomat Kurt Riezler"); Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
[^49]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Reuben Abel papers," collection NA-0003-01, scope and contents (list of lecturers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/165
[^50]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Riezler, Kurt," File, Box 10, Folder 18, New School faculty vertical files collection (NS-08-02-02). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/43221
[^51]: Colen, José A., and Svetozar Minkov, "Leo Strauss on Social and Natural Science: Two Previously Unpublished Papers," *The Review of Politics* 76, no. 4 (2014), pp. 619-633, introduction, and Strauss's paper "The frame of reference in the social sciences" (Leo Strauss Papers, Box 14, Folder 10). DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S003467051400059X
[^52]: Riezler, Kurt, "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man," *Social Research* 12, no. 4 (1945), pp. 481-505, as listed in Colen and Minkov.
[^53]: Strauss, Leo, "Kurt Riezler (1882-1955)," *Social Research* 23 (1956), pp. 233-258, reprinted in *What Is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies* (1959).
[^54]: Heuss, Theodor, "A Word in Memory of Kurt Riezler," *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), opening article of the issue.
[^55]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 102: "Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; p. 118: Ascoli "joined the University in Exile in late 1933," later editor of the Reporter.
[^56]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Wilhelm Reich Lectures, New School for Social Research (1940), 2018," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58166 (bound color photocopy of the 1940 transcripts from the Archives of the Orgone Institute).
[^57]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alien Enemy Control," NY file 100-8422, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The synopsis of the report gives the arrival date as August 26, 1939; its body and the immigration record give August 28.
[^58]: FBI memorandum of May 6, 1941 and Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
[^59]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, file on Dr. Wilhelm Reich, bufile 100-14601, Part 2 of 10, memorandum of M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, February 14, 1957, PDF page 123, beginning "Files reflect Wilhelm Reich, Austrian born, entered the U. S. in 1939," archive.org item WilhelmReichFBI, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The item has ten parts (reich1, reich2, reich3, reich4a, 4b, 4c, reich5a, 5b, 5c, reich6).
[^60]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Bateson, Gregory," New School faculty vertical files, NS-08-02-02, Box 1, Folder 20, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/42943.
[^61]: "Erich Fromm," Histories of The New School, https://histories.newschool.edu/people/erich-fromm (courses at the New School "from 1941 to 1959").
[^62]: Robert G. Jahn, "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," Princeton Alumni Weekly special report, "Psychic Research in the Western World: Colleges and Universities" list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500070001-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500070001-1.
[^63]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, New Psychic Frontiers (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, pp. 228-229 (C.W. Post College and New School entries; Holzer at the New York Institute of Technology), CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6.
[^64]: Rosemarie Pilkington, letter "Three-legged Physical mediumship," *Fortean Times* 226 (September 2007), pp. 73-74. https://archive.org/details/fortean-times-september-2007
[^65]: New School Bulletin, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), pp. 82, 88, 172, 328 and 356, https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ; Parapsychology Review, news item and volume index entry "Roller, Gilbert, 6:10," https://books.google.com/books?id=sH8YAQAAMAAJ.
[^66]: John White, ed., Psychic Exploration (New York: Putnam, 1974), https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC; The Writer's Directory, 1998-2000, p. 424, https://books.google.com/books?id=AKgKAB3ClvwC.
[^67]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 5, Box 7, Folder 43; NS-03-01-07, Box 2, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3.
[^68]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 32 (1968), subject index, "New School for Social Research, New York, 171-73"; contents entry "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition," Sara R. Feather and Robert Brier, p. 167; index "Checker, effect of, 133, 167-75." https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1968_32_index
[^69]: Gilbert Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (New York: Popular Library, 1975), "About the Author," pp. 11-13. https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^70]: Robert G. Jahn, "The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering Perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE 70, no. 2 (February 1982), pp. 136-170, roster of colleges and universities, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100010004-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100010004-6; Science Applications International Corporation, Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers (June 24, 1991), institutions roster, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4.
[^71]: Brian Josephson, Tucson conference program, email circulated March 21, 1994 to the pdl@jsasoc.com list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100130005-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000100130005-8.
[^72]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (scope note).
[^73]: MKULTRA Subproject 134 (CIA release DOC_0000017393) and Subproject 137 (DOC_0000017396), https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 and https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396; David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), 2007, fig. 4, https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide.
[^74]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^75]: Central Intelligence Agency releases DOC_0000017393 (Subproject 134, page images 134-11 and 134-12) and DOC_0000017396 (Subproject 137, page image 137-10), as reproduced in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 10, 21, 27 and 78.
[^76]: Everett, John R., letter to Anthony A. Lapham, August 16, 1977, and Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 92-95.
[^77]: New School typed draft statement on the CIA notification, undated, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 4-5. The draft carries typewriter strikeovers.
[^78]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 1.
[^79]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284; Encyclopedia of the Written Word (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments.
[^80]: Obituary of Frank J. Haronian Jr., 72, Town Topics (Princeton), October 26, 1994 (B.S. City College of New York 1943; master's in education, City College; school psychologist from 1950; Ph.D. in clinical psychology, New School for Social Research, 1963; died October 22, 1994, Lawrenceville, N.J.). https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4834unse
[^81]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8), CIA reading room copy, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3.
[^82]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289 (Everett 1964-1982; MacIver 1963-1964; Henry David 1961-1963; Hans Simons 1950-1961).
[^83]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (retirement in 1960; consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation).
[^84]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School").
[^85]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 17, "Announcements for appointment of Henry David as president, 1961 January 18-March 19," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38467
[^86]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Development and Public Relations Office records (NS-03-02-02), Series 2, "Inauguration of Dr. Henry David, 1961 Oct 23," Box 5, Folder 5, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/21027
[^87]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272
[^88]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576
[^89]: Public Seminar, "The New School's Forgotten President," https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-new-schools-forgotten-president/ (Everett's tenure 1964 to 1982, "second only to the school's founding father Alvin Johnson").
[^90]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett papers," NA.0017.01, biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/336
[^91]: Gene I. Maeroff, "University of Chicago Official to Be the New School's Head," New York Times, May 23, 1982, Section 1, p. 30. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/23/nyregion/university-of-chicago-official-to-be-the-new-school-s-head.html
[^92]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," New York Times, February 17, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" in September 1999 to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "He will be the school's seventh president"; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor).
[^93]: New School University fact sheet, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html.
[^94]: New School University press release, February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html; Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement, August 21, 2001, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000091205701529713/a2056401zdef14a.htm.
[^95]: The New School, "Julien J. Studley Elected Chairman of The New School's Board of Trustees," press release, June 30, 2008, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2008/julienstudleyrelease06302008.htm (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot).
[^96]: Chronicle of Higher Education, December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/; NBC New York, December 11, 2008, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735; amNewYork, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit.
[^97]: Jefferson Siegel, "In turmoil, students occupy building, tell Kerrey to quit," amNY, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit.
[^98]: New School press release, "The New School Names David E. Van Zandt New President," August 26, 2010, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2010/NewPresidentAppointment.htm (Wayback Machine capture of January 24, 2021: eighth president, effective January 1, 2011, succeeding Kerrey, who "was appointed in 2001" and remained president through 2010; Michael J. Johnston, chair of the board).
[^99]: New School Archives, Board of Trustees records NS-01-01-04, Series 2, folder "David Van Zandt--installation as University President (September 15, 2011)," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244; New School Archives and Special Collections, biographical note to "Video statement by Bob Kerrey, 2014 January 28" (NS-03-02-08), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58008.
[^100]: Daniel Jonas Roche, "The New School taps architect Joel Towers as its tenth president," The Architect's Newspaper, June 7, 2024, https://www.archpaper.com/2024/06/the-new-school-architect-joel-towers-tenth-president/ (Towers at the school since 2004; appointment begins August 1, 2024; succeeds interim president Donna E. Shalala, in the role since August 2023, and Dwight A. McBride, ninth president 2020 to 2023; Linda E. Rappaport, chair of the board).
[^101]: Emails between Epstein's scheduler and Kerrey's New School scheduler, April 9, 2013, EFTA01897859, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; May 3, 2013, EFTA02140166, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01897859.pdf
[^102]: Email from Epstein's scheduler to Kerrey's scheduler, June 4, 2013, EFTA02136979, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; email, September 11, 2013, EFTA02128739, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02136979.pdf
[^103]: LinkedIn connection notice to Jeffrey Epstein, July 30, 2013, EFTA01966060, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01966060.pdf
[^104]: New School University, "Philip Scaturro Elected Chairman of New School University's Board of Trustees," press release, June 12, 2002, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2002/061202_nsu_scaturro.html (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot).
[^105]: New School press release, "New School University Announces New Board Members," October 21, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/102104_nsu_members.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: Bewkes, Naughton, Reiss and Schwartz joined September 1, 2004; "Philip Scaturro is Chairman of the Board").
[^106]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: $10 million from the Starr Foundation, "the largest foundation gift in the University's history"; $3.7 million from Bernard L. Schwartz; Kerrey's remarks naming the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation).
[^107]: New School press release, November 9, 2001, http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060910004616/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html): the $1.1 million gift from Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, and the four-year project at the Center for Economic Policy Analysis.
[^108]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: "Since its establishment in September 2004"; the center renamed for the Schwartz gift; the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture).
[^109]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html, section "About the Starr Foundation" (established 1955 by Cornelius Vander Starr; American International family, now American International Group, Inc.; assets of approximately $3.5 billion).
[^110]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. I, pp. 49 to 50 and notes 112 to 116 (p. 240), including the November 21, 1998 deposition of Bernard L. Schwartz, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^111]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, Form 990 for the fiscal year ending June 2022 (filing 202301359349306540), Part VII, Section A, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197/202301359349306540/full (McBride, president, 815,044 reportable compensation and 604,206 estimated other compensation; Rappaport, chair; Stein, Blassberg and Foote, vice chairs; DeWoody and Longstreth, trustees).
[^112]: New School, "Board of Trustees Members," https://www.newschool.edu/about/university-leadership/board-of-trustees-members/ (members listed without titles, Linda E. Rappaport listed first, Joel Towers as president, life trustees including Philip Scaturro; no chair identified on the page).
[^113]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, EIN 13-3297197, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197 (organization summary data, tax years 2011 to 2023).
[^114]: USAspending.gov award records, recipient "THE NEW SCHOOL,": FA95501410030 (Department of the Air Force, start 2013-12-15, $6,176,482); W81XWH0910456 (Army, 2009, $1,370,000); W81XWH1120183 (Defense Department, 2011, $1,048,998); FA87501220325 (Defense Department, 2012, $522,399); DEEE0001719 (Energy, 2009, $1,903,000).
[^115]: Minerva Research Initiative, "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities," awarded projects, https://minerva.defense.gov/Research/Funded-Projects/Article/2029607/dynamics-of-sacred-values-and-social-responsibilities/ (Wayback Machine capture of December 10, 2019: principal investigator Jeremy Ginges, co-principal investigators, years 2014-2019, managing service agency Air Force Office of Scientific Research). USAspending award detail for ASST_NON_FA95501410030_097: period of performance 2013-12-15 to 2019-03-14. NSF award 1559387: USAspending.gov, start 2016-05-01, $653,245.
[^116]: Scott Atran, Douglas Medin, Jeremy Ginges and Richard Davis, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," final report, Defense Technical Information Center ADA591831 (archive.org mirror DTIC_ADA591831), project period May 2010 to April 2013.
[^117]: Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, August 1 to 31, 2015, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01285659, page 1 of 5: "08-06 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO BANK OF AMERICA A/C [redacted] TH E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT (16,083.00)." The preceding 08-06 line is an $8,155.00 transfer to 1st United Bank for W. Chester Brewer, Jr., P.A.
[^118]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, October 1 to 31, 2016, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01286417, page 3 of 5 (Bates EFTA01286419): "10-27 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (17,030.00)."
[^119]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, May 1 to 31, 2017, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01299344, page 2 of 5 (Bates EFTA01299345): "05-10 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (10,856.00)." The same page lists "05-11 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO STERLING NATIONAL BANK A/C [redacted] FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (3,589.00)" and, on May 19, an American Express payment of $89,103.78.
[^120]: Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, September 12, 2019, Exhibit R, "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women," DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01681865, page marked EFTA01681912 (printed page 49).
[^121]: Bella Klein email exchange with Jeffrey Epstein, December 9, 2015, EFTA02478844, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^122]: Richard Kahn email, September 20, 2016, EFTA01782038, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^123]: The New School invoice, fall 2015, EFTA02491750; Deutsche Bank statement, August 2015, EFTA01285659, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^124]: Bella Klein email, August 1, 2018, EFTA02600764, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^125]: The New School invoice, spring 2019, EFTA01008842, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.

58
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rockefeller Foundation.md
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@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ relations:
with: "[[Max Ascoli]]"
start: 1931
role: "fellowship that brought him to the United States"
fn: 20
fn: 22
- type: funded
with: "[[Princeton Listening Center]]"
start: 1939-11
end: 1941-06
role: "foundation funding for the listening center, per the Princeton finding aid and Mercado"
fn: 24
fn: 26
- type: funded
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "grants to the Institute's predecessor projects and to Institute studies; donor listed in the historical note"
start: 1941-03
end: 1951
fn: 19
fn: 21
---
The Rockefeller Foundation, chartered in 1913 and endowed from the [[Standard Oil]] fortune, was the largest of the [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.|Rockefeller]] family's philanthropies and the institutional model for the family's approach to social engineering through medicine, education, and agriculture. Across the first half of the twentieth century its public-health campaigns in [[Latin America]] (against hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever) prepared the ground for American corporate penetration of the region, easing the human suffering that accompanied plantation agriculture and resource extraction without addressing its causes. By the Cold War the Foundation had become a reservoir of national-security policy talent, supplying secretaries of state and trustees who moved between its board and the highest levels of US government, and a funder of psychiatric research that intersected the CIA's mind-control programs.
@ -68,25 +68,27 @@ The Foundation's reach extended into the psychiatric research that the CIA would
The Foundation paired with the [[New School for Social Research]] in 1933 to bring German and Central European scholars to the University in Exile. [[Alvin Johnson]] and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933. The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^8] Johnson later went to Raymond Fosdick, then the Foundation's president, for travel and two-year stipends for five scholars, and the Foundation supplied expert information on who was a Nazi or Fascist.[^9]
The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee scholar program states that Foundation officers worked closely with Johnson, with whom they had been working since 1933, and that the Foundation depended on the Emergency Committee to find permanent employment for scholars and on the [[United States Department of State]] to secure non-quota visas.[^10] Johnson's memoir has his request to Fosdick growing from five scholars to fifteen and then twenty-five, then to a project of one hundred, which Fosdick put to his trustees and approved the next day; the New York Times obituary of June 9, 1971 states that the Foundation "approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres."[^11] The Foundation's grant records group the New School's files under the refugee-scholar program, with a separate file for the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] and wartime projects including Totalitarian Communication Studies and War and Peace Studies.[^12] A July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson, written after the French government barred French males of military age from leaving Paris, is filed in the Foundation's records.[^13]
The New School's history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000, [[Hiram J. Halle]] gave the whole $60,000 for the University in Exile, and that additional funding from the Foundation "enabled him to enlarge his rescue efforts."[^10] [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as associated with the Foundation, which he says spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars.[^11]
The Foundation funded the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] at the New School, led by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]], which analyzed radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and was coordinated with the British Broadcasting Corporation and government agencies. Foundation funding ended in 1943, and many of the researchers later held federal posts. John Foster Dulles, a Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation to continue work in this field after the war in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^14]
The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee scholar program states that Foundation officers worked closely with Johnson, with whom they had been working since 1933, and that the Foundation depended on the Emergency Committee to find permanent employment for scholars and on the [[United States Department of State]] to secure non-quota visas.[^12] Johnson's memoir has his request to Fosdick growing from five scholars to fifteen and then twenty-five, then to a project of one hundred, which Fosdick put to his trustees and approved the next day; the New York Times obituary of June 9, 1971 states that the Foundation "approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres."[^13] The Foundation's grant records group the New School's files under the refugee-scholar program, with a separate file for the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] and wartime projects including Totalitarian Communication Studies and War and Peace Studies.[^14] A July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson, written after the French government barred French males of military age from leaving Paris, is filed in the Foundation's records.[^15]
The Foundation's grants reached the [[Institute of World Affairs]] through its predecessor projects and through studies run by the Institute. Its grants for the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication were $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942.[^15] A study titled "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction," compiled by the Institute from 1944 to 1949, was funded by the Foundation "in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^16] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941, was financed by the Foundation and "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^17] A folder for [[Joseph H. Willits]] for 1941 to 1952 concerns a Foundation grant for the project of [[Hans Neisser]] titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^18] The Institute's historical note reports its funding for 1943 to 1951 at $630,000, with the Foundation among its donors.[^19]
The Foundation funded the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] at the New School, led by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]], which analyzed radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and was coordinated with the British Broadcasting Corporation and government agencies. Foundation funding ended in 1943, and many of the researchers later held federal posts. John Foster Dulles, a Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation to continue work in this field after the war in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^16]
The Foundation's grants reached the [[Institute of World Affairs]] through its predecessor projects and through studies run by the Institute. Its grants for the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication were $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942.[^17] A study titled "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction," compiled by the Institute from 1944 to 1949, was funded by the Foundation "in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^18] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941, was financed by the Foundation and "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^19] A folder for [[Joseph H. Willits]] for 1941 to 1952 concerns a Foundation grant for the project of [[Hans Neisser]] titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^20] The Institute's historical note reports its funding for 1943 to 1951 at $630,000, with the Foundation among its donors.[^21]
### Refugee Scholar Fellowships, 1931 to 1933
The Italian anti-fascist [[Max Ascoli]] came to the United States in 1931 on a Foundation fellowship; Ascoli wrote in 1954 that the offer was made in the spring of 1931 by the Foundation's representative in Italy, [[Luigi Einaudi]].[^20][^21] In 1933 Johnson recruited Ascoli, with the Austrian scholar [[Erich Hula]], as one of two additional Rockefeller scholars for the University in Exile, and Ascoli joined the Graduate Faculty in late 1933.[^22]
The Italian anti-fascist [[Max Ascoli]] came to the United States in 1931 on a Foundation fellowship; Ascoli wrote in 1954 that the offer was made in the spring of 1931 by the Foundation's representative in Italy, [[Luigi Einaudi]].[^22][^23] In 1933 Johnson recruited Ascoli, with the Austrian scholar [[Erich Hula]], as one of two additional Rockefeller scholars for the University in Exile, and Ascoli joined the Graduate Faculty in late 1933.[^24]
### Belém Virus Laboratory
In the Brazilian Amazon the Foundation's medical infrastructure directly served the development drive. The BR-010 highway pushed south from [[Belem|Belém]] toward [[Juscelino Kubitschek|Kubitschek's]] new capital at Brasília, "shielded from the jungle's malarial counterattacks by mosquito control programs and scientists from the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Belém Virus Laboratory," the same road network that opened uncontacted indigenous territories to settlement and mining.[^23]
In the Brazilian Amazon the Foundation's medical infrastructure directly served the development drive. The BR-010 highway pushed south from [[Belem|Belém]] toward [[Juscelino Kubitschek|Kubitschek's]] new capital at Brasília, "shielded from the jungle's malarial counterattacks by mosquito control programs and scientists from the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Belém Virus Laboratory," the same road network that opened uncontacted indigenous territories to settlement and mining.[^25]
### Princeton Listening Center and Wartime Monitoring
The Foundation's money reached American radio monitoring before the government had a monitoring service of its own. The [[Princeton Listening Center]] was launched in November 1939 at [[Princeton University]] with Foundation funding, and its finding aid states that it was financed by the Foundation and continued its work until June 1941, when the [[Federal Communications Commission]] took over; [[Stephen C. Mercado]] likewise gives the absorption by the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] as June.[^24] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that Washington organizations "used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to Graduate Faculty members," some of whom could not work directly for the government because they remained foreign nationals.[^25]
The Foundation's money reached American radio monitoring before the government had a monitoring service of its own. The [[Princeton Listening Center]] was launched in November 1939 at [[Princeton University]] with Foundation funding, and its finding aid states that it was financed by the Foundation and continued its work until June 1941, when the [[Federal Communications Commission]] took over; [[Stephen C. Mercado]] likewise gives the absorption by the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] as June.[^26] Daniel Bessner writes that Washington organizations "used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to Graduate Faculty members," some of whom could not work directly for the government because they remained foreign nationals.[^27]
A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, Princeton and the Foundation. [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] wrote a memo for [[Lloyd Free]] on July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment" at inaccuracies in the article, among them its claim of a joint project.[^26]
A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, Princeton and the Foundation. [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] wrote a memo for [[Lloyd Free]] on July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment" at inaccuracies in the article, among them its claim of a joint project.[^28]
### Footnotes
@ -99,20 +101,22 @@ A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC,
[^7]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18.
[^8]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of The New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 86, p. 91 and p. 94.
[^9]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366-367.
[^10]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked closely with Alvin Johnson of the New School for Social Research, with whom they had been working since 1933; the Emergency Committee found permanent employment for scholars).
[^11]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366 to 367; "Dr. Alvin Johnson Of New School Dies," The New York Times, June 9, 1971, p. 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/09/archives/dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school-dies-dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school.html
[^12]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file groups "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," "New School for Social Research - Totalitarian Communication Studies," and "War and Peace Studies," https://dimes.rockarch.org.
[^13]: Rockefeller Archive Center, REsource story "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program" (letter from Marc Bloch to Alvin Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
[^14]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/
[^15]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 130-131. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256
[^17]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285
[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198
[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^20]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Also Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
[^21]: "The Reporter's Notes," The Reporter, September 23, 1954, pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5.
[^22]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
[^23]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 22.
[^24]: Princeton University Library, "Princeton Listening Center Records, 1939-1941" (AC015), finding aid. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC015. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on the Princeton Listening Center's launch in November 1939 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and on its absorption by FBIS in June. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^25]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 138. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
[^26]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article of July 1941 and Graves's memo of 9 July 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^10]: Histories of The New School, "University in Exile." https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile
[^11]: Daniel Morris Bessner, The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State (Duke University dissertation, 2013), p. 84 and note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
[^12]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked closely with Alvin Johnson of the New School for Social Research, with whom they had been working since 1933; the Emergency Committee found permanent employment for scholars).
[^13]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366 to 367; "Dr. Alvin Johnson Of New School Dies," The New York Times, June 9, 1971, p. 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/09/archives/dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school-dies-dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school.html
[^14]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file groups "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," "New School for Social Research - Totalitarian Communication Studies," and "War and Peace Studies," https://dimes.rockarch.org.
[^15]: Rockefeller Archive Center, REsource story "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program" (letter from Marc Bloch to Alvin Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
[^16]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/
[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 130-131. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256
[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285
[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198
[^21]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^22]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Also Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
[^23]: "The Reporter's Notes," The Reporter, September 23, 1954, pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5.
[^24]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
[^25]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 22.
[^26]: Princeton University Library, "Princeton Listening Center Records, 1939-1941" (AC015), finding aid. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC015. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on the Princeton Listening Center's launch in November 1939 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and on its absorption by FBIS in June. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^27]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 138. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
[^28]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article of July 1941 and Graves's memo of 9 July 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.

39
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology.md
View file

@ -49,6 +49,18 @@ relations:
end: 1963
role: "$2,000 grant for a book on the psychology of writing, per Price's table of the Fund's 1961-1963 report; the Fund is thanked in the posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word"
fn: 9
- type: funded
with: "[[Anthony J. Wiener]]"
role: "1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits, $12,000 in total, as reported by Oster"
start: 1958
end: 1959
fn: 17
- type: funded
with: "[[Frank Haronian]]"
start: 1961
end: 1963
role: "Human Ecology Fund grant, Physique and psychological functioning, $39,000 (Price table)"
fn: 9
---
The Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] front foundation established in [[New York City]] around 1955 to channel covert funding from [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] to academic researchers, psychiatric institutions, and other organizations conducting behavioral modification research on the CIA's behalf. Operating under the guise of a legitimate foundation supporting behavioral science research, the Society provided institutional cover that allowed MKULTRA funding to reach recipients whose participation might have been refused or compromised if the CIA's role had been disclosed.[^1]
@ -91,7 +103,7 @@ An October 1977 NBC television segment, "The Children and the CIA," reported tha
### Renaming and Phase-Out
Marks states that "In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund," and continues to call the body the Society throughout his book.[^2] The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by [[David H. Price]], lists grants including $2,000 to Klara G. Roman for "Book: The Psychology of Writing" and $39,000 to Frank Haronian for "Physique and psychological functioning." Price gives James L. Monroe as the Fund's executive director from 1961 to 1963 and David Rhodes from 1964, and states that operations shifted from New York City to Cornell University's medical school.[^9] The posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word (1968) thanks "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" for helping Roman, and Dr. Walter P. Pasternak "of the Human Ecology Fund."[^10] A February 1963 CIA memorandum on MKULTRA Subproject 137 states that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript."[^11] At the 1977 hearing Gittinger testified that "As far as I was concerned, it was the period of time ending in 1961," and that the Society and the Human Ecology Fund were phased out. He gave the phase-out end date for the Fund as 1965: "I believe the Human Ecology fund finally phased out in 1965, but I was not involved in this phasing out."[^12] Marks records that in 1962 Gittinger and his co-workers moved their base of operations from the Human Ecology headquarters in New York to [[Psychological Assessment Associates]], a CIA proprietary company in Washington.[^5]
Marks states that "In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund," and continues to call the body the Society throughout his book.[^2] The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by [[David H. Price]], lists grants including $2,000 to Klara G. Roman for "Book: The Psychology of Writing" and $39,000 to Frank Haronian for "Physique and psychological functioning." Price gives James L. Monroe as the Fund's executive director from 1961 to 1963 and David Rhodes from 1964, and states that operations shifted from New York City to Cornell University's medical school.[^9] The first-page note of a 1964 paper by [[A. Arthur Sugerman]] and [[Frank Haronian]] states: "This study was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund."[^10] A February 1963 accounting for MKULTRA Subproject 134, the study whose investigator was Haronian, closes with the statement that it is a true account "as reported to the Fund." The Subproject 134 status page lists the contractor "as a grantee of the" redacted body.[^11] The posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word (1968) thanks "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" for helping Roman, and Dr. Walter P. Pasternak "of the Human Ecology Fund."[^12] A February 1963 CIA memorandum on MKULTRA Subproject 137 states that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript."[^13] At the 1977 hearing Gittinger testified that "As far as I was concerned, it was the period of time ending in 1961," and that the Society and the Human Ecology Fund were phased out. He gave the phase-out end date for the Fund as 1965: "I believe the Human Ecology fund finally phased out in 1965, but I was not involved in this phasing out."[^14] Marks records that in 1962 Gittinger and his co-workers moved their base of operations from the Human Ecology headquarters in New York to [[Psychological Assessment Associates]], a CIA proprietary company in Washington.[^5]
### Disclosure
@ -101,11 +113,13 @@ The disclosure that a foundation with academic and scientific board members had
### 1977 Public Accounts
Asked at the August 3, 1977 hearing about the Society's funding, Gittinger said: "The Agency in effect provided the money. They did not direct the projects." He also said that "there are a lot of innocent people who received the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology money which I know for a fact they were never asked to do anything for the CIA," and that "They had no knowledge that they were getting CIA money."[^12] Asked about the budget, he replied: "I honestly do not remember," and guessed "about $150,000 a year, but don't hold me to that."[^12]
Asked at the August 3, 1977 hearing about the Society's funding, Gittinger said: "The Agency in effect provided the money. They did not direct the projects." He also said that "there are a lot of innocent people who received the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology money which I know for a fact they were never asked to do anything for the CIA," and that "They had no knowledge that they were getting CIA money."[^14] Asked about the budget, he replied: "I honestly do not remember," and guessed "about $150,000 a year, but don't hold me to that."[^14]
Marks reports that James Monroe told The New York Times on August 2, 1977 that "only about 25 to 30 percent" of the Society's budget came from the CIA, a figure Marks says Monroe knew to be false because "the actual figure was well over 90 percent."[^13]
Marks reports that James Monroe told The New York Times on August 2, 1977 that "only about 25 to 30 percent" of the Society's budget came from the CIA, a figure Marks says Monroe knew to be false because "the actual figure was well over 90 percent."[^15]
The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that "Sociological, cultural and anthropological studies were financed through the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology," and that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A."[^14]
The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that "Sociological, cultural and anthropological studies were financed through the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology," and that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A."[^16]
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had financed a research project at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents. The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. The research, "which relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was conducted by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with MIT's [[Center for International Studies]] and later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], whom the article called "apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." It described the Society as "the now defunct Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, A New York-based CIA front set up in the 1950s to provide a legitimate cover for CIA research projects, including some involving 'brainwashing.'" A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there said that "Given a model or prototype [of a scientist], it is desired that guidance be provided as regards the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated."[^17]
### Footnotes
@ -113,13 +127,16 @@ The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that "Sociological, cultural and
[^2]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, "Human Ecology," p. 149, note ("In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund").
[^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 9.
[^4]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, Annual Report, 1957 (34 pp.). Wayback Machine capture of https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf , https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf .
[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 9, "Human Ecology," p. 168 (grant to Saunders and the move to Psychological Assessment Associates in 1962). Sole source for the dollar figure and the 1962 move: Marks.
[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 9, "Human Ecology," p. 168 (grant to Saunders and the move to Psychological Assessment Associates in 1962).
[^6]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 10, "The Gittinger Assessment System," p. 170.
[^7]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 10, "The Gittinger Assessment System," p. 171, note (asterisk note on graphology).
[^8]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996.
[^9]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, text and fig. 4 (source given: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide . Sole source for the grant rows: Price's table.
[^10]: *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: F. Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments, Internet Archive full-text index of https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwr0000roma
[^11]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, CIA release DOC_0000017396, accounting memorandum of February 1963. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^12]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977, testimony of John Gittinger. Available: intelligence.senate.gov.
[^13]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, "Conclusions" chapter, note on p. 207 (quoting James Monroe in *The New York Times*, August 2, 1977). Sole source for the Monroe statement: Marks.
[^14]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," *The New York Times*, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8). CIA reading room copy: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 ; archive.org copy: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 .
[^9]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, text and fig. 4 (source given: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide .
[^10]: A. Arthur Sugerman and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, pp. 380-394, first-page note. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x
[^11]: Accounting for MKULTRA Subproject 134, grant period 9-1-61 to 8-31-62, dated February 1963; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 17 (status page at p. 10); release DOC_0000017393.
[^12]: *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: F. Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments, Internet Archive full-text index of https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwr0000roma
[^13]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, CIA release DOC_0000017396, accounting memorandum of February 1963. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^14]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977, testimony of John Gittinger. Available: intelligence.senate.gov.
[^15]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, "Conclusions" chapter, note on p. 207 (quoting James Monroe in *The New York Times*, August 2, 1977).
[^16]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," *The New York Times*, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8). CIA reading room copy: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 ; archive.org copy: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 .
[^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8