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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office of Strategic Services.md
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@ -60,9 +60,13 @@ The OSS established a "truth drug" committee under Dr. [[Winfred Overholser]], h
Truman dissolved the OSS on October 1, 1945, distributing its functions to the State Department (Research and Analysis) and the War Department (Strategic Services Unit, which preserved the clandestine service infrastructure). Executive Order 9621 transferred the Research and Analysis Branch and the Presentation Branch to an Interim Research and Intelligence Service in the Department of State, which was abolished at the close of business on December 31, 1945.[^2] The Central Intelligence Agency was created by the National Security Act of 1947, signed July 26, 1947, and formally established September 18, 1947. The institutional culture Donovan developed - including the use of academic, journalistic, and cultural figures as intelligence assets; the cultivation of foreign service networks; and the use of proprietary companies as operational covers - became standard CIA practice after the transition.[^3]
### Foreign Nationalities Branch Reporting on Italian Anti-Fascists
The Foreign Nationalities Branch reported on the [[Mazzini Society]] and its rivals. Foreign Nationalities Branch memorandum No. 111 of March 6, 1943, summarized in a Secretariat memorandum of March 27, 1943 to William J. Donovan, described "considerable confusion" among liberal and socialist Italian and Spanish anti-Fascists in the United States.[^11] The memorandum states that the Mazzini Society "has been shaken by a series of internal disputes and crises and is much weakened by the resultant confusion" and "still maintains itself as the leading non-party, liberal anti-fascist organization," and that ex-members who were formerly important in its leadership were drifting toward the Communist-led [[Alleanza Garibaldi]], centered in [[Mexico City]].[^11] It also describes the Italian leadership and the Spanish Acción Republicana as occupied, after the August 1942 Montevideo conference, with strengthening intergroup unity, "combat legions" and national committees.[^11]
### Emigre Scholars
The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research]] "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the school's University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects routed through [[Rockefeller Foundation]] intermediaries.[^11]
The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research]] "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the school's University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects routed through [[Rockefeller Foundation]] intermediaries.[^12]
### Footnotes
@ -76,4 +80,5 @@ The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research
[^8]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Langer's letter to Leigh of April 22, 1944, National Archives, RG 262, Entry 68, Box 22. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^9]: Roop, Part I, pp. 267-268. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^10]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 1.
[^11]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 137-138, citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^11]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Office of Strategic Services, Foreign Nationalities Branch organization file (1942-43), "Confusion Among Liberal and Socialist Italian and Spanish Anti-Fascists in the United States (Summary of FNB Memo No. 111)," Secretariat memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 27, 1943, PDF p. 154; memorandum No. 111, PDF pp. 157-159. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7
[^12]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 137-138, citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content