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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office of War Information.md
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@ -214,11 +214,13 @@ The OWI Security Advisory Board was also reorganized. A Central Intelligence Gro
Barrett organized a group of experts in April 1950 that included Speier, to discuss psychological strategy, tactics and organization. Speier was then a State Department consultant for psychological warfare known to James E. Webb and Barrett, and he took part in [[Project TROY]], the study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology of Soviet jamming of American broadcasts.[^44] After the war Speier and Carroll worked together as psychological warfare consultants for the State Department and as consultants for the [[Ford Foundation]]. Between September 1952 and February 1953 the planning committee for the international communication program of MIT's Center for International Studies, headed by Speier and including Carroll, [[Jerome Bruner]], Harold Lasswell, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Edward Shils]] and [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]], consulted among others Gorer, Leites, [[Daniel Lerner]], Löwenthal and George Morgan.[^40]
Speier left government service in 1948 to join the [[Rand Corporation]] and became chief of its Social Science Division. He brought several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND, including [[Alexander L. George]] and Leites. Rosten, a member of the 1946 RAND committee that considered candidates for its social science division, came to RAND through [[Allen Wallis]], and Bessner writes that a connection Speier made with Rosten at OWI brought Speier to RAND.[^45]
The group Barrett convened in April 1950 followed a sequence of proposals made in Washington that spring. On March 1, 1950 President Truman sent Acheson a memorandum on a proposal by David Sarnoff for a committee to improve the Voice of America. Barrett's memorandum of March 6, 1950 recommended "a new high-level committee of Sarnoff, etc., to look for added means of getting the truth behind the Iron Curtain," and said that the committee "would not confine itself to radio but would look into such proposals as the hardy perennial of utilizing balloons to drop leaflets."[^45] Bessner writes that James E. Webb contacted [[James Killian]] of MIT that summer, and that the project Killian and [[John Burchard]] accepted, Project TROY, took up the study of Soviet jamming of American radio transmissions.[^46]
Speier left government service in 1948 to join the [[Rand Corporation]] and became chief of its Social Science Division. He brought several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND, including [[Alexander L. George]] and Leites. Rosten, a member of the 1946 RAND committee that considered candidates for its social science division, came to RAND through [[Allen Wallis]], and Bessner writes that a connection Speier made with Rosten at OWI brought Speier to RAND.[^47]
### Records
Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA description gives 3,584 cubic feet, dated 1926 to 1951 with the bulk in 1941 to 1946. Its subgroups include the Domestic Operations Branch, the Overseas Operations Branch, the New York Office and the San Francisco Office, and the general records include those of the Security Advisory Board. The finding aids are H. Stephen Helton's Preliminary Inventory PI 56 (1953) and the Helton and Forrest R. Holdcamper inventory NC 148 (1967). Related records are in RG 44 (Office of Government Reports), RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services), RG 287 (government publications) and RG 306 (United States Information Agency).[^3] Archival pulls for the agency's files include RG 208 Entry 355, box 1712, the folder for Wallace Carroll, Entry 358, box 108, for a cable of November 20, 1945 from William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, and Entry 6B, box 6, for the Overseas Operations Branch office files.[^46]
Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA description gives 3,584 cubic feet, dated 1926 to 1951 with the bulk in 1941 to 1946. Its subgroups include the Domestic Operations Branch, the Overseas Operations Branch, the New York Office and the San Francisco Office, and the general records include those of the Security Advisory Board. The finding aids are H. Stephen Helton's Preliminary Inventory PI 56 (1953) and the Helton and Forrest R. Holdcamper inventory NC 148 (1967). Related records are in RG 44 (Office of Government Reports), RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services), RG 287 (government publications) and RG 306 (United States Information Agency).[^3] Archival pulls for the agency's files include RG 208 Entry 355, box 1712, the folder for Wallace Carroll, Entry 358, box 108, for a cable of November 20, 1945 from William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, and Entry 6B, box 6, for the Overseas Operations Branch office files.[^48]
### Footnotes
@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^7]: Executive Order 9312, "Defining the Foreign Information Activities of the Office of War Information," March 9, 1943, Federal Register, March 10, 1943 (F.R. Doc. 43-3806), paragraphs 1 and 2. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000200100008-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000200100008-4
[^8]: Office of Strategic Services, Morale Operations Field Manual, Strategic Services (Provisional), Strategic Services Field Manual No. 2, January 26, 1943, section on other U.S. agencies, item d (the State Department, OWI, FEA, the Treasury Department and the CIAA).
[^9]: War Department General Staff, G-2, summary sheet "Establishment of Psychological Warfare Division, Special Staff," May 22, 1946, paragraphs 2c, 2f and 2g. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP64-00658A000100370008-0. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP64-00658A000100370008-0
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14 to 15 and note 16 (Borkenau, Bornstein, Löwenthal and Pächter worked for the OWI; Gilbert, Gumbel, Gurland, Holborn, Kirchheimer, Marcuse, F. Neumann and S. Neumann worked for the OSS). Sole source for the exile lists. The introductory list prints "Arkady Gurman" and note 16 prints "Gurland."
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14 to 15 and note 16 (Borkenau, Bornstein, Löwenthal and Pächter worked for the OWI; Gilbert, Gumbel, Gurland, Holborn, Kirchheimer, Marcuse, F. Neumann and S. Neumann worked for the OSS). The introductory list prints "Arkady Gurman" and note 16 prints "Gurland."
[^11]: United States Government Manual, 1945 edition (Washington: Division of Public Inquiries, Special Services Bureau, Office of War Information), Emergency War Agencies, Office of War Information, pp. 88 to 95 (officials; Domestic Operations Branch; Overseas Operations Branch, including the Bureau of Overseas Intelligence and its Central Intelligence, Regional Analysis and Foreign Morale Analysis Divisions). https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesgove033383mbp
[^12]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 29, 1943, remarks in the debate on the OWI appropriation ("until very recently the Director of the Domestic Branch was Mr. Gardner Cowles ... Following his resignation, Mr. Palmer Hoyt, another prominent Republican ... has left his own newspaper to come here as Director of the Domestic Branch"). Speaker not identified in the available text. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^13]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 15, 1943, p. 5909, remarks of Representative Short. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
@ -243,16 +245,16 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^19]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, Senate, June 30, 1943, pp. 6803 to 6804, remarks of Senator O'Mahoney on the Domestic Branch of the Office of War Information. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^20]: National War Agencies Appropriation Act, 1944, Public Law 139, 78th Congress, chapter 228, approved July 12, 1943, 57 Stat. 531 to 532 (Office of War Information, salaries and expenses). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-57/pdf/STATUTE-57-Pg522.pdf
[^21]: Roop, Part I, p. 14 (Graves's October 1941 announcement that Watson would accept a P-6 and serve as head of the Analysis Section). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^22]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132 to 133 and notes 51, 54 and 55 (first report sent a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; Watson's February 1942 offer of the post of Senior Political Analyst, the head of the Analysis Division's Central European Section). Sole source for the first-report date and the February 1942 offer.
[^22]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132 to 133 and notes 51, 54 and 55 (first report sent a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; Watson's February 1942 offer of the post of Senior Political Analyst, the head of the Analysis Division's Central European Section).
[^23]: Roop, Part I, pp. 121 to 122 (Watson as head of the Analysis Division writing on December 30, 1942; Leigh's announcement of April 19, 1943 and the move to the Social Security Building; Graves on May 13, 1943, "function as an integral part of OWI"; Eugene Katz's letter to Leigh of June 18, 1943, "so friendly"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 144 to 145 and note 99 (the Analysis Division's May 1943 move to OWI headquarters, "retaining Watson as its director"; offices contiguous with the Overseas Operations Branch). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 144 to 145 and note 99 (the Analysis Division's May 1943 move to OWI headquarters, "retaining Watson as its director"; offices contiguous with the Overseas Operations Branch).
[^25]: Roop, Part I, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942 to establish an analysis operation working closely with OWI in London and supplying Washington with reports; "a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145 to 146 and notes 103 to 106 (May 22, 1944 transfer from the Analysis Division to the Overseas Operations Branch under Wallace Carroll; head of the German Committee of Area One, overseeing about eight regional specialists; Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany) from December 1944, Carroll to Thurman L. Barnard, December 4, 1944; Speier "personally wrote many of the propaganda directives targeted at Germany, most of which were broadcast over" the Voice of America; Carroll signed them). Sole source for the Speier transfer, the December 1944 post and the directives.
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 and notes 46 and 47 (Rockefeller Foundation grants of $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942; the Rockefeller communications portfolio including the Princeton Shortwave Listening Center and Lasswell's Experimental Division for the Study of Wartime Communications at the Library of Congress; roster of the research project including "Dr. Heinz Pächter"). Sole source for the grant figures and the roster.
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145 to 146 and notes 103 to 106 (May 22, 1944 transfer from the Analysis Division to the Overseas Operations Branch under Wallace Carroll; head of the German Committee of Area One, overseeing about eight regional specialists; Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany) from December 1944, Carroll to Thurman L. Barnard, December 4, 1944; Speier "personally wrote many of the propaganda directives targeted at Germany, most of which were broadcast over" the Voice of America; Carroll signed them).
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 and notes 46 and 47 (Rockefeller Foundation grants of $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942; the Rockefeller communications portfolio including the Princeton Shortwave Listening Center and Lasswell's Experimental Division for the Study of Wartime Communications at the Library of Congress; roster of the research project including "Dr. Heinz Pächter").
[^28]: FBIS Administrative Memorandum No. 16, "To Officers of the FBIS," January 22, 1943, on the exchange of correspondence with Nelson A. Rockefeller, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and on the use of FBIS material through OWI officials. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP82-00177R000300410017-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp82-00177r000300410017-3
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 191, note 89 (Rosten as OWI liaison between Washington and Hollywood; "instrumental in convincing government officials to use films for propaganda"). Sole source for the Hollywood liaison role.
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 191, note 89 (Rosten as OWI liaison between Washington and Hollywood; "instrumental in convincing government officials to use films for propaganda").
[^30]: Roop, Part I, p. 122, note (Theodore Newcomb on February 15, 1943: "Unfortunately and off the record our relations with them (OWI analysts) are far from the best. There is only one person from whom I guarantee you would get a friendly ear, Otto Klineberg. He used to be with us and is now with them."). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143 to 144 and notes 96 to 98 (Speier to Leigh, December 14, 1942; Gorer to Speier, March 3, 1943; Speier to OWI Overseas Operations Branch, October 13, 1943; the OWI propaganda analysis division; weekly meetings of autumn 1942). Sole source for the quoted remarks.
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143 to 144 and notes 96 to 98 (Speier to Leigh, December 14, 1942; Gorer to Speier, March 3, 1943; Speier to OWI Overseas Operations Branch, October 13, 1943; the OWI propaganda analysis division; weekly meetings of autumn 1942).
[^32]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid for C. D. Jackson: Papers, 1931 to 1967, scope and content note (Jackson "representing the Office of War Information (OWI)" as Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Branch at AFHQ in 1943 and Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Division at SHAEF in 1944 to 1945; the Allied Information Service; correspondents; President of the Free Europe Committee 1951 to 1952; Radio Free Europe from 1949 to 1964). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf
[^33]: Office of War Information, "OWI in the ETO: A Report on the Activities of the Office of War Information in the European Theatre of Operations, January 1944 to January 1945," transmitted by Philip C. Hamblet to Elmer Davis, April 18, 1945 (OWI London and PWD; 279 OWI staff; Normandy press teams; the European News Room; ABSIE; the United States Information Service in France). https://archive.org/details/owiinetoreporton00unit
[^34]: Voice of America Programming Handbook, third edition (1992), history section (first broadcast February 24, 1942, a fifteen-minute German program, described there as set up within OWI in the Foreign Information Service; John Houseman; relay of programs from New York to Britain by military aircraft; 27 language services and 23 transmitters by the Casablanca conference in 1943; 41 languages; transfer to the Department of State; the McMahon committee in late 1945; appropriations in 1946 and 1947; the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152840_0234
@ -265,6 +267,8 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^41]: Robert T. Holt, Radio Free Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958), pp. 39 to 40. https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Station-Books/Radio-Free-Europe-Holt-1958.pdf
[^42]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^43]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and notes 37 to 41 (Barrett's April 1950 group of experts "which included Speier"; Speier's consultancy known to Webb and Barrett; Project TROY). Bessner prints "William Barrett" for Barrett's first name in this passage. Sole source for Speier's membership of the group.
[^45]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"; Speier "recruited to RAND several of his AD colleagues, including Alexander L. George and Nathan Leites"); p. 135 (Speier "brought a number of his colleagues, including George and Leites, into the organization"); p. 158, note 157 (Speier "left government service to join the RAND Corporation" in 1948); p. 189 (the 1946 committee including Rosten); p. 191, note 89 (Rosten "came to RAND through Allen Wallis"). Sole source for the RAND recruitment.
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 104 (RG 208, Entry 355, Records of the Office of War Information, General Records of the Chief, box 1712, folder "Wallace Carroll"; Entry 6B, box 6, Overseas Operations Branch, folder "OOB, Office of the Director," Barrett to all staff members of the Overseas Operations Branch, March 27, 1944); note 124 (William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn to Eric Bellquist et al., November 20, 1945, Office of War Information cable, RG 208, Entry 358, box 108). Sole source for these box and folder references.
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and notes 37 to 41 (Barrett's April 1950 group of experts "which included Speier"; Speier's consultancy known to Webb and Barrett; Project TROY). Bessner prints "William Barrett" for Barrett's first name in this passage.
[^45]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and note 37 (Acheson's request to Webb and Barrett; Webb's approach to Killian and Burchard in the summer of 1950).
[^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"; Speier "recruited to RAND several of his AD colleagues, including Alexander L. George and Nathan Leites"); p. 135 (Speier "brought a number of his colleagues, including George and Leites, into the organization"); p. 158, note 157 (Speier "left government service to join the RAND Corporation" in 1948); p. 189 (the 1946 committee including Rosten); p. 191, note 89 (Rosten "came to RAND through Allen Wallis").
[^48]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 104 (RG 208, Entry 355, Records of the Office of War Information, General Records of the Chief, box 1712, folder "Wallace Carroll"; Entry 6B, box 6, Overseas Operations Branch, folder "OOB, Office of the Director," Barrett to all staff members of the Overseas Operations Branch, March 27, 1944); note 124 (William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn to Eric Bellquist et al., November 20, 1945, Office of War Information cable, RG 208, Entry 358, box 108).