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70
00 - META/CHANGELOG.md
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@ -1,25 +1,50 @@
- 2026-10-09T1448 · [[Project MKUltra]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Project Troy]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Philip Scaturro]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Max Millikan]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Frank Haronian]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Porter Goss]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[September 11 attacks]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Project MKUltra]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[New School for Social Research]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Office of War Information]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Jerome B. Wiesner]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Harry S. Truman]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Michael Whitney Straight]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Hans Speier]]
- 2026-10-09T1601 · [[Bob Kerrey]]
- 2026-10-09T1600 · [[Alvin Johnson]]
- 2026-10-09T1600 · [[Max Ascoli]]
- 2026-10-09T1600 · [[Dean Acheson]]
- 2026-10-09T1558 · [[Allen and Company]]
- 2026-10-09T1557 · [[British Security Coordination]]
- 2026-10-09T1557 · [[Paul Nitze]]
- 2026-10-09T1557 · [[John R. Everett]]
- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Boris Nikolic]]
- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Kathryn Ruemmler]]
- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Peter Thiel]]
- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Ehud Barak]]
- 2026-10-09T1556 · [[Rockefeller Foundation]]
- 2026-10-09T1554 · [[Serafino Romualdi]]
- 2026-10-09T1554 · [[Office of Strategic Services]]
- 2026-10-09T1551 · [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]
- 2026-10-09T1544 · [[Louis Dolivet]]
- 2026-10-09T1543 · [[Hiram J. Halle]]
- 2026-10-09T1542 · [[Mazzini Society]]
- 2026-10-09T1445 · [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]]
- 2026-10-09T1444 · [[Hans Simons]]
- 2026-10-09T1443 · [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]]
- 2026-10-09T1443 · [[Rockefeller Foundation]]
- 2026-10-09T1443 · [[Ernst Kris]]
- 2026-10-09T1443 · [[Alvin Johnson]]
- 2026-10-09T1443 · [[Max Ascoli]]
- 2026-10-09T1442 · [[Hans Speier]]
- 2026-10-09T1441 · [[Robert M. Brier]]
- 2026-10-09T1441 · [[Martin Ebon]]
- 2026-10-09T1439 · [[Klara G. Roman]]
- 2026-10-09T1439 · [[New School for Social Research]]
- 2026-10-09T1437 · [[United States Information Agency]]
- 2026-10-09T1437 · [[Rand Corporation]]
- 2026-10-09T1437 · [[Stansfield Turner]]
- 2026-10-09T1436 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
- 2026-10-09T1435 · [[Office of Strategic Services]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Gilbert Roller]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Institute of World Affairs]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[John R. Everett]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Office of War Information]]
- 2026-10-09T1433 · [[Goodwin Watson]]
- 2026-10-09T1337 · [[Council on Foreign Relations]]
- 2026-10-09T1335 · [[Nelson Rockefeller]]
@ -33,12 +58,9 @@
- 2026-10-09T1333 · [[Allen Dulles]]
- 2026-10-09T1331 · [[Kim Philby]]
- 2026-10-09T1330 · [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
- 2026-10-09T1328 · [[Bob Kerrey]]
- 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Bernard L. Schwartz]]
- 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Michael Whitney Straight]]
- 2026-10-09T1324 · [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]
- 2026-10-09T1301 · [[Leo Strauss]]
- 2026-10-09T1259 · [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]
- 2026-10-09T1258 · [[National Reconnaissance Office]]
- 2026-10-09T1258 · [[Eileen Garrett]]
- 2026-10-09T1256 · [[James Monroe]]
@ -76,25 +98,3 @@
- 2026-10-08T2104 · [[Barbara Studley]]
- 2026-10-08T2104 · [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]]
- 2026-10-08T2102 · [[Bayshore Bank of Florida]]
- 2026-10-08T2102 · [[Swissco Management Group]]
- 2026-10-08T2102 · [[Augusto Giangrandi]]
- 2026-10-08T2102 · [[Louis Petrillo]]
- 2026-10-08T2102 · [[Paul L. Perito]]
- 2026-10-08T2102 · [[Ferenc Koszorús]]
- 2026-10-08T2102 · [[Frank Koszorus Jr.]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[International Signal and Control]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Myron S. Malkin]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Isaac C. Kidd Jr.]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Ward Boston]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[James Guerin]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Six-Day War]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[BNL Scandal]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Stargate Project]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[ARMSCOR]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Nicaraguan National Guard]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Department of Defense]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Arthur Welmas]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Ted Shackley]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Michael Riconosciuto]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[John Singlaub]]
- 2026-10-08T1935 · [[Ariel Sharon]]

28
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dean Acheson.md
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
---
---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-17
title: Dean Acheson
@ -11,10 +11,17 @@ tags:
- 1940s
- 1950s
category: "Political Figure"
summary: "Dean Acheson was Secretary of State under Truman from 1949 to 1953 who helped design the Truman Doctrine, NATO, and the Marshall Plan, pushed through NSC-68 which militarized containment over George Kennan's objections, and managed U.S. policy through the Korean War."
summary: "Dean Acheson was Secretary of State under Truman from 1949 to 1953, who helped design the Truman Doctrine, NATO and the Marshall Plan, pushed through NSC-68 over George Kennan's objections, and managed the Korean War."
born: 1893-04-11
died: 1971-10-12
location: "Sandy Spring, Maryland"
relations:
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Project Troy]]"
reverse: true
role: "recipient of the report of February 1, 1951"
start: 1951-02
fn: 4
---
Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 - October 12, 1971) was [[United States|U.S.]] Secretary of State from 1949 to 1953 under President [[Harry Truman]], and one of the principal architects of American [[Cold War]] foreign policy. Acheson helped design the [[Truman Doctrine]], [[NATO]], and the [[Marshall Plan]], and was responsible for approving [[NSC-68]] - the 1950 policy document that militarized the "containment" strategy [[George Kennan]] had formulated, over Kennan's explicit objections. Acheson's memoir, *Present at the Creation* (Norton, 1969), took its title from his self-assessment of having helped build the postwar international order.[^1]
@ -23,13 +30,19 @@ Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 - October 12, 1971) was [[United States|U
Acheson graduated from [[Yale University]] and [[Harvard Law School]] and clerked for Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis. He practiced law at Covington & Burling in [[Washington, D.C.]] and served briefly as Under Secretary of the Treasury in 1933 before resigning over disagreements with Roosevelt's monetary policies.
He returned to government as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs in 1941 and rose to Under Secretary of State under Secretary James Byrnes from 1945 to 1947. In this role he was central to the early articulation of postwar American foreign policy, including drafting the speech for which the [[Truman Doctrine]] was named when [[Britain]] informed the United States it could no longer sustain aid to [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] against communist insurgencies.[^1]
He returned to government as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs in 1941 and rose to Under Secretary of State under Secretary James Byrnes from 1945 to 1947. In this role he was central to the early articulation of postwar American foreign policy, including drafting the speech for which the Truman Doctrine was named when [[Britain]] informed the United States it could no longer sustain aid to [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] against communist insurgencies.[^1]
### Address to Italian-Americans, 1942
On June 3, 1942, while Assistant Secretary of State, Acheson released an address to Americans of Italian descent. The [[Mazzini Society]] and the [[Italian-American Labor Council]] had invited him to speak at a gathering held on the day dedicated to the memory of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].[^2] The address stated that "The President of the United States has made it clear that the liberation of the Italian and other peoples from the military cliques which hold them in their clutches is one of the war aims of the United Nations."[^2]
### Secretary of State
Acheson was appointed Secretary of State in January 1949 and served through the end of the Truman administration in January 1953. His tenure covered the most consequential early Cold War events: the Soviet atomic bomb test in August 1949, the Chinese communist victory and proclamation of the People's Republic in October 1949, the Korean War beginning in June 1950, and the development of the hydrogen bomb.
Acheson's central policy disagreement with [[George Kennan]], whom he effectively marginalized and replaced as Policy Planning director with [[Paul Nitze]] in 1950, concerned whether containment was primarily a political-economic strategy or required massive military buildup. Acheson backed Nitze's [[NSC-68]] analysis that the Soviet military threat required U.S. defense spending to roughly quadruple. Kennan viewed this as a militarization that misread Soviet intentions and would produce unnecessary confrontation.[^1]
Acheson's central policy disagreement with George Kennan, whom he effectively marginalized and replaced as Policy Planning director with [[Paul Nitze]] in 1950, concerned whether containment was primarily a political-economic strategy or required massive military buildup. Acheson backed Nitze's NSC-68 analysis that the Soviet military threat required U.S. defense spending to roughly quadruple. Kennan viewed this as a militarization that misread Soviet intentions and would produce unnecessary confrontation.[^1]
On March 1, 1950 Truman sent Acheson a note on the Sarnoff proposal for a committee to improve the [[Voice of America]], and wrote: "I wish you would consider that, and we will discuss it when you come over tomorrow."[^3] Acheson discussed the proposal with Truman on March 6, 1950, and told him that Assistant Secretary [[Edward W. Barrett|Barrett]] was preparing a plan for an advisory committee along the lines [[David Sarnoff|Sarnoff]] had suggested.[^3] In 1951 the [[Project Troy]] report reached Acheson's office; it was dated February 1, 1951, and Acheson received it on February 15.[^4]
### NATO and German Rearmament
@ -39,7 +52,7 @@ Acheson was a primary architect of NATO's founding in 1949 and subsequently push
The [[Korean War]] that began June 1950 dominated the second half of Acheson's tenure. His January 1950 speech defining the American "defense perimeter" in Asia - which appeared to exclude [[South Korea]] - was later cited as a possible signal to [[North Korea]] that the United States would not defend the South, though Acheson disputed this reading.
The war eventually led to Truman's firing of General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in April 1951 after MacArthur publicly challenged Truman's authority over war strategy - a civil-military confrontation that Acheson supported Truman in resolving in favor of civilian control.[^2]
The war eventually led to Truman's firing of General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in April 1951 after MacArthur publicly challenged Truman's authority over war strategy - a civil-military confrontation that Acheson supported Truman in resolving in favor of civilian control.[^5]
### Legacy
@ -50,4 +63,7 @@ After leaving government, Acheson returned to law practice and remained influent
### Footnotes
[^1]: Acheson, Dean. *Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department.* Norton, 1969. Beisner, Robert L. *Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War.* Oxford University Press, 2006.
[^2]: Brands, H.W. *The General vs. the President: MacArthur and Truman at the Brink of Nuclear War.* Doubleday, 2016. Hogan, Michael J. *A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954.* Cambridge University Press, 1998.
[^2]: *Department of State Bulletin*, vol. VI, no. 154 (June 6, 1942), "Address by Assistant Secretary Acheson to Americans of Italian Descent," released to the press June 3. https://archive.org/details/sim_department-of-state-bulletin_1942-06-06_6_154
[^3]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950) with the editorial note on Acheson's discussion with Truman. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131
[^4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 238 (the report's final date and Acheson's receipt on February 15, 1951).
[^5]: Brands, H.W. *The General vs. the President: MacArthur and Truman at the Brink of Nuclear War.* Doubleday, 2016. Hogan, Michael J. *A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954.* Cambridge University Press, 1998.

67
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ehud Barak.md
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@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ relations:
with: "[[Carbyne]]"
role: "board member"
end: 2019
fn: 8
fn: 15
- type: director_of
with: "[[Carbyne]]"
role: "chairman, by his own description in correspondence"
start: 2019-01
fn: 18
fn: 25
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Nili Priel]]"
role: "husband"
@ -73,11 +73,17 @@ Barak returned as defense minister under Ehud Olmert from 2007 and continued in
Barak subsequently described Thiel and Epstein as "owners" of a venture fund, a claim a Thiel spokesman has denied. The discrepancy is unresolved in the public record. Thiel is named over 2,200 times in the Epstein files per Al Jazeera reporting, and the volume of the Thiel-Epstein correspondence, combined with the Barak introduction, documents a sustained effort by Epstein to connect the Israeli-intelligence principal (Barak) with the commercial-surveillance-infrastructure principal (Thiel/Palantir). Epstein's promotional framing of Palantir to Barak ran alongside Barak's own subsequent relationships with Israeli surveillance-tech firms.[^3][^4]
### 2013 Meetings with Epstein and Bob Kerrey
Epstein's schedule for April 21, 2013 carries the reminder "Ehud Barak in NY".[^8] The schedules of April 15 to 17 list a dinner at Jeffrey Epstein's house on Tuesday, April 23 as "7:30pm Dinner w/Ehud Barak, Nili, Woody Allen, Soon Yi, Bob Kerrey, Mort Zuckerman (Mort will arrive after 8:30pm) Joel Klein and his wife, Nicole Seligman".[^8] A staff headcount of April 18 names "Woody, Soon yi, Ehud, Nili, Joel Klein, Nicole Seligman, Bob Kerrey, Nicole Seligman." and Epstein answered: "ehud and nilli are not invited, it is mort."[^9] The schedules from April 19 list the dinner without Barak and Nili.[^10]
On May 28, 2013 Epstein wrote to his scheduler [[Lesley Groff]]: "see if Bob kerrey would like to join me and ehod on the 4th."[^11] Groff wrote to [[Bob Kerrey]]: "Jeffrey is having Ehud Barak to his home on Tuesday June 4th at noon...Jeffrey is wondering if you might be available to join the meeting as well."[^12] Epstein's schedule for the week lists "4:00pm Appt w/Ehud Barak" on June 3, "1:00pm Appt w/Ehud Barak" followed by "1:30pm Lunch to be served (one chicken parm/fruit salad)" on June 4, and "5:00pm Appt w/Barak" on June 5.[^13] On the evening of June 3 Groff asked Kerrey whether he could come "at 1:30 instead of 12:00", and Kerrey answered: "I am afraid not. Sorry. Rain check?" On June 4 Kerrey's scheduler wrote to Groff: "I hope we can find other dates in the near future for the three to meet."[^14]
### The Carbyne Investment
In 2015, Barak helped Epstein quietly invest approximately one million dollars in the Israeli police and emergency-response technology startup [[Reporty|Reporty]], which subsequently renamed itself Carbyne. The investment was arranged through Barak, and [[Forbes|Forbes]] reported that it could have grown to be worth up to one hundred million dollars. Carbyne develops 911-emergency-communication and surveillance technology, including systems that integrate smartphone location, video, and incident data into emergency-response platforms. The technology has documented surveillance applications beyond the emergency-response function, and the Reason reporting characterizes the Carbyne investment as part of Epstein's broader effort to enter the surveillance-technology industry in the post-2008-conviction period.[^3][^8]
In 2015, Barak helped Epstein quietly invest approximately one million dollars in the Israeli police and emergency-response technology startup [[Reporty|Reporty]], which subsequently renamed itself Carbyne. The investment was arranged through Barak, and [[Forbes|Forbes]] reported that it could have grown to be worth up to one hundred million dollars. Carbyne develops 911-emergency-communication and surveillance technology, including systems that integrate smartphone location, video, and incident data into emergency-response platforms. The technology has documented surveillance applications beyond the emergency-response function, and the Reason reporting characterizes the Carbyne investment as part of Epstein's broader effort to enter the surveillance-technology industry in the post-2008-conviction period.[^3][^15]
Through the Carbyne investment, Epstein moved from social-network brokerage to direct commercial investment in surveillance technology, and Barak was the channel through which the investment was arranged. Reason reported, drawing on the [[Black Agenda Report]]'s account of a Nigerian ports contract, that Epstein and Barak marketed Israeli surveillance technology internationally, including to [[Nigeria]], with technology that had reportedly been tested on Palestinians. The international marketing extended the Barak-Epstein surveillance-tech relationship into the documented export context.[^3][^8]
Through the Carbyne investment, Epstein moved from social-network brokerage to direct commercial investment in surveillance technology, and Barak was the channel through which the investment was arranged. Reason reported, drawing on the [[Black Agenda Report]]'s account of a Nigerian ports contract, that Epstein and Barak marketed Israeli surveillance technology internationally, including to [[Nigeria]], with technology that had reportedly been tested on Palestinians. The international marketing extended the Barak-Epstein surveillance-tech relationship into the documented export context.[^3][^15]
### The Palantir-Israel Expansion
@ -87,15 +93,15 @@ The parapolitical question of whether the 2014 Epstein-brokered Barak-Thiel intr
### Meals with Vitaly Churkin, 2016
Epstein repeatedly invited the Russian ambassador to the [[United Nations]], [[Vitaly Churkin]], to meet Barak. On January 2, 2016 he wrote to Churkin, "Ehud Barak in town this week if a meal is convenient."[^9] On August 28, 2016 he wrote, "Don't know if you have any interest . Ehud Barak and TOM Barrack at house tomorw . You are always welcome," and Churkin accepted a 1 p.m. time.[^10] Epstein's scheduler, [[Lesley Groff]], then circulated the notice "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," and the calendar entry for August 29, 2016 read "12:30pm LUNCH w/Ehud Barak, Tom Barrack and Vitaly Chrukin," a party of four with Epstein and the real estate investor [[Tom Barrack]].[^11] On November 13, 2016 Epstein wrote to Churkin, "Ehud coming today at 430 . As always you are welcome."[^12]
Epstein repeatedly invited the Russian ambassador to the [[United Nations]], [[Vitaly Churkin]], to meet Barak. On January 2, 2016 he wrote to Churkin, "Ehud Barak in town this week if a meal is convenient."[^16] On August 28, 2016 he wrote, "Don't know if you have any interest . Ehud Barak and TOM Barrack at house tomorw . You are always welcome," and Churkin accepted a 1 p.m. time.[^17] Epstein's scheduler, Lesley Groff, then circulated the notice "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," and the calendar entry for August 29, 2016 read "12:30pm LUNCH w/Ehud Barak, Tom Barrack and Vitaly Chrukin," a party of four with Epstein and the real estate investor [[Tom Barrack]].[^18] On November 13, 2016 Epstein wrote to Churkin, "Ehud coming today at 430 . As always you are welcome."[^19]
### The Black Cube Question, 2017
On November 6, 2017 *[[The New Yorker]]* reported that [[Harvey Weinstein]] had used the Israeli private intelligence company [[Black Cube]], under contracts signed by his lawyer [[David Boies]], to gather information on women accusing him and on journalists.[^13] On November 8 a spokesman for Barak said that Weinstein had asked Barak, more than a year earlier, about an Israeli company he had heard of, that Barak had told him it was "likely Black Cube" and "gave Weinstein its contact information," and that Barak "was not aware until this morning of the fact the company was hired by Weinstein, or for what purposes or operations."[^14] At 15:54 GMT that day Epstein wrote to Barak: "boies said he got to the mossad guys through you? true?" At 16:49 he wrote again: "Did Boies ask you to help Obtain former mossad agents to do dirty investigations. ? this is getting a lot of press, ." Barak answered on the morning of November 9: "Call me.. [number redacted] in Paris."[^15]
On November 6, 2017 *[[The New Yorker]]* reported that [[Harvey Weinstein]] had used the Israeli private intelligence company [[Black Cube]], under contracts signed by his lawyer [[David Boies]], to gather information on women accusing him and on journalists.[^20] On November 8 a spokesman for Barak said that Weinstein had asked Barak, more than a year earlier, about an Israeli company he had heard of, that Barak had told him it was "likely Black Cube" and "gave Weinstein its contact information," and that Barak "was not aware until this morning of the fact the company was hired by Weinstein, or for what purposes or operations."[^21] At 15:54 GMT that day Epstein wrote to Barak: "boies said he got to the mossad guys through you? true?" At 16:49 he wrote again: "Did Boies ask you to help Obtain former mossad agents to do dirty investigations. ? this is getting a lot of press, ." Barak answered on the morning of November 9: "Call me.. [number redacted] in Paris."[^22]
### The Wexner Foundation Payments
The Wexner Foundation, founded in 1983 by [[Leslie Wexner]] of [[L Brands]], paid Barak 2.3 million dollars between 2004 and 2006, the years between his premiership and his 2007 return as defense minister.[^5][^6] The payments were for two commissioned studies. Barak completed a 267-page study on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; for a second study on leadership the foundation "received an abstract, but did not receive a full paper." Israel's [[Channel 12 (Israel)|Channel 12]] reported that he did not finish it because he returned to politics in 2007, and he did not offer to return any of the money. The foundation said its management at the time "decided that the work done and material received was enough to end the project and justify the payment."[^5][^16] In a 2026 statement it described both works as books on leadership: Barak "only provided one completed manuscript plus an outline for the second one," was "paid in full over the years 2004-06," and the payments "were properly reported in the foundation's 990s."[^6]
The Wexner Foundation, founded in 1983 by [[Leslie Wexner]] of [[L Brands]], paid Barak 2.3 million dollars between 2004 and 2006, the years between his premiership and his 2007 return as defense minister.[^5][^6] The payments were for two commissioned studies. Barak completed a 267-page study on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; for a second study on leadership the foundation "received an abstract, but did not receive a full paper." Israel's [[Channel 12 (Israel)|Channel 12]] reported that he did not finish it because he returned to politics in 2007, and he did not offer to return any of the money. The foundation said its management at the time "decided that the work done and material received was enough to end the project and justify the payment."[^5][^23] In a 2026 statement it described both works as books on leadership: Barak "only provided one completed manuscript plus an outline for the second one," was "paid in full over the years 2004-06," and the payments "were properly reported in the foundation's 990s."[^6]
Epstein was a trustee of the foundation from 1992 to 2007. The foundation said, citing an independent review by the law firm [[Kegler Brown Hill + Ritter]], that his role was "limited to dealing with documents and reports related to transferring the Wexner family's monetary support," that he "never donated a single dollar to the foundation," and that the Wexner family dismissed him when the first suspicions about him surfaced.[^5] During the 2019 Israeli election campaign, Benjamin Netanyahu's campaign released a video titled "What else has sex offender Epstein given to Barak?"[^5] The Attorney General, [[Avichai Mandelblit]], declined to open an investigation, stating that Barak had been a private citizen at the time and that the statute of limitations had passed. The [[Likud]] petitioned the [[Supreme Court of Israel|High Court of Justice]]; after the foundation told the court that Epstein was not involved in the decision to make the payments, the court rejected the petition in 2020, upholding Mandelblit's decision.[^6]
@ -111,15 +117,15 @@ In an interview with Channel 12 on February 12, 2026, Barak said of Epstein, "I
### Carbyne Correspondence, 2018-2019
On May 21, 2018 Epstein wrote to Peter Thiel: "FYI trae is meeting carbyne Ehud Barak co."[^17]
On May 21, 2018 Epstein wrote to Peter Thiel: "FYI trae is meeting carbyne Ehud Barak co."[^24]
On January 1, 2019 Barak forwarded to [[Jabor Al Thani]], with Epstein copied, a [[Qatar]] presentation prepared by Carbyne's chief executive, [[Amir Elichai]], writing: "Please find attached short presentation of Carbine. Public safety company of which I'm the chairman and leading investor. We are interested in participating in the security effort for the 2022 Games. We can work through a European company of your choice and minimize Israeli profile. Please consider." He closed, "Best to HH HBJ."[^18] In a reply of January 20 quoted in the same thread, Jabor Al Thani wrote that "Our security services company" wished to begin discussions about the presentation for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|Qatar 2022]] games and that "it will be appreciated if you are able to assist with any anti-drone services or technologies." Barak answered the next day that he was "Overwhelmed in Davos," and on February 3 wrote: "Sorry for the late response. Israeli politics is complicated and time consuming and I'm a little bit involved. We will be glad to explore with your services company the possibility of cooperation re the 2022 Games," naming Elichai as the contact and promising to address "the anti-drone issue in a separate email." He signed "Ehud Barak, Carbyne, Chairman." On February 4 Jabor Al Thani named the country manager of a Qatari company, [[Lysys WLL]], as the contact on his side.[^19]
On January 1, 2019 Barak forwarded to [[Jabor Al Thani]], with Epstein copied, a [[Qatar]] presentation prepared by Carbyne's chief executive, [[Amir Elichai]], writing: "Please find attached short presentation of Carbine. Public safety company of which I'm the chairman and leading investor. We are interested in participating in the security effort for the 2022 Games. We can work through a European company of your choice and minimize Israeli profile. Please consider." He closed, "Best to HH HBJ."[^25] In a reply of January 20 quoted in the same thread, Jabor Al Thani wrote that "Our security services company" wished to begin discussions about the presentation for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|Qatar 2022]] games and that "it will be appreciated if you are able to assist with any anti-drone services or technologies." Barak answered the next day that he was "Overwhelmed in Davos," and on February 3 wrote: "Sorry for the late response. Israeli politics is complicated and time consuming and I'm a little bit involved. We will be glad to explore with your services company the possibility of cooperation re the 2022 Games," naming Elichai as the contact and promising to address "the anti-drone issue in a separate email." He signed "Ehud Barak, Carbyne, Chairman." On February 4 Jabor Al Thani named the country manager of a Qatari company, [[Lysys WLL]], as the contact on his side.[^26]
On February 18, 2019 the investor [[Nicole Junkermann]] wrote to Epstein, in a message about the division of their interests, "Carbyne invested 1.5 m (1m you and 0.5m me) net of fees is3.9m your share, Ehud carry1.5 m and my share 2m," and asked, in connection with a separate China matter, "Can Ehud help?"[^20] In late February and March 2019 the [[Tel Aviv]] law firm handling the investment told Darren Indyke that SUM (E.B.) Limited Partnership, the vehicle that had made the initial investment in Carbyne, held warrants to buy 61,251 additional Preferred A shares for 3.5 million dollars, the exercise of which would raise its holding from about 13 percent to about 26.33 percent on a fully diluted basis. [[Southern Trust Company]], Epstein's Virgin Islands company, transferred 2.4 million dollars of the 3.6 million dollars raised. The Israeli bank receiving the funds then asked, under its anti-money-laundering rules, for the controlling person and citizenship of each limited partner.[^21] Epstein forwarded the request to Barak, who replied on March 11, 2019: "Jeff, That's the Israeli banks paranoia after they paid the penalties they've paid to the US authorities for past mistakes. According to our experience it was never leaked out of the banks. Just kept with them as an insurance policy. We have to follow on it. On a minimal but satisfying base."[^21] On March 12 Indyke wrote to Epstein, "I thought we did not want your name associated with this Investment?"; on March 14 Epstein confirmed that Indyke could identify him as the controlling person of Southern Trust.[^22] Epstein was arrested in New York four months later.
On February 18, 2019 the investor [[Nicole Junkermann]] wrote to Epstein, in a message about the division of their interests, "Carbyne invested 1.5 m (1m you and 0.5m me) net of fees is3.9m your share, Ehud carry1.5 m and my share 2m," and asked, in connection with a separate China matter, "Can Ehud help?"[^27] In late February and March 2019 the [[Tel Aviv]] law firm handling the investment told Darren Indyke that SUM (E.B.) Limited Partnership, the vehicle that had made the initial investment in Carbyne, held warrants to buy 61,251 additional Preferred A shares for 3.5 million dollars, the exercise of which would raise its holding from about 13 percent to about 26.33 percent on a fully diluted basis. [[Southern Trust Company]], Epstein's Virgin Islands company, transferred 2.4 million dollars of the 3.6 million dollars raised. The Israeli bank receiving the funds then asked, under its anti-money-laundering rules, for the controlling person and citizenship of each limited partner.[^28] Epstein forwarded the request to Barak, who replied on March 11, 2019: "Jeff, That's the Israeli banks paranoia after they paid the penalties they've paid to the US authorities for past mistakes. According to our experience it was never leaked out of the banks. Just kept with them as an insurance policy. We have to follow on it. On a minimal but satisfying base."[^28] On March 12 Indyke wrote to Epstein, "I thought we did not want your name associated with this Investment?"; on March 14 Epstein confirmed that Indyke could identify him as the controlling person of Southern Trust.[^29] Epstein was arrested in New York four months later.
### Carbyne After Epstein
Barak left the Carbyne board in 2019, the year of Epstein's arrest and death. The company's board also included [[Pinhas Buchris]], a former commander of Unit 8200 and former director general of the Israeli [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]]. [[Axon Enterprise]], the maker of Taser weapons and police body cameras, agreed to buy Carbyne for 625 million dollars in cash, a deal that closed in early 2026.[^8][^23]
Barak left the Carbyne board in 2019, the year of Epstein's arrest and death. The company's board also included [[Pinhas Buchris]], a former commander of Unit 8200 and former director general of the Israeli [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]]. [[Axon Enterprise]], the maker of Taser weapons and police body cameras, agreed to buy Carbyne for 625 million dollars in cash, a deal that closed in early 2026.[^15][^30]
### Footnotes
@ -130,19 +136,26 @@ Barak left the Carbyne board in 2019, the year of Epstein's arrest and death. Th
[^5]: *The Times of Israel,* on the Wexner Foundation's statement that its 2.3 million dollars to Barak paid for two reports, one unfinished. https://www.timesofisrael.com/wexner-foundation-2-3-million-to-barak-was-for-2-reports-1-wasnt-finished/
[^6]: Lefkovits, Etgar. "Complaint seeks police probe into Ehud Barak and Wexner Foundation." *JNS,* March 17, 2026. https://www.jns.org/complaint-seeks-police-probe-into-barak-and-wexner-foundation/
[^7]: Ponieman, Natan. *Benzinga,* May 2023, on Epstein's private calendar, quoting the *Wall Street Journal.* https://www.benzinga.com/news/23/05/32134015/private-calendar-reveals-jeffrey-epsteins-meetings-with-cia-director-noamchomsky-and-goldman-sachs
[^8]: Brewster, Thomas. "Epstein Could Have Made $100 Million On A Secret Police Tech Investment With Ehud Barak." *Forbes,* February 10, 2026. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2026/02/10/epstein-police-surveillance-investments-with-ehud-barak/
[^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619434, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," November 16, 2015 to February 23, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf
[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619438, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," May 23, 2016 to September 7, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619438.pdf
[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02044775, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," August 28, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02044775.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02045038, DataSet 10, calendar alert, August 29, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02045038.pdf
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619444, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," October 3, 2016 to January 10, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619444.pdf
[^13]: Farrow, Ronan. "Harvey Weinstein's Army of Spies." *The New Yorker,* November 6, 2017. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/harvey-weinsteins-army-of-spies
[^14]: "Ehud Barak referred Weinstein to ex-Mossad agents he hired to quash allegations." *The Times of Israel,* November 8, 2017. https://www.timesofisrael.com/ehud-barak-referred-weinstein-to-ex-mossad-agents-he-hired-to-quash-allegations/
[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00964912, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Ehud Barak, November 8, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00964912.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00964979, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Ehud Barak, November 8, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00964979.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00965384, DataSet 9, email from Ehud Barak to Jeffrey Epstein, November 9, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00965384.pdf
[^16]: "Ehud Barak Received $2.3 Million for Two Studies, One Was Not Completed, Wexner Foundation Says." *Haaretz,* 2019. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-ehud-barak-received-2-3-million-for-two-studies-one-was-not-completed-wexner-foun-1.8983735
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01052344, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, May 21, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01052344.pdf
[^18]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02607775, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jabor Al Thani, copied to Jeffrey Epstein, "Fwd: Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02607775.pdf
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02628648, DataSet 11, email thread among Ehud Barak, Jabor Al Thani, Amir Elichai, and Jeffrey Epstein, "Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1 to February 4, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02628648.pdf
[^20]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02630791, DataSet 11, email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Nicole Junkermann, February 18, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02630791.pdf
[^21]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02632339, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Carbyne warrants," March 11, 2019, with forwarded correspondence of Tomer Toor, Darren Indyke, and NJF Capital, February 28 to March 11, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02632339.pdf
[^22]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02634615, DataSet 11, email exchange between Darren Indyke and Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Carbyne warrants," March 12-14, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02634615.pdf
[^23]: *Coverager,* on Axon's agreement to acquire Carbyne for 625 million dollars. https://coverager.com/axon-to-acquire-carbyne-for-625-million/ ; "Axon to Acquire Carbyne, Uniting Cloud Infrastructure and AI to Redefine the 911 Experience." Axon Enterprise press release, *PR Newswire.* https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/axon-to-acquire-carbyne-uniting-cloud-infrastructure-and-ai-to-redefine-the-911-experience-302604614.html
[^8]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Priv & Conf. April 17- May 1," April 16, 2013, EFTA00392425, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00392425.pdf
[^9]: Email exchange, "Re: Dinner 23rd April," April 18, 2013, EFTA01896399, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01896399.pdf
[^10]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Jean Luc," April 22, 2013, EFTA01894862, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01894862.pdf
[^11]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Lesley Groff, May 28, 2013, EFTA00961223, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00961223.pdf
[^12]: Email from Lesley Groff to Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein," May 28, 2013, EFTA02138268, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02138268.pdf
[^13]: Epstein office schedules for June 3 to 5, 2013, EFTA00284774, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00284774.pdf
[^14]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Bob Kerrey, June 3, 2013, EFTA02137020, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; Groff and Kerrey's scheduler, June 4, 2013, EFTA02136979, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02136979.pdf
[^15]: Brewster, Thomas. "Epstein Could Have Made $100 Million On A Secret Police Tech Investment With Ehud Barak." *Forbes,* February 10, 2026. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2026/02/10/epstein-police-surveillance-investments-with-ehud-barak/
[^16]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619434, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," November 16, 2015 to February 23, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619434.pdf
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619438, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," May 23, 2016 to September 7, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619438.pdf
[^18]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02044775, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Churkin to join lunch tomorrow as well," August 28, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02044775.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02045038, DataSet 10, calendar alert, August 29, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02045038.pdf
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01619444, DataSet 10, iMessage log with contact "Vitaly Churkin," October 3, 2016 to January 10, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01619444.pdf
[^20]: Farrow, Ronan. "Harvey Weinstein's Army of Spies." *The New Yorker,* November 6, 2017. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/harvey-weinsteins-army-of-spies
[^21]: "Ehud Barak referred Weinstein to ex-Mossad agents he hired to quash allegations." *The Times of Israel,* November 8, 2017. https://www.timesofisrael.com/ehud-barak-referred-weinstein-to-ex-mossad-agents-he-hired-to-quash-allegations/
[^22]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00964912, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Ehud Barak, November 8, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00964912.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00964979, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Ehud Barak, November 8, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00964979.pdf ; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00965384, DataSet 9, email from Ehud Barak to Jeffrey Epstein, November 9, 2017. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00965384.pdf
[^23]: "Ehud Barak Received $2.3 Million for Two Studies, One Was Not Completed, Wexner Foundation Says." *Haaretz,* 2019. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-ehud-barak-received-2-3-million-for-two-studies-one-was-not-completed-wexner-foun-1.8983735
[^24]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01052344, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, May 21, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01052344.pdf
[^25]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02607775, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jabor Al Thani, copied to Jeffrey Epstein, "Fwd: Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02607775.pdf
[^26]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02628648, DataSet 11, email thread among Ehud Barak, Jabor Al Thani, Amir Elichai, and Jeffrey Epstein, "Qatar Presentation <> Carbyne 911," January 1 to February 4, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02628648.pdf
[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02630791, DataSet 11, email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Nicole Junkermann, February 18, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02630791.pdf
[^28]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02632339, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Carbyne warrants," March 11, 2019, with forwarded correspondence of Tomer Toor, Darren Indyke, and NJF Capital, February 28 to March 11, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02632339.pdf
[^29]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02634615, DataSet 11, email exchange between Darren Indyke and Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Carbyne warrants," March 12-14, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02634615.pdf
[^30]: *Coverager,* on Axon's agreement to acquire Carbyne for 625 million dollars. https://coverager.com/axon-to-acquire-carbyne-for-625-million/ ; "Axon to Acquire Carbyne, Uniting Cloud Infrastructure and AI to Redefine the 911 Experience." Axon Enterprise press release, *PR Newswire.* https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/axon-to-acquire-carbyne-uniting-cloud-infrastructure-and-ai-to-redefine-the-911-experience-302604614.html

11
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/John R. Everett.md
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@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ The release's accounting pages for Subproject 137 record a February 1963 memoran
The Subproject 137 investigator is [[Klara G. Roman]]. The New School insertion, the graphology lexicon, the death in 1962 and the failing health in 1961 correspond to her record, as do the entries in the curriculum vitae attached to the proposal: a 1928 diploma, the 1930 construction of the "Graphodyne," an instrument "to measure writing speed and pressure," and a 1948 research appointment to an Institute for Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Research and Training "in conjunction with" an Institute for Psychoanalysis, which corresponds to the Chicago work that her 1954 preface credits to [[Michael Reese Hospital]] and [[Franz Alexander]]. The Human Ecology Fund's 1963 report, as tabulated by [[David H. Price]], lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G." for "Book: The Psychology of Writing." The release redacts her name.[^24][^25]
The same table lists a grant titled "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator [[Frank Haronian]], psychology, $39,000; it is the only entry whose title concerns physique.[^25] The Subproject 134 proposal concerns physique and psychological functioning, and its funds passed to a grantee of a redacted body. Haronian later published "Body type and sophistication of body concept" with A. Arthur Sugerman in the Journal of Personality (September 1964), and articles in Pastoral Psychology and the Journal of Religion and Health, the same field as the clergy subjects of the pilot study.[^26] The release redacts the investigator's name, and the $39,000 of the Fund's table differs from the $22,000 of the subproject. No record found places Haronian at the New School. The consultant whom the 134 memorandum ties to Subproject 77 is the investigator of that subproject, a study of the factor structure of the Wechsler scales.[^27]
The same table lists a grant titled "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator [[Frank Haronian]], psychology, $39,000; it is the only entry whose title concerns physique.[^25] The Subproject 134 proposal concerns physique and psychological functioning, and its funds passed to a grantee of a redacted body. Haronian later published "Body type and sophistication of body concept" with A. Arthur Sugerman in the Journal of Personality (September 1964), and articles in Pastoral Psychology and the Journal of Religion and Health, the same field as the clergy subjects of the pilot study.[^26] That paper states that the study "was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund."[^31] The Subproject 134 investigator is Haronian. The release redacts his name, and the $39,000 of the Fund's table differs from the $22,000 of the subproject. The consultant whom the 134 memorandum ties to Subproject 77 is the investigator of that subproject, a study of the factor structure of the Wechsler scales.[^27]
### The Everett Records
@ -178,7 +178,9 @@ The finding aid notes that some files are restricted and that the collection inc
### Death
Everett died of pancreatic cancer at a New York City hospital on January 21, 1992, at age 73.[^1][^2] After his retirement a scholarship was established in his name at Hollins, which the university continued to offer in the twenty-first century.[^1] The New School holds a file titled "John R. Everett Memorial," dated April 6, 1992, in the Office of the President's Laserfiche files.[^28]
In May 1982 the trustees, under chairman [[Dorothy H. Hirshon]], elected [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], vice president for planning at the [[University of Chicago]], to succeed Everett, who was retiring; Fanton was to take office on September 1, 1982.[^30]
Everett died of pancreatic cancer at [[Cabrini Medical Center]] in Manhattan on January 21, 1992, at age 73. He lived in Manhattan and [[Pawling, New York]].[^1][^2][^29] His obituary records that the City University chancellorship had been created three years before it was offered to him, at a salary of $25,000 a year, that he resigned it in 1962 for what he called "overwhelmingly personal and financial" reasons, and that during his New School presidency enrollment grew from 8,000 to 30,000 students.[^29] After his retirement a scholarship was established in his name at Hollins, which the university continued to offer in the twenty-first century.[^1] The New School holds a file titled "John R. Everett Memorial," dated April 6, 1992, in the Office of the President's Laserfiche files.[^28]
### Footnotes
@ -207,6 +209,9 @@ Everett died of pancreatic cancer at a New York City hospital on January 21, 199
[^23]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, accounting memorandum (February 1963), invoice certifications and accounting by individual for the advance of September 11, 1961, approved March 10, 1964 (release DOC_0000017396; New School copy pp. 72-85 of NS010102_000027). https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^24]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284
[^25]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide
[^26]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, Frank, "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique," Journal of Religion and Health, April 1967, doi:10.1007/bf01532250; Haronian, Frank, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, September 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144 (bibliographic records, Crossref).
[^26]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, Frank, "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique," Journal of Religion and Health, April 1967, doi:10.1007/bf01532250; Haronian, Frank, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, Fall 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144 (bibliographic records, Crossref).
[^27]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, release DOC_0000017393, memorandum draft of May 29, 1961, paragraph 2; MKULTRA Subproject 77, CIA reading room item 00017478 (56 documents, July 1957 to January 1962), reports on factor analyses of the Wechsler scales, investigator redacted. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017478
[^28]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett Memorial, 1992 April 6," New School Office of the President Laserfiche files, NS-01-01-06, archival object 50524. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/50524
[^29]: James Barron, "John Everett, CUNY Chancellor And New School Head, Dies at 73," New York Times, January 22, 1992, Section A, p. 19. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/22/obituaries/john-everett-cuny-chancellor-and-new-school-head-dies-at-73.html
[^30]: Gene I. Maeroff, "University of Chicago Official to Be the New School's Head," New York Times, May 23, 1982, Section 1, p. 30. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/23/nyregion/university-of-chicago-official-to-be-the-new-school-s-head.html ; Edward B. Fiske, "The New School, a Maverick, Gets Ready to Rebuild," New York Times, May 13, 1982. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/13/nyregion/the-new-school-a-maverick-gets-ready-to-rebuild.html
[^31]: A. Arthur Sugerman and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, pp. 380-394, first-page note ("This study was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund"). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x

177
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis Dolivet.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
---
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Louis Dolivet
aliases:
- Louis Dolivet
- Louis Dolivé
- Louis Doliveux
- L. Dolivet
- Ludovic Brecher
- Ludwig Brecher
- Ludovici Udeanu
- Ulianu
- Bovet
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- Dolivet
- FreeWorld
- UnitedNationsWorld
- Straight
- Munzenberg
- Comintern
- MI5
- FBI
- UnitedNations
- PeaceMovement
- ColdWar
- 1930s
- 1940s
summary: "Louis Dolivet, born Ludovic Brecher, was a Romanian-origin editor of Free World and United Nations World, and husband of Beatrice Straight, whom an MI5 file describes as a secret Communist in the pre-war peace movement."
born: 1908
died: 1989
location: "New York City; Paris; Switzerland"
relations:
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Beatrice Straight]]"
start: 1942
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Michael Whitney Straight]]"
role: brother-in-law
fn: 2
- type: participant_in
with: "[[International Peace Campaign]]"
start: 1936
role: secretary
fn: 6
- type: head_of
with: "[[Free World Association]]"
start: 1941
role: secretary-general
fn: 11
- type: director_of
with: "[[Free World, Inc.]]"
start: 1942
fn: 13
- type: employed_by
with: "[[United Nations World]]"
start: 1947
role: international editor
fn: 20
- type: head_of
with: "[[United Nations World]]"
start: 1949
role: president
fn: 23
- type: investigated
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1945
fn: 5
- type: investigated
with: "[[MI5]]"
reverse: true
start: 1935
fn: 3
---
Louis Dolivet (1908 to 1989), also known as Ludovic Brecher, was a [[Romania|Romanian]]-origin writer, magazine editor and film producer whom an [[MI5]] file describes as a secret Communist in the pre-war European peace movement.[^1] He edited [[Free World (magazine)|Free World]] in [[New York City]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]], and married [[Beatrice Straight]], sister of [[Michael Whitney Straight]].[^2]
### Names and Origins
The National Archives catalogue describes the subject of its file KV 2/4366 as "Louis DOLIVET alias DOLIVEUX, Ludovic BRECHER, ULIANU, BOVET: Romanian, Czech, French, Swiss."[^1] MI5 kept five files on him, KV 2/4365 (October 5, 1935 to December 2, 1937) through KV 2/4369 (July 9, 1955 to February 16, 1959), with identical scope notes.[^3] The Wilson Center concordance to the [[Alexander Vassiliev|Vassiliev]] notebooks and the [[Venona]] decrypts gives Dolivet as also known as Ludovici Udeanu and Ludwig Brecher, describes him as Romanian born and a naturalized French citizen, says he "Escaped the fall of France and came to the United States in 1940," and cites Vassiliev's White Notebook #3, pages 123 to 124, for the Romanian names.[^4]
The accounts of his birth differ. A 1968 [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] letter calls him a Romanian by birth.[^2] A Washington Field Office report of 1945, summarizing a July 1945 report by Special Agent John N. Doran of the New York office, states that he "was born in France of Roumanian origin and became a naturalized French citizen in 1937," and that he was "alleged to be a member of the Swiss Communist Party but no substantiation has been obtained regarding this allegation."[^5]
The [[British Library]] authority record for him, within the Cecil of Chelwood Papers, gives the years 1908 to 1989 and the description "writer, editor, producer and alleged spy."[^6]
### The Peace Campaign and the Comintern Link
The MI5 scope note for KV 2/4366, covering December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951, ties Dolivet to the [[Comintern]] and to its leader [[Willi Münzenberg]] in these words: "A secret Communist, DOLIVET was active in the pre-war European peace movement, apparently acting under the instructions of Comintern leader Willi MUNZENBERG. From 1937 he was Secretary of the communist-influenced International Peace Campaign while continuing to present himself as a moderate socialist."[^1] The earlier file, KV 2/4365, opens in October 1935.[^3]
The British Library holds correspondence between [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood|Lord Cecil]] and "Louis Dolivet, Secretary, International Peace Campaign; 1936-1944."[^6] The concordance places Dolivet in French Communist politics in the 1930s in association with [[Pierre Cot]] and Münzenberg, and describes him as a leader of the [[Rassemblement Universel pour la Paix]], which it calls an anti-Fascist front with strong Communist and Soviet ties.[^4] The Labour Party archive catalogue lists a letter of August 12, 1936 from Louis Launay to Lord Cecil "explaining reasons why he has resigned as Assistant Secretary of RUP," and correspondence of September 7, 1936 with Launay "re Communist influence in International Peace Campaign."[^7]
A 1969 FBI summary records informants who described Dolivet as an active international Communist agent in Europe in the early 1930s, allegedly active in communist front organizations in [[France]] and [[Switzerland]], and a close associate of Münzenberg. Other informants considered him an inactive but highly placed Soviet agent.[^8] The concordance also lists the cover name "Matus" for an unidentified KGB agent in France used to compromise Dolivet, and names Marta Jansen as Dolivet's secretary in France.[^4]
The Vassiliev notes record a report of June 3, 1942, attributed to "Maxim," which described Michael Straight as ideologically corrupted and recorded the anti-Soviet influence of Dolivet, "who is married to N's sister."[^9] The notes use "Nigel" as the cover name for Michael Straight.[^4]
### Emigration, 1939 to 1941
The accounts of his arrival in the United States differ. The 1945 Doran report, as summarized by the Washington Field Office, states that he "entered the United States on January 9, 1941, and married the sister of MICHAEL STRAIGHT."[^5] The National Archives record says he moved to the USA in 1941.[^1] The concordance says he came to the United States in 1940.[^4] The FBI's 1969 summary refers to his "arrival in the United States in 1939."[^8] The 1968 FBI letter places his emigration in "the late 1930s or early 1940s."[^2]
### Free World and the Free World Association
The first issue of Free World, dated October 1941, carries an article by Dolivet titled "Political War" and a statement that the "International Free World Association" broadcast several times a week to Europe and Latin America.[^10] The masthead names [[Free World, Inc.]], at 55 West Forty-second Street, New York, as owner and publisher, with [[Clark M. Eichelberger]], [[Freda Kirchwey]] and Simon Marcovici Cleja as directors, [[Li Yu-Ying]] as chairman, [[J. Alvarez del Vayo]] as vice-chairman and [[Wou Saofong]] as secretary-treasurer.[^10] The issue's honorary board includes Lord Cecil, described there as "Co-President, International Peace Campaign," [[Albert Einstein]], [[Thomas Mann]] and [[Harold L. Ickes]]; a second list carries the names of [[Norman Angell]], [[Henri Bonnet]], Pierre Cot, Dolivet, Eichelberger, Kirchwey, [[Louis Lipsky]] and [[Chih Meng]].[^10] The December 1941 issue prints the same list with descriptions, among them "Pierre Cot ... Former Minister of the French Republic" and "Louis Dolivet ... Secretary-General, Free World Association," and names Michael Straight on the editorial board.[^11] From the December 1941 issue the directors listed are Eichelberger, Kirchwey, S. M. Cleja and J. Wm. Terry.[^11]
The magazine was entered at the New York post office as second-class matter on September 17, 1941.[^12] The November 1942 masthead replaces Cleja and Terry: Free World, Inc. is owned and published by Louis Dolivet, Freda Kirchwey, Clark M. Eichelberger and [[Frederick McKee]] as directors, with [[Hugh Moore]] and Alvarez del Vayo as vice-chairmen and Beatrice W. Straight as associate treasurer.[^13] A statement of ownership sworn on November 13, 1942 by Wou Saofong lists Beatrice Straight of 22 Gramercy Park among the names given with Kirchwey, Eichelberger and McKee.[^14] The February 1943 issue gives Dolivet as Secretary-General of the Free World Association and co-editor of the magazine.[^15]
The July 1942 issue announces an American section of the Free World Association, chaired by [[Mrs. J. Borden Harriman]], and carries an article by Dolivet titled "Planning for the Future" with the subtitle "Potential Forces of Asia."[^16] The June 1942 issue reports a speech by [[Henry A. Wallace]] at the dinner that closed the second Free World Congress held by the Free World Association, and says it had "awakened in this country and abroad a new interest."[^17] The December 1942 issue lists Michael Straight as chairman of the Commission on Federalism at the Free World congress.[^14]
By the July 1944 masthead the board of Free World, Inc. is given as Li Yu-Ying (chairman), Hugh Moore (executive vice-chairman), Alvarez del Vayo (vice-chairman), Frederick McKee (treasurer) and Wou Saofong (secretary); Dolivet is listed as international editor in the issues of 1946.[^18] The statement of ownership for October 1, 1946 describes Free World, Inc. as a non-profit organization with no stockholders, names Dolivet as international editor, Michael Straight and Max Ascoli on the editorial board, and Dolivet and Michael Straight among the directors with Li Yu-Ying, Hugh Moore, McKee, William Emerson and Wou Saofong.[^19]
A 1968 FBI letter records that through the marriage Dolivet became editor of Free World, which was later changed to [[United Nations World]], and that the magazine was financed mainly by the Straight family.[^2]
### United Nations World
United Nations World began publication in February 1947 with an editorial board chaired by [[Richard J. Walsh]], Dolivet as international editor, and [[Egbert White]] as publisher.[^20] The statement of ownership dated October 1, 1947 and printed in the December 1947 issue names the owner as United Nations World, Inc., 385 Madison Avenue, and Beatrice S. Dolivet, and lists as security holders [[Nelson Rockefeller]], J. H. Whitney (see [[John Hay Whitney]]), Max Ascoli and Editorial Publications, Inc.[^21] The corresponding statement for October 1, 1948, printed in the December 1948 issue and sworn by Egbert White as President of United Nations World, Inc., lists as owners a body of shareholders that includes T. W. Phillips Jr. of Butler, Pennsylvania, Atwell Company (account of John Hay Whitney), H. J. Heinz II, Eliot D. Pratt, Richard J. Walsh, Egbert White, Louis Dolivet and Beatrice S. Dolivet, with Max Ascoli and Atwell & Company among the preferred stockholders.[^22]
The statement for October 1, 1949 was sworn by Dolivet as President of United Nations World, Inc.; it names him as editor, lists [[Marshall Field III]], Free World, Inc. and Funk & Wagnalls Co. among the security holders, and gives the name of the shareholder formerly printed as Beatrice S. Dolivet as Beatrice S. Cookson.[^23] The July 1950 issue reports that the government of Chile had conferred the Star of Grand Officer of the Legion of Merit, "highest decoration awarded to non-nationals," on its editor, Louis Dolivet; the statement printed in the November 1950 issue still names Dolivet as editor, at 563 Park Avenue, and gives the magazine's editorial office as 319 East Forty-fourth Street.[^24]
### United Nations Work
Dolivet's book _The United Nations: A Handbook on the New World Organization_ was published by [[Farrar, Straus and Company]] with a preface by [[Trygve Lie]]; a review in the October 1946 issue of Free World gives it as 152 pages at $1.75, and the same issue prints a condensed chapter on the General Assembly.[^25] The archive.org catalogue lists it under the creator name Louis Dolivet with a date of 1947.[^26]
A cable of April 20, 1953 from the United States High Commissioner for Austria, reporting the visit of [[Roy Cohn]] and [[David Schine]] of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] to the [[United States Information Service]] library in [[Vienna]], records that "a volume called A Handbook to the U.N. by Louis Dolivet had been removed, because of the author’s subsequent political orientation."[^27]
### Marriage to Beatrice Straight
The 1968 FBI letter gives the marriage as February 21, 1942, at [[Des Moines, Iowa]].[^2] The FBI's 1969 summary gives February 21, 1941 and records that the couple were reportedly separated as of September 1950; the 1945 Doran report places his arrival in the United States on January 9, 1941.[^8][^5] The same summary records that in about 1966 Beatrice Straight married the actor [[Peter Cookson]]; a September 1969 FBI teletype records [[Milton Rose]] of [[Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander]] stating that she was formerly married to Dolivet before her marriage to Cookson in or about 1966.[^8][^28] The shareholder lists of United Nations World, Inc. print the name Beatrice S. Dolivet in the statements for October 1, 1947 and October 1, 1948 and Beatrice S. Cookson in the statement for October 1, 1949.[^21][^22][^23]
### The FBI Dan Inquiry and the 1950 Report
In 1968 the Bureau's investigation of an unidentified Soviet subject known as "Dan" considered Dolivet as a possible identity. A New York office letter reviewing its files records that he served in the [[United States Army]] from October 8 to November 23, 1943, that he was in [[Washington, D.C.]] on January 11, 1945 while residing in New York, and that he was suspected by the French of having acted as a British double agent in the United States. The same letter records him as a close friend of [[Philip Noel-Baker]], British Minister of State from 1945 to 1946.[^29] A Bureau memorandum of August 20, 1968 to the New York office found it "unlikely that Dolivet could be identical with the unknown subject."[^30]
The Bureau's letter of 1968 cites a New York report by [[Thomas G. Spencer]] of September 26, 1950, titled "Louis Dolivet, IS-R and FR," which states on page 71 that Dolivet attempted to establish a United Nations journal and tried to interest Nelson Rockefeller and John Hay Whitney in the venture. The same letter cites page 38 of the report, which states that Dolivet was leaving the United States to travel to London as a special correspondent for the General Assembly of the [[United Nations]] Organization, scheduled to begin January 10, 1946.[^2]
### Visa Denial and Later Life
The National Archives record for KV 2/4366 states: "In 1941 he moved to the USA where he continued similar activities until 1950, when he settled in Switzerland after being denied an entry visa by the USA. He later became a film producer and appeared to have given up any communist activity."[^1] The scope notes for KV 2/4367 (March 20, 1951 to May 16, 1953), KV 2/4368 (August 1, 1953 to July 8, 1955) and KV 2/4369 repeat the same description and aliases.[^3] The concordance describes him as "Later a well-know figure in Hollywood."[^4]
A 1969 FBI supplementary memorandum, which says it supplements the summary of September 10, 1969, states that Michael Straight had not been associated with his former brother-in-law in over twenty years, and that Dolivet reportedly resided in [[Paris]], France, and travelled to the United States once or twice a year on business.[^31] A September 1969 teletype from the New York office records Milton Rose as saying that Dolivet was associated with the motion picture industry and comes to the United States once or twice a year on business, and an Episcopal clergyman, a friend of the Straight family, as saying Dolivet was a French citizen who "HAS NOT BEEN IN USA IN YEARS."[^32]
### Footnotes
[^1]: The National Archives (UK), file KV 2/4366, "Louis DOLIVET," covering December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951, Discovery catalogue record C16548843, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16548843 (record data at https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/API/records/v1/details/C16548843; opening date November 28, 2017).
[^2]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, letter to SAC, New York, 1968, "RE: UNSUB; aka Dan," file 65-61067, passages on Dolivet's origins, marriage on February 21, 1942 at Des Moines, Iowa, the Free World magazine, and the 1950 New York report, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^3]: The National Archives (UK), Discovery records KV 2/4365 (C16548842, October 5, 1935 to December 2, 1937), KV 2/4367 (C16548844, March 20, 1951 to May 16, 1953), KV 2/4368 (C16548845, August 1, 1953 to July 8, 1955) and KV 2/4369 (C16548846, July 9, 1955 to February 16, 1959), https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/API/records/v1/details/C16548842 and the parallel record numbers.
[^4]: Wilson Center, "Vassiliev Notebooks and Venona Index Concordance" (update of November 1, 2014), https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/article/Vassiliev-Notebooks-and-Venona-Index-Concordance_update-2014-11-01.pdf, entries "Dolivet, Louis," "Brecher, Ludwig," "Udeanu, Ludovici," "Matus," "Jansen, Marta" and "Nigel."
[^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington Field Office report (file 65-6216 series) in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," passage summarizing the report of Special Agent John N. Doran, New York, July 1945, "LOUIS DOLIVET, with aliases; INTERNAL SECURITY-R; REGISTRATION ACT," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^6]: British Library, Cecil of Chelwood Papers, vol. LXXIII (ff. 192), catalogue record, https://searcharchives.bl.uk/catalog/040-001958988, entries "Dolivet, Louis, writer, editor, producer and alleged spy, 1908-1989" and "ff. 84-192v. Louis Dolivet, Secretary, International Peace Campaign; 1936-1944."
[^7]: Labour Party archive, International Department series LP/ID/CI/74, items 49 (Louis Launay to Lord Cecil, August 12, 1936) and 52-55 (correspondence with Launay, September 7, 1936), as catalogued in The National Archives Discovery, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ (search "Rassemblement Universel").
[^8]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969, section "Information Concerning Former Brother-in-law, Louis Dolivet," in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^9]: Vassiliev, White Notebook #3 (English translation), pp. 119 to 123, entry of June 3, 1942 attributed to "Maxim," https://digitalarchive.umd.edu/node/88908.
[^10]: Free World, October 1941 (Vol. 1, No. 1), contents ("Political War," Louis Dolivet, p. 64), masthead, editorial statement on the International Free World Association, and honorary and international board lists, https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946 (item file "Free World v01n01 (1941-10) (unz.org)").
[^11]: Free World, December 1941 (Vol. 1, No. 3), masthead and board lists with descriptions, and round-table participant list ("Louis Dolivet, Secretary-General of the Free World Association"), https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946 (item file "Free World v01n03 (1941-12) (unz.org)").
[^12]: Free World, May 1943 (Vol. 5, No. 5), masthead, "Entered as second class matter September 17, 1941, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y.," https://archive.org/details/free-world_1943-05_5_5.
[^13]: Free World, November 1942 (Vol. 4, No. 2), masthead, "owned and published monthly by FREE WORLD, INC., 55 West Forty-second Street, New York," https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-11_4_2.
[^14]: Free World, December 1942 (Vol. 4, No. 3), statement of ownership sworn November 13, 1942 (signed Wousaofong, Secretary-Treasurer) and congress program listing "Chairman, Michael Straight" for the Commission on Federalism, https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-12_4_3 and https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946.
[^15]: Free World, February 1943 (Vol. 5, No. 2), contributors page, "LOUIS DOLIVET Secretary-General, Free World Association; co-editor, Free World," https://archive.org/details/free-world_1943-02_5_2.
[^16]: Free World, July 1942 (Vol. 3, No. 2), cover and contents ("Planning for the Future," "Potential Forces of Asia," by Louis Dolivet), and the Declaration of the Free World Association with the American section, chaired by Mrs. J. Borden Harriman, https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-07_3_2.
[^17]: Free World, June 1942 (Vol. 3, No. 1), editorial passage on the speech by Vice-President Wallace at the dinner that closed the second Free World Congress, https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-06_3_1.
[^18]: Free World, July 1944 (Vol. 8, No. 1), masthead, and January 1946 (Vol. 11, No. 1), October 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 3) and December 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 5), mastheads ("International Editor: LOUIS DOLIVET"), https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946.
[^19]: Free World, December 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 5), "Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc." for October 1, 1946, sworn by Samson Trop, Assistant to the Publisher, https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946.
[^20]: United Nations World, February 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 1) and September 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 7), mastheads ("EDITORIAL BOARD: Richard J. Walsh, Chairman; Louis Dolivet, International Editor"; "PUBLISHER: Egbert White"), https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-02_1_1 and https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-09_1_7.
[^21]: United Nations World, December 1947 (Vol. 1, No. 10), statement of ownership for October 1, 1947, https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1947-12_1_10.
[^22]: United Nations World, December 1948 (Vol. 2, No. 11), statement of ownership, https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1948-12_2_11.
[^23]: United Nations World, November 1949 (Vol. 3, No. 11), statement of ownership for October 1, 1949 sworn by Louis Dolivet as President of United Nations World, Inc., https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1949-11_3_11.
[^24]: United Nations World, July 1950 (Vol. 4, No. 7), "Chile Honors Editor," https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1950-07_4_7; November 1950 (Vol. 4, No. 11), masthead and statement of ownership, https://archive.org/details/united-nations-world_1950-11_4_11.
[^25]: Free World, October 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 3), review of "The United Nations: A Handbook on the New World Organization, by Louis Dolivet, with a preface by Trygve Lie, Farrar, Straus. 1946. 152 pages. $1.75," and "The General Assembly" by Louis Dolivet, https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946.
[^26]: Internet Archive, catalogue record for _The United Nations: A Handbook on the New World Organization_, creator "Louis Dolivet," publisher "Farrar, Straus and Company," item unitednationshan0000loui, https://archive.org/details/unitednationshan0000loui.
[^27]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952 to 1954, General: Economic and Political Matters, Volume I, Part 2, Document 213, The United States High Commissioner for Austria (Thompson) to the Department of State, Vienna, April 20, 1953 (No. 1754, confidential), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v01p2/d213.
[^28]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, teletype reporting an investigation of September 3, 1969 by Special Agent Ernest W. Minton at the law firm Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander, 20 Broad Street, New York, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^29]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York office letter (file 65-16090) responding to the Bureau's inquiry whether Dolivet could be the unidentified subject "Dan," in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^30]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, memorandum from the Director to SAC, New York, August 20, 1968, "UNSUB; aka Dan (SOVMET) ESP-R," file 65-61067, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^31]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, supplementary memorandum of 1969 (stating that it supplements the summary memorandum of September 10, 1969), passage on Louis Dolivet and Michael Straight, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^32]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, teletype of September 1969 (reply to a New York conversation of September 10, 1969) reporting the statements of Milton Rose and an Episcopal clergyman, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1," https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Max Ascoli.md
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@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ relations:
start: 1949
end: 1968
role: "editor and publisher"
fn: 17
fn: 19
- type: owned
with: "[[Fortnightly Corporation]]"
role: "stockholder with Marion Rosenwald Ascoli and Nathan W. Levin (1963 application record)"
fn: 26
fn: 28
- type: owned
with: "[[Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company]]"
start: 1963
role: "vice president and director; owned through Fortnightly Corporation (WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia)"
fn: 26
fn: 28
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Marion Rosenwald Ascoli]]"
start: 1940
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ relations:
with: "[[Fight for Freedom]]"
start: 1941
role: "donor described by Mark Chadwin as particularly generous, as reported by Thomas Mahl"
fn: 13
fn: 14
- type: funded
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
reverse: true
@ -75,17 +75,17 @@ relations:
with: "[[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]]"
start: 1942
role: "listed as Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs in a February 18, 1942 Coordinator of Information memorandum; associate director of cultural relations per Fermi"
fn: 15
fn: 17
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "CIAA representative at the Committee's meetings"
fn: 15
fn: 17
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Committee on United Europe]]"
role: "listed among the mass-media members of the 1950 membership in a secondary account drawn from the Rebattet thesis"
fn: 23
fn: 25
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "initial planning, fund-raising and faculty research supervision"
@ -121,27 +121,29 @@ In 1940 Ascoli married Marion Rosenwald Stern, a daughter of [[Julius Rosenwald]
Camurri names Ascoli among the founders of the Mazzini Society in 1939, with [[Roberto Bolaffio]], [[Renato Poggioli]], [[Michele Cantarella]], Salvemini and [[Lionello Venturi]], and gives his presidency as 1940 to 1943, adding that Ascoli and his family contributed substantially to the support of the organization.[^1] Fermi dates the society's creation to 1940 and writes that Ascoli was appointed its first president and Salvemini its honorary president; that in early 1941 it was broadcasting from Boston to Italy; that it began the weekly *Nazioni Unite* in March 1942; and that its political contacts with the American government "were not extensive and, at least at the beginning, limited to the Intelligence Service." She also writes that he was named president in 1940 and "the following year resigned" because the society was in New York while his wartime duties required him in Washington.[^10] Richet, summarizing Grippa, calls him one of the leaders of the society and an agent of the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] during the war.[^4]
[[Thomas E. Mahl]] reports that the secret "BSC Account" of [[British Security Coordination]] stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society headed by Ascoli, and quotes a July 1941 report by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the [[Special Operations Executive]] that a subsidy had been paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts from the Boston radio station [[WRUL]].[^13] Mahl also writes that Ascoli was one of the donors listed by [[Mark Chadwin]] as particularly generous to [[Fight for Freedom]], a committee Mahl describes as a British intelligence front, and that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^13] The [[Princeton University]] finding aid for the Fight for Freedom, Inc. records lists a correspondence folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^14]
The Communist monthly *Lo Stato Operaio* reported in June and July 1942 that at a congress of the society a proposal from the Republican group, to take the initiative in a wider front of anti-fascist action without exclusion of any political tendency, was rejected by 627 votes to 238.[^13] The same account gives Ascoli, as president, telling the congress that before the American government "any rapprochement with the Communists would be extremely harmful" (in the periodical's Italian, "qualsiasi avvicinamento ai comunisti sarebbe estremamente nocivo").[^13] That account thus has him presiding in mid-1942, the year after the resignation Fermi describes and within the 1940 to 1943 presidency Camurri gives. The article also gives the society's total membership, by agreement with its leadership, as exactly 627 in the United States, and has [[Augusto Bellanca]] saying at the congress that all the society's successes with the American authorities depended on its reputation as liberals untainted by extremist infiltration.[^13]
[[Thomas E. Mahl]] reports that the secret "BSC Account" of [[British Security Coordination]] stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society headed by Ascoli, and quotes a July 1941 report by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the [[Special Operations Executive]] that a subsidy had been paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts from the Boston radio station [[WRUL]].[^14] Mahl also writes that Ascoli was one of the donors listed by [[Mark Chadwin]] as particularly generous to [[Fight for Freedom]], a committee Mahl describes as a British intelligence front, and that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^14] The [[Princeton University]] finding aid for the Fight for Freedom, Inc. records lists a correspondence folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^15]
### Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, 1942
Camurri lists among Ascoli's institutional affiliations of the late 1930s and early 1940s the Bureau of Latin America Relations, the Inter-American Affairs office of Nelson Rockefeller, the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], the [[Council for Democracy]] and the [[Committee for a National Trade Policy]].[^1] Fermi states that at the time of his resignation from the Mazzini presidency he was associate director of cultural relations in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.[^10]
Released minutes and memoranda of the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], filed in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room under an [[Office of Strategic Services]] heading, record Ascoli at the committee's weekly meetings, convened by [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]], Assistant Secretary of State, at the State Department from February to April 1942. A memorandum of the [[Coordinator of Information]] (the predecessor agency of the OSS) by [[DeWitt C. Poole]] to [[John C. Wiley]], dated February 11, 1942, names "Mr. Nelson Rockefeller, Dr. Max Ascoli and Mr. Wallace K. Harrison of the Office of the Coordinator for Latin American Relations" among those present, and Poole's memorandum of February 18, 1942 lists "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs." Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 to the Secretary of War gives the CIAA members as "Mr. N. A Rockefeller; Mr. Wallace K. Harrison; Dr. Ascoli." The minutes list him as CIAA representative at the sixth meeting (March 11, with Rockefeller and Harrison), the seventh (March 18), the ninth (April 15) and the tenth (April 29).[^15]
Released minutes and memoranda of the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], filed in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading room under an [[Office of Strategic Services]] heading, record Ascoli at the committee's weekly meetings, convened by [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]], Assistant Secretary of State, at the State Department from February to April 1942. A memorandum of the [[Coordinator of Information]] (the predecessor agency of the OSS) by [[DeWitt C. Poole]] to [[John C. Wiley]], dated February 11, 1942, names "Mr. Nelson Rockefeller, Dr. Max Ascoli and Mr. Wallace K. Harrison of the Office of the Coordinator for Latin American Relations" among those present, and Poole's memorandum of February 18, 1942 lists "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs." Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 to the Secretary of War gives the CIAA members as "Mr. N. A Rockefeller; Mr. Wallace K. Harrison; Dr. Ascoli." A Foreign Nationalities Branch position report of March 11, 1942 records that, in connection with a report on Greek politics in the Western Hemisphere, cooperation was being established with "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs."[^16] The minutes list him as CIAA representative at the sixth meeting (March 11, with Rockefeller and Harrison), the seventh (March 18), the ninth (April 15) and the tenth (April 29).[^17]
The March 11 minutes record that Ascoli reported, on information from "Mr. Romualdi, a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America," that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited there for an anti-Fascist Italian legion, that interest was most intense in Uruguay, and that a cable be sent to the embassy in Montevideo about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and Argentina. A Coordinator of Information memorandum to Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] of the same date lists Rockefeller, Ascoli and Harrison among those present, and the same memorandum records Ascoli describing Salvemini's skepticism about the number of probable recruits for an Italian legion as "undoubtedly excessive" and suggesting that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to Africa as "missionaries." At the April 15 meeting, "Dr. Ascoli for CIAA" referred to the problem of Mexicans in the southwest and offered the assistance of his organization, and Berle suggested that Cramer of the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice and Ascoli meet with [[Jonathan Daniels]] of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] to work out plans on the "color" problem.[^15]
The March 11 minutes record that Ascoli reported, on information from "Mr. Romualdi, a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America," that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited there for an anti-Fascist Italian legion, that interest was most intense in Uruguay, and that a cable be sent to the embassy in Montevideo about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and Argentina. A Coordinator of Information memorandum to Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] of the same date lists Rockefeller, Ascoli and Harrison among those present, and the same memorandum records Ascoli describing Salvemini's skepticism about the number of probable recruits for an Italian legion as "undoubtedly excessive" and suggesting that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to Africa as "missionaries." At the April 15 meeting, "Dr. Ascoli for CIAA" referred to the problem of Mexicans in the southwest and offered the assistance of his organization, and Berle suggested that Cramer of the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice and Ascoli meet with [[Jonathan Daniels]] of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] to work out plans on the "color" problem.[^17]
[[Hugh Wilford]] writes that during the war Ascoli "worked alongside Nelson Rockefeller, John Hay Whitney, and C. D. Jackson," although Jackson never warmed to him.[^16]
[[Hugh Wilford]] writes that during the war Ascoli "worked alongside Nelson Rockefeller, John Hay Whitney, and C. D. Jackson," although Jackson never warmed to him.[^18]
### The Reporter, 1949 to 1968
The June 21, 1949 issue of The Reporter lists Ascoli as "Editor & Publisher," says the magazine was published every other Tuesday by [[Fortnightly Publishing Company]], a limited partnership, and lists [[Douglass Cater]] on the staff.[^17] By December 1955 the masthead gives Ascoli as editor and [[Harlan Cleveland]] as publisher, with [[The Reporter Magazine Company]] at 136 East 57th Street; in 1961 he is "Editor and Publisher," with Cater as Washington editor, and the company at 660 Madison Avenue.[^18][^19] Fermi writes that Ascoli wrote an editorial for each issue, decided policy and chose authors, and that the magazine's existence depended on "the never-sufficiently-eulogized assistance of American money."[^10]
The June 21, 1949 issue of The Reporter lists Ascoli as "Editor & Publisher," says the magazine was published every other Tuesday by [[Fortnightly Publishing Company]], a limited partnership, and lists [[Douglass Cater]] on the staff.[^19] By December 1955 the masthead gives Ascoli as editor and [[Harlan Cleveland]] as publisher, with [[The Reporter Magazine Company]] at 136 East 57th Street; in 1961 he is "Editor and Publisher," with Cater as Washington editor, and the company at 660 Madison Avenue.[^20][^21] Fermi writes that Ascoli wrote an editorial for each issue, decided policy and chose authors, and that the magazine's existence depended on "the never-sufficiently-eulogized assistance of American money."[^10]
Wilford writes that The Reporter had "intimate ties to the U.S. intelligence community," that there is no evidence Ascoli received covert payments "in the same manner as" the editor of The New Leader, "although this is perhaps not surprising, given the apparent destruction of The Reporter's financial records," and that Ascoli had "conspicuous access to wealth" through his wife. Wilford identifies [[Philip Horton]] and Douglass Cater as ex-OSS officers who kept their intelligence connections, states that Horton served briefly as the CIA's first station chief in Paris before joining Time and then The Reporter as Ascoli's second in command, and that Horton used contacts with Donovan, [[Allen Dulles]] and [[James Jesus Angleton]] to enhance foreign coverage. Wilford adds that Cater helped found the [[United States National Student Association]] and later served in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] White House, and that The Reporter had ties to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], the American Committee on United Europe, the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] and the Vietnam Lobby.[^16]
Wilford writes that The Reporter had "intimate ties to the U.S. intelligence community," that there is no evidence Ascoli received covert payments "in the same manner as" the editor of The New Leader, "although this is perhaps not surprising, given the apparent destruction of The Reporter's financial records," and that Ascoli had "conspicuous access to wealth" through his wife. Wilford identifies [[Philip Horton]] and Douglass Cater as ex-OSS officers who kept their intelligence connections, states that Horton served briefly as the CIA's first station chief in Paris before joining Time and then The Reporter as Ascoli's second in command, and that Horton used contacts with Donovan, [[Allen Dulles]] and [[James Jesus Angleton]] to enhance foreign coverage. Wilford adds that Cater helped found the [[United States National Student Association]] and later served in the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] White House, and that The Reporter had ties to the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], the American Committee on United Europe, the [[National Committee for a Free Europe]] and the Vietnam Lobby.[^18]
A CIA memorandum dated March 19, 1952 concerns "The China Lobby" by [[Charles Christian Wertenbaker]], written for The Reporter. Its author, an assistant to the Director, reports that Wertenbaker invited him to review the piece before publication, and that the text would go to Philip Horton, assistant editor, who would edit it. The memorandum says the piece ran to 30,000 to 35,000 words in two installments beginning in early April 1952, and that the magazine "presumably" was building a promotional campaign around it. Wertenbaker had notified Ascoli, "editor and publisher," that he could not devote any more time to the piece.[^20]
A CIA memorandum dated March 19, 1952 concerns "The China Lobby" by [[Charles Christian Wertenbaker]], written for The Reporter. Its author, an assistant to the Director, reports that Wertenbaker invited him to review the piece before publication, and that the text would go to Philip Horton, assistant editor, who would edit it. The memorandum says the piece ran to 30,000 to 35,000 words in two installments beginning in early April 1952, and that the magazine "presumably" was building a promotional campaign around it. Wertenbaker had notified Ascoli, "editor and publisher," that he could not devote any more time to the piece.[^22]
[[Hans Renders]], reviewing [[Elke van Cassel]]'s history of the magazine, writes that the Reporter, against the prevailing anticommunism of the period, attacked the witch hunt of [[Joseph McCarthy]], and that it kept alive the American tradition of investigative journalism through the conformist 1950s.[^21]
[[Hans Renders]], reviewing [[Elke van Cassel]]'s history of the magazine, writes that the Reporter, against the prevailing anticommunism of the period, attacked the witch hunt of [[Joseph McCarthy]], and that it kept alive the American tradition of investigative journalism through the conformist 1950s.[^23]
### Senator Bridges, 1954
@ -149,34 +151,34 @@ On August 19, 1954 Senator [[Styles Bridges]] attacked The Reporter in a Senate
### Allen Dulles and the American Committee on United Europe
[[Richard Aldrich]] describes the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE) as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]], and as officially incorporated in February 1949. William J. Donovan was its chairman, Dulles its vice-chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, its executive director, with day-to-day administration in Braden's hands. Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^22]
[[Richard Aldrich]] describes the [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE) as formed to support [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[European Movement]], and as officially incorporated in February 1949. William J. Donovan was its chairman, Dulles its vice-chairman, and [[Thomas W. Braden]], a former OSS officer, its executive director, with day-to-day administration in Braden's hands. Aldrich reports Braden's assertion in the 1980s that ACUE funds originated with the CIA, and writes that the 1962 Oxford thesis of [[F. X. Rebattet]], son of the European Movement's secretary-general [[George Rebattet]], "confirms that most ACUE funds originated with the CIA."[^24]
[[David Barnby]], drawing on that 1962 Oxford thesis on the European Movement, writes that ACUE had a membership of 380 in 1950 and lists, among 29 media figures, "Dr. Max Ascoli, publisher of (The Reporter)."[^23] Wilford lists the American Committee on United Europe among the Agency fronts with which The Reporter had ties.[^16]
[[David Barnby]], drawing on that 1962 Oxford thesis on the European Movement, writes that ACUE had a membership of 380 in 1950 and lists, among 29 media figures, "Dr. Max Ascoli, publisher of (The Reporter)."[^25] Wilford lists the American Committee on United Europe among the Agency fronts with which The Reporter had ties.[^18]
A copy of a February 7, 1958 letter from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers to Dulles, then Director of Central Intelligence, thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses the list of participants, which includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^24] The 1968 closing file of The Reporter in the Ascoli papers indexes a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles, dated May 27, among letters from friends of Ascoli expressing regret at the closing.[^25]
A copy of a February 7, 1958 letter from the chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers to Dulles, then Director of Central Intelligence, thanks him for addressing the Conference on America's Human Resources at [[Yale University]] and encloses the list of participants, which includes "Mr. Max Ascoli, Editor and Publisher, The Reporter."[^26] The 1968 closing file of The Reporter in the Ascoli papers indexes a photocopy of a typed letter from Dulles, dated May 27, among letters from friends of Ascoli expressing regret at the closing.[^27]
### Fortnightly Corporation and the Clarksburg television station, 1959 to 1963
In an application filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on March 21, 1963 for assignment of the license of television station WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia, from Rust Craft Broadcasting Company to Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company, the published notice lists the officers of the purchaser as including Max Ascoli, vice president and director, and Marion R. Ascoli, vice president and director, with Nathan W. Levin as president, treasurer and director. It states that [[Fortnightly Corporation]] was the sole stockholder of the purchaser, that Max Ascoli and Marion R. Ascoli were vice presidents and directors of Fortnightly, and that "The stockholders of Fortnightly Corporation are: Max Ascoli, Marion R. Ascoli, and Nathan W. Levin."[^26]
In an application filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on March 21, 1963 for assignment of the license of television station WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, West Virginia, from Rust Craft Broadcasting Company to Northern West Virginia Television Broadcasting Company, the published notice lists the officers of the purchaser as including Max Ascoli, vice president and director, and Marion R. Ascoli, vice president and director, with Nathan W. Levin as president, treasurer and director. It states that [[Fortnightly Corporation]] was the sole stockholder of the purchaser, that Max Ascoli and Marion R. Ascoli were vice presidents and directors of Fortnightly, and that "The stockholders of Fortnightly Corporation are: Max Ascoli, Marion R. Ascoli, and Nathan W. Levin."[^28]
The brief of the appellants, the Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company, in their appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] against the Commission's approval, states that Fortnightly owned and operated community antenna (cable) systems in Clarksburg and Fairmont, West Virginia; that in March 1959 it had bought the stock of Schwager-Wood Corporation of Portland, Oregon, a manufacturer of electrical switches used mainly by public utilities, which became a division of Fortnightly and was later divested; and that Fortnightly urged approval of the sale on the grounds that it was familiar with the area, that pending litigation between Rust Craft and Fortnightly would be resolved, and that acquisition of WBOY "would give Fortnightly, owner and publisher of the Reporter Magazine, an additional medium for public discussion of national affairs."[^26]
The brief of the appellants, the Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company, in their appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] against the Commission's approval, states that Fortnightly owned and operated community antenna (cable) systems in Clarksburg and Fairmont, West Virginia; that in March 1959 it had bought the stock of Schwager-Wood Corporation of Portland, Oregon, a manufacturer of electrical switches used mainly by public utilities, which became a division of Fortnightly and was later divested; and that Fortnightly urged approval of the sale on the grounds that it was familiar with the area, that pending litigation between Rust Craft and Fortnightly would be resolved, and that acquisition of WBOY "would give Fortnightly, owner and publisher of the Reporter Magazine, an additional medium for public discussion of national affairs."[^28]
### Closing, 1968
In April 1968 the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that The Reporter would cease publication with its June 13 issue. Circulation had risen to 210,000 in the final half of 1967, from 172,000 five years earlier, while advertising had fallen to 401 pages in 1967 from 843 pages in 1963. The magazine had run a deficit in each of its nineteen years, and the deficits "have been met by" Ascoli and his wife Marion, "who are sole owners." The Journal described the magazine as having drifted rightward and as one of a handful of national magazines with a hawkish stand on the Vietnam war. Some features and two of its 54 employees were taken over by [[Harper's Magazine]], and Ascoli was to contribute an essay each month to Harper's.[^27]
In April 1968 the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that The Reporter would cease publication with its June 13 issue. Circulation had risen to 210,000 in the final half of 1967, from 172,000 five years earlier, while advertising had fallen to 401 pages in 1967 from 843 pages in 1963. The magazine had run a deficit in each of its nineteen years, and the deficits "have been met by" Ascoli and his wife Marion, "who are sole owners." The Journal described the magazine as having drifted rightward and as one of a handful of national magazines with a hawkish stand on the Vietnam war. Some features and two of its 54 employees were taken over by [[Harper's Magazine]], and Ascoli was to contribute an essay each month to Harper's.[^29]
The index of names for the 1968 closing letters includes [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry Kissinger]], Adolf Berle, [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], [[Theodore H. White]], [[William Rosenwald]], [[Paul Douglas]] and [[John Dos Passos]], as well as Dulles.[^25] Ascoli died in New York on January 1, 1978.[^1]
The index of names for the 1968 closing letters includes [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry Kissinger]], Adolf Berle, [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], [[Theodore H. White]], [[William Rosenwald]], [[Paul Douglas]] and [[John Dos Passos]], as well as Dulles.[^27] Ascoli died in New York on January 1, 1978.[^1]
### Papers
Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at Boston University, whose Special Collections keep the editorial files of The Reporter.[^2] The Italian Senate's historical archive holds a federated description of a "Max Ascoli Collections" fonds with the Gotlieb Center as custodian, listed at 209 boxes. Its Reporter series includes a historical file of 1947 to 1950, editorial correspondence from 1949 to about 1968, killed manuscripts, libel files, letters to the editor and a closing file. Its personal series contains correspondence from 1934 to 1978 and thematic files on institutions with which Ascoli worked.[^28]
Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at Boston University, whose Special Collections keep the editorial files of The Reporter.[^2] The Italian Senate's historical archive holds a federated description of a "Max Ascoli Collections" fonds with the Gotlieb Center as custodian, listed at 209 boxes. Its Reporter series includes a historical file of 1947 to 1950, editorial correspondence from 1949 to about 1968, killed manuscripts, libel files, letters to the editor and a closing file. Its personal series contains correspondence from 1934 to 1978 and thematic files on institutions with which Ascoli worked.[^30]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Renato Camurri, biographical note, "Max Ascoli 1898 - 1978," in Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, federated fonds Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Max Ascoli, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli (Italian; translated). Sole source for the Giovane Italia investigation as the reason for the 1928 arrest, the Camerino and Cagliari teaching posts, the Frankfurter introduction to Johnson, the Mazzini Society presidency of 1940 to 1943, the list of institutional affiliations, the 1949 end of the academic career and the death on January 1, 1978.
[^2]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Sole source for the address-book account of the 1928 arrest, the "cradle of Fascism" phrase and the Gotlieb Center holdings.
[^3]: "The Reporter's Notes," *The Reporter*, September 23, 1954 (Vol. 11, No. 5), pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5, excerpting Max Ascoli's reply to Senator Bridges (Congressional Record, September 3, 1954, pp. A6583-A6585) and citing Bridges's speech of August 19, 1954 (Congressional Record, pp. 14472-14480). Sole source for Ascoli's own account of the 1928 arrest, the Einaudi fellowship offer and Handicraft Development, Inc.
[^4]: Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, *Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti. Democrazia e identità nazionale nel pensiero di Max Ascoli (1898-1947)*, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/. Sole source for the Grippa biography's account of the Mazzini Society and State Department service, as reported by the reviewer, and for the mentorship, *Intelligence in Politics* (1936) and the citizenship in 1940.
[^1]: Renato Camurri, biographical note, "Max Ascoli 1898 - 1978," in Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, federated fonds Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Max Ascoli, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli (Italian; translated).
[^2]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm.
[^3]: "The Reporter's Notes," *The Reporter*, September 23, 1954 (Vol. 11, No. 5), pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5, excerpting Max Ascoli's reply to Senator Bridges (Congressional Record, September 3, 1954, pp. A6583-A6585) and citing Bridges's speech of August 19, 1954 (Congressional Record, pp. 14472-14480).
[^4]: Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, *Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti. Democrazia e identità nazionale nel pensiero di Max Ascoli (1898-1947)*, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
[^5]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, *New School: A History of the New School for Social Research* (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
[^6]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), note 21 and note 116, https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^7]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, Series I.B (Non-Grantees), box 38, folder 46, "Ascoli, Max 1933-1935, 1939-1943," https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922.
@ -185,19 +187,21 @@ Ascoli's papers are held at the [[Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at B
[^10]: Laura Fermi, *Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930-41* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 118-119 (Mazzini Society; "Political contacts" sentence at p. 119) and pp. 283-284 (The Reporter; the 1940 presidency, resignation and CIAA position at p. 284), p. 336 (Modigliani), https://archive.org/details/illustriousimmig0000unse.
[^11]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^12]: Glenn Fowler, "Marion Rosenwald Ascoli, 88, Longtime Advocate for Children," *New York Times*, October 2, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/obituaries/marion-rosenwald-ascoli-88-longtime-advocate-for-children.html. The obituary states that Marion was a daughter of Julius Rosenwald, that she married Alfred K. Stern and was divorced in 1936, that she married Dr. Ascoli in 1940, and that he died in 1978.
[^13]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24 and 31 and the biographical entry for Ascoli at p. 190 (index: Ascoli, 24, 31, 190); the Morrell quotation appears in the chapter on front groups. Mahl cites Mark Lincoln Chadwin, *The Warhawks* (1968) for the donor list.
[^14]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^15]: CIA reading room, "OSS: Memoranda on meetings of the Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems," CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: pp. 39-41 (Poole to Wiley, February 11, 1942), p. 34 (Poole to Wiley, February 18, 1942), pp. 29-30 (Berle to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1942, postscript listing members), pp. 17-18 (minutes of the sixth meeting, March 11, 1942), p. 12 (seventh meeting, March 18), pp. 22-24 (memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 11), pp. 72-75 (ninth meeting, April 15) and p. 5 (tenth meeting, April 29). The minutes give the abbreviation as CIAA; the March 11 and 18 lists print it as OCIAA.
[^16]: Hugh Wilford, *The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231, with endnotes citing the C. D. Jackson Papers and the Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers.
[^17]: *The Reporter*, June 21, 1949 (Vol. 1, No. 5), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1949-06-21_1_5_0.
[^18]: *The Reporter*, December 15, 1955 (Vol. 13, No. 10), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1955-12-15_13_10_0.
[^19]: *The Reporter*, November 23, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 9), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1961-11-23_25_9.
[^20]: CIA memorandum for the Director, "Magazine Piece: 'The China Lobby' by Charles Christian Wertenbaker (for Reporter magazine)," March 19, 1952, CIA-RDP57-00384R000200090021-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000200090021-0. The memorandum's author is redacted in the released copy. Sole source for the pre-publication contact.
[^21]: Hans Renders, review of Elke van Cassel, *A Cold War Magazine of Causes: A Critical History of The Reporter, 1949-1968* (self-published, 573 pp.), "Culturele propaganda," *Media Facts* (2007), p. 45, https://hansrendersarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Elke-van-Cassel-A-cold-war-magazine-History-of-the-reporter-Media-Facts-1020074.pdf. Dutch-language review, translated. Sole source for the magazine's position on McCarthy.
[^22]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 184-227, at pp. 192 (leadership) and 211-212 (Braden's assertion; the Rabattet passage), DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf. The quoted sentence is Aldrich's account of Rabattet's conclusion.
[^23]: David Barnby, *The EU: A Corporatist Racket* (Orinoco Standard, 2014), pp. 85-88, citing F. X. Rebattet, "The European Movement 1945-1953" (thesis, 1962, Bodleian Library, Oxford). Self-published secondary account; the names are stated there to be taken from the thesis.
[^24]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, with program and participant list, "Conference on America's Human Resources," CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^25]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, "Letters expressing regrets upon closing of The Reporter from personal friends of Max Ascoli, 1968," index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968. The index lists "Dulles Allen W., photocopy TL May 27" among letters with carbon replies from Ascoli.
[^26]: *Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company v. Federal Communications Commission*, No. 18,738 (D.C. Cir.), brief for appellants and transcript of record (statement of questions presented and statement of facts, including the published notice of the March 1963 application), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1964_18738_citizens_tv_protest_comm_et_al_v_fed_comm_commn.
[^27]: "Reporter Magazine To Stop Publication With June 13 Issue," *Wall Street Journal*, April 10, 1968 (stamped copy in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100620020-5), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100620020-5. The article is credited to a Wall Street Journal staff reporter and names Ascoli and his wife Marion as the magazine's sole owners.
[^28]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, "Max Ascoli" fonds, introduction ("Introduzione archivistica"), https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli/introduzione.
[^13]: *Lo Stato Operaio*, vol. II, nos. 6-7 (June-July 1942), article "Il Congresso della Mazzini" (Italian; translated). https://archive.org/details/lo-stato-operaio_june-july-1942_2_6-7
[^14]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24 and 31 and the biographical entry for Ascoli at p. 190 (index: Ascoli, 24, 31, 190); the Morrell quotation appears in the chapter on front groups. Mahl cites Mark Lincoln Chadwin, *The Warhawks* (1968) for the donor list.
[^15]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^16]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Foreign Nationalities Branch, "Position and Relations as of March 11, 1942," p. 1 (PDF p. 248). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7
[^17]: CIA reading room, "OSS: Memoranda on meetings of the Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems," CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: pp. 39-41 (Poole to Wiley, February 11, 1942), p. 34 (Poole to Wiley, February 18, 1942), pp. 29-30 (Berle to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1942, postscript listing members), pp. 17-18 (minutes of the sixth meeting, March 11, 1942), p. 12 (seventh meeting, March 18), pp. 22-24 (memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 11), pp. 72-75 (ninth meeting, April 15) and p. 5 (tenth meeting, April 29). The minutes give the abbreviation as CIAA; the March 11 and 18 lists print it as OCIAA.
[^18]: Hugh Wilford, *The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 230-231, with endnotes citing the C. D. Jackson Papers and the Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers.
[^19]: *The Reporter*, June 21, 1949 (Vol. 1, No. 5), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1949-06-21_1_5_0.
[^20]: *The Reporter*, December 15, 1955 (Vol. 13, No. 10), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1955-12-15_13_10_0.
[^21]: *The Reporter*, November 23, 1961 (Vol. 25, No. 9), masthead, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1961-11-23_25_9.
[^22]: CIA memorandum for the Director, "Magazine Piece: 'The China Lobby' by Charles Christian Wertenbaker (for Reporter magazine)," March 19, 1952, CIA-RDP57-00384R000200090021-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp57-00384r000200090021-0. The memorandum's author is redacted in the released copy.
[^23]: Hans Renders, review of Elke van Cassel, *A Cold War Magazine of Causes: A Critical History of The Reporter, 1949-1968* (self-published, 573 pp.), "Culturele propaganda," *Media Facts* (2007), p. 45, https://hansrendersarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Elke-van-Cassel-A-cold-war-magazine-History-of-the-reporter-Media-Facts-1020074.pdf. Dutch-language review, translated.
[^24]: Richard J. Aldrich, "OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948-60," *Diplomacy & Statecraft* 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 184-227, at pp. 192 (leadership) and 211-212 (Braden's assertion; the Rabattet passage), DOI 10.1080/09592299708406035, https://text.www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf. The quoted sentence is Aldrich's account of Rabattet's conclusion.
[^25]: David Barnby, *The EU: A Corporatist Racket* (Orinoco Standard, 2014), pp. 85-88, citing F. X. Rebattet, "The European Movement 1945-1953" (thesis, 1962, Bodleian Library, Oxford). Self-published secondary account; the names are stated there to be taken from the thesis.
[^26]: Howard L. Bevis to Allen W. Dulles, February 7, 1958, with program and participant list, "Conference on America's Human Resources," CIA-RDP80B01676R003800020106-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800020106-4.
[^27]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, Max Ascoli fonds, sottofascicolo 15, "Letters expressing regrets upon closing of The Reporter from personal friends of Max Ascoli, 1968," index of names, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/scheda/max-ascoli/IT-AFS-005-002785/letters-expressing-regrets-upon-closing-of-the-reporter-from-personal-friends-of-max-ascoli-1968. The index lists "Dulles Allen W., photocopy TL May 27" among letters with carbon replies from Ascoli.
[^28]: *Citizens TV Protest Committee and Clarksburg Publishing Company v. Federal Communications Commission*, No. 18,738 (D.C. Cir.), brief for appellants and transcript of record (statement of questions presented and statement of facts, including the published notice of the March 1963 application), https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1964_18738_citizens_tv_protest_comm_et_al_v_fed_comm_commn.
[^29]: "Reporter Magazine To Stop Publication With June 13 Issue," *Wall Street Journal*, April 10, 1968 (stamped copy in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100620020-5), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100620020-5. The article is credited to a Wall Street Journal staff reporter and names Ascoli and his wife Marion as the magazine's sole owners.
[^30]: Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, "Max Ascoli" fonds, introduction ("Introduzione archivistica"), https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli/introduzione.

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---
aliases:
- Porter Goss
- Porter J. Goss
- Porter Johnston Goss
category: "Political Figure"
tags:
- Politician
- Congressman
- CIADirector
- CIAOfficer
- HPSCI
- NROCommission
- JointInquiry
- NineElevenInquiry
- Cunningham
- KyleFoggo
- InterrogationTapes
- Sanibel
- FARARegistrant
summary: "Former CIA clandestine services officer, Florida congressman, House intelligence chairman from 1997, co-chair of the 2000 National Reconnaissance Office commission, and CIA director from 2004 to 2006."
location: "Sanibel, Florida"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[United States House of Representatives]]"
role: "representative, Florida 13th district, then 14th district"
start: 1989-01-03
end: 2004-09-23
fn: 10
- type: head_of
with: "[[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]"
role: "chairman, 105th through 108th Congresses"
start: 1997-01
end: 2004-09-23
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "clandestine services officer, Directorate of Operations"
start: 1962
end: 1972
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Director of Central Intelligence, then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency"
start: 2004-09-24
end: 2006-05
fn: 6
- type: appointed
with: "[[George W. Bush]]"
reverse: true
role: "nominated Director of Central Intelligence, August 10, 2004; confirmed 77 to 17 on September 22, 2004"
start: 2004-08-10
end: 2004-09-22
fn: 2
- type: member_of
with: "[[National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office]]"
role: "co-chair"
start: 2000-02-01
end: 2000-11
fn: 5
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Bob Kerrey]]"
role: "co-chair, National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office"
start: 2000-02-01
end: 2000-11
fn: 5
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Bob Graham]]"
role: "chairmen of the House and Senate intelligence committees who led the joint inquiry into the September 11 attacks"
start: 2002-02
end: 2002-12
fn: 4
- type: appointed
with: "[[Bob Graham]]"
reverse: true
role: "Lee County commissioner, appointed by Governor Graham, 1983"
start: 1983
fn: 8
- type: member_of
with: "[[House October Surprise Task Force]]"
role: "Republican member"
start: 1992
end: 1993-01
fn: 11
- type: founded
with: "[[Island Reporter]]"
role: "co-founder"
start: 1973
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[Island Press and Publicity]]"
role: "officer and director, resigned on election as mayor"
start: 1973
end: 1974-12
fn: 9
- type: head_of
with: "[[Sanibel, Florida]]"
role: "councilman and mayor"
start: 1974
end: 1982
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[Lee County, Florida]]"
role: "county commissioner, chairman 1985 to 1986"
start: 1983
end: 1988
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Dickstein Shapiro LLP]]"
role: "senior advisor; FARA short form for the Republic of Turkey (through the Gephardt Group)"
start: 2015-04-23
end: 2015-07-31
fn: 39
- type: head_of
with: "[[Office of Congressional Ethics]]"
role: "board co-chairman from 2008, chairman by 2013"
start: 2008-07-24
fn: 37
---
Porter Johnston Goss (born November 26, 1938, in Waterbury, Connecticut) is a former [[Central Intelligence Agency]] clandestine services officer who represented [[Florida]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from January 1989 to September 2004.[^1][^2] He chaired the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] from 1997, led the 2002 [[Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001|joint inquiry]] into the attacks of September 11, 2001 with [[Bob Graham]], co-chaired the [[National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office]] in 2000, and served as Director of Central Intelligence and then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from September 24, 2004 to May 2006.[^3][^4][^5][^6]
### Education, Army service and CIA entry
Goss was born in Waterbury to Richard Goss, a manager at a manufacturing company, and Virginia (Johnson) Goss.[^2] He took a B.A. in classics and Greek from [[Yale University]] in 1960.[^7] The Congressional Directory records service in the [[United States Army]] as a second lieutenant from 1960 to 1962.[^1] In 2004 he told the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]: "And while in the Army, I was trained and worked as a photo interpreter."[^8]
### Central Intelligence Agency, 1962 to 1972
The Congressional Directory lists Goss as a clandestine services officer of the CIA from 1962 to 1972.[^1] He told the Senate committee in 2004: "I worked in the [[Directorate of Operations]] at the CIA in the 1960s as a clandestine services officer."[^8] In the same statement he recalled that during the [[Cold War]] "the mission of the intelligence community was very clear": to obtain the plans and intentions of adversaries before they could attack the United States.[^8] Because of his fluency in Spanish, his first posting was to Miami during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. He then undertook clandestine assignments in [[Haiti]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Mexico]] and Europe, until a bacteriological infection in 1970 ended his field career; he left the agency in 1972 after moving to [[Sanibel, Florida|Sanibel Island]].[^7] A CNN chronology gives the postings as [[Latin America]], the [[Caribbean]] and Europe and states that he was forced to retire by a severe staph infection.[^2] Graham, introducing him to the Senate committee, said: "For a decade, early in his career, Congressman Goss served our Nation in both Army and the CIA. He knows firsthand the value and the risk of clandestine operations."[^8]
### Sanibel, the Island Reporter and local office
Goss co-founded the [[Island Reporter]], a weekly newspaper on Sanibel, in 1973.[^2] The Directory lists him as newspaper publisher and small business owner, councilman and mayor of Sanibel from 1974 to 1982, and a director of the [[National Audubon Society]].[^1] On December 26, 1974 the Sanibel paper [[The Islander]] reported that Goss, who led the field in the city council election and was elected mayor unanimously by the council at its first meeting, had resigned temporarily from the Reporter during the campaign and was making the resignation permanent: he gave up his position as officer and director of Island Press and Publicity, which published the Reporter, and severed any connection with the paper for as long as he held public office. The board voted to install [[Mary R. Goss]] as a member of the board in his place.[^9] CNN dates his mayoralty to 1975 to 1977 and 1981 to 1982, with council seats from 1974 to 1980 and 1981 to 1982; Britannica gives 1974 as the year he became the city's first mayor.[^2][^7]
Graham, as governor of Florida, appointed Goss to the [[Lee County, Florida|Lee County]] commission in 1983. In his 2004 introduction Graham said that three of the five commissioners had been indicted for corruption during the building of a new county airport, that he suspended them and found three replacements, and that "Porter Goss was one of those three people." Graham added that Goss "soon rose to be the Chairman of the Lee County Commission" and completed the airport.[^8] The Directory gives his county service as commissioner, District 1, 1983 to 1988, and commission chairman 1985 to 1986, and lists him as chairman of the State Advisory Committee on Coastal Management, vice chairman of the West Coast Inland Navigational District and port commissioner of the Southwest Florida Regional Airport. It records that he is married to the former Mariel Robinson and has four children.[^1]
### Congress, 1989 to 2004
Goss was elected on November 8, 1988 to the 101st Congress and reelected to each succeeding Congress.[^1] The House member data in the congress-legislators dataset (Bioguide ID G000336) lists his first term as beginning January 3, 1989, in Florida's 13th district, the 14th district from January 1993, and his last term ending September 23, 2004.[^10]
In the 102nd Congress the Speaker, after consultation with the Republican Leader, appointed Goss as one of five Republican members of the House Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 (the [[House October Surprise Task Force]]), chaired by [[Lee Hamilton]] with [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.|E. Lawrence Barcella]] as chief counsel. The joint report is dated January 3, 1993, and carries his signature.[^11]
The Congressional Directory for June 1997 lists him as chairman of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and as a member of the [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]]; the June 1999 Directory lists him as chairman of the intelligence committee, with [[Jerry Lewis]] as vice chairman, and as vice chairman of Rules.[^3][^12] CNN dates his chairmanship from 1997 to August 10, 2004, after membership from 1995, and records that in 2003 Speaker [[Dennis Hastert]] arranged a waiver of House rules to let him keep both his seat on the committee beyond the usual term limit and the chairmanship.[^2] The National Commission biography of 2000 describes his legislative work as an effort to advance democracy in Haiti, [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]] and [[El Salvador]], states that he "has actively participated in strategic deliberations regarding U.S. foreign policy towards [[Iraq]], [[North Korea]] and [[Russia]]," and describes his chairmanship as "his second term as chairman of the Committee, on which he is now serving his third term as a member."[^13]
On November 5, 1999, Goss filed the conference report on the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 for the House, which opens: "Mr. Goss, from the committee of conference, submitted the following conference report." The House conferees were Goss, [[Nancy Pelosi]], [[Heather Wilson]], [[Julian Dixon]], [[Gary Condit]] and several other members.[^14] Among the committee's Republican members in the 107th Congress was Representative [[Randy Cunningham]] of California.[^15]
Goss submitted the committee's report on the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 on June 21, 2004. It states that the Directorate of Operations "needs fixing" and that "For too long the CIA has been ignoring its core mission activities. There is a dysfunctional denial of any need for corrective action." The same report records that the committee majority rejected an amendment by Representative [[Anna Eshoo]] that would have withheld all funds of the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence until the committee received a full accounting of the Defense Department's relationship with [[Ahmed Chalabi]] from January 2001 through May 2004, and rejected Pelosi's amendment, as ranking minority member, to add her bill creating a Director of National Intelligence (H.R. 4104), which the majority described as an additional layer of bureaucracy.[^16] At his confirmation hearing Senator [[Ron Wyden]] put to Goss that he had led a party-line vote to reject an inquiry into dealings with Chalabi; asked whether he still felt oversight had worked well on Chalabi, Goss answered: "Yes, sir, I do."[^8]
Senator [[Jay Rockefeller]], vice chairman of the Senate committee, said on the Senate floor on September 22, 2004 that when the identity of CIA officer [[Valerie Plame]] was leaked and Goss was asked whether the disclosure warranted an investigation, Goss had said: "Someone sends me a blue dress and some DNA, I'll have an investigation." Rockefeller also stated that Goss and others had suggested that [[Richard Clarke]] may have lied to the joint inquiry in closed session and had vowed to declassify his testimony, and that after the [[National Security Council]] forwarded a declassified version to Goss on June 25, 2004 he took no action to release it. Rockefeller further stated that Goss, after the 1999 disclosures of Chinese espionage at the Department of Energy weapons laboratories, had laid the blame on the Clinton administration, saying on the House floor in the final days of the 2000 campaign: "We have in the Clinton-Gore administration seen a cultural disdain for security." Rockefeller noted that the [[Cox Commission]], on which Goss served as vice chairman, had found that the laboratory security problems predated that administration.[^17]
### Nomination and confirmation as Director of Central Intelligence
President [[George W. Bush]] nominated Goss on August 10, 2004, to succeed [[George Tenet]], who had resigned that summer.[^2][^6] [[RFE/RL]] reported that the nomination came as "In August 2004, the CIA was battered by criticism over intelligence failures related to the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq war."[^18] The Senate intelligence committee held hearings on September 14 and 20, 2004 (Senate Hearing 108-777).[^8] Senator [[Chris Dodd]] stated on the floor that the committee had voted 12 to 4 on September 21 to send the nomination to the Senate.[^17] The Senate confirmed the nomination on September 22, 2004 by 77 to 17 (Roll Call Vote 187), with Rockefeller among the 17 voting no.[^17] Goss left the House on September 23, and on September 24 [[Andrew Card]], the White House chief of staff, swore him in at an Oval Office ceremony with Bush standing by.[^10][^6] CNN dates his title "the first director of the CIA," under the new [[Director of National Intelligence]] structure, to April 21, 2005.[^2]
### National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office
Title VII of the [[Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000]], approved December 3, 1999 as [[Public Law 106-120]], created the commission. Section 702(d) required two co-chairs, one from each major party, "jointly agreed upon" by the President, the Senate majority and minority leaders, and the Speaker and House minority leader.[^19] The commission's report, dated November 1, 2000, carries Goss's biography on pages 135 to 136 under the heading "Congressman Porter J. Goss, Co-Chairman," with a parallel biography for [[Bob Kerrey]] as co-chairman.[^13]
Kerrey's own account is a letter of August 11, 2003, to [[Peter B. Teets]], director of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]]. It reads: "After President Clinton signed this into law, I asked Congressman Porter Goss to co-chair this effort with me. He agreed, and from the first meeting on February 1, 2000, until the release of its report on November 15, 2000, the Commission examined in detail the NRO's roles and missions." The letter gives November 15, 2000 as the release date, while the report itself is dated November 1, 2000.[^5]
### Joint inquiry, 2002
In 2002 Goss and Graham, then chairmen of the House and Senate intelligence committees, led the joint inquiry into the attacks. The inquiry's final report, dated December 2002, runs 858 pages and lists Goss as chairman of the House committee, [[Richard Shelby]] as vice chairman of the Senate committee and Pelosi as ranking Democrat of the House committee.[^15] On January 29, 2003, Graham, Goss, Shelby and Pelosi wrote to Tenet, then Director of Central Intelligence, that the final report had been submitted to the intelligence community for declassification review and that, having been "privileged to lead this bipartisan, bicameral investigation last year," they would work for its recommendations. The letter is signed by Graham as chairman of the Senate committee in the 107th Congress, by Goss as chairman of the House committee in the 107th and 108th Congresses, by Shelby as vice chairman of the Senate committee in the 107th Congress, and by Pelosi as ranking minority member of the House committee in the 107th Congress and ex officio member as Minority Leader in the 108th.[^4] On September 1, 2005, Goss and [[Robert Mueller]] of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] signed a letter to Senator [[Pat Roberts]] enclosing a joint FBI-CIA assessment of the extent of [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] government support for terrorism.[^20]
### September 11, 2001 breakfast and Mahmud Ahmed
[[Salon]] reported on September 14, 2001 that on the morning of September 11, in a room on the House side of the Capitol, Graham and Goss "met for breakfast" with Senator [[Jon Kyl]], some other members of the House intelligence committee, the Pakistani ambassador [[Maleeha Lodhi]] and "the director of Pakistani intelligence, Lt. Gen. Mahmud Ahmed." The writer, [[Jake Tapper]], stated that the group was discussing the late-August trip that Goss, Graham and Kyl had made to [[Pakistan]], where they had met President [[Pervez Musharraf]] and the Taliban's ambassador, [[Abdul Salam Zaeef]], and that a Goss staffer entered and handed Goss a note that two planes had struck the [[World Trade Center]].[^21]
[[Ward Harkavy]] wrote in the [[Village Voice]] in August 2004 that Goss had been "having breakfast in D.C. on 9/11" with "Pakistan's security chief, Lieutenant General Mahmoud Ahmad," whom Harkavy described as "later revealed to be hijacker [[Mohammed Atta]]'s bagman." Harkavy reported that [[The Washington Post]] had mentioned the breakfast "as a cheery aside" in a May 18, 2002 profile of Goss by [[Rich Leiby]], and added: "Florida senator Bob Graham was also munching with Mahmoud, as the Post and others, including the [[Asia Times]] have reported." He wrote: "Not a word of the breakfast appears in Goss-Graham 858-page report."[^22]
The [[9/11 Commission]] report records that on September 13, 2001 Deputy Secretary of State [[Richard Armitage]] met the Pakistani ambassador and "the visiting head of Pakistan's military intelligence service, Mahmud Ahmed," and gave him seven demands, and that on September 18 Ahmed called Armitage about a two-day visit to [[Afghanistan]] during which he had met [[Mullah Omar]] and conveyed the American demands.[^23]
### Director of Central Intelligence, 2004 to 2006
A [[Talking Points Memo]] profile of the aides who followed Goss from the House committee to the agency reports that [[Patrick Murray]] "was the top lawyer on the intelligence committee under Goss, and became his chief of staff at CIA." It also reports that [[Michael Kostiw]] "was picked by Goss to be executive director," the number 3 post that later went to [[Kyle Foggo]], and that, according to the Washington Post, Kostiw had been arrested two decades earlier for stealing a package of bacon, after which he became a senior adviser to Goss. The profile quotes [[Robert Dreyfuss]], writing in [[The American Prospect]] in 2005, that Goss "was seen as a prisoner of his staff," above all of Murray. It also reports that in November 2004 "John McLaughlin, a CIA veteran who had served as acting director, resigned after warning Goss that Murray, 'was treating senior officials disrespectfully and risked widespread resignations.'" Deputy director for operations [[Stephen Kappes]] resigned soon after, following an order from Murray to fire a deputy.[^24]
### Kyle "Dusty" Foggo and the Cunningham case
Kyle "Dusty" Foggo was executive director of the CIA, its No. 3 position, from 2004 to 2006.[^25] On November 28, 2005, Representative Randy Cunningham pleaded guilty to accepting $2.4 million in bribes from defense contractors and resigned his seat.[^26] Foggo pleaded guilty in 2008 to one count of defrauding the government by using his CIA positions to steer agency contracts and funds to his childhood friend, the defense contractor [[Brent Wilkes]]. Wilkes, prosecutors said, showered him with dinners and luxury vacations and promised him a job after he retired from the agency.[^27] Prosecutors dropped 27 other counts under the plea bargain.[^25] On February 26, 2009, U.S. District Judge [[James Cacheris]] sentenced Foggo to 37 months, the term prosecutors had requested.[^28] Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Jason Forge]] told the court: "It's no coincidence that Mr. Foggo's fraud took place entirely in the aftermath of Sept. 11."[^25] Wilkes was sentenced to 12 years in prison.[^28]
Foggo's resignation was reported on Monday, May 8, 2006, in an email the network did not provide that, according to the report, stated that Foggo was stepping down in light of Goss's departure.[^29] The FBI said the [[Virginia]] home and office of the former executive director had been searched, and that the inquiry included the [[CIA Office of Inspector General]], the [[Defense Criminal Investigative Service]], the [[Internal Revenue Service]] and the [[United States Attorney's Office in San Diego]].[^30] The FBI was reported to be examining whether Foggo had improperly helped Wilkes's company, [[ADCS]], obtain large CIA contracts.[^31] [[Mark Mazzetti]] of The New York Times told [[NPR]] on May 13, 2006 that CIA officials said there was "absolutely no link whatsoever" between Foggo's departure and Goss's resignation, that Goss had asked Foggo to leave because he had become an embarrassment, and that "There certainly were enough other issues that White House officials had with Porter Goss in his tenure that pushed Mr. Goss out."[^32]
### Detention and interrogation program, 2004 to 2006
The Senate Intelligence Committee's 2014 study of the CIA program, published as Senate Report 113-288, states: "According to CIA records, no CIA officer, up to and including CIA Directors George Tenet and Porter Goss, briefed the president on the specific CIA enhanced interrogation techniques before April 2006."[^33] The study quotes [[John Helgerson]], the agency's inspector general, who wrote that Tenet, before leaving office, and Goss, shortly after taking office, "both advised me that they had made requests to brief the President." A CIA question-and-answer sheet quoted in the study states that the president was not briefed on the specific techniques until April 2006, when Goss briefed him on the seven techniques then proposed for the post-Detainee Treatment Act program.[^33] The CIA's June 2013 response to the study, also quoted there, states: "[w]hile Agency records on the subject are admittedly incomplete, former President Bush has stated in his autobiography that he discussed the program, including the use of enhanced techniques, with then-DCIA Tenet in 2002, prior to application of the techniques on Abu Zubaydah, and personally approved the techniques." The study notes that a memoir by the acting CIA general counsel [[John Rizzo]] disputes that account.[^33]
In July 2005 Goss sent the inspector general a memorandum to "express several concerns" about a review of the agency's [[Counterterrorist Center]] and asked that new reviews wait until existing ones were complete. He wrote: "[t]o my knowledge, Congress is satisfied that you are meeting its requirements."[^33] On December 1, 2005, Goss notified the national security advisor that he had authorized enhanced interrogation techniques on Abu Ja'far al-Iraqi, because "CIA believes that Abu Ja'far possesses considerable operational information about Abu Mu'sab al-Zarqawi."[^33] On March 15, 2006, Goss briefed the full committee on detention matters but did not provide the locations of CIA detention facilities.[^33]
### The 2005 videotapes
According to the study, a proposal in late 2005 for an independent commission on detainee abuse caused concern at the CIA "that such a commission would lead to the discovery of videotapes documenting CIA interrogations," and "prompted renewed interest at the CIA to destroy the videotapes." In an email of October 31, 2005, Rizzo wrote that he needed "to be the skunk at the party again." The Senate amendment to create the commission failed on November 8, 2005, and "The CIA destroyed the CIA interrogation videotapes the following day."[^33]
Emails released on April 15, 2010 by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] under a Freedom of Information Act request by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] give a different account of Goss's role. According to a November 2005 email, [[Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.|Jose Rodriguez]], head of the clandestine service, told Goss and others that he "felt it was extremely important to destroy the tapes and that if there was any heat, he would take it." Goss "laughed and said he'd be the one to take the heat." The email then states: "PG, however, agreed with the decision." NBC News reported that the email is an after-the-fact summary and does not prove that Goss approved the destruction, that current and former intelligence officials had said he did not and was angry to find out about it, that Rodriguez's lawyer disputed that account, and that Goss had not discussed the matter publicly. Another November 2005 email in the release, from an unidentified CIA officer to Foggo, said that Rizzo had called White House counsel [[Harriet Miers]], who "was livid" (the email's words: "she was livid").[^34]
Documents obtained by the ACLU indicate that Rodriguez ordered the tapes destroyed on November 9, 2005. On November 9, 2010, a Justice Department spokesman said special prosecutor [[John Durham]], appointed in 2008 by Attorney General [[Michael Mukasey]], "has concluded that he will not pursue criminal charges for the destruction of the interrogation videotapes."[^35]
### Resignation
On May 5, 2006, Bush announced at the White House that Goss had resigned, and said he accepted the resignation "with regret."[^36] Goss offered no explanation. Standing beside the president, he said he was leaving the agency "on a very even keel, it's sailing well." RFE/RL reported that Goss was "apparently disliked by some clandestine officers," that many senior staff had resigned, and that he had reportedly had differences with [[John Negroponte]], the director of national intelligence, after Negroponte moved many CIA analysts to another intelligence body.[^18]
### Office of Congressional Ethics, Turkey registration and later life
On July 24, 2008, Speaker Pelosi and Minority Leader [[John Boehner]] announced the first board of the [[Office of Congressional Ethics]], naming former Representative [[David Skaggs]] chairman and Goss, described as "Former CIA Director and former Congressman," co-chairman.[^37] Their releases of January 16, 2013 and January 8, 2014 list Goss as chairman and Skaggs as co-chairman.[^38] CNN dates his chairmanship of the board to 2008 to 2015.[^2]
On April 23, 2015, Goss filed a short form registration statement under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] as a senior advisor to [[Dickstein Shapiro LLP]], listing his Sanibel residence, a business address at the firm's offices at 1825 Eye Street NW in Washington, and one foreign principal, the "Republic of Turkey (through the Gephardt Group)." The form describes his services as counsel on strengthening the Turkish-American relationship in areas under debate in Congress, "including trade, energy security, counter-terrorism efforts, and efforts to build regional stability in the broader Middle East and Europe"; educating Members of Congress and the Administration on issues of importance to Turkey; notifying Turkey of actions on those issues; and preparing analyses of developments in Congress and the executive branch, on a part-time basis, to "continue indefinitely."[^39] The registration data list the short form as terminated on July 31, 2015, the date on which the firm's registration for the Republic of Turkey through the Gephardt Group, begun April 1, 2009, also ended.[^40] The firm's supplemental statement for the six months ending June 30, 2015 reports that Goss made no contributions during the period, that the Republic of Turkey paid the firm $96,000 on March 24, 2015 for consulting services, and that Hastert, a senior advisor to the Republic of Turkey whose short form dated from April 1, 2009, terminated his connection on May 28, 2015.[^41]
In October 2022, according to CNN, Goss joined the [[Council for Responsible Social Media]].[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Congressional Directory for the 108th Congress (2003 to 2004), August 2004, Florida delegation, Representative Porter J. Goss, Biography, p. 62: "born in Waterbury, CT, November 26, 1938; B.A., Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1960; served, U.S. Army, second lieutenant, 1960-62; clandestine services officer, CIA, 1962-72; newspaper publisher, small business owner; councilman/ mayor, city of Sanibel, 1974-82; chairman, Lee County Commission, 1985-86; commissioner, Lee County, District 1, 1983-88; director, National Audubon Society; ... married to the former Mariel Robinson; four children; elected November 8, 1988, to the 101st Congress." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-2004-08-01/html/CDIR-2004-08-01-FL-H-14.htm
[^2]: CNN, "Porter Goss fast facts," December 21, 2023 (as syndicated by KEYT): personal data (birth name Porter Johnston Goss; parents; children); timeline entries for the CIA (1962 to 1972, staph infection), the Island Reporter (1973), Sanibel offices, Lee County, House service, HPSCI chairmanship (1997 to August 10, 2004, member since 1995), the 2003 Hastert waiver, nomination August 10, 2004, confirmation by 77 to 17 on September 22, swearing-in September 24, first director of the CIA April 21, 2005, resignation May 5, 2006, Office of Congressional Ethics 2008 to 2015, April 2015 Turkey entry, and the Council for Responsible Social Media on October 12, 2022. https://keyt.com/news/national-world/cnn-national/2023/12/21/porter-goss-fast-facts-2/
[^3]: Congressional Directory for the 105th Congress (1997 to 1998), June 1997, Select and Special Committees of the House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence ("Porter J. Goss, of Florida, Chairman") and Committee on Rules (Goss listed). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1997-06-04/html/CDIR-1997-06-04-HOUSECOMMITTEES-2.htm
[^4]: Bob Graham, Porter Goss, Richard Shelby and Nancy Pelosi, letter to George J. Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, January 29, 2003, signature block (Graham "Chairman, Senate Intelligence Committee, 107th Congress"; Goss "Chairman, House Intelligence Committee, 107th and 108th Congresses"; Shelby "Vice Chairman, Senate Intelligence Committee, 107th Congress"; Pelosi "Ranking Minority Member, House Intelligence Committee, 107th Congress and Member ex officio (as Minority Leader), 108th Congress"). Copy on archive.org, item declasspart4. https://archive.org/download/declasspart4/declasspart4_djvu.txt
[^5]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, Director, National Reconnaissance Office, August 11, 2003, posted as NRO press release 2003-03, "Former Senator and Co-Chair of SSCI Bob Kerrey Expresses His Support of the NRO." https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf
[^6]: "Porter Goss Sworn in As New CIA Director," PBS NewsHour, September 24, 2004 (Oval Office ceremony Friday; sworn in by White House chief of staff Andy Card with President Bush standing nearby; Senate vote of 77 to 17 on Wednesday; Rockefeller voted against). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/government_programs-july-dec04-cia_09-24
[^7]: Britannica, "Porter Goss," biography (Wayback Machine capture of October 30, 2020): B.A. in classics and Greek, 1960; "trained as a military intelligence officer before joining the CIA in 1962"; fluency in Spanish and first posting to Miami during the Cuban missile crisis; assignments in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Europe; infection in 1970; left the CIA in 1972; cofounded a local newspaper and became Sanibel's first mayor in 1974; appointed by Governor Graham to the Lee County commission in 1983. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030123647/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Porter-Goss
[^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Nomination of the Honorable Porter J. Goss to be Director of Central Intelligence, hearings of September 14 and 20, 2004, S. Hrg. 108-777: statement of Senator Bob Graham (Lee County airport, 1980s; "For a decade, early in his career"); statement of Goss ("I worked in the Directorate of Operations at the CIA in the 1960s as a clandestine services officer. And while in the Army, I was trained and worked as a photo interpreter"; the Cold War case officer passage); questions by Senator Ron Wyden on Ahmed Chalabi. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg96698/html/CHRG-108shrg96698.htm
[^9]: "Mayor Goss Resigns From Reporter," The Islander (Sanibel, Florida), December 26, 1974, page 1. https://www.digifind-it.com/sanibel/DATA/newspapers/islander/1974/1974-12-26.pdf
[^10]: U.S. House of Representatives member data, congress-legislators dataset (unitedstates.github.io), historical YAML, entry for Porter J. Goss, Bioguide ID G000336, born 1938-11-26, House terms 1989-01-03 to 2004-09-23 (Florida 13th district, then 14th). https://unitedstates.github.io/congress-legislators/legislators-historical.yaml
[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980, Joint Report, H. Rept. 102-1102, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, January 3, 1993 (Task Force Members; Goss signature page; staff: E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr., Chief Counsel; the Speaker's appointment of Hyde, Leach, Snowe, Bereuter and Goss after consultation with the Republican Leader). Archive.org item 6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force.
[^12]: Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress (1999 to 2000), June 1999, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence ("Porter J. Goss, of Florida, Chairman. Jerry Lewis, of California, Vice Chairman") and Committee on Rules ("Porter Goss, of Florida, Vice Chairman"). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1999-06-15/html/CDIR-1999-06-15-HOUSECOMMITTEES-2.htm
[^13]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, "The NRO at the Crossroads," November 1, 2000, Appendix G, "Commission Member Biographies," pp. 135 to 136. Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Conference Report 106-457 on H.R. 1555, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, November 5, 1999. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt457/html/CRPT-106hrpt457.htm
[^15]: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, H. Rept. 107-792 (December 2002), front matter: membership of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (Graham, Chairman; Shelby, Vice Chairman) and of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 107th Congress (Goss, Chairman; Pelosi, Ranking Democrat; Republicans including Randy "Duke" Cunningham). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-107hrpt792/pdf/GPO-CRPT-107hrpt792.pdf
[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005, H. Rept. 108-558, June 21, 2004 ("Mr. Goss, from the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, submitted the following report"; "Global Human Intelligence Collection"; "Document Request" under the heading for Ahmed Chalabi; "Intelligence Community Restructuring"). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-108hrpt558/html/CRPT-108hrpt558.htm
[^17]: Congressional Record, Senate, September 22, 2004, pp. S9487 to S9518, "Senate Confirms Porter J. Goss to Be Director of Central Intelligence": remarks of Senator Jay Rockefeller (Plame remark; Clarke testimony; Wen Ho Lee and the Cox Commission); remarks of Senator Chris Dodd (committee vote of 12 to 4 "yesterday"); Rollcall Vote No. 187, yeas 77, nays 17, "The nomination was confirmed." Statements about Goss's record in the Rockefeller remarks are Rockefeller's. https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2004/9/22/senate-section/article/S9487-1 ; text copy: https://irp.fas.org/congress/2004_cr/goss092204.html
[^18]: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, "U.S.: CIA Head Resigns After Less Than Two Years On The Job," Prague, May 6, 2006. https://www.rferl.org/amp/1068216.html
[^19]: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Public Law 106-120, Title VII, section 702 ("National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office"), subsection (d) (co-chairs), as reprinted in the commission report, "Legislation Authorizing the Commission," pp. 145 to 146. https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^20]: Robert S. Mueller III and Porter J. Goss to Senator Pat Roberts, letter of September 1, 2005, with the Executive Summary of the joint FBI-CIA report on the extent of Saudi government support for terrorism, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/static/02ca03957729ccbd47d46405577cf604/Executive-Summary-of-Joint-FBI-CIA-Report-on-Extent-of_Saudi-Government-Support-for-Terrorism.pdf
[^21]: Jake Tapper, "Spying eyes and ears," Salon, September 14, 2001. https://www.salon.com/2001/09/14/human_spies/
[^22]: Ward Harkavy, "Food for Thought," Village Voice, August 10, 2004. https://www.villagevoice.com/2004/08/10/food-for-thought/
[^23]: The 9/11 Commission Report (2004), pp. 331 (September 13, 2001 meeting; Armitage's seven demands) and 333 (September 18 call from Ahmed to Armitage). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
[^24]: Talking Points Memo, "Who Are the Gosslings?" (profile of Patrick Murray, Michael Kostiw, Jay Jakub and other Goss aides; quotes Robert Dreyfuss in The American Prospect, 2005, and reports the Washington Post account of Kostiw's arrest and of McLaughlin's November 2004 resignation). Reporting in this profile on the Post and on Dreyfuss is attributed to the profile. https://talkingpointsmemo.com/?p=143189
[^25]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA executive gets 37 months in prison," February 26, 2009: Foggo as No. 3 official from 2004 to 2006, one count of fraud, 27 counts dropped, prosecutor Jason Forge's "aftermath of Sept. 11" remark, and the sentence of 37 months as requested. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29413971
[^26]: NPR, "California Congressman Pleads Guilty to Bribery," November 28, 2005. https://www.npr.org/2005/11/28/5029908/california-congressman-pleads-guilty-to-bribery
[^27]: ProPublica, "Disgraced Senior CIA Official Heads to Prison Still Claiming He's a Patriot," February 2009. https://www.propublica.org/article/disgraced-senior-cia-official-heads-to-prison-still-claiming-hes-a-patriot
[^28]: "CIA officer gets jail time for fraud," Philadelphia Inquirer (Associated Press), February 27, 2009. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090227_CIA_officer_gets_jail_time_for_fraud.html
[^29]: Paul Blumenthal, "MSNBC: Foggo Gone," Sunlight Foundation, May 8, 2006. https://sunlightfoundation.com/2006/05/08/msnbc-foggo-gone/
[^30]: JURIST, FBI says former CIA executive director's home and office searched, May 2006. https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-says-former-cia-executive/
[^31]: JURIST, FBI probes CIA defense contracts after top official resigns, May 2006. https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-probes-cia-defense-contracts-after
[^32]: NPR, Weekend Edition Saturday, "Foggo Leaving CIA Amid Investigation," May 13, 2006, Scott Simon interview of Mark Mazzetti (New York Times). https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5402875
[^33]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept. 113-288 (December 2014): Findings and Conclusions, and Executive Summary sections on briefing the president (including footnote 17 and the CIA Q&A on waterboarding), the 2005 to 2006 Goss passages, and the 2005 videotapes (p. 443). The CIA's June 2013 response is quoted in footnote 17. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
[^34]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA chief agreed with tape destruction," April 2010 (emails released by the Justice Department under an ACLU FOIA request). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36589750
[^35]: JURIST, "No charges to be filed in CIA videotape destruction case: DOJ," November 10, 2010. https://www.jurist.org/news/2010/11/no-charges-to-be-filed-in-cia-videotape-destruction-case/
[^36]: Michele Norris, "Goss Is Latest to Leave Bush Administration," NPR, All Things Considered transcript, May 5, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5387220
[^37]: Pelosi and Boehner, "Pelosi, Boehner Announce Appointments to New Office of Congressional Ethics," July 24, 2008. https://speakeremeritapelosi.house.gov/newsroom/pelosi-boehner-announce-appointments-new-office-congressional-ethics
[^38]: Boehner and Pelosi, "Boehner, Pelosi Announce Appointments to Office of Congressional Ethics," January 16, 2013 (https://pelosi.house.gov/news/press-releases/boehner-pelosi-announce-appointments-to-office-of-congressional-ethics) and "Boehner, Pelosi Announce New Appointments to Office of Congressional Ethics," January 8, 2014 (https://speakeremeritapelosi.house.gov/newsroom/boehner-pelosi-announce-new-appointments-office-congressional-ethics).
[^39]: Porter Goss, Short Form Registration Statement under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, primary registrant Dickstein Shapiro LLP (registration no. 3028), received by the NSD/FARA Registration Unit April 23, 2015, items 1 to 14 and attachment. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/3028-Short-Form-20150423-30.pdf
[^40]: U.S. Department of Justice, FARA bulk data (efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip): short forms (Goss, Porter, registration 3028, short form date 04/23/2015, terminated 07/31/2015) and foreign principals ("Republic of Turkey (through the Gephardt Group)," registered 04/01/2009, terminated 07/31/2015).
[^41]: Dickstein Shapiro LLP, Supplemental Statement under FARA for the six months ending June 30, 2015, received August 6, 2015 (items on terminated short forms; money received from the Republic of Turkey; contributions by Goss). https://efile.fara.gov/docs/3028-Supplemental-Statement-20150806-22.pdf

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Alvin Johnson.md
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@ -44,17 +44,17 @@ relations:
role: "associate editor"
start: 1927
end: 1935
fn: 38
fn: 40
- type: informant_for
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
role: "met regularly with FBI officials to report on the faculty, by his own acknowledgment in private letters"
start: 1930
fn: 32
fn: 34
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "gave an address at the inaugural meeting, November 17, 1943"
start: 1943-11
fn: 29
fn: 31
---
Alvin Saunders Johnson (December 18, 1874 to June 7, 1971) was an American economist, editor and educator who co-founded the [[New School for Social Research]] in New York and served as its director and then its president.[^1][^2] He was associate editor of the [[Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences]] and the organizer of the [[University in Exile]], the New School division that gave refuge to scholars whose careers were being upended in Europe after 1933.[^3] The [[New York Times]] reported on June 9, 1971, that he died "Monday night" at his home in Upper Nyack, aged 96, and had been president emeritus since 1945.[^4]
@ -75,53 +75,55 @@ Johnson became director in April 1922, after serving as a trustee, and wrote to
### The University in Exile
In April 1933 Johnson began to raise $60,000 a year for two years to support a faculty of fifteen scholars at $4,000 each.[^3] Before the largest gift he had collected between $7,000 and $15,000.[^10]
In April 1933 Johnson began to raise $60,000 a year for two years to support a faculty of fifteen scholars at $4,000 each.[^3] Rutkoff and Scott put the sum he had collected before the largest gift at between $7,000 and $15,000.[^10]
[[Hiram J. Halle]] gave the entire sum. Rutkoff and Scott write that Halle had pledged the whole amount Johnson required before the announcement of May 13, 1933, that he wanted his name kept out of it, and that he had "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance."[^10] In Johnson's account, Halle telephoned him after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. Johnson had answered Halle's question about the amount pledged with "Twelve thousand," and Halle said: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once." Johnson writes that [[Frank Altschul]] vouched for Halle's credit, saying that Halle's signature on a check for a million dollars would be accepted by any bank, and that Altschul advised keeping the offer quiet because nobody would contribute if he knew Halle was ready to carry the whole load.[^11] The historian [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as part owner of the [[Gulf Oil Company]] and associated with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].[^12]
[[Hiram J. Halle]] supplied the guarantee. The school's history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000 he received the whole $60,000 from Halle.[^3] Rutkoff and Scott write that Halle had pledged the whole amount Johnson required before the announcement of May 13, 1933, that he wanted his name kept out of it, and that he had "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance."[^10] In Johnson's account, Halle telephoned him after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. Johnson had answered Halle's question about the amount pledged with "Twelve thousand," and Halle said: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once." Johnson writes that [[Frank Altschul]] vouched for Halle's credit, saying that Halle's signature on a check for a million dollars would be accepted by any bank, and that Altschul advised keeping the offer quiet because nobody would contribute if he knew Halle was ready to carry the whole load.[^11] The historian [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as part owner of the [[Gulf Oil Company]] and associated with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].[^12] Bessner also writes that Johnson "had collected $120,000 from the Jewish philanthropist Hiram Halle, which allowed him to fund fifteen professorships at a salary of $4,000 per year."[^13]
Rutkoff and Scott write that Johnson recruited two additional "Rockefeller scholars," the Italian political scientist [[Max Ascoli]] and the Austrian [[Erich Hula]], and that Johnson persuaded the Foundation to appoint [[Hans Simons]] in Hula's place after Hula first rejected the offer.[^13] The same history lists Johnson's 1934 additions as Alfred Kahler, Fritz Lehmann, Arthur Feiler and Hans Staudinger.[^13] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933.[^14] Johnson's account of the appointments ends with [[Kurt Riezler]]: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^15] The school's history records that the Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the [[London School of Economics]] recommended [[Leo Strauss]] to Johnson.[^16]
A 1938 invitation from Halle to [[Albert Einstein]] for the fall barbecue at Halle's Pound Ridge property described the gathering as one at which "Dr. Alvin Johnson with the staff, professors and trustees of the" University in Exile came together with their families. Einstein declined, citing poor health.[^14]
Rutkoff and Scott write that Johnson recruited two additional "Rockefeller scholars," the Italian political scientist [[Max Ascoli]] and the Austrian [[Erich Hula]], and that Johnson persuaded the Foundation to appoint [[Hans Simons]] in Hula's place after Hula first rejected the offer.[^15] The same history lists Johnson's 1934 additions as Alfred Kahler, Fritz Lehmann, Arthur Feiler and Hans Staudinger.[^15] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933.[^16] Johnson's account of the appointments ends with [[Kurt Riezler]]: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^17] The school's history records that the Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the [[London School of Economics]] recommended [[Leo Strauss]] to Johnson.[^18]
### Rockefeller Foundation and the choice of scholars
Johnson and the Foundation agreed on about a dozen individuals to rescue. The Foundation's associate in [[Paris]], [[Tracy Kittredge]], wrote on March 29, 1933.[^17][^18] Rutkoff and Scott write that the [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these cases, and that the Foundation wished to salvage "the most empirical segment of German social science."[^19][^20] The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee program says its officers worked closely with Johnson from 1933 onward, and it cites a July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson in the Foundation's records.[^21]
Johnson and the Foundation agreed on about a dozen individuals to rescue. The Foundation's associate in [[Paris]], [[Tracy Kittredge]], wrote on March 29, 1933.[^19][^20] Rutkoff and Scott write that the [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these cases, and that the Foundation wished to salvage "the most empirical segment of German social science."[^21][^22] The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee program says its officers worked closely with Johnson from 1933 onward, and it cites a July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson in the Foundation's records.[^23]
Johnson writes that the Foundation "had never been very cordial to the New School or to me," and that he decided to ask its president, [[Raymond Fosdick]], for traveling expenses and a two-year stipend for five scholars. He revised the figure to fifteen on the bus to [[Rockefeller Center]] and to twenty-five in the elevator, and when Fosdick asked how many could be cared for he answered that the project was not worth undertaking "unless we are prepared to take care of a hundred." Fosdick said he would consult his trustees and telephoned the next day to say they had approved.[^22] He also writes that the Foundation supplied expert information on which refugees were Nazi or Fascist.[^22] The Times obituary of Johnson repeats the Fosdick account and states that the Foundation approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres.[^4]
Johnson writes that the Foundation "had never been very cordial to the New School or to me," and that he decided to ask its president, [[Raymond Fosdick]], for traveling expenses and a two-year stipend for five scholars. He revised the figure to fifteen on the bus to [[Rockefeller Center]] and to twenty-five in the elevator, and when Fosdick asked how many could be cared for he answered that the project was not worth undertaking "unless we are prepared to take care of a hundred." Fosdick said he would consult his trustees and telephoned the next day to say they had approved.[^24] He also writes that the Foundation supplied expert information on which refugees were Nazi or Fascist.[^24] The Times obituary of Johnson repeats the Fosdick account and states that the Foundation approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres.[^4]
### The Emergency Committee
The Emergency Committee was formed in May 1933, when [[Alfred E. Cohn]], [[Bernard Flexner]] and [[Fred M. Stein]] approached [[Stephen Duggan]] of the [[Institute of International Education]]. [[Felix Warburg]] and [[Alan Gregg]] advised the organizers, and [[Livingston Farrand]] chaired the committee.[^23] The committee made grants to host institutions rather than to scholars, and it made 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants.[^24] Duggan invited Johnson to lunch after the University in Exile was announced and told him of the committee's plan.[^25] [[Edward R. Murrow]] was its assistant secretary until 1935.[^23]
The Emergency Committee was formed in May 1933, when [[Alfred E. Cohn]], [[Bernard Flexner]] and [[Fred M. Stein]] approached [[Stephen Duggan]] of the [[Institute of International Education]]. [[Felix Warburg]] and [[Alan Gregg]] advised the organizers, and [[Livingston Farrand]] chaired the committee.[^25] The committee made grants to host institutions rather than to scholars, and it made 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants.[^26] Duggan invited Johnson to lunch after the University in Exile was announced and told him of the committee's plan.[^27] [[Edward R. Murrow]] was its assistant secretary until 1935.[^25]
The committee's records hold a New School file for 1933 to 1945, and they include Johnson's name in executive committee correspondence for 1940 to 1945. They also hold applicant files filed under the heading "Non-Grantees" for [[Hans Speier]], [[Gerhard Colm]], [[Arnold Brecht]], Hans Simons, [[Hans Staudinger]], [[Jacob Marschak]], [[Adolph Lowe]], [[Emil Lederer]], Ascoli, Riezler and [[Wilhelm Reich]].[^26]
The committee's records hold a New School file for 1933 to 1945, and they include Johnson's name in executive committee correspondence for 1940 to 1945. They also hold applicant files filed under the heading "Non-Grantees" for [[Hans Speier]], [[Gerhard Colm]], [[Arnold Brecht]], Hans Simons, [[Hans Staudinger]], [[Jacob Marschak]], [[Adolph Lowe]], [[Emil Lederer]], Ascoli, Riezler and [[Wilhelm Reich]].[^28]
### The Ecole Libre
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, which the school's archive calls the Free French School. The school's finding aid says the Ecole Libre offered courses from 1942 to 1946, that it was legally part of the New School, and that its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. The school severed the Ecole Libre in June 1947.[^27] The Foundation's records group an Ecole Libre file, titled "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," under its New School grants.[^28]
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, which the school's archive calls the Free French School. The school's finding aid says the Ecole Libre offered courses from 1942 to 1946, that it was legally part of the New School, and that its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. The school severed the Ecole Libre in June 1947.[^29] The Foundation's records group an Ecole Libre file, titled "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," under its New School grants.[^30]
Johnson gave an address at the inaugural meeting of the [[Institute of World Affairs]] on November 17, 1943. Transcripts of his address and of Lowe's were printed as the pamphlet *Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs* (1944).[^29] With [[Ernest Hamburger]] he wrote the occasional paper "The Economic Problem of Germany" (1946), which the Institute distributed.[^30] Speier wrote to Johnson on March 5, 1944, a letter that Daniel Bessner cites in connection with the invitation to join the Institute's council.[^31]
Johnson gave an address at the inaugural meeting of the [[Institute of World Affairs]] on November 17, 1943. Transcripts of his address and of Lowe's were printed as the pamphlet *Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs* (1944).[^31] With [[Ernest Hamburger]] he wrote the occasional paper "The Economic Problem of Germany" (1946), which the Institute distributed.[^32] Speier wrote to Johnson on March 5, 1944, a letter that Daniel Bessner cites in connection with the invitation to join the Institute's council.[^33]
### Reporting on the faculty
Rutkoff and Scott write that after 1947 Johnson's anticommunist rhetoric intensified, "and in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty."[^32] The same history quotes [[Sidney Hook]] that on at least one occasion Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]," and says that in 1940 Johnson supported the adoption by the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]] of "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter" in response to the school's difficulty with the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] and immigration authorities.[^32]
Rutkoff and Scott write that after 1947 Johnson's anticommunist rhetoric intensified, "and in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty."[^34] The same history quotes [[Sidney Hook]] that on at least one occasion Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]," and says that in 1940 Johnson supported the adoption by the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]] of "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter" in response to the school's difficulty with the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] and immigration authorities.[^34]
Rutkoff and Scott write that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum "indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Their endnote for the passage cites a memorandum of January 27, 1942, in the "Hans Eisler File" of the Rockefeller Foundation Archives, with a letter from Johnson to Urban of December 9, 1948.[^33] In the early 1950s, the same history reports, the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^34]
Rutkoff and Scott write that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum "indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Their endnote for the passage cites a memorandum of January 27, 1942, in the "Hans Eisler File" of the Rockefeller Foundation Archives, with a letter from Johnson to Urban of December 9, 1948.[^35] In the early 1950s, the same history reports, the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^36]
### Enemy alien hearing board and the 1942 panel
Johnson's memoir records that after America entered the war he was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with [[Maurice Davidson]], chairman, and [[Joseph Leary Delaney]]. He writes: "Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."[^35]
Johnson's memoir records that after America entered the war he was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with [[Maurice Davidson]], chairman, and [[Joseph Leary Delaney]]. He writes: "Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."[^37]
In early 1942, Rutkoff and Scott write, Johnson, Hans Staudinger and [[Alexander Makinsky]] met with State Department officials in Washington at a meeting Johnson requested after complaining of departmental "high jinks." They spent the day testifying before what the history describes as "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," and Johnson "had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit.'" Rutkoff and Scott add that officials of the Visa Division regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School as dangerous to American policy.[^36]
In early 1942, Rutkoff and Scott write, Johnson, Hans Staudinger and [[Alexander Makinsky]] met with State Department officials in Washington at a meeting Johnson requested after complaining of departmental "high jinks." They spent the day testifying before what the history describes as "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," and Johnson "had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit.'" Rutkoff and Scott add that officials of the Visa Division regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School as dangerous to American policy.[^38]
### Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences
The *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences* appeared under Seligman as editor-in-chief, with Johnson as associate editor. The title page of volume three, published in 1930, gives that credit.[^37] Bessner writes that Johnson accepted Seligman's offer of the associate editorship in 1927, and that "both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the [[Social Science Research Council]] oversaw."[^38] Rutkoff and Scott name a different pair of funders, the [[Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial]] and the [[Russell Sage Foundation]], through which Seligman "secured financial support."[^39]
The *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences* appeared under Seligman as editor-in-chief, with Johnson as associate editor. The title page of volume three, published in 1930, gives that credit.[^39] Bessner writes that Johnson accepted Seligman's offer of the associate editorship in 1927, and that "both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the [[Social Science Research Council]] oversaw."[^40] Rutkoff and Scott name a different pair of funders, the [[Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial]] and the [[Russell Sage Foundation]], through which Seligman "secured financial support."[^41]
### New York anti-discrimination work
In 1943 Johnson served as vice-chairman of New York State's [[Commission on Discrimination in Employment]]. The New School's finding aid says he helped draft and pass the New York Fair Employment Act of 1945, and that Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] sent him the signing statement and pen.[^40] The [[New York State Division of Human Rights]] describes the 1945 measure as the [[Ives-Quinn Act]], which Dewey signed and which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin.[^41] In February 1947 Johnson resigned as chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education because of his duties on the State Commission for a State University.[^42]
In 1943 Johnson served as vice-chairman of New York State's [[Commission on Discrimination in Employment]]. The New School's finding aid says he helped draft and pass the New York Fair Employment Act of 1945, and that Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] sent him the signing statement and pen.[^42] The [[New York State Division of Human Rights]] describes the 1945 measure as the [[Ives-Quinn Act]], which Dewey signed and which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin.[^43] In February 1947 Johnson resigned as chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education because of his duties on the State Commission for a State University.[^44]
### Papers and later years
The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic feet dated 1908 to 1973, in four series: biographical, correspondence, subject files and writings. Its correspondence and subject files concern fundraising, a proposed labor college and a Faculty of Retired Professors.[^43] The finding aid places institutional papers from Johnson's New School years at the [[Yale University]] Library, and says that papers from his [[West Nyack, New York]] home went to the Love Library at his alma mater, the University of Nebraska, which it places in Omaha. Bessner cites a Johnson collection at the Love Library in Lincoln.[^43][^44] Yale University's Manuscripts and Archives holds the Alvin Saunders Johnson papers (MS 615), 1902 to 1969, 5.75 linear feet in 15 boxes, given by Johnson, [[Agnes de Lima]] and Edith Levy in 1967, arranged as correspondence, biographical and subject files, and writings. Its scope note says the papers contain only a very limited amount of material on the New School, the University in Exile, the Ecole Libre and the state commission on discrimination in employment.[^45] Johnson's autobiography, *Pioneer's Progress*, was published in 1952.[^43] He received honorary degrees from [[Brandeis University]] in 1957, [[Hebrew Union College]] in 1960 and [[Freie Universität Berlin]] in 1964.[^40]
The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic feet dated 1908 to 1973, in four series: biographical, correspondence, subject files and writings. Its correspondence and subject files concern fundraising, a proposed labor college and a Faculty of Retired Professors.[^45] The finding aid places institutional papers from Johnson's New School years at the [[Yale University]] Library, and says that papers from his [[West Nyack, New York]] home went to the Love Library at his alma mater, the University of Nebraska, which it places in Omaha. Bessner cites a Johnson collection at the Love Library in Lincoln.[^45][^46] Yale University's Manuscripts and Archives holds the Alvin Saunders Johnson papers (MS 615), 1902 to 1969, 5.75 linear feet in 15 boxes, given by Johnson, [[Agnes de Lima]] and Edith Levy in 1967, arranged as correspondence, biographical and subject files, and writings. Its scope note says the papers contain only a very limited amount of material on the New School, the University in Exile, the Ecole Libre and the state commission on discrimination in employment.[^47] Johnson's autobiography, *Pioneer's Progress*, was published in 1952.[^45] He received honorary degrees from [[Brandeis University]] in 1957, [[Hebrew Union College]] in 1960 and [[Freie Universität Berlin]] in 1964.[^42]
### Footnotes
@ -136,37 +138,39 @@ The New School Archives hold the Alvin Saunders Johnson collection, 6.5 cubic fe
[^9]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 30, on Johnson's April 1922 letter to Dorothy Straight after taking over as director. The letter is cited in the book's note 40.
[^10]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 92: Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required"; before the gift Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000"; Halle "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance"; Halle's anonymity was kept to avoid discouraging other donors.
[^11]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 340: Halle's call after a letter Johnson wrote to Seligman; Johnson's answer "Twelve thousand"; Halle: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once"; Altschul: "Hiram Halle's signature on a check for a million dollars would be accepted by any bank in New York. But we'll keep his amazing offer under our hats. Nobody will contribute if he knows Halle is ready to carry the whole load."
[^12]: Daniel Morris Bessner, *The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State* (Duke University dissertation), note 16, on Halle as part owner of the Gulf Oil Company and associated with the Rockefeller Foundation, which spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars. Sole source for the Gulf Oil ownership.
[^13]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 102: "Beyond these original appointments, Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; Hula "originally rejected Johnson's offer"; "Johnson persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to appoint Hans Simons"; 1934 additions Alfred Kahler, Fritz Lehman, Arthur Feiler and Hans Staudinger.
[^14]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 118: "Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933."
[^15]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
[^16]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
[^17]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 86: Johnson and the Rockefeller Foundation "had agreed to rescue" a dozen individuals.
[^18]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 91, printed as "Tracy Kittridge, an associate in the Paris office of the Rockefeller Foundation," writing on March 29, 1933.
[^19]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 94: "the Emergency Committee, acting for the Rockefeller Foundation."
[^20]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 95: the Foundation "wished to salvage the most empirical segment of German social science."
[^21]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked with Johnson from 1933; letter from Marc Bloch to Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
[^22]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, pp. 366 to 367: "The president of the Foundation, Raymond Fosdick, whom I regarded as our foremost international educational statesman, would at least hear me. I decided to ask for traveling expenses and a two years' stipend for five scholars"; "five," "fifteen," "twenty-five," and "unless we are prepared to take care of a hundred"; "The trustees had approved and I could go ahead immediately." The statement on expert information about Nazi or Fascist refugees is at p. 369.
[^23]: New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, "Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, 1933-1945," MssCol 922, biographical note, https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (Cohn, Flexner and Stein contacted Duggan in May 1933; Warburg and Gregg served as advisors; Farrand chaired; Murrow served as assistant secretary until 1935).
[^24]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, scope note: grants for 335 scholars from about 6,000 applicants.
[^25]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 344: "Stephen Duggan, of the Institute for International Education, invited me to lunch."
[^26]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, container list: Series II, New School file, 1933-1945, box 148, folders 1 to 12; Series VI, executive committee correspondence, "Johnson, Alvin 1940-1945," box 190, folder 8; Series I.B, Non-Grantees: Riezler (box 107, folder 16), Speier (box 118, folder 17), Ascoli (box 38, folder 46), Colm (box 50, folder 5), Brecht (box 46, folder 36), Simons (box 117, folder 3), Staudinger (box 119, folder 3), Marschak (box 93, folder 52), Lowe (box 91, folder 23), Lederer (box 86, folder 44), Reich (box 105, folder 36).
[^27]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn Ecole Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the establishment of the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severed from the New School in June 1947).
[^28]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file group "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," https://dimes.rockarch.org
[^29]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs, 1944," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 16, Folder 17. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27156
[^30]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, IWA Bibliography (Occasional Papers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 note 3 (Hans Speier to Alvin Johnson, March 5, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 115). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^32]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Hook: Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; 1940 "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter." Note 22 (p. 296).
[^33]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226, text: "A Rockefeller Foundation memorandum indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Note 22 (p. 296): "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives; Sidney Hook, telephone interview with Professor Roy Wortman, Kenyon College (June 20, 1981)." The note names no author for the memorandum. Sole source for the enemy alien monitoring.
[^34]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 228: the administration "also received inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals" during the early 1950s.
[^35]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 370: "After America entered the war I was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with Maurice Davidson, chairman, and Joseph Leary Delaney. Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."
[^36]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 135: "In early 1942, Johnson, Hans Staudinger, and Makinsky met with State Department officials in Washington. Johnson, having complained of departmental 'high jinks,' requested the meeting. They spent the day testifying before a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army"; "Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit'"; Visa Division officials "regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School, in particular, as dangerous to American policy."
[^37]: *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences*, vol. 3 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), title page: "Editor-in-Chief Edwin R. A. Seligman, Associate Editor Alvin Johnson." https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_b9t1
[^38]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, dissertation text on the encyclopedia and note 14: Johnson accepted Seligman's 1927 offer; "Both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the Social Science Research Council oversaw." Competing account at note 36.
[^39]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 67: "Seligman secured financial support from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller and Russell Sage foundations."
[^40]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Johnson honorary degrees and family photographs," NA.0035.01, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/567 (vice-chairmanship of the New York State Commission on Discrimination in Employment in 1943; the 1945 letter and Dewey's signing pen; honorary degrees from Brandeis University in 1957, Hebrew Union College in 1960 and Freie Universitat Berlin in 1964).
[^41]: New York State Division of Human Rights, "About the Division," https://dhr.ny.gov/about (Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Anti-Discrimination Act in 1945, prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin).
[^42]: "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education," *The Omaha Guide*, February 8, 1947, p. 2. https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn93062828/1947-02-08/ed-1/seq-2/
[^43]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Saunders Johnson collection," NS-01-01-01, abstract, arrangement, biographical note and related materials (see note 1).
[^44]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, note 15: Alvin Johnson Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Love Library, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Box 47, folder "Graduate Faculty-University in Exile."
[^45]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, "Alvin Saunders Johnson papers," MS 615, https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/3846 (accessed October 9, 2026).
[^12]: Daniel Morris Bessner, *The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State* (Duke University dissertation), note 16, on Halle as part owner of the Gulf Oil Company and associated with the Rockefeller Foundation, which spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars. The New School Archives biographical note for Collection NA-0008-01 also states that Halle was part owner of Gulf Oil company.
[^13]: Daniel Morris Bessner, *The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State* (Duke University dissertation, 2013), p. 84. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
[^14]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hiram Halle home movies of annual barbecue for University in Exile at Pound Ridge," Collection NA-0008-01, biographical note and scope and contents. https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/256
[^15]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 102: "Beyond these original appointments, Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; Hula "originally rejected Johnson's offer"; "Johnson persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to appoint Hans Simons"; 1934 additions Alfred Kahler, Fritz Lehman, Arthur Feiler and Hans Staudinger.
[^16]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 118: "Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933."
[^17]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
[^18]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
[^19]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 86: Johnson and the Rockefeller Foundation "had agreed to rescue" a dozen individuals.
[^20]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 91, printed as "Tracy Kittridge, an associate in the Paris office of the Rockefeller Foundation," writing on March 29, 1933.
[^21]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 94: "the Emergency Committee, acting for the Rockefeller Foundation."
[^22]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 95: the Foundation "wished to salvage the most empirical segment of German social science."
[^23]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked with Johnson from 1933; letter from Marc Bloch to Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
[^24]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, pp. 366 to 367: "The president of the Foundation, Raymond Fosdick, whom I regarded as our foremost international educational statesman, would at least hear me. I decided to ask for traveling expenses and a two years' stipend for five scholars"; "five," "fifteen," "twenty-five," and "unless we are prepared to take care of a hundred"; "The trustees had approved and I could go ahead immediately." The statement on expert information about Nazi or Fascist refugees is at p. 369.
[^25]: New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, "Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, 1933-1945," MssCol 922, biographical note, https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (Cohn, Flexner and Stein contacted Duggan in May 1933; Warburg and Gregg served as advisors; Farrand chaired; Murrow served as assistant secretary until 1935).
[^26]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, scope note: grants for 335 scholars from about 6,000 applicants.
[^27]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 344: "Stephen Duggan, of the Institute for International Education, invited me to lunch."
[^28]: New York Public Library, MssCol 922, container list: Series II, New School file, 1933-1945, box 148, folders 1 to 12; Series VI, executive committee correspondence, "Johnson, Alvin 1940-1945," box 190, folder 8; Series I.B, Non-Grantees: Riezler (box 107, folder 16), Speier (box 118, folder 17), Ascoli (box 38, folder 46), Colm (box 50, folder 5), Brecht (box 46, folder 36), Simons (box 117, folder 3), Staudinger (box 119, folder 3), Marschak (box 93, folder 52), Lowe (box 91, folder 23), Lederer (box 86, folder 44), Reich (box 105, folder 36).
[^29]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn Ecole Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the establishment of the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severed from the New School in June 1947).
[^30]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file group "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," https://dimes.rockarch.org
[^31]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Studies of the Institute of World Affairs: The Aims and Organization of the Institute of World Affairs, 1944," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 16, Folder 17. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27156
[^32]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, IWA Bibliography (Occasional Papers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^33]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164 note 3 (Hans Speier to Alvin Johnson, March 5, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 115). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^34]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Hook: Johnson "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; 1940 "an explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter." Note 22 (p. 296).
[^35]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 226, text: "A Rockefeller Foundation memorandum indicated that Johnson had also monitored files of 'enemy aliens' in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney." Note 22 (p. 296): "Johnson to Urban (December 9, 1948), JPYU; memorandum (January 27, 1942), Hans Eisler File, Rockefeller Foundation Archives; Sidney Hook, telephone interview with Professor Roy Wortman, Kenyon College (June 20, 1981)." The note names no author for the memorandum.
[^36]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 228: the administration "also received inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals" during the early 1950s.
[^37]: Johnson, *Pioneer's Progress*, p. 370: "After America entered the war I was appointed to an enemy alien hearing board, with Maurice Davidson, chairman, and Joseph Leary Delaney. Case after case came before us, well prepared in advance by the FBI. After we had studied the record and had heard the FBI investigators, we would hear the accused."
[^38]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 135: "In early 1942, Johnson, Hans Staudinger, and Makinsky met with State Department officials in Washington. Johnson, having complained of departmental 'high jinks,' requested the meeting. They spent the day testifying before a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army"; "Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a 'Communist outfit'"; Visa Division officials "regarded the creation of the Gaullist Ecole Libre at the New School, in particular, as dangerous to American policy."
[^39]: *Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences*, vol. 3 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), title page: "Editor-in-Chief Edwin R. A. Seligman, Associate Editor Alvin Johnson." https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_b9t1
[^40]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, dissertation text on the encyclopedia and note 14: Johnson accepted Seligman's 1927 offer; "Both the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations contributed $1.25 million to the project, which the Social Science Research Council oversaw." Competing account at note 36.
[^41]: Rutkoff and Scott, *New School*, p. 67: "Seligman secured financial support from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller and Russell Sage foundations."
[^42]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Johnson honorary degrees and family photographs," NA.0035.01, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/567 (vice-chairmanship of the New York State Commission on Discrimination in Employment in 1943; the 1945 letter and Dewey's signing pen; honorary degrees from Brandeis University in 1957, Hebrew Union College in 1960 and Freie Universitat Berlin in 1964).
[^43]: New York State Division of Human Rights, "About the Division," https://dhr.ny.gov/about (Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Anti-Discrimination Act in 1945, prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, creed, color and national origin).
[^44]: "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Chairman of the State Committee Against Discrimination in Education," *The Omaha Guide*, February 8, 1947, p. 2. https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn93062828/1947-02-08/ed-1/seq-2/
[^45]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Alvin Saunders Johnson collection," NS-01-01-01, abstract, arrangement, biographical note and related materials (see note 1).
[^46]: Bessner, *The Night Watchman*, note 15: Alvin Johnson Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Love Library, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Box 47, folder "Graduate Faculty-University in Exile."
[^47]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, "Alvin Saunders Johnson papers," MS 615, https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/3846 (accessed October 9, 2026).

196
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bob Kerrey.md
View file

@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ relations:
with: "[[Fulbright University Vietnam]]"
role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
start: 2016-05-16
fn: 53
fn: 110
- type: member_of
with: "[[United States Senate]]"
start: 1989
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Committee for the Liberation of Iraq]]"
start: 2002-11
fn: 28
fn: 29
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Thanh Phong]]"
start: 1969-02-25
@ -93,7 +93,16 @@ relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Carmen Group]]"
start: 2013-04
fn: 51
fn: 108
- type: head_of
with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
role: "executive chairman, per a LinkedIn update to Epstein of August 12, 2013"
start: 2013-08
fn: 88
- type: member_of
with: "[[Minerva Project]]"
role: "advisory board, per an undated Minerva overview in the Epstein files"
fn: 49
---
Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (J. Robert Kerrey, born August 27, 1943[^1]) is a former [[United States Navy]] SEAL officer who served as [[Governor of Nebraska]] and as a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from Nebraska, and who was president of the [[New School for Social Research]] from January 2001 to December 2010.[^1][^2] He was vice chairman of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] in the 105th Congress (1997 to 1998), co-chaired the [[National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office]] in 2000, and sat on the [[National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States]] from 2003 to 2004.[^3] He sat on the boards of [[Tenet Healthcare]], [[Genworth Financial]], [[Jones Apparel Group]] and, according to Tenet's 2001 proxy statement, the board of trustees of [[The Aerospace Corporation]].[^4]
@ -128,7 +137,7 @@ The [[National Governors Association]] lists Kerrey's term as governor as Januar
The commission was created by Title VII of the [[Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000]], approved December 3, 1999, as [[Public Law 106-120]].[^25] The conference report's joint explanatory statement says that neither the House bill nor the Senate amendment contained a similar provision, that "the managers determined that an independent review of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)" was needed before the conferees met, and that they included the provision. [[Porter Goss]] filed the conference report for the House.[^24] Section 702 set the membership at eleven: the [[Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management]], three members appointed by the Senate majority leader (one senator and two private citizens), two by the Senate minority leader, three by the Speaker of the House and two by the House minority leader. The director of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]] sat as an ex officio member.[^25] The statute required two co-chairs, one from each party, jointly agreed by the President and the congressional leaders, and set November 1, 2000 as the deadline for the final report.[^25]
The co-chairs were Kerrey and Goss, the Republican [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] from Florida who chaired the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]].[^26] In an August 11, 2003 letter to NRO director [[Peter B. Teets]], written in response to an article in [[U.S. News & World Report]] titled "Lack of Intelligence," Kerrey wrote: "believing that organizational change was needed, I wrote the 1999 Congressional Act that authorized the creation of the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office. After President Clinton signed this into law, I asked Congressman Porter Goss to co-chair this effort with me." The letter says the commission met first on February 1, 2000 and released its report on November 15, 2000.[^22] The report's appendix lists Wayne Allard, [[Anthony C. Beilenson]], [[Larry D. Cox]], [[Joan Avalyn Dempsey]] (Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management), [[Norm Dicks]], [[Martin C. Faga]], [[Keith R. Hall]] (NRO director, ex officio), [[Patrick M. Hughes]], [[Eli S. Jacobs]] and [[William Schneider Jr.]] as members.[^26] The report, titled [[The NRO at the Crossroads]], is dated November 1, 2000 on its cover. Its executive summary recommended that a new office, to be called the Office of Space Reconnaissance, be established, and states that "The NRO has become a publicly acknowledged organization that openly announces many of its new program initiatives."[^27] Its biography of Kerrey states that he "earned the Congressional Medal of Honor, America's highest military honor, and is currently the only member of Congress who has received this honor."[^18] Kerrey's 2003 letter quotes the report's unanimous findings, including "Over time, the NRO has gained a well-deserved reputation as the preeminent research, development, and acquisition organization in the Intelligence Community and DoD."[^22]
The co-chairs were Kerrey and Goss, the Republican [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] from Florida who chaired the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]].[^26] In an August 11, 2003 letter to NRO director [[Peter B. Teets]], written in response to an article in [[U.S. News & World Report]] titled "Lack of Intelligence," Kerrey wrote: "believing that organizational change was needed, I wrote the 1999 Congressional Act that authorized the creation of the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office. After President Clinton signed this into law, I asked Congressman Porter Goss to co-chair this effort with me." The letter says the commission met first on February 1, 2000 and released its report on November 15, 2000.[^22] The commission's report is itself dated November 1, 2000, on its cover, so the two dates sit side by side in the record.[^27] The report's Appendix G gives Porter Goss a parallel biography as co-chairman, on pages 135 to 136.[^27] The report's appendix lists Wayne Allard, [[Anthony C. Beilenson]], [[Larry D. Cox]], [[Joan Avalyn Dempsey]] (Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management), [[Norm Dicks]], [[Martin C. Faga]], [[Keith R. Hall]] (NRO director, ex officio), [[Patrick M. Hughes]], [[Eli S. Jacobs]] and [[William Schneider Jr.]] as members.[^26] The report, titled [[The NRO at the Crossroads]], is dated November 1, 2000 on its cover. Its executive summary recommended that a new office, to be called the Office of Space Reconnaissance, be established, and states that "The NRO has become a publicly acknowledged organization that openly announces many of its new program initiatives."[^28] Its biography of Kerrey states that he "earned the Congressional Medal of Honor, America's highest military honor, and is currently the only member of Congress who has received this honor."[^18] Kerrey's 2003 letter quotes the report's unanimous findings, including "Over time, the NRO has gained a well-deserved reputation as the preeminent research, development, and acquisition organization in the Intelligence Community and DoD."[^22]
### The 9/11 Commission
@ -136,43 +145,73 @@ On December 10, 2003, Democracy Now reported that Kerrey had been named to the N
### Committee for the Liberation of Iraq and the 2002 protests
In November 2002 [[Salon]] reported that Kerrey was part of the newly formed [[Committee for the Liberation of Iraq]], with former Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]] and Senator [[John McCain]], a group meant to shore up support for regime change in Iraq.[^28] In December 2002 New School students confronted him over the committee. Democracy Now headlined the confrontation as students who "Demand Resignation."[^29] The same program reported in December 2003 that thousands of New School students had protested his decision to join the committee the previous year.[^23]
In November 2002 [[Salon]] reported that Kerrey was part of the newly formed [[Committee for the Liberation of Iraq]], with former Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]] and Senator [[John McCain]], a group meant to shore up support for regime change in Iraq.[^29] In December 2002 New School students confronted him over the committee. Democracy Now headlined the confrontation as students who "Demand Resignation."[^30] The same program reported in December 2003 that thousands of New School students had protested his decision to join the committee the previous year.[^23]
### New School presidency, 2001 to 2010
On February 17, 2000, the [[Associated Press]] reported, in the [[Orlando Sentinel]], that Kerrey had announced the previous month that he would not seek a third term. He said he would start working for the university "next January, after he officially has left office."[^30] The [[New York Post]] headlined its item "New School taps Kerrey" and described him as a 56-year-old Vietnam veteran.[^31] The Times reported that Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, that his predecessor [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], appointed in 1984, had left the $250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence the previous September for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and that Kerrey did not yet have a formal contract. It quoted [[Philip Scaturro]], the school's chancellor.[^32]
On February 17, 2000, the [[Associated Press]] reported, in the [[Orlando Sentinel]], that Kerrey had announced the previous month that he would not seek a third term. He said he would start working for the university "next January, after he officially has left office."[^31] The [[New York Post]] headlined its item "New School taps Kerrey" and described him as a 56-year-old Vietnam veteran.[^32] The Times reported that Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, that his predecessor [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], appointed in 1984, had left the $250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence the previous September for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and that Kerrey did not yet have a formal contract. It quoted [[Philip Scaturro]], the school's chancellor.[^33]
A New School fact sheet captured by the [[Internet Archive]] on December 11, 2000 names [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees. [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] are listed as vice chairs, and Scaturro as treasurer. The same page names Scaturro as chancellor and chief officer, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost, and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^33] The university installed Kerrey as its seventh president at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001. Tishman gave introductory remarks, and [[Joseph Lieberman]], then a senator from Connecticut, spoke.[^34] The Tenet proxy statement of August 2001 gives Kerrey as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^4]
On February 13, 2001, the Times ran a profile of Kerrey by [[Karen W. Arenson]], which identifies Scaturro as "an investment banker and trustee of the New School." Scaturro said of the appointment: "The attraction of someone like Bob is that he could bring us more visibility, broaden our constituency and give us call on more resources," and added that Kerrey's "leadership skills and independent mind were also pluses."[^34]
The New School Archives' biographical note states that Kerrey "was an unpopular choice with faculty members, although his political connections made him very popular with the board of trustees," and that he renamed New School University as The New School in 2005. The same note dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010" and states that he was "succeeded in 2011 by David Van Zandt."[^5] The New School's press release of August 26, 2010 announcing Van Zandt as eighth president states that Kerrey "will remain as New School president until the end of 2010," that Van Zandt would assume the post on January 1, 2011, and that Kerrey "was appointed in 2001," and the Chronicle of Higher Education wrote in 2012 that Van Zandt "succeeded Mr. Kerrey as New School's president in January 2011."[^2][^35]
A New School fact sheet captured by the [[Internet Archive]] on December 11, 2000 names [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees. [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] are listed as vice chairs, and Scaturro as treasurer. The same page names Scaturro as chancellor and chief officer, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost, and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^35] The university installed Kerrey as its seventh president at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001. Tishman gave introductory remarks, and [[Joseph Lieberman]], then a senator from Connecticut, spoke.[^36] The Tenet proxy statement of August 2001 gives Kerrey as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^4]
In March 2002 [[Kenneth Prewitt]], recruited as dean of the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]], resigned on March 6 after less than a year. He told The American Prospect: "Given the prevailing priorities in the administration," he said, "I could not do what I had been recruited to do." The Prospect reported that the trustees, after Vistica's article appeared, had stood by Kerrey, reminding the public in a statement that "war is hell" and giving him their "unqualified support."[^36] At a faculty and student meeting on March 15, 2002, in [[Tishman Auditorium]], Prewitt described a provost's proposal for "private bonuses" to deans who raised enrollment, and Kerrey took the microphone and asked: "You know whose idea the 'private bonuses' were?" He answered "Mine," and added: "I concede now that it was a bad idea."[^36]
The New School Archives' biographical note states that Kerrey "was an unpopular choice with faculty members, although his political connections made him very popular with the board of trustees," and that he renamed New School University as The New School in 2005. The same note dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010" and states that he was "succeeded in 2011 by David Van Zandt."[^5] The New School's press release of August 26, 2010 announcing Van Zandt as eighth president states that Kerrey "will remain as New School president until the end of 2010," that Van Zandt would assume the post on January 1, 2011, and that Kerrey "was appointed in 2001," and the Chronicle of Higher Education wrote in 2012 that Van Zandt "succeeded Mr. Kerrey as New School's president in January 2011."[^2][^37]
On January 4, 2004, the trustees extended Kerrey's term to June 2011, from an original expiry in June 2006. Scaturro, then chairperson of the board, said: "In just four years as president, Bob Kerrey has confidently charted an ambitious course that has given the university far greater national visibility and recognition."[^37]
In March 2002 [[Kenneth Prewitt]], recruited as dean of the [[Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science]], resigned on March 6 after less than a year. He told The American Prospect: "Given the prevailing priorities in the administration," he said, "I could not do what I had been recruited to do." The Prospect reported that the trustees, after Vistica's article appeared, had stood by Kerrey, reminding the public in a statement that "war is hell" and giving him their "unqualified support."[^38] At a faculty and student meeting on March 15, 2002, in [[Tishman Auditorium]], Prewitt described a provost's proposal for "private bonuses" to deans who raised enrollment, and Kerrey took the microphone and asked: "You know whose idea the 'private bonuses' were?" He answered "Mine," and added: "I concede now that it was a bad idea."[^38]
On December 10, 2008, the Faculty Senate met in an emergency closed-door session and approved a motion of no confidence in Kerrey. A summary released by faculty senate co-chair Jim Miller recorded 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention, and the [[Chronicle of Higher Education]] described the vote as "nearly unanimous."[^38] [[NBC New York]] reported the same tally on December 11, with the faculty members described as senior and tenured.[^39] The trustees met the same day at a regularly scheduled meeting and, according to a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in Kerrey's leadership.[^38][^39] The faculty vote followed Kerrey's announcement that he would serve as provost temporarily after the departure of the fifth provost in seven years.[^39] [[amNewYork]] reported on December 23 that after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation, a majority of senior faculty members approved a no-confidence measure against Kerrey "by a vote of 269 to 18."[^40]
On January 4, 2004, the trustees extended Kerrey's term to June 2011, from an original expiry in June 2006. Scaturro, then chairperson of the board, said: "In just four years as president, Bob Kerrey has confidently charted an ambitious course that has given the university far greater national visibility and recognition."[^39]
On Wednesday, December 17, 2008, several dozen students occupied the ground-floor cafeteria of the New School's graduate faculty building on Fifth Avenue.[^40][^41] The students' demands included the resignation of Kerrey, of Murtha and of [[Robert Millard]], the treasurer of the board of trustees, along with transparency in investments and a socially responsible investment committee.[^40] amNewYork reported that the occupation ended peacefully early on Friday morning, December 19. The six-point document that Kerrey signed did not include the resignations. It granted total amnesty to those involved, provided for student participation in establishing a committee for socially responsible investing, and gave a student senate representative access to board meetings.[^40] The New School Archives' biographical note states that the New York City police "were brought in to expel" students from the building.[^5]
On June 30, 2008, the school announced that [[Julien J. Studley]] would succeed Scaturro as chairman of the board of trustees effective July 1, 2008, and that Scaturro would remain a trustee. The release described Scaturro as having "served as Chairman since 2002." Kerrey, quoted in the same release, said Studley had joined the board in 1987.[^40]
In May 2009 Kerrey announced that he would step down once a successor was named. The Chronicle reported that the trustees then awarded him a $1.2 million "retention" bonus, according to the university's Form 990, and that with a deferred compensation payout of more than $620,000 his total earnings from the school for 2010 to 2011 came to $3,047,703; it gave his base earnings for 2010 to 2011 as $602,593. Board chairman [[Michael J. Johnston]] said the bonus was meant "to ensure a smooth transition to his successor's presidency."[^35] Financial disclosures from Kerrey's 2012 campaign office estimated that he would earn between $400,000 and $600,000 a year as president emeritus.[^35] [[David E. Van Zandt]] succeeded him in January 2011 and was installed as university president on September 15, 2011.[^35][^42]
On December 10, 2008, the Faculty Senate met in an emergency closed-door session and approved a motion of no confidence in Kerrey. A summary released by faculty senate co-chair Jim Miller recorded 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention, and the [[Chronicle of Higher Education]] described the vote as "nearly unanimous."[^41] [[NBC New York]] reported the same tally on December 11, with the faculty members described as senior and tenured.[^42] The trustees met the same day at a regularly scheduled meeting and, according to a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in Kerrey's leadership.[^41][^42] The faculty vote followed Kerrey's announcement that he would serve as provost temporarily after the departure of the fifth provost in seven years.[^42] [[amNewYork]] reported on December 23 that after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation, a majority of senior faculty members approved a no-confidence measure against Kerrey "by a vote of 269 to 18."[^43]
On Wednesday, December 17, 2008, several dozen students occupied the ground-floor cafeteria of the New School's graduate faculty building on Fifth Avenue.[^43][^44] The students' demands included the resignation of Kerrey, of Murtha and of [[Robert Millard]], the treasurer of the board of trustees, along with transparency in investments and a socially responsible investment committee.[^43] amNewYork reported that the occupation ended peacefully early on Friday morning, December 19. The six-point document that Kerrey signed did not include the resignations. It granted total amnesty to those involved, provided for student participation in establishing a committee for socially responsible investing, and gave a student senate representative access to board meetings.[^43] The New School Archives' biographical note states that the New York City police "were brought in to expel" students from the building.[^5]
In May 2009 Kerrey announced that he would step down once a successor was named. The Chronicle reported that the trustees then awarded him a $1.2 million "retention" bonus, according to the university's Form 990, and that with a deferred compensation payout of more than $620,000 his total earnings from the school for 2010 to 2011 came to $3,047,703; it gave his base earnings for 2010 to 2011 as $602,593. Board chairman [[Michael J. Johnston]] said the bonus was meant "to ensure a smooth transition to his successor's presidency."[^37] Financial disclosures from Kerrey's 2012 campaign office estimated that he would earn between $400,000 and $600,000 a year as president emeritus.[^37] [[David E. Van Zandt]] succeeded him in January 2011 and was installed as university president on September 15, 2011.[^37][^45]
### Jeffrey Epstein
Kerrey appears in [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s 2013 scheduling records released by the Department of Justice. An April 15, 2013 calendar alert reads "NEED to start coordinating dinner w/woody,soon yi, bob Kerrey for April 23" (a dinner with [[Woody Allen]], [[Soon-Yi Previn]] and Kerrey).[^43] On May 28, 2013 Epstein's scheduler [[Lesley Groff]] wrote to household staff under the heading "Lunch w/Barak and Bob Kerrey": "Heads up! We have scheduled Barak and Bob Kerrey for lunch at noon on Tues. June 4th!"[^44] The "Barak" of that email is [[Ehud Barak]], named in full in the office's next schedule. Groff's schedule email of June 2, 2013 lists the day in full: "10:00am-12:00pm Appt w/Eileen Alexanderson, Miriam, Peggy, etc. at [[Leon Black]]'s office", then "12:00pm Lunch w/Ehud Barak & Bob Kerrey", then a tentative appointment with [[Reid Weingarten]].[^45] The same office's schedules list "Appt w/Ehud Barak" at 4:00 pm the previous day, with [[Mort Zuckerman]] at 6:00 pm, and the final schedule for June 4 lists "Appt w Ehud Barak" at 1:00 pm followed by "Lunch to be served", without Kerrey's name.[^46] On August 22, 2013 a calendar alert asked "can bob Kerrey join for dinner tonight."[^47]
A list of invitees for a September 16 dinner that the publicist [[Peggy Siegal]] sent [[Jeffrey Epstein]] on August 10, 2010 under the subject "Sept. 16 dinner" includes Kerrey and his wife.[^46]
Kerrey first appears in the scheduling records on February 21, 2013. [[Stephen M. Kosslyn]], then director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at [[Stanford University]], wrote to Epstein's scheduler [[Lesley Groff]] about a lunch the next day: "Would noon work?" and "Ben wants to bring Senator Bob Kerrey with him. Would that be OK with JEE?" Groff answered: "Jeffrey says YES to all! 12:00 and bring along Sen. Bob Kerrey".[^47] The schedule for Friday, February 22 lists "12:00pm Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Senator Bob Kerrey", and a calendar reminder for the day reads "12:00 Lunch w/Professor Kosslyn, Ben Nelson and Sen Bob Kerrey".[^48] The Ben of the exchange is [[Ben Nelson]], the founder and chief executive of the [[Minerva Project]], whose seed investment from [[Benchmark Capital]] was $25 million in 2012.[^49] Kosslyn wrote to Epstein that evening, weighing a position with the project, that he was "absolutely torn by the situation", that "the rest of the team is A+", and that Kerrey was "really terrific". Epstein replied on February 22: "i see little downside , in taking it, but having all the money you need up front".[^50]
On February 27, 2013 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn: "i have bill gates at the house tonight after 10.. does bob kerry know bill, how well, would he like to come", and Kosslyn returned an address for Kerrey.[^51] Epstein wrote to Kerrey the same day: "bob, do you know bill gates.? He will be at my house , and i wondered if you would like to stop by?" Kerrey answered the next morning: "I just picked this up. I flew to Dallas yesterday and then on to California. I won't return until next Thursday. Sorry. I do know Bill Gates; not well but we've met a few times. Invite me again! I enjoyed meeting and talking to you. Thanks." Epstein replied: "sorry , you would have made a positve difference in the conversation on education. I will return on the 19 th and 20th if you are free ,".[^52] On March 1 Kerrey wrote to Epstein under the subject "Better email": "Jeff I respond faster to text. This is a better email." Epstein answered "great.. i will return to ny the 19th, but could speak on the phone before", and Kerrey wrote: "I head to Belize with my family on 3/17 and return on 3/24." He proposed meeting after his return.[^53] On March 12 Groff asked Epstein: "Did you want me to touch base with Bob Kerrey of the Minvera Project and see if he might be free 19th, 20th?", and Epstein replied "ok".[^54] Kerrey wrote to Groff on March 13: "I am sorry (actually I am not sorry!) but I will be in Belize with my family next week. Please, tell Jeffrey thanks for the offer to get together again. I do look forward to continuing our conversations."[^55]
On April 9, 2013 Epstein wrote to Kerrey: "are you in town to join a dinner with woody alien at my house 23rd?" Kerrey answered within ten minutes: "April 23rd? It looks open but I am cc'ing Nily to make certain." The reply that followed came from Kerrey's scheduler, whose signature reads "Scheduler/ Asst. to Bob Kerrey" at The New School, 80 Fifth Avenue, Room 806.[^56] On April 10 Groff wrote to the household staff: "Wanted to let you all know a small dinner party is in the works for Tues. April 23rd at 7:30pm! Woody Allen, Soon Yi and Bob Kerrey are the invited guests so far..we know this will get bigger!"[^57] Epstein wrote that day to [[Mort Zuckerman]]: "dinner on the 23 with bob kerrey and woody, . woudl you like to invite Joel klein, or someone who might enjoy while being able to keep up."[^58] An April 15, 2013 calendar alert reads "NEED to start coordinating dinner w/woody,soon yi, bob Kerrey for April 23" (a dinner with [[Woody Allen]], [[Soon-Yi Previn]] and Kerrey).[^59] The schedules of April 15 to 17 list "7:30pm Dinner w/Ehud Barak, Nili, Woody Allen, Soon Yi, Bob Kerrey, Mort Zuckerman (Mort will arrive after 8:30pm) Joel Klein and his wife, Nicole Seligman".[^60] A staff headcount of April 18 names "Woody, Soon yi, Ehud, Nili, Joel Klein, Nicole Seligman, Bob Kerrey, Nicole Seligman." and Epstein answered: "ehud and nilli are not invited, it is mort."[^61] The schedules from April 19 list "7:30pm Dinner w/ Woody Allen, Soon Yi, Bob Kerrey, Mort Zuckerman (Mort will arrive after 8:30pm) Joel Klein and his wife, Nicole Seligman".[^62] On April 22 Groff wrote to Epstein: "Woody, Soon Yi, Bob Kerrey have all been told dinner is a 7:30 arrival..."[^63]
On April 23, 2013 Groff wrote to Kerrey: "Jeffrey wants Bob to know this is very informal tonight...no ties!...wear jeans if you want!"[^64] Kerrey's scheduler wrote to Groff that day: "Bob said that he will be coming alone (and in jeans)!"[^65] The calendar entry for the evening reads "7:30 DINNER W/WOODY ALLEN, SOON YI, Bob Kerrey, Mort Zuckerman (Mort to arrive after 8:30)".[^66] Epstein wrote to Kerrey at 11:30 that night: "thanks ,, next time we should have more one on one time". Kerrey answered on April 24: "Sounds good to me. Thanks for a wonderful evening." Epstein asked: "give me the name of the book that has currently been able to capture your obviously wide interest." Kerrey replied: "Orlando Figes "The Crimean War" and "The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry" by Rachel Joyce."[^67] Amazon shipping notices dated April 25, 2013 in Epstein's files report the shipment of two books: "When I Was a Young Man: A Memoir" by Bob Kerrey and "The Education of Lieutenant Kerrey" by Gregory L. Vistica.[^68] An email from Epstein's account of April 25 with no recipient listed carries the subject line "ehud, larry, ? jes, anderw? joel kelin, leon bottsetin? , kerrey. mort."[^69]
On April 27 Groff asked Kerrey about breakfast at Epstein's house on the following Thursday or Sunday. Kerrey wrote: "Thursday May 2nd doesn't work. Do you mean Sunday May 5th? What time?"[^70] The breakfast took place on Sunday, May 5. Kerrey wrote to Epstein that afternoon, under the subject "Breakfast": "Thanks for breakfast. It was great being with you. If you can get me Terry's contact information, I will try to get the other Kerry to reach out to him."[^71] Epstein forwarded the message to [[Terje Rød-Larsen]] at 4:25 pm, and on May 6 sent it again to Kerrey and Rød-Larsen together under the subject "Re: Breakfast".[^72]
On May 28, 2013 Epstein wrote to Groff: "see if Bob kerrey would like to join me and ehod on the 4th."[^73] A schedule line of the same day reads "12:00pm Appt w/Ehud Barak (LUNCH??) Possibly Bob Kerrey also (Awaiting replyfrom Bob Kerrey's office)".[^74] Groff wrote to Kerrey: "Jeffrey is having Ehud Barak to his home on Tuesday June 4th at noon...Jeffrey is wondering if you might be available to join the meeting as well. Might you be around and available?" Kerrey replied: "I think so. I am cc'ing Natia who can confirm." Groff answered: "You are available! We actually just firmed everything up! We will see you at noon for lunch with Jeffrey and Ehud on June 4th at noon!"[^75] She told Epstein: "Bob Kerrey will join the meeting with you and Barak on June 4th at noon! Do you want this to be a lunch?"[^76] On May 28 Groff also wrote to household staff under the heading "Lunch w/Barak and Bob Kerrey": "Heads up! We have scheduled Barak and Bob Kerrey for lunch at noon on Tues. June 4th!"[^77] The "Barak" of that email is [[Ehud Barak]], named in full in the office's next schedule. Groff's schedule email of June 2, 2013 lists the day in full: "10:00am-12:00pm Appt w/" others "at [[Leon Black]]'s office", then "12:00pm Lunch w/Ehud Barak & Bob Kerrey", then a tentative appointment with [[Reid Weingarten]].[^78] On June 3 Groff asked Epstein: "What do you want for lunch tomorrow w/Barak & Bob Kerrey at noon?" and he answered "Chicken parm".[^79] A calendar alert that day reads "do we want to move the lunch to 1pm tomorrow? Can Barak do it? Shall I ask Bob Kerrey?"[^80] At 8:02 pm on June 3, Groff having asked whether Kerrey could come to the house "at 1:30 instead of 12:00", Kerrey wrote: "I am afraid not. Sorry. Rain check?"[^81] On June 4 Groff wrote to Kerrey's scheduler that "Bob emailed me back stating he can't make 1:30 lunch today and asked for a rain check", and the scheduler answered: "Indeed Bob won't be able to make it and thank you so much for clarification. I hope we can find other dates in the near future for the three to meet."[^82] The same office's schedules list "Appt w/Ehud Barak" at 4:00 pm the previous day, with Mort Zuckerman at 6:00 pm, and the final schedule for June 4 lists "Appt w/Ehud Barak" at 1:00 pm followed by "Lunch to be served", without Kerrey's name.[^83]
Epstein wrote to Kerrey on July 22, 2013: "how is the summer going so far? are you planing on new york at all." and offered "most of august if you would like to come vist," at [[Santa Fe]]. Kerrey replied on July 23: "The summer is going fast. We purchased a coop on lower Fifth and are experiencing the joy of moving. We'll be in NY most of August. I would love to come to Santa Fe but the prospects are not good. I hope all is well with you."[^84] On July 26 the educator [[Roger Schank]] wrote to Epstein under the subject "minerva project": "am to meet bob kerrey (who I know) monday", "ran into kosslyn wed who is also involved" and "now I see your buddy summers on it". Epstein replied: "i know about it, i think it nuts, i like kerry alot. as you know he lost part of his leg in vietnam , and when i asked him about his wife, he said , as soon as i met her she swept me off my foot. from that moment i knew." He then asked: "he and kosslyn are only init for the money nu?" and Schank answered: "He has enough I would have thought (Maybe not Steve)".[^85] On July 31 Epstein asked Schank: "how did bob kerrey , meeting go." Schank replied: "Good guy".[^86] A [[LinkedIn]] notice to Epstein on July 30 reports that Kerrey accepted his invitation and lists him as "President at New School University", and a LinkedIn update of August 12 reports that "Bob Kerrey is now Executive Chairman at The Minerva Institute".[^87][^88]
On August 22, 2013 a calendar alert asked "can bob Kerrey join for dinner tonight."[^89] Groff's email to Kerrey that afternoon invited him to dinner at 7:30 and added: "Leon Botstein will be coming also..." (the president of [[Bard College]], [[Leon Botstein]]). Kerrey replied: "Unfortunately, I cannot come. I am out on Shelter Island. Thanks."[^90] On September 11 Epstein's office asked Kerrey's scheduler whether he would be in New York September 20 through 22; Groff advised the sender to "email him and cc the assistant. He seems to answer before she does...", and a one-line note to Epstein that day reads "Bob kerrey will be out of town".[^91]
On July 19, 2014 Kerrey wrote to Epstein under the subject "Visit": "It was good being with you again. The book I mentioned is Ari Shavit's "My Promised Land". I think you will like it. I hope we can get together again. You are very good company !" Epstein answered on July 20: "I always enjoy the time, Im in santa fe for two to three weeks if you would like to visit. or if you are in aspen i will send plane for you."[^92]
On September 2, 2014 Epstein's scheduler wrote to Kerrey: "Jeffrey is having Peter Thiel and possibly Bill Burns for lunch at his home in NY on Sat. Sept 13th and Sun. Sept. 14th...Jeffrey is asking if you might be available to join..." Kerrey answered, copying his new executive assistant: "I think both work but let me double check with Jen!"[^93] The assistant's signature block reads [[Allen and Company|Allen & Company]], 711 Fifth Avenue, and Kerrey's own emails of September 2014 carry that company's e-mail monitoring notice.[^94] On September 9 Epstein wrote to [[Peter Thiel]]: "if you choose we can bring in kathy ruemmler. former obama counsel for 5 years. and or sen Bob kerrey, former senate intellignece".[^95] On September 10 he sent Thiel a schedule: "2 pm one on one you and I , 3 -4 bill burns to join. i will need alone time with him after. 730 woody and kathy ruemmler for dinner ( again you can bring guest/s if you choose). sunday lunch with bob kerrey if you have interest or we can continue our one on one". Thiel replied on September 12: "Free from about 5pm onwards on Saturday... Sunday lunch with Kerrey would be great."[^96]
The scheduler's September 12 note to Kerrey's assistant asked: "could Senator Kerry come for lunch on Sunday Sept. 14th at 12:30?" and, when the assistant asked who would attend, a reminder in Epstein's calendar read "did you want to give Bob Kerrey any other names for lunch on Sunday? We told him Peter Thiel (Kathy Ruemmler and Cass are attending as well)". Epstein answered "tell him".[^97] On September 13 Epstein wrote to [[Kathryn Ruemmler]]: "yes with bob kerrey and petr thiel".[^98] The meal was moved to 11 am: Groff wrote to Epstein "Yes! Bob Kerrey can come at 11am for brunch tomorrow." and then "I confirmed with Kathy Ruemmler and Bob Kerrey...did you want me to reach out to Thiel's assistants re 11am brunch tomorrow?"[^99] The scheduler confirmed to Kerrey's assistant that "Jeffrey will see Bob tomorrow at 11am. Same address."[^100] On the night of September 13 Epstein told Ruemmler that "peter will not make it tomorw", and on September 14 wrote to her: "why don't you come at 10 casss and kerrey arrive 11?"[^101]
On September 15 Epstein wrote to Kosslyn, then dean of the Minerva School of Arts and Sciences: "met with kerrey, too used to not being questioned properly". Kosslyn answered "You surprised?" and Epstein continued: "he tried to describe minerva to cass sunstein, total fluff, but did say you had rasied 100 m with the condition that if students didn't come the money would be returned????" Kosslyn replied: "???... I know nothing about that condition, and have no idea where he got that idea.. But maybe he knows something I don't know."[^102] Kerrey wrote to Epstein on September 16: "Thanks for a wonderful brunch and another great conversation. I hope to see you again soon." Epstein replied "likewise." and asked: "you said that steve had raised 100 million . to be returned if students didn't enroll, could you tell me more?" Kerrey answered: "He has not closed the round yet but has very strong interest that will enable him to close. He will not lower standards to bring in the first large class in 2015 and will return unspent money from the second round if we fail to recruit at the standard we have set." Epstein forwarded the exchange to Kosslyn.[^103]
On September 28, 2014 Epstein wrote to Kerrey: "boris nikolic really enjoyed your meeting". Kerrey replied that night: "He's first rate. Are you gong to invest in his fund? When is our next encounter?" On September 29 Epstein asked: "what was your candid view of fund? kept in confidence". Kerrey wrote on September 30: "I believe Boris has the intellect and experience to separate the scientific wheat from the chaff but I do not know if he or his team can separate the leaders who can take a great idea and make it profitable from those who cannot. My understanding if that Bill Gates track record in this space is not very good."[^104] The Boris of the exchange is [[Boris Nikolic]], named in full in Epstein's first message.
### Later career
Kerrey served on the board of Tenet Healthcare from March 2001 to March 2012. Tenet's proxy statement of August 2001 lists him as a director on its ethics, quality and compliance and nominating committees and states that he sat on the boards of [[infoUSA]], class.com and the [[Concord Coalition]], and on the board of trustees of The Aerospace Corporation; the 2002 proxy adds Jones Apparel Group.[^4] Tenet announced his return on November 30, 2012, as an independent director on its audit and compensation committees. Its chief executive [[Trevor Fetter]] said: "His wisdom and insight have been invaluable to Tenet's board through the years."[^20]
Genworth Financial's 2005 proxy statement lists Kerrey as a director since 2004 and a member of its audit committee, and gives his Jones Apparel and Tenet directorships. He resigned from the Genworth board effective March 14, 2012, "in order to pursue his campaign for the United States Senate representing the state of Nebraska," according to the company's filing.[^19][^48]
Genworth Financial's 2005 proxy statement lists Kerrey as a director since 2004 and a member of its audit committee, and gives his Jones Apparel and Tenet directorships. He resigned from the Genworth board effective March 14, 2012, "in order to pursue his campaign for the United States Senate representing the state of Nebraska," according to the company's filing.[^19][^105]
Kerrey ran for the Senate seat in 2012 against the Republican state senator [[Deb Fischer]]. As early returns came in on November 6, 2012, Fischer's lead grew "to a 58 to 42 percent margin as the evening wore on."[^49] The Federal Election Commission's candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee show receipts of $5,798,058 and disbursements of $5,662,682.[^50]
Kerrey ran for the Senate seat in 2012 against the Republican state senator [[Deb Fischer]]. As early returns came in on November 6, 2012, Fischer's lead grew "to a 58 to 42 percent margin as the evening wore on."[^106] The Federal Election Commission's candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee show receipts of $5,798,058 and disbursements of $5,662,682.[^107]
In April 2013 Kerrey joined the government affairs firm [[Carmen Group]]. [[The Hill]] reported on April 22, 2013 that the firm had earned $7.3 million in lobbying fees the previous year, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]], that many of its clients were state and local entities or governments, and quoted the firm's founder, [[David Carmen]], as saying Kerrey "has a wealth of experience in business, education and public service at the state and federal level." Kerrey said in a statement: "I have known David Carmen for more than ten years."[^51]
In April 2013 Kerrey joined the government affairs firm [[Carmen Group]]. [[The Hill]] reported on April 22, 2013 that the firm had earned $7.3 million in lobbying fees the previous year, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]], that many of its clients were state and local entities or governments, and quoted the firm's founder, [[David Carmen]], as saying Kerrey "has a wealth of experience in business, education and public service at the state and federal level." Kerrey said in a statement: "I have known David Carmen for more than ten years."[^108]
Kerrey was under contract to serve as president emeritus of the New School through 2016. He resigned that post in February 2013, calling the decision "largely mutual."[^52]
Kerrey was under contract to serve as president emeritus of the New School through 2016. He resigned that post in February 2013, calling the decision "largely mutual."[^109]
In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright University Vietnam]], a university promoted by the [[Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam]]. [[Thomas J. Vallely]], the trust's chairman, called him "the ideal candidate for the job." Asia Times reported that the appointment was reportedly made on May 16, and that it angered some people in Vietnam after the online news outlet [[Zing]] published a story on Kerrey's role at Thanh Phong on May 30. [[Barack Obama]], speaking in Ho Chi Minh City on May 25, called Kerrey "one of the key people to help lead" the project. In a piece published by Zing on June 1, the former Vietnamese ambassador to the European Union and Belgium, [[Ton Nu Thi Ninh]], wrote that she was "extremely stunned" by the decision.[^53]
In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright University Vietnam]], a university promoted by the [[Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam]]. [[Thomas J. Vallely]], the trust's chairman, called him "the ideal candidate for the job." Asia Times reported that the appointment was reportedly made on May 16, and that it angered some people in Vietnam after the online news outlet [[Zing]] published a story on Kerrey's role at Thanh Phong on May 30. [[Barack Obama]], speaking in Ho Chi Minh City on May 25, called Kerrey "one of the key people to help lead" the project. In a piece published by Zing on June 1, the former Vietnamese ambassador to the European Union and Belgium, [[Ton Nu Thi Ninh]], wrote that she was "extremely stunned" by the decision.[^110]
### Footnotes
@ -185,11 +224,11 @@ In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright Un
[^7]: Amy Waldman, "Bob Kerrey Reveals His Role in Deaths of Vietnam Civilians," The New York Times, April 25, 2001, as reproduced in a compilation at holtz.org. https://holtz.org/Library/Social%20Science/History/Atomic%20Age/Kerrey%20Vietnam%20atrocity.htm
[^8]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part I, transcript. Includes Kerrey's 2001 interview with Dan Rather and the account of how Vistica obtained the documents. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-i
[^9]: Vistica, "One Awful Night in Thanh Phong," The New York Times Magazine, April 25, 2001 (excerpt as in note 4). Kerrey's 1998 interview with Vistica, the after-action report quoted by Vistica, and Kerrey's 2001 comments on whether shots were fired are all from this text. https://muckrakerfarm.com/2001/04/one-awful-night-in-than-phong/
[^10]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part II, transcript, including Gerhard Klann's interview and his description of the first hooch. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-ii
[^10]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part II, transcript, including Gerhard Klann's interview and his description of the first hooch. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-ii
[^11]: Dan Kennedy, "Bob Kerrey's war," Providence Phoenix, May 3 to 10, 2001 (quoting Time magazine on Pham Tri Lanh and the statement of Kerrey and five other SEALs). https://www.providencephoenix.com/archive/features/01/05/03/KERREY.html
[^12]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part I, transcript, including the interview with Pham Tri Lanh, 62 years old, and the broadcast's note on her wartime role. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-i
[^12]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part I, transcript, including the interview with Pham Tri Lanh, 62 years old, and the broadcast's note on her wartime role. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-i
[^13]: Richard C. Paddock, "Two Survivors Say U.S. Unit Killed Villagers 'in Cold Blood,'" Los Angeles Times, April 29, 2001, as reproduced on the World Systems Network list archive. https://wsarch.ucr.edu/wsnmail/2001/msg00754.html
[^14]: Vietnam News Agency, "US squad's killing of civilians exposed by witnesses," May 10, 2001, reproduced by the Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States. The agency quotes the Washington Post, which the drafter did not open. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://vietnamembassy-usa.org/relations/us-squads-killing-civilians-exposed-witnesses
[^14]: Vietnam News Agency, "US squad's killing of civilians exposed by witnesses," May 10, 2001, reproduced by the Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States. The agency quotes the Washington Post, which the drafter did not open. https://vietnamembassy-usa.org/relations/us-squads-killing-civilians-exposed-witnesses
[^15]: CBS News, "Memories of a Massacre," 60 Minutes II, Part III, transcript, including Kerrey's responses on Klann, the Bronze Star, the Medal of Honor and the Nha Trang operation. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/memories-of-a-massacre-part-iii
[^16]: Vistica, "One Awful Night in Thanh Phong," The New York Times Magazine, April 25, 2001 (excerpt as in note 4), on Captain Roy Hoffmann and Kerrey's statement that the squad was instructed not to take prisoners. https://muckrakerfarm.com/2001/04/one-awful-night-in-than-phong/
[^17]: National Governors Association, "Joseph Robert (Bob) Kerrey," former governors listing. https://www.nga.org/governor/joseph-robert-bob-kerrey/
@ -197,35 +236,92 @@ In May 2016 Kerrey was named chairman of the board of trustees of [[Fulbright Un
[^19]: Genworth Financial, Inc., Schedule 14A proxy statement for the annual meeting of May 19, 2005 (Kerrey: director since 2004, audit committee, "From January 1982 to December 1987" as governor). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1276520/000119312505073486/ddef14a.htm
[^20]: Tenet Healthcare Corporation, "Tenet Names Bob Kerrey to Board of Directors," press release, November 30, 2012, which gives his age as 69, his service as governor as 1983 to 1987, and his Senate service as 1989 to 2001. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000070318/000110465912081033/a12-28321_1ex99d1.htm
[^21]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Activities, Special Report, January 7, 1997 to October 21, 1998, S. Rpt. 106-3 (February 3, 1999), committee roster and letter of transmittal, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/1999/02/03/publications-committee-activities-special-report-select-committee-intelligence-january-7-1997/ ; Select Committee on Intelligence, hearing on the Report of the National Commission on Terrorism, June 2000, committee roster.
[^22]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, Director, National Reconnaissance Office, August 11, 2003, posted by the NRO as "Former Senator and Co-Chair of SSCI Bob Kerrey Expresses His Support of the NRO" (NRO press release 2003-03). Sole source for Kerrey's statements about drafting the 1999 Act and recruiting Goss. https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf
[^22]: Bob Kerrey, letter to Peter B. Teets, Director, National Reconnaissance Office, August 11, 2003, posted by the NRO as "Former Senator and Co-Chair of SSCI Bob Kerrey Expresses His Support of the NRO" (NRO press release 2003-03). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/news/press/2003/2003-03.pdf
[^23]: Democracy Now!, "Bob Kerrey Tapped For 9/11 Independent Panel," headline item, December 10, 2003. https://democracynow.org/2003/12/10/headlines/bob_kerrey_tapped_for_9_11_independent_panel
[^24]: U.S. House of Representatives, Conference Report 106-457 on H.R. 1555 (Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000), November 5, 1999, joint explanatory statement on Title VII and list of managers. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt457/html/CRPT-106hrpt457.htm
[^25]: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Public Law 106-120, approved December 3, 1999, Title VII, secs. 701 to 709. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ120/pdf/PLAW-106publ120.pdf
[^26]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, The NRO at the Crossroads, November 1, 2000, cover and Appendix G (members and co-chairs). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^27]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, The NRO at the Crossroads, November 1, 2000, Executive Summary, pp. 7 to 8 ("Office of Space Reconnaissance"). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^28]: Salon, interview with Bob Kerrey on the Iraq war, November 11, 2002, which describes the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq. https://www.salon.com/2002/11/11/kerrey_3/
[^29]: Democracy Now!, "Students Confront New School University President Bob Kerrey Over His Role in the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq and Demand Resignation," headline item, December 5, 2002. https://www.democracynow.org/2002/12/5/students_confront_new_school_university_president
[^30]: Associated Press, report on Kerrey's appointment, Orlando Sentinel, February 17, 2000. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2000/02/17/kerrey-to-be-president-of-new-school-university-2/
[^31]: "New School taps Kerrey," New York Post, February 17, 2000. https://nypost.com/2000/02/17/new-school-taps-kerrey/
[^32]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," The New York Times, February 17, 2000. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" the previous September to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor)
[^33]: New School University, fact sheet on the university, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html
[^34]: New School University, press release, "Bob Kerrey Installed as President of New School University," February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html
[^35]: Jack Stripling, "Lucrative Payments to Bob Kerrey by the New School Irk Critics in a Time of Austerity," Chronicle of Higher Education, May 31, 2012 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Bob-Kerreys-Pay-From-the-New/132063/
[^36]: "Kerrey's Quagmire," The American Prospect, April 26, 2002. https://prospect.org/2002/04/26/kerrey-s-quagmire/
[^37]: Lincoln Anderson, "New School extends Kerrey's contract six more years," amNY (The Villager), January 4, 2004. https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-extends-kerreys-contract-six-more-years
[^38]: Chronicle of Higher Education, "New School Faculty Senate Votes No Confidence in President Bob Kerrey," December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/
[^39]: NBC New York, "New School Votes No Confidence in Kerrey," December 11, 2008. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735
[^40]: amNY, "New School in turmoil; Students occupy building, tell Kerrey, 'Quit!'," December 23, 2008. https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit
[^41]: Democracy Now!, "New School Students Protest Kerrey with Sit-In," headline item, December 18, 2008. https://democracynow.org/2008/12/18/headlines/new_school_students_protest_kerrey_with_sit_in
[^42]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Office of the President, Board of Trustees records (NS-01-01-04), finding aid, including the Series 2 "Presidential searches" listing with the folder for the David E. Van Zandt installation on September 15, 2011. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244
[^43]: Calendar alert, April 15, 2013, EFTA02141689, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02141689.pdf
[^44]: Lesley Groff email to household staff including Richard Barnett, "Lunch w/Barak and Bob Kerrey," May 28, 2013, EFTA00365259 (full header copy EFTA02100188), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00365259.pdf
[^45]: Lesley Groff, schedule email "10-12 meeting on Tues. June 4th at Leon Black's office," June 2, 2013, EFTA00389623, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library (duplicates EFTA01756762, EFTA00389634).
[^46]: Epstein office schedules for June 3 and 4, 2013, EFTA00284774; calendar alerts EFTA02137359, EFTA02137042, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^47]: Calendar alert, August 22, 2013, EFTA02130566, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02130566.pdf
[^48]: Genworth Financial, Form 8-K, March 2012, reporting that J. Robert Kerrey resigned from the board effective March 14, 2012. https://investor.genworth.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001193125-12-119695/d308983d8k.htm
[^49]: Fred Knapp, "Fischer defeats Kerrey for Nebraska U.S. Senate seat," Nebraska Public Media, November 7, 2012. https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/fischer-defeats-kerrey-for-nebraska-us-senate-seat/
[^50]: Federal Election Commission, candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee (candidate ID S8NE00067), 2012 cycle, via the FEC open data API. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/S8NE00067/totals/?cycle=2012
[^51]: Megan R. Wilson, "Former Sen. Bob Kerrey joins government affairs firm," The Hill, April 22, 2013. https://digital-release.thehill.com/?p=148312
[^52]: "Bob Kerrey resigns from controversial president emeritus post at New School," Higher Ed Dive, February 4, 2013. https://www.highereddive.com/news/bob-kerrey-resigns-from-controversial-president-emeritus-post-at-new-school/96160/
[^53]: "Vietnam's Kerrey dilemma: Fulbright U appointment is lightning rod for US ties," Asia Times, June 2016. https://asiatimes.com/2016/06/vietnams-kerrey-dilemma-fulbright-u-appointment-is-lightning-rod-for-us-ties/
[^27]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, "The NRO at the Crossroads," cover (dated November 1, 2000) and Appendix G, "Commission Member Biographies," pp. 135 to 136. Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^28]: National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office, The NRO at the Crossroads, November 1, 2000, Executive Summary, pp. 7 to 8 ("Office of Space Reconnaissance"). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://irp.fas.org/nro/commission/nro.pdf
[^29]: Salon, interview with Bob Kerrey on the Iraq war, November 11, 2002, which describes the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq. https://www.salon.com/2002/11/11/kerrey_3/
[^30]: Democracy Now!, "Students Confront New School University President Bob Kerrey Over His Role in the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq and Demand Resignation," headline item, December 5, 2002. https://www.democracynow.org/2002/12/5/students_confront_new_school_university_president
[^31]: Associated Press, report on Kerrey's appointment, Orlando Sentinel, February 17, 2000. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2000/02/17/kerrey-to-be-president-of-new-school-university-2/
[^32]: "New School taps Kerrey," New York Post, February 17, 2000. https://nypost.com/2000/02/17/new-school-taps-kerrey/
[^33]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," The New York Times, February 17, 2000. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" the previous September to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor)
[^34]: Karen W. Arenson, "For Bob Kerrey, a Blind Date in Academia," New York Times, February 13, 2001 (print copy). Quoted passages are verbatim from the print copy.
[^35]: New School University, fact sheet on the university, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html
[^36]: New School University, press release, "Bob Kerrey Installed as President of New School University," February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html
[^37]: Jack Stripling, "Lucrative Payments to Bob Kerrey by the New School Irk Critics in a Time of Austerity," Chronicle of Higher Education, May 31, 2012 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Bob-Kerreys-Pay-From-the-New/132063/
[^38]: "Kerrey's Quagmire," The American Prospect, April 26, 2002. https://prospect.org/2002/04/26/kerrey-s-quagmire/
[^39]: Lincoln Anderson, "New School extends Kerrey's contract six more years," amNY (The Villager), January 4, 2004. https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-extends-kerreys-contract-six-more-years
[^40]: The New School, "Julien J. Studley Elected Chairman of The New School's Board of Trustees," press release, June 30, 2008, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2008/julienstudleyrelease06302008.htm (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot).
[^41]: Chronicle of Higher Education, "New School Faculty Senate Votes No Confidence in President Bob Kerrey," December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy). https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/
[^42]: NBC New York, "New School Votes No Confidence in Kerrey," December 11, 2008. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735
[^43]: amNY, "New School in turmoil; Students occupy building, tell Kerrey, 'Quit!'," December 23, 2008. https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit
[^44]: Democracy Now!, "New School Students Protest Kerrey with Sit-In," headline item, December 18, 2008. https://democracynow.org/2008/12/18/headlines/new_school_students_protest_kerrey_with_sit_in
[^45]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Office of the President, Board of Trustees records (NS-01-01-04), finding aid, including the Series 2 "Presidential searches" listing with the folder for the David E. Van Zandt installation on September 15, 2011. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244
[^46]: Peggy Siegal email to Jeffrey Epstein, "Sept. 16 dinner," invitee list, August 10, 2010, EFTA00677665, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9 (copy EFTA02407603, Data Set 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00677665.pdf
[^47]: Email exchange between Stephen M. Kosslyn and Lesley Groff, "Re: complication," February 21, 2013, EFTA02147246, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02147246.pdf
[^48]: Epstein office schedule for February 22, 2013, EFTA00395264, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00395264.pdf; calendar reminder for February 22, 2013, EFTA02148035, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02148035.pdf
[^49]: Minerva Project overview, undated, EFTA01144731, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01144731.pdf
[^50]: Stephen M. Kosslyn email to Jeffrey Epstein, "thanks," February 22, 2013, EFTA01760981, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (quoted from this copy). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01760981.pdf; Epstein reply of February 22, 2013, EFTA00955209, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00955209.pdf
[^51]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn, February 27, 2013, EFTA00652828, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00652828.pdf
[^52]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, "Re: tonite," February 27 and 28, 2013, EFTA00394788, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00394788.pdf
[^53]: Email exchange between Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Better email," March 1, 2013, EFTA01902413, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (Kerrey's first message EFTA01902317; his reply on Belize EFTA01788490). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01902413.pdf
[^54]: Email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Bob Kerrey w/the Minerva Project," with Epstein's reply, March 12, 2013, EFTA00393723, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00393723.pdf
[^55]: Email from Bob Kerrey to Lesley Groff, "Re: Jeffrey Epstein," March 13, 2013, EFTA02145385, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (relayed to Epstein as "Bob Kerrey/Minerva," EFTA02567383, Data Set 11). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02145385.pdf
[^56]: Email exchange among Jeffrey Epstein, Bob Kerrey and Kerrey's New School scheduler, April 9, 2013, EFTA01897416 (Epstein's message), EFTA01897691 (Kerrey's reply) and EFTA01897859 (scheduler's reply), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01897691.pdf
[^57]: Lesley Groff email to household staff, "Heads Up for a Dinner Party April 23," April 10, 2013, EFTA02142183, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02142183.pdf
[^58]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Mortimer Zuckerman, April 10, 2013, EFTA00958139, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00958139.pdf
[^59]: Calendar alert, April 15, 2013, EFTA02141689, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02141689.pdf
[^60]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Priv & Conf. April 17- May 1," April 16, 2013, EFTA00392425, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9 (the same line in EFTA00392154, Data Set 9, and EFTA01761708, Data Set 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00392425.pdf
[^61]: Email exchange, "Re: Dinner 23rd April," April 18, 2013, EFTA01896399, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (headcount also in EFTA02016985). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01896399.pdf
[^62]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Jean Luc," April 22, 2013, EFTA01894862, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (the same line in EFTA02337319, Data Set 11, dated April 19, 2013). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01894862.pdf
[^63]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: Joel Kleine and Nicole Seligman," April 22, 2013, EFTA01895165, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01895165.pdf
[^64]: Email from Lesley Groff to Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein (again)," April 23, 2013, EFTA00391829, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00391829.pdf
[^65]: Email from Kerrey's New School scheduler to Lesley Groff, "Re: Jeffrey Epstein," April 23, 2013, EFTA02140904, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02140904.pdf
[^66]: Google Calendar reminder, April 23, 2013, EFTA02141080, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02141080.pdf
[^67]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, April 23 and 24, 2013, EFTA00874500 (Kerrey's reply and Epstein's question), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; Epstein's message EFTA00874496 and Kerrey's book titles EFTA00874506, Data Set 9; Kerrey's reply also in EFTA02026240, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00874500.pdf
[^68]: Amazon.com shipment notices, April 25, 2013, EFTA01759723 and EFTA01759810, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01759723.pdf
[^69]: Email from jeevacation@gmail.com to itself, subject line quoted, April 25, 2013, EFTA00628058, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9 (about forty further copies, including EFTA01762660, Data Set 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00628058.pdf
[^70]: Email from Bob Kerrey, "Re: Jeffrey Epstein," April 27, 2013, EFTA02141459, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02141459.pdf
[^71]: Email from Bob Kerrey to Jeffrey Epstein, "Breakfast," May 5, 2013, EFTA01758143, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01758143.pdf
[^72]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Terje Rød-Larsen, "Fwd: Breakfast," May 5, 2013, EFTA01975308, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; Epstein email to Bob Kerrey and Terje Rød-Larsen, "Re: Breakfast," May 6, 2013, EFTA00959981, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01975308.pdf
[^73]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Lesley Groff, May 28, 2013, EFTA00961223, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00961223.pdf
[^74]: Lesley Groff schedule email, "Reminder: June 6th Botstein & Barnaby Marsh are scheduled at 6:30-7ish," May 28, 2013, EFTA00389826, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00389826.pdf
[^75]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein," May 28, 2013, EFTA02138268 (Groff's invitation and Kerrey's reply), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; Groff's confirmation EFTA00389851, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02138268.pdf
[^76]: Email from Lesley Groff to Jeffrey Epstein, "Bob Kerrey," May 28, 2013, EFTA02570566, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11 (Epstein's reply, EFTA01972413, Data Set 10). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02570566.pdf
[^77]: Lesley Groff email to household staff, "Lunch w/Barak and Bob Kerrey," May 28, 2013, EFTA00365259 (full header copy EFTA02100188, Data Set 10), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00365259.pdf
[^78]: Lesley Groff, schedule email "10-12 meeting on Tues. June 4th at Leon Black's office," June 2, 2013, EFTA00389623, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9 (duplicates EFTA01756762, Data Set 10, and EFTA00389634, Data Set 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00389623.pdf
[^79]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Jeffrey Epstein, "What for Lunch tomorrow w/Barak & Bob Kerrey," June 3, 2013, EFTA01969376, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01969376.pdf
[^80]: Calendar alert, June 3, 2013, EFTA02138382, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02138382.pdf
[^81]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Bob Kerrey, "Re: Jeffrey Epstein 1:30 tomorrow," June 3, 2013, EFTA02137020, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (copy forwarded to Epstein, EFTA01969475). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02137020.pdf
[^82]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Kerrey's New School scheduler, "Bob can't make it at 1:30!," June 4, 2013, EFTA02136966 and EFTA02136979, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02136979.pdf
[^83]: Epstein office schedules for June 3 and 4, 2013, EFTA00284774, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; calendar alerts EFTA02137359 and EFTA02137042, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00284774.pdf
[^84]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Bob Kerrey, July 22, 2013, EFTA00873155, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; Kerrey's reply of July 23, 2013, EFTA02722860, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00873155.pdf
[^85]: Email exchange between Roger Schank and Jeffrey Epstein, "Re: minerva project," July 26, 2013, EFTA00966277, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00966277.pdf
[^86]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Roger Schank, July 31, 2013, EFTA00965743, and Schank's reply, EFTA00676687, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00676687.pdf
[^87]: LinkedIn connection notice to Jeffrey Epstein, July 30, 2013, EFTA01966060, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01966060.pdf
[^88]: LinkedIn Updates email to Jeffrey Epstein, "Bob Kerrey's new title, and other updates from your network," August 12, 2013, EFTA00652362, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00652362.pdf
[^89]: Calendar alert, August 22, 2013, EFTA02130566, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02130566.pdf
[^90]: Email exchange between Lesley Groff and Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein," August 22, 2013, EFTA00385345 and EFTA00385347, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00385347.pdf
[^91]: Emails to Kerrey's scheduler and internal, September 11, 2013, EFTA00383870 (Data Set 9), EFTA02128739 (Data Set 10) and EFTA02574481 (Data Set 11), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02128739.pdf
[^92]: Email exchange between Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Visit," July 19 and 20, 2014, EFTA01915288 (Kerrey) and EFTA01916387 (Epstein), U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10 (copies EFTA00694005 and EFTA00993781, Data Set 9). https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01916387.pdf
[^93]: Email from Epstein's scheduler to Bob Kerrey, "Jeffrey Epstein," September 2, 2014, EFTA00363673, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; Kerrey's reply, EFTA00363687, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00363673.pdf
[^94]: Email thread among Epstein's scheduler and Kerrey's executive assistant, "Jeffrey Epstein dinner - Senator Bob Kerrey" and "9/14: Lunch - Jeffrey Epstein & Senator Bob Kerrey," September 2 to 12, 2014, EFTA02096452, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02096452.pdf
[^95]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, September 9, 2014, EFTA00996779, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00996779.pdf
[^96]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, September 10, 2014, EFTA00362932, and Thiel's reply of September 12, 2014, EFTA00362699, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00362699.pdf
[^97]: Email thread, "9/14: Lunch - Jeffrey Epstein & Senator Bob Kerrey," September 12, 2014, EFTA02096452, and calendar reminder with Epstein's reply, "Re: Reminder Bob Kerrey," September 12, 2014, EFTA02097598, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02097598.pdf
[^98]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13, 2014, EFTA02588610, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02588610.pdf
[^99]: Emails between Lesley Groff and Jeffrey Epstein, September 13, 2014, EFTA00362845 and EFTA00362855, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00362855.pdf
[^100]: Email from Epstein's scheduler to Kerrey's executive assistant, "Re: 9/14: Lunch - Jeffrey Epstein & Senator Bob Kerrey," September 13, 2014, EFTA02096374, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02096374.pdf
[^101]: Emails from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13 and 14, 2014, EFTA02338079 and EFTA02589297, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02589297.pdf
[^102]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Stephen M. Kosslyn, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996897 and EFTA00704445, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00704445.pdf
[^103]: Email exchange between Bob Kerrey and Jeffrey Epstein, "Brunch," September 16, 2014, EFTA02590688, EFTA02590901 and EFTA02591244, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11; forwarded to Kosslyn, EFTA00996971, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02591244.pdf
[^104]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, September 28 to 30, 2014, EFTA00997847 and EFTA00997848, Data Set 9, and EFTA02516727, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02516727.pdf
[^105]: Genworth Financial, Form 8-K, March 2012, reporting that J. Robert Kerrey resigned from the board effective March 14, 2012. https://investor.genworth.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001193125-12-119695/d308983d8k.htm
[^106]: Fred Knapp, "Fischer defeats Kerrey for Nebraska U.S. Senate seat," Nebraska Public Media, November 7, 2012. https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/fischer-defeats-kerrey-for-nebraska-us-senate-seat/
[^107]: Federal Election Commission, candidate totals for Kerrey's 2012 Senate committee (candidate ID S8NE00067), 2012 cycle, via the FEC open data API. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/candidate/S8NE00067/totals/?cycle=2012
[^108]: Megan R. Wilson, "Former Sen. Bob Kerrey joins government affairs firm," The Hill, April 22, 2013. https://digital-release.thehill.com/?p=148312
[^109]: "Bob Kerrey resigns from controversial president emeritus post at New School," Higher Ed Dive, February 4, 2013. https://www.highereddive.com/news/bob-kerrey-resigns-from-controversial-president-emeritus-post-at-new-school/96160/
[^110]: "Vietnam's Kerrey dilemma: Fulbright U appointment is lightning rod for US ties," Asia Times, June 2016. https://asiatimes.com/2016/06/vietnams-kerrey-dilemma-fulbright-u-appointment-is-lightning-rod-for-us-ties/

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---
category: "Medicine & Psychology"
tags:
- Person
- Psychology
- Psychosynthesis
- HumanisticPsychology
- Physique
- MKULTRA
- HumanEcologyFund
- NewSchool
- NewJersey
aliases:
- Frank Haronian
- Frank J. Haronian Jr.
- Frank Haronian Ph.D.
- F. Haronian
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
summary: "Frank J. Haronian Jr. (1922-1994) was a New Jersey clinical psychologist, a New School Ph.D. (1963), and the investigator of MKULTRA Subproject 134, a 1961 physique study financed by the CIA."
location: "Lawrenceville, New Jersey"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Somerville School District]]"
start: 1950
role: "school psychologist"
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
end: 1963
role: "doctoral student; Ph.D. in clinical psychology, 1963"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry]]"
start: 1965
end: 1967
role: "affiliation listed on co-authored papers and on the December 1967 seminar notice, Princeton"
fn: 15
- type: funded
with: "[[Project MKUltra]]"
reverse: true
start: 1961-07
end: 1962-08
role: "investigator, Subproject 134, cost $22,000.00"
fn: 6
- type: funded
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
reverse: true
start: 1961-07
end: 1962-08
role: "funds for Subproject 134 through MKULTRA"
fn: 7
- type: funded
with: "[[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]]"
reverse: true
start: 1961
end: 1963
role: "Human Ecology Fund grant, Physique and psychological functioning, $39,000"
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Psychosynthesis Research Foundation]]"
start: 1967
end: 1968
role: "speaker, December 15, 1967 seminar; participant, 1968/69 seminar series"
fn: 23
- type: founded
with: "[[Trinity Counseling Service]]"
role: "co-founder and first clinician, Princeton"
fn: 1
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Ardell Marashian Haronian]]"
end: 1990
fn: 1
---
Frank J. Haronian Jr. (1922-1994), who published as Frank Haronian, was a clinical psychologist who practiced in the Princeton area of [[New Jersey]] and the investigator of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] Subproject 134, a 1961 study of physique and personality financed by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. He received his Ph.D. from the [[New School for Social Research]] in 1963, co-authored body-type studies with [[A. Arthur Sugerman]] between 1964 and 1967, and spoke and wrote for the [[Psychosynthesis Research Foundation]].
### Family and education
Haronian was born in [[Durham, North Carolina]], in 1922 and lived in [[New York City]] before moving to [[Lawrenceville, New Jersey]], in 1958.[^1] His father, Frank J. Haronian, was born in Constantinople. The records of the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] list a Frank J. Haronian of Constantinople among graduate students for 1920 and 1921, and a Frank John Haronian, M.A., as instructor in French for 1922-1923.[^2] His mother, Violet E. Haronian, was born at Mikhalitch, Turkey, on December 23, 1896, and died at [[Ocean Grove, New Jersey]], on May 3, 1981. Her obituary describes her as the widow of Frank J. Haronian, a former Captain in the [[United States Army]] who after his retirement taught French at the University of North Carolina and at Morris High School in New York City, and lists her survivors as two sons, one of them the subject.[^3]
Haronian received a bachelor of science degree in 1943 from the [[City College of New York]], where he was enrolled in the ROTC program. He enlisted in the Army, served as a sergeant in [[Paris]] during [[World War II]], and afterward received a master's degree in education from City College.[^1] He began work in 1950 as a school psychologist in the [[Somerville School District]] of New Jersey and also worked in the school districts of Princeton and neighboring towns.[^1] In 1963 he received a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the New School for Social Research in New York City.[^1]
### Subproject 134
Haronian was the investigator of MKULTRA Subproject 134.[^4][^5] The subproject's status page gives its purpose as exploratory research on the relation of component patterns of physique to patterns of personality characteristics. It records the subproject as initiated in July 1961, at a cost of $22,000.00, with actual work expected to commence in September 1961.[^6]
A memorandum for the record of May 29, 1961 calls the study "frankly exploratory in nature" and places its relevance to the Agency in its potential contribution to clandestine indirect assessment work carried out without the subject's awareness.[^7] The memorandum refers to the investigator only as "Mr." with the name blacked out, and states that he "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor." It says that the research will provide a redacted doctor with data "useful in advancing his own research program (MKULTRA, Subproject 77)."
A memorandum of June 9, 1961, titled "Recommendation for Funding," recommends the $22,000 "despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable products which have issued from previous research." It says the work "fits into our indirect assessment requirement and will contribute to the [[David Wechsler|Wechsler-Bellevue]] work" in which a redacted doctor is engaged.[^8]
The proposal arrived as a revision in the form of a letter. It covered the year from September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962, with a budget of $22,000 in which the stipend line was $10,800. It planned preparation from September to November 1961, testing and data collection from December 1961 to May 1962, and analysis from June to August 1962, with at least 100 subjects and possibly as many as 150.[^9] The letter says the author would devote his full attention to the project "as soon as my present contract expires at the end of June," and that a redacted consultant "has kindly agreed to act as a consultant to me."
The pilot study used fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers, photographed and somatotyped by [[William H. Sheldon|Sheldon]] or his assistants. The participants were given the MMPI, the Myers-Briggs and the [[Saul Rosenzweig|Rosenzweig]] picture-frustration test, and only the MMPI scores had entered the statistical analysis.[^10] A reviewer whose name is redacted, signing as "Ph.D.," called the report "poorly organized," noted "more variables (60 to 70) than subjects," and wrote that "some of the findings are provocative, and more work of this sort should be done."[^11]
An invoice memorandum of July 12, 1961 asks that the check be forwarded by July 24, 1961, and says that additional funds were anticipated for the project.[^12] A February 1963 accounting for the grant period from September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962 records $22,000.00 received. Its expenditures include $10,800.00 for the "Salary of Principal Investigator" and total $18,827.50, which leaves a balance of $3,172.50 "to be applied to next year's grant." The accounting closes with the statement that it is a true account "as reported to the Fund." A receipt dated August 16, 1961 acknowledges Treasurer's Check No. 184788, dated August 11, 1961, in the amount of $22,000.00.[^13]
[[David H. Price]] tabulated the grants of the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology|Human Ecology Fund]] for 1960 to 1963. His table lists "Physique and psychological functioning," with Frank Haronian as investigator in psychology, at $39,000. It is the only entry in the table whose title concerns physique.[^4] The release redacts the investigator's name in every memorandum. The 1961 memorandum fixes the subproject at $22,000, and the accounting records a balance carried to the next year's grant.
The first-page note of the 1964 paper by Sugerman and Haronian reads: "This study was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund."[^5]
The copy of the subproject file that the CIA sent to the New School on September 7, 1977 carries the school's name reinserted in red on the May 29 memorandum.[^7] The covering letter, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the agency's Office of General Counsel and addressed to [[John R. Everett]], says that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents." The letter states that the names of all other institutions, all individuals and the CIA employees who are not publicly acknowledged remain deleted.[^14]
### New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry
The 1964 paper with Sugerman gives Haronian's address as [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], New Jersey, and Sugerman's affiliation as the [[New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]].[^5] The papers of 1965 to 1967 list both men at the Bureau, two of them with a Princeton address.[^15][^16][^17]
With Sugerman he published the 1964 study in the [[Journal of Personality]], a 1965 comparison of two methods for quantifying physique in the [[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]], a 1966 study of field independence in [[Perceptual and Motor Skills]], and a 1967 review of field independence studies in [[Psychological Reports]].[^5][^15][^16][^17] Alone, he published "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique" in the [[Journal of Religion and Health]] in April 1967.[^18]
### Psychosynthesis Research Foundation
[[Roberto Assagioli]] wrote that the foundation was created in 1957 with its own seat at Valmy, Greenville, Delaware, and that an international congress was held at Valmy in 1959.[^19] The London institute's own history states that the foundation was created in New York under the patronage of the [[Dupont family]] and names [[Frank Hilton]] as its head in New York.[^20] By 1969 the foundation had an office in New York, with Frank Hilton as director.[^21] By proclamation of January 24, 1966, [[Charles L. Terry Jr.]], Governor of [[Delaware]], declared repealed the charters of corporations that had failed for two years to pay assessed taxes, and the list printed in the Laws of Delaware includes the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation.[^22] The foundation's notice of December 1, 1967 gives its New York office and, as its registered office and treasurer, an address in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].[^23]
Haronian spoke on "The Denial of the Sublime" at the third meeting of the foundation's 1967/68 series of Psychosynthesis Seminars, held at 7:45 p.m. on December 15, 1967 in the Directors Room of the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York. The notice, signed by [[Jack Cooper]], M.D., describes him as of the Bureau.[^23] The paper was issued as "The Repression of the Sublime," "Presented at a seminar of the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, on December 15, 1967."[^24] Assagioli's 1973 book The Act of Will says that the subject had been "well dealt with by Frank Haronian."[^25] At the second meeting of the 1968/69 series, on November 15, 1968, [[Jean Houston]] spoke on "The relationship between the psychedelic experience and some of the techniques of psychosynthesis." The participants listed include Frank Haronian, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Hilton, Jack Cooper and Houston.[^26] Haronian translated [[Robert Desoille]]'s The Directed Daydream, issued by the foundation as its Issue No. 18.[^27]
Haronian's "A Psychosynthetic Model of Personality and Its Implications for Psychotherapy" appeared in the [[Journal of Humanistic Psychology]] in the fall of 1975, and "Psychosynthesis: A Psychotherapist's Personal Overview" in [[Pastoral Psychology]] in Fall 1976. In the second, he wrote that he first became interested in psychosynthesis because he was looking for "a point of view that could bridge psychology and religion," and that he had been surprised by the readiness with which "my clerical colleagues" accepted the Freudian image of human nature. The article's author note gives a Lawrenceville address, states "Dr. Haronian is in private practice," and directs readers to the foundation's New York office.[^28][^29]
### Practice, family and death
Advertisements in the Princeton weekly Town Topics from 1987 to 1991 list Frank Haronian, Ph.D., among the practitioners of psychotherapy and transpersonal counseling at an office in Princeton.[^30] He was a co-founder and the first clinician of [[Trinity Counseling Service]] in Princeton, where he remained active.[^1]
His wife, Ardell Marashian Haronian, died in 1990. He died at his home in Lawrenceville on October 22, 1994, aged 72, survived by two daughters, a brother and four grandchildren. A memorial service was held at Trinity Church in Princeton.[^1] The New Jersey death indexes list Violet E. Haronian in 1981 and Frank J. Haronian Jr. in 1994.[^31] [[Nancy Newton Verrier]]'s book The Primal Wound is dedicated to Frank Haronian (1922-1994).[^32]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Frank J. Haronian Jr., 72, a clinical psychologist, died October 22 at his home in Lawrenceville," obituary, Town Topics (Princeton), October 26, 1994. Born in Durham, N.C.; lived in New York City before moving to Lawrenceville in 1958; B.S. City College of New York 1943 (ROTC); Army sergeant in Paris, World War II; master's in education, City College; school psychologist, Somerville School District from 1950; Ph.D. in clinical psychology, New School for Social Research, 1963; private practice in the Lawrenceville and Princeton areas; co-founder and first clinician, Trinity Counseling Service; husband of the late Ardell Marashian Haronian (d. 1990); survivors as stated; memorial service at Trinity Church. https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4834unse
[^2]: The University of North Carolina Record, The Graduate School [1921] (Haronian, Frank J., Constantinople, Turkey, A.B., listed among graduate students for 1920 and 1921), https://archive.org/details/universityofnort185univ ; Catalogue of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill [1922-1923] ("Frank John Haronian, M.A., Instructor in French"), https://archive.org/details/catalogueofunive200univ
[^3]: Obituary of Violet E. Haronian, Armenian Missionary Association of America, 1981 no. 3, p. 15 (born December 23, 1896, Mikhalitch, now Karacabey, Turkey; died May 3, 1981, Ocean Grove, New Jersey; widow of Frank J. Haronian, a former Captain in the U.S. Army; two sons, the subject and a brother; two granddaughters). https://archive.org/details/2016-2_202312
[^4]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), June 2007, pp. 8-13, Figure 4 ("Known grants funded by the CIA research front known as the Human Ecology Fund, 1960-1963, ranked by grant size," from the Fund's 1961-1963 report): "Physique and psychological functioning," Haronian, Frank, psychology, $39,000. The release of the Subproject 134 file redacts the investigator's name throughout. The 1964 acknowledgment (note 5) records a Human Ecology Fund grant to Haronian for a body-type study.
[^5]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, pp. 380-394, first-page note. Affiliation metadata: Haronian, "Trenton, N. J"; Sugerman, New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Princeton. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x
[^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA Subproject 134, status page ("Purpose: To do exploratory research upon the relation of component patterns of measurements of physique (body typing) to patterns of personality characteristics (MKULTRA 134)"; "Initiated: July 1961"; contractor line: name redacted, "as a grantee of the" [redacted]; "Cost: $22,000.00"; "Actual work is expected to commence in September 1961"), release DOC_0000017393 (58 pp.); New School Archives copy NS010102_000027 (John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29), PDF p. 10. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017393 ; https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^7]: Memorandum for the record, May 29, 1961, MKULTRA Subproject 134, page image 134-12; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 27; release DOC_0000017393. Paragraph 1 (research studies of "Mr." [redacted]; red insertion "New School for Social Research"), paragraph 2 (indirect assessment, "frankly exploratory in nature"; by-product data for Subproject 77), paragraph 4 ($22,000.00 for one year, Allotment No. 2125-1390-3902), paragraph 5 ("neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor").
[^8]: Memorandum, "Recommendation for Funding," June 9, 1961, stamped 134-11; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 21; release DOC_0000017393.
[^9]: Letter of proposal revision, MKULTRA Subproject 134, with budget and schedule; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 23-26 (budget, schedule and the "at least 100 subjects" sentence at p. 25; the present-contract and consultant sentences at p. 26); release DOC_0000017393.
[^10]: Pilot report, Subproject 134, "Fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers," all "photographed and somatotyped" by Sheldon or his assistants, New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 37; the three paper-and-pencil tests (MMPI, Myers-Briggs, Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test) are in paragraph 7 of the proposal letter, PDF p. 24; release DOC_0000017393.
[^11]: "Comments on [redacted] Report," reviewer signed "Ph.D." with the name redacted; release DOC_0000017393; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 22.
[^12]: Memorandum "Invoice No. 1," MKULTRA Subproject 134, July 12, 1961, Allotment 2125-1390-3902 (check "by 24 July 1961"; "additional funds will be obligated for this project"); New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 13; release DOC_0000017393.
[^13]: Accounting, "grant from 9-1-61 to 8-31-62," February 1963 (stamped 134-9), New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 17; Receipt for Treasurer's Check No. 184788, dated August 11, 1961, signed August 16, 1961, PDF p. 18; release DOC_0000017393.
[^14]: Letter from A. R. Cinquegrana, Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, enclosing "all available documents which relate to Subprojects 134 and 137 of Project MKULTRA and involve the School"; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7; release DOC_0000017393. The letter describes the deletions as covering "all other institutions and organizations, all individuals, and CIA employees" not publicly acknowledged.
[^15]: Haronian, Frank, and A. Arthur Sugerman, "A comparison of Sheldon's and Parnell's methods for quantifying morphological differences," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 23(2), June 1965, pp. 135-141. Affiliation metadata: New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Princeton, New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330230213
[^16]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Field Independence and Resistance to Reversal of Perspective," Perceptual and Motor Skills 22(2), April 1966, pp. 543-546. Affiliation metadata: New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry (no city). https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1966.22.2.543
[^17]: Haronian, Frank, and A. Arthur Sugerman, "Fixed and Mobile Field Independence: Review of Studies Relevant to Werner's Dimension," Psychological Reports 21(1), August 1967, pp. 41-57. Affiliation metadata: New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Princeton. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1967.21.1.41
[^18]: Haronian, Frank, "The ethical relevance of a psychotherapeutic technique," Journal of Religion and Health 6(2), April 1967, pp. 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01532250
[^19]: Roberto Assagioli, "Psicosintesi e parapsicologia," typescript, Archivio Assagioli, Istituto di Psicosintesi, Florence, pp. 1-2 (Italian; translated here): "Nel 1957 ... fu creata la Psychosynthesis Research Foundation con sede propria a Valmy, Greenville, nel Delaware (U.S.A.)"; congress "a Valmy (1959)." https://www.psicosintesi.it/files-scritti/01%20PRESENTAZIONE%20DELLA%20PSICOSINTESI/psicosintesi-e-parapsicologia.pdf
[^20]: "History of the Institute of Psychosynthesis, London," psychosynthesis.org: the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation "was created in New York under the patronage of the Dupont family," and the writers "talked to Frank Hilton in New York, head of the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation (PRF)." https://www.psychosynthesis.org/blog/history-of-the-institute-of-psychosynthesis-london
[^21]: Saturday Review, July 12, 1969 (vol. 52, no. 28), directory of organizations: "Psychosynthesis Research Foundation," New York, "Frank Hilton, director." https://archive.org/details/saturday-review_202511
[^22]: Laws of Delaware, vol. 55, part 2, chapter 559 (Proclamation of Governor Charles L. Terry Jr., January 24, 1966, under 8 Del. C. sections 511 and 512, on a report by Tax Commissioner E. Hobson Davis), pp. 1694-1714; "Psychosynthesis Research Foundation" is on p. 1708. https://archive.org/details/del-laws
[^23]: Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, notice of the third meeting of the 1967/68 Psychosynthesis Seminars, December 1, 1967, signed Jack Cooper, M.D. ("Dr. Frank Haronian of the New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry will speak on 'The Denial of the Sublime'"); letterhead gives a New York office and a registered office and treasurer in Wilmington, Del. https://www.psychosynthesisresources.com/NieuweBestanden/13denial_of_sublime.pdf
[^24]: Frank Haronian, "The Repression of the Sublime," Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, title page. http://synthesiscenter.org/articles/0130.pdf
[^25]: Roberto Assagioli, The Act of Will (New York: Viking Press, 1973), p. 119 (the index lists Haronian at ix and 120). https://archive.org/details/actofwill00robe
[^26]: Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, "Psychosynthesis Seminars, 1968/69 Series, Second Meeting: November 15, 1968," cover sheet. https://www.psychosynthesisresources.com/NieuweBestanden/21psychedelics.pdf
[^27]: Robert Desoille, The Directed Daydream, trans. Frank Haronian, Psychosynthesis Research Foundation Issue No. 18 (New York), cited in Claudio Naranjo, The One Quest (1972). https://archive.org/details/onequest00nara
[^28]: Haronian, Frank, "Psychosynthesis: A Psychotherapist's Personal Overview," Pastoral Psychology 25(1), Fall 1976, pp. 16-33; author line "Frank Haronian Ph.D."; author note gives a present address in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, states "Dr. Haronian is in private practice," and directs readers to the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation at a New York City address. The reprint text reads: "I first became interested in psychosynthesis because I was looking for a point of view that could bridge psychology and religion" and "I had been surprised by the readiness with which my clerical colleagues accepted the constricted Freudian image of human nature." https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01761144 ; https://www.synthesiscenter.org/articles/0120.pdf
[^29]: Haronian, Frank, "A Psychosynthetic Model of Personality and Its Implications for Psychotherapy," Journal of Humanistic Psychology 15(4), Fall 1975; cited in the reference list of the 1976 article (note 28). https://doi.org/10.1177/002216787501500404
[^30]: Town Topics (Princeton), advertisements of October 21, 1987 ("Psychotherapy and Transpersonal Counseling," Frank Haronian, Ph.D.), and September 5, 1990 ("Transpersonal Counseling Biofeedback Services," Frank Haronian, Ph.D.). https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4232unse ; https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4526unse
[^31]: New Jersey Death Index, 1981, surnames E-K (Reclaim The Records scan), entry "HARONIAN,VIOLET.E." https://archive.org/details/NJ_Death_Index_1981_E-K ; New Jersey Death Index, 1994, surnames G-N, entry "HARONIAN JR FRANK J." https://archive.org/details/NJ_Death_Index_1994_G-N
[^32]: Nancy Newton Verrier, The Primal Wound: Understanding the Adopted Child, dedication ("Dedicated to Frank Haronian (1922-1994)"). https://archive.org/details/primalwoundtrans00firm

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---
aliases:
- Hiram J. Halle
- Hiram Halle
- Halle, Hiram J.
- Hiram Joseph Halle
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- HiramJHalle
- UniversalOilProducts
- GulfOil
- UniversityInExile
- NewSchoolForSocialResearch
- PoundRidge
- AlvinJohnson
- JacobEpstein
- Philanthropist
summary: "Hiram J. Halle was a Cleveland-born businessman, president of Universal Oil Products and part owner of Gulf Oil, who provided principal funding with the Rockefeller Foundation for the New School's University in Exile in 1933."
born: 1867
died: 1944
location: "Cleveland, Ohio; New York City; Pound Ridge, New York"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Universal Oil Products]]"
role: "president"
start: 1916
fn: 3
- type: owned
with: "[[Gulf Oil Company]]"
role: "part owner"
fn: 1
- type: funded
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
role: "principal funding, with the Rockefeller Foundation, for the University in Exile"
start: 1933
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[University in Exile]]"
role: "pledge of $60,000 a year for two years in Johnson's account"
start: 1933
fn: 12
- type: funded
with: "[[Jacob Epstein]]"
role: "financial supporter of the sculptor"
fn: 20
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Joseph Halle Schaffner]]"
role: "nephew"
fn: 20
---
Hiram J. Halle (1867 to 1944) was an American businessman, inventor and philanthropist who was president of [[Universal Oil Products]] and part owner of [[Gulf Oil Company]].[^1] In 1933 he provided principal funding, with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], for the [[University in Exile]] that [[Alvin Johnson]] organized at the [[New School for Social Research]].[^1][^2]
### Early life
Halle was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio]] and left high school to work in his family's dry goods store.[^1] The text of the marker erected for him by the [[Pound Ridge Historical Society]] and the [[Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation]] on April 28, 2019, states that he was born in Cleveland to German Jewish immigrants.[^3]
### Typewriter patents
Halle's earliest patents are two assigned to the [[Elliott-Fisher Company]] of [[New York City]]. U.S. Patent 773,287, a type-writing machine, was filed on November 10, 1903 and granted on October 25, 1904. U.S. Patent 804,720, a bill or statement blank, was filed on March 14, 1905 and granted on November 14, 1905. Both specifications give his residence as New York, in the county of New York.[^4]
### Universal Oil Products
The marker states that Halle was head of Universal Oil Products from 1916 to 1944.[^3] Universal Oil Products began as a firm formed to enforce patent rights to the cracking process of [[Jesse Dubbs]], who retired in 1914 and died four years later.[^5] His son [[Carbon Dubbs]] stayed with the company to prove the process and spent most of his time on other projects, to the displeasure of the company's president, Halle.[^5]
In 1919, the year the company took the name Universal Oil Products, Carbon Dubbs revealed a refining method called Clean Circulation, which circulated a quantity of refined gasoline back into the feedstock.[^5] The company's history records that "Halle decided UOP should license the Clean Circulation process to any refiner in exchange for a royalty fee, based on production," with UOP engineering its customers' refineries and guaranteeing performance.[^5] Licensing began with [[Shell Oil Company]]'s Roxana refinery at Wood River, Illinois in 1922, and the company established its [[UOP Riverside Laboratory]] in present-day [[McCook, Illinois]] in 1921.[^5]
A patent granted on March 7, 1933 for a process and apparatus for treating hydrocarbons, on an application dated February 6, 1926, names Halle of New York as inventor and assignor to Universal Oil Products Company of Chicago, a South Dakota corporation.[^6] A 2019 article in Westchester Magazine states that Halle retired as president of Universal Oil Products before taking up residence in Pound Ridge in 1929.[^7]
In 1931, with a judgment against them in the cracking patent litigation, a consortium of defendants bought Universal Oil Products for $25 million through the United Gasoline Corporation, jointly controlled by Shell Oil and Standard Oil Company of California, and later including Standard Oil of Indiana, Standard Oil of New Jersey, The Texas Company, the Atlantic Refining Company and Gulf Oil.[^8] Time reported in 1936 that Chicago packer [[J. Ogden Armour]] had sold a few Universal Oil certificates to his wife for $1,500,000 before dying insolvent in London in 1927, and that four years later "the Widow Armour, Carbon Petroleum Dubbs and a handful of other stockholders sold out to a group of big oil companies for more than $22,000,000."[^9] The same article reports that the special master in the patent suit against Standard Oil of Indiana, the Missouri lawyer Holmes Hall, was found by a U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals to have "betrayed his trust by attempting to deceive, intimidate and coerce a wealthy litigant."[^9]
### Gulf Oil
The archive of the New School describes Halle as part owner of Gulf Oil company.[^1] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that Halle was part owner of the Gulf Oil Company.[^10] An article on Pound Ridge by [[Mary Shustack]] calls him an owner of Gulf Oil.[^11]
### University in Exile
The school's history states that in April 1933 Johnson began to raise $60,000 per year for two consecutive years, and that this $120,000 was to support a faculty of fifteen scholars at $4,000 each. It states that "After only raising $10,000, Alvin Johnson received a donation of the whole $60,000 from Hiram J. Halle," making all other donations additions to the cause, and that additional funding from the Rockefeller Foundation "enabled him to enlarge his rescue efforts."[^2]
Johnson's account in [[Pioneer's Progress]] has Halle telephone him after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. Johnson answered Halle's question about the amount pledged with "Twelve thousand," and Halle replied: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once."[^12] In the same account [[Frank Altschul]] said that "Hiram Halle's signature on a check for a million dollars would be accepted by any bank in New York" and advised keeping the offer quiet, because nobody would contribute if he knew Halle was ready to carry the whole load.[^12]
[[Rutkoff and Scott]] write that Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required," that Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000," and that Halle's name was kept out of the announcement; they describe him as having "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance."[^13] Bessner writes that Johnson "had collected $120,000 from the Jewish philanthropist Hiram Halle, which allowed him to fund fifteen professorships at a salary of $4,000 per year," and describes Halle as associated with the Rockefeller Foundation, which he writes spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars.[^14]
[[Jerry Klinger]] writes that Halle guaranteed the salaries of Jewish refugee scholars through his association with the New School and obtained the needed visas. He writes that Halle and Johnson realized the [[United States Department of State]] would grant visas to farmers, that "It was a loophole," that "Halle provided seed money," and that the academics were classified as "farmers" and brought to [[Van Eeden]], North Carolina.[^15] Klinger's commentary on the marker page adds that Halle supported the Van Eeden agricultural project in [[Burgaw, North Carolina]].[^3] A state history of Van Eeden records that Johnson, working with [[Hugh MacRae]], brought Jewish families there after finding that farm workers carried no quota.[^16]
### Pound Ridge
Halle moved to [[Pound Ridge]], New York in 1929; the marker places his first purchase, a house on [[Trinity Pass Road]], in February 1929.[^1][^3][^17] A 2019 article gives the number of houses he purchased as 33 and the number of local men he employed renovating them as more than 60.[^7] The school's archive states that he purchased more than thirty houses and that thirteen of his homes are on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].[^1] The [[National Park Service]] record for the [[Pound Ridge Historic District]] lists Halle among its architects, followed by "et al."[^18] A real estate listing history gives his collaborators as the designer Walter Gillooly and the craftsman Herman P. Scheid and dates his move to 1928.[^19]
The school's archive says Halle brought a number of European Jewish exiles to Pound Ridge and gave them work restoring vintage homes, and that he provided support to struggling farmers during the Depression.[^1] The [[Old Mill]], a property he renovated and used for entertaining, housed his collection of American folk art, and a farm where he stored his collection of American and English antiques was among his holdings.[^1] The marker credits him with helping construct the elementary school and the fire department.[^3]
Halle hosted an annual fall barbecue on his property for the University in Exile, its families and New School staff. The New School Archives holds two silent 16mm home movies of the event, dated probably 1935 and 1937, made at his residence known as the White House and at the Old Mill.[^1] His letter of invitation to [[Albert Einstein]] for the gathering in 1938 described "the annual gathering at our home in Poundridge, Westchester County, where Dr. Alvin Johnson with the staff, professors and trustees of the 'University in Exile' with their families come together for a pleasant day in the country at its most beautiful time to lunch on barbecued lamb in an old mill over a waterfall," and named Saturday, October 8. Einstein declined, citing poor health.[^1]
In 1939 Halle became owner of the little old schoolhouse in exchange for giving the [[Pound Ridge School District|Pound Ridge school board]] the land on which the elementary school now stands.[^17]
### Jacob Epstein and the Einstein bust
The Institute for Advanced Study holds a bronze bust of Albert Einstein by [[Jacob Epstein]], in the Common Room of Fuld Hall. Its catalogue record states that the bust was sculpted from life in 1933 in Cromer, Norfolk, England, for Hiram J. Halle, who was "a close friend and financial supporter of Epstein," and that it passed to Halle's nephew [[Joseph Halle Schaffner]], a friend of Harold Linder, who left a life interest to his wife and to the Institute; on his death his widow waived her interest and the bust passed to the [[Institute for Advanced Study]].[^20]
### Family
Halle's great-nephew and the great-nephew's sister donated the two barbecue films to the New School in 2015; the letters that accompany them remained with the donors.[^1]
A 1918 obituary of the Chicago businessman Joseph Schaffner states that in 1888 he married Miss Sarah Halle of Cleveland and that three children were born of the union, all living in Chicago.[^21] The Pound Ridge Library's later wing contains the Joseph Halle Schaffner Room.[^17]
The 1930 to 1931 edition of Who's Who in America lists Rita S. Halle, writer, as the wife of Louis J. Halle of New York City, married September 23, 1908, with children Rita, Louis J. and Roger, and a summer address at Poundridge, New York.[^22] A Louis J. Halle Jr. published Birds against Men in 1938 and River of Ruins in 1941. Records found do not establish whether the Louis J. Halle of the Who's Who entry was Hiram Halle's brother or whether his son Louis J. Halle Jr. is Hiram Halle's nephew.[^22]
### Death and estate
The library's history states that Halle worked with local artisans to restore and renovate Pound Ridge from his arrival there until his death in 1944.[^17] The trustees of his estate donated the schoolhouse to the newly formed [[Pound Ridge Library]] Association in 1950.[^17] The library's history records that "It was her idea to make the library a memorial to Hiram J. Halle," referring to [[Ruth M. Knight]], who pledged funds to operate the library for its first three years and whose name the 1955 reading room bears.[^17]
### Footnotes
[^1]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hiram Halle home movies of annual barbecue for University in Exile at Pound Ridge," Collection NA-0008-01, biographical note, scope and contents, and immediate source of acquisition. https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/256
[^2]: Histories of The New School, "University in Exile." https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile
[^3]: Marker inscription "Hiram Halle (1867-1944)," Pound Ridge Historical Society and Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, erected April 28, 2019, and the commentary "Regarding Hiram Halle (1867-1944)" submitted by Jerry Klinger, Historical Marker Database. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=134062
[^4]: U.S. Patent 773,287, "Type-writing machine," Hiram J. Halle of New York, assignor to Elliott-Fisher Company, filed November 10, 1903, patented October 25, 1904; U.S. Patent 804,720, "Bill or statement blank," filed March 14, 1905, patented November 14, 1905. https://patents.google.com/patent/US773287A/en and https://patents.google.com/patent/US804720A/en
[^5]: Honeywell UOP, "A Revolution in Transportation," UOP History. https://uop.honeywell.com/en/uop-history/a-revolution-in-transportation
[^6]: U.S. Patent 1,900,105, "Process and apparatus for treating hydrocarbons," Hiram J. Halle of New York, assignor to Universal Oil Products Company of Chicago, Illinois, patented March 7, 1933. https://patents.google.com/patent/US1900105A/en
[^7]: Dave Zucker, "Take a Tour of Pound Ridge's Historic Hiram Halle Homes," Westchester Magazine, March 20, 2019. https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/take-a-tour-of-pound-ridges-historic-hiram-halle-homes/
[^8]: Honeywell UOP, "The Peace of 1931," UOP History. https://uop.honeywell.com/en/uop-history/the-peace-of-1931
[^9]: "Business: Sedalia Sequel," Time, July 20, 1936. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771866,00.html
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State (Duke University dissertation, 2013), note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
[^11]: Mary Shustack, article on the Halle barns and houses in Pound Ridge, photographs by Tim Lee. https://www.wagmag.com/?p=7705
[^12]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (New York: Viking Press, 1952), p. 340.
[^13]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of The New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 92.
[^14]: Bessner, The Night Watchman, p. 84 and note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
[^15]: Jerry Klinger, "He found ways to obtain U.S. visas for persecuted European Jews," San Diego Jewish World, April 29, 2019. https://www.sdjewishworld.com/?p=121004
[^16]: DigitalNC, "Van Eeden books now online." https://www.digitalnc.org/blog/van-eeden-books-now-online/
[^17]: Pound Ridge Library, "Visit," history of the library building. https://poundridgelibrary.org/visit/
[^18]: National Park Service, National Register Information System, record 85003196, Pound Ridge Historic District, architects and significant names fields. https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85003196
[^19]: Brownstoner, listing history for 3 Old Mill River Road, Pound Ridge. https://www.brownstoner.com/upstate/pound-ridge-ny-hiram-j-halle-3-old-mill-river-road-1930s-colonial-revival-barn/
[^20]: Institute for Advanced Study, Digital Collections, "Bust of Albert Einstein," Jacob Epstein, description field. https://albert.ias.edu/20.500.12111/1500
[^21]: Obituary of Joseph Schaffner, Daily Jewish Courier, April 21, 1918, Foreign Language Press Survey, Newberry Library. https://flps.newberry.org/id/5423972_10_1_1095
[^22]: Who's Who in America, vol. 16, 1930-1931 (Chicago: A. N. Marquis), entry "HALLE, Rita S."; Louis J. Halle Jr., Birds against Men (1938) and River of Ruins (New York: Henry Holt, 1941), title page.

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---
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- MaxMillikan
- CenisMit
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- ProjectTroy
- MassachusettsInstituteOfTechnology
- FordFoundation
- PsychologicalStrategyBoard
- ColdWar
- Economist
aliases:
- Max Millikan
- Max F. Millikan
- Max Franklin Millikan
- Millikan
summary: "MIT economist, member of the Project Troy study group, assistant director of the CIA's Office of Research and Reports in 1951, and first director of MIT's Center for International Studies from 1952 to 1969."
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Assistant Director, Research and Reports (1951); Special Consultant (1952)"
start: 1951-01
end: 1952-03
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
role: "professor of economics"
start: 1949
end: 1969-12
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
role: "first director"
start: 1952-02
end: 1969-12
fn: 11
- type: member_of
with: "[[Project Troy]]"
role: "member of the study group, per MIT's finding aid for his papers and a CIA historian's interview note of March 5, 1952"
start: 1950
end: 1951
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Robert Andrews Millikan]]"
role: son
fn: 1
---
Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952.
### Early career
Millikan was born in Chicago on December 12, 1913, the son of [[Robert Andrews Millikan]]. He took a B.S. in physics at [[Yale University]] in 1935, studied at the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1935 and 1936, and received a Yale Ph.D. in 1941. He worked at the [[Office of Price Administration]] in 1942 and at the [[War Shipping Administration]] from 1942 to 1946, as principal economist and then assistant director of its Division of Ship Requirements. From January to June 1946 he was chief of the Economic Intelligence Branch of the Division of Research for Europe at the [[State Department]]. In 1947 he was assistant secretary of the [[President's Committee on Foreign Aid]], and from 1948 a consultant to the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]]. He served on the Air Force Human Resources Professional Advisory Committee and joined the MIT faculty as an associate professor in 1949.[^1]
### CIA service, 1951 to 1952
MIT's biographical note for his papers states that he took a leave of absence in 1951-1952 to serve as assistant director of the Central Intelligence Agency.[^1]
In a letter stamped January 30, 1951, Millikan wrote that "I have gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency," and that the office's mission "has been focused much more sharply on economic matters." He asked the addressee, whose name is redacted, to come to Washington for a survey of work in the field because "General Smith has asked me to request" it.[^2] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to another recruit that he had been "down here for the last nine or ten months trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research," that he had been reluctant "to become involved in a Government job again," and that he had been persuaded "to take a leave of absence from M.I.T." because there was "a particularly urgent job to be done in this Agency on which might depend in some measure our success in the international conflict in which we are now engaged."[^3]
A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion with State Department officers of psychological intelligence and of the intelligence support to be given to the Office of Policy Coordination in the psychological field. The memorandum records his concern that placing the production of that intelligence in several organizations would bring "the shortcomings of decentralization."[^4] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, addressed to the intelligence chiefs of the State Department, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, was issued "for the Director of Central Intelligence" over Millikan's typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^5]
A letter of November 26, 1951 over his typed signature, filed as AD/RR, tells a correspondent whose name is redacted that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^6] A letter of March 3, 1952 from [[Stuart A. Rice]] of the Bureau of the Budget addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^7]
### Project Troy and the Psychological Strategy Board
MIT's biographical note for his papers describes Project TROY as "a study group (of which Millikan was a member) contracted by the Department of State in 1950."[^1] He does not appear in the participant list printed by Bessner.[^8]
A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952, titled "Origin of PSB," records that the stream "which seems to have flown directly to the creation of the PSB in the early part of 1951" was the "Troy Project," and that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT, in the fall of 1951," a date corrected by hand to 1950. The note says the study's objective "was to find some means of penetrating the 'Iron Curtain,'" that "The men in Cambridge spent some three months," and that "Secretary Webb was much impressed with the report." Millikan is recorded as saying that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors,'" that he "did not have time to go further into the detail of the 'Troy Project,'" and that the study's recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB." The interviewer, A. B. Darling, recorded Millikan's view that the [[Psychological Strategy Board]], consisting of the Under Secretaries of State and Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence, was a compromise, with a director "of caliber and distinction" comparable to the Director of Central Intelligence in relation to the National Security Council. Darling added that he wished he had asked Millikan about establishing an "Office of Psychological Warfare within the Central Intelligence Agency."[^9]
### The Center for International Studies
The Center for International Studies, known as CENIS, began operating at MIT in the fall of 1951.[^10] MIT's biographical note for his papers states that the center, "established in January 1952, continued the contract work undertaken for the government under Project TROY," and that Millikan "assumed the directorship on February 1, 1952."[^1] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^11] The historian [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Millikan as an economics professor who had spent a year at the CIA, and reports that he accepted the offer to serve as the center's first director in February 1952.[^10]
Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of the [[Ford Foundation]] for money. When [[Hans Speier]] learned of the request, he visited Millikan in February 1952 to discuss a center for research in international communication. Millikan was reticent, believing that MIT's comparative advantage lay in economic and political studies, but Speier "convinced him otherwise." Bessner attributes the Ford trustees' grant of $875,000 to CENIS in the spring of 1952 to Speier's efforts.[^10]
In April 1956 the Office of National Estimates of the CIA circulated to its Board, and proposed possibly to pass to the Director of Central Intelligence, Millikan's comments, sent on the center's letterhead, on the draft National Intelligence Estimate 100-3-56, "Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas." They were accompanied by an imaginary statement by Molotov written by Walt Rostow.[^12]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^13]
### Funding
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^14] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^15] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^16]
### Death
MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^17]
### Footnotes
[^1]: MIT Libraries, Department of Distinctive Collections, Max F. Millikan papers (MC-0188), biographical note. https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/722
[^2]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^3]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951 (recipient redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
[^4]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
[^5]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, issued "For the Director of Central Intelligence" over the typed name of Max F. Millikan, Assistant Director, Research and Reports (the signature block above it is redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
[^6]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (typed signature block; file notation AD/RR:MFMillikan; addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^7]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, addressing him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
[^8]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 238 and note 41 (list of Project Troy participants). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^9]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. The typed text reads "fall of 1951"; a handwritten "1950" appears beside it. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, the fall 1951 start, Millikan's CIA year and February 1952 appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^11]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History." https://cis.mit.edu/about/history
[^12]: CIA Office of National Estimates, Staff Memorandum No. 33-56, "Views of Max Millikan on NIE 100-3-56: Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas," April 26, 1956, J. C. Graham, with attached letter from Millikan of April 25, 1956, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79R01012A008400030013-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79r01012a008400030013-4
[^13]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^14]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^15]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^16]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^17]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917

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10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Boris Nikolic.md
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@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ JPMorgan's 2019 internal review of Epstein's emails, Project Jeep, recorded what
On July 22, 2013 Epstein wrote to Nikolic and [[Terje Rod-Larsen]], president of the [[International Peace Institute]]: "ipi has not heard from gabriella ."[^8] In November 2013 Nikolic and the Russian bridge player [[Mila Antonova]], whom he had introduced to Epstein, met Epstein at his Manhattan townhouse to pitch an online bridge-teaching venture; Epstein did not invest, and later used Gates's past relationship with Antonova to press him, according to *[[The Wall Street Journal]]*.[^9] On April 13, 2018 Epstein sent Nikolic, without comment, a link to a 2015 *Forbes* article headlined "Charlie Sheen's $10M Blackmail Tax Deduction."[^10]
On September 28, 2014 Epstein wrote to [[Bob Kerrey]]: "boris nikolic really enjoyed your meeting". Kerrey replied that night: "He's first rate. Are you gong to invest in his fund? When is our next encounter?" On September 29 Epstein asked: "what was your candid view of fund? kept in confidence". Kerrey answered on September 30: "I believe Boris has the intellect and experience to separate the scientific wheat from the chaff but I do not know if he or his team can separate the leaders who can take a great idea and make it profitable from those who cannot. My understanding if that Bill Gates track record in this space is not very good."[^11]
### The Backup Executor
Epstein's will, signed on August 8, 2019, two days before his death, named his lawyers [[Darren Indyke]] and [[Richard Kahn]] as executors and Nikolic as successor executor, who would take control of the estate if they could not serve. Nikolic, then 49, said he was "shocked" and "was never consulted on these matters and has no intent to fulfill these duties, whatsoever," and filed no oath of acceptance; a spokesperson said he and Epstein had no business ties.[^2][^3]
@ -64,3 +66,4 @@ Epstein's will, signed on August 8, 2019, two days before his death, named his l
[^8]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02572271, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Boris Nikolic and Terje Rod-Larsen, July 22, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02572271.pdf
[^9]: Safdar, Khadeeja, and Emily Glazer. "Jeffrey Epstein Apparently Threatened Bill Gates Over Affair." *The Wall Street Journal,* May 21, 2023; summarized in "WSJ: Jeffrey Epstein threatened Bill Gates over affair with Russian bridge player." *Boing Boing,* May 22, 2023. https://boingboing.net/2023/05/22/wsj-jeffrey-epstein-threatened-bill-gates-over-affair-with-russian-bridge-player.html
[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02476126, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Boris Nikolic, April 13, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02476126.pdf
[^11]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Bob Kerrey, September 28 to 30, 2014, EFTA00997847 and EFTA00997848, Data Set 9, and EFTA02516727, Data Set 11, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02516727.pdf

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10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Speier.md
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@ -84,17 +84,17 @@ relations:
role: "panel member, Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel"
start: 1955-06
end: 1955-06
fn: 45
fn: 49
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
role: "consultant on the Behavioral Sciences Program"
start: 1951
fn: 43
fn: 47
- type: employed_by
with: "[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]"
role: "professor of sociology"
start: 1969
fn: 47
fn: 51
---
Hans Speier (February 3, 1905 to February 17, 1990) was a German sociologist who emigrated in 1933, helped found the Graduate Faculty (the University in Exile) at the [[New School for Social Research]], co-directed a Rockefeller-funded study of Nazi radio propaganda, and then moved through the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]], the [[Office of War Information]] and the [[U.S. Department of State]] into the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from 1948 to 1960. He sat on the State Department's [[Project Troy]] panel in 1950 and 1951 and on the 1955 [[Quantico I and II|Quantico]] panel convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], and he drafted the plan that became the [[Ford Foundation]]'s Behavioral Sciences Program and Stanford's [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]].[^1]
@ -165,29 +165,31 @@ Truman announced the "Campaign of Truth" in April 1950, after the senator Willia
Barrett, head of the State Department's public affairs office, organized a group of experts, Speier among them, in April 1950 to discuss psychological strategy, tactics and organization; Barrett later claimed that he had drawn on the conclusions of that symposium in helping to prepare Truman's Campaign of Truth speech. The State Department then convened Project Troy after RCA chairman [[David Sarnoff]] complained to President [[Harry Truman]] about the Voice of America; State's James Webb then approached MIT's president [[James Killian]] and dean [[John Burchard]] to host a study of Soviet jamming. Speier was among the roughly twenty participants, who met in Washington in October 1950 and in Cambridge, Massachusetts until January 1951 and included [[Lloyd Berkner]], [[Jerome Bruner]], [[Clyde Kluckhohn]], [[Edward Purcell]], [[Merle Tuve]], [[Jerome Wiesner]] and Robert Morison, a physician of the Rockefeller Foundation. The report to Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] is dated February 1, 1951, and Bessner records Acheson's receipt of it on February 15. A State Department progress report of March 1951 describes the project as MIT's assembly of "30 of the nation's top scientists and other experts to explore all means" of penetrating the Iron Curtain, conventional and unconventional. Robert Hooker of the Policy Planning Staff told Paul Nitze on March 26, 1951, that the report "deserves the most serious consideration" and recorded its recommendations to stimulate "mutual distrust" among Soviet leaders "by artificial means, bogus letters, etc." and to increase defection. The report was anonymous; Daniel Bessner infers from the similarity to Speier's writings that Speier was a primary author of its sections on psychological warfare against the Soviet Union.[^39]
The project was followed by CENIS, MIT's Center for International Studies, which began operating in the fall of 1951 and whose first director, from February 1952, was Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA.[^40] The Psychological Strategy Board's directive PSB D-31 of November 26, 1952, issued by a panel of State, Defense, CIA and PSB personnel (the board for which Speier would consult), called for increasing suspicion within the communist system "to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions."[^41]
The project was followed by CENIS, MIT's Center for International Studies, which began operating in the fall of 1951 and whose first director, from February 1952, was [[Max Millikan]], an economist who had spent a year at the CIA.[^40] A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952 records that Millikan "participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT," identified in the note as the Troy Project, whose recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB."[^41] The Psychological Strategy Board's directive PSB D-31 of November 26, 1952, issued by a panel of State, Defense, CIA and PSB personnel (the board for which Speier would consult), called for increasing suspicion within the communist system "to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions."[^42]
Bessner argues that the Troy report's Soviet chapters carried Speier's central question into the government's planning. The report began by asking "What is the nature of the people to whom the United States' messages are and ought to be directed?" and answered that "The immediate object of our political warfare is to reduce the Russian power or will to destroy. Control of the power is, today, concentrated in the hands of a little group of Soviet leaders."[^43] Bessner says that the report's declarations on psychological warfare against the Soviet Union, read with Speier's own writings, make clear that he was "a primary author of these sections."[^44] His ideas, Bessner writes, "came to influence the tactical directives of PSB D-31."[^44] When Speier learned that Millikan was seeking Ford Foundation money for the Center for International Studies, he visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's direction, according to Bessner.[^45]
### Psychological Warfare in Germany
At the request of Shepard Stone of the High Commission for Occupied Germany, Speier and Wallace Carroll visited Germany in autumn 1950 as State Department consultants and delivered on December 1, 1950, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," whose primary recommendation was to "destroy Soviet power in Germany." The report called for propaganda to create the belief that an East German resistance movement was ready to fight, and described later phases of "infiltration of selected Soviet zone organizations, ... sabotage, abduction, direct action against selected, high placed functionaries." After Stalin's note of March 1952 the Psychological Strategy Board's directive PSB D-21 (October 9, 1952) set out tasks including disaffection and defection in the Soviet Zone and non-attributable psychological, political and economic harassment; a later implementation report records financial assistance to a West Berlin publisher to distribute 50,000 fake copies of the East German labor paper Tribuene.[^42]
At the request of Shepard Stone of the High Commission for Occupied Germany, Speier and Wallace Carroll visited Germany in autumn 1950 as State Department consultants and delivered on December 1, 1950, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," whose primary recommendation was to "destroy Soviet power in Germany." The report called for propaganda to create the belief that an East German resistance movement was ready to fight, and described later phases of "infiltration of selected Soviet zone organizations, ... sabotage, abduction, direct action against selected, high placed functionaries." After Stalin's note of March 1952 the Psychological Strategy Board's directive PSB D-21 (October 9, 1952) set out tasks including disaffection and defection in the Soviet Zone and non-attributable psychological, political and economic harassment; a later implementation report records financial assistance to a West Berlin publisher to distribute 50,000 fake copies of the East German labor paper Tribuene.[^46]
### The Ford Foundation and the Behavioral Sciences Center
Gaither, who chaired the Ford Foundation study committee of 1949 and had arranged RAND's Ford loan, asked Speier and Donald Marquis in late 1950 for advice on the foundation's Program Five. Speier recommended Bernard Berelson as its director; with Marquis and Berelson he presented in December 1951 a plan proposing an institute for advanced training in the behavioral sciences, a research center on international communication and a study of the stability of totalitarian governments. The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences opened at Stanford in September 1954 under Ralph Tyler. Speier spent 1956 and 1957 there as a fellow.[^43]
Gaither, who chaired the Ford Foundation study committee of 1949 and had arranged RAND's Ford loan, asked Speier and Donald Marquis in late 1950 for advice on the foundation's Program Five. Speier recommended Bernard Berelson as its director; with Marquis and Berelson he presented in December 1951 a plan proposing an institute for advanced training in the behavioral sciences, a research center on international communication and a study of the stability of totalitarian governments. The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences opened at Stanford in September 1954 under Ralph Tyler. Speier spent 1956 and 1957 there as a fellow.[^47]
For the MIT program, Speier visited Millikan in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 for a research program in international communication. Speier chaired the planning committee (Bruner, Carroll, Lasswell, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], Edward Shils, [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]]), whose June 1953 report recommended study of "communications to and from the wielders of power and influence"; Pool became the program's research director after Speier declined the position.[^44]
For the MIT program, Speier visited Millikan in February 1952, and in the spring of 1952 Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 for a research program in international communication. Speier chaired the planning committee (Bruner, Carroll, Lasswell, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], Edward Shils, [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]]), whose June 1953 report recommended study of "communications to and from the wielders of power and influence"; Pool became the program's research director after Speier declined the position.[^48]
### Quantico I
Nelson Rockefeller, then Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning, invited Speier on May 25, 1955. The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel met at the Marine Corps Schools from June 5 to 10, 1955, with [[Henry Kissinger]] and members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the National Security Council attending some sessions. Its report lists Speier as of the RAND Corporation. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of MIT; the other members were Frederick Dunn, [[C. D. Jackson]], Ellis Johnson, Paul Linebarger, Max Millikan, Philip Mosely, George Pettee, Stefan Possony, Speier and Charles A. H. Thomson. On June 13, 1955, Rockefeller sent [[Allen Dulles]] a copy (Copy No. 42), thanking him for the participation of members of his agency in the panel discussions; on July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum drawing attention to Ellis Johnson's supporting paper on the requirements for the United States and NATO to win the arms race. Its report, stamped Secret, recommends proposals including "a proposed agreement for mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments" and a convention on the right of aircraft to fly over any country. Speier's memorandum for the panel held that the Soviets would use the Geneva summit for advantage in "the international struggle for power" and that the United States should "force them to retreat." Rockefeller handed Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection on July 6 and sent him a memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," on July 11. On July 21, 1955, Eisenhower proposed Open Skies, and Rockefeller cabled panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction." Speier did not attend Quantico II (September 25 to 29, 1955), because he was in Germany for RAND; Kissinger attended in his place, and Rockefeller became Kissinger's patron. According to Bessner, Speier never again consulted for the executive branch.[^45]
Nelson Rockefeller, then Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning, invited Speier on May 25, 1955. The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel met at the Marine Corps Schools from June 5 to 10, 1955, with [[Henry Kissinger]] and members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the National Security Council attending some sessions. Its report lists Speier as of the RAND Corporation. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of MIT; the other members were Frederick Dunn, [[C. D. Jackson]], Ellis Johnson, Paul Linebarger, Max Millikan, Philip Mosely, George Pettee, Stefan Possony, Speier and Charles A. H. Thomson. On June 13, 1955, Rockefeller sent [[Allen Dulles]] a copy (Copy No. 42), thanking him for the participation of members of his agency in the panel discussions; on July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum drawing attention to Ellis Johnson's supporting paper on the requirements for the United States and NATO to win the arms race. Its report, stamped Secret, recommends proposals including "a proposed agreement for mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments" and a convention on the right of aircraft to fly over any country. Speier's memorandum for the panel held that the Soviets would use the Geneva summit for advantage in "the international struggle for power" and that the United States should "force them to retreat." Rockefeller handed Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection on July 6 and sent him a memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," on July 11. On July 21, 1955, Eisenhower proposed Open Skies, and Rockefeller cabled panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction." Speier did not attend Quantico II (September 25 to 29, 1955), because he was in Germany for RAND; Kissinger attended in his place, and Rockefeller became Kissinger's patron. According to Bessner, Speier never again consulted for the executive branch.[^49]
### The Political Game
With Herbert Goldhamer, Speier developed a free-form political simulation, played four times at RAND in 1955 and 1956 and presented to the Social Science Research Council, the Army War College and West Point. Players took national roles, wrote justifications for each move and met random events refereed by staff; State Department officials joined the fourth game. In 1960 CENIS held the game POLEX II, the Joint War Games Agency adopted it, and in September and October 1961 two Berlin crisis games directed by [[Thomas Schelling]] were played by officials including McGeorge Bundy, Alain Enthoven, Carl Kaysen, Henry Kissinger, Robert Komer and John McNaughton's aide Henry Rowen. Kaysen briefed President Kennedy on the results.[^46]
With Herbert Goldhamer, Speier developed a free-form political simulation, played four times at RAND in 1955 and 1956 and presented to the Social Science Research Council, the Army War College and West Point. Players took national roles, wrote justifications for each move and met random events refereed by staff; State Department officials joined the fourth game. In 1960 CENIS held the game POLEX II, the Joint War Games Agency adopted it, and in September and October 1961 two Berlin crisis games directed by [[Thomas Schelling]] were played by officials including McGeorge Bundy, Alain Enthoven, Carl Kaysen, Henry Kissinger, Robert Komer and John McNaughton's aide Henry Rowen. Kaysen briefed President Kennedy on the results.[^50]
### Later Career
Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and Berlin (Divided Berlin, 1961), held a Senior Fellowship at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1964 at the request of [[John J. McCloy]], and left for a professorship in sociology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1969. He later edited with Lasswell and [[Daniel Lerner]] the three-volume Propaganda and Communication in World History (1979 to 1980), and was named professor emeritus of the New School's Graduate Faculty. He died in Sarasota, Florida.[^47]
Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and Berlin (Divided Berlin, 1961), held a Senior Fellowship at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1964 at the request of [[John J. McCloy]], and left for a professorship in sociology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1969. He later edited with Lasswell and [[Daniel Lerner]] the three-volume Propaganda and Communication in World History (1979 to 1980), and was named professor emeritus of the New School's Graduate Faculty. He died in Sarasota, Florida.[^51]
### Footnotes
@ -231,10 +233,14 @@ Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and
[^38]: Speier, Hans. Psychological Warfare Reconsidered. RAND P-196, February 5, 1951 (DTIC AD0603909). https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0603909. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 209-210 note 164-165 (quoting Speier, "The Historical Development of Public Opinion," American Journal of Sociology 55, January 1950, p. 378), pp. 229-233 and notes 6-27 (Benton's "Marshall Plan of Ideas," Truman's speech of April 1950, the April 10, 1950 Foreign Service Institute address, Speier Papers Box 9, Folder 35, and P-196 pp. 7, 14-15, 17, 30-32). University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), Series 4 (the 1951 Foreign Service Institute pamphlet).
[^39]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236-239 and notes 37-50, citing Project Troy, Report to the Secretary of State, Vol. 1, February 1, 1951, RG 59, Lot 52-283, National Archives II. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1) and Document 59 (Hooker to Nitze, March 26, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59. The participant list is at Bessner pp. 237-238 note 41, the April 1950 symposium and Barrett's later claim at p. 236 and p. 237 note 38 (Bessner names the official William Barrett at p. 236 and Edward W. Barrett at p. 230), and Acheson's receipt on February 15 at p. 238 note 41; FRUS Document 57 note states the report was submitted on February 1, 1951. The identification of Speier as primary author of the report's Soviet sections is Bessner's inference.
[^40]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 256 (CENIS began operating in the fall of 1951; Millikan accepted the directorship in February 1952, an economics professor who had spent a year at the CIA).
[^41]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 139, PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d139. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and notes 51-53 (Strategic Concept Panel; Speier would consult for the PSB).
[^42]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 241-246 and notes 54-76, citing Carroll and Speier, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," December 1, 1950, RG 466, National Archives II, and PSB D-21, FRUS 1952-1954, vol. 7, Document 156; Bessner observes at p. 245 that the appendix tasks echoed the Speier and Carroll report.
[^43]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 247-255 and notes 82-104, citing Speier, Marquis and Berelson, "The Ford Foundation Behavioral Sciences Program: Proposed Plan," December 1951 (Ford Foundation Archives, Report 002072). Speier's CASBS year is given as 1956 to 1957 by Bessner (p. 255) and by University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm); Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans," gives 1957 and 1958. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology: "1951 Consultant, Ford Foundation."
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 255-258 and notes 106-116 (trustees' grant "in the spring of 1952"; Pool as research director after Speier declined, p. 257 note 110), citing Speier et al., Research in International Communication: An Advisory Report of the Planning Committee (MIT Center for International Studies, June 1953), and Blackmer, Donald L. M., The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951-1969 (2002).
[^45]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rockefeller's letter to Allen W. Dulles of June 13, 1955 and Richard M. Bissell's memorandum of July 25, 1955 (CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5), CIA Reading Room. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 260-266 and notes 126-148, citing Rockefeller to Speier, May 25, July 21 and August 16, 1955, Rockefeller to Eisenhower, July 11, 1955 (FRUS 1955-1957, vol. 5, Document 154), and Speier, "U.S. Strategy at the Forthcoming Conference," Speier Papers Box 4, Folder 60. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), container list (folders for Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1955-1956, and the Rockefeller Foundation, 1944 and 1975, Box 4).
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 266-278 and notes 152-187, citing Goldhamer and Speier, "Some Observations on Political Gaming," World Politics 12, no. 1 (October 1959), and Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, The Worlds of Herman Kahn (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapter 6.
[^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 283, 303, 307 (Council on Foreign Relations fellowship at McCloy's request; move to the University of Massachusetts in 1969; Propaganda and Communication in World History). Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (NDB 24, 2010; sfz123260), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz123260.html, dates his Amherst teaching 1969 to 1973 and the RAND Research Council 1960 to 1968, and gives the death as February 17, 1990, in Sarasota, Florida; University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), adds that he died while vacationing there.
[^41]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^42]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, Document 139, PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d139. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and notes 51-53 (Strategic Concept Panel; Speier would consult for the PSB).
[^43]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 238 and note 42, quoting the Project TROY report, Volume 1, February 1, 1951, p. 3, and note 43 (p. 41). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction (Speier's ideas and the tactical directives of PSB D-31), and p. 240 (the report's declarations and the three arguments D-31 endorsed), citing PSB D-31 of November 26, 1952, note 52.
[^45]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 256 and notes 107 to 109.
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 241-246 and notes 54-76, citing Carroll and Speier, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," December 1, 1950, RG 466, National Archives II, and PSB D-21, FRUS 1952-1954, vol. 7, Document 156; Bessner observes at p. 245 that the appendix tasks echoed the Speier and Carroll report.
[^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 247-255 and notes 82-104, citing Speier, Marquis and Berelson, "The Ford Foundation Behavioral Sciences Program: Proposed Plan," December 1951 (Ford Foundation Archives, Report 002072). Speier's CASBS year is given as 1956 to 1957 by Bessner (p. 255) and by University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm); Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans," gives 1957 and 1958. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology: "1951 Consultant, Ford Foundation."
[^48]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 255-258 and notes 106-116 (trustees' grant "in the spring of 1952"; Pool as research director after Speier declined, p. 257 note 110), citing Speier et al., Research in International Communication: An Advisory Report of the Planning Committee (MIT Center for International Studies, June 1953), and Blackmer, Donald L. M., The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951-1969 (2002).
[^49]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rockefeller's letter to Allen W. Dulles of June 13, 1955 and Richard M. Bissell's memorandum of July 25, 1955 (CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5), CIA Reading Room. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 260-266 and notes 126-148, citing Rockefeller to Speier, May 25, July 21 and August 16, 1955, Rockefeller to Eisenhower, July 11, 1955 (FRUS 1955-1957, vol. 5, Document 154), and Speier, "U.S. Strategy at the Forthcoming Conference," Speier Papers Box 4, Folder 60. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), container list (folders for Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1955-1956, and the Rockefeller Foundation, 1944 and 1975, Box 4).
[^50]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 266-278 and notes 152-187, citing Goldhamer and Speier, "Some Observations on Political Gaming," World Politics 12, no. 1 (October 1959), and Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, The Worlds of Herman Kahn (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapter 6.
[^51]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 283, 303, 307 (Council on Foreign Relations fellowship at McCloy's request; move to the University of Massachusetts in 1969; Propaganda and Communication in World History). Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (NDB 24, 2010; sfz123260), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz123260.html, dates his Amherst teaching 1969 to 1973 and the RAND Research Council 1960 to 1968, and gives the death as February 17, 1990, in Sarasota, Florida; University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), adds that he died while vacationing there.

18
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Kathryn Ruemmler.md
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@ -50,15 +50,17 @@ According to the *[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]*'s 2023 report
Epstein introduced Ruemmler to [[Ariane de Rothschild]], chief executive of the [[Edmond de Rothschild Group]], and the introduction led the bank to hire Latham & Watkins for U.S. regulatory matters. Latham said that "Epstein was never a client of Latham's."[^2] Goldman described her contacts with Epstein as "the same kinds of contacts and engagements she had with other contacts and clients" and said she "didn't see anything that would lead her to be concerned" at the townhouse. Ruemmler told the *Journal*: "I regret ever knowing Jeffrey Epstein."[^2]
On September 12, 2014 Epstein wrote to Ruemmler: "can you find out if cass can do sunday with bob kerrey", and she answered "Yes."[^4] On September 13, replying to her question "You are expecting Cass and me tomorrow for lunch, correct?", Epstein wrote: "yes with bob kerrey and petr thiel". The meal was moved to 11 am: Epstein wrote "would you like brunch, say 11am/ ok with me." after she wrote that Cass asked whether they could come earlier, and she answered: "That would work better."[^5] That night Epstein wrote to her: "sorry you missed it, peter will not make it tomorw we just finished". On the morning of September 14 he wrote: "why don't you come at 10 casss and kerrey arrive 11?" and then "or ifi you wnat to invite cass at 1030 so its just us three for a while , your call." She replied: "I'll ask him."[^6] On September 15 Epstein wrote to Stephen M. Kosslyn of the [[Minerva Project]] that [[Bob Kerrey]] "tried to describe minerva to cass sunstein, total fluff".[^7]
### The CIA Medal
On January 8, 2015, while a partner at Latham & Watkins, Ruemmler wrote to Epstein: "John Brennan gave me the CIA Agency Medal (the CIA's highest award) this morning. How cool is that?"[^4] [[John Brennan]] was then director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
On January 8, 2015, while a partner at Latham & Watkins, Ruemmler wrote to Epstein: "John Brennan gave me the CIA Agency Medal (the CIA's highest award) this morning. How cool is that?"[^8] [[John Brennan]] was then director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
On April 13, 2018, Epstein sent her, without comment, a link to a November 2015 *[[Forbes]]* article on a "blackmail tax deduction" of 10 million dollars claimed by the actor Charlie Sheen.[^5]
On April 13, 2018, Epstein sent her, without comment, a link to a November 2015 *[[Forbes]]* article on a "blackmail tax deduction" of 10 million dollars claimed by the actor Charlie Sheen.[^9]
### The Bannon Messages
On August 23, 2018, Epstein exchanged iMessages with [[Steve Bannon]], who was screening his documentary *Trump@War* with journalists from the *Wall Street Journal* and offered to send Epstein a link. Epstein wrote: "Your girlfriend Ruemmler is coming over," and "I wont share it unless you think ok." Bannon replied, "Let her watch," and "It's x rated for violence and language now." Earlier that evening Epstein had written, "Pecker immunity one more drop," a reference to the immunity granted to [[David Pecker]] of [[American Media]] in the [[Michael Cohen]] campaign-finance case. At 10:04 pm Epstein wrote to Bannon: "your girlfriend is outraged. . I suggested to her he pardon everyone, say this is not good for the country, and then fake the heart attack." Two minutes later he added: "she said it is a failure to disclose charge. and his changing stories lead to knowledge of wrongdoing. only transmitting." Bannon answered, "Lmao."[^6] No message from Ruemmler appears in the log.
On August 23, 2018, Epstein exchanged iMessages with [[Steve Bannon]], who was screening his documentary *Trump@War* with journalists from the *Wall Street Journal* and offered to send Epstein a link. Epstein wrote: "Your girlfriend Ruemmler is coming over," and "I wont share it unless you think ok." Bannon replied, "Let her watch," and "It's x rated for violence and language now." Earlier that evening Epstein had written, "Pecker immunity one more drop," a reference to the immunity granted to [[David Pecker]] of [[American Media]] in the [[Michael Cohen]] campaign-finance case. At 10:04 pm Epstein wrote to Bannon: "your girlfriend is outraged. . I suggested to her he pardon everyone, say this is not good for the country, and then fake the heart attack." Two minutes later he added: "she said it is a failure to disclose charge. and his changing stories lead to knowledge of wrongdoing. only transmitting." Bannon answered, "Lmao."[^10] No message from Ruemmler appears in the log.
### The 2026 Releases
@ -71,6 +73,10 @@ Goldman's chief executive, [[David Solomon]], said, "I accepted her resignation,
[^1]: *CBS News,* February 2026, on Ruemmler's resignation as Goldman Sachs general counsel. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kathryn-ruemmler-resigning-from-goldman-sachs-epstein-files/
[^2]: "The Former Biglaw Partner In Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar." *Above the Law,* May 2023, summarizing the *Wall Street Journal*'s "Jeffrey Epstein's Private Calendar" series. https://abovethelaw.com/2023/05/the-former-biglaw-partner-in-jeffrey-epsteins-private-calendar/
[^3]: Chapman, Michelle. "Thomas Pritzker steps down from Hyatt board, saying he deeply regrets association with Epstein." Associated Press via *PBS NewsHour,* February 17, 2026. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/thomas-pritzker-steps-down-from-hyatt-board-saying-he-deeply-regrets-association-with-epstein
[^4]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02386175, DataSet 11, email from Kathy Ruemmler to Jeffrey Epstein, January 8, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02386175.pdf
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02475670, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathy Ruemmler, April 13, 2018, linking Robert W. Wood, "Charlie Sheen's $10M Blackmail Tax Deduction," *Forbes,* November 18, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02475670.pdf
[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01615267, DataSet 10, iMessage log between Jeffrey Epstein and Steve Bannon, August 23, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01615267.pdf
[^4]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Kathryn Ruemmler, September 12, 2014, EFTA02588000, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02588000.pdf
[^5]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13, 2014, EFTA00362855, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00362855.pdf
[^6]: Emails between Jeffrey Epstein and Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13 and 14, 2014, EFTA02338079, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02338079.pdf
[^7]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Stephen M. Kosslyn, September 15, 2014, EFTA00996933, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00996933.pdf
[^8]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02386175, DataSet 11, email from Kathy Ruemmler to Jeffrey Epstein, January 8, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02386175.pdf
[^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02475670, DataSet 11, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathy Ruemmler, April 13, 2018, linking Robert W. Wood, "Charlie Sheen's $10M Blackmail Tax Deduction," *Forbes,* November 18, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02475670.pdf
[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01615267, DataSet 10, iMessage log between Jeffrey Epstein and Steve Bannon, August 23, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01615267.pdf

51
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Whitney Straight.md
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@ -77,6 +77,19 @@ relations:
with: "[[Belinda Crompton]]"
start: 1939
end: 1969
fn: 56
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Louis Dolivet]]"
role: brother-in-law
fn: 43
- type: director_of
with: "[[Free World, Inc.]]"
start: 1946
fn: 52
- type: member_of
with: "[[Free World (magazine)]]"
role: editorial board
start: 1941
fn: 50
---
@ -174,25 +187,29 @@ The 1969 summary also records a December 6, 1952 article in the Washington Times
### Family and Associates
An FBI investigation of an unidentified Soviet subject known as "Dan," conducted in 1968, examined Straight. The Bureau's memoranda record that his military record tended to eliminate him as a suspect, and they asked for information on his brother, Whitney Straight. They also considered Louis Dolivet, who had been married to Straight's sister Beatrice, and noted that Dolivet had tried to interest [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and [[John Hay Whitney]] in a [[United Nations]] journal. The memoranda concluded that Dolivet could not be considered a good suspect.[^43] The 1969 summary gives the marriage of Beatrice and Dolivet as February 21, 1941; the 1968 memoranda give February 21, 1942. It records that informants "who have furnished reliable information in the past" said Dolivet was in early 1930 an active international Communist agent in Europe and a close associate of [[Willi Münzenberg]], that his employers recommended him as pro-American and anti-Soviet, and that other informants thought him "an inactive, but highly placed, Soviet Agent." The Bureau reported in September 1969 that Straight had not associated with Dolivet in over twenty years.[^30][^44] The Vassiliev concordance lists Dolivet as Straight's brother-in-law with references in White Notebooks #2 and #3.[^14] The National Archives' MI5 file KV 2/4366 (December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951) is on Dolivet and is catalogued as describing a secret Communist who moved to the United States in 1941.[^45]
An FBI investigation of an unidentified Soviet subject known as "Dan," conducted in 1968, examined Straight. The Bureau's memoranda record that his military record tended to eliminate him as a suspect, and they asked for information on his brother, Whitney Straight. They also considered Louis Dolivet, who had been married to Straight's sister Beatrice,[^43] and noted that Dolivet had tried to interest [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and [[John Hay Whitney]] in a [[United Nations]] journal. The memoranda concluded that Dolivet could not be considered a good suspect.[^44] The 1969 summary gives the marriage of Beatrice and Dolivet as February 21, 1941; the 1968 memoranda give February 21, 1942. The 1969 summary records that the couple were reportedly separated as of September 1950, and that in about 1966 Beatrice Straight married the actor [[Peter Cookson]].[^45] A 1969 supplementary memorandum records that Dolivet reportedly resided in [[Paris]], France, and travelled to the United States once or twice a year on business.[^46] It records that informants "who have furnished reliable information in the past" said Dolivet was in early 1930 an active international Communist agent in Europe and a close associate of [[Willi Münzenberg]], that his employers recommended him as pro-American and anti-Soviet, and that other informants thought him "an inactive, but highly placed, Soviet Agent." The Bureau reported in September 1969 that Straight had not associated with Dolivet in over twenty years.[^30][^47] The Vassiliev concordance lists Dolivet as Straight's brother-in-law with references in White Notebooks #2 and #3.[^14] The National Archives' MI5 file KV 2/4366 (December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951) is on Dolivet and is catalogued as describing a secret Communist who moved to the United States in 1941.[^48]
An FBI index entry records that Whitney Straight was chief executive of the British Overseas Airways Corporation in 1948 and joined the board of Rolls-Royce in 1955; Straight told the FBI in 1963 that his brother was executive vice president of Rolls-Royce and that during a visit to Moscow about February 1963 he talked with Burgess, who sent Michael his regards.[^27][^29] The 1969 inquiry recorded that his son David had applied to the [[National Security Agency]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and that his son Michael Willard Straight was a naval officer.[^46] It also records that his daughter Susan was one of three persons observed on September 19, 1967 placing handbills on cars in the Pentagon parking lot that read "Exorcise the Pentagon, 10/21-22."[^30]
An FBI index entry records that Whitney Straight was chief executive of the British Overseas Airways Corporation in 1948 and joined the board of Rolls-Royce in 1955; Straight told the FBI in 1963 that his brother was executive vice president of Rolls-Royce and that during a visit to Moscow about February 1963 he talked with Burgess, who sent Michael his regards.[^27][^29] The 1969 inquiry recorded that his son David had applied to the [[National Security Agency]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and that his son Michael Willard Straight was a naval officer.[^49] It also records that his daughter Susan was one of three persons observed on September 19, 1967 placing handbills on cars in the Pentagon parking lot that read "Exorcise the Pentagon, 10/21-22."[^30]
### Free World
Michael Straight is named on the editorial board of [[Free World (magazine)]], edited by his brother-in-law Dolivet, in the first issue of October 1941 and in the December 1941 issue.[^50] At the Free World congress reported in December 1942 he chaired the Commission on Federalism.[^51] The statement of ownership for Free World, Inc. for October 1, 1946 lists him among the directors with Dolivet, [[Li Yu-Ying]], [[Hugh Moore]], [[Frederick McKee]], William Emerson and [[Wou Saofong]], and on the editorial board with [[Max Ascoli]] and others.[^52]
### After Long Silence
Straight published his account as *After Long Silence* in 1983, serialised in the Observer.[^34] The New York Times summarized the book as a confession in which Straight said he was reluctant to spy when Blunt ordered him to in 1937. It reported that critics on the right accused him of confessing to the FBI "only to clear his career path" and speculated whether blowing the whistle sooner might not have saved lives, and that "gentler reviewers" accused him of "sentimentality and narcissism."[^1] In the January 1983 radio interview, asked who was criticizing him when Blunt had thanked him, Straight answered that he was being "hit very hard" for one line in the book saying that he remained a liberal, and said: "I've had a lot of criticism for writing the story."[^10] In a 1995 letter to the London Review of Books he wrote: "I was not a spy in the accepted usage of that word."[^1]
His papers are at [[Cornell University]] (collection #4465, 21 cubic feet, 1890 to 1992), including FBI files requested under the Freedom of Information Act, files on the National Endowment for the Arts and Nancy Hanks, clippings and letters relating to Blunt, and notes on *The Haunted Wood*.[^47]
His papers are at [[Cornell University]] (collection #4465, 21 cubic feet, 1890 to 1992), including FBI files requested under the Freedom of Information Act, files on the National Endowment for the Arts and Nancy Hanks, clippings and letters relating to Blunt, and notes on *The Haunted Wood*.[^53]
### Contested Accounts
[[Roland Perry]]'s biography, *The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight* (2005), argues that Straight's involvement in Soviet espionage continued after the break he dated to 1942. A [[PopMatters]] review summarized Perry's case as follows. Perry argued that Straight's 1963 confession was false. Perry also argued that Straight's later civil liberties work and his involvement with Amnesty International served Soviet interests. Perry further held that Straight worked near the agent handling [[Walter Krivitsky]], who was found dead in 1941, and left his government post three days after the death to edit the New Republic. The review recorded that Perry lacked hard evidence, and that the surviving documents generally supported Straight's account.[^48] The sources give State Department end dates of February 28, 1941 and May 21, 1941; the Vassiliev notes record Straight's resignation as reported to a KGB contact on July 15, 1941.[^3][^13][^21]
[[Roland Perry]]'s biography, *The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight* (2005), argues that Straight's involvement in Soviet espionage continued after the break he dated to 1942. A [[PopMatters]] review summarized Perry's case as follows. Perry argued that Straight's 1963 confession was false. Perry also argued that Straight's later civil liberties work and his involvement with Amnesty International served Soviet interests. Perry further held that Straight worked near the agent handling [[Walter Krivitsky]], who was found dead in 1941, and left his government post three days after the death to edit the New Republic. The review recorded that Perry lacked hard evidence, and that the surviving documents generally supported Straight's account.[^54] The sources give State Department end dates of February 28, 1941 and May 21, 1941; the Vassiliev notes record Straight's resignation as reported to a KGB contact on July 15, 1941.[^3][^13][^21]
On the Hiss question, Allen Weinstein's book [[Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]] asserted that Straight tried to recruit Alger Hiss. Straight wrote to The New York Review of Books in December 1997 that in the June 1938 dispatch published by Weinstein, Akhmerov noted only that Straight "mentioned" Hiss as "a very progressive man," and that Weinstein had asserted that he "tried to recruit" Hiss. Weinstein replied that the book's line should read that Straight, code-named "Nigel," "identified and described Hiss to Itzhak Akhmerov," and that it would read that way in any future edition.[^15] In the 1983 radio interview Straight said he had one or two encounters with Hiss, and that on the day Chambers named Hiss he telephoned Hiss, who answered quietly and deliberately that it was an effort to undermine the Carnegie Endowment for World Peace, of which he was president; Straight said he reasoned from the calm that "he's been preparing himself for this day for quite a while."[^10] The CIA's selected Venona messages, published as *[[Venona Part II]]*, do not name Straight or "Nigel"; the Wilson Center concordance lists "Nigel" as a cover name in the Vassiliev notebooks only.[^14][^49]
On the Hiss question, Allen Weinstein's book [[Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]] asserted that Straight tried to recruit Alger Hiss. Straight wrote to The New York Review of Books in December 1997 that in the June 1938 dispatch published by Weinstein, Akhmerov noted only that Straight "mentioned" Hiss as "a very progressive man," and that Weinstein had asserted that he "tried to recruit" Hiss. Weinstein replied that the book's line should read that Straight, code-named "Nigel," "identified and described Hiss to Itzhak Akhmerov," and that it would read that way in any future edition.[^15] In the 1983 radio interview Straight said he had one or two encounters with Hiss, and that on the day Chambers named Hiss he telephoned Hiss, who answered quietly and deliberately that it was an effort to undermine the Carnegie Endowment for World Peace, of which he was president; Straight said he reasoned from the calm that "he's been preparing himself for this day for quite a while."[^10] The CIA's selected Venona messages, published as *[[Venona Part II]]*, do not name Straight or "Nigel"; the Wilson Center concordance lists "Nigel" as a cover name in the Vassiliev notebooks only.[^14][^55]
### Death
Straight died at home in [[Chicago]] on January 4, 2004, aged 87, of pancreatic cancer, according to his lawyer, [[Arthur Mahon]].[^1] He had married Belinda Crompton on September 10, 1939. A court in Washoe County granted her a divorce from him in [[Reno, Nevada]] on August 27, 1969, on grounds of incompatibility.[^50]
Straight died at home in [[Chicago]] on January 4, 2004, aged 87, of pancreatic cancer, according to his lawyer, [[Arthur Mahon]].[^1] He had married Belinda Crompton on September 10, 1939. A court in Washoe County granted her a divorce from him in [[Reno, Nevada]] on August 27, 1969, on grounds of incompatibility.[^56]
### Footnotes
@ -238,11 +255,17 @@ Straight died at home in [[Chicago]] on January 4, 2004, aged 87, of pancreatic
[^40]: National Arts Publication Database, Americans for the Arts, entry for Michael Straight, *Twigs for an Eagle's Nest: Government and the Arts, 1965-1978* (Devon Press, 1978), https://ww2.americansforthearts.org/publications/twigs-eagles-nest-government-and-arts-1965-1978.
[^41]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes of September 1969 on interviews with Milton C. Rose, Herbert Faber, Harriett K. Evison and Dr. Shelton Siegel, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^42]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Miscellaneous Information"), citing the Washington Times-Herald of December 6, 1952, and the clipping of that article in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1." The same clipping reports the testimony before the committee of Marshall Field.
[^43]: FBI, memoranda on UNSUB aka "Dan" (file 65-61067), July and August 1968, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^44]: FBI, supplementary memorandum of September 29, 1969, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^45]: The National Archives (UK), file KV 2/4366, "Louis DOLIVET," covering dates December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951, Discovery catalogue record C16548843, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16548843.
[^46]: FBI, teletype of September 5, 1969 from Baltimore and airtel of September 23, 1969 from Alexandria, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^47]: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, "Michael Whitney Straight papers," #4465, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/4143.
[^48]: PopMatters Staff, review of Roland Perry, *The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight* (Da Capo Press, 2005), https://www.popmatters.com/last-of-the-cold-war-spies-2496243761.html. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^49]: Central Intelligence Agency, *Venona Part II: Selected Messages, 1939-1957*, https://cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Venona-Part-II-Selected-Messages-1939-1957.pdf.
[^50]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Marital Status") and report of Belinda C. Straight's statement, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1"; the 1963 memorandum gives the marriage as September 1939 and the summary as September 10, 1939.
[^43]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, letter to SAC, New York, 1968, "RE: UNSUB; aka Dan," file 65-61067, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), passage naming Louis Dolivet as "former husband of Beatrice Straight, sister of Michael and Whitney Straight." https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1
[^44]: FBI, memoranda on UNSUB aka "Dan" (file 65-61067), July and August 1968, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^45]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969, section "Information Concerning Former Brother-in-law, Louis Dolivet," in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1." https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1
[^46]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, supplementary memorandum of 1969 (stating that it supplements the summary memorandum of September 10, 1969), in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1." https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1
[^47]: FBI, supplementary memorandum of September 29, 1969, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^48]: The National Archives (UK), file KV 2/4366, "Louis DOLIVET," covering dates December 18, 1937 to March 22, 1951, Discovery catalogue record C16548843, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16548843.
[^49]: FBI, teletype of September 5, 1969 from Baltimore and airtel of September 23, 1969 from Alexandria, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1."
[^50]: Free World, October 1941 (Vol. 1, No. 1) and December 1941 (Vol. 1, No. 3), editorial board lists. https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946
[^51]: Free World, December 1942 (Vol. 4, No. 3), congress program. https://archive.org/details/free-world_1942-12_4_3
[^52]: Free World, December 1946 (Vol. 12, No. 5), statement of ownership for October 1, 1946. https://archive.org/details/free-world-1941-1946
[^53]: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, "Michael Whitney Straight papers," #4465, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/4143.
[^54]: PopMatters Staff, review of Roland Perry, *The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight* (Da Capo Press, 2005), https://www.popmatters.com/last-of-the-cold-war-spies-2496243761.html.
[^55]: Central Intelligence Agency, *Venona Part II: Selected Messages, 1939-1957*, https://cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Venona-Part-II-Selected-Messages-1939-1957.pdf.
[^56]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 ("Marital Status") and report of Belinda C. Straight's statement, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1"; the 1963 memorandum gives the marriage as September 1939 and the summary as September 10, 1939.

18
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Paul Nitze.md
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
---
---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-17
title: Paul Nitze
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ tags:
- 1960s
- 1980s
category: "Intelligence & Government"
summary: "Paul Nitze was the U.S. foreign policy official who authored NSC-68 in 1950 - replacing George Kennan's political containment with a militarized framework - and remained a central figure in American arms control and nuclear strategy debates for five decades, from the Truman administration through Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative."
summary: "Paul Nitze was the U.S. foreign policy official who authored NSC-68 in 1950, replacing George Kennan's political containment with a militarized framework, and who shaped arms control and nuclear strategy from Truman through Reagan."
born: 1907-01-16
died: 2004-10-19
location: "Washington, D.C."
@ -25,19 +25,23 @@ Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 - October 19, 2004) was an American [[Cold Wa
Nitze graduated from [[Harvard University]] and worked on Wall Street before entering government service during [[World War II]]. He served in the Strategic Bombing Survey after the war, analyzing the effects of Allied bombing on German and Japanese war production - experience that shaped his thinking about industrial capacity and military competition.
He joined the State Department and in 1949 succeeded [[George Kennan]] as Director of the Policy Planning Staff when Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] concluded that Kennan's political approach to containment was insufficient for the threat environment following the Soviet atomic bomb test and the Chinese communist victory.[^1]
He joined the State Department and in 1949 succeeded George Kennan as Director of the Policy Planning Staff when Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] concluded that Kennan's political approach to containment was insufficient for the threat environment following the Soviet atomic bomb test and the Chinese communist victory.[^1]
### NSC-68
Nitze led the drafting of [[NSC-68]], submitted to President [[Harry Truman]] on April 14, 1950. The document argued that the Soviet Union's military capabilities, particularly its developing nuclear arsenal, required the United States to roughly quadruple its defense spending and build conventional and nuclear forces sufficient to deter Soviet aggression across all contingencies.
Nitze led the drafting of NSC-68, submitted to President [[Harry Truman]] on April 14, 1950. The document argued that the Soviet Union's military capabilities, particularly its developing nuclear arsenal, required the United States to roughly quadruple its defense spending and build conventional and nuclear forces sufficient to deter Soviet aggression across all contingencies.
Kennan opposed the document directly, arguing that it misread Soviet motivations and would produce a militarized competition that could be avoided through political means. Nitze's assessment prevailed: Truman approved NSC-68 following the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] in June 1950, and American defense spending increased dramatically in subsequent years, establishing the baseline military establishment that persisted through the Cold War.[^1]
### Psychological warfare and the Troy report, 1951
Nitze, then Director of the Policy Planning Staff, received two memoranda on the [[Project Troy]] report in the spring of 1951. On March 26 Robert J. Hooker of his staff wrote that the report "almost uniformly reflects a very high order of technical competence, political sophistication, and common sense," and that it "deserves the most serious consideration."[^2] On April 9 Nitze wrote to Under Secretary of State [[James E. Webb]], objecting to the use of the report as a frame of reference for the new [[Psychological Strategy Board]]. "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information."[^3] He added that "In effect it proposed a new board to take over the jurisdiction of all the agencies operating in the foreign field, of the NSC, and in part of the President himself."[^3]
### Pentagon and Negotiations
Nitze served as Secretary of the Navy from 1963 to 1967 under Presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and as Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1967 to 1969. He participated in the [[SALT I]] negotiations under Nixon and SALT II discussions, developing expertise in the technical details of arms control that made him one of the most persistent voices in nuclear policy debates regardless of which party held power.
In 1982, during the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration's intermediate nuclear force negotiations in Geneva, Nitze proposed an informal compromise known as the "walk in the woods" - a private conversation with Soviet negotiator Yuli Kvitsinsky in which the two men outlined a framework for reducing intermediate-range nuclear forces in Europe. Both governments rejected the proposal; Reagan's administration was committed to deploying new missiles and did not want to foreclose that option.[^2]
In 1982, during the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration's intermediate nuclear force negotiations in Geneva, Nitze proposed an informal compromise known as the "walk in the woods" - a private conversation with Soviet negotiator Yuli Kvitsinsky in which the two men outlined a framework for reducing intermediate-range nuclear forces in Europe. Both governments rejected the proposal; Reagan's administration was committed to deploying new missiles and did not want to foreclose that option.[^4]
### Reagan Era
@ -48,4 +52,6 @@ He died in [[Washington, D.C.]] on October 19, 2004, at age 97, having spanned U
### Footnotes
[^1]: Callahan, David. *Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War.* HarperCollins, 1990. Nitze, Paul H., with Ann M. Smith and Steven L. Rearden. *From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision.* Grove Weidenfeld, 1989.
[^2]: Talbott, Strobe. *Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control.* Knopf, 1984.
[^2]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59 (Hooker to Nitze, March 26, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59
[^3]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 62 (Nitze to Webb, April 9, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62
[^4]: Talbott, Strobe. *Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control.* Knopf, 1984.

129
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Philip Scaturro.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
---
aliases:
- Philip Scaturro
- Philip J. Scaturro
- Philip John Scaturro
- Phil Scaturro
- Philip D. Scaturro
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Banker
- InvestmentBanking
- AllenAndCompany
- NewSchool
- BoardChair
- Trustee
- Chancellor
- Wilmorite
- Macerich
- Abtech
- FECDonations
- BobKerrey
summary: "Allen and Company executive vice president and managing director who was a New School trustee from 1989, treasurer, chancellor from 1999 to 2002 and board chairman from 2002 to 2008."
location: "New York City"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Allen and Company]]"
role: "executive vice president, managing director and director (2001 to 2002)"
start: 1983-06-28
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
role: "trustee"
start: 1989
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
role: "chancellor"
start: 1999
end: 2002-06
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[New School for Social Research]]"
role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
start: 2002-07
end: 2008-06-30
fn: 12
- type: director_of
with: "[[New York City Opera]]"
role: "chairman of the finance committee and treasurer of the board (2002)"
fn: 1
- type: director_of
with: "[[Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation]]"
role: "director (2002)"
fn: 1
- type: owned
with: "[[Wilmorite Holdings]]"
role: "limited partner under the 2005 amended and restated partnership agreement; holder of company LP units under the 2005 registration rights agreement"
start: 2005-04
fn: 15
- type: funded
with: "[[Abtech Holdings]]"
role: "investor, subscription accepted September 7, 2012"
start: 2012-09-07
fn: 17
---
Philip John Scaturro is an investment banker at [[Allen and Company]] who sat on the board of trustees of the [[New School for Social Research]] from 1989, served as its treasurer from 1995, as its chancellor from 1999 to 2002, and as chairman of the board of trustees from 2002 to 2008. A Philip Scaturro signed the 2005 partnership agreement and registration rights agreement of [[Wilmorite Holdings]], the entity that [[The Macerich Company]] acquired that year, and he appears in individual campaign contribution records from 1983 to 2012.[^1][^2]
### Career at Allen and Company
On June 12, 2002, Scaturro was elected chairman of the board of trustees for a three-year term beginning in July 2002, with the title "Executive Vice President and Managing Director of Allen and Company Incorporated." The school described the firm as "a New York investment bank with a staff of 175 in New York City" that "is considered a leading expert in media, entertainment and telecommunications."[^1] Schedule 13D filings made by Allen and Company with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] on July 20, 2001 (for [[iBEAM Broadcasting]]), January 7 and January 24, 2002 (for [[Convera]]), May 22, 2002 (for [[Chaparral Resources]]) and October 21, 2002 (for [[Aros Corporation]]) each attach a list of the firm's officers and directors that includes "Philip D. Scaturro," "Executive Vice President, Managing Director, Director." The same lists carry [[Nancy B. Peretsman]], who is also named as a vice chair of the New School's board of trustees in the school's December 2000 fact sheet, and [[Bill Bradley]] as managing director. The list for the holding company, Allen Holding Inc., does not include Scaturro.[^3] Individual contribution records filed with the [[Federal Election Commission]] list his employer as Allen & Company in entries dated June 28, 1983 through October 4, 2006, and again on November 5, 2012, when his occupation is given as retired.[^2]
The 2002 announcement states that he holds a J.D. and an M.B.A. from [[Columbia University]] and a B.A. from [[Williams College]]. It also lists him as chairman of the finance committee and treasurer of the board of the [[New York City Opera]] at [[Lincoln Center]], and as a director of the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation]] in North Adams, Massachusetts.[^1]
### Trustee, treasurer and chancellor, 1989 to 2002
Scaturro had been a member of the board since 1989 and its treasurer since 1995.[^1] He chaired the board of governors of the [[Mannes College of Music]], chaired the board's audit committee, and sat on its Investment Advisory Group and Investment Committees.[^1] The New School's archive holds a trustee file for "Scaturro, Philip John, 1991-2010" in the Office of the President's Board of Trustees records, in the same series as a file for [[Robert Millard]] dated 1990 to 2011.[^4]
He was chancellor from 1999 to June 2002.[^1] A December 11, 2000 capture of the school's fact sheet lists "Chief Officer: Philip Scaturro, Chancellor," with [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost, [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president, "Philip Scaturro, Treasurer" among the officers, and [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees.[^5] When the university announced that [[Bob Kerrey]] would become its seventh president, the [[New York Times]] of February 17, 2000 quoted Scaturro: "We view ourselves as a place of independence," said Philip Scaturro, the school's chancellor, "a place where free inquiry and discussion is valued, and we believe those same values are important to him."[^6]
On February 13, 2001, the Times ran a profile of Kerrey by [[Karen W. Arenson]] in which Scaturro is identified as "an investment banker and trustee of the New School." He said: "The attraction of someone like Bob is that he could bring us more visibility, broaden our constituency and give us call on more resources," and that Kerrey's "leadership skills and independent mind were also pluses."[^7] At Kerrey's installation as seventh president, a school release identifies Scaturro as chancellor and gives his remarks at the ceremony.[^8]
### Chairman of the board, 2002 to 2008
Scaturro succeeded John L. Tishman, who had chaired the board since 1995.[^1] In an announcement reported on January 4, 2004, the trustees extended Kerrey's term to June 2011, and Scaturro, identified as chairperson of the board, said: "In just four years as president, Bob Kerrey has confidently charted an ambitious course that has given the university far greater national visibility and recognition."[^9]
On October 21, 2004, the school announced that [[Bernard L. Schwartz]], chairman and chief executive of [[Loral Space & Communications]], together with [[Peggy Brim Bewkes]], [[Eileen Naughton]] and [[Richard Reiss Jr.]], had joined the board of trustees on September 1, 2004. The release states: "Philip Scaturro is Chairman of the Board."[^10] On November 4, 2004, the school announced a $10 million grant from the [[Starr Foundation]] to establish the [[India China Institute]] and a $3.7 million gift from Schwartz to establish the [[Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis]]. No quotation from Scaturro appears in that release.[^11]
On June 30, 2008, the school announced that [[Julien J. Studley]], chairman and chief executive of [[Studley New Vista Associates]], would succeed Scaturro as chairman effective July 1, 2008. The release says that Scaturro "has served as Chairman since 2002" and "will continue to serve as a member of The New School's Board of Trustees."[^12]
### The December 2008 no-confidence vote
On December 10, 2008, senior faculty voted no confidence in Kerrey. The [[NBC New York]] report of December 11, 2008 gives the tally as "Seventy-four senior, tenured faculty members" in favor, two against and one abstention. It reports that the board "on Wednesday gave Kerrey a unanimous vote of confidence at its regular meeting," according to school spokeswoman [[Caroline Oyama]].[^13] Studley had taken office as chairman on July 1, 2008.[^12]
An [[amNY]] report of December 23, 2008 gives a different faculty count: "a majority of senior faculty members approved a no-confidence measure against Kerrey by a vote of 269 to 18." The same report lists among the student occupation's demands the resignation of Kerrey, of the school's vice president James Murtha, and of "Robert Millard, the treasurer of the board of trustees," and the creation of a socially responsible investment committee.[^14]
### Corporate interests
On April 25, 2005, Macerich and its operating partnership, [[Macerich Partnership]], completed the purchase of [[Wilmorite Properties]] and Wilmorite Holdings for approximately $2.333 billion, including the assumption of about $879 million of debt. The Macerich Form 8-K filed April 29, 2005 states that an affiliate of Macerich would be the general partner of Wilmorite Holdings and would own about 80 percent of it, with the remaining 20 percent held by limited partners who elected to receive convertible preferred units or common units.[^15] Among the exhibits to that filing is the 2005 Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Wilmorite Holdings, L.P., with a signature page for Philip Scaturro as a limited partner, and a Registration Rights Agreement with a signature page for "Philip D. Scaturro" as a holder of the company LP units issued in the merger. The Allen and Company filings give the same middle initial; the New School archive names the trustee Philip John Scaturro.[^15][^16]
On April 18, 2013, [[Abtech Holdings]] filed an amendment to its registration statement with an investor table that lists "Philip Scaturro," with a subscription accepted September 7, 2012 and a pre-existing relationship described as "Personal relationship of [[Axiom]]." The table gives no further identification of the investor.[^17]
### Political contributions
Individual contribution records under the name Philip Scaturro total 41 entries, dated June 28, 1983 to December 31, 2012. Most went to Democratic presidential and Senate committees: [[Walter Mondale]] (1983), Bill Bradley (1983, 1989, 1998 and 1999), [[Michael Dukakis]] (1987), [[George H.W. Bush|George H. W. Bush]] (1988), [[Bush for President, Inc.]] (1999), [[Bill Clinton]] (1992), the [[Democratic National Committee]] (1992), [[Joseph Lieberman]] (1993), [[Chuck Schumer]] (1997, 2001 and 2003), [[Max Baucus]] (2001), [[Tom Daschle]] (2002), [[Tom Harkin]] (2002) and [[Arlen Specter]] (2002). Other entries go to [[John McCain]] (1999 and 2003), [[Barbara Boxer]] (2003), [[Mark Pryor]] (2002), [[Jeanne Shaheen]] (2002), [[Strickland for Colorado]] (2002), [[Pete Dawkins]] (Pete Dawkins for Senate, 1988), Kostmayer 2000 (1999), Larry Graham for Congress (2000) and Walsh for Congress Committee (2006), whose entry gives his occupation as investment banker.[^2]
Two groups of entries concern Kerrey. On October 7, 1991, a $1,000 contribution went to the [[Kerrey for U.S. Senate Committee]]. In 2012 the records show two $2,500 contributions to [[Nebraskans for Kerrey]] on March 14, 2012, a $10,000 contribution to the [[Nebraska Senate Victory Fund]] on March 14, 2012 and a $5,000 contribution to it on November 6, 2012, and $5,000 contributions to the [[Nebraska Democratic Party]] on March 31 and December 31, 2012. A $5,000 contribution routed through [[ActBlue]] on November 5, 2012 lists his employer as Allen & Company.[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: New School University, "Philip Scaturro Elected Chairman of New School University's Board of Trustees," press release, June 12, 2002, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2002/061202_nsu_scaturro.html (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot). Covers: executive vice president and managing director of Allen and Company; chairman from July 2002 for three years; trustee since 1989; treasurer since 1995; chair of the Mannes board of governors; chair of the board's audit committee; Investment Advisory Group and Investment Committees; chancellor 1999 to June 2002; chairman of the finance committee and treasurer of the board of the New York City Opera; director of the Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation; J.D. and M.B.A., Columbia; B.A., Williams.
[^2]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A individual contributions, API query contributor_name "SCATURRO, PHILIP" (41 results), https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=SCATURRO%2C%20PHILIP. Employer and occupation fields as filed. Kerrey entries: October 7, 1991, to Kerrey for U.S. Senate Committee; 2012 entries to Nebraskans for Kerrey (FEC committee C00515122, first filed March 6, 2012), Nebraska Senate Victory Fund (FEC committee C00515643, first filed March 13, 2012), and Nebraska Democratic Party. ActBlue entry of November 5, 2012, employer ALLEN & COMPANY, occupation RETIRED.
[^3]: Allen and Company Incorporated, Schedule 13D, "Officers and Directors of Reporting Persons" exhibits, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission: iBEAM Broadcasting Corp. (July 20, 2001, accession 0000932799-01-500047, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/904807/000093279901500047/allenhodir.txt); Convera Corp. (January 7, 2002, accession 0000932799-02-000005, and Schedule 13D/A of January 24, 2002, accession 0000932799-02-000007); Chaparral Resources Inc. (May 22, 2002, accession 0000932799-02-000059); Aros Corp. (October 21, 2002, accession 0000932799-02-000090). Each lists "Philip D. Scaturro" with the title quoted. Peretsman as vice chair: New School University, "New School University at a Glance," Wayback Machine capture of December 11, 2000.
[^4]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, Office of the President, Board of Trustees records (NS-01-01-04), Series 4, Trustee files, 1967-2011; "Scaturro, Philip John, 1991-2010," Box 5, Folders 26-30, https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/28425; "Millard, Robert, 1990-2011," Box 4, Folders 28-30, https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/28410.
[^5]: New School University, "New School University at a Glance," Wayback Machine capture of December 11, 2000, https://www.newschool.edu/aboutnsu/an_ata.html (capture timestamp 20001211161500). Lists Chief Officer: Philip Scaturro, Chancellor; Chief Academic Officer: Elizabeth Dickey, Acting Provost; Chief Financial Officer: James Murtha, Executive Vice President; Philip Scaturro, Treasurer; John L. Tishman, Chairman, Board of Trustees; Arnold H. Aronson, Michael E. Gellert and Nancy B. Peretsman, Vice Chairs.
[^6]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," New York Times, February 17, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html.
[^7]: Karen W. Arenson, "For Bob Kerrey, a Blind Date in Academia," New York Times, February 13, 2001 (print copy). Quoted passages are verbatim from the print copy, including the wording "give us call on more resources."
[^8]: New School University, "Bob Kerrey Installed as New School University's 7th President," press release, 2001 (undated copy). The text identifies "Philip Scaturro, Chancellor of New School University" among the speakers.
[^9]: Lincoln Anderson, "New School extends Kerrey's contract six more years," amNY (The Villager), January 4, 2004, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-extends-kerreys-contract-six-more-years.
[^10]: New School University, "New School University Announces New Board Members," press release, October 21, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/102104_nsu_members.html (Wayback Machine capture; Bewkes, Naughton, Reiss and Schwartz joined the board September 1, 2004).
[^11]: New School University, "Gifts to New School University," press release, November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot).
[^12]: The New School, "Julien J. Studley Elected Chairman of The New School's Board of Trustees," press release, June 30, 2008, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2008/julienstudleyrelease06302008.htm (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot; Studley effective July 1, 2008; "Mr. Studley succeeds Philip Scaturro, who has served as Chairman since 2002").
[^13]: "New School Votes No Confidence in Kerrey," NBC New York, published December 11, 2008, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735.
[^14]: Jefferson Siegel, "In turmoil, students occupy building, tell Kerrey to quit," amNY, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit. Faculty count and student demands are as printed in this article.
[^15]: The Macerich Company, Form 8-K filed April 29, 2005, Item 2.01 (completion of acquisition, April 25, 2005), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/912242/000110465905019358/a05-7552_18k.htm; Exhibit 10.1, 2005 Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of MACWH, LP, signature page for Philip Scaturro as a limited partner of Wilmorite Holdings, L.P., https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/912242/000110465905019358/a05-7552_1ex10d1.htm. Address on the signature page omitted.
[^16]: The Macerich Company, Form 8-K filed April 29, 2005, Exhibit 10.4, Registration Rights Agreement between The Macerich Company and the holders of Wilmorite Holdings, L.P. units, signature page for "Philip D. Scaturro," https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/912242/000110465905019358/a05-7552_1ex10d4.htm. Address on the signature page omitted.
[^17]: Abtech Holdings, Inc., Form S-1/A filed April 18, 2013 (accession 0001144204-13-022569), investor table listing "Philip Scaturro," subscription accepted 9/7/2012, relationship "Personal relationship of Axiom," https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1405858/000114420413022569/filename13.htm.

51
10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Serafino Romualdi.md
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@ -16,6 +16,13 @@ died: 1967
location: "New York"
created: 2026-06-05
updated: 2026-06-05
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Mazzini Society]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "society representative who reported South American recruiting figures to the Interdepartmental Committee, March 1942"
fn: 3
---
Serafino Romualdi (November 18, 1900 - November 1967) was the [[AFL-CIO]]'s Inter-American representative for over two decades and the founding executive director of the [[AIFLD]] (American Institute for Free Labor Development), which he built into the CIA's principal labor-movement instrument in [[Latin America]]. Born in [[Bastia Umbra]], Perugia, Italy, Romualdi fled fascism in 1923 and built his anti-communist credentials through the [[ILGWU]], wartime service in the [[CIAA]] and [[OSS]], and nearly two decades as the AFL's roving labor ambassador to the hemisphere. The CIA assigned him the pseudonym "Charles Guymers" and the cryptonym [[ZRSIGN]]; [[Philip Agee]] identified him in print as "the principal CIA agent for labor operations in Latin America." His receipt in autumn 1963 of advance information about São Paulo Governor [[Adhemar de Barros]]'s coup plans against [[Joao Goulart]] led directly to AIFLD's crash training of thirty-three Brazilian unionists whose subsequent role in the 1964 coup was publicly acknowledged by his successor, [[William Doherty Jr.]]
@ -30,23 +37,25 @@ In July 1941, months before the United States entered the war, Romualdi traveled
This wartime double track, operating simultaneously through labor networks and intelligence channels, became the template for his postwar career. The institutional relationships Romualdi built within the OCIAA, including contacts with the Rockefeller apparatus, carried forward directly into the AFL's postwar Latin American operations and, ultimately, into AIFLD's funding base.
In March 1942 [[Max Ascoli]] reported to the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]] on information received from Romualdi, whom the minutes describe as "a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America."[^3] Ascoli's report put perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians in play as possible recruits, most of them in [[Uruguay]], and the committee discussed a cable to the embassy at [[Montevideo]] about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and [[Argentina]].[^3] The [[Mazzini Society]]'s Free Italian congress at Montevideo followed in August 1942.[^4]
### AFL Latin American Representative, 1945-1962
Romualdi resumed his ILGWU work in fall 1945 and was immediately assigned by the American Federation of Labor to establish contacts with Latin American labor organizations. In January 1948 he attended the Lima conference that established the Inter-American Confederation of Workers (CIT). In March 1948 he was formally appointed the AFL's full-time Latin American representative. He was a founding figure of the [[ORIT]] (Organización Regional Interamericana de Trabajadores) when the CIT reorganized in 1951; he served as ORIT's assistant secretary and edited its Inter-American Labor Bulletin. After the 1955 merger creating the AFL-CIO, he became Inter-American Representative of the unified federation and executive secretary of its Inter-American Affairs Committee.[^1]
During this period he worked in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, [[Guatemala]], [[British Guiana]], Italy, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.[^3]
During this period he worked in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, [[Guatemala]], [[British Guiana]], Italy, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.[^5]
### Guatemala, 1953-1954
In 1953 and 1954, Romualdi described Guatemalan President [[Jacobo Arbenz]] as running a "veritable communist trade union dictatorship" and used ORIT to help create the Unión Nacional de Trabajadores Libres (UNTL) as a rival federation to undermine Arbenz-aligned labor. Many UNTL leaders subsequently participated in the movement supporting the CIA-backed 1954 coup that installed [[Carlos Castillo Armas]]. After the coup, Romualdi praised the new regime; AFL president [[George Meany]] announced that the AFL "rejoices over the downfall" of the Arbenz government.[^4]
In 1953 and 1954, Romualdi described Guatemalan President [[Jacobo Arbenz]] as running a "veritable communist trade union dictatorship" and used ORIT to help create the Unión Nacional de Trabajadores Libres (UNTL) as a rival federation to undermine Arbenz-aligned labor. Many UNTL leaders subsequently participated in the movement supporting the CIA-backed 1954 coup that installed [[Carlos Castillo Armas]]. After the coup, Romualdi praised the new regime; AFL president [[George Meany]] announced that the AFL "rejoices over the downfall" of the Arbenz government.[^6]
ORIT's Guatemalan files, including Romualdi's correspondence and reports spanning 1950 through 1958, are held at the [[Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives]] at Cornell University (Box 3, Folders 11-16 of the Serafino Romualdi Papers).[^3]
ORIT's Guatemalan files, including Romualdi's correspondence and reports spanning 1950 through 1958, are held at the [[Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives]] at Cornell University (Box 3, Folders 11-16 of the Serafino Romualdi Papers).[^5]
### British Guiana, 1962-1964
In April 1962, Romualdi visited British Guiana and identified young union leaders he regarded as needing "intensive training to combat Dr. [[Cheddi Jagan]]'s efforts." Eight Guianese workers arrived in Washington in June 1962 for AIFLD's first training course; by September 1962, six graduates had returned to British Guiana on AIFLD internship stipends. When the CIA-funded general strike against Jagan's government began, Romualdi placed the institute's six interns at the disposal of the strike committee and extended their stipended internships from June 15 to August 15, 1963, to sustain operations during the strike. He subsequently declared pride in the graduates who "kept their places in the front lines" through what he called the "difficult and...sometimes bloody battle." Romualdi also sent papers to presidential aide [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] itemizing Jagan's pro-communist record; those papers are now held in the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]].[^5]
In April 1962, Romualdi visited British Guiana and identified young union leaders he regarded as needing "intensive training to combat Dr. [[Cheddi Jagan]]'s efforts." Eight Guianese workers arrived in Washington in June 1962 for AIFLD's first training course; by September 1962, six graduates had returned to British Guiana on AIFLD internship stipends. When the CIA-funded general strike against Jagan's government began, Romualdi placed the institute's six interns at the disposal of the strike committee and extended their stipended internships from June 15 to August 15, 1963, to sustain operations during the strike. He subsequently declared pride in the graduates who "kept their places in the front lines" through what he called the "difficult and...sometimes bloody battle." Romualdi also sent papers to presidential aide [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] itemizing Jagan's pro-communist record; those papers are now held in the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]].[^7]
CIA funding for the British Guiana operations was channeled through the AFL-CIO and through [[AFSCME]] to labor organizers on the ground. The 80-day general strike in 1963, sustained in part by this funding, contributed to the electoral defeat of Jagan's party in December 1964 and the installation of [[Forbes Burnham]] as prime minister.[^5]
CIA funding for the British Guiana operations was channeled through the AFL-CIO and through [[AFSCME]] to labor organizers on the ground. The 80-day general strike in 1963, sustained in part by this funding, contributed to the electoral defeat of Jagan's party in December 1964 and the installation of [[Forbes Burnham]] as prime minister.[^7]
### AIFLD and Brazil
@ -58,9 +67,9 @@ In autumn 1963, Romualdi and AIFLD vice-president [[Berent Friele]], described a
Acting on the intelligence from de Barros, Romualdi arranged a special all-Brazilian training class of thirty-three participants at AIFLD's facilities in Washington, D.C. and at the [[Front Royal]] training center in Virginia. The trainees received instruction in U.S. history and anti-communist organizational tactics and were subsequently paid as AIFLD interns in exchange for intelligence reporting on Brazilian political conditions.
When the Brazilian military coup succeeded on April 1, 1964, Romualdi's successor as executive director, William Doherty Jr., stated at an AFL-CIO Labor News Conference in July 1964: "What happened in Brazil on April 1st did not just happen. It was planned, and planned months in advance." He specified that the thirty-three Brazilian union trainees "when they returned to Brazil, some of them... became intimately involved in some of the clandestine operations of the revolution before it took place."[^6]
When the Brazilian military coup succeeded on April 1, 1964, Romualdi's successor as executive director, William Doherty Jr., stated at an AFL-CIO Labor News Conference in July 1964: "What happened in Brazil on April 1st did not just happen. It was planned, and planned months in advance." He specified that the thirty-three Brazilian union trainees "when they returned to Brazil, some of them... became intimately involved in some of the clandestine operations of the revolution before it took place."[^8]
After the coup, AIFLD-affiliated workers maintained vital telephone lines during the military takeover despite the CGT's call for a general strike.[^7]
After the coup, AIFLD-affiliated workers maintained vital telephone lines during the military takeover despite the CGT's call for a general strike.[^9]
### CIA Connections and the ZRSIGN Program
@ -73,9 +82,9 @@ Declassified JFK-era CIA cables pertaining to Romualdi include:
- Document 104-10100-10270: October 24, 1963 cable indicating early return due to illness.
- Document 104-10076-10007: December 3, 1963 cable regarding anti-Cuban labor training initiatives.
- Document 104-10077-10445: December 13, 1963 cable on labor training courses, bearing the ZRSIGN slugline alongside the "GUYMERS" identifier.
- Document 104-10261-10051: June 26, 1960 memorandum on discussions with Cuban labor leaders regarding [[FRD]] operations.[^8]
- Document 104-10261-10051: June 26, 1960 memorandum on discussions with Cuban labor leaders regarding [[FRD]] operations.[^10]
Philip Agee's 1975 book "CIA Diary" identified Romualdi as "the principal CIA agent for labor operations in Latin America," a characterization consistent with his IO Division role and the volume of CIA cable traffic under his pseudonym.[^9]
Philip Agee's 1975 book "CIA Diary" identified Romualdi as "the principal CIA agent for labor operations in Latin America," a characterization consistent with his IO Division role and the volume of CIA cable traffic under his pseudonym.[^11]
### AFL-CIO Operations and Succession
@ -83,23 +92,27 @@ Romualdi built the AIFLD model in conjunction with AFL-CIO president George Mean
In September 1965, Romualdi retired from his posts with both the AFL-CIO and AIFLD to undertake consulting work and complete his memoirs. William Doherty Jr., who had served as AIFLD's Social Projects Director and had publicly acknowledged the AIFLD trainees' role in the 1964 Brazilian coup, became AIFLD executive director at that point.
After the 1964 coup, Romualdi's colleague [[Andrew McLellan]] traveled to Brazil to work with the [[Humberto Castelo Branco]] government through U.S. Military Attaché [[Vernon Walters]] on revised labor regulations for the post-coup order.[^10]
After the 1964 coup, Romualdi's colleague [[Andrew McLellan]] traveled to Brazil to work with the [[Humberto Castelo Branco]] government through U.S. Military Attaché [[Vernon Walters]] on revised labor regulations for the post-coup order.[^12]
Romualdi's memoirs, "Presidents and Peons: Recollections of a Labor Ambassador in Latin America," were published by Funk and Wagnalls in 1967. He died in November 1967.
### Primary Source Collections
Romualdi's personal papers, spanning 1936 through 1968, are held at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives at [[Cornell University]] (KCL 05459). The collection covers all major countries of operation with dedicated files: Brazil correspondence, reports, and clippings are in Box 2, Folders 5-7; Guatemala correspondence and reports spanning 1950-1958 are in Box 3, Folders 11-16; British Guiana correspondence and clippings covering 1953-1964 are in Box 5, Folders 1-2 and Box 11, Folder 5.[^3]
Romualdi's personal papers, spanning 1936 through 1968, are held at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives at [[Cornell University]] (KCL 05459). The collection covers all major countries of operation with dedicated files: Brazil correspondence, reports, and clippings are in Box 2, Folders 5-7; Guatemala correspondence and reports spanning 1950-1958 are in Box 3, Folders 11-16; British Guiana correspondence and clippings covering 1953-1964 are in Box 5, Folders 1-2 and Box 11, Folder 5.[^5]
A second collection, AFL-CIO International Affairs Department Serafino Romualdi records, is held at the University of Maryland Special Collections (bulk dates 1946-1966).
### Footnotes
[^1]: Guide to the Serafino Romualdi Papers, 1936-1968, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University (Collection KCL 05459), rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL05459.html.
[^2]: Cambridge Core, "Italian-Uruguayans for Free Italy: Serafino Romualdi's Quest for Transnational Anti-Fascist Networks during World War II," *The Americas* (2020). The article establishes that OCIAA recruited Romualdi based on his South American intelligence reports.
[^3]: Guide to the Serafino Romualdi Papers, 1936-1968, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University (KCL 05459). Series-level descriptions identify box and folder locations for Brazil, Guatemala, and British Guiana files.
[^4]: Voltairenet.org, "1962-1979: The AFL-CIO and Trade Union Counterinsurgency," citing Romualdi's characterization of Arbenz and Meany's post-coup statement.
[^5]: Stanley Meisler, "Meddling in Latin America," citing Romualdi's April 1962 British Guiana visit, the eight trainees in June 1962, the extension of internships during the 1963 strike, and Romualdi's correspondence with Schlesinger at the Kennedy Library.
[^6]: William C. Doherty Jr., statement at AFL-CIO Labor News Conference, July 1964, as quoted in BrasilWire, "1964: Brasil & CIA."
[^7]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995. Ch. 29.
[^8]: Mary Ferrell Foundation, Cryptonym Database, ZRSIGN entry. Documents listed are from the JFK Assassination Records Collection, released under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992. Document numbers are National Archives identifiers.
[^9]: Philip Agee, *CIA Diary: Inside the Company*. Stonehill Publishing, 1975.
[^10]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29, Appendix A.
[^3]: Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems, minutes and memoranda, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, minutes of the sixth meeting (March 11, 1942), pp. 17-18. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5
[^4]: *Fourth International*, June 1943, vol. 4, no. 6 (Trotskyist monthly; secondary account of the Montevideo decision of August 17, 1942). https://archive.org/details/sim_international-socialist-review_1943-06_4_6
[^5]: Guide to the Serafino Romualdi Papers, 1936-1968, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University (KCL 05459). Series-level descriptions identify box and folder locations for Brazil, Guatemala, and British Guiana files.
[^6]: Voltairenet.org, "1962-1979: The AFL-CIO and Trade Union Counterinsurgency," citing Romualdi's characterization of Arbenz and Meany's post-coup statement.
[^7]: Stanley Meisler, "Meddling in Latin America," citing Romualdi's April 1962 British Guiana visit, the eight trainees in June 1962, the extension of internships during the 1963 strike, and Romualdi's correspondence with Schlesinger at the Kennedy Library.
[^8]: William C. Doherty Jr., statement at AFL-CIO Labor News Conference, July 1964, as quoted in BrasilWire, "1964: Brasil & CIA."
[^9]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995. Ch. 29.
[^10]: Mary Ferrell Foundation, Cryptonym Database, ZRSIGN entry. Documents listed are from the JFK Assassination Records Collection, released under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992. Document numbers are National Archives identifiers.
[^11]: Philip Agee, *CIA Diary: Inside the Company*. Stonehill Publishing, 1975.
[^12]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29, Appendix A.

6
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Harry S. Truman.md
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@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ location: "Lamar, Missouri"
Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the [[United States]], serving from 1945 to 1953. He declined [[David Ben-Gurion]]'s offer to send Israeli troops to fight alongside [[United Nations]] forces in South Korea, reportedly fearing it would back him into a security arrangement with [[Israel]].[^1]
### Sarnoff committee and the Campaign of Truth, 1950
On March 1, 1950 Truman wrote to Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] after a conversation with [[David Sarnoff]], chairman of the Radio Corporation of America, who had suggested a committee to examine the [[Voice of America]]. Truman asked Acheson to consider the proposal, adding "I wish you would consider that, and we will discuss it when you come over tomorrow."[^2] Barrett's memorandum of March 6 proposed a new high-level committee of Sarnoff and others to look for added means of getting the truth behind the Iron Curtain, and said that the committee should not confine itself to radio.[^2] Barrett later claimed that he had helped Truman prepare the Campaign of Truth speech of April 20, 1950, partly with reference to the conclusions of the April 1950 symposium. In that speech Truman framed the Cold War as "a struggle, above all else, for the minds of men."[^3]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 2.
[^2]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d127
[^3]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 229 (Truman's address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, April 20, 1950), and p. 237 and note 38 (Barrett's later claim).

14
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jerome B. Wiesner.md
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@ -8,10 +8,22 @@ summary: "President Kennedy's science adviser who was deliberately excluded from
born: 1915-05-30
died: 1994-10-21
location: "Detroit, Michigan"
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Project Troy]]"
role: participant
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-01
fn: 2
---
Jerome B. Wiesner was President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s science adviser. He was Jewish, but was totally cut out of the intelligence about [[Dimona]], and assumed that [[David Ben-Gurion]] had requested that he not deal with that issue in the [[White House]]. Wiesner played a major role on disarmament issues for the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] administration and had served as a board member of the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]]. He frequently ran into Ben-Gurion on visits to [[Israel]], who would always ask him two questions: "Can computers think? And should we build a nuclear weapon?" Wiesner consistently answered "no" to the latter, which he believed marked him as a liberal in Ben-Gurion's eyes and limited his access.[^1]
Jerome B. Wiesner was President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s science adviser. He was Jewish, but was totally cut out of the intelligence about [[Dimona]], and assumed that [[David Ben-Gurion]] had requested that he not deal with that issue in the [[White House]]. Wiesner played a major role on disarmament issues for the Kennedy administration and had served as a board member of the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]]. He frequently ran into Ben-Gurion on visits to [[Israel]], who would always ask him two questions: "Can computers think? And should we build a nuclear weapon?" Wiesner consistently answered "no" to the latter, which he believed marked him as a liberal in Ben-Gurion's eyes and limited his access.[^1]
### Project Troy, 1950 to 1951
Wiesner, an MIT electrical engineer, was among the participants in [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT set up in October 1950, under contract with the United States Government, for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts. The group met in Washington in October 1950 and in Cambridge until January 1951.[^2]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 8.
[^2]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 (the Washington and Cambridge meetings) and p. 238 and note 41 (participant list, which gives Wiesner as "MIT, Electrical Engineer"). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.

29
10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Peter Thiel.md
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@ -101,25 +101,27 @@ Epstein's staff described the August 2015 gathering as Thiel's as well as Hoffma
On May 21, 2018, Epstein wrote to Thiel: "FYI trae is meeting carbyne Ehud Barak co."[^13] [[Carbyne]], formerly Reporty Homeland Security, was an Israeli emergency-call technology company chaired by the former Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Barak]], in which Epstein held an investment through a limited partnership funded by his [[Southern Trust Company]].[^14] In January 2019 Barak, copying Epstein, offered Carbyne's services for the 2022 World Cup to Jabor Al Thani of Qatar, proposing to "work through a European company of your choice and minimize Israeli profile."[^14]
On September 8, 2014 Epstein wrote to Thiel: "any interest in woody alien". Thiel answered that night: "Would be cool to meet him sometime, but don't go out of the way to make this happen..." and asked: "Are we planning something the weekend of the 13th-14th?"[^15] On September 9 Epstein wrote that the afternoon of the 13th would be "you and I", followed by William Burns, and that "if you choose we can bring in kathy ruemmler. former obama counsel for 5 years. and or sen Bob kerrey, former senate intellignece".[^15] On September 10 Epstein sent Thiel a schedule: "2 pm one on one you and I , 3 -4 bill burns to join. i will need alone time with him after. 730 woody and kathy ruemmler for dinner ( again you can bring guest/s if you choose). sunday lunch with bob kerrey if you have interest or we can continue our one on one".[^16] Thiel replied on September 12: "Free from about 5pm onwards on Saturday... Sunday lunch with Kerrey would be great." Epstein answered: "see you at 5 , bill burns will be here then dinner with woody and kathy".[^17] Epstein's scheduler had written to [[Bob Kerrey]] on September 2 that "Jeffrey is having Peter Thiel and possibly Bill Burns for lunch at his home in NY on Sat. Sept 13th and Sun. Sept. 14th", and a reminder of September 12 reads: "We told him Peter Thiel (Kathy Ruemmler and Cass are attending as well)".[^18] On the night of September 13 Epstein wrote to [[Kathryn Ruemmler]]: "peter will not make it tomorw we just finished".[^19]
### The FBI Confidential Human Source Relationship
[[Business Insider]] reported in October 2023 that Thiel began providing information to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] as a confidential human source (CHS) in summer 2021, with the Los Angeles-based counterintelligence agent [[Jonathan Buma]] as his handler. The CHS relationship placed Thiel in the formal FBI source program while he simultaneously chaired Palantir Technologies (a major CIA and FBI contractor), cofounded the Dialog convening network, funded the JD Vance and Blake Masters Senate campaigns, and maintained the documented Epstein relationship that ran through 2019. A [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] document submitted January 22, 2026 references Thiel's CHS role in the congressional record.[^15]
[[Business Insider]] reported in October 2023 that Thiel began providing information to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] as a confidential human source (CHS) in summer 2021, with the Los Angeles-based counterintelligence agent [[Jonathan Buma]] as his handler. The CHS relationship placed Thiel in the formal FBI source program while he simultaneously chaired Palantir Technologies (a major CIA and FBI contractor), cofounded the Dialog convening network, funded the JD Vance and Blake Masters Senate campaigns, and maintained the documented Epstein relationship that ran through 2019. A [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] document submitted January 22, 2026 references Thiel's CHS role in the congressional record.[^20]
Buma was arrested at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK Airport]] on March 17, 2025 while attempting to board an international flight, charged with unlawfully disclosing confidential information. [[CBS News]] reported that FBI investigators assessed Buma may have compromised as many as 130 FBI files. Buma publicly accused the FBI of pro-Trump political bias, and claimed in May 2025 (per [[The Guardian]]) that "intense" Russian-intelligence efforts had targeted Elon Musk.[^15][^16]
Buma was arrested at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK Airport]] on March 17, 2025 while attempting to board an international flight, charged with unlawfully disclosing confidential information. [[CBS News]] reported that FBI investigators assessed Buma may have compromised as many as 130 FBI files. Buma publicly accused the FBI of pro-Trump political bias, and claimed in May 2025 (per [[The Guardian]]) that "intense" Russian-intelligence efforts had targeted Elon Musk.[^20][^21]
### The Clearview AI Seed Investment
Thiel was the first investor in [[Clearview AI]], the facial-recognition firm founded by [[Hoan Ton-That]] and [[Richard Schwartz]], providing seed funding before the company was even named (the [[Smart Checker]] period). [[NPR]] confirmed in 2023 that Thiel was Clearview's first investor. The seed investment was made directly by Thiel rather than through Founders Fund, placing Clearview in the same Thiel-seed-investment lineage as Palantir.[^17]
Thiel was the first investor in [[Clearview AI]], the facial-recognition firm founded by [[Hoan Ton-That]] and [[Richard Schwartz]], providing seed funding before the company was even named (the [[Smart Checker]] period). [[NPR]] confirmed in 2023 that Thiel was Clearview's first investor. The seed investment was made directly by Thiel rather than through Founders Fund, placing Clearview in the same Thiel-seed-investment lineage as Palantir.[^22]
The *New York Times* reported in March 2021 that [[Charles C. Johnson|Charles Johnson]], the far-right provocateur and self-described federal informant, played a pivotal early role alongside Thiel in the Clearview founding. Johnson announced in 2017 that he was "building algorithms to ID all the illegal immigrants for the deportation squads," which *Byline Supplement* reported as part of the Clearview prehistory. Johnson subsequently claimed cofounder status and sued Clearview for a share of its profits before dropping the suit in February 2025.[^17]
The *New York Times* reported in March 2021 that [[Charles C. Johnson|Charles Johnson]], the far-right provocateur and self-described federal informant, played a pivotal early role alongside Thiel in the Clearview founding. Johnson announced in 2017 that he was "building algorithms to ID all the illegal immigrants for the deportation squads," which *Byline Supplement* reported as part of the Clearview prehistory. Johnson subsequently claimed cofounder status and sued Clearview for a share of its profits before dropping the suit in February 2025.[^22]
Johnson disclosed Thiel's FBI CHS status, per the Business Insider reporting of October 2023. The Johnson-Thiel relationship extends beyond Clearview: the *Business Insider* piece described Johnson as "a tech investor and far-right agitator with long-standing ties to both Thiel and to the network." The [[Federal Trade Commission]] issued a consent order against Clearview in March 2022 barring the company from selling its database to private entities, following the documented deployment of the product by law enforcement, government clients, and private actors.[^17]
Johnson disclosed Thiel's FBI CHS status, per the Business Insider reporting of October 2023. The Johnson-Thiel relationship extends beyond Clearview: the *Business Insider* piece described Johnson as "a tech investor and far-right agitator with long-standing ties to both Thiel and to the network." The [[Federal Trade Commission]] issued a consent order against Clearview in March 2022 barring the company from selling its database to private entities, following the documented deployment of the product by law enforcement, government clients, and private actors.[^22]
### New Zealand Citizenship
Thiel was granted [[New Zealand]] citizenship on August 4, 2011 under an "exceptional circumstances" provision that waived the standard 1,350-day residency requirement. Thiel had visited New Zealand four times before the grant and had never resided there. The *Guardian*, *New York Times*, and *Washington Post* reported in February 2017 that internal Department of Internal Affairs officials granted the waiver after Thiel made approximately ten million dollars in New Zealand investments (including stakes in [[Xero]]) and a one million dollar donation to [[Christchurch]] earthquake relief. Thiel described New Zealand as "the future" in his citizenship application.[^18]
Thiel was granted [[New Zealand]] citizenship on August 4, 2011 under an "exceptional circumstances" provision that waived the standard 1,350-day residency requirement. Thiel had visited New Zealand four times before the grant and had never resided there. The *Guardian*, *New York Times*, and *Washington Post* reported in February 2017 that internal Department of Internal Affairs officials granted the waiver after Thiel made approximately ten million dollars in New Zealand investments (including stakes in [[Xero]]) and a one million dollar donation to [[Christchurch]] earthquake relief. Thiel described New Zealand as "the future" in his citizenship application.[^23]
The citizenship was not publicly disclosed for nearly six years. The February 2017 disclosure prompted criticism of the New Zealand government's use of the exceptional-circumstances provision for a non-resident billionaire. Thiel also acquired a 193-hectare estate near [[Lake Wanaka]] in the South Island, part of a documented pattern of Silicon Valley billionaire property acquisition in New Zealand. The New Zealand government subsequently tightened the investor-visa provisions.[^18]
The citizenship was not publicly disclosed for nearly six years. The February 2017 disclosure prompted criticism of the New Zealand government's use of the exceptional-circumstances provision for a non-resident billionaire. Thiel also acquired a 193-hectare estate near [[Lake Wanaka]] in the South Island, part of a documented pattern of Silicon Valley billionaire property acquisition in New Zealand. The New Zealand government subsequently tightened the investor-visa provisions.[^23]
### Footnotes
@ -137,7 +139,12 @@ The citizenship was not publicly disclosed for nearly six years. The February 20
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02074070, DataSet 10, email from Lesley Groff, "Jeffrey Epstein (Hoffman & Thiel Dinner Party)," August 5, 2015. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02074070.pdf
[^13]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01052344, DataSet 9, email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, May 21, 2018. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01052344.pdf
[^14]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02634615, DataSet 11, email chain among Tomer Toor, Darren Indyke and Jeffrey Epstein on the exercise of Carbyne warrants by SUM (E.B.) Limited Partnership, funded 66.67 percent by Southern Trust Inc., March 2019; and EFTA02607775, DataSet 11, email from Ehud Barak to Jabor Al Thani, copied to Jeffrey Epstein, January 1, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02634615.pdf ; https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02607775.pdf
[^15]: "Exclusive: Tech Billionaire Peter Thiel Was an FBI Informant." *Business Insider,* October 2023. https://www.businessinsider.com/peter-thiel-fbi-informant-charles-johnson-johnathan-buma-chs-genius-2023-10 ; U.S. Congress, House Judiciary Committee, document referencing Thiel's CHS role, January 22, 2026. https://www.congress.gov/119/meeting/house/118881/documents/HHRG-119-JU00-20260122-SD011-U11.pdf
[^16]: "Former FBI Special Agent Arrested for Disclosure of Confidential Information." *DOJ Office of Inspector General,* 2025. https://oig.justice.gov/news/press-release/former-fbi-special-agent-arrested-disclosure-confidential-information ; "FBI whistleblower claims he tried to get to Musk to warn him he was being targeted by Russia." *The Guardian,* May 22, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/may/22/fbi-whistleblower-musk-russia
[^17]: "What We Learned About Clearview AI's Hidden 'Co-Founder.'" *New York Times,* March 18, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/technology/clearview-facial-recognition-ai.html ; "Business Partner Sues Chuck Johnson for Falsely Presenting as Intelligence Agent." *Semafor,* October 16, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/10/16/2024/business-partner-sues-chuck-johnson-for-falsely-presenting-as-intelligence-agent
[^18]: "Documents reveal how Peter Thiel was granted New Zealand citizenship." *The Guardian,* February 1, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/01/documents-reveal-how-peter-thiel-was-granted-new-zealand-citizenship ; "New Zealand Is 'the Future,' Peter Thiel Said in His Push for Citizenship." *New York Times,* February 1, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/business/peter-thiel-new-zealand-citizenship.html
[^15]: Email exchange between Jeffrey Epstein and Peter Thiel, September 8 and 9, 2014, EFTA00996779, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00996779.pdf
[^16]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Peter Thiel, September 10, 2014, EFTA00362932, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00362932.pdf
[^17]: Email exchange between Peter Thiel and Jeffrey Epstein, September 12, 2014, EFTA00362699, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00362699.pdf
[^18]: Email from Epstein's scheduler to Bob Kerrey, September 2, 2014, EFTA00363673, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 9; reminder email, "Re: Reminder Bob Kerrey," September 12, 2014, EFTA02097598, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00363673.pdf
[^19]: Email from Jeffrey Epstein to Kathryn Ruemmler, September 13, 2014, EFTA02338079, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 11. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02338079.pdf
[^20]: "Exclusive: Tech Billionaire Peter Thiel Was an FBI Informant." *Business Insider,* October 2023. https://www.businessinsider.com/peter-thiel-fbi-informant-charles-johnson-johnathan-buma-chs-genius-2023-10 ; U.S. Congress, House Judiciary Committee, document referencing Thiel's CHS role, January 22, 2026. https://www.congress.gov/119/meeting/house/118881/documents/HHRG-119-JU00-20260122-SD011-U11.pdf
[^21]: "Former FBI Special Agent Arrested for Disclosure of Confidential Information." *DOJ Office of Inspector General,* 2025. https://oig.justice.gov/news/press-release/former-fbi-special-agent-arrested-disclosure-confidential-information ; "FBI whistleblower claims he tried to get to Musk to warn him he was being targeted by Russia." *The Guardian,* May 22, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/may/22/fbi-whistleblower-musk-russia
[^22]: "What We Learned About Clearview AI's Hidden 'Co-Founder.'" *New York Times,* March 18, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/technology/clearview-facial-recognition-ai.html ; "Business Partner Sues Chuck Johnson for Falsely Presenting as Intelligence Agent." *Semafor,* October 16, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/10/16/2024/business-partner-sues-chuck-johnson-for-falsely-presenting-as-intelligence-agent
[^23]: "Documents reveal how Peter Thiel was granted New Zealand citizenship." *The Guardian,* February 1, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/01/documents-reveal-how-peter-thiel-was-granted-new-zealand-citizenship ; "New Zealand Is 'the Future,' Peter Thiel Said in His Push for Citizenship." *New York Times,* February 1, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/business/peter-thiel-new-zealand-citizenship.html

16
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/British Security Coordination.md
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@ -12,8 +12,14 @@ tags:
- Roald_Dahl
start: 1940-05-01
end: 1945-12-31
summary: "British Security Coordination (BSC) was a covert British intelligence operation (1940-1945) established by William Stephenson at Rockefeller Center, New York, serving as a wartime umbrella for MI5, MI6, SOE, and PWE conducting propaganda and counterintelligence across the Western Hemisphere."
summary: "British Security Coordination (BSC) was a covert British intelligence operation (1940-1945) run by William Stephenson from Rockefeller Center, an umbrella for MI5, MI6, SOE and PWE propaganda and counterintelligence in the Western Hemisphere."
location: "New York City / Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: funded
with: "[[Mazzini Society]]"
start: 1941
role: "subsidy for Italian broadcasts, per the Morrell memorandum of July 10, 1941 as quoted by Mahl"
fn: 4
---
British Security Coordination (BSC) was a covert British intelligence organization established in May 1940, with its headquarters at Room 3603, Rockefeller Center, New York City. Operating under the direction of Sir William Samuel Stephenson ("Intrepid"), it served as the Western Hemisphere umbrella organization for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), MI5, the Special Operations Executive (SOE), and the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) throughout the war. Its primary theater of operation was the neutral United States during the period 1940-1941, before U.S. entry into the war. The organization was formally dissolved in 1945.[^1]
@ -40,7 +46,11 @@ BSC subsidized and assisted pro-British interventionist organizations in the Uni
### Influence Operations: Social Network Penetration
A distinct BSC operation used well-connected individuals deployed socially to gather intelligence and shape the opinions of senior American figures. The most thoroughly documented case is [[Roald Dahl]], who arrived in Washington in spring 1942 as RAF Assistant Air Attaché at the British Embassy and was subsequently recruited more directly into BSC work. Dahl's social assignment centered on [[Charles Marsh]], a Texas newspaper publisher with access to the highest levels of the Roosevelt administration, and through Marsh to Vice President [[Henry Wallace]] and other senior figures. Jennet Conant's "The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington" (Simon and Schuster, 2008), drawing on BSC records and private correspondence, is the principal secondary source on this dimension of BSC's Washington operations.[^2]
A distinct BSC operation used well-connected individuals deployed socially to gather intelligence and shape the opinions of senior American figures. The most thoroughly documented case is Roald Dahl, who arrived in Washington in spring 1942 as RAF Assistant Air Attaché at the British Embassy and was subsequently recruited more directly into BSC work. Dahl's social assignment centered on [[Charles Marsh]], a Texas newspaper publisher with access to the highest levels of the Roosevelt administration, and through Marsh to Vice President [[Henry Wallace]] and other senior figures. Jennet Conant's "The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington" (Simon and Schuster, 2008), drawing on BSC records and private correspondence, is the principal secondary source on this dimension of BSC's Washington operations.[^2]
### Italian-American Anti-Fascist Groups
The BSC account, as quoted by [[Thomas E. Mahl]], states that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American [[Mazzini Society]], headed by [[Max Ascoli]], and that BSC began to supply the [[WRUL]] shortwave station "through cut-outs."[^3] A July 10, 1941 memorandum by [[Sydney Morrell]] of the SO.1 section, quoted in the same account, records that another subsidy was paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts.[^4]
### Relationship to the OSS
@ -60,3 +70,5 @@ The BSC's lasting institutional contribution to U.S. intelligence was structural
[^1]: "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998 (original text compiled 1945 by Gilbert Highet, Tom Hill, and Roald Dahl). Hyde, H. Montgomery. *Room 3603: The Story of the British Intelligence Centre in New York during World War II*. Farrar, Straus and Company, 1963. Foreign Policy Research Institute, "The Origin of the US-UK Intelligence 'Special Relationship,'" fpri.org, January 2026.
[^2]: Conant, Jennet. *The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington*. Simon and Schuster, 2008.
[^3]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24, 31 and 190, quoting the BSC Account.
[^4]: Mahl, *Desperate Deception*, passages quoting Sydney Morrell, memorandum SO.1, July 10, 1941 (PRO FO 898/103), as quoted by Mahl.

77
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Central Intelligence Agency.md
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@ -28,7 +28,19 @@ relations:
with: "[[Psychological Strategy Board]]"
role: "Member agency; the Director of Central Intelligence chaired meeting M-8"
start: 1952-01-10
fn: 37
fn: 43
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
reverse: true
role: "Assistant Director, Research and Reports (1951); Special Consultant (1952)"
start: 1951-01
end: 1952-03
fn: 44
- type: funded
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
role: "agency money reported to have set up the center in 1951; $300,000 reported in 1967"
start: 1951
fn: 51
---
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a primary intelligence-gathering organization of the United States government. In the context of psychic research, the CIA played a significant, albeit often covert, role in funding and overseeing programs aimed at exploring and utilizing psychic phenomena for intelligence purposes.[^1]
@ -130,21 +142,37 @@ CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified before the [[House Permanent Selec
Multiple CIA officials were indicted during the Iran-Contra investigation. Clarridge was indicted on seven counts of perjury. Fernández was indicted on four counts. [[Alan Fiers]] pleaded guilty to withholding information from Congress. All were pardoned by former CIA director [[George H.W. Bush]].[^26]
### Interrogation videotapes and the 2004 to 2006 directorship
[[Porter Goss]], a former House intelligence chairman, was confirmed by the Senate 77 to 17 on September 22, 2004, was sworn in at the White House on September 24, 2004, and announced his resignation on May 5, 2006.[^30] His executive director, [[Kyle Foggo]], the agency's No. 3 official, resigned in May 2006 while the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] was examining whether he had improperly helped the defense contractor [[Brent Wilkes]] obtain large CIA contracts.[^31] Foggo pleaded guilty in 2008 to one count of defrauding the government and was sentenced on February 26, 2009 to 37 months.[^32]
The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]'s 2014 study of the detention and interrogation program records that the CIA destroyed videotapes of the interrogations of [[Abu Zubaydah]] and [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] on November 9, 2005, the day after the Senate's November 8 vote against an amendment to establish an independent commission on detainee treatment.[^33] In an October 31, 2005 email, the CIA attorney [[John Rizzo]] wrote that he needed "to be the skunk at the party again."[^33]
Emails released by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] in April 2010, under a Freedom of Information Act request by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], state that in November 2005 [[Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.|Jose Rodriguez]] told Goss and others he "felt it was extremely important to destroy the tapes and that if there was any heat, he would take it," and that Goss "laughed and said he'd be the one to take the heat." The same email states: "PG, however, agreed with the decision." NBC News reported that the email is an after-the-fact summary that does not prove Goss approved the destruction, that current and former intelligence officials have said he did not and was angry to find out, and that Rodriguez's lawyer disputed that.[^34] On November 9, 2010, the Justice Department said special prosecutor [[John Durham]] would not bring criminal charges over the destruction.[^35]
### Foreign Broadcast Information Service
The [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] became a unit of the agency in 1947. The [[War Department]] had sponsored the service from January 2, 1946, and the [[Director of Central Intelligence]] assumed control of it on July 31, 1946, before the [[National Security Act of 1947]] replaced the [[Central Intelligence Group]] with the agency.[^30] The administrative history of the service's record group lists the successor as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^31] The service's 1969 history says it came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^32]
The [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] became a unit of the agency in 1947. The [[War Department]] had sponsored the service from January 2, 1946, and the [[Director of Central Intelligence]] assumed control of it on July 31, 1946, before the [[National Security Act of 1947]] replaced the [[Central Intelligence Group]] with the agency.[^36] The administrative history of the service's record group lists the successor as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^37] The service's 1969 history says it came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^38]
Within the agency the service sat under the [[Assistant Director for Operations]]. In January 1947 the Assistant Director presented a propaganda analysis program to the PRC, approving the proposed program but excluding "interpretative analysis" from its scope, and the requested staff was twelve at $61,000 a year. [[Lawrence K. White]] was announced as deputy chief of the service on January 9, 1947.[^33]
Within the agency the service sat under the [[Assistant Director for Operations]]. In January 1947 the Assistant Director presented a propaganda analysis program to the PRC, approving the proposed program but excluding "interpretative analysis" from its scope, and the requested staff was twelve at $61,000 a year. [[Lawrence K. White]] was announced as deputy chief of the service on January 9, 1947.[^39]
The service's functions were folded into the [[Open Source Center]] in November 2005. The release announcing the center said the Director of the CIA would administer it on behalf of the DNI.[^34]
The service's functions were folded into the [[Open Source Center]] in November 2005. The release announcing the center said the Director of the CIA would administer it on behalf of the DNI.[^40]
### Psychological warfare liaison, 1946 to 1952
In July 1946 the Central Intelligence Group's Central Planning Staff closed out its liaison with the Security Advisory Board of the [[Office of War Information]]. The memorandum designated a liaison officer to the Director, charged him with recommending when appropriate whether the board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]], and recorded that no further action by the Security Branch was required. The board was being replaced by a new Security Advisory Board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]].[^35]
In July 1946 the Central Intelligence Group's Central Planning Staff closed out its liaison with the Security Advisory Board of the [[Office of War Information]]. The memorandum designated a liaison officer to the Director, charged him with recommending when appropriate whether the board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]], and recorded that no further action by the Security Branch was required. The board was being replaced by a new Security Advisory Board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]].[^41]
In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare was "not operable." The principal member came from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, and the memorandum was addressed to the Executive Director.[^36]
In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare was "not operable." The principal member came from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, and the memorandum was addressed to the Executive Director.[^42]
On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], the Director of Central Intelligence. Its members were the Deputy Secretary of Defense, William C. Foster, and the Under Secretary of State, James E. Webb. [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, attended as a participant from the Department of State.[^37]
On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], the Director of Central Intelligence. Its members were the Deputy Secretary of Defense, William C. Foster, and the Under Secretary of State, James E. Webb. [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, attended as a participant from the Department of State.[^43]
In a letter stamped January 30, 1951, [[Max Millikan]] wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency."[^44] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research."[^45] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion with State Department officers of psychological intelligence, and records his concern that splitting that work among several organizations would produce the shortcomings of decentralization.[^46] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, addressed to the intelligence chiefs of the State Department, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, was issued "For the Director of Central Intelligence" over Millikan's typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^47] A letter he signed as Assistant Director on November 26, 1951 says that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^48] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^49] In an interview note of March 5, 1952 titled "Origin of PSB," a CIA historian recorded that Millikan "participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT," which the note identifies as the "Troy Project," and that its study "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB."[^50]
The agency's financing of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the agency "secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents," as part of "Project MK-ULTRA," with a foundation as a "front," and that the researcher was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, "which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency."[^51] Time reported on February 24, 1967 "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^52] [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee, said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent."[^53]
The third progress report on NSC 59/1 records that the CIA had been assigned a continuing study of balloons as propaganda carriers and "instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^54] The [[Project Troy]] report had placed balloon work inside political warfare, stating that "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop."[^55]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which the center would review its first ten years.[^56]
### Footnotes
@ -177,11 +205,30 @@ On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] w
[^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
[^28]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Epilogue: "The damage that has been done"
[^29]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
[^30]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), pp. 279, 299-300 and 303. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^31]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 262, administrative history. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^32]: Roop, Part I, p. 2. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^33]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), pp. 2 and 151-152. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^34]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center," News Release No. 6-05, November 8, 2005. https://irp.fas.org/news/2005/11/odni110805.html.
[^35]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^36]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, memorandum "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^37]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
[^30]: Congressional Record, Senate, September 22, 2004, Rollcall Vote No. 187 (yeas 77, nays 17). https://irp.fas.org/congress/2004_cr/goss092204.html ; "Porter Goss Sworn in As New CIA Director," PBS NewsHour, September 24, 2004 (sworn in by Andrew Card in the Oval Office). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/government_programs-july-dec04-cia_09-24 ; Norris, "Goss Is Latest to Leave Bush Administration," NPR transcript, May 5, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5387220
[^31]: JURIST, "FBI probes CIA defense contracts after top official resigns," May 2006 (FBI probe of Foggo's possible help to ADCS). https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-probes-cia-defense-contracts-after ; Paul Blumenthal, "MSNBC: Foggo Gone," Sunlight Foundation, May 8, 2006 (resignation reported Monday). https://sunlightfoundation.com/2006/05/08/msnbc-foggo-gone/
[^32]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA executive gets 37 months in prison," February 26, 2009 (one count of fraud, 27 counts dropped, Judge James Cacheris, 37 months as requested). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29413971 ; Associated Press, "CIA officer gets jail time for fraud," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 2009. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090227_CIA_officer_gets_jail_time_for_fraud.html
[^33]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept. 113-288 (December 2014), executive summary and findings, sections on the 2005 videotapes ("The CIA destroyed the CIA interrogation videotapes the following day"; Rizzo's October 31, 2005 email). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
[^34]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA chief agreed with tape destruction," April 2010 (e-mails released by the Justice Department under an ACLU FOIA request; "PG, however, agreed with the decision"; the disputed account). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36589750
[^35]: JURIST, "No charges to be filed in CIA videotape destruction case: DOJ," November 2010 (spokesman Matthew Miller on Durham's decision; Durham appointed 2008 by Attorney General Michael Mukasey). https://www.jurist.org/news/2010/11/no-charges-to-be-filed-in-cia-videotape-destruction-case/
[^36]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), pp. 279, 299-300 and 303. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^37]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 262, administrative history. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
[^38]: Roop, Part I, p. 2. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^39]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), pp. 2 and 151-152. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
[^40]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center," News Release No. 6-05, November 8, 2005. https://irp.fas.org/news/2005/11/odni110805.html.
[^41]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^42]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, memorandum "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^43]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
[^44]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^45]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
[^46]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
[^47]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
[^48]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^49]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
[^50]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^51]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^52]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^53]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^54]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1), paragraph 12. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
[^55]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8, excerpt of the Project Troy report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951 (balloon chapter). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
[^56]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9

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@ -19,12 +19,19 @@ relations:
start: 1995
end: 1997
role: "chairman, 104th Congress"
fn: 5
fn: 10
- type: member_of
with: "[[Charlie Rose]]"
reverse: true
role: "chairman of the evaluation subcommittee"
fn: 4
- type: head_of
with: "[[Porter Goss]]"
reverse: true
start: 1997-01
end: 2004-09-23
role: "chairman, 105th through 108th Congresses"
fn: 11
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
---
@ -33,11 +40,15 @@ The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence was "created in 1977" and "
### Psychic Research
After *Parade* published "[[Psychic Spying]]" on August 7, 1977, the committee asked the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for a briefing. [[David Brandwein]], director of the [[Office of Technical Service]], gave three staff members "a short oral history of OTS efforts in the field, dating back to 1961" on November 16, 1977, and left them a written outline of the work classified SECRET, the unclassified article on the research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] and "a brief article on Mr. [[Pat Price]]." He handled most of the office's briefing of Representative [[Charlie Rose]] on February 9, 1978.[^3] On October 25, 1978, Rose, as chairman of the committee's evaluation subcommittee, wrote to [[Ruth Davis]] of the Defense Department that "we have a strong obligation also to learn what Soviet research is underway" and that he would "like to see the [[Department of Defense]] undertake those efforts deemed necessary and appropriate to investigate remote viewing and other related phenomena."[^4] On March 28, 1995, the CIA sent its status responses on the [[Stargate Project|Star Gate]] program to the committee's chairman, [[Larry Combest]], during the [[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]].[^6]
After *Parade* published "[[Psychic Spying]]" on August 7, 1977, the committee asked the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for a briefing. [[David Brandwein]], director of the [[Office of Technical Service]], gave three staff members "a short oral history of OTS efforts in the field, dating back to 1961" on November 16, 1977, and left them a written outline of the work classified SECRET, the unclassified article on the research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] and "a brief article on Mr. [[Pat Price]]." He handled most of the office's briefing of Representative [[Charlie Rose]] on February 9, 1978.[^3] On October 25, 1978, Rose, as chairman of the committee's evaluation subcommittee, wrote to [[Ruth Davis]] of the Defense Department that "we have a strong obligation also to learn what Soviet research is underway" and that he would "like to see the [[Department of Defense]] undertake those efforts deemed necessary and appropriate to investigate remote viewing and other related phenomena."[^4] On March 28, 1995, the CIA sent its status responses on the [[Stargate Project|Star Gate]] program to the committee's chairman, [[Larry Combest]], during the [[1995 transfer of Star Gate to the CIA]].[^5]
### Other Records
In March 1998 CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified to the committee on the agency's relationships with Contra supporters involved in drug trafficking.[^10] On May 11, 2000, the committee released a unanimously adopted report on the allegations of [[Gary Webb]]'s [[Dark Alliance]] series, finding that the evidence did not support the implication "that the CIA was responsible for the crack epidemic in [[Los Angeles]] or anywhere else in the United States to further the cause of the Contra war in [[Central America]]."[^9] In 2021 classified versions of the intelligence community's assessment of domestic violent extremism were briefed to the House and Senate intelligence committees.[^7] [[Jim Himes]], its ranking member in 2026, appeared that year on a leaked membership list of [[Peter Thiel]]'s Dialog society.[^8]
In March 1998 CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified to the committee on the agency's relationships with Contra supporters involved in drug trafficking.[^6] On May 11, 2000, the committee released a unanimously adopted report on the allegations of [[Gary Webb]]'s [[Dark Alliance]] series, finding that the evidence did not support the implication "that the CIA was responsible for the crack epidemic in [[Los Angeles]] or anywhere else in the United States to further the cause of the Contra war in [[Central America]]."[^7] In 2021 classified versions of the intelligence community's assessment of domestic violent extremism were briefed to the House and Senate intelligence committees.[^8] [[Jim Himes]], its ranking member in 2026, appeared that year on a leaked membership list of [[Peter Thiel]]'s Dialog society.[^9]
### Chairmen
Larry Combest chaired the committee in the 104th Congress.[^10] [[Porter Goss]] chaired the committee from the 105th Congress: the Congressional Directory of June 1997 lists "Porter J. Goss, of Florida, Chairman," and the Directory of June 1999 lists him as chairman with [[Jerry Lewis]] as vice chairman.[^11] He remained chairman through the 107th Congress, when the committee's Republican members included [[Randy Cunningham]], and signed a January 29, 2003 letter as chairman for the 107th and 108th Congresses.[^12][^13] The committee's June 21, 2004 report on the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005, submitted by Goss, states that "the Directorate of Operations (DO) needs fixing" and records the majority's rejection of a Chalabi document-request amendment by [[Anna Eshoo]] and of [[Nancy Pelosi]]'s amendment to create a Director of National Intelligence.[^14]
### Footnotes
@ -45,9 +56,13 @@ In March 1998 CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified to the committee on
[^2]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. *Final Report,* S. Rept. 94-755, 1976, as cited on the Church Committee page.
[^3]: Brandwein, David S., memorandum for the record, "Briefing for House Permanent Select Committee re OTS Involvement in ESP Research," OTS memo 287-77, November 17, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020020-8; Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, "Briefing of Representative Charles Rose," February 9, 1978, OLC 78-0576, CIA-RDP81M00980R000600250087-4.
[^4]: Davis, Ruth M., memorandum for Dr. Jack Vorona, "'Remote Viewing' Project," November 20, 1978, with the letter of Charlie Rose, Chairman, Subcommittee on Evaluation, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 25, 1978.
[^5]: "COMBEST, Larry Ed," History, Art and Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/COMBEST,-Larry-Ed-(C000653)/
[^6]: Executive Director for Intelligence Community Affairs to Larry Combest, Chairman, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, March 28, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040002-2.
[^7]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security. "Domestic Violent Extremism Poses Heightened Threat in 2021." Unclassified summary, March 17, 2021.
[^8]: Cameron, Dell, and Yulia Almazova. "Leak Exposes Members of Peter Thiel's Secretive 'Dialog' Society." *WIRED,* June 16, 2026.
[^9]: *Survey of Activities of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence During the 106th Congress,* H. Rept. 106-1054, 2001, "CIA Drug Trafficking Investigation," citing the committee print *Report on the Central Intelligence Agency's Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Trafficking in the Los Angeles Area,* February 2000. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt1054/html/CRPT-106hrpt1054.htm
[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, epilogue.
[^5]: Executive Director for Intelligence Community Affairs to Larry Combest, Chairman, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, March 28, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100040002-2.
[^6]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, epilogue.
[^7]: *Survey of Activities of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence During the 106th Congress,* H. Rept. 106-1054, 2001, "CIA Drug Trafficking Investigation," citing the committee print *Report on the Central Intelligence Agency's Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Trafficking in the Los Angeles Area,* February 2000. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt1054/html/CRPT-106hrpt1054.htm
[^8]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security. "Domestic Violent Extremism Poses Heightened Threat in 2021." Unclassified summary, March 17, 2021.
[^9]: Cameron, Dell, and Yulia Almazova. "Leak Exposes Members of Peter Thiel's Secretive 'Dialog' Society." *WIRED,* June 16, 2026.
[^10]: "COMBEST, Larry Ed," History, Art and Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/COMBEST,-Larry-Ed-(C000653)/
[^11]: Congressional Directory, 105th Congress, June 1997 (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1997-06-04/html/CDIR-1997-06-04-HOUSECOMMITTEES-2.htm) and 106th Congress, June 1999 (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1999-06-15/html/CDIR-1999-06-15-HOUSECOMMITTEES-2.htm).
[^12]: H. Rept. 107-792, front matter, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence membership, 107th Congress. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-107hrpt792/pdf/GPO-CRPT-107hrpt792.pdf
[^13]: Graham, Goss, Shelby and Pelosi to Tenet, January 29, 2003. https://archive.org/download/declasspart4/declasspart4_djvu.txt
[^14]: H. Rept. 108-558, June 21, 2004. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-108hrpt558/html/CRPT-108hrpt558.htm

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@ -60,9 +60,13 @@ The OSS established a "truth drug" committee under Dr. [[Winfred Overholser]], h
Truman dissolved the OSS on October 1, 1945, distributing its functions to the State Department (Research and Analysis) and the War Department (Strategic Services Unit, which preserved the clandestine service infrastructure). Executive Order 9621 transferred the Research and Analysis Branch and the Presentation Branch to an Interim Research and Intelligence Service in the Department of State, which was abolished at the close of business on December 31, 1945.[^2] The Central Intelligence Agency was created by the National Security Act of 1947, signed July 26, 1947, and formally established September 18, 1947. The institutional culture Donovan developed - including the use of academic, journalistic, and cultural figures as intelligence assets; the cultivation of foreign service networks; and the use of proprietary companies as operational covers - became standard CIA practice after the transition.[^3]
### Foreign Nationalities Branch Reporting on Italian Anti-Fascists
The Foreign Nationalities Branch reported on the [[Mazzini Society]] and its rivals. Foreign Nationalities Branch memorandum No. 111 of March 6, 1943, summarized in a Secretariat memorandum of March 27, 1943 to William J. Donovan, described "considerable confusion" among liberal and socialist Italian and Spanish anti-Fascists in the United States.[^11] The memorandum states that the Mazzini Society "has been shaken by a series of internal disputes and crises and is much weakened by the resultant confusion" and "still maintains itself as the leading non-party, liberal anti-fascist organization," and that ex-members who were formerly important in its leadership were drifting toward the Communist-led [[Alleanza Garibaldi]], centered in [[Mexico City]].[^11] It also describes the Italian leadership and the Spanish Acción Republicana as occupied, after the August 1942 Montevideo conference, with strengthening intergroup unity, "combat legions" and national committees.[^11]
### Emigre Scholars
The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research]] "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the school's University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects routed through [[Rockefeller Foundation]] intermediaries.[^11]
The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research]] "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the school's University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects routed through [[Rockefeller Foundation]] intermediaries.[^12]
### Footnotes
@ -76,4 +80,5 @@ The Office of Strategic Services considered the [[New School for Social Research
[^8]: Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis," on Langer's letter to Leigh of April 22, 1944, National Archives, RG 262, Entry 68, Box 22. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^9]: Roop, Part I, pp. 267-268. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^10]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 1.
[^11]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 137-138, citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^11]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Office of Strategic Services, Foreign Nationalities Branch organization file (1942-43), "Confusion Among Liberal and Socialist Italian and Spanish Anti-Fascists in the United States (Summary of FNB Memo No. 111)," Secretariat memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 27, 1943, PDF p. 154; memorandum No. 111, PDF pp. 157-159. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7
[^12]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 137-138, citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content

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@ -214,11 +214,13 @@ The OWI Security Advisory Board was also reorganized. A Central Intelligence Gro
Barrett organized a group of experts in April 1950 that included Speier, to discuss psychological strategy, tactics and organization. Speier was then a State Department consultant for psychological warfare known to James E. Webb and Barrett, and he took part in [[Project TROY]], the study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology of Soviet jamming of American broadcasts.[^44] After the war Speier and Carroll worked together as psychological warfare consultants for the State Department and as consultants for the [[Ford Foundation]]. Between September 1952 and February 1953 the planning committee for the international communication program of MIT's Center for International Studies, headed by Speier and including Carroll, [[Jerome Bruner]], Harold Lasswell, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Edward Shils]] and [[Ithiel de Sola Pool]], consulted among others Gorer, Leites, [[Daniel Lerner]], Löwenthal and George Morgan.[^40]
Speier left government service in 1948 to join the [[Rand Corporation]] and became chief of its Social Science Division. He brought several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND, including [[Alexander L. George]] and Leites. Rosten, a member of the 1946 RAND committee that considered candidates for its social science division, came to RAND through [[Allen Wallis]], and Bessner writes that a connection Speier made with Rosten at OWI brought Speier to RAND.[^45]
The group Barrett convened in April 1950 followed a sequence of proposals made in Washington that spring. On March 1, 1950 President Truman sent Acheson a memorandum on a proposal by David Sarnoff for a committee to improve the Voice of America. Barrett's memorandum of March 6, 1950 recommended "a new high-level committee of Sarnoff, etc., to look for added means of getting the truth behind the Iron Curtain," and said that the committee "would not confine itself to radio but would look into such proposals as the hardy perennial of utilizing balloons to drop leaflets."[^45] Bessner writes that James E. Webb contacted [[James Killian]] of MIT that summer, and that the project Killian and [[John Burchard]] accepted, Project TROY, took up the study of Soviet jamming of American radio transmissions.[^46]
Speier left government service in 1948 to join the [[Rand Corporation]] and became chief of its Social Science Division. He brought several of his Analysis Division colleagues to RAND, including [[Alexander L. George]] and Leites. Rosten, a member of the 1946 RAND committee that considered candidates for its social science division, came to RAND through [[Allen Wallis]], and Bessner writes that a connection Speier made with Rosten at OWI brought Speier to RAND.[^47]
### Records
Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA description gives 3,584 cubic feet, dated 1926 to 1951 with the bulk in 1941 to 1946. Its subgroups include the Domestic Operations Branch, the Overseas Operations Branch, the New York Office and the San Francisco Office, and the general records include those of the Security Advisory Board. The finding aids are H. Stephen Helton's Preliminary Inventory PI 56 (1953) and the Helton and Forrest R. Holdcamper inventory NC 148 (1967). Related records are in RG 44 (Office of Government Reports), RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services), RG 287 (government publications) and RG 306 (United States Information Agency).[^3] Archival pulls for the agency's files include RG 208 Entry 355, box 1712, the folder for Wallace Carroll, Entry 358, box 108, for a cable of November 20, 1945 from William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, and Entry 6B, box 6, for the Overseas Operations Branch office files.[^46]
Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA description gives 3,584 cubic feet, dated 1926 to 1951 with the bulk in 1941 to 1946. Its subgroups include the Domestic Operations Branch, the Overseas Operations Branch, the New York Office and the San Francisco Office, and the general records include those of the Security Advisory Board. The finding aids are H. Stephen Helton's Preliminary Inventory PI 56 (1953) and the Helton and Forrest R. Holdcamper inventory NC 148 (1967). Related records are in RG 44 (Office of Government Reports), RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services), RG 287 (government publications) and RG 306 (United States Information Agency).[^3] Archival pulls for the agency's files include RG 208 Entry 355, box 1712, the folder for Wallace Carroll, Entry 358, box 108, for a cable of November 20, 1945 from William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn, and Entry 6B, box 6, for the Overseas Operations Branch office files.[^48]
### Footnotes
@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^7]: Executive Order 9312, "Defining the Foreign Information Activities of the Office of War Information," March 9, 1943, Federal Register, March 10, 1943 (F.R. Doc. 43-3806), paragraphs 1 and 2. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000200100008-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000200100008-4
[^8]: Office of Strategic Services, Morale Operations Field Manual, Strategic Services (Provisional), Strategic Services Field Manual No. 2, January 26, 1943, section on other U.S. agencies, item d (the State Department, OWI, FEA, the Treasury Department and the CIAA).
[^9]: War Department General Staff, G-2, summary sheet "Establishment of Psychological Warfare Division, Special Staff," May 22, 1946, paragraphs 2c, 2f and 2g. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP64-00658A000100370008-0. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP64-00658A000100370008-0
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14 to 15 and note 16 (Borkenau, Bornstein, Löwenthal and Pächter worked for the OWI; Gilbert, Gumbel, Gurland, Holborn, Kirchheimer, Marcuse, F. Neumann and S. Neumann worked for the OSS). Sole source for the exile lists. The introductory list prints "Arkady Gurman" and note 16 prints "Gurland."
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14 to 15 and note 16 (Borkenau, Bornstein, Löwenthal and Pächter worked for the OWI; Gilbert, Gumbel, Gurland, Holborn, Kirchheimer, Marcuse, F. Neumann and S. Neumann worked for the OSS). The introductory list prints "Arkady Gurman" and note 16 prints "Gurland."
[^11]: United States Government Manual, 1945 edition (Washington: Division of Public Inquiries, Special Services Bureau, Office of War Information), Emergency War Agencies, Office of War Information, pp. 88 to 95 (officials; Domestic Operations Branch; Overseas Operations Branch, including the Bureau of Overseas Intelligence and its Central Intelligence, Regional Analysis and Foreign Morale Analysis Divisions). https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesgove033383mbp
[^12]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 29, 1943, remarks in the debate on the OWI appropriation ("until very recently the Director of the Domestic Branch was Mr. Gardner Cowles ... Following his resignation, Mr. Palmer Hoyt, another prominent Republican ... has left his own newspaper to come here as Director of the Domestic Branch"). Speaker not identified in the available text. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^13]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, House of Representatives, June 15, 1943, p. 5909, remarks of Representative Short. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
@ -243,16 +245,16 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^19]: Congressional Record, vol. 89, Senate, June 30, 1943, pp. 6803 to 6804, remarks of Senator O'Mahoney on the Domestic Branch of the Office of War Information. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-15-july-06-1943_89
[^20]: National War Agencies Appropriation Act, 1944, Public Law 139, 78th Congress, chapter 228, approved July 12, 1943, 57 Stat. 531 to 532 (Office of War Information, salaries and expenses). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-57/pdf/STATUTE-57-Pg522.pdf
[^21]: Roop, Part I, p. 14 (Graves's October 1941 announcement that Watson would accept a P-6 and serve as head of the Analysis Section). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^22]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132 to 133 and notes 51, 54 and 55 (first report sent a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; Watson's February 1942 offer of the post of Senior Political Analyst, the head of the Analysis Division's Central European Section). Sole source for the first-report date and the February 1942 offer.
[^22]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132 to 133 and notes 51, 54 and 55 (first report sent a week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; Watson's February 1942 offer of the post of Senior Political Analyst, the head of the Analysis Division's Central European Section).
[^23]: Roop, Part I, pp. 121 to 122 (Watson as head of the Analysis Division writing on December 30, 1942; Leigh's announcement of April 19, 1943 and the move to the Social Security Building; Graves on May 13, 1943, "function as an integral part of OWI"; Eugene Katz's letter to Leigh of June 18, 1943, "so friendly"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 144 to 145 and note 99 (the Analysis Division's May 1943 move to OWI headquarters, "retaining Watson as its director"; offices contiguous with the Overseas Operations Branch). Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 144 to 145 and note 99 (the Analysis Division's May 1943 move to OWI headquarters, "retaining Watson as its director"; offices contiguous with the Overseas Operations Branch).
[^25]: Roop, Part I, p. 46 (Watson and Leites sent to London in September 1942 to establish an analysis operation working closely with OWI in London and supplying Washington with reports; "a two-man analysis staff remained throughout the war"). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145 to 146 and notes 103 to 106 (May 22, 1944 transfer from the Analysis Division to the Overseas Operations Branch under Wallace Carroll; head of the German Committee of Area One, overseeing about eight regional specialists; Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany) from December 1944, Carroll to Thurman L. Barnard, December 4, 1944; Speier "personally wrote many of the propaganda directives targeted at Germany, most of which were broadcast over" the Voice of America; Carroll signed them). Sole source for the Speier transfer, the December 1944 post and the directives.
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 and notes 46 and 47 (Rockefeller Foundation grants of $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942; the Rockefeller communications portfolio including the Princeton Shortwave Listening Center and Lasswell's Experimental Division for the Study of Wartime Communications at the Library of Congress; roster of the research project including "Dr. Heinz Pächter"). Sole source for the grant figures and the roster.
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 145 to 146 and notes 103 to 106 (May 22, 1944 transfer from the Analysis Division to the Overseas Operations Branch under Wallace Carroll; head of the German Committee of Area One, overseeing about eight regional specialists; Propaganda Policy Adviser (Germany) from December 1944, Carroll to Thurman L. Barnard, December 4, 1944; Speier "personally wrote many of the propaganda directives targeted at Germany, most of which were broadcast over" the Voice of America; Carroll signed them).
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 and notes 46 and 47 (Rockefeller Foundation grants of $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942; the Rockefeller communications portfolio including the Princeton Shortwave Listening Center and Lasswell's Experimental Division for the Study of Wartime Communications at the Library of Congress; roster of the research project including "Dr. Heinz Pächter").
[^28]: FBIS Administrative Memorandum No. 16, "To Officers of the FBIS," January 22, 1943, on the exchange of correspondence with Nelson A. Rockefeller, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and on the use of FBIS material through OWI officials. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP82-00177R000300410017-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp82-00177r000300410017-3
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 191, note 89 (Rosten as OWI liaison between Washington and Hollywood; "instrumental in convincing government officials to use films for propaganda"). Sole source for the Hollywood liaison role.
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 191, note 89 (Rosten as OWI liaison between Washington and Hollywood; "instrumental in convincing government officials to use films for propaganda").
[^30]: Roop, Part I, p. 122, note (Theodore Newcomb on February 15, 1943: "Unfortunately and off the record our relations with them (OWI analysts) are far from the best. There is only one person from whom I guarantee you would get a friendly ear, Otto Klineberg. He used to be with us and is now with them."). https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143 to 144 and notes 96 to 98 (Speier to Leigh, December 14, 1942; Gorer to Speier, March 3, 1943; Speier to OWI Overseas Operations Branch, October 13, 1943; the OWI propaganda analysis division; weekly meetings of autumn 1942). Sole source for the quoted remarks.
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 143 to 144 and notes 96 to 98 (Speier to Leigh, December 14, 1942; Gorer to Speier, March 3, 1943; Speier to OWI Overseas Operations Branch, October 13, 1943; the OWI propaganda analysis division; weekly meetings of autumn 1942).
[^32]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid for C. D. Jackson: Papers, 1931 to 1967, scope and content note (Jackson "representing the Office of War Information (OWI)" as Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Branch at AFHQ in 1943 and Deputy Chief of the Psychological Warfare Division at SHAEF in 1944 to 1945; the Allied Information Service; correspondents; President of the Free Europe Committee 1951 to 1952; Radio Free Europe from 1949 to 1964). https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf
[^33]: Office of War Information, "OWI in the ETO: A Report on the Activities of the Office of War Information in the European Theatre of Operations, January 1944 to January 1945," transmitted by Philip C. Hamblet to Elmer Davis, April 18, 1945 (OWI London and PWD; 279 OWI staff; Normandy press teams; the European News Room; ABSIE; the United States Information Service in France). https://archive.org/details/owiinetoreporton00unit
[^34]: Voice of America Programming Handbook, third edition (1992), history section (first broadcast February 24, 1942, a fifteen-minute German program, described there as set up within OWI in the Foreign Information Service; John Houseman; relay of programs from New York to Britain by military aircraft; 27 language services and 23 transmitters by the Casablanca conference in 1943; 41 languages; transfer to the Department of State; the McMahon committee in late 1945; appropriations in 1946 and 1947; the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152840_0234
@ -265,6 +267,8 @@ Record Group 208 at the National Archives holds the agency's records. The NARA d
[^41]: Robert T. Holt, Radio Free Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958), pp. 39 to 40. https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Station-Books/Radio-Free-Europe-Holt-1958.pdf
[^42]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
[^43]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and notes 37 to 41 (Barrett's April 1950 group of experts "which included Speier"; Speier's consultancy known to Webb and Barrett; Project TROY). Bessner prints "William Barrett" for Barrett's first name in this passage. Sole source for Speier's membership of the group.
[^45]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"; Speier "recruited to RAND several of his AD colleagues, including Alexander L. George and Nathan Leites"); p. 135 (Speier "brought a number of his colleagues, including George and Leites, into the organization"); p. 158, note 157 (Speier "left government service to join the RAND Corporation" in 1948); p. 189 (the 1946 committee including Rosten); p. 191, note 89 (Rosten "came to RAND through Allen Wallis"). Sole source for the RAND recruitment.
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 104 (RG 208, Entry 355, Records of the Office of War Information, General Records of the Chief, box 1712, folder "Wallace Carroll"; Entry 6B, box 6, Overseas Operations Branch, folder "OOB, Office of the Director," Barrett to all staff members of the Overseas Operations Branch, March 27, 1944); note 124 (William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn to Eric Bellquist et al., November 20, 1945, Office of War Information cable, RG 208, Entry 358, box 108). Sole source for these box and folder references.
[^44]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and notes 37 to 41 (Barrett's April 1950 group of experts "which included Speier"; Speier's consultancy known to Webb and Barrett; Project TROY). Bessner prints "William Barrett" for Barrett's first name in this passage.
[^45]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131
[^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 236 to 237 and note 37 (Acheson's request to Webb and Barrett; Webb's approach to Killian and Burchard in the summer of 1950).
[^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 ("a connection that Speier made at the OWI with Leo Rosten brought Speier to the RAND Corporation"; Speier "recruited to RAND several of his AD colleagues, including Alexander L. George and Nathan Leites"); p. 135 (Speier "brought a number of his colleagues, including George and Leites, into the organization"); p. 158, note 157 (Speier "left government service to join the RAND Corporation" in 1948); p. 189 (the 1946 committee including Rosten); p. 191, note 89 (Rosten "came to RAND through Allen Wallis").
[^48]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," note 104 (RG 208, Entry 355, Records of the Office of War Information, General Records of the Chief, box 1712, folder "Wallace Carroll"; Entry 6B, box 6, Overseas Operations Branch, folder "OOB, Office of the Director," Barrett to all staff members of the Overseas Operations Branch, March 27, 1944); note 124 (William Stone and Ferdinand Kuhn to Eric Bellquist et al., November 20, 1945, Office of War Information cable, RG 208, Entry 358, box 108).

18
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Allen and Company.md
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@ -10,17 +10,29 @@ tags:
- INSLAW
- Hadron
- InvestmentBank
summary: "Wall Street investment bank of Charles Allen where Hadron's Dominic Laiti and Simeon's Paul Wormeli went for capital in September 1983, and which bought 7.8 percent of SCT for an unnamed client before SCT's 1986 bid for INSLAW, the two facts on which INSLAW built its Earl Brian financing theory."
summary: "Wall Street bank of Charles Allen, where Hadron's Dominic Laiti and Simeon's Paul Wormeli sought capital in 1983 and which bought 7.8 percent of SCT for an unnamed client before SCT's 1986 INSLAW bid."
location: "New York City"
created: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-09-22
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Philip Scaturro]]"
role: "executive vice president and managing director (2002)"
start: 1983-06-28
reverse: true
fn: 2
---
Allen and Company is the [[New York City]] investment bank of the Allen family. In September 1983 [[Dominic Laiti]], chairman of [[Hadron]], the company controlled by [[Earl Brian]], and [[Paul Wormeli]], vice president of its public-safety software subsidiary [[Simeon]], went to New York to raise capital for Simeon and met at the bank's offices with the executive [[Mark Kesselman]] and "a young man whose last name was Allen." Kesselman later visited Simeon's Northern Virginia offices; he told the investigators of the special counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] that he had been asked by [[Charles Allen]] to assist Allen's nephew [[Nathaniel Kramer]] in the analysis, and that he left the firm in February 1984. [[Bill Hamilton]] of [[INSLAW]] held that the trip's purpose was the acquisition of INSLAW and its [[PROMIS]] software; Bua's investigators concluded the thesis was "incorrect."[^1]
About 1985 or 1986 the bank bought 7.8 percent of the stock of [[SCT|Systems and Computer Technology]] on behalf of an unnamed third party. INSLAW cited the purchase, in its rebuttal to Bua's report, as evidence that Brian was secretly behind SCT's attempted hostile purchase of INSLAW in 1986. The Justice Department's 1994 review rejected the inference as unsupported and noted that on INSLAW's own theory Brian by then already controlled the enhanced PROMIS and was selling it abroad, leaving him no motive to buy the company. Neither the Bua report nor the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]'s report connects the bank to the financing of Brian's later Infotechnology, [[Financial News Network]] and [[United Press International]] ventures, which collapsed in 1991.[^1][^2]
[[Philip Scaturro]] was executive vice president and managing director of Allen and Company Incorporated in June 2002, when the school announced his election as chairman of the board of trustees of the [[New School for Social Research]]. The release describes the firm as "a New York investment bank with a staff of 175 in New York City" and "considered a leading expert in media, entertainment and telecommunications."[^2] Individual contribution records filed with the [[Federal Election Commission]] list Allen & Company as his employer in entries dated June 28, 1983 through October 4, 2006, and again on November 5, 2012, when his occupation is given as retired.[^3] Schedule 13D filings by Allen and Company for iBEAM Broadcasting (July 20, 2001), Convera (January 7 and 24, 2002), Chaparral Resources (May 22, 2002) and Aros Corporation (October 21, 2002) list "Philip D. Scaturro" as "Executive Vice President, Managing Director, Director" of the firm, alongside [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] and [[Bill Bradley|William W. Bradley]] (managing director); the holding company Allen Holding Inc. list does not include him.[^4]
About 1985 or 1986 the bank bought 7.8 percent of the stock of [[SCT|Systems and Computer Technology]] on behalf of an unnamed third party. INSLAW cited the purchase, in its rebuttal to Bua's report, as evidence that Brian was secretly behind SCT's attempted hostile purchase of INSLAW in 1986. The Justice Department's 1994 review rejected the inference as unsupported and noted that on INSLAW's own theory Brian by then already controlled the enhanced PROMIS and was selling it abroad, leaving him no motive to buy the company. Neither the Bua report nor the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]'s report connects the bank to the financing of Brian's later Infotechnology, [[Financial News Network]] and [[United Press International]] ventures, which collapsed in 1991.[^1][^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.,* March 1993, interviews of Dominic Laiti, Paul Wormeli and Mark Kesselman. https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of the United States Department of Justice on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* September 27, 1994 (bound with the Bua report in the archive.org item).
[^2]: New School University, "Philip Scaturro Elected Chairman of New School University's Board of Trustees," press release, June 12, 2002 (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot). https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2002/061202_nsu_scaturro.html
[^3]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A individual contributions, API query contributor_name "SCATURRO, PHILIP" (employer and occupation fields as filed). https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=SCATURRO%2C%20PHILIP
[^4]: Allen and Company Incorporated, Schedule 13D officer and director exhibits, accessions 0000932799-01-500047, 0000932799-02-000005, 0000932799-02-000007, 0000932799-02-000059, 0000932799-02-000090. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/904807/000093279901500047/allenhodir.txt
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of the United States Department of Justice on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.,* September 27, 1994 (bound with the Bua report in the archive.org item).

89
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Massachusetts Institute of Technology.md
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@ -24,29 +24,47 @@ relations:
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Center for International Studies, MKULTRA Subproject 90"
start: 1958-11
fn: 5
fn: 12
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Jack P. Ruina]]"
reverse: true
role: "professor of electrical engineering; chairman of the 1979 to 1980 Vela panel"
fn: 11
fn: 18
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Seth Lloyd]]"
reverse: true
role: "professor of mechanical engineering"
fn: 14
fn: 21
- type: head_of
with: "[[James Killian]]"
reverse: true
role: "president; first chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board"
fn: 10
fn: 17
- type: funded
with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]"
reverse: true
role: "ten donations totaling 850,000 dollars, 2002 to 2017"
start: 2002
end: 2017
fn: 14
fn: 21
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[State Department]]"
role: "Project Troy study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reporting to the Secretary of State (October 1950 to February 1951)"
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-02
fn: 2
- type: funded
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
reverse: true
role: "Center for International Studies; CIA money reported 1951, $300,000 reported 1967"
start: 1951
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
reverse: true
role: "economist; first director of the Center for International Studies (February 1952)"
start: 1952-02
fn: 2
---
The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] is a private university in [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]. Its name appears in CIA records through the [[Center for International Studies]] (CENIS), in [[Project MKUltra]], in the Agency's 1952 and 1953 planning for a scientific panel on unidentified flying objects, and through the [[Instrumentation Laboratory]] and [[Lincoln Laboratory]]; in the 1979 to 1980 [[VELA Satellite]] panel chaired by [[Jack P. Ruina]]; and in the 2020 report on [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s donations.
@ -56,53 +74,66 @@ In the Agency's account of its role in the study of unidentified flying objects,
### The Center for International Studies
Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^2]
The center grew out of [[Project Troy]], the study that MIT convened in October 1950 for the State Department on Soviet jamming of American broadcasts and on wider political warfare.[^2] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that CENIS "emerged from Project TROY," and that [[James Killian]], pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase of four research initiatives, one of which concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to the one [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the Troy report.[^2] The center began operating in the fall of 1951, and in February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^2] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^3] Bessner reports that Millikan asked a Ford Foundation official, Gaither, for funds soon after arriving, that [[Hans Speier]] then visited Millikan in February 1952 and "convinced him otherwise" about the center's scope, and that the Ford trustees granted CENIS $875,000 in the spring of 1952.[^2]
A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^3] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953.
Time of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^4] [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the center "was set up in 1951 with CIA money," and that a 1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with the center, was paid through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] as part of "Project MK-ULTRA."[^5]
Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee on [[State Department]] passport regulations include testimony by [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] of the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser that he had been connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT in 1951 and 1952 and that "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," though "I never formally worked for them." Asked by the subcommittee's counsel, Sourwine, whether he knew that the Center "was a CIA operation," Lowenfeld answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess, and then Mr. Millikan came."[^6]
A draft speech by the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence for delivery at Harvard in February 1986 stated that Max Millikan, an "MIT economist," had "organized the economic intelligence effort" of the Agency, as part of its account of academic recruitment from 1941 onward.[^7] Haines's account of the 1952 and 1953 UFO planning names Millikan as director of the Center in 1953.
In a statement made in 1954 for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]'s security clearance, Killian described "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director.[^8] Bessner describes LEXINGTON as an Air Force summer study of a nuclear-powered airplane.[^9] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^10] Killian's statement also describes a 1952 summer study of the Lincoln Laboratory, whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^8]
### MKULTRA Subproject 90
A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^4]
A CIA notification list of institutions connected with MKULTRA subprojects carries the entry "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, Cambridge, Mass. 02139" with the notation "Subproject 90." The list reproduces a statement MIT asked to be supplied to persons receiving notice: "The activity conducted at MIT involved a study of the scientist in the" (country name redacted) "to produce a descriptive model of the type likely to come in contact with Americans. The project was conducted by a guest of MIT and neither administered nor funded through MIT."[^11]
The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^5]
The released file on MKULTRA Subproject 90 consists of nineteen documents dated from October 1958 to November 1960. A memorandum of September 17, 1958 (SR/6-58-541) from a requesting component asked the Technical Services Staff's Chemical Division to undertake research on a prototype of a male scientist aged 35 to 45, a "professional 'comer'" who in youth had been "an idealist" who became "critically disillusioned" in his early twenties and who "has repressed and rationalized his doubts and opposition sentiments," and for guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated." A second part of the request asked what criteria could be developed for spotting and assessing persons who are "inner emigration" or "alienated" as "potential agent recruits" and how their development should be conducted. A memorandum for the record on the subproject, titled "A Study of the Scientist in the" (country name redacted), states that its purposes were "(a) to produce a descriptive model of scientists who are likely to come into contact with Americans, and (b) to specify methods and strategies for evaluating and influencing such scientists." A grant from a foundation cutout (name redacted) was to be made to "an independent investigator," with cover that the grant was for "interest in the psychological, sociological, cultural, and political determinants of individuals occupying critical roles within various societies"; accounting for the funds was to follow the procedures established for "grants to unwitting agents." The cost for a year from November 1, 1958 was $12,000, obligated on November 18, 1958.[^12]
The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^6] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation.
The file contains a foundation's letters of 1958 and 1959 on payments to a fellowship holder, a letter of September 19, 1960 noting that the final payment of $9,500 had been made a year earlier and that the promised report was overdue, and an accounting dated November 18, 1960 of disbursements of $8,803.36 against $9,500, including a ten-month fellowship of $6,500.[^13] The released documents redact the name of the investigator and of the foundation.
### MIT's 1979 committee report
An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^7]
An Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies, chaired by [[Kenneth Hoffman]] and published in *[[Tech Talk]]* in 1979, stated that "we do not think that any member of the MIT community should (knowingly) act as an agent for an intelligence organization," and discussed gray areas of briefing, recruitment and surveillance of foreign members of the community. The editors of the newsletter that reprinted excerpts, in a note preserved in CIA files, wrote that CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] "has made it clear that the CIA will not honor the standards set up by a university," a statement they connected to Harvard's earlier guidelines.[^14]
### The special laboratories
The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^8]
The Instrumentation Laboratory, founded by [[Charles Stark Draper]], and Lincoln Laboratory developed missile guidance and air defense systems. In November 1968 graduate students formed the [[Science Action Coordinating Committee]], which planned a protest at [[Kresge Auditorium]] for March 4, 1969, with a call for a research stoppage; its poster noted that MIT was "the country's 14th largest military contractor for research, development and testing," singled out the "special labs," and stated that Lincoln Laboratory and the Instrumentation Laboratory accounted for more than half of MIT's budget. About 50 faculty members formed the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], and MIT President [[Howard Johnson]] appointed the [[Pounds Panel]] to review both laboratories. Johnson announced in 1970 that MIT would divest the Instrumentation Laboratory, renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, no later than July 1, 1973, and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. was formed as an independent nonprofit on July 1, 1973. According to MIT's alumni magazine, after the divestment MIT also set up an executive committee to review the operation of the laboratories and moved all classified research off campus to Lincoln Laboratory.[^15]
The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^9]
The CIA's reading room holds a Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum, No. 35 of July 30, 1953, by [[F. A. Rodgers]] on the sensitivities of pre- and post-detection integrators, marked restricted and declassified in 2014.[^16]
### Advisory boards
The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^10]
The [[Congressional Research Service]] history of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] lists James R. Killian Jr., president of MIT, as the board's chairman from early 1956 until 1958 and again among the members appointed in 1961, when he was identified as chairman of the MIT Corporation.[^17]
### The Vela panel
The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^11] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^12] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^13]
The Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event of 1980 was prepared by a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy panel chaired by Ruina, "an MIT professor," according to the [[National Security Archive]].[^18] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that in late 1979 Ruina, a professor of electrical engineering and director of MIT's Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, was involved in preparing a federally funded MIT report assessing the foreign availability of components for short-range ballistic missiles.[^19] The National Security Archive's posting of the papers of [[Gerard C. Smith]] lists State Department telegrams of February 1980 that "dismissed information from MIT professor Jack Ruina, gained from an Israeli visiting fellow at MIT, concerning a possible Israeli connection to the 22 September event."[^20]
### Epstein donations, 2002 to 2020
The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^14]
The report of the law firm [[Goodwin Procter]] to the [[Executive Committee of the MIT Corporation]], dated January 10, 2020, found that between 2002 and 2017 Epstein made ten donations to MIT totaling $850,000, nine of them after his 2008 conviction, totaling $750,000, to support the [[MIT Media Lab]] ($525,000) or Professor [[Seth Lloyd]] ($225,000); that Lloyd received a personal gift of $60,000 in about 2005 or 2006 not recorded by MIT, and "purposefully failed to inform MIT that Epstein, a convicted sex offender, was the source" of $100,000 in 2012; that in 2013 General Counsel [[R. Gregory Morgan]], Vice President for Resource Development [[Jeffrey Newton]] and Executive Vice President [[Israel Ruiz]] approved accepting Epstein's donations to support [[Joi Ito]] and the Media Lab on condition that they remain small and unpublicized; that Epstein made at least nine campus visits between 2013 and 2017 unknown to President [[L. Rafael Reif]]; and that the decision was "the result of collective and significant errors in judgment." Ito resigned on September 7, 2019.[^21]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Haines, Gerald K. "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," *Studies in Intelligence* (1997), sections "Early CIA Concerns, 1947-52" and "The Robertson Panel, 1952-53," text and notes 24, 25 and 36. https://sgp.fas.org/library/ciaufo.html
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^3]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested.
[^5]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
[^6]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960).
[^7]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6
[^8]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/).
[^9]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8
[^10]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0
[^11]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^12]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20. Sole source for the passages so cited on the MIT missile-components report.
[^13]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers.
[^14]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf
[^2]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Millikan's appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^3]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history
[^4]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8 (passage on the center). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^5]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^6]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, hearings on State Department security and passport regulations, part 3, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (p. 331), extracts in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^7]: CIA, memorandum for the record, "DDI Speech on CIA and the University," February 1986, with draft speech ("Harvard speech" of February 3, 1986), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88G01332R000800990018-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000800990018-7
[^8]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4
[^9]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40. Killian's 1954 affidavit, cited in the note above, gives the sponsor as the Atomic Energy Commission.
[^10]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (MIT, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, "MKULTRA Institution Notifications," list of institutions and subproject numbers, CIA Reading Room document 00020476 (also posted at https://archive.org/details/brief-summaries-of-cia-mkultra-subprojects), page listing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies, and the statement MIT requested.
[^12]: CIA, "MKULTRA Subproject 90," memorandum of November 18, 1958 approving the subproject, memorandum for the record on the project's purposes, and memorandum SR/6-58-541 of September 17, 1958, "Requirement for Research Support," CIA Reading Room document 00017493. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00017493
[^13]: Same document as note 5 (foundation letters of November 17, 1958, March 2, 1959 and September 1, 1959; letter of September 19, 1960; accounting of November 18, 1960).
[^14]: "The CIA on American Campuses: Massachusetts Institute of Technology," editor's note and excerpts from the Interim Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on MIT and the Intelligence Agencies (*Tech Talk*, vol. 23, no. 30, 1979), reprinted in a Center for National Security Studies newsletter of May 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300550015-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300550015-6
[^15]: Draper Laboratory, "Origins of Charles Stark Draper and His Laboratory" (https://www.draper.com/media-center/featured-stories/detail/25851/origins-of-charles-stark-draper-and-his-laboratory); "A Slight Rebellion off Mass Ave.," *MIT Technology Review*, August 19, 2014 (https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/19/171719/slight-rebellion-off-mass-ave/amp/).
[^16]: Rodgers, F. A. "The Relative Sensitivities of Pre- and Post-Detection Integrators," MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Memorandum No. 35, July 30, 1953, CIA-RDP67B00341R000400080001-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67b00341r000400080001-8
[^17]: Congressional Research Service, "The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: An Historical Perspective (1955-1975)," 1975, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP02T06251R000900290008-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp02t06251r000900290008-0
[^18]: Richelson, Jeffrey, ed., "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, December 8, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^19]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chapter 20.
[^20]: Same briefing book as note 12, item list for the Gerard C. Smith papers.
[^21]: Goodwin Procter LLP. *Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* January 10, 2020, Introduction, Executive Summary and Findings 1 to 5. https://facultygovernance.mit.edu/sites/default/files/20200121GoodwinProcterReport.pdf

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---
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Mazzini Society
aliases:
- Mazzini Society
- Italian-American Mazzini Society
category: "Private Organization"
tags:
- Organization
- MazziniSociety
- AntiFascism
- ItalianExiles
- NazioniUnite
- GaetanoSalvemini
- MaxAscoli
- AlbertoTarchiani
- CarloSforza
- SerafinoRomualdi
- OSS
- ForeignNationalitiesBranch
- BritishSecurityCoordination
- ItalianLegion
- ItalianAmericanLabor
- WorldWarII
summary: "Anti-fascist exile society of 1939 or 1940 to about 1946 led by Gaetano Salvemini and Max Ascoli, whose weekly Nazioni Unite began in 1942 and whose officers went on to hold office in postwar Italy."
location: "New York, New York; Boston, Massachusetts"
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Max Ascoli]]"
reverse: true
start: 1940
end: 1943
role: "first president; Laura Fermi gives the end of the term as 1941 (resignation for wartime duties in Washington), Camurri as 1943"
fn: 2
- type: founded
with: "[[Gaetano Salvemini]]"
reverse: true
start: 1939
role: "organizer and leader; honorary president from 1940; withdrew soon after"
fn: 3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Alberto Tarchiani]]"
reverse: true
role: "secretary of the society and editor of Nazioni Unite"
fn: 7
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Carlo Sforza]]"
reverse: true
start: 1941
end: 1943
role: "prominent member in New York until October 1943; named leader of the Free Italians at Montevideo, August 1942"
fn: 19
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Randolfo Pacciardi]]"
reverse: true
start: 1941
end: 1944
role: "member during his United States exile; attempted to organize an Italian legion in New York"
fn: 13
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Serafino Romualdi]]"
reverse: true
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "society representative who reported South American recruiting figures to the Interdepartmental Committee in March 1942"
fn: 11
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Italian-American Labor Council]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "joint hosts of the Garibaldi day meeting addressed by Dean Acheson, June 1942"
fn: 15
- type: funded
with: "[[British Security Coordination]]"
start: 1941
role: "subsidy for Italian broadcasts, per the Sydney Morrell memorandum of July 10, 1941 as quoted by Thomas E. Mahl"
fn: 9
---
The Mazzini Society was an organization of Italian anti-fascist exiles and Italian-Americans, formed in 1939 or 1940 and active until about 1946.[^1][^2] Its leaders included [[Gaetano Salvemini]] and [[Max Ascoli]], and its weekly [[Nazioni Unite]] was published from 1942.[^2][^3] Several of its officers later held office in the Italian government or diplomatic service.
### Founding and membership, 1939 to 1940
[[Renato Camurri]] names the founders as [[Roberto Bolaffio]], [[Renato Poggioli]], [[Michele Cantarella]], Salvemini, [[Lionello Venturi]] and Ascoli, and dates the society to 1939.[^1] The Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani entries on Salvemini and [[Alberto Tarchiani]] also date it to 1939, the Tarchiani entry stating that it was founded in New York by Salvemini and that he soon withdrew, judging its program by then too pro-American.[^3] [[Laura Fermi]] dates its creation to 1940 and writes that Ascoli was appointed its first president and Salvemini its honorary president.[^2] Mark Clark, writing on Salvemini in 2018, describes him as the organizer and leader of the society, which he helped create after Germany invaded [[Poland]] in September 1939.[^4]
[[Lo Stato Operaio]], the Communist monthly, wrote in 1942 that the origin of the society lay with [[Carlo Sforza]] and Salvemini, followed by Tarchiani, [[Alberto Cianca]], [[Giuseppe Antonio Borgese]], [[Randolfo Pacciardi]], [[Aurelio Natoli]] and Garosci.[^5] The same article wrote that Tarchiani was named general secretary of the society and Cianca secretary of its New York section, that Sforza remained behind the scenes in direction, that the first dispute arose between Sforza and Salvemini, each accusing the other of insufficient independence from the standpoint of Italian national interest, and that the association formally excluded Communists.[^5] It also wrote that the society's total membership, by agreement with its leadership, was exactly 627 in the United States, and that the movement employed several paid staff and published a costly weekly at a high deficit, from which the writer concluded that someone was paying and advising.[^5]
Fermi describes the membership as small but sincerely dedicated to a free, democratic Italy as envisioned by [[Giuseppe Mazzini]].[^2] Fermi also reports Ascoli's recollection that when two members went to the appropriate office of the United States court to register the society, an official rejected their application because it did not bear "Mr. Mazzini's" signature.[^2]
The Garosci named in the 1942 list is probably [[Aldo Garosci]], a leader of [[Giustizia e Libertà]] after [[Carlo Rosselli]]'s murder in 1937, who was in the United States from August 1941 to June 1943. The Dizionario Biografico entry states that he kept apart from the activities of the anti-fascist community in New York, working for Italian-language propaganda services, and that he left in June 1943 with Tarchiani, Cianca and Bruno Zevi aboard the troop transport Queen Mary.[^6][^3] The 1942 article gives no first name, and the records found do not state that Garosci held office in the society.
### Officers
Camurri gives Ascoli's presidency as 1940 to 1943 and adds that Ascoli and his family contributed substantially to the support of the organization.[^1] Fermi writes that he was named president in 1940 and resigned the following year, because the society was based in New York while his wartime duties required him in Washington; at that time, Fermi states, he was associate director of cultural relations in the [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]].[^2] Tarchiani was the society's secretary, and an [[Office of Strategic Services]] memorandum of March 6, 1943 describes him as "editor of Nazioni Unite and secretary of the Mazzini Society."[^7]
### Nazioni Unite, radio and the State Department, 1941 to 1942
The society's English-language periodical Mazzini News was replaced in March 1942 by the bilingual Nazioni Unite.[^3] Fermi gives the subtitle as The United Nations: Weekly of the Mazzini Society and quotes its first issue as describing all contributors as "men who uncompromisingly stood against Fascism all their adult lives."[^2] The Trotskyist monthly [[Fourth International]] dates the launch to shortly after Pearl Harbor. It states that the Roosevelt administration gave the society a semi-official status and that the [[Office of War Information]] arranged free radio time for its broadcasts.[^8] Fermi writes that the society's political contacts with the American government "were not extensive and, at least at the beginning, limited to the Intelligence Service."[^2]
In early 1941 the society was broadcasting from [[Boston]] to Italy, according to Fermi.[^2] The [[British Security Coordination]] account, as quoted by [[Thomas E. Mahl]], stated that BSC had close ties with the Italian-American Mazzini Society, headed by Ascoli, and that BSC began to supply the [[WRUL]] shortwave station "through cut-outs." A July 1941 memorandum by the [[Special Operations Executive]] officer [[Sydney Morrell]], as quoted by Mahl, records that another subsidy was paid to the Mazzini Society for Italian broadcasts in the same passage that describes WRUL.[^9]
On June 14, 1941, the society wrote to Attorney General [[Robert H. Jackson]] asking for an investigation of the relations between the newspapers of [[Generoso Pope]] and the propaganda division of the Italian government. The letter stated that the leading executives and editorial writers of the Pope newspapers were members of the Italian Fascist party.[^10]
### The Italian legion proposal, 1942 to 1943
At the [[Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems]], which met at the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] under [[Adolf Berle|Adolf A. Berle]] from February to April 1942, Ascoli reported on information received from [[Serafino Romualdi]], "a representative of the Mazzini Society just returned from South America." The minutes record the estimate that perhaps 1,500 anti-Fascist Italians might be recruited, with the strongest interest in [[Uruguay]], and a proposal to cable the embassy at [[Montevideo]] about a "Garibaldi Legion" recruiting in Uruguay and [[Argentina]].[^11] The same memorandum records Salvemini's view that the number of probable recruits was "undoubtedly excessive," and his suggestion that a small Italian cadre be formed in the United States and sent to [[Africa]] as "missionaries."[^11]
The committee was also told that the War Department had gone on record against an Italian legion with its own officers and under the Italian flag, on military grounds.[^11] [[DeWitt C. Poole]] and Colonel Goodfellow reported a preliminary discussion with Colonel Pacciardi, who thought perhaps 300 Italians could be recruited for special units.[^11] Pacciardi reached New York on December 26, 1941, and the Dizionario Biografico states that in the days after Pearl Harbor the society organized lists of volunteers willing to fight in an Italian legion, with Pacciardi regarding himself as its commander in waiting.[^12] His official biography from the [[Camera dei deputati]] records that in New York he attempted to form an Italian legion to fight alongside the Anglo-American forces against the Nazis, and that he asked [[Charles de Gaulle]], through [[Pierre Mendes-France|Pierre Mendès France]], to associate that legion with the Free French movement.[^13] The Dizionario Biografico dates the fading of the legion hope from January 1943 and the unconditional surrender formula.[^12]
The Free Italian congress at Montevideo in August 1942 named Sforza leader of the Free Italians. Fermi notes that this movement, unlike the Mazzini Society, included Italian Communists.[^2] The Fourth International gives August 17, 1942 as the date the congress resolved on a National Council with Sforza as president.[^8]
### Anti-fascist and anti-Communist splits
Lo Stato Operaio reported that at a congress of the society a proposal from the Republican group to take the initiative in a wider front of anti-fascist action, without exclusion of any political tendency, was rejected by 627 votes to 238, with the members almost all represented.[^5] The same account gives Ascoli, as president of the society and an official of the American government, as telling the congress that before the American government "any rapprochement with the Communists would be extremely harmful" (in the periodical's Italian, "qualsiasi avvicinamento ai comunisti sarebbe estremamente nocivo"), and has [[Augusto Bellanca]] saying that all the society's successes with the American authorities depended on its reputation as liberals untainted by extremist infiltration.[^5]
The Fourth International described the society as holding "none too firm" authority among Italian-American trade unionists, with a left wing in the semi-socialist publication group [[Quaderni Italiani]]. It describes Communists and "Stalinists" entering the Italian-American Victory Councils that followed the order removing Italians from enemy-alien status. In that account, the society's national officers refused to sit with the councils' Fascist-linked members, and local chapters in Chicago and St. Louis then entered the councils on the government's wish.[^8]
### Labor ties and the Italian-American Labor Council
The [[Italian-American Labor Council]] (IALC) was formed on December 20, 1941, ten days after Mussolini's declaration of war on the United States, with [[Luigi Antonini]], head of Local 89 (Italian Dressmakers) and first vice-president of the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]], as the pivotal force; [[David Dubinsky]], the union's president, encouraged him to form it. Its founding members included [[Carlo Tresca]], and it claimed affiliates with 300,000 members by the end of its first year. On January 31, 1942 it held a "Freedom Rally" at Madison Square Garden attended by 22,000.[^14]
On June 3, 1942, [[Dean Acheson]], then Assistant Secretary of State, released an address to Americans of Italian descent. He had been invited by the Mazzini Society and the Italian-American Labor Council to speak at a gathering held on the day dedicated to the memory of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. The address stated that "the liberation of the Italian and other peoples from the military cliques which hold them in their clutches is one of the war aims of the United Nations."[^15] The Fourth International describes the same meeting as lending the society government approval.[^8]
### Office of Strategic Services reporting
The Foreign Nationalities Branch of the Office of Strategic Services reported on the society. A branch position report of March 11, 1942 records that, in connection with a report on Greek politics in the Western Hemisphere, cooperation was being established with "Dr. Ascoli, Associate Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs."[^16]
The branch's memorandum No. 111 of March 6, 1943, "Confusion Among Liberal and Socialist Italian and Spanish Anti-Fascists in the United States," states that the Mazzini Society "has been shaken by a series of internal disputes and crises and is much weakened by the resultant confusion," that it "still maintains itself as the leading non-party, liberal anti-fascist organization," and that there was "a growing list of ex-members who were formerly important in its leadership," with the drift of such ex-members in the direction of the Communist-led [[Alleanza Garibaldi]] in [[Mexico City]]. It describes the Italian leadership and the Spanish [[Acción Republicana Española]] as occupied, at the time of the August 1942 Montevideo Conference and shortly after, with strengthening intergroup unity, "combat legions" and national committees. It quotes Tarchiani's editorial of February 25, 1943 in Nazioni Unite, which called the Darlan policy in North Africa "pernicious." A Secretariat summary of the memorandum went to [[William J. Donovan]] on March 27, 1943.[^7]
Clark writes that Salvemini supplied a list of Italian-Americans engaged in fascist activities to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], Army Intelligence, the [[Dies Committee]] and the [[Coordinator of Information]], the predecessor of the Office of Strategic Services. Clark dates the FBI's interest in Salvemini from 1940 to 1944, and states that between 1944 and 1945 the agency intercepted, translated and distributed a large portion of his correspondence.[^4]
### British Security Coordination and Fight for Freedom
Mahl describes [[Fight for Freedom]] as a British intelligence front. He cites [[Mark Chadwin]] as listing Ascoli among its particularly generous donors, and states that Ascoli "was also working for British intelligence through his Italian-American Mazzini Society."[^9] The Princeton University finding aid for Fight for Freedom, Inc. lists a correspondence folder headed "Ascoli, Max, 1941."[^17]
### State Department dealings and Sforza's return, 1943
On September 2, 1943, Berle recorded a meeting with Sforza, who had come in at Berle's request. Sforza said he had applied to the British Embassy, which had welcomed the idea, cabled London and been turned down. Berle told him that passage could not be arranged beyond North Africa at that time, and that the State Department had decided to permit him to go to North Africa "in a purely private capacity and on his own responsibility."[^18] Sforza left New York on October 6, 1943.[^19]
By October 20, 1943, Sforza had met [[Pietro Badoglio]], whom he told that he would give the government full support, meaning that he would not at present join it. The American mission at [[Brindisi]] reported Sforza's statement that he would use his influence to get the Italian people to follow a government composed of decent people.[^20] A late October 1943 telegram from [[Naples]] reported that Sforza and [[Benedetto Croce]] refused to join the Badoglio government while the King remained, and proposed the King's abdication in favor of the Prince of Naples.[^20]
### Members in the postwar government and diplomatic service
Tarchiani, who had returned to Italy in 1943, served as minister of public works in the second Badoglio government (April to June 1944). Sforza proposed him as Italian representative in Washington, and he was designated in February 1945; his term as ambassador ran from 1945 to 1955.[^3] A State Department memorandum of March 6, 1945 refers to him as "the Appointed Ambassador of Italy to the United States."[^21]
Sforza, minister without portfolio under Badoglio and in the first Bonomi government, was named foreign minister by [[Alcide De Gasperi]] in February 1947 and left the post in July 1951.[^19] A letter from Tarchiani to the Secretary of State dated June 16, 1947 refers to Sforza as the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs.[^22]
Pacciardi left New York on June 7, 1944 by air for North Africa, where OSS agents met him at Casablanca and escorted him to Algiers, and reached Naples on June 29, 1944.[^12] He entered the De Gasperi government as deputy prime minister in late December 1947 and was minister of defence from May 23, 1948 to July 7, 1953, across three De Gasperi governments.[^13]
### Dissolution
Fermi dates the society's weekly to 1942 to 1946, and a 1976 study of the society by M. Tirabassi is titled for the years 1940 to 1946.[^2][^3] Fermi records that when the liberation of Italy began, the first exiles returned to Italy and direct communication was opened between them and the anti-Fascist groups there.[^2] Tarchiani and Garosci sailed in June 1943, Sforza left in October 1943 and Pacciardi in June 1944.[^3][^19][^12]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Renato Camurri, biographical note, "Max Ascoli 1898 - 1978," Senato della Repubblica, Archivio storico, federated fonds Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Max Ascoli, https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/inventario/howard-gotlieb-archival-research-center/max-ascoli (Italian; translated).
[^2]: Laura Fermi, *Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930-41* (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 118-119 (Mazzini Society, Nazioni Unite, the registration anecdote, the contacts sentence), pp. 283-284 (Ascoli's presidency, resignation and CIAA post), reference notes (Nazioni Unite, 1942-1946), https://archive.org/details/illustriousimmig0000unse.
[^3]: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, entries "Tarchiani, Alberto" and "Salvemini, Gaetano," Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana (Treccani), https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-tarchiani_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ and https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gaetano-salvemini_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (Italian; translated). The Tarchiani entry cites Tirabassi, "La Mazzini Society (1940-1946). Un'associazione degli antifascisti italiani negli Stati Uniti," in *Italia e America dalla grande guerra ad oggi* (Padua, 1976), pp. 141-158.
[^4]: Mark Clark, "Gaetano Salvemini, 1873-1957," Transatlantic Perspectives, German Historical Institute, published April 11, 2018, https://www.transatlanticperspectives.org/entries/gaetano-salvemini/.
[^5]: *Lo Stato Operaio*, vol. II, nos. 6-7 (June-July 1942), article "Il Congresso della Mazzini," https://archive.org/details/lo-stato-operaio_june-july-1942_2_6-7 (Italian; translated). Communist party monthly; the statements on funding, membership and the congress are the periodical's own.
[^6]: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, entry "Garosci, Aldo," Treccani, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aldo-garosci_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (Italian; translated).
[^7]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Office of Strategic Services, Foreign Nationalities Branch organization file (1942-43), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7: Secretariat memorandum to Colonel Donovan, March 27, 1943 (PDF p. 154); FNB memorandum No. 111, March 6, 1943, "Foreign Nationality Groups in the United States," pp. 1-3 (PDF pp. 157-159).
[^8]: *Fourth International*, June 1943, vol. 4, no. 6, article on Washington's policy toward the Italian anti-fascist emigres, https://archive.org/details/sim_international-socialist-review_1943-06_4_6. Trotskyist monthly.
[^9]: Thomas E. Mahl, *Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939-44* (Washington: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 24, 31 and 190, with the passages quoting the BSC Account and the Sydney Morrell memorandum SO.1 of July 10, 1941 (PRO FO 898/103). The Fight for Freedom characterization and Chadwin's donor list are Mahl's own.
[^10]: *The Hour*, No. 101, June 14, 1941, p. 2, https://archive.org/details/hour_1941-06-14_101.
[^11]: Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Nationality Problems, minutes and memoranda, filed under an Office of Strategic Services heading, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP13X00001R000100370009-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100370009-5: minutes of the sixth meeting (March 11, 1942), pp. 17-18; memorandum to Colonel Donovan (March 11, 1942), pp. 22-24; Berle's letter of February 27, 1942 and the War Department reply; the report on Colonel Pacciardi.
[^12]: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, entry "Pacciardi, Randolfo," Treccani, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/randolfo-pacciardi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (Italian; translated).
[^13]: Camera dei deputati, Archivio storico, biography of Randolfo Pacciardi, https://archivio.camera.it/resources/pu01/allegati/pacciardi.pdf (Italian; translated).
[^14]: Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, Guide to the Records of the Italian-American Labor Council (WAG.091), historical note, https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/wag_091/all.
[^15]: *Department of State Bulletin*, vol. VI, no. 154 (June 6, 1942), "Address by Assistant Secretary Acheson to Americans of Italian Descent," released to the press June 3, https://archive.org/details/sim_department-of-state-bulletin_1942-06-06_6_154.
[^16]: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180008-7, Foreign Nationalities Branch, "Position and Relations as of March 11, 1942," p. 1 (PDF p. 248), https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100180008-7.
[^17]: Princeton University Library, Fight for Freedom, Inc. Records (MC025), Series 1 Correspondence, folder "Ascoli, Max, 1941," https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC025_c00024.
[^18]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943*, vol. II, memorandum of conversation by the Assistant Secretary of State (Berle), September 2, 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v02.
[^19]: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, entry "Sforza, Carlo," Treccani, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-sforza_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (Italian; translated).
[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943*, vol. II, telegram from Murphy (Algiers), October 21, 1943, 3 p.m., and telegrams of late October 1943 on the Naples group, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v02.
[^21]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945*, vol. IV, memorandum of conversation by the Assistant Secretary of State (Dunn), March 6, 1945, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v04.
[^22]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947*, vol. III, letter from Tarchiani to the Secretary of State, June 16, 1947, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v03.

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20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/New School for Social Research.md
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@ -54,143 +54,144 @@ relations:
reverse: true
start: 1933
role: "guaranteed $60,000 a year for two years to start the University in Exile"
fn: 12
fn: 11
- type: funded
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1933
role: "co-funded faculty appointments and the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication"
fn: 14
fn: 16
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Hans Speier]]"
reverse: true
start: 1933-09
role: "professor of sociology, Graduate Faculty member and co-director of the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication"
fn: 22
fn: 24
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Kurt Riezler]]"
reverse: true
start: 1939
end: 1952
role: "professor of philosophy, Graduate Faculty"
fn: 42
fn: 44
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Max Ascoli]]"
reverse: true
start: 1933
role: "Graduate Faculty member from late 1933"
fn: 53
fn: 55
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Leo Strauss]]"
reverse: true
start: 1938
end: 1948
role: "Graduate Faculty member"
fn: 39
fn: 41
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Hannah Arendt]]"
reverse: true
start: 1967
end: 1975
role: "University Professor in Philosophy"
fn: 40
fn: 42
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hans Simons]]"
reverse: true
start: 1950
end: 1961
role: "president"
fn: 79
fn: 82
- type: head_of
with: "[[John R. Everett]]"
reverse: true
start: 1964
end: 1982
role: "president"
fn: 79
fn: 82
- type: head_of
with: "[[Jonathan F. Fanton]]"
reverse: true
start: 1982-09
end: 1999
role: "president"
fn: 88
fn: 91
- type: head_of
with: "[[Bob Kerrey]]"
reverse: true
start: 2001-01
end: 2010-12-31
role: "seventh president, named in 2000 and due to start after leaving the Senate; president through 2010"
fn: 92
fn: 98
- type: head_of
with: "[[David E. Van Zandt]]"
reverse: true
start: 2011
role: "eighth president"
fn: 92
fn: 98
- type: head_of
with: "[[Dwight A. McBride]]"
reverse: true
start: 2020
end: 2023
role: "ninth president"
fn: 94
fn: 100
- type: head_of
with: "[[Donna Shalala]]"
reverse: true
start: 2023
end: 2024
role: "interim president"
fn: 94
fn: 100
- type: head_of
with: "[[Joel Towers]]"
reverse: true
start: 2024
role: "tenth president"
fn: 94
fn: 100
- type: funded
with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]"
reverse: true
start: 2014
end: 2019
role: "tuition and transfers paid from Epstein accounts, as recorded in bank statements and a Deutsche Bank exhibit"
fn: 110
fn: 120
- type: funded
with: "[[Starr Foundation]]"
reverse: true
start: 2004
role: "$10 million grant to establish the India China Institute"
fn: 96
fn: 106
- type: funded
with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]"
reverse: true
start: 2004
role: "$3.7 million gift for the Center for Economic Policy Analysis and an endowed professorship"
fn: 96
fn: 106
- type: director_of
with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]"
reverse: true
start: 2004
role: "trustee, joined the board September 1, 2004"
fn: 95
fn: 105
- type: funded
with: "[[United States Department of the Air Force]]"
reverse: true
start: 2013
role: "assistance award FA95501410030, $6,176,482, on the dynamics of sacred values"
fn: 104
fn: 114
- type: funded
with: "[[Project MKUltra]]"
reverse: true
start: 1961
end: 1962
role: "two 1962 projects at the school, per the Everett file; subproject numbers not stated there"
fn: 70
fn: 72
- type: funded
with: "[[Bernard L. Schwartz]]"
reverse: true
start: 2001
role: "$1.1 million for the Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture Series and Project in Markets, Equality and Democracy"
fn: 97
fn: 107
- type: director_of
with: "[[Dorothy Payne Whitney]]"
reverse: true
@ -203,7 +204,20 @@ relations:
start: 1939
end: 1941
role: "associate professor lecturing in psychiatry, per a New School official to the FBI"
fn: 55
fn: 57
- type: director_of
with: "[[Philip Scaturro]]"
reverse: true
start: 2002-07
end: 2008-06-30
role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
fn: 104
- type: member_of
with: "[[Frank Haronian]]"
reverse: true
end: 1963
role: "doctoral student; Ph.D. in clinical psychology, 1963"
fn: 80
---
A private New York City university founded in 1919 by professors who had been dismissed or had resigned during the First World War, the New School for Social Research opened as an adult school of social science with money from the circle around [[The New Republic]].[^1] Its Graduate Faculty, known from 1933 as the [[University in Exile]], took in German and Central European scholars, and during the Second World War members of that faculty worked for the [[Office of Strategic Services]], the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] and the [[Office of War Information]].
@ -220,97 +234,101 @@ Dorothy Payne Whitney remained on the Board of Directors until 1930, after 1925
### University in Exile, 1933
Johnson had co-edited the [[Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences]] from 1930 to 1935 and had corresponded with German-speaking scholars who contributed to it. After the Nazi seizure of power he set out to shelter them. In April 1933 he began to raise $60,000 a year for two years to support a faculty of fifteen scholars.[^10] Before the largest gift he had raised between $7,000 and $15,000.[^11]
Johnson had co-edited the [[Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences]] from 1930 to 1935 and had corresponded with German-speaking scholars who contributed to it. After the Nazi seizure of power he set out to shelter them. In April 1933 he began to raise $60,000 a year for two years to support a faculty of fifteen scholars.[^10]
[[Hiram J. Halle]] telephoned Johnson after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. Johnson's account has Halle telling him "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years." Halle wanted his name kept out of the announcement so that other donors would not hold back, and [[Frank Altschul]] vouched for his credit.[^12] The school's own history describes Halle's gift as the entire sum Johnson required.[^10] Johnson's account has Halle guaranteeing $60,000 a year for two years.[^12] Bessner writes that Johnson had collected $120,000 from Halle to fund fifteen professorships at $4,000 a year and raised further money through the Institute of International Education, and that Lederer, then in London, asked Speier to help, so that in the summer of 1933 Speier carried contracts between London and Berlin to prospective members.[^13]
[[Hiram J. Halle]] telephoned Johnson after a letter Johnson had written to [[Edwin R.A. Seligman]] reached him. In Johnson's account Halle asked how much had been pledged, Johnson answered "Twelve thousand," and Halle said: "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years, so that you can go ahead at once." Halle wanted his name kept out of the announcement so that other donors would not hold back, and [[Frank Altschul]] vouched for his credit.[^11] The school's own history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000 he received the whole $60,000 from Halle.[^10] Rutkoff and Scott write that Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required" and that Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000."[^12] Bessner writes that Johnson had collected $120,000 from Halle to fund fifteen professorships at $4,000 a year and raised further money through the Institute of International Education, and that Lederer, then in London, asked Speier to help, so that in the summer of 1933 Speier carried contracts between London and Berlin to prospective members.[^13]
The first appointments were made with the Rockefeller Foundation. Johnson and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933.[^14] The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^14] The school's history lists the original members as the agricultural economist [[Karl Brandt]], the public finance specialist [[Gerhard Colm]], [[Arthur Feiler]], [[Eduard Heimann]], [[Herman Kantorowicz]], [[Emil Lederer]], [[Hans Speier]], [[Erich von Hornbostel]], [[Max Wertheimer]] and [[Frieda Wunderlich]]. By October 1933 ten academics were teaching, and by 1935 six more had been added.[^10]
Halle hosted an annual fall barbecue on his Pound Ridge property for the University in Exile, its families and New School staff. His 1938 letter of invitation to [[Albert Einstein]] described the gathering as lunch on barbecued lamb in an old mill over a waterfall; Einstein declined, citing poor health. The New School Archives holds two silent 16mm home movies of the event, dated probably 1935 and 1937, donated in 2015 by Halle's great-nephew and the great-nephew's sister.[^14] The Institute for Advanced Study holds the bronze bust of Einstein that [[Jacob Epstein]] sculpted from life in 1933 at Cromer, Norfolk, for Halle, whom its catalogue calls "a close friend and financial supporter of Epstein"; it passed to Halle's nephew [[Joseph Halle Schaffner]] and then to the Institute.[^15]
The Emergency Committee was founded in May 1933 when Alfred E. Cohn, Bernard Flexner and Fred M. Stein approached [[Stephen Duggan]] of the [[Institute of International Education]]. [[Felix Warburg]] and [[Alan Gregg]] advised the organizers, and [[Livingston Farrand]] chaired it. The Committee made grants to host institutions rather than to scholars, and it made 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants. [[Edward R. Murrow]] was its assistant secretary until 1935.[^15] Duggan invited Johnson to lunch after the University in Exile was announced and told him of the Committee's plan.[^16] The Committee's records file [[Kurt Riezler]], Speier, [[Max Ascoli]], Colm, [[Arnold Brecht]], [[Hans Simons]], [[Hans Staudinger]], [[Jacob Marschak]], [[Adolph Lowe]], Lederer and [[Wilhelm Reich]] under the heading "Non-Grantees," which the finding aid defines as applicants not aided through the Committee.[^15] The school's history lists Colm and Speier among its original members.[^10]
The first appointments were made with the Rockefeller Foundation. Johnson and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933.[^16] The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^16] The school's history lists the original members as the agricultural economist [[Karl Brandt]], the public finance specialist [[Gerhard Colm]], [[Arthur Feiler]], [[Eduard Heimann]], [[Herman Kantorowicz]], [[Emil Lederer]], [[Hans Speier]], [[Erich von Hornbostel]], [[Max Wertheimer]] and [[Frieda Wunderlich]]. By October 1933 ten academics were teaching, and by 1935 six more had been added.[^10]
The Emergency Committee was founded in May 1933 when Alfred E. Cohn, Bernard Flexner and Fred M. Stein approached [[Stephen Duggan]] of the [[Institute of International Education]]. [[Felix Warburg]] and [[Alan Gregg]] advised the organizers, and [[Livingston Farrand]] chaired it. The Committee made grants to host institutions rather than to scholars, and it made 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants. [[Edward R. Murrow]] was its assistant secretary until 1935.[^17] Duggan invited Johnson to lunch after the University in Exile was announced and told him of the Committee's plan.[^18] The Committee's records file [[Kurt Riezler]], Speier, [[Max Ascoli]], Colm, [[Arnold Brecht]], [[Hans Simons]], [[Hans Staudinger]], [[Jacob Marschak]], [[Adolph Lowe]], Lederer and [[Wilhelm Reich]] under the heading "Non-Grantees," which the finding aid defines as applicants not aided through the Committee.[^17] The school's history lists Colm and Speier among its original members.[^10]
### Federal contacts
[[Peter M. Rutkoff]] and [[William B. Scott]] write that after 1947 Johnson acknowledged in private letters that he had been meeting regularly with [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty, and that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum of January 27, 1942 indicated that he had also monitored files of "enemy aliens" in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney.[^17] According to [[Sidney Hook]], Johnson on at least one occasion "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]." The Graduate Faculty charter adopted an explicitly anticommunist clause in 1940, after difficulties with the State Department and immigration authorities.[^17] In early 1942 Johnson requested a meeting at which he and Staudinger appeared before a panel drawn from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence and the Army, and Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a "Communist outfit."[^18] In the early 1950s the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^19] Johnson also sat on a wartime enemy alien hearing board whose cases had been "well prepared in advance by the FBI."[^12]
[[Peter M. Rutkoff]] and [[William B. Scott]] write that after 1947 Johnson acknowledged in private letters that he had been meeting regularly with [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty, and that a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum of January 27, 1942 indicated that he had also monitored files of "enemy aliens" in the early 1940s for the federal district attorney.[^19] According to [[Sidney Hook]], Johnson on at least one occasion "wanted to get rid of a Communist Party member" but "delegated it to [[Clara Mayer]]." The Graduate Faculty charter adopted an explicitly anticommunist clause in 1940, after difficulties with the State Department and immigration authorities.[^19] In early 1942 Johnson requested a meeting at which he and Staudinger appeared before a panel drawn from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence and the Army, and Johnson had to defend himself against charges of heading a "Communist outfit."[^20] In the early 1950s the school's administration received "inquiries from congressional and Senate committees, the FBI, and numerous individuals."[^21] Johnson also sat on a wartime enemy alien hearing board whose cases had been "well prepared in advance by the FBI."[^11]
### Graduate Faculty and wartime government work
The Office of Strategic Services considered the New School "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects.[^20] Foreign nationals on the faculty could not work directly for Washington, so agencies used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to them. The National Defense Commission asked the Graduate Faculty in the winter of 1939 to 1940 for analyses of Nazi successes. Organizations that used Graduate Faculty research included the Board of Economic Warfare, the Foreign Economic Administration, the National Economic and Social Planning Association and the Public Administration Committee of the Social Science Research Council.[^13][^20] The Graduate Faculty also produced a translation of Hitler's Mein Kampf in 1938 and 1939, which Bessner writes the OSS and the OWI used, possibly through Speier.[^13]
The Office of Strategic Services considered the New School "the best collection of German, left-leaning intellectuals in the United States." Over two hundred students who had studied at the University in Exile worked for the government during the war, and New School scholars were involved in more than twenty-five government-associated projects.[^22] Foreign nationals on the faculty could not work directly for Washington, so agencies used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to them. The National Defense Commission asked the Graduate Faculty in the winter of 1939 to 1940 for analyses of Nazi successes. Organizations that used Graduate Faculty research included the Board of Economic Warfare, the Foreign Economic Administration, the National Economic and Social Planning Association and the Public Administration Committee of the Social Science Research Council.[^13][^22] The Graduate Faculty also produced a translation of Hitler's Mein Kampf in 1938 and 1939, which Bessner writes the OSS and the OWI used, possibly through Speier.[^13]
The [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]], led by Speier and the psychoanalyst [[Ernst Kris]], was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation until 1943.[^21] The project ran from 1940 to 1944 in the school's finding aid.[^22] The preface of its 1944 book dates the start of work to April 1, 1941. The Rockefeller Foundation granted $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942, and Johnson housed the staff in New School rooms, which Bessner attributes to his wish to show the government and the intellectual community that he was not hiding a fifth column. Its research papers went to agencies in Washington, London and Ottawa.[^23] Its analysts studied radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and coordinated their work with the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] and United States agencies. Many of the researchers later held federal posts.[^21] The project's staff included Sidney Axelrad, Joe Carmichael, Rose M. Chayes, Henry Elkin, Erik Estorik, Jacob Goldstein, Hans Herma, George Hilton, Eleanor Horn, Gertrud Kurth, Stanley Lipkin, Janice Loeb, Rita Lowe, Margaret P. Mascret, Alexander Mintz, George A. Nelson Jr., Margaret Otis, Heinz Paechter, Thomas Rubinstein, Dorothy L. Sandler, Joseph Shor, Ursula Wasserman, Florence Weil and Howard B. White.[^24] The project's 1944 book, German Radio Propaganda, went to allied agencies, and the acting head of the British Political Warfare Mission in Washington called it "a magnificent piece of work."[^25]
The [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]], led by Speier and the psychoanalyst [[Ernst Kris]], was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation until 1943.[^23] The project ran from 1940 to 1944 in the school's finding aid.[^24] The preface of its 1944 book dates the start of work to April 1, 1941. The Rockefeller Foundation granted $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942, and Johnson housed the staff in New School rooms, which Bessner attributes to his wish to show the government and the intellectual community that he was not hiding a fifth column. Its research papers went to agencies in Washington, London and Ottawa.[^25] Its analysts studied radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and coordinated their work with the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] and United States agencies. Many of the researchers later held federal posts.[^23] The project's staff included Sidney Axelrad, Joe Carmichael, Rose M. Chayes, Henry Elkin, Erik Estorik, Jacob Goldstein, Hans Herma, George Hilton, Eleanor Horn, Gertrud Kurth, Stanley Lipkin, Janice Loeb, Rita Lowe, Margaret P. Mascret, Alexander Mintz, George A. Nelson Jr., Margaret Otis, Heinz Paechter, Thomas Rubinstein, Dorothy L. Sandler, Joseph Shor, Ursula Wasserman, Florence Weil and Howard B. White.[^26] The project's 1944 book, German Radio Propaganda, went to allied agencies, and the acting head of the British Political Warfare Mission in Washington called it "a magnificent piece of work."[^27]
Exiles from the Graduate Faculty held wartime posts across the government. Bessner's list places [[Franz Borkenau]], [[Joseph Bornstein]], [[Leo Löwenthal]] and [[Heinz Paechter]] at the Office of War Information, and [[Felix Gilbert]], [[Emil Gumbel]], [[Arkadij Gurland]], [[Hajo Holborn]], [[Otto Kirchheimer]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Franz Neumann]] and [[Sigmund Neumann]] at the Office of Strategic Services.[^26]
Exiles from the Graduate Faculty held wartime posts across the government. Bessner's list places [[Franz Borkenau]], [[Joseph Bornstein]], [[Leo Löwenthal]] and [[Heinz Paechter]] at the Office of War Information, and [[Felix Gilbert]], [[Emil Gumbel]], [[Arkadij Gurland]], [[Hajo Holborn]], [[Otto Kirchheimer]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Franz Neumann]] and [[Sigmund Neumann]] at the Office of Strategic Services.[^28]
Speier's wartime career ran from the project into the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, where [[Goodwin Watson]], head of its Analysis Division, offered him the post of Senior Political Analyst in February 1942; he became Principal Political Analyst in November 1942, and Bessner writes that Watson later "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst."[^27][^28] On May 22, 1944 he transferred to the Office of War Information's Overseas Operations Branch.[^28] A connection he made at the OWI with [[Leo Rosten]] brought him to the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from July 1948.[^29][^30] [[John Foster Dulles]], a Rockefeller Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation after the war to continue work in this field in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^21]
Speier's wartime career ran from the project into the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, where [[Goodwin Watson]], head of its Analysis Division, offered him the post of Senior Political Analyst in February 1942; he became Principal Political Analyst in November 1942, and Bessner writes that Watson later "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst."[^29][^30] On May 22, 1944 he transferred to the Office of War Information's Overseas Operations Branch.[^30] A connection he made at the OWI with [[Leo Rosten]] brought him to the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from July 1948.[^31][^32] [[John Foster Dulles]], a Rockefeller Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation after the war to continue work in this field in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^23]
### Institute of World Affairs
The [[Institute of World Affairs]] was founded as an independent unit of the New School in 1943, taking over the collective research projects of the Graduate Faculty, and was redesignated the Research Division in 1953. It developed from a Study Group on Germany and from the Totalitarian Communication Project organized by Speier and Kris, and its studies included work done in conjunction with, or on the commission of, United States war offices, among them Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction. Max Ascoli handled initial planning and fund-raising until Adolph Lowe became director of research in 1942.[^31] The records' abstract gives 1942 as the founding year.[^32] Funding for 1943 to 1951 is reported at $630,000, from [[Independent Aid]], the Rockefeller Foundation, the Viking Fund, the Hebrew Technical Institute, the Rosenwald Foundation and individual donors.[^31] Bessner describes the Institute as "a research center funded by Doris Duke."[^33] Independent Aid, Inc. was the first charitable foundation established by [[Doris Duke]]; it was incorporated in Delaware in October 1934 and renamed the Doris Duke Foundation in October 1951.[^34]
The [[Institute of World Affairs]] was founded as an independent unit of the New School in 1943, taking over the collective research projects of the Graduate Faculty, and was redesignated the Research Division in 1953. It developed from a Study Group on Germany and from the Totalitarian Communication Project organized by Speier and Kris, and its studies included work done in conjunction with, or on the commission of, United States war offices, among them Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction. Max Ascoli handled initial planning and fund-raising until Adolph Lowe became director of research in 1942.[^33] The records' abstract gives 1942 as the founding year.[^34] Funding for 1943 to 1951 is reported at $630,000, from [[Independent Aid]], the Rockefeller Foundation, the Viking Fund, the Hebrew Technical Institute, the Rosenwald Foundation and individual donors.[^33] Bessner describes the Institute as "a research center funded by Doris Duke."[^35] Independent Aid, Inc. was the first charitable foundation established by [[Doris Duke]]; it was incorporated in Delaware in October 1934 and renamed the Doris Duke Foundation in October 1951.[^36]
In October 1943 [[Albert Salomon]] asked Speier to join the Institute's council. Speier replied that he "would like to be helpful, if I am wanted," and later withdrew his declaration to serve "in principle" pending further information, writing to Lowe on February 25, 1944 that he did not want to be considered a member of the council.[^35] Bessner states that he came to believe he was being "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics."[^35] In 1947 and 1948 he planned a Division of International Studies, which was elected on December 17, 1947 and never realized.[^36]
In October 1943 [[Albert Salomon]] asked Speier to join the Institute's council. Speier replied that he "would like to be helpful, if I am wanted," and later withdrew his declaration to serve "in principle" pending further information, writing to Lowe on February 25, 1944 that he did not want to be considered a member of the council.[^37] Bessner states that he came to believe he was being "used as a pawn in ridiculous faculty politics."[^37] In 1947 and 1948 he planned a Division of International Studies, which was elected on December 17, 1947 and never realized.[^38]
### Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, also called the Free French School. Between 1942 and 1946 it offered courses, mostly in French, in the social sciences and humanities. The Ecole Libre was recognized by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments as equivalent to a university degree. Its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. Some faculty held that the school should be scholarly and non-political, while others, supporters of the Free France movement led by [[Charles de Gaulle]], held that it had an intrinsic relationship to that movement. The Ecole Libre was severed from the New School in June 1947.[^37]
In 1941 Johnson facilitated the establishment of the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] at the New School, also called the Free French School. Between 1942 and 1946 it offered courses, mostly in French, in the social sciences and humanities. The Ecole Libre was recognized by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments as equivalent to a university degree. Its board included [[Henri Focillon]], [[Jean Perrin]], [[Paul van Zeeland]], [[Jacques Maritain]] and [[Gustave Cohen]]. Some faculty held that the school should be scholarly and non-political, while others, supporters of the Free France movement led by [[Charles de Gaulle]], held that it had an intrinsic relationship to that movement. The Ecole Libre was severed from the New School in June 1947.[^39]
### Faculty
[[Leo Strauss]] came to the school on a path that ran through the Rockefeller Foundation. The Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the London School of Economics recommended him to Johnson.[^38] Strauss taught at the New School from 1938 to 1948.[^39] [[Hannah Arendt]] was University Professor in Philosophy from 1967 to 1975. The school's archive holds her office files, including correspondence with [[Elizabeth Young-Bruehl]] from 1969 to 1975.[^40] The Rockefeller Foundation records list a grant in aid to Arendt under the New School.[^41]
[[Leo Strauss]] came to the school on a path that ran through the Rockefeller Foundation. The Foundation and [[Harold Laski]] of the London School of Economics recommended him to Johnson.[^40] Strauss taught at the New School from 1938 to 1948.[^41] [[Hannah Arendt]] was University Professor in Philosophy from 1967 to 1975. The school's archive holds her office files, including correspondence with [[Elizabeth Young-Bruehl]] from 1969 to 1975.[^42] The Rockefeller Foundation records list a grant in aid to Arendt under the New School.[^43]
Riezler, a diplomat and philosopher, emigrated at the end of 1938 and held a Graduate Faculty post. The Editors' Note in the Spring 1956 issue of [[Social Research]] states that he was Professor of Philosophy from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus; [[Wayne C. Thompson]] writes that he retired in 1952, the Marbach authority record gives his New School affiliation as circa 1939 to 1954, and the Neue Deutsche Biographie has him returning to Rome in 1954.[^42][^43][^44][^45] Johnson recorded Riezler as his last appointment: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^46] The Institute of World Affairs finding aid lists him among the Study Group on Germany, attended by Eduard Heimann, [[Erich Hula]], [[Karl Mayer]], Albert Salomon, Strauss, [[Horace Kallen]] and [[Felix Kaufmann]], and among the researchers associated with the University in Exile.[^31] The papers of Reuben Abel list him among the lecturers Abel attended, and the school's faculty vertical files hold a file for him.[^47][^48] Riezler and Strauss taught two courses together in the mid-1940s, one on Aristotle's De anima and Descartes's Passions of the Soul with [[Solomon Asch]] and one on Plato's Theaetetus with [[Alexandre Koyré]], and Riezler published "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man" in Social Research in 1945.[^49][^50] Strauss's eulogy for Riezler appeared in Social Research in 1956 beside a memorial article by [[Theodor Heuss]]. His daughter Maria married the New School professor [[Howard B. D. White]].[^45][^51][^52] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933 after Johnson recruited him as one of two Rockefeller scholars, and he later edited [[The Reporter]].[^53]
Riezler, a diplomat and philosopher, emigrated at the end of 1938 and held a Graduate Faculty post. The Editors' Note in the Spring 1956 issue of [[Social Research]] states that he was Professor of Philosophy from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus; [[Wayne C. Thompson]] writes that he retired in 1952, the Marbach authority record gives his New School affiliation as circa 1939 to 1954, and the Neue Deutsche Biographie has him returning to Rome in 1954.[^44][^45][^46][^47] Johnson recorded Riezler as his last appointment: "With Riezler the roster was closed."[^48] The Institute of World Affairs finding aid lists him among the Study Group on Germany, attended by Eduard Heimann, [[Erich Hula]], [[Karl Mayer]], Albert Salomon, Strauss, [[Horace Kallen]] and [[Felix Kaufmann]], and among the researchers associated with the University in Exile.[^33] The papers of Reuben Abel list him among the lecturers Abel attended, and the school's faculty vertical files hold a file for him.[^49][^50] Riezler and Strauss taught two courses together in the mid-1940s, one on Aristotle's De anima and Descartes's Passions of the Soul with [[Solomon Asch]] and one on Plato's Theaetetus with [[Alexandre Koyré]], and Riezler published "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man" in Social Research in 1945.[^51][^52] Strauss's eulogy for Riezler appeared in Social Research in 1956 beside a memorial article by [[Theodor Heuss]]. His daughter Maria married the New School professor [[Howard B. D. White]].[^47][^53][^54] Ascoli joined the University in Exile in late 1933 after Johnson recruited him as one of two Rockefeller scholars, and he later edited [[The Reporter]].[^55]
Wilhelm Reich appears in the school's archive through a bound photocopy of his 1940 New School lectures, transcribed from the archive of the Orgone Institute.[^54] The NYPL files list a Reich file for 1939 and 1940 under non-grantees.[^15] An official of the school, whose name is redacted, told FBI agents in December 1941 that Reich had been an associate professor for two years, during 1939 and 1940, at about $1,500 a year, and that the connection ended after the spring term of 1941; the school, the official said, "makes no inquiry of their political views or background."[^55] The same official described Reich as conducting "a lecture in psychiatry" and said he "claims to have a cure-all for cancer," all of which the official "stated smacked of 'quack' tactics on subject's part."[^55] A Bureau memorandum of May 6, 1941 records that Reich's non-quota visa of August 11, 1939 was issued because his "New York Seminar for Vegetotherapy" was part of the New School; the immigration record gives his arrival as August 28, 1939 and his destination as the school at 66 West 12th Street, and the New York report names "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Director" as the destination.[^56] A Bureau summary of February 1957 (M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols) condenses the 1941 interview to a statement that Reich entered the United States in 1939, taught psychology at the New School "until let out by the school because his teaching 'smacked of quack tactics,'" and was apprehended as a German alien on December 12, 1941.[^57] The school's archive also keeps a faculty vertical file for [[Gregory Bateson]].[^58] [[Erich Fromm]] taught courses at the school from 1941 to 1959.[^59]
Wilhelm Reich appears in the school's archive through a bound photocopy of his 1940 New School lectures, transcribed from the archive of the Orgone Institute.[^56] The NYPL files list a Reich file for 1939 and 1940 under non-grantees.[^17] An official of the school, whose name is redacted, told FBI agents in December 1941 that Reich had been an associate professor for two years, during 1939 and 1940, at about $1,500 a year, and that the connection ended after the spring term of 1941; the school, the official said, "makes no inquiry of their political views or background."[^57] The same official described Reich as conducting "a lecture in psychiatry" and said he "claims to have a cure-all for cancer," all of which the official "stated smacked of 'quack' tactics on subject's part."[^57] A Bureau memorandum of May 6, 1941 records that Reich's non-quota visa of August 11, 1939 was issued because his "New York Seminar for Vegetotherapy" was part of the New School; the immigration record gives his arrival as August 28, 1939 and his destination as the school at 66 West 12th Street, and the New York report names "Dr. Alvin Johnson, Director" as the destination.[^58] A Bureau summary of February 1957 (M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols) condenses the 1941 interview to a statement that Reich entered the United States in 1939, taught psychology at the New School "until let out by the school because his teaching 'smacked of quack tactics,'" and was apprehended as a German alien on December 12, 1941.[^59] The school's archive also keeps a faculty vertical file for [[Gregory Bateson]].[^60] [[Erich Fromm]] taught courses at the school from 1941 to 1959.[^61]
### Parapsychology listings and teaching, 1968 to 1994
The school appears in several parapsychology directories and reports in the CIA-held STARGATE record. A special report in the Princeton Alumni Weekly by [[Robert G. Jahn]] lists the New School among the colleges and universities in its survey of psychic research in the Western world.[^60] The 1975 survey New Psychic Frontiers by [[Walter Uphoff]] and [[Mary Jo Uphoff]] lists under the New School an entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], [[Martin Ebon]], [[Gilbert Roller]] and others at 66 West 12th Street, New York 10011, in its chapter on research, investigation and teaching; the same survey places Brier at [[C.W. Post College]] in its philosophy department and [[Hans Holzer]] at the New York Institute of Technology.[^61] The Gilbert Roller of this entry is the Gilbert Roller who as a teenager took part in the early 1930s [[Bindelof séance circle]]: [[Rosemarie Pilkington]], author of *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof*, wrote in 2007 that she "knew Gil Roller for more than 30 years" and called the first part of her book an account of "Gil Roller's and the Bindelof group's extraordinary experiences."[^62]
The school appears in several parapsychology directories and reports in the CIA-held STARGATE record. A special report in the Princeton Alumni Weekly by [[Robert G. Jahn]] lists the New School among the colleges and universities in its survey of psychic research in the Western world.[^62] The 1975 survey New Psychic Frontiers by [[Walter Uphoff]] and [[Mary Jo Uphoff]] lists under the New School an entry naming [[Robert M. Brier]], [[Martin Ebon]], [[Gilbert Roller]] and others at 66 West 12th Street, New York 10011, in its chapter on research, investigation and teaching; the same survey places Brier at [[C.W. Post College]] in its philosophy department and [[Hans Holzer]] at the New York Institute of Technology.[^63] The Gilbert Roller of this entry is the Gilbert Roller who as a teenager took part in the early 1930s [[Bindelof séance circle]]: [[Rosemarie Pilkington]], author of *The Spirit of Dr. Bindelof*, wrote in 2007 that she "knew Gil Roller for more than 30 years" and called the first part of her book an account of "Gil Roller's and the Bindelof group's extraordinary experiences."[^64]
The school's Bulletin for spring 1975 lists "Experimental Parapsychology" (course 2750-0, Bob Brier, Wednesdays from February 5, $90), "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena" (2755-3, Gilbert Roller, Tuesdays from February 4, $90), "The Challenge of Psychic Phenomena" (2760-3, Edith Wegman) and a parapsychology course by Parimal Das (5747-3). Roller's faculty biography reads that he conducted investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and was a faculty member of F.I.T. and president of Hepworth Films Corp.; Parapsychology Review reported that Roller taught a course on telekinesis, poltergeists and ectoplasmia.[^63] Ebon's own lecture series "Parapsychology: From Magic to Science" ran from 1966 to 1968, and The Writer's Directory lists him as lecturer in the Division of Social Sciences in 1949 to 1950, 1955 to 1956 and 1967.[^64] The archive holds a file "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975" and a file "Soviet Affairs Forum: Related Courses, 1964 January 29."[^65]
The school's Bulletin for spring 1975 lists "Experimental Parapsychology" (course 2750-0, Bob Brier, Wednesdays from February 5, $90), "Paramechanics: A Study of Paranormal Psychical Phenomena" (2755-3, Gilbert Roller, Tuesdays from February 4, $90), "The Challenge of Psychic Phenomena" (2760-3, Edith Wegman) and a parapsychology course by Parimal Das (5747-3). Roller's faculty biography reads that he conducted investigations into paranormal phenomena, particularly physical manifestations, and was a faculty member of F.I.T. and president of Hepworth Films Corp.; Parapsychology Review reported that Roller taught a course on telekinesis, poltergeists and ectoplasmia.[^65] Ebon's own lecture series "Parapsychology: From Magic to Science" ran from 1966 to 1968, and The Writer's Directory lists him as lecturer in the Division of Social Sciences in 1949 to 1950, 1955 to 1956 and 1967.[^66] The archive holds a file "Eileen J. Garrett Scholarship, 1975" and a file "Soviet Affairs Forum: Related Courses, 1964 January 29."[^67]
The 1968 *Journal of Parapsychology* index lists the New School for Social Research, New York, at pages 171 to 173, within the pages (167-175) of the article "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition" by [[Sara R. Feather]] and Robert Brier.[^66]
The 1968 *Journal of Parapsychology* index lists the New School for Social Research, New York, at pages 171 to 173, within the pages (167-175) of the article "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition" by [[Sara R. Feather]] and Robert Brier.[^68]
The author biography of Gilbert Roller's 1975 book *A Voice From Beyond* states that he teaches a course in paramechanics at the New School for Social Research in New York City, which "comprises an inquiry into telekinesis, poltergeists, ectoplasm and thought photography." The same biography records a childhood poltergeist, his mother's séances and a teenage group of friends who "held séances regularly for about two years."[^67]
The author biography of Gilbert Roller's 1975 book *A Voice From Beyond* states that he teaches a course in paramechanics at the New School for Social Research in New York City, which "comprises an inquiry into telekinesis, poltergeists, ectoplasm and thought photography." The same biography records a childhood poltergeist, his mother's séances and a teenage group of friends who "held séances regularly for about two years."[^69]
A 1982 engineering article by Jahn in the Proceedings of the IEEE (February 1982) includes a roster of United States universities and colleges where parapsychology is pursued that names the New School for Social Research, and the same roster appears in a 1991 anthology compiled by [[Science Applications International Corporation]].[^68] A conference program circulated by email in March 1994 lists [[Sheila Davis]] of the New School with a paper titled "Cerebral function, Jungian typology and language style: Toward a new theory."[^69]
A 1982 engineering article by Jahn in the Proceedings of the IEEE (February 1982) includes a roster of United States universities and colleges where parapsychology is pursued that names the New School for Social Research, and the same roster appears in a 1991 anthology compiled by [[Science Applications International Corporation]].[^70] A conference program circulated by email in March 1994 lists [[Sheila Davis]] of the New School with a paper titled "Cerebral function, Jungian typology and language style: Toward a new theory."[^71]
### MKULTRA projects, 1962
The school's archive holds a folder of the records of president [[John R. Everett]] headed "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." The folder contains correspondence between Everett and the CIA about the release of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] details, including the release of universities' involvement, and "a report of two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra." The first attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics, and the second concerned graphology and psychopathologies. The description states that the researchers on at least one of them appear to have been unaware of CIA sponsorship.[^70] The description does not name the researchers or give subproject numbers. Two released subproject files, Subprojects 134 and 137, match the two descriptions and are set out on the Project MKUltra page.[^71]
The school's archive holds a folder of the records of president [[John R. Everett]] headed "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." The folder contains correspondence between Everett and the CIA about the release of [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] details, including the release of universities' involvement, and "a report of two projects conducted at the New School in 1962 that received funding through MKUltra." The first attempted to discern relationships between body type and personality characteristics, and the second concerned graphology and psychopathologies. The description states that the researchers on at least one of them appear to have been unaware of CIA sponsorship.[^72] The description does not name the researchers or give subproject numbers. Two released subproject files, Subprojects 134 and 137, match the two descriptions and are set out on the Project MKUltra page.[^73]
The copy of the two subproject files that the CIA sent the school on September 7, 1977 carries red insertions of the school's name on the Subproject 134 memorandum of May 29, 1961 and on the Subproject 137 memorandum of August 24, 1961, where the insertion reads "New School for Social Research, New York City." The agency's cover letter, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents."[^72] The investigators' names remain blacked out in that copy.[^73]
The copy of the two subproject files that the CIA sent the school on September 7, 1977 carries red insertions of the school's name on the Subproject 134 memorandum of May 29, 1961 and on the Subproject 137 memorandum of August 24, 1961, where the insertion reads "New School for Social Research, New York City." The agency's cover letter, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents."[^74] The investigators' names remain blacked out in that copy.[^75]
The agency first notified the school by a letter from General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] that Everett's reply of August 16, 1977 calls "Your letter of August 12th." Everett wrote that it "came as quite a shock to me," that the relevant people at the school "know nothing about the matter," and that "some have left and others have died."[^74] The school's typed draft statement on the notification, undated, states that the school "chose not to notify either its own members or the public of its involvement pending its receipt of additional information from the CIA."[^75] Cinquegrana wrote on March 17, 1978 that "to date we have received no response from your institution."[^76]
The agency first notified the school by a letter from General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] that Everett's reply of August 16, 1977 calls "Your letter of August 12th." Everett wrote that it "came as quite a shock to me," that the relevant people at the school "know nothing about the matter," and that "some have left and others have died."[^76] The school's typed draft statement on the notification, undated, states that the school "chose not to notify either its own members or the public of its involvement pending its receipt of additional information from the CIA."[^77] Cinquegrana wrote on March 17, 1978 that "to date we have received no response from your institution."[^78]
The graphology teacher [[Klara G. Roman]] taught at the school from 1948 until shortly before her death in 1962. Her Encyclopedia of the Written Word, a graphology lexicon, was edited after her death by [[Maurice Edwards]] and [[Rose Wolfson]], and its acknowledgments thank "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" and Daniel S. Anthony "of The New School for Social Research."[^77] Subproject 137, a $2,000 grant paid in 1961 for the manuscript of a graphology lexicon by an unnamed woman who died in 1962, has a curriculum vitae in the released file that lists the invention of a "Graphodyne"; Roman invented the graphodyne. The CIA copy does not name her. The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by David H. Price, lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G."[^71] The first project, on body type and personality, matches Subproject 134, whose investigator is not named in the released file.
The graphology teacher [[Klara G. Roman]] taught at the school from 1948 until shortly before her death in 1962. Her Encyclopedia of the Written Word, a graphology lexicon, was edited after her death by [[Maurice Edwards]] and [[Rose Wolfson]], and its acknowledgments thank "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" and Daniel S. Anthony "of The New School for Social Research."[^79] Subproject 137, a $2,000 grant paid in 1961 for the manuscript of a graphology lexicon by an unnamed woman who died in 1962, has a curriculum vitae in the released file that lists the invention of a "Graphodyne"; Roman invented the graphodyne. The CIA copy does not name her. The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by David H. Price, lists $2,000 to "Roman, Klara G."[^73] The first project, on body type and personality, matches Subproject 134, whose investigator is not named in the released file. Frank Haronian, the Subproject 134 investigator, received a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the New School for Social Research in 1963. He had been a school psychologist in the Somerville, New Jersey, school district since 1950, and later co-authored papers with [[A. Arthur Sugerman]] at the [[New Jersey Bureau of Research in Neurology and Psychiatry]].[^80]
On October 9, 1977, the New York Times reported that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A." that it had hosted agency research, and that 26 colleges and universities had acknowledged the research publicly.[^78]
On October 9, 1977, the New York Times reported that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A." that it had hosted agency research, and that 26 colleges and universities had acknowledged the research publicly.[^81]
### Presidents
The finding aid for the school's presidential records lists Hans Simons (1950 to 1961), [[Henry David]] (1961 to 1963), [[Robert MacIver]] (1963 to 1964) and Everett (1964 to 1982).[^79] The school's history and the Adult Division records date Simons's retirement from the presidency to 1960, when he moved to a consultancy and directorship with the [[Ford Foundation]].[^80][^81] The press releases for the appointment of Henry David fall between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and his inauguration was held on October 23, 1961.[^82][^83]
The finding aid for the school's presidential records lists Hans Simons (1950 to 1961), [[Henry David]] (1961 to 1963), [[Robert MacIver]] (1963 to 1964) and Everett (1964 to 1982).[^82] The school's history and the Adult Division records date Simons's retirement from the presidency to 1960, when he moved to a consultancy and directorship with the [[Ford Foundation]].[^83][^84] The press releases for the appointment of Henry David fall between January 18 and March 19, 1961, and his inauguration was held on October 23, 1961.[^85][^86]
Simons's presidency is also documented in the school's own files. His "Future of the New School," dated September 18, 1958, responds in a Publicity Office record to what the finding aid calls the "McGrath Report."[^84] The New School Associates records hold a presidential talk on "Hans Simon's report on India," dated January 28, 1960.[^85]
Simons's presidency is also documented in the school's own files. His "Future of the New School," dated September 18, 1958, responds in a Publicity Office record to what the finding aid calls the "McGrath Report."[^87] The New School Associates records hold a presidential talk on "Hans Simon's report on India," dated January 28, 1960.[^88]
Everett's tenure is described as one of the longest in the school's history, second only to Johnson's.[^86] The New School Archives' Everett records list Everett's presidency as 1964 to 1982 and describe the Everett papers' Britannica period as 1962 to 1964, before his New School appointment.[^87] [[Jonathan F. Fanton]], appointed in 1984, left the $250,000 post in September 1999 for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and on February 17, 2000 the school named [[Bob Kerrey]], who said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, as its seventh president, to start after he left the Senate in January 2001.[^88] A fact sheet captured by the Internet Archive on December 11, 2000 lists [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees, [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] as vice chairs and Scaturro as treasurer, and names Scaturro as chancellor, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^89] Kerrey was installed at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001, with Tishman, "Chair of the Board of Trustees," giving remarks, and Tenet Healthcare's proxy statement of August 2001 gives him as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^90] On December 10, 2008 the faculty voted no confidence in him, which the Chronicle of Higher Education described as "nearly unanimous" with 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention in a summary by Faculty Senate co-chair Jim Miller; the trustees met the same day and, in a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in him. The amNewYork newspaper reported on December 23, 2008 that a majority of senior faculty approved a no-confidence measure "by a vote of 269 to 18" after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation of the cafeteria at 65 Fifth Avenue.[^91] [[David E. Van Zandt]], dean and professor of law at the Northwestern University School of Law, was announced on August 26, 2010 as the eighth president and took office on January 1, 2011, with Kerrey remaining president until the end of 2010; Van Zandt's installation ceremony took place on September 15, 2011, and the archive's biographical note for Kerrey dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010."[^92][^93] [[Dwight A. McBride]] was the ninth president from 2020 to 2023, [[Donna Shalala]] served as interim president from August 2023, and [[Joel Towers]], a member of the school since 2004 and a former executive dean of [[Parsons School of Design]], was appointed the tenth president effective August 1, 2024.[^94]
Everett's tenure is described as one of the longest in the school's history, second only to Johnson's.[^89] The New School Archives' Everett records list Everett's presidency as 1964 to 1982 and describe the Everett papers' Britannica period as 1962 to 1964, before his New School appointment.[^90] The trustees elected [[Jonathan F. Fanton]] president in May 1982, to take office on September 1, 1982.[^91] The New York Times in 2000 described Fanton as "appointed in 1984" when he left the $250,000 post in September 1999 for the [[MacArthur Foundation]], and on February 17, 2000 the school named [[Bob Kerrey]], who said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him, as its seventh president, to start after he left the Senate in January 2001.[^92] A fact sheet captured by the Internet Archive on December 11, 2000 lists [[John L. Tishman]] as chairman of the board of trustees, [[Arnold H. Aronson]], [[Michael E. Gellert]] and [[Nancy B. Peretsman]] as vice chairs and [[Philip Scaturro]] as treasurer, and names Scaturro as chancellor, [[Elizabeth Dickey]] as acting provost and [[James Murtha]] as executive vice president.[^93] Kerrey was installed at [[Carnegie Hall]] on February 20, 2001, with Tishman, "Chair of the Board of Trustees," giving remarks, and Tenet Healthcare's proxy statement of August 2001 gives him as "President of New School University in New York City since January 2001."[^94] On December 10, 2008 the faculty voted no confidence in him, which the Chronicle of Higher Education described as "nearly unanimous" with 74 votes in favor, two against and one abstention in a summary by Faculty Senate co-chair Jim Miller; the trustees met the same day and, in a university statement, unanimously expressed confidence in him. On June 30, 2008 the school had announced that [[Julien J. Studley]], chairman and chief executive of [[Studley New Vista Associates]], would succeed Scaturro as chairman of the board of trustees effective July 1, 2008; the release described Scaturro as having "served as Chairman since 2002" and said he "will continue to serve as a member of The New School's Board of Trustees."[^95] The amNewYork newspaper reported on December 23, 2008 that a majority of senior faculty approved a no-confidence measure "by a vote of 269 to 18" after a Faculty Senate meeting a week before the student occupation of the cafeteria at 65 Fifth Avenue.[^96] The same report lists among the occupation's demands the resignation of "Robert Millard, the treasurer of the board of trustees," along with Kerrey and the school's vice president James Murtha.[^97] [[David E. Van Zandt]], dean and professor of law at the Northwestern University School of Law, was announced on August 26, 2010 as the eighth president and took office on January 1, 2011, with Kerrey remaining president until the end of 2010; Van Zandt's installation ceremony took place on September 15, 2011, and the archive's biographical note for Kerrey dates his presidency "from 2001 through 2010."[^98][^99] [[Dwight A. McBride]] was the ninth president from 2020 to 2023, [[Donna Shalala]] served as interim president from August 2023, and [[Joel Towers]], a member of the school since 2004 and a former executive dean of [[Parsons School of Design]], was appointed the tenth president effective August 1, 2024.[^100]
In April and May 2013, after Kerrey's resignation as president emeritus in February of that year, [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s office arranged his dinner of April 23 and breakfast of May 5 through a scheduler whose signature reads "Scheduler/ Asst. to Bob Kerrey" at The New School, 80 Fifth Avenue, Room 806.[^101] A different scheduler with the same title and address handled the June 4 lunch and a September 2013 inquiry.[^102] A LinkedIn notice to Epstein dated July 30, 2013, reporting that Kerrey had accepted his invitation, lists Kerrey as "President at New School University".[^103]
### Trustees and finances
[[Philip Scaturro]] was chairman of the board in 2004, when [[Peggy Brim Bewkes]], [[Eileen Naughton]], [[Richard Reiss Jr.]] and [[Bernard L. Schwartz]], chairman and chief executive of [[Loral Space & Communications]], joined the Board of Trustees on September 1.[^95] On November 4, 2004 the school announced a $10 million grant from the [[Starr Foundation]], the largest foundation gift in its history, to establish the [[India China Institute]], led by Provost [[Arjun Appadurai]] and Graduate Faculty dean [[Benjamin Lee]], and a $3.7 million gift from Schwartz for the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and the Irene and Bernard L. Schwartz Professorship of Economics and Policy. The announcement attributes the Schwartz gift to Schwartz and, in Kerrey's quoted remarks, to the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation.[^96]
Scaturro was elected chairman of the board of trustees for a three-year term beginning in July 2002, succeeding Tishman, who had chaired the board since 1995. A 2002 release describes him as executive vice president and managing director of [[Allen and Company]], as a trustee since 1989, as treasurer of the board since 1995 and as chancellor from 1999 to June 2002.[^104] He was chairman of the board in 2004, when [[Peggy Brim Bewkes]], [[Eileen Naughton]], [[Richard Reiss Jr.]] and [[Bernard L. Schwartz]], chairman and chief executive of [[Loral Space & Communications]], joined the Board of Trustees on September 1.[^105] On November 4, 2004 the school announced a $10 million grant from the [[Starr Foundation]], the largest foundation gift in its history, to establish the [[India China Institute]], led by Provost [[Arjun Appadurai]] and Graduate Faculty dean [[Benjamin Lee]], and a $3.7 million gift from Schwartz for the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and the Irene and Bernard L. Schwartz Professorship of Economics and Policy. The announcement attributes the Schwartz gift to Schwartz and, in Kerrey's quoted remarks, to the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation.[^106]
On November 9, 2001, the school announced a gift of $1.1 million from Schwartz, then chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, for the Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture Series and Project in Markets, Equality and Democracy, a four-year project based at the Graduate Faculty's Center for Economic Policy Analysis.[^97] The November 4, 2004 release says the center had been established in September 2004 and would be renamed the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis "in recognition of the Schwartz Foundation's gift," and that it would continue to sponsor the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture.[^98]
On November 9, 2001, the school announced a gift of $1.1 million from Schwartz, then chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, for the Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture Series and Project in Markets, Equality and Democracy, a four-year project based at the Graduate Faculty's Center for Economic Policy Analysis.[^107] The November 4, 2004 release says the center had been established in September 2004 and would be renamed the Bernard Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis "in recognition of the Schwartz Foundation's gift," and that it would continue to sponsor the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture.[^108]
The same release describes the Starr Foundation as established in 1955 by [[Cornelius Vander Starr]], an insurance entrepreneur who founded the American International family of insurance companies, now [[American International Group]], and as holding assets of approximately $3.5 billion.[^99] The House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China deposed Schwartz on November 21, 1998 and reported that Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, Ltd., met directly with Commerce Secretary [[Ron Brown]] on at least four occasions after 1993.[^100]
The same release describes the Starr Foundation as established in 1955 by [[Cornelius Vander Starr]], an insurance entrepreneur who founded the American International family of insurance companies, now [[American International Group]], and as holding assets of approximately $3.5 billion.[^109] The House Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China deposed Schwartz on November 21, 1998 and reported that Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, Ltd., met directly with Commerce Secretary [[Ron Brown]] on at least four occasions after 1993.[^110]
The school's fiscal 2022 Form 990 lists [[Linda E. Rappaport]] as chair, [[Elliot Stein]], [[Franci J. Blassberg]] and Susan L. Foote as vice chairs, and McBride as president with reportable compensation of $815,044 and estimated other compensation of $604,206; the trustees listed include [[Beth Rudin DeWoody]] and [[Bevis Longstreth]].[^101] The school's board page lists current trustees without titles, with Rappaport first and Towers as president ex officio; life trustees include Scaturro, who was the school's chancellor when Kerrey was named.[^88][^102] The school's federal filings, retrieved through the ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer summary data for EIN 13-3297197, show total revenue of $602,901,362 and total assets of $1,706,553,269 for the fiscal year ending June 2023. Contributions reported in that year were $35,451,892, down from $55,910,574 in fiscal 2022.[^103]
The school's fiscal 2022 Form 990 lists [[Linda E. Rappaport]] as chair, [[Elliot Stein]], [[Franci J. Blassberg]] and Susan L. Foote as vice chairs, and McBride as president with reportable compensation of $815,044 and estimated other compensation of $604,206; the trustees listed include [[Beth Rudin DeWoody]] and [[Bevis Longstreth]].[^111] The school's board page lists current trustees without titles, with Rappaport first and Towers as president ex officio; life trustees include Scaturro, who was the school's chancellor when Kerrey was named.[^92][^112] The school's federal filings, retrieved through the ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer summary data for EIN 13-3297197, show total revenue of $602,901,362 and total assets of $1,706,553,269 for the fiscal year ending June 2023. Contributions reported in that year were $35,451,892, down from $55,910,574 in fiscal 2022.[^113]
### Federal awards
USAspending.gov records list several federal awards to The New School. The largest defense award is an Air Force assistance award, FA95501410030, for $6,176,482 with a period of performance from December 15, 2013 to March 14, 2019, under the title "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities in Governance and Conflict Management."[^104] The [[Minerva Research Initiative]] lists a project with the same title, 2014 to 2019, managed by the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]], with [[Jeremy Ginges]] of the school as principal investigator and [[Scott Atran]], Richard Davis, [[Douglas Medin]], [[John Alderdice]], Adolf Tobena and Oscar Vilarroya as co-principal investigators.[^105] An earlier Defense Technical Information Center final report, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," covering May 2010 to April 2013 under Air Force Office of Scientific Research contracts, names Atran as principal investigator with Medin, Ginges and Davis as co-investigators.[^106] A [[National Science Foundation]] award of $653,245 beginning May 1, 2016 carries the title "The Devoted Actor: Sacred Values, Identity Fusion and Intergroup Conflict."[^105] Other records include a 2009 Army award of $1,370,000 for "Northern Chicago Clinic EMR Development," a 2011 Defense Department award of $1,048,998 for a "Multi-Inclusion, Universal Client Electronic Health Record," a 2012 Defense Department award of $522,399 for "Design and Visualization Best Practice," and a 2009 Energy Department award of $1,903,000 for the school's green building.[^104]
USAspending.gov records list several federal awards to The New School. The largest defense award is an Air Force assistance award, FA95501410030, for $6,176,482 with a period of performance from December 15, 2013 to March 14, 2019, under the title "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities in Governance and Conflict Management."[^114] The [[Minerva Research Initiative]] lists a project with the same title, 2014 to 2019, managed by the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]], with [[Jeremy Ginges]] of the school as principal investigator and [[Scott Atran]], Richard Davis, [[Douglas Medin]], [[John Alderdice]], Adolf Tobena and Oscar Vilarroya as co-principal investigators.[^115] An earlier Defense Technical Information Center final report, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," covering May 2010 to April 2013 under Air Force Office of Scientific Research contracts, names Atran as principal investigator with Medin, Ginges and Davis as co-investigators.[^116] A [[National Science Foundation]] award of $653,245 beginning May 1, 2016 carries the title "The Devoted Actor: Sacred Values, Identity Fusion and Intergroup Conflict."[^115] Other records include a 2009 Army award of $1,370,000 for "Northern Chicago Clinic EMR Development," a 2011 Defense Department award of $1,048,998 for a "Multi-Inclusion, Universal Client Electronic Health Record," a 2012 Defense Department award of $522,399 for "Design and Visualization Best Practice," and a 2009 Energy Department award of $1,903,000 for the school's green building.[^114]
### Epstein payments
Bank statements for [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s account at [[Deutsche Bank]] record payments to the school. The August 2015 statement lists an outgoing transfer on August 6 of $16,083.00 to a [[Bank of America]] account, with the beneficiary line "E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT."[^107] The October 2016 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated October 27 of $17,030.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL."[^108] The May 2017 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated May 10 of $10,856.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL." The same statement page lists an outgoing transfer on May 11 of $3,589.00 through Sterling National Bank with the beneficiary line "FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY."[^109] A Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, dated September 12, 2019, lists in an exhibit titled "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women" nine payments to The New School from Epstein accounts: $29,025 on February 4, 2014; $15,704 on January 5, 2015; $4,730 on June 12, 2015; $16,083 on August 6, 2015; $16,656 on December 9, 2015; $4,420 on June 14, 2016; $16,850 on July 8, 2016; $3,756 on January 13, 2017; and $8,790 on January 10, 2019. The exhibit's only [[New York Film Academy]] entry is $3,442 on March 10, 2017.[^110]
Bank statements for Jeffrey Epstein's account at [[Deutsche Bank]] record payments to the school. The August 2015 statement lists an outgoing transfer on August 6 of $16,083.00 to a [[Bank of America]] account, with the beneficiary line "E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT."[^117] The October 2016 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated October 27 of $17,030.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL."[^118] The May 2017 statement lists a preauthorized debit dated May 10 of $10,856.00 described as "TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL." The same statement page lists an outgoing transfer on May 11 of $3,589.00 through Sterling National Bank with the beneficiary line "FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY."[^119] A Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, dated September 12, 2019, lists in an exhibit titled "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women" nine payments to The New School from Epstein accounts: $29,025 on February 4, 2014; $15,704 on January 5, 2015; $4,730 on June 12, 2015; $16,083 on August 6, 2015; $16,656 on December 9, 2015; $4,420 on June 14, 2016; $16,850 on July 8, 2016; $3,756 on January 13, 2017; and $8,790 on January 10, 2019. The exhibit's only [[New York Film Academy]] entry is $3,442 on March 10, 2017.[^120]
Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one student's tuition, invoiced by the school each term from fall 2014 to spring 2019. Epstein's bookkeeper [[Bella Klein]] wired the payments, and his accountant [[Richard Kahn]] forwarded invoices for approval. On December 9, 2015, Klein asked Epstein to "confirm that i can proceed with wire in the amount of $16,656," and he replied "yes."[^111] On September 20, 2016, Kahn forwarded a fall invoice with "approval to pay thank you."[^112] The fall 2015 invoice of $16,083 matches the August 6, 2015 wire to the school's operating account.[^113] On August 1, 2018, Klein wrote: "Today I paid balance for her fall semester in the amount of $7719."[^114] The spring 2019 invoice was $8,790.[^115]
Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one student's tuition, invoiced by the school each term from fall 2014 to spring 2019. Epstein's bookkeeper [[Bella Klein]] wired the payments, and his accountant [[Richard Kahn]] forwarded invoices for approval. On December 9, 2015, Klein asked Epstein to "confirm that i can proceed with wire in the amount of $16,656," and he replied "yes."[^121] On September 20, 2016, Kahn forwarded a fall invoice with "approval to pay thank you."[^122] The fall 2015 invoice of $16,083 matches the August 6, 2015 wire to the school's operating account.[^123] On August 1, 2018, Klein wrote: "Today I paid balance for her fall semester in the amount of $7719."[^124] The spring 2019 invoice was $8,790.[^125]
### Footnotes
@ -324,108 +342,118 @@ Emails released by the Department of Justice show the payments were for one stud
[^8]: Cornell University Library, "Dorothy Whitney Straight Elmhirst papers," #3725, https://archives.library.cornell.edu/repositories/2/resources/1281.
[^9]: FBI, summary memorandum of September 10, 1969 and teletypes on the interview of Milton C. Rose, in "Straight, Michael W., HQ-1" (FOI/PA 1179375-1), https://archive.org/details/StraightMichaelW.HQ1.
[^10]: "University in Exile," Histories of The New School, https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile (Johnson's correspondence with German-speaking scholars through the Encyclopaedia, $60,000 a year for two years, a faculty of fifteen at $4,000 each, the gift of "the whole $60,000" from Halle, the ten original members, six added by 1935, and the lists of original members). Johnson's own account (p. 340) gives $60,000 a year for two years.
[^11]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 92: Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required," Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000," and Halle "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance." Halle's anonymity is reported on the same page.
[^12]: Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 340: Halle's call, "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years," Frank Altschul's vouching for Halle's credit and the concern that other donors would not contribute if they knew Halle would carry the whole load; p. 370: Johnson appointed to an enemy alien hearing board with Maurice Davidson and Joseph Leary Delaney, with cases "well prepared in advance by the FBI."
[^11]: Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 340: Halle's call, "I am prepared to guarantee the sixty thousand a year for two years," Frank Altschul's vouching for Halle's credit and the concern that other donors would not contribute if they knew Halle would carry the whole load; p. 370: Johnson appointed to an enemy alien hearing board with Maurice Davidson and Joseph Leary Delaney, with cases "well prepared in advance by the FBI."
[^12]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 92: Halle "had pledged the entire sum that Johnson required," Johnson "had collected only between $7,000 and $15,000," and Halle "made his fortune in petroleum refining and finance." Halle's anonymity is reported on the same page.
[^13]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 80-81, 85-86, 129 note 38 and 138-139, https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^14]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 86: Johnson and the Rockefeller Foundation "had agreed to rescue" a dozen individuals; p. 91: Tracy Kittredge, "an associate in the Paris office of the Rockefeller Foundation," wrote on March 29, 1933; p. 94: "the Emergency Committee, acting for the Rockefeller Foundation."
[^15]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (biographical note: founding in May 1933 by Cohn, Flexner and Stein contacting Duggan; Warburg and Gregg as advisers; Farrand as chair; Murrow as assistant secretary until 1935; 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants; Series I.B "Non-Grantees" with Riezler box 107 folder 16 (1933-1934, 1940), Speier box 118 folder 17 (1934, 1940), Ascoli box 38 folder 46 (1933-1935, 1939-1943), Colm box 50 folder 5 (1933-1941), Brecht box 46 folder 36, Simons box 117 folder 3 (1933-1943), Staudinger box 119 folder 3, Marschak box 93 folder 52, Lowe box 91 folder 23, Lederer box 86 folder 44 and Reich box 105 folder 36 (1939-1940)).
[^16]: Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 344: "Stephen Duggan, of the Institute for International Education, invited me to lunch."
[^17]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Sidney Hook says Johnson "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; the 1940 "explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter"; and a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum of January 27, 1942 ("Hans Eisler File," endnote 22, p. 296) on enemy-alien files; the endnote names no author for the memorandum. Sole source for the enemy-alien monitoring and the Clara Mayer passage.
[^18]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 135: "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," with Johnson, Staudinger and Makinsky appearing in early 1942.
[^19]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 228.
[^20]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content, pp. 137-138 (the OSS quotation, over two hundred students, "over twenty-five government-associated projects," and the Rockefeller intermediaries), citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167.
[^21]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/ (Kris and Speier's study of totalitarian communication, coordinated with the BBC and government agencies; Rockefeller funding ending in 1943; researchers entering federal service; John Foster Dulles as a Foundation trustee urging post-war work; Bryce Wood's caution).
[^22]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, 1940-1944," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451 (led by Speier and Kris for the Research Center of the Graduate Faculty, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation).
[^23]: Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (New York: Oxford University Press, 1944), Preface; New School Archives, NS-02-16-01, Series 3, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451; Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 130-131 and note 47.
[^24]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 47, citing the New School Archives, "Totalitarianism Research Project," Box 1.
[^25]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 49, citing Walter Adams to Ernst Kris, May 8, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 3, Folder 134, and John Marshall's reply.
[^26]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14-15 and note 16. Sole source for the exile lists. The dissertation lists "Gurland" in note 16 and "Gurman" in the introduction's list, and the page image of the introduction (printed p. 14) confirms the printed "Gurman" is a typographical slip for Arkadij Gurland.
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 137 (Watson "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst").
[^28]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-137 (the offer of February 1942; Principal Political Analyst, November 1942) and pp. 145-146 (transfer to the Overseas Operations Branch on May 22, 1944).
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 (the connection made at the OWI with Leo Rosten "brought Speier to the RAND Corporation").
[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 194-195 (consultant May 1948, head of the Social Science Division July 1948).
[^31]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," record group NS-02-16-01, historical note and scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^32]: Same finding aid, abstract. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^33]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content. Sole source for the Doris Duke funding passage.
[^34]: Duke University Libraries, Rubenstein Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid ; "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound (subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959").
[^35]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-165 and notes 3, 9 and 11 (Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 14).
[^36]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-170.
[^37]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn École Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; recognition by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severance from the New School in June 1947).
[^38]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
[^39]: "Leo Strauss," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strauss-leo/ (the New School years, 1938 to 1948).
[^40]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hannah Arendt New School faculty files," https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/233 (University Professor in Philosophy, 1967 to 1975; office files; correspondence with Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, 1969 to 1975).
[^41]: Rockefeller Archive Center, search "New School for Social Research," Rockefeller Foundation records, Series 200, folder "New School for Social Research - Hannah Arendt - (Grant in Aid)" (folder title).
[^42]: Editors' Note, *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), p. 233 (footnote to Leo Strauss, "Kurt Riezler, 1882-1955"): "Kurt Riezler was Professor of Philosophy in the Graduate Faculty of the New School from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus."
[^43]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, p. 232.
[^44]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, Normdaten record PE00079064, "Riezler, Kurt (1882-1955)," affiliations ("New School for Social Research <New York, NY> (1919-1997) (ca. 1939-1954)") and relations ("Liebermann, Käthe (1885-1955), Ehefrau 1915"). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00079064/
[^45]: Becker, Bert, "Riezler, Kurt Karl Joseph Siegmund (Pseudonym J. J. Ruedorffer)," *Neue Deutsche Biographie* 21 (2003), pp. 618-619, the biographical article on Riezler, including its literature list. https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118601008.html
[^46]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 97 (Riezler's 1932 role at Frankfurt and "philosopher and diplomat Kurt Riezler"); Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
[^47]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Reuben Abel papers," collection NA-0003-01, scope and contents (list of lecturers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/165
[^48]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Riezler, Kurt," File, Box 10, Folder 18, New School faculty vertical files collection (NS-08-02-02). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/43221
[^49]: Colen, José A., and Svetozar Minkov, "Leo Strauss on Social and Natural Science: Two Previously Unpublished Papers," *The Review of Politics* 76, no. 4 (2014), pp. 619-633, introduction, and Strauss's paper "The frame of reference in the social sciences" (Leo Strauss Papers, Box 14, Folder 10). DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S003467051400059X
[^50]: Riezler, Kurt, "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man," *Social Research* 12, no. 4 (1945), pp. 481-505, as listed in Colen and Minkov.
[^51]: Strauss, Leo, "Kurt Riezler (1882-1955)," *Social Research* 23 (1956), pp. 233-258, reprinted in *What Is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies* (1959).
[^52]: Heuss, Theodor, "A Word in Memory of Kurt Riezler," *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), opening article of the issue.
[^53]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 102: "Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; p. 118: Ascoli "joined the University in Exile in late 1933," later editor of the Reporter.
[^54]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Wilhelm Reich Lectures, New School for Social Research (1940), 2018," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58166 (bound color photocopy of the 1940 transcripts from the Archives of the Orgone Institute).
[^55]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alien Enemy Control," NY file 100-8422, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The synopsis of the report gives the arrival date as August 26, 1939; its body and the immigration record give August 28.
[^56]: FBI memorandum of May 6, 1941 and Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
[^57]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, file on Dr. Wilhelm Reich, bufile 100-14601, Part 2 of 10, memorandum of M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, February 14, 1957, PDF page 123, beginning "Files reflect Wilhelm Reich, Austrian born, entered the U. S. in 1939," archive.org item WilhelmReichFBI, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The item has ten parts (reich1, reich2, reich3, reich4a, 4b, 4c, reich5a, 5b, 5c, reich6).
[^58]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Bateson, Gregory," New School faculty vertical files, NS-08-02-02, Box 1, Folder 20, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/42943.
[^59]: "Erich Fromm," Histories of The New School, https://histories.newschool.edu/people/erich-fromm (courses at the New School "from 1941 to 1959").
[^60]: Robert G. Jahn, "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," Princeton Alumni Weekly special report, "Psychic Research in the Western World: Colleges and Universities" list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500070001-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500070001-1.
[^61]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, New Psychic Frontiers (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, pp. 228-229 (C.W. Post College and New School entries; Holzer at the New York Institute of Technology), CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6.
[^62]: Rosemarie Pilkington, letter "Three-legged Physical mediumship," *Fortean Times* 226 (September 2007), pp. 73-74. https://archive.org/details/fortean-times-september-2007
[^63]: New School Bulletin, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), pp. 82, 88, 172, 328 and 356, https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ; Parapsychology Review, news item and volume index entry "Roller, Gilbert, 6:10," https://books.google.com/books?id=sH8YAQAAMAAJ.
[^64]: John White, ed., Psychic Exploration (New York: Putnam, 1974), https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC; The Writer's Directory, 1998-2000, p. 424, https://books.google.com/books?id=AKgKAB3ClvwC.
[^65]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 5, Box 7, Folder 43; NS-03-01-07, Box 2, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3.
[^66]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 32 (1968), subject index, "New School for Social Research, New York, 171-73"; contents entry "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition," Sara R. Feather and Robert Brier, p. 167; index "Checker, effect of, 133, 167-75." https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1968_32_index
[^67]: Gilbert Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (New York: Popular Library, 1975), "About the Author," pp. 11-13. https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^68]: Robert G. Jahn, "The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering Perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE 70, no. 2 (February 1982), pp. 136-170, roster of colleges and universities, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100010004-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100010004-6; Science Applications International Corporation, Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers (June 24, 1991), institutions roster, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4.
[^69]: Brian Josephson, Tucson conference program, email circulated March 21, 1994 to the pdl@jsasoc.com list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100130005-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000100130005-8.
[^70]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (scope note). Sole source for the 1962 projects described in this paragraph.
[^71]: MKULTRA Subproject 134 (CIA release DOC_0000017393) and Subproject 137 (DOC_0000017396), https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 and https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396; David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), 2007, fig. 4, https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide.
[^72]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^73]: Central Intelligence Agency releases DOC_0000017393 (Subproject 134, page images 134-11 and 134-12) and DOC_0000017396 (Subproject 137, page image 137-10), as reproduced in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 10, 21, 27 and 78.
[^74]: Everett, John R., letter to Anthony A. Lapham, August 16, 1977, and Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 92-95.
[^75]: New School typed draft statement on the CIA notification, undated, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 4-5. The draft carries typewriter strikeovers.
[^76]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 1.
[^77]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284; Encyclopedia of the Written Word (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments.
[^78]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8), CIA reading room copy, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3.
[^79]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289 (Everett 1964-1982; MacIver 1963-1964; Henry David 1961-1963; Hans Simons 1950-1961).
[^80]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (retirement in 1960; consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation).
[^81]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School").
[^82]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 17, "Announcements for appointment of Henry David as president, 1961 January 18-March 19," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38467
[^83]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Development and Public Relations Office records (NS-03-02-02), Series 2, "Inauguration of Dr. Henry David, 1961 Oct 23," Box 5, Folder 5, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/21027
[^84]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272
[^85]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576
[^86]: Public Seminar, "The New School's Forgotten President," https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-new-schools-forgotten-president/ (Everett's tenure 1964 to 1982, "second only to the school's founding father Alvin Johnson").
[^87]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett papers," NA.0017.01, biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/336
[^88]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," New York Times, February 17, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" in September 1999 to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "He will be the school's seventh president"; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor).
[^89]: New School University fact sheet, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html.
[^90]: New School University press release, February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html; Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement, August 21, 2001, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000091205701529713/a2056401zdef14a.htm.
[^91]: Chronicle of Higher Education, December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/; NBC New York, December 11, 2008, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735; amNewYork, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit.
[^92]: New School press release, "The New School Names David E. Van Zandt New President," August 26, 2010, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2010/NewPresidentAppointment.htm (Wayback Machine capture of January 24, 2021: eighth president, effective January 1, 2011, succeeding Kerrey, who "was appointed in 2001" and remained president through 2010; Michael J. Johnston, chair of the board).
[^93]: New School Archives, Board of Trustees records NS-01-01-04, Series 2, folder "David Van Zandt--installation as University President (September 15, 2011)," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244; New School Archives and Special Collections, biographical note to "Video statement by Bob Kerrey, 2014 January 28" (NS-03-02-08), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58008.
[^94]: Daniel Jonas Roche, "The New School taps architect Joel Towers as its tenth president," The Architect's Newspaper, June 7, 2024, https://www.archpaper.com/2024/06/the-new-school-architect-joel-towers-tenth-president/ (Towers at the school since 2004; appointment begins August 1, 2024; succeeds interim president Donna E. Shalala, in the role since August 2023, and Dwight A. McBride, ninth president 2020 to 2023; Linda E. Rappaport, chair of the board).
[^95]: New School press release, "New School University Announces New Board Members," October 21, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/102104_nsu_members.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: Bewkes, Naughton, Reiss and Schwartz joined September 1, 2004; "Philip Scaturro is Chairman of the Board").
[^96]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: $10 million from the Starr Foundation, "the largest foundation gift in the University's history"; $3.7 million from Bernard L. Schwartz; Kerrey's remarks naming the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation).
[^97]: New School press release, November 9, 2001, http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060910004616/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html): the $1.1 million gift from Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, and the four-year project at the Center for Economic Policy Analysis.
[^98]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: "Since its establishment in September 2004"; the center renamed for the Schwartz gift; the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture).
[^99]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html, section "About the Starr Foundation" (established 1955 by Cornelius Vander Starr; American International family, now American International Group, Inc.; assets of approximately $3.5 billion).
[^100]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. I, pp. 49 to 50 and notes 112 to 116 (p. 240), including the November 21, 1998 deposition of Bernard L. Schwartz, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^101]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, Form 990 for the fiscal year ending June 2022 (filing 202301359349306540), Part VII, Section A, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197/202301359349306540/full (McBride, president, 815,044 reportable compensation and 604,206 estimated other compensation; Rappaport, chair; Stein, Blassberg and Foote, vice chairs; DeWoody and Longstreth, trustees).
[^102]: New School, "Board of Trustees Members," https://www.newschool.edu/about/university-leadership/board-of-trustees-members/ (members listed without titles, Linda E. Rappaport listed first, Joel Towers as president, life trustees including Philip Scaturro; no chair identified on the page).
[^103]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, EIN 13-3297197, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197 (organization summary data, tax years 2011 to 2023).
[^104]: USAspending.gov award records, recipient "THE NEW SCHOOL,": FA95501410030 (Department of the Air Force, start 2013-12-15, $6,176,482); W81XWH0910456 (Army, 2009, $1,370,000); W81XWH1120183 (Defense Department, 2011, $1,048,998); FA87501220325 (Defense Department, 2012, $522,399); DEEE0001719 (Energy, 2009, $1,903,000).
[^105]: Minerva Research Initiative, "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities," awarded projects, https://minerva.defense.gov/Research/Funded-Projects/Article/2029607/dynamics-of-sacred-values-and-social-responsibilities/ (Wayback Machine capture of December 10, 2019: principal investigator Jeremy Ginges, co-principal investigators, years 2014-2019, managing service agency Air Force Office of Scientific Research). USAspending award detail for ASST_NON_FA95501410030_097: period of performance 2013-12-15 to 2019-03-14. NSF award 1559387: USAspending.gov, start 2016-05-01, $653,245.
[^106]: Scott Atran, Douglas Medin, Jeremy Ginges and Richard Davis, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," final report, Defense Technical Information Center ADA591831 (archive.org mirror DTIC_ADA591831), project period May 2010 to April 2013.
[^107]: Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, August 1 to 31, 2015, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01285659, page 1 of 5: "08-06 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO BANK OF AMERICA A/C [redacted] TH E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT (16,083.00)." The preceding 08-06 line is an $8,155.00 transfer to 1st United Bank for W. Chester Brewer, Jr., P.A.
[^108]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, October 1 to 31, 2016, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01286417, page 3 of 5 (Bates EFTA01286419): "10-27 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (17,030.00)."
[^109]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, May 1 to 31, 2017, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01299344, page 2 of 5 (Bates EFTA01299345): "05-10 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (10,856.00)." The same page lists "05-11 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO STERLING NATIONAL BANK A/C [redacted] FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (3,589.00)" and, on May 19, an American Express payment of $89,103.78.
[^110]: Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, September 12, 2019, Exhibit R, "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women," DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01681865, page marked EFTA01681912 (printed page 49).
[^111]: Bella Klein email exchange with Jeffrey Epstein, December 9, 2015, EFTA02478844, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^112]: Richard Kahn email, September 20, 2016, EFTA01782038, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^113]: The New School invoice, fall 2015, EFTA02491750; Deutsche Bank statement, August 2015, EFTA01285659, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^114]: Bella Klein email, August 1, 2018, EFTA02600764, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^115]: The New School invoice, spring 2019, EFTA01008842, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^14]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hiram Halle home movies of annual barbecue for University in Exile at Pound Ridge," Collection NA-0008-01, biographical note and scope and contents. https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/256
[^15]: Institute for Advanced Study, Digital Collections, "Bust of Albert Einstein," Jacob Epstein. https://albert.ias.edu/20.500.12111/1500
[^16]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 86: Johnson and the Rockefeller Foundation "had agreed to rescue" a dozen individuals; p. 91: Tracy Kittredge, "an associate in the Paris office of the Rockefeller Foundation," wrote on March 29, 1933; p. 94: "the Emergency Committee, acting for the Rockefeller Foundation."
[^17]: New York Public Library, Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars records, MssCol 922, https://archives.nypl.org/mss/922 (biographical note: founding in May 1933 by Cohn, Flexner and Stein contacting Duggan; Warburg and Gregg as advisers; Farrand as chair; Murrow as assistant secretary until 1935; 335 grants from about 6,000 applicants; Series I.B "Non-Grantees" with Riezler box 107 folder 16 (1933-1934, 1940), Speier box 118 folder 17 (1934, 1940), Ascoli box 38 folder 46 (1933-1935, 1939-1943), Colm box 50 folder 5 (1933-1941), Brecht box 46 folder 36, Simons box 117 folder 3 (1933-1943), Staudinger box 119 folder 3, Marschak box 93 folder 52, Lowe box 91 folder 23, Lederer box 86 folder 44 and Reich box 105 folder 36 (1939-1940)).
[^18]: Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 344: "Stephen Duggan, of the Institute for International Education, invited me to lunch."
[^19]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 226: "in his private letters he acknowledged that he had been meeting regularly with FBI officials since the 1930s to report on the faculty"; Sidney Hook says Johnson "delegated it to Clara Mayer"; the 1940 "explicitly anticommunist clause in its charter"; and a Rockefeller Foundation memorandum of January 27, 1942 ("Hans Eisler File," endnote 22, p. 296) on enemy-alien files; the endnote names no author for the memorandum.
[^20]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 135: "a governmental panel comprised of representatives from the FBI, the Visa Division, Naval Intelligence, and the Department of the Army," with Johnson, Staudinger and Makinsky appearing in early 1942.
[^21]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 228.
[^22]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content, pp. 137-138 (the OSS quotation, over two hundred students, "over twenty-five government-associated projects," and the Rockefeller intermediaries), citing Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 139-149, 165-167.
[^23]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/ (Kris and Speier's study of totalitarian communication, coordinated with the BBC and government agencies; Rockefeller funding ending in 1943; researchers entering federal service; John Foster Dulles as a Foundation trustee urging post-war work; Bryce Wood's caution).
[^24]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Research Project on Totalitarian Communication, 1940-1944," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451 (led by Speier and Kris for the Research Center of the Graduate Faculty, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation).
[^25]: Ernst Kris and Hans Speier, German Radio Propaganda (New York: Oxford University Press, 1944), Preface; New School Archives, NS-02-16-01, Series 3, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27451; Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 130-131 and note 47.
[^26]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 47, citing the New School Archives, "Totalitarianism Research Project," Box 1.
[^27]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 131 n. 49, citing Walter Adams to Ernst Kris, May 8, 1944, Speier Papers, Box 3, Folder 134, and John Marshall's reply.
[^28]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), introduction, pp. 14-15 and note 16. The dissertation lists "Gurland" in note 16 and "Gurman" in the introduction's list, and the page image of the introduction (printed p. 14) confirms the printed "Gurman" is a typographical slip for Arkadij Gurland.
[^29]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 137 (Watson "left the FBIS under pressure from enemies of the New Deal, and Speier became the FBIS's Acting Chief Analyst").
[^30]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 132-137 (the offer of February 1942; Principal Political Analyst, November 1942) and pp. 145-146 (transfer to the Overseas Operations Branch on May 22, 1944).
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," introduction, p. 13 (the connection made at the OWI with Leo Rosten "brought Speier to the RAND Corporation").
[^32]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 194-195 (consultant May 1948, head of the Social Science Division July 1948).
[^33]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," record group NS-02-16-01, historical note and scope and contents. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^34]: Same finding aid, abstract. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^35]: Daniel Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 164. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content.
[^36]: Duke University Libraries, Rubenstein Library, "Guide to the Independent Aid, Inc. Records, 1934-1954," RL.01439, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/uaindaid ; "Doris Duke Foundation records, 1934-2009, bulk 1948-1982," RL.00318, https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/dorisdukefound (subject files "New School Refugee Fund, 1940-1946" and "New School, 1952-1959").
[^37]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-165 and notes 3, 9 and 11 (Speier to Lowe, February 25, 1944; Speier Papers, Box 4, Folder 14).
[^38]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 164-170.
[^39]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "David Hahn École Libre papers," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/526 (Johnson facilitated the school in 1941; courses 1942 to 1946; recognition by the de Gaulle and Belgian governments; board members Focillon, Perrin, Van Zeeland, Maritain and Cohen; severance from the New School in June 1947).
[^40]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 146: "The Rockefeller Foundation and Harold Laski of the London School of Economics recommended Strauss to Alvin Johnson."
[^41]: "Leo Strauss," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strauss-leo/ (the New School years, 1938 to 1948).
[^42]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Hannah Arendt New School faculty files," https://aspace.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/233 (University Professor in Philosophy, 1967 to 1975; office files; correspondence with Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, 1969 to 1975).
[^43]: Rockefeller Archive Center, search "New School for Social Research," Rockefeller Foundation records, Series 200, folder "New School for Social Research - Hannah Arendt - (Grant in Aid)" (folder title).
[^44]: Editors' Note, *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), p. 233 (footnote to Leo Strauss, "Kurt Riezler, 1882-1955"): "Kurt Riezler was Professor of Philosophy in the Graduate Faculty of the New School from 1939 to 1952, when he became Professor Emeritus."
[^45]: Thompson, *In the Eye of the Storm*, p. 232.
[^46]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, Normdaten record PE00079064, "Riezler, Kurt (1882-1955)," affiliations ("New School for Social Research <New York, NY> (1919-1997) (ca. 1939-1954)") and relations ("Liebermann, Käthe (1885-1955), Ehefrau 1915"). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00079064/
[^47]: Becker, Bert, "Riezler, Kurt Karl Joseph Siegmund (Pseudonym J. J. Ruedorffer)," *Neue Deutsche Biographie* 21 (2003), pp. 618-619, the biographical article on Riezler, including its literature list. https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118601008.html
[^48]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 97 (Riezler's 1932 role at Frankfurt and "philosopher and diplomat Kurt Riezler"); Johnson, Pioneer's Progress, p. 347: "With Riezler the roster was closed."
[^49]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Reuben Abel papers," collection NA-0003-01, scope and contents (list of lecturers). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/165
[^50]: The New School Archives and Special Collections, "Riezler, Kurt," File, Box 10, Folder 18, New School faculty vertical files collection (NS-08-02-02). https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/43221
[^51]: Colen, José A., and Svetozar Minkov, "Leo Strauss on Social and Natural Science: Two Previously Unpublished Papers," *The Review of Politics* 76, no. 4 (2014), pp. 619-633, introduction, and Strauss's paper "The frame of reference in the social sciences" (Leo Strauss Papers, Box 14, Folder 10). DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S003467051400059X
[^52]: Riezler, Kurt, "Some Critical Remarks on Man's Science of Man," *Social Research* 12, no. 4 (1945), pp. 481-505, as listed in Colen and Minkov.
[^53]: Strauss, Leo, "Kurt Riezler (1882-1955)," *Social Research* 23 (1956), pp. 233-258, reprinted in *What Is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies* (1959).
[^54]: Heuss, Theodor, "A Word in Memory of Kurt Riezler," *Social Research* 23, no. 1 (Spring 1956), opening article of the issue.
[^55]: Rutkoff and Scott, New School, p. 102: "Johnson recruited two additional Rockefeller scholars, Italian political scientist Max Ascoli and Austrian Erich Hula"; p. 118: Ascoli "joined the University in Exile in late 1933," later editor of the Reporter.
[^56]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Wilhelm Reich Lectures, New School for Social Research (1940), 2018," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58166 (bound color photocopy of the 1940 transcripts from the Archives of the Orgone Institute).
[^57]: FBI New York report of December 24, 1941, "Dr. Wilhelm Reich, Alien Enemy Control," NY file 100-8422, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The synopsis of the report gives the arrival date as August 26, 1939; its body and the immigration record give August 28.
[^58]: FBI memorandum of May 6, 1941 and Washington Field Office report of June 16, 1941, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 1, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
[^59]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, file on Dr. Wilhelm Reich, bufile 100-14601, Part 2 of 10, memorandum of M. A. Jones to L. B. Nichols, February 14, 1957, PDF page 123, beginning "Files reflect Wilhelm Reich, Austrian born, entered the U. S. in 1939," archive.org item WilhelmReichFBI, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. The item has ten parts (reich1, reich2, reich3, reich4a, 4b, 4c, reich5a, 5b, 5c, reich6).
[^60]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Bateson, Gregory," New School faculty vertical files, NS-08-02-02, Box 1, Folder 20, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/42943.
[^61]: "Erich Fromm," Histories of The New School, https://histories.newschool.edu/people/erich-fromm (courses at the New School "from 1941 to 1959").
[^62]: Robert G. Jahn, "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," Princeton Alumni Weekly special report, "Psychic Research in the Western World: Colleges and Universities" list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500070001-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500070001-1.
[^63]: Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff, New Psychic Frontiers (Minneapolis: Bolger Publications, 1975), chapter V, pp. 228-229 (C.W. Post College and New School entries; Holzer at the New York Institute of Technology), CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200230018-6.
[^64]: Rosemarie Pilkington, letter "Three-legged Physical mediumship," *Fortean Times* 226 (September 2007), pp. 73-74. https://archive.org/details/fortean-times-september-2007
[^65]: New School Bulletin, spring 1975, vol. 32, no. 5 (December 27, 1974), pp. 82, 88, 172, 328 and 356, https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez07AAAAMAAJ; Parapsychology Review, news item and volume index entry "Roller, Gilbert, 6:10," https://books.google.com/books?id=sH8YAQAAMAAJ.
[^66]: John White, ed., Psychic Exploration (New York: Putnam, 1974), https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC; The Writer's Directory, 1998-2000, p. 424, https://books.google.com/books?id=AKgKAB3ClvwC.
[^67]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 5, Box 7, Folder 43; NS-03-01-07, Box 2, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3.
[^68]: *Journal of Parapsychology*, vol. 32 (1968), subject index, "New School for Social Research, New York, 171-73"; contents entry "The Possible Effect of the Checker in Precognition," Sara R. Feather and Robert Brier, p. 167; index "Checker, effect of, 133, 167-75." https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1968_32_index
[^69]: Gilbert Roller, *A Voice From Beyond* (New York: Popular Library, 1975), "About the Author," pp. 11-13. https://archive.org/details/a-voice-from-beyond
[^70]: Robert G. Jahn, "The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering Perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE 70, no. 2 (February 1982), pp. 136-170, roster of colleges and universities, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100010004-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100010004-6; Science Applications International Corporation, Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers (June 24, 1991), institutions roster, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4.
[^71]: Brian Josephson, Tucson conference program, email circulated March 21, 1994 to the pdl@jsasoc.com list, CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100130005-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000100130005-8.
[^72]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978," John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220 (scope note).
[^73]: MKULTRA Subproject 134 (CIA release DOC_0000017393) and Subproject 137 (DOC_0000017396), https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 and https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396; David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," Anthropology Today 23(3), 2007, fig. 4, https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide.
[^74]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^75]: Central Intelligence Agency releases DOC_0000017393 (Subproject 134, page images 134-11 and 134-12) and DOC_0000017396 (Subproject 137, page image 137-10), as reproduced in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 10, 21, 27 and 78.
[^76]: Everett, John R., letter to Anthony A. Lapham, August 16, 1977, and Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 92-95.
[^77]: New School typed draft statement on the CIA notification, undated, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 4-5. The draft carries typewriter strikeovers.
[^78]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 1.
[^79]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284; Encyclopedia of the Written Word (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments.
[^80]: Obituary of Frank J. Haronian Jr., 72, Town Topics (Princeton), October 26, 1994 (B.S. City College of New York 1943; master's in education, City College; school psychologist from 1950; Ph.D. in clinical psychology, New School for Social Research, 1963; died October 22, 1994, Lawrenceville, N.J.). https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4834unse
[^81]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8), CIA reading room copy, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3.
[^82]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett records," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/289 (Everett 1964-1982; MacIver 1963-1964; Henry David 1961-1963; Hans Simons 1950-1961).
[^83]: New School Histories, "Hans Simons," The New School Archives and Special Collections, https://histories.newschool.edu/node/347 (retirement in 1960; consultancy and directorship for the Ford Foundation).
[^84]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Adult Division Office of the Dean records (NS-02-01-01), Series 2, "Simons, Hans, 1947-1972," Box 2, Folder 25, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/18606 (scope note: "Correspondence mainly after 1960, when Hans Simons resigned as president of The New School").
[^85]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School press release collection (NS-03-01-07), Box 1, Folder 17, "Announcements for appointment of Henry David as president, 1961 January 18-March 19," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/38467
[^86]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Development and Public Relations Office records (NS-03-02-02), Series 2, "Inauguration of Dr. Henry David, 1961 Oct 23," Box 5, Folder 5, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/21027
[^87]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School central administration collection (NS-01-01-05), Series 1, "Simons, Hans. 'Future of the New School,' 1958 September 18," Box 1, Folder 42, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/14272
[^88]: New School Archives and Special Collections, New School Associates records (NS-03-02-01), Series 3, "President's talk: Hans Simon's report on India (1960 Jan 28), 1960," Box 7, Folder 2, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/19576
[^89]: Public Seminar, "The New School's Forgotten President," https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-new-schools-forgotten-president/ (Everett's tenure 1964 to 1982, "second only to the school's founding father Alvin Johnson").
[^90]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "John R. Everett papers," NA.0017.01, biographical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/336
[^91]: Gene I. Maeroff, "University of Chicago Official to Be the New School's Head," New York Times, May 23, 1982, Section 1, p. 30. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/23/nyregion/university-of-chicago-official-to-be-the-new-school-s-head.html
[^92]: Neil MacFarquhar, "Senator Kerrey Accepts Presidency of New School," New York Times, February 17, 2000, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/021700kerry-pres-edu.html (Kerrey said he had been planning to run for a third Senate term until the school approached him; Fanton, "appointed in 1984," left the "$250,000 post with its official Greenwich Village residence" in September 1999 to become president of the MacArthur Foundation; "He will be the school's seventh president"; "The senator does not yet have a formal contract with the school"; Philip Scaturro identified as the school's chancellor).
[^93]: New School University fact sheet, Internet Archive capture of December 11, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001211161500/http://www.newschool.edu:80/aboutnsu/an_ata.html.
[^94]: New School University press release, February 20, 2001 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/022001_install.html; Tenet Healthcare Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement, August 21, 2001, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70318/000091205701529713/a2056401zdef14a.htm.
[^95]: The New School, "Julien J. Studley Elected Chairman of The New School's Board of Trustees," press release, June 30, 2008, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2008/julienstudleyrelease06302008.htm (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot).
[^96]: Chronicle of Higher Education, December 10, 2008 (Internet Archive copy), https://web.archive.org/web/2id_/https://www.chronicle.com/article/new-school-faculty-senate-votes-no-confidence-in-president-bob-kerrey/; NBC New York, December 11, 2008, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/local/kerry-gets-no-confidence-vote-at-new-school/1856735; amNewYork, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit.
[^97]: Jefferson Siegel, "In turmoil, students occupy building, tell Kerrey to quit," amNY, December 23, 2008, https://www.amny.com/news/new-school-in-turmoil-students-occupy-building-tell-kerrey-quit.
[^98]: New School press release, "The New School Names David E. Van Zandt New President," August 26, 2010, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2010/NewPresidentAppointment.htm (Wayback Machine capture of January 24, 2021: eighth president, effective January 1, 2011, succeeding Kerrey, who "was appointed in 2001" and remained president through 2010; Michael J. Johnston, chair of the board).
[^99]: New School Archives, Board of Trustees records NS-01-01-04, Series 2, folder "David Van Zandt--installation as University President (September 15, 2011)," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/244; New School Archives and Special Collections, biographical note to "Video statement by Bob Kerrey, 2014 January 28" (NS-03-02-08), https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/58008.
[^100]: Daniel Jonas Roche, "The New School taps architect Joel Towers as its tenth president," The Architect's Newspaper, June 7, 2024, https://www.archpaper.com/2024/06/the-new-school-architect-joel-towers-tenth-president/ (Towers at the school since 2004; appointment begins August 1, 2024; succeeds interim president Donna E. Shalala, in the role since August 2023, and Dwight A. McBride, ninth president 2020 to 2023; Linda E. Rappaport, chair of the board).
[^101]: Emails between Epstein's scheduler and Kerrey's New School scheduler, April 9, 2013, EFTA01897859, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; May 3, 2013, EFTA02140166, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01897859.pdf
[^102]: Email from Epstein's scheduler to Kerrey's scheduler, June 4, 2013, EFTA02136979, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10; email, September 11, 2013, EFTA02128739, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA02136979.pdf
[^103]: LinkedIn connection notice to Jeffrey Epstein, July 30, 2013, EFTA01966060, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, Data Set 10. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01966060.pdf
[^104]: New School University, "Philip Scaturro Elected Chairman of New School University's Board of Trustees," press release, June 12, 2002, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2002/061202_nsu_scaturro.html (Wayback Machine capture, 2010 snapshot).
[^105]: New School press release, "New School University Announces New Board Members," October 21, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/102104_nsu_members.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: Bewkes, Naughton, Reiss and Schwartz joined September 1, 2004; "Philip Scaturro is Chairman of the Board").
[^106]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: $10 million from the Starr Foundation, "the largest foundation gift in the University's history"; $3.7 million from Bernard L. Schwartz; Kerrey's remarks naming the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation).
[^107]: New School press release, November 9, 2001, http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060910004616/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2001/110901_schwart.html): the $1.1 million gift from Schwartz, chairman and chief executive of Loral Space & Communications, and the four-year project at the Center for Economic Policy Analysis.
[^108]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html (Wayback Machine capture of September 10, 2006: "Since its establishment in September 2004"; the center renamed for the Schwartz gift; the Irene and Bernard Schwartz Lecture).
[^109]: New School press release, "New School University Receives Major Gifts to Fund Projects Related to Globalization," November 4, 2004, https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2004/110404_nsu_gifts.html, section "About the Starr Foundation" (established 1955 by Cornelius Vander Starr; American International family, now American International Group, Inc.; assets of approximately $3.5 billion).
[^110]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. I, pp. 49 to 50 and notes 112 to 116 (p. 240), including the November 21, 1998 deposition of Bernard L. Schwartz, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^111]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, Form 990 for the fiscal year ending June 2022 (filing 202301359349306540), Part VII, Section A, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197/202301359349306540/full (McBride, president, 815,044 reportable compensation and 604,206 estimated other compensation; Rappaport, chair; Stein, Blassberg and Foote, vice chairs; DeWoody and Longstreth, trustees).
[^112]: New School, "Board of Trustees Members," https://www.newschool.edu/about/university-leadership/board-of-trustees-members/ (members listed without titles, Linda E. Rappaport listed first, Joel Towers as president, life trustees including Philip Scaturro; no chair identified on the page).
[^113]: ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, The New School, EIN 13-3297197, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133297197 (organization summary data, tax years 2011 to 2023).
[^114]: USAspending.gov award records, recipient "THE NEW SCHOOL,": FA95501410030 (Department of the Air Force, start 2013-12-15, $6,176,482); W81XWH0910456 (Army, 2009, $1,370,000); W81XWH1120183 (Defense Department, 2011, $1,048,998); FA87501220325 (Defense Department, 2012, $522,399); DEEE0001719 (Energy, 2009, $1,903,000).
[^115]: Minerva Research Initiative, "Dynamics of Sacred Values and Social Responsibilities," awarded projects, https://minerva.defense.gov/Research/Funded-Projects/Article/2029607/dynamics-of-sacred-values-and-social-responsibilities/ (Wayback Machine capture of December 10, 2019: principal investigator Jeremy Ginges, co-principal investigators, years 2014-2019, managing service agency Air Force Office of Scientific Research). USAspending award detail for ASST_NON_FA95501410030_097: period of performance 2013-12-15 to 2019-03-14. NSF award 1559387: USAspending.gov, start 2016-05-01, $653,245.
[^116]: Scott Atran, Douglas Medin, Jeremy Ginges and Richard Davis, "Mutual Influence of Moral Values, Mental Models and Social Dynamics on Intergroup Conflict," final report, Defense Technical Information Center ADA591831 (archive.org mirror DTIC_ADA591831), project period May 2010 to April 2013.
[^117]: Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, August 1 to 31, 2015, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01285659, page 1 of 5: "08-06 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO BANK OF AMERICA A/C [redacted] TH E NEW SCHOOL OPERATING ACCOUNT (16,083.00)." The preceding 08-06 line is an $8,155.00 transfer to 1st United Bank for W. Chester Brewer, Jr., P.A.
[^118]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, October 1 to 31, 2016, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01286417, page 3 of 5 (Bates EFTA01286419): "10-27 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (17,030.00)."
[^119]: Deutsche Bank statement for JEFFREY EPSTEIN, May 1 to 31, 2017, DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01299344, page 2 of 5 (Bates EFTA01299345): "05-10 Preauthorized Debit ... TUITION THE NEW SCHOOL (10,856.00)." The same page lists "05-11 Outgoing Money Trnsf TO STERLING NATIONAL BANK A/C [redacted] FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (3,589.00)" and, on May 19, an American Express payment of $89,103.78.
[^120]: Deutsche Bank presentation to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, September 12, 2019, Exhibit R, "Tuition Payments on Behalf of Children / Women," DOJ Epstein Library file EFTA01681865, page marked EFTA01681912 (printed page 49).
[^121]: Bella Klein email exchange with Jeffrey Epstein, December 9, 2015, EFTA02478844, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^122]: Richard Kahn email, September 20, 2016, EFTA01782038, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^123]: The New School invoice, fall 2015, EFTA02491750; Deutsche Bank statement, August 2015, EFTA01285659, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^124]: Bella Klein email, August 1, 2018, EFTA02600764, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.
[^125]: The New School invoice, spring 2019, EFTA01008842, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library.

58
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Rockefeller Foundation.md
View file

@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ relations:
with: "[[Max Ascoli]]"
start: 1931
role: "fellowship that brought him to the United States"
fn: 20
fn: 22
- type: funded
with: "[[Princeton Listening Center]]"
start: 1939-11
end: 1941-06
role: "foundation funding for the listening center, per the Princeton finding aid and Mercado"
fn: 24
fn: 26
- type: funded
with: "[[Institute of World Affairs]]"
role: "grants to the Institute's predecessor projects and to Institute studies; donor listed in the historical note"
start: 1941-03
end: 1951
fn: 19
fn: 21
---
The Rockefeller Foundation, chartered in 1913 and endowed from the [[Standard Oil]] fortune, was the largest of the [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.|Rockefeller]] family's philanthropies and the institutional model for the family's approach to social engineering through medicine, education, and agriculture. Across the first half of the twentieth century its public-health campaigns in [[Latin America]] (against hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever) prepared the ground for American corporate penetration of the region, easing the human suffering that accompanied plantation agriculture and resource extraction without addressing its causes. By the Cold War the Foundation had become a reservoir of national-security policy talent, supplying secretaries of state and trustees who moved between its board and the highest levels of US government, and a funder of psychiatric research that intersected the CIA's mind-control programs.
@ -68,25 +68,27 @@ The Foundation's reach extended into the psychiatric research that the CIA would
The Foundation paired with the [[New School for Social Research]] in 1933 to bring German and Central European scholars to the University in Exile. [[Alvin Johnson]] and the Foundation agreed on a dozen individuals to rescue, and the Foundation's Paris associate [[Tracy Kittredge]] wrote on the State Department's view of the question on March 29, 1933. The [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]] acted for the Foundation in these early cases and did not seek permanent United States posts for the men it supported.[^8] Johnson later went to Raymond Fosdick, then the Foundation's president, for travel and two-year stipends for five scholars, and the Foundation supplied expert information on who was a Nazi or Fascist.[^9]
The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee scholar program states that Foundation officers worked closely with Johnson, with whom they had been working since 1933, and that the Foundation depended on the Emergency Committee to find permanent employment for scholars and on the [[United States Department of State]] to secure non-quota visas.[^10] Johnson's memoir has his request to Fosdick growing from five scholars to fifteen and then twenty-five, then to a project of one hundred, which Fosdick put to his trustees and approved the next day; the New York Times obituary of June 9, 1971 states that the Foundation "approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres."[^11] The Foundation's grant records group the New School's files under the refugee-scholar program, with a separate file for the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] and wartime projects including Totalitarian Communication Studies and War and Peace Studies.[^12] A July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson, written after the French government barred French males of military age from leaving Paris, is filed in the Foundation's records.[^13]
The New School's history states that after Johnson had raised only $10,000, [[Hiram J. Halle]] gave the whole $60,000 for the University in Exile, and that additional funding from the Foundation "enabled him to enlarge his rescue efforts."[^10] [[Daniel Bessner]] describes Halle as associated with the Foundation, which he says spent $1.4 million helping displaced scholars.[^11]
The Foundation funded the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] at the New School, led by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]], which analyzed radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and was coordinated with the British Broadcasting Corporation and government agencies. Foundation funding ended in 1943, and many of the researchers later held federal posts. John Foster Dulles, a Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation to continue work in this field after the war in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^14]
The Rockefeller Archive Center's account of the Foundation's refugee scholar program states that Foundation officers worked closely with Johnson, with whom they had been working since 1933, and that the Foundation depended on the Emergency Committee to find permanent employment for scholars and on the [[United States Department of State]] to secure non-quota visas.[^12] Johnson's memoir has his request to Fosdick growing from five scholars to fifteen and then twenty-five, then to a project of one hundred, which Fosdick put to his trustees and approved the next day; the New York Times obituary of June 9, 1971 states that the Foundation "approved the request and assured the financing of 100 emigres."[^13] The Foundation's grant records group the New School's files under the refugee-scholar program, with a separate file for the [[Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes]] and wartime projects including Totalitarian Communication Studies and War and Peace Studies.[^14] A July 31, 1941 letter from [[Marc Bloch]] to Johnson, written after the French government barred French males of military age from leaving Paris, is filed in the Foundation's records.[^15]
The Foundation's grants reached the [[Institute of World Affairs]] through its predecessor projects and through studies run by the Institute. Its grants for the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication were $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942.[^15] A study titled "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction," compiled by the Institute from 1944 to 1949, was funded by the Foundation "in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^16] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941, was financed by the Foundation and "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^17] A folder for [[Joseph H. Willits]] for 1941 to 1952 concerns a Foundation grant for the project of [[Hans Neisser]] titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^18] The Institute's historical note reports its funding for 1943 to 1951 at $630,000, with the Foundation among its donors.[^19]
The Foundation funded the [[Research Project on Totalitarian Communication]] at the New School, led by [[Hans Speier]] and [[Ernst Kris]], which analyzed radio broadcasts from totalitarian countries and was coordinated with the British Broadcasting Corporation and government agencies. Foundation funding ended in 1943, and many of the researchers later held federal posts. John Foster Dulles, a Foundation trustee, urged the Foundation to continue work in this field after the war in order to counter Soviet propaganda in Europe.[^16]
The Foundation's grants reached the [[Institute of World Affairs]] through its predecessor projects and through studies run by the Institute. Its grants for the Research Project on Totalitarian Communication were $15,960 in March 1941 and $19,000 in 1942.[^17] A study titled "Germany's Position in European Postwar Reconstruction," compiled by the Institute from 1944 to 1949, was funded by the Foundation "in order to study the results of post-World War I reconstruction in Germany, with an eye toward the practical implementation of these lessons following World War II."[^18] The Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia project, formed in 1941, was financed by the Foundation and "focused largely on labor politics in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia."[^19] A folder for [[Joseph H. Willits]] for 1941 to 1952 concerns a Foundation grant for the project of [[Hans Neisser]] titled Domestic Determinants of International Trade.[^20] The Institute's historical note reports its funding for 1943 to 1951 at $630,000, with the Foundation among its donors.[^21]
### Refugee Scholar Fellowships, 1931 to 1933
The Italian anti-fascist [[Max Ascoli]] came to the United States in 1931 on a Foundation fellowship; Ascoli wrote in 1954 that the offer was made in the spring of 1931 by the Foundation's representative in Italy, [[Luigi Einaudi]].[^20][^21] In 1933 Johnson recruited Ascoli, with the Austrian scholar [[Erich Hula]], as one of two additional Rockefeller scholars for the University in Exile, and Ascoli joined the Graduate Faculty in late 1933.[^22]
The Italian anti-fascist [[Max Ascoli]] came to the United States in 1931 on a Foundation fellowship; Ascoli wrote in 1954 that the offer was made in the spring of 1931 by the Foundation's representative in Italy, [[Luigi Einaudi]].[^22][^23] In 1933 Johnson recruited Ascoli, with the Austrian scholar [[Erich Hula]], as one of two additional Rockefeller scholars for the University in Exile, and Ascoli joined the Graduate Faculty in late 1933.[^24]
### Belém Virus Laboratory
In the Brazilian Amazon the Foundation's medical infrastructure directly served the development drive. The BR-010 highway pushed south from [[Belem|Belém]] toward [[Juscelino Kubitschek|Kubitschek's]] new capital at Brasília, "shielded from the jungle's malarial counterattacks by mosquito control programs and scientists from the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Belém Virus Laboratory," the same road network that opened uncontacted indigenous territories to settlement and mining.[^23]
In the Brazilian Amazon the Foundation's medical infrastructure directly served the development drive. The BR-010 highway pushed south from [[Belem|Belém]] toward [[Juscelino Kubitschek|Kubitschek's]] new capital at Brasília, "shielded from the jungle's malarial counterattacks by mosquito control programs and scientists from the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Belém Virus Laboratory," the same road network that opened uncontacted indigenous territories to settlement and mining.[^25]
### Princeton Listening Center and Wartime Monitoring
The Foundation's money reached American radio monitoring before the government had a monitoring service of its own. The [[Princeton Listening Center]] was launched in November 1939 at [[Princeton University]] with Foundation funding, and its finding aid states that it was financed by the Foundation and continued its work until June 1941, when the [[Federal Communications Commission]] took over; [[Stephen C. Mercado]] likewise gives the absorption by the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] as June.[^24] [[Daniel Bessner]] writes that Washington organizations "used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to Graduate Faculty members," some of whom could not work directly for the government because they remained foreign nationals.[^25]
The Foundation's money reached American radio monitoring before the government had a monitoring service of its own. The [[Princeton Listening Center]] was launched in November 1939 at [[Princeton University]] with Foundation funding, and its finding aid states that it was financed by the Foundation and continued its work until June 1941, when the [[Federal Communications Commission]] took over; [[Stephen C. Mercado]] likewise gives the absorption by the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] as June.[^26] Daniel Bessner writes that Washington organizations "used intermediaries at the Rockefeller Foundation to assign projects to Graduate Faculty members," some of whom could not work directly for the government because they remained foreign nationals.[^27]
A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, Princeton and the Foundation. [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] wrote a memo for [[Lloyd Free]] on July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment" at inaccuracies in the article, among them its claim of a joint project.[^26]
A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC, Princeton and the Foundation. [[Harold N. Graves Jr.]] wrote a memo for [[Lloyd Free]] on July 9, 1941 about his "embarrassment" at inaccuracies in the article, among them its claim of a joint project.[^28]
### Footnotes
@ -99,20 +101,22 @@ A [[Baltimore Sun]] article described the service as a joint project of the FCC,
[^7]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 18.
[^8]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of The New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 86, p. 91 and p. 94.
[^9]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366-367.
[^10]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked closely with Alvin Johnson of the New School for Social Research, with whom they had been working since 1933; the Emergency Committee found permanent employment for scholars).
[^11]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366 to 367; "Dr. Alvin Johnson Of New School Dies," The New York Times, June 9, 1971, p. 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/09/archives/dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school-dies-dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school.html
[^12]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file groups "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," "New School for Social Research - Totalitarian Communication Studies," and "War and Peace Studies," https://dimes.rockarch.org.
[^13]: Rockefeller Archive Center, REsource story "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program" (letter from Marc Bloch to Alvin Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
[^14]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/
[^15]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 130-131. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256
[^17]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285
[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198
[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^20]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Also Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
[^21]: "The Reporter's Notes," The Reporter, September 23, 1954, pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5.
[^22]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
[^23]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 22.
[^24]: Princeton University Library, "Princeton Listening Center Records, 1939-1941" (AC015), finding aid. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC015. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on the Princeton Listening Center's launch in November 1939 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and on its absorption by FBIS in June. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^25]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 138. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
[^26]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article of July 1941 and Graves's memo of 9 July 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
[^10]: Histories of The New School, "University in Exile." https://histories.newschool.edu/histories/university-exile
[^11]: Daniel Morris Bessner, The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State (Duke University dissertation, 2013), p. 84 and note 16. https://hdl.handle.net/10161/7101
[^12]: Rockefeller Archive Center, "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program," REsource, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ (Foundation officers worked closely with Alvin Johnson of the New School for Social Research, with whom they had been working since 1933; the Emergency Committee found permanent employment for scholars).
[^13]: Alvin Johnson, Pioneer's Progress (Viking Press, 1952; University of Nebraska Press, 1960), pp. 366 to 367; "Dr. Alvin Johnson Of New School Dies," The New York Times, June 9, 1971, p. 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/09/archives/dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school-dies-dr-alvin-johnson-of-new-school.html
[^14]: Rockefeller Archive Center, DIMES catalog, Rockefeller Foundation records, RG 1.1, Series 200, file groups "Refugee Scholars - New School for Social Research - (French Institute)," "New School for Social Research - Totalitarian Communication Studies," and "War and Peace Studies," https://dimes.rockarch.org.
[^15]: Rockefeller Archive Center, REsource story "The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program" (letter from Marc Bloch to Alvin Johnson, July 31, 1941, RAC, RG 1.1, Series 200, Box 48, Folder 550).
[^16]: "Rockefeller Foundation Support for Communications Media in the 1930s and 1940s," Rockefeller Archive Center, RE:source, https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-foundation-support-for-communications-media-in-the-1930s-and-1940s/
[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 130-131. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^18]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "'Germany's Postion in European Postwar Reconstruction', 1944-1949," Institute of World Affairs records, Box 5, Folders 32-33. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27256
[^19]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Social and Economic Controls in Germany and Russia, 1941-1956," Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27285
[^20]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Willits, Joseph H., 1941-1952," Box 3, Folder 6. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27198
[^21]: New School Archives and Special Collections, "Institute of World Affairs records," NS-02-16-01, historical note. https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/235
[^22]: Boston University, Bridge, "Connections," November 23, 2001, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/11-23/connections.htm. Also Isabelle Richet, review of Davide Grippa, Un antifascista tra Italia e Stati Uniti, Primo Levi Center, November 24, 2014, https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/an-antifascist-between-italy-and-the-united-states/.
[^23]: "The Reporter's Notes," The Reporter, September 23, 1954, pp. 2-6, https://archive.org/details/sim_reporter_1954-09-23_11_5.
[^24]: Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 102 and 118.
[^25]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 22.
[^26]: Princeton University Library, "Princeton Listening Center Records, 1939-1941" (AC015), finding aid. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/AC015. Stephen C. Mercado, "FBIS Against the Axis, 1941-1945," Studies in Intelligence 45, no. 5 (2001), on the Princeton Listening Center's launch in November 1939 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and on its absorption by FBIS in June. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol45no5/html/v45i5a04p.htm.
[^27]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 138. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/19152946-8fbb-4b9b-9da0-faca0979e718.
[^28]: Roop, Part I, pp. 93-95, on the Baltimore Sun article of July 1941 and Graves's memo of 9 July 1941. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.

39
20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology.md
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@ -49,6 +49,18 @@ relations:
end: 1963
role: "$2,000 grant for a book on the psychology of writing, per Price's table of the Fund's 1961-1963 report; the Fund is thanked in the posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word"
fn: 9
- type: funded
with: "[[Anthony J. Wiener]]"
role: "1958-59 study of Soviet scientists as potential agent recruits, $12,000 in total, as reported by Oster"
start: 1958
end: 1959
fn: 17
- type: funded
with: "[[Frank Haronian]]"
start: 1961
end: 1963
role: "Human Ecology Fund grant, Physique and psychological functioning, $39,000 (Price table)"
fn: 9
---
The Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] front foundation established in [[New York City]] around 1955 to channel covert funding from [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] to academic researchers, psychiatric institutions, and other organizations conducting behavioral modification research on the CIA's behalf. Operating under the guise of a legitimate foundation supporting behavioral science research, the Society provided institutional cover that allowed MKULTRA funding to reach recipients whose participation might have been refused or compromised if the CIA's role had been disclosed.[^1]
@ -91,7 +103,7 @@ An October 1977 NBC television segment, "The Children and the CIA," reported tha
### Renaming and Phase-Out
Marks states that "In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund," and continues to call the body the Society throughout his book.[^2] The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by [[David H. Price]], lists grants including $2,000 to Klara G. Roman for "Book: The Psychology of Writing" and $39,000 to Frank Haronian for "Physique and psychological functioning." Price gives James L. Monroe as the Fund's executive director from 1961 to 1963 and David Rhodes from 1964, and states that operations shifted from New York City to Cornell University's medical school.[^9] The posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word (1968) thanks "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" for helping Roman, and Dr. Walter P. Pasternak "of the Human Ecology Fund."[^10] A February 1963 CIA memorandum on MKULTRA Subproject 137 states that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript."[^11] At the 1977 hearing Gittinger testified that "As far as I was concerned, it was the period of time ending in 1961," and that the Society and the Human Ecology Fund were phased out. He gave the phase-out end date for the Fund as 1965: "I believe the Human Ecology fund finally phased out in 1965, but I was not involved in this phasing out."[^12] Marks records that in 1962 Gittinger and his co-workers moved their base of operations from the Human Ecology headquarters in New York to [[Psychological Assessment Associates]], a CIA proprietary company in Washington.[^5]
Marks states that "In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund," and continues to call the body the Society throughout his book.[^2] The Human Ecology Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by [[David H. Price]], lists grants including $2,000 to Klara G. Roman for "Book: The Psychology of Writing" and $39,000 to Frank Haronian for "Physique and psychological functioning." Price gives James L. Monroe as the Fund's executive director from 1961 to 1963 and David Rhodes from 1964, and states that operations shifted from New York City to Cornell University's medical school.[^9] The first-page note of a 1964 paper by [[A. Arthur Sugerman]] and [[Frank Haronian]] states: "This study was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund."[^10] A February 1963 accounting for MKULTRA Subproject 134, the study whose investigator was Haronian, closes with the statement that it is a true account "as reported to the Fund." The Subproject 134 status page lists the contractor "as a grantee of the" redacted body.[^11] The posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word (1968) thanks "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund" for helping Roman, and Dr. Walter P. Pasternak "of the Human Ecology Fund."[^12] A February 1963 CIA memorandum on MKULTRA Subproject 137 states that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript."[^13] At the 1977 hearing Gittinger testified that "As far as I was concerned, it was the period of time ending in 1961," and that the Society and the Human Ecology Fund were phased out. He gave the phase-out end date for the Fund as 1965: "I believe the Human Ecology fund finally phased out in 1965, but I was not involved in this phasing out."[^14] Marks records that in 1962 Gittinger and his co-workers moved their base of operations from the Human Ecology headquarters in New York to [[Psychological Assessment Associates]], a CIA proprietary company in Washington.[^5]
### Disclosure
@ -101,11 +113,13 @@ The disclosure that a foundation with academic and scientific board members had
### 1977 Public Accounts
Asked at the August 3, 1977 hearing about the Society's funding, Gittinger said: "The Agency in effect provided the money. They did not direct the projects." He also said that "there are a lot of innocent people who received the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology money which I know for a fact they were never asked to do anything for the CIA," and that "They had no knowledge that they were getting CIA money."[^12] Asked about the budget, he replied: "I honestly do not remember," and guessed "about $150,000 a year, but don't hold me to that."[^12]
Asked at the August 3, 1977 hearing about the Society's funding, Gittinger said: "The Agency in effect provided the money. They did not direct the projects." He also said that "there are a lot of innocent people who received the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology money which I know for a fact they were never asked to do anything for the CIA," and that "They had no knowledge that they were getting CIA money."[^14] Asked about the budget, he replied: "I honestly do not remember," and guessed "about $150,000 a year, but don't hold me to that."[^14]
Marks reports that James Monroe told The New York Times on August 2, 1977 that "only about 25 to 30 percent" of the Society's budget came from the CIA, a figure Marks says Monroe knew to be false because "the actual figure was well over 90 percent."[^13]
Marks reports that James Monroe told The New York Times on August 2, 1977 that "only about 25 to 30 percent" of the Society's budget came from the CIA, a figure Marks says Monroe knew to be false because "the actual figure was well over 90 percent."[^15]
The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that "Sociological, cultural and anthropological studies were financed through the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology," and that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A."[^14]
The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that "Sociological, cultural and anthropological studies were financed through the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology," and that the list of 80 institutions given to Senate investigators "is still classified, but each of those institutions has been notified separately by the C.I.A."[^16]
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had financed a research project at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents. The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. The research, "which relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was conducted by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], then affiliated with MIT's [[Center for International Studies]] and later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], whom the article called "apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." It described the Society as "the now defunct Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, A New York-based CIA front set up in the 1950s to provide a legitimate cover for CIA research projects, including some involving 'brainwashing.'" A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there said that "Given a model or prototype [of a scientist], it is desired that guidance be provided as regards the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated."[^17]
### Footnotes
@ -113,13 +127,16 @@ The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that "Sociological, cultural and
[^2]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, "Human Ecology," p. 149, note ("In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund").
[^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 9.
[^4]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, Annual Report, 1957 (34 pp.). Wayback Machine capture of https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf , https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf .
[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 9, "Human Ecology," p. 168 (grant to Saunders and the move to Psychological Assessment Associates in 1962). Sole source for the dollar figure and the 1962 move: Marks.
[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 9, "Human Ecology," p. 168 (grant to Saunders and the move to Psychological Assessment Associates in 1962).
[^6]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 10, "The Gittinger Assessment System," p. 170.
[^7]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, chapter 10, "The Gittinger Assessment System," p. 171, note (asterisk note on graphology).
[^8]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996.
[^9]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, text and fig. 4 (source given: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide . Sole source for the grant rows: Price's table.
[^10]: *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: F. Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments, Internet Archive full-text index of https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwr0000roma
[^11]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, CIA release DOC_0000017396, accounting memorandum of February 1963. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^12]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977, testimony of John Gittinger. Available: intelligence.senate.gov.
[^13]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, "Conclusions" chapter, note on p. 207 (quoting James Monroe in *The New York Times*, August 2, 1977). Sole source for the Monroe statement: Marks.
[^14]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," *The New York Times*, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8). CIA reading room copy: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 ; archive.org copy: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 .
[^9]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, text and fig. 4 (source given: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide .
[^10]: A. Arthur Sugerman and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, pp. 380-394, first-page note. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x
[^11]: Accounting for MKULTRA Subproject 134, grant period 9-1-61 to 8-31-62, dated February 1963; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF p. 17 (status page at p. 10); release DOC_0000017393.
[^12]: *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: F. Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments, Internet Archive full-text index of https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwr0000roma
[^13]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, CIA release DOC_0000017396, accounting memorandum of February 1963. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^14]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977, testimony of John Gittinger. Available: intelligence.senate.gov.
[^15]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, "Conclusions" chapter, note on p. 207 (quoting James Monroe in *The New York Times*, August 2, 1977).
[^16]: Jo Thomas, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," *The New York Times*, October 9, 1977 (dateline Washington, October 8). CIA reading room copy: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 ; archive.org copy: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300390007-3 .
[^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8

67
30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/HISTORICAL_PROGRAMS/Project MKUltra.md
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@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ relations:
end: 1962
role: "two New School projects, Subprojects 134 and 137, per the Everett file; the CIA copy sent to the school in 1977 carries the school's name in red insertions on both memoranda"
fn: 3
- type: funded
with: "[[Frank Haronian]]"
start: 1961-07
end: 1962-08
role: "investigator, Subproject 134, cost $22,000.00"
fn: 6
---
Project MKUltra was a classified research and operational program of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] authorized on April 13, 1953, by Director [[Allen Dulles]] and directed by [[Sidney Gottlieb]], chief of the agency's [[Technical Services Division]]. The program systematically administered [[LSD]] and other drugs, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychological coercion to human subjects who had not consented to the experiments - including psychiatric patients, prisoners, drug addicts, sex workers, military personnel, and ordinary members of the public. It ran across approximately 150 subprojects funded through [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology|cut-out foundations]] and direct institutional contracts, and it killed at least one CIA officer. [[Richard Helms]] ordered the destruction of nearly all MKULTRA records in December 1972-January 1973; approximately 20,000 surviving documents, discovered misfiled in a financial records annex during a 1977 FOIA search, form the primary documentary record of the program.[^1]
@ -60,15 +66,19 @@ The New School Archives hold a file titled "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1
Two released subproject files match the two descriptions. Subproject 134 was a $22,000 project recommended in a memorandum of June 9, 1961, whose addressee and signatory are redacted. The memorandum recommends funding "despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable products which have issued from previous research," says that three redacted doctors "can strengthen the research accomplished through monitorship and close guidance," and says: "This work fits into our indirect assessment requirement and will contribute to the Wechsler-Bellevue work in which Dr." [redacted] "is engaging." The stated purpose was "exploratory research upon the relation of component physique (body typing) to patterns of personality characteristics." The proposal, a letter covering September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962, describes a "constitutional psychology" study building on a pilot project that used Sheldon's somatotyping, and the author writes of "devoting my full attention to this project as soon as my present contract expires at the end of June." The attached pilot report describes fifty adult male Protestant theological students and ministers, photographed and somatotyped by Sheldon or his assistants, and tested on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and other measures. A reviewer's comments, signed Ph.D. and redacted, call the report "poorly organized," note "more variables (60 to 70) than subjects," and recommend "a larger number of subjects, better representative of the general population."[^4]
A table of Human Ecology Fund grants for 1960 to 1963, compiled by the anthropologist David H. Price from the Fund's 1961-1963 report, lists "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator Frank Haronian, psychology, $39,000. A 1964 paper by A. A. Sugerman and Frank Haronian on body type is cited in later sport-psychology reviews. Haronian's grant is the only entry in the table whose title concerns physique. A draft memorandum for the record of May 29, 1961 says the investigator, who appears in it as "Mr." with the name redacted, "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor," that the status page lists the contractor "as a grantee of the" redacted body, and that a redacted doctor will receive "additional data which will be useful in advancing his own research program (MKULTRA, Subproject 77)," the Wechsler-scale factor study.[^5][^6] Haronian's later publications are in pastoral psychology and religion and health journals, as the clergy subjects of the pilot study would suggest.[^7] Records found do not establish that Frank Haronian is the investigator named in the redacted Subproject 134 file, and nothing found places him at the New School in 1961. The Fund's table gives $39,000 where the file shows $22,000 initially.[^8]
A table of Human Ecology Fund grants for 1960 to 1963, compiled by the anthropologist David H. Price from the Fund's 1961-1963 report, lists "Physique and psychological functioning," investigator Frank Haronian, psychology, $39,000. A 1964 paper by A. A. Sugerman and Frank Haronian on body type is cited in later sport-psychology reviews. Haronian's grant is the only entry in the table whose title concerns physique. A draft memorandum for the record of May 29, 1961 says the investigator, who appears in it as "Mr." with the name redacted, "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor," that the status page lists the contractor "as a grantee of the" redacted body, and that a redacted doctor will receive "additional data which will be useful in advancing his own research program (MKULTRA, Subproject 77)," the Wechsler-scale factor study.[^5][^6] Haronian's later publications are in pastoral psychology and religion and health journals.[^7] The 1964 paper by Sugerman and Haronian states that the study "was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund."[^8] The investigator of Subproject 134 was Haronian.[^8][^9] The release redacts his name, and the Fund's table gives $39,000 where the file shows $22,000 initially.[^10]
Subproject 137 was a $2,000 project for a graphology lexicon. The memorandum for the record of August 24, 1961 states that its purpose was "to support the work of Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting," that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "She is advanced in years and her health is failing," and that her manuscript was "now eighty percent complete." It states that the Technical Services Division "continues to approach the problem of handwriting identification and analysis in a number of ways" in support of its "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The proposal states that "no compendium of terms exists for student or layman which deals with the history and evolution of handwriting, its psychology and psychopathology." A $2,000 treasurer's check dated September 11, 1961 was paid to a redacted institution. A memorandum of February 1963 states that the investigator "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," that her brother wrote that the manuscript was "almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." The accounting for the advance was approved on March 10, 1964 over the signature "Sidney Gottlieb, DC/TSD," and a certification states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received."[^9]
The subproject's status page records it as initiated in July 1961, at a cost of $22,000.00, with actual work expected to commence in September 1961.[^6] An invoice memorandum of July 12, 1961 asked that the check be forwarded by July 24, 1961, and said that additional funds were anticipated for the project.[^11] A February 1963 accounting for the grant period from September 1, 1961 to August 31, 1962 records a receipt of $22,000.00 against Treasurer's Check No. 184788, dated August 11, 1961 (receipt signed August 16, 1961). Its expenditures include $10,800.00 for the "Salary of Principal Investigator" and total $18,827.50. The balance of $3,172.50 was to be applied to the next year's grant.[^12] The revised proposal planned preparation from September to November 1961, testing and data collection from December 1961 to May 1962, and analysis from June to August 1962, with at least 100 subjects and possibly as many as 150; the budget's stipend line was $10,800.[^13]
The curriculum vitae in the proposal (name redacted) lists the invention of a "Graphodyne" for measuring writing speed and pressure, a 1928 diploma, a 1948 research appointment at an institute of psychosomatic and psychiatric research "in conjunction with" an institute of psychoanalysis, and faculty membership from 1949. The graphologist [[Klara G. Roman]] (1881-1962) invented an instrument called the graphodyne, graduated in 1928, was called to Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago by Franz Alexander, and taught at the New School from 1948. Her posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word, published in 1968, thanks "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund," and the Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by Price, lists a $2,000 grant to "Roman, Klara G." The released CIA file does not name her.[^10]
Frank Haronian received a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the New School for Social Research in 1963; he had been a school psychologist in the Somerville, New Jersey, school district from 1950.[^14]
The copy of the two files that the CIA sent to the New School on September 7, 1977 carries red insertions of the school's name. On the draft memorandum dated May 29, 1961 for Subproject 134 (page image 134-12), the insertion reads "New School for Social Research" in the first paragraph, where the researcher appears only as "Mr." with the name blacked out.[^5] On the memorandum for the record dated August 24, 1961 for Subproject 137 (page image 137-10), the insertion reads "New School for Social Research, New York City" beside the blacked-out name of the investigator, who is referred to as "her" in the text.[^11] The cover letter of September 7, 1977, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents" and that the names of all other institutions, individuals and CIA employees remain deleted.[^12] The New School copy does not restore any individual's name. The Subproject 134 status page (New School copy PDF p. 10) shows the contractor and "grantee of the" fields still blacked out.[^6]
Subproject 137 was a $2,000 project for a graphology lexicon. The memorandum for the record of August 24, 1961 states that its purpose was "to support the work of Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting," that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "She is advanced in years and her health is failing," and that her manuscript was "now eighty percent complete." It states that the Technical Services Division "continues to approach the problem of handwriting identification and analysis in a number of ways" in support of its "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The proposal states that "no compendium of terms exists for student or layman which deals with the history and evolution of handwriting, its psychology and psychopathology." A $2,000 treasurer's check dated September 11, 1961 was paid to a redacted institution. A memorandum of February 1963 states that the investigator "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," that her brother wrote that the manuscript was "almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." The accounting for the advance was approved on March 10, 1964 over the signature "Sidney Gottlieb, DC/TSD," and a certification states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received."[^15]
[[John D. Marks]] writes that the Human Ecology grantees' Wechsler scores fed John Gittinger's assessment system: "At Gittinger's urging, other Human Ecology grantees gave the Wechsler battery to their experimental subjects and sent him the scores." He adds that the Society "wound up funding handwriting research and a publication in West Germany" and that Gittinger "went on to hire a resident graphologist." Marks writes: "In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund, but for convenience sake it will be called the Society throughout the book."[^13]
The curriculum vitae in the proposal (name redacted) lists the invention of a "Graphodyne" for measuring writing speed and pressure, a 1928 diploma, a 1948 research appointment at an institute of psychosomatic and psychiatric research "in conjunction with" an institute of psychoanalysis, and faculty membership from 1949. The graphologist [[Klara G. Roman]] (1881-1962) invented an instrument called the graphodyne, graduated in 1928, was called to Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago by Franz Alexander, and taught at the New School from 1948. Her posthumous Encyclopedia of the Written Word, published in 1968, thanks "The Handwriting Institute and The Human Ecology Fund," and the Fund's 1961-1963 report, as tabulated by Price, lists a $2,000 grant to "Roman, Klara G." The released CIA file does not name her.[^16]
The copy of the two files that the CIA sent to the New School on September 7, 1977 carries red insertions of the school's name. On the draft memorandum dated May 29, 1961 for Subproject 134 (page image 134-12), the insertion reads "New School for Social Research" in the first paragraph, where the researcher appears only as "Mr." with the name blacked out.[^5] On the memorandum for the record dated August 24, 1961 for Subproject 137 (page image 137-10), the insertion reads "New School for Social Research, New York City" beside the blacked-out name of the investigator, who is referred to as "her" in the text.[^17] The cover letter of September 7, 1977, signed by [[A. R. Cinquegrana]] of the Office of General Counsel, states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents" and that the names of all other institutions, individuals and CIA employees remain deleted.[^9] The New School copy does not restore any individual's name. The Subproject 134 status page (New School copy PDF p. 10) shows the contractor and "grantee of the" fields still blacked out.[^6]
[[John D. Marks]] writes that the Human Ecology grantees' Wechsler scores fed John Gittinger's assessment system: "At Gittinger's urging, other Human Ecology grantees gave the Wechsler battery to their experimental subjects and sent him the scores." He adds that the Society "wound up funding handwriting research and a publication in West Germany" and that Gittinger "went on to hire a resident graphologist." Marks writes: "In 1961 the Society changed its name to the Human Ecology Fund, but for convenience sake it will be called the Society throughout the book."[^18]
### Subproject 68: Ewen Cameron and the Allan Memorial Institute
@ -93,7 +103,7 @@ Cameron died in 1967 before the program's public disclosure. A class action suit
White recruited prostitutes to bring men to the safe houses. The men - drawn from populations unlikely to file credible complaints - were served drinks spiked with LSD. CIA observers watched through one-way mirrors, recording behavioral responses for Gottlieb's files. The operational theory was that LSD's effects as an interrogation adjunct should be tested in conditions approximating actual field use rather than controlled laboratory settings.
Midnight Climax ran for approximately eight years before White's retirement in 1963 ended the San Francisco operation. White's personal diaries, discovered by journalist John Marks during FOIA research, described the operation with enthusiasm. The program administered LSD to an unknown number of men who were never informed of the experiment and never consented to it. Some were given doses that produced lasting psychological effects.[^14]
Midnight Climax ran for approximately eight years before White's retirement in 1963 ended the San Francisco operation. White's personal diaries, discovered by journalist John Marks during FOIA research, described the operation with enthusiasm. The program administered LSD to an unknown number of men who were never informed of the experiment and never consented to it. Some were given doses that produced lasting psychological effects.[^19]
### Frank Olson
@ -103,11 +113,11 @@ Olson experienced a severe adverse reaction. In the nine days following the retr
Director Dulles was briefed on the circumstances. The CIA paid Olson's family $750,000 in a private settlement and secured their silence. The program was concealed.
When the MKULTRA documents surfaced in 1977, Olson's family learned for the first time that he had been non-consensually dosed with LSD nine days before his death. In 1994, Olson's son Eric arranged an exhumation; forensic pathologist James Starrs found cranial injuries inconsistent with the fall, suggesting Olson had been struck before going through the window. The New York County District Attorney opened a homicide investigation; it was never prosecuted due to insufficient surviving evidence. The question of whether Olson was murdered - and if so by whom - remained unresolved at Gottlieb's death in 1999.[^15]
When the MKULTRA documents surfaced in 1977, Olson's family learned for the first time that he had been non-consensually dosed with LSD nine days before his death. In 1994, Olson's son Eric arranged an exhumation; forensic pathologist James Starrs found cranial injuries inconsistent with the fall, suggesting Olson had been struck before going through the window. The New York County District Attorney opened a homicide investigation; it was never prosecuted due to insufficient surviving evidence. The question of whether Olson was murdered - and if so by whom - remained unresolved at Gottlieb's death in 1999.[^20]
### Additional Fatalities: Blauer and Hoch
Beyond Olson, other deaths traced to the program. [[Harold Blauer]], a professional tennis player, died in 1953 after being injected with the psychedelic MDA during Army-contracted experiments at the [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]], the drug supplied by the [[Army Chemical Corps]] in cooperation with MKULTRA; one researcher later admitted "we didn't know if it was dog piss or what it was we were giving to him." Dr. [[Paul Hoch]], a CIA consultant, gave psychiatric patients intraspinal injections of LSD and [[mescaline]] and then lobotomized them, in one case asking a subject under a local anesthetic to describe his visual experiences as surgeons removed pieces of his brain.[^16]
Beyond Olson, other deaths traced to the program. [[Harold Blauer]], a professional tennis player, died in 1953 after being injected with the psychedelic MDA during Army-contracted experiments at the [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]], the drug supplied by the [[Army Chemical Corps]] in cooperation with MKULTRA; one researcher later admitted "we didn't know if it was dog piss or what it was we were giving to him." Dr. [[Paul Hoch]], a CIA consultant, gave psychiatric patients intraspinal injections of LSD and [[mescaline]] and then lobotomized them, in one case asking a subject under a local anesthetic to describe his visual experiences as surgeons removed pieces of his brain.[^21]
### Military and Prison Subjects
@ -127,15 +137,15 @@ The destruction eliminated the core operational files: individual subject record
A partial record survived accidentally. Approximately 20,000 documents - primarily budget requests, financial accountings, and administrative correspondence - had been routed to a TSD financial records annex rather than the main operational files and were overlooked in the destruction. When journalist John Marks filed a Freedom of Information Act request in 1977, an archivist located the misfiled documents. The CIA produced them; they provided sufficient evidence for the 1977 Senate Health Subcommittee hearings and for Marks's subsequent book *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (1979) - still the primary investigative account of the program.
Gottlieb testified before the Church Committee in 1975 and the Senate Health Subcommittee on August 3, 1977. He confirmed the program's existence, the records destruction, and the safe house operations. He defended the program as a reasonable response to a genuine Cold War threat and expressed carefully qualified regret for individual outcomes while declining to characterize the overall program as wrong.[^14]
Gottlieb testified before the Church Committee in 1975 and the Senate Health Subcommittee on August 3, 1977. He confirmed the program's existence, the records destruction, and the safe house operations. He defended the program as a reasonable response to a genuine Cold War threat and expressed carefully qualified regret for individual outcomes while declining to characterize the overall program as wrong.[^19]
### 1977 Notifications to Institutions
Director of Central Intelligence [[Stansfield Turner]] wrote to Senator [[Daniel K. Inouye]] on August 2, 1977 that the recovered material identified "185 non-government researchers and assistants" and "80 institutions where work was done or with which these people were affiliated."[^17] He listed the institutions as 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics, and 3 penal institutions. He gave "all of the names on a classified basis" to the Senate committee and wrote that he had "a legal obligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers without their consent."[^17] He also wrote that he was "working closely with the Attorney General and with the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare on this matter."[^17]
Director of Central Intelligence [[Stansfield Turner]] wrote to Senator [[Daniel K. Inouye]] on August 2, 1977 that the recovered material identified "185 non-government researchers and assistants" and "80 institutions where work was done or with which these people were affiliated."[^22] He listed the institutions as 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics, and 3 penal institutions. He gave "all of the names on a classified basis" to the Senate committee and wrote that he had "a legal obligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers without their consent."[^22] He also wrote that he was "working closely with the Attorney General and with the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare on this matter."[^22]
General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] wrote to each notified institution in August 1977. The letter stated that "Your institution is included among the institutions at which some portion of this CIA-sponsored research appears to have been performed or with which one or more individuals performing some aspect of this research were affiliated." It quoted the Director's statement that "this Agency does not intend to reveal to the public the identities of any institutions that knowingly or unknowingly were involved in MKULTRA activities, or the names of individual researchers."[^18] On November 7, 1977, Lapham asked whether each institution had made its correspondence public, and wrote that "Where an institution has itself made public these relationships, there would seem to be little point in our continued refusal to confirm these facts."[^19] On March 17, 1978, Assistant General Counsel Cinquegrana wrote that institutions not responding by April 15, 1978 would be presumed to want their identities protected.[^19]
General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] wrote to each notified institution in August 1977. The letter stated that "Your institution is included among the institutions at which some portion of this CIA-sponsored research appears to have been performed or with which one or more individuals performing some aspect of this research were affiliated." It quoted the Director's statement that "this Agency does not intend to reveal to the public the identities of any institutions that knowingly or unknowingly were involved in MKULTRA activities, or the names of individual researchers."[^23] On November 7, 1977, Lapham asked whether each institution had made its correspondence public, and wrote that "Where an institution has itself made public these relationships, there would seem to be little point in our continued refusal to confirm these facts."[^24] On March 17, 1978, Assistant General Counsel Cinquegrana wrote that institutions not responding by April 15, 1978 would be presumed to want their identities protected.[^24]
The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that the Senate Health Subcommittee had invited the presidents of 20 institutions to testify on September 20 and 21, and that only one accepted, without a scheduled appearance because the others declined.[^20]
The New York Times reported on October 9, 1977 that the Senate Health Subcommittee had invited the presidents of 20 institutions to testify on September 20 and 21, and that only one accepted, without a scheduled appearance because the others declined.[^25]
### Lawsuits and Settlements
@ -153,17 +163,22 @@ MKULTRA generated litigation in multiple jurisdictions:
[^4]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017393 (58 pages): memorandum of June 9, 1961, proposal letter and pilot report, "Comments on Report." https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017393 . Addressee, contractor, consultants and reviewer are redacted.
[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017393 (MKULTRA Subproject 134), memorandum draft dated May 29, 1961, page image 134-12. New School Archives copy in NS010102_000027 (John R. Everett records, Box 7, Folder 29), PDF p. 27. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^6]: MKULTRA Subproject 134, status page (purpose, initiation, contractor and cost), New School copy in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 10. Release DOC_0000017393. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017393
[^7]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, September 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144.
[^8]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide .
[^9]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (19 pages): memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961; proposal, budget and curriculum vitae; obligation memorandum, August 28, 1961; invoice, check receipt and certifications; accounting memorandum, February 1963; accounting by individual for advance, approved March 10, 1964. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017396 . Names, institutions and signatories other than Gottlieb's are redacted. Sole source for the 1961-1964 payment and accounting details.
[^10]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284 ; Roman, *Handwriting: A Key to Personality* (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), preface pp. v-vi; *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: F. Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments; Price 2007 (see note 8). Sole source for the identification: the matches listed; the CIA copy is redacted.
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (MKULTRA Subproject 137), memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961, page image 137-10. New School copy in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 78. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^12]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7.
[^13]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n. (renaming); chapter 10, p. 170 (Wechsler scores) and p. 171 n. (handwriting research and a resident graphologist).
[^14]: "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification." Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977. U.S. Government Printing Office. Available: intelligence.senate.gov.
[^15]: Albarelli, H.P. *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments.* Trine Day, 2009. Starrs, James E. Forensic examination report, Olson exhumation, 1994.
[^16]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.
[^17]: Turner, Stansfield, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to Senator Daniel K. Inouye, chairman, Select Committee on Intelligence, August 2, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 96-103 (figures at p. 101; Privacy Act at p. 102; Attorney General passage at p. 103).
[^18]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977 (stamped August 15, 1977), in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 94-95. The quoted passage refers to "page 8 of the statement by the Director."
[^19]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, letter to John R. Everett, November 7, 1977 (PDF p. 3), and Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978 (PDF p. 1), Central Intelligence Agency, in NS010102_000027.
[^20]: Thomas, Jo, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977, CIA reading room clipping CIA-RDP88-01315R000300390007-3.
[^7]: Sugerman, A. Arthur, and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x; Haronian, "Psychosynthesis: A psychotherapist's personal overview," Pastoral Psychology, Fall 1976, doi:10.1007/bf01761144.
[^8]: A. Arthur Sugerman and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, pp. 380-394, first-page note ("This study was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund"). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x
[^9]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7.
[^10]: David H. Price, "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part 1: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007, fig. 4 (source given there: Human Ecology Fund, Report, 1963, pp. 13-42). https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide .
[^11]: Memorandum "Invoice No. 1," MKULTRA Subproject 134, Allotment 2125-1390-3902, July 12, 1961, PDF p. 13; release DOC_0000017393.
[^12]: Accounting for MKULTRA Subproject 134, grant period 9-1-61 to 8-31-62, dated February 1963; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 17-18 (accounting, then receipt); release DOC_0000017393.
[^13]: Letter of proposal revision, MKULTRA Subproject 134; New School copy NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 23-26 (budget and schedule at p. 25); release DOC_0000017393.
[^14]: Obituary of Frank J. Haronian Jr., Town Topics (Princeton), October 26, 1994. https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4834unse
[^15]: MKULTRA Subproject 137, Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (19 pages): memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961; proposal, budget and curriculum vitae; obligation memorandum, August 28, 1961; invoice, check receipt and certifications; accounting memorandum, February 1963; accounting by individual for advance, approved March 10, 1964. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396 ; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/00017396 . Names, institutions and signatories other than Gottlieb's are redacted.
[^16]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Maurice Edwards papers documenting the work of graphologist Klara G. Roman (NA-0010-01), biographical note, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/resources/284 ; Roman, *Handwriting: A Key to Personality* (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), preface pp. v-vi; *Encyclopedia of the Written Word* (New York: F. Ungar, 1968), acknowledgments; Price 2007 (see note 8).
[^17]: Central Intelligence Agency release DOC_0000017396 (MKULTRA Subproject 137), memorandum for the record, August 24, 1961, page image 137-10. New School copy in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 78. https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017396
[^18]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n. (renaming); chapter 10, p. 170 (Wechsler scores) and p. 171 n. (handwriting research and a resident graphologist).
[^19]: "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification." Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session, August 3, 1977. U.S. Government Printing Office. Available: intelligence.senate.gov.
[^20]: Albarelli, H.P. *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments.* Trine Day, 2009. Starrs, James E. Forensic examination report, Olson exhumation, 1994.
[^21]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.
[^22]: Turner, Stansfield, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to Senator Daniel K. Inouye, chairman, Select Committee on Intelligence, August 2, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 96-103 (figures at p. 101; Privacy Act at p. 102; Attorney General passage at p. 103).
[^23]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977 (stamped August 15, 1977), in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 94-95. The quoted passage refers to "page 8 of the statement by the Director."
[^24]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, letter to John R. Everett, November 7, 1977 (PDF p. 3), and Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978 (PDF p. 1), Central Intelligence Agency, in NS010102_000027.
[^25]: Thomas, Jo, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977, CIA reading room clipping CIA-RDP88-01315R000300390007-3.

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@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
---
category: "Government Program"
tags:
- Program
- ProjectTroy
- PoliticalWarfare
- PsychologicalWarfare
- VoiceOfAmerica
- SovietJamming
- PsychologicalStrategyBoard
- CenisMit
- Balloons
- Cia
- ColdWar
- 1950s
aliases:
- Project Troy
- Project TROY
- TROY
- Troy Report
- Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State
- Perforating the Iron Curtain
summary: "Project Troy was a 1950-51 MIT study of Soviet jamming and political warfare, reporting to the Secretary of State, whose February 1951 report proposed radio, balloon and elite-directed campaigns behind the Iron Curtain."
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-02
location: "Washington, D.C.; Cambridge, Massachusetts"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Hans Speier]]"
reverse: true
role: "participant; Bessner calls him a primary author of the report's sections on the Soviet Union"
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-01
fn: 3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[John Burchard]]"
reverse: true
role: "director of the project"
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-01
fn: 3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Jerome B. Wiesner]]"
reverse: true
role: "participant"
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-01
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Edward Purcell]]"
reverse: true
role: "participant; staffed the project"
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-01
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Clyde Kluckhohn]]"
reverse: true
role: "participant"
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-01
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Lloyd Berkner]]"
reverse: true
role: "participant"
start: 1950-10
end: 1951-01
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
reverse: true
role: "member of the study group, per MIT's finding aid for his papers and a CIA historian's interview note of March 5, 1952"
start: 1950
end: 1951
fn: 5
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Dean Acheson]]"
role: "report to the Secretary of State dated February 1, 1951, received February 15"
start: 1951-02
fn: 3
---
Project Troy was a study set up by the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in October 1950, under contract with the United States Government, to carry out investigations requested by the [[State Department]], with a group of about twenty participants. It began as an inquiry into Soviet jamming of the [[Voice of America]] and widened to cover other ways of reaching the populations of the Soviet bloc. Its report, dated February 1, 1951, proposed radio and balloon programs, a unified political warfare authority, and campaigns aimed at the Soviet political elite. The study was followed by the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] and by the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT.
### Origins
The study grew out of a complaint about the Voice of America. On March 1, 1950, [[Harry S. Truman]] sent [[Dean Acheson]] a memorandum recording a conversation with [[David Sarnoff]], chairman of the [[Radio Corporation of America]], who had proposed a committee to look into improving the Voice of America. Sarnoff suggested that the committee consist of himself, [[Brien McMahon]], [[Ernest McFarland]], Under Secretary of Defense [[Stephen Early]] and the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, [[Edward W. Barrett]].[^1] Barrett's memorandum of March 2 proposed a wider effort to "penetrate the Iron Curtain" with ideas, through "all techniques and resources for communication of ideas behind the Iron Curtain," of which radio was one.[^1] His memorandum of March 6 recommended "a new high-level committee of Sarnoff, etc., to look for added means of getting the truth behind the Iron Curtain." The same memorandum said that the committee "would not confine itself to radio but would look into such proposals as the hardy perennial of utilizing balloons to drop leaflets."[^2]
According to a note in the Foreign Relations volume, Acheson discussed the proposal with Truman on March 6 and informed him that Barrett was working on a plan for an advisory committee along the lines suggested by Sarnoff.[^2] Barrett later claimed that the conclusions of the April 1950 symposium described below helped him prepare Truman's Campaign of Truth speech.[^3]
The historian [[Daniel Bessner]] argues that the chain continued as follows. Sarnoff's complaints led Truman to ask Acheson to investigate the Voice of America, and Acheson asked [[James E. Webb]], the Under Secretary of State, and Barrett to examine its operations. In April 1950 Barrett organized a group of experts, among them [[Hans Speier]].[^3] That summer Webb contacted [[James Killian]], president of MIT, and [[John Burchard]], an MIT administrator, about hosting social scientists to study Soviet jamming of American radio transmissions. Killian and Burchard accepted, and Burchard agreed to direct the project.[^3]
### The MIT study
The project was staffed through [[Edward Purcell]], a [[Harvard University]] physicist who had worked at the MIT [[Radiation Laboratory]] during the war and who, Bessner says, "likely knew a number of RAND analysts."[^4] The participants met in Washington in October 1950 and then in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until January 1951.[^4] The participants included [[Dana K. Bailey]] of the [[National Bureau of Standards]], [[Alex Bavelas]], [[Lloyd Berkner]] of the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], [[Jerome S. Bruner]] of Harvard, Burchard of MIT, [[Martin Deutsch]], [[Francis L. Friedman]], [[A. G. Hill]], [[Burnham Kelly]], [[Clyde Kluckhohn]] of Harvard, [[Elting E. Morison]], [[Robert S. Morison]] of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], [[John A. Morrison]], [[John R. Pierce]], [[Winfield W. Salisbury]], Speier, [[Merle A. Tuve]], [[Jerome B. Wiesner]] and [[Robert L. Wolff]].[^4] [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Robert Merton]] and [[George Kennan]] were asked to take part and could not, because of other commitments.[^4] [[Max Millikan]], an MIT economist, was also a member of the study group: MIT's biographical note for his papers describes Project TROY as "a study group (of which Millikan was a member) contracted by the Department of State in 1950," and a CIA historian's interview note of March 5, 1952 records that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT."[^5][^6] He does not appear in the participant list printed by Bessner.[^4]
The report's foreword says the project was set up by MIT "as the means for carrying out, under contract with the United States Government, investigations requested by the Department of State." It describes a full-time ad hoc group "relieved of other duties" for about three months, divided into cross-disciplinary panels whose drafts were discussed and amended by the whole group, with an Editorial Committee at the end. The main report carried no individual authorship. Because the annexes "have not been subjected to plenary scrutiny," each annex "bears the names of members of the sub-group responsible for it."[^7] A 2016 Virginia Tech dissertation, citing Needell, counts twenty-one scientists, social scientists and historians, and reports that Congress declined to appropriate funds for the "Ring Plan" of radio transmitters the Troy group recommended in 1951 and 1952.[^8]
### The February 1951 report
The report was addressed to the Secretary of State and dated February 1, 1951. Acheson received it on February 15.[^3] A third progress report on NSC 59/1, undated in the Foreign Relations volume, described Troy as a study "initiated in October 1950" in which the Massachusetts Institute of Technology "assembled 30 of the nation's top scientists" to examine means of penetrating the Iron Curtain. It said the report "proposed technical means to get around Soviet jamming of VOA and ideas for political and psychological warfare."[^9]
The foreword said the first study had been aimed at the technical problems of the Voice of America under jamming, and that the group had agreed to examine other means of penetrating the Iron Curtain. Its authors wrote: "The newness of our idea, if any, lies in the understanding of the strategic power of the several elements when combined as a well rounded and coordinated whole." They added that "the idea that the United States must develop a coordinated political warfare effort is the most important idea in the report."[^10] The report urged that political warfare "should be organized like any form of warfare, with specialized weapons, strategy, tactics, logistics, and training."[^10]
### The radio and balloon chapters
The radio chapter treated the jamming as a problem extending beyond the Voice of America. Its authors wrote that "The Russian jamming operation seems to us to have clear and serious implications extending beyond the immediate problems of the Voice of America."[^10] The CIA excerpt puts the number of jamming transmitters at "at least several hundred, possibly a thousand."[^7] [[Robert Hooker]]'s summary of the report gives the range as "a hundred, perhaps a thousand," and says the transmitters "appear to be centrally controlled."[^10] The report recommended a "coherent transmitter" array of ten one-megawatt units, which it said "cannot easily be jammed over a large area" and "could reach most of Eastern Europe at night" if well located.[^10] It also recommended "a concerted effort to develop crystal and transistor receivers for mass production."[^10] The authors wrote that "If our high-frequency transmissions were jammed (they could be jammed tomorrow) and the Atlantic cables cut by submarine action, air mail would be our only means of communication with Europe."[^10] They called for an engineering study of a transatlantic channel secure against jamming, and concluded that "The challenge of the electro-magnetic war is serious and we are not organized to meet it."[^10]
A vest-pocket radio built around a transistor was reported in November 1951 as being developed "along the lines recommended by the group."[^11]
The report treated balloons as a separate part of the program. Hooker's summary quotes its estimate that "An area of a million square miles could be saturated with a billion propaganda sheets in a single balloon operation costing a few million dollars." The same summary gives "about one million dollars" as the cost of an operational test.[^10] The CIA excerpt states the central recommendation directly: "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop." It recommended that organizational planning for leaflet preparation, stockpiling and site selection start at once, that a full operational test be planned, and that development continue on gas bags, flight equipment, meteorological background and gas supply.[^7]
On May 2, 1951, Barrett's memorandum to [[Paul Nitze]] listed the plans developed as a result of Project Troy among the State Department's psychological activities, and described the report as having "made various proposals for political warfare, including possible methods of minimizing the effects of Soviet jamming on the Voice of America broadcasts."[^12]
### The political warfare chapters
The chapter on the Soviet Union was the most specific part of the report, as Hooker summarized it. Its principal targets were "the intelligentsia, skilled workers, bureaucrats, personnel of the mechanized armed forces, rural areas." The report proposed "deterioration in administrative structure" by "overloading the system with material introduced from outside," and "stimulating mutual distrust by artificial means, bogus letters, etc."[^10] Its overload annex directed attack at "those weaknesses which could not be corrected without seriously reducing the power held by those few at the top."[^10] The Soviet chapter also recommended that propaganda avoid any "implication of contempt for communism," and stated that "Discord in the United States is not only tolerable but actually necessary."[^10] It advised against setting "the non-Party people being set off against the Party members."[^10]
Annex 12 on defectors stated that "A third (at least) of the defectors had Party and/or Komsomol membership," and that this "militates strongly against the contention that defectors overwhelmingly represent the rejects of Soviet society."[^13] The printed volume marks passages of that annex as not declassified.[^13] Annex 15 proposed planning for the death of Stalin, arguing that "Since Stalin's death offers the best opportunity for exploiting the fear and self-interest of the Soviet elite," and proposed "a special section" to "concentrate exclusively on this task."[^10] Annex 13 on forward planning recommended a study of the effect of prolonged preparedness on American society. Hooker added a bracketed comment that "This might well be a desirable project for the Ford Foundation to undertake."[^10]
The conclusion asked for "some single authority concerned with political warfare exclusively, with the capacity to design a comprehensive program and the power to obtain execution of this program."[^10] Annex 11 recommended research on the political control systems used to influence "groups holding or seeking power," on the social structure of target areas, and on the attitudes of target populations.[^10]
### Reception in the State Department
Hooker, of the [[Policy Planning Staff]], sent a memorandum to Nitze on March 26, 1951. It said that "The Troy Report almost uniformly reflects a very high order of technical competence, political sophistication, and common sense. It deserves the most serious consideration." Hooker found that the principles and techniques for political warfare laid down in the report, "with few exceptions, seem worthy of adoption."[^10] The same day Armstrong, of the Department, wrote to Barrett that the report showed "its appreciation of the nature of political warfare," while criticizing its "over-all substantive approach."[^10]
Nitze's memorandum to Webb of April 9, 1951 rejected the use of the report as a frame of reference for a new board. "The Troy group went vastly beyond its original terms of reference and explored a field for which it had no special competence and about which it had little information." He wrote that "In effect it proposed a new board to take over the jurisdiction of all the agencies operating in the foreign field, of the NSC, and in part of the President himself."[^14] Barrett's memorandum of March 29, 1951 had described the board's jurisdiction "as recommended by the Troy group."[^14]
Bessner reports that State officials praised the report as an "extraordinary piece of work" that "blazed important new paths," a phrase he takes from [[Allan Needell]].[^15]
### The Psychological Strategy Board
President Truman's directive of April 4, 1951 established the Psychological Strategy Board to promote "more effective planning, coordination and conduct, within the framework of approved national policies, of psychological operations." The board consisted of the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of [[Department of Defense]] and the Director of Central Intelligence, and it reported to the [[National Security Council]]. [[Gordon Gray]] was its first director.[^16] The State Department had argued that a department member should chair the board. Webb wrote on March 15 that it was "impossible … to entrust the formulation and execution of policies and programs of political warfare to an agency not subject or subordinate to the Department of State."[^16]
Daniel Bessner argues that Speier's Troy participation gave him a channel into State Department policy, and that PSB directive D-31 of November 26, 1952 endorsed three of Speier's arguments about the Soviet political structure.[^17] D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program," called for increasing "suspicion [between Soviet and communist elites] to the point of systematic removal or elimination of personnel in important and effective positions." Bessner says the paper also described breeding distrust as a way to "disrupt the system" of Soviet rule.[^17]
The third progress report on NSC 59/1 recorded that the CIA "has been assigned the project of a continuing study in this field" of balloons and "has also been instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^9] In February 1953 CIA memoranda discussed a "Friendship-Balloon Lift," which Bessner cites from the files of the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]].[^18]
### The Center for International Studies
Bessner writes that the Center for International Studies, known as CENIS, "emerged from Project TROY." James Killian, pleased with the outcome, organized a second phase with four research initiatives. One of them concerned a State Department-funded institute similar to one that [[Donald Marquis]] had recommended in Annex 11 of the report.[^19] CENIS began operating in the fall of 1951. MIT's biographical note for the papers of its first director states that the center, "established in January 1952, continued the contract work undertaken for the government under Project TROY."[^5] In February 1952 Max Millikan, an economist who had spent a year at the CIA, accepted the offer to serve as its first director.[^19] The center's own history states that it "was founded in 1951 in response to the Cold War struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union," and that in 1952 "a young MIT economist named Max F Millikan became the Center's first director."[^20]
Millikan's CIA service is recorded in agency documents. In a letter stamped January 30, 1951 he wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency," whose mission had been "focused much more sharply on economic matters."[^21] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion of psychological intelligence with State Department officers, including the intelligence support to be given to the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] in the psychological field, and records his concern that placing the production of that intelligence in several organizations would bring "the shortcomings of decentralization."[^22] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, sent to the intelligence chiefs of State, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force "for the Director of Central Intelligence," carries his typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^23] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research," on a leave of absence from MIT.[^24] A letter he signed as AD/RR on November 26, 1951 tells its addressee, whose name is redacted, that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^25] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^26]
A CIA historian's note of an interview with Millikan on March 5, 1952, titled "Origin of PSB," records that the stream "which seems to have flown directly to the creation of the PSB in the early part of 1951" was the "Troy Project," and that "Millikan participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT, in the fall of 1951," a date corrected by hand to 1950. The note says the study's objective "was to find some means of penetrating the 'Iron Curtain,'" that "The men in Cambridge spent some three months," and that "Secretary Webb was much impressed with the report." It records Millikan's statement that "the best way into the problem proved to be through the 'defectors,'" and that the study's recommendation to the State Department "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB." The interviewer, A. B. Darling, also recorded Millikan's account of an earlier Board under Barrett, with [[Frank Wisner]] of the Office of Policy Coordination, Admiral Stevens from the Pentagon and others, and a staff called "IFIS" located in State.[^6]
Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of the [[Ford Foundation]] for money. When Speier learned of the request, he visited Millikan in February 1952 to discuss a center for research in international communication. Millikan was reticent, believing that MIT's comparative advantage lay in economic and political studies, but Speier "convinced him otherwise." Bessner attributes the Ford trustees' grant of $875,000 to CENIS in the spring of 1952 to Speier's efforts.[^19]
Funding from the CIA is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that "The Central Intelligence Agency secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents." The article said that, "As part of its Project MK-ULTRA," the agency, "using a private foundation as a 'front,'" spent a total of $12,000 in 1958 and 1959 on determining "what criteria can be developed in spotting and assessing [Soviet scientists] as potential agent recruits," according to CIA memos the Sun-Times had obtained. It named the researcher as [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency," and said Wiener, later a consultant to the [[Hudson Institute]], "was apparently an unwitting pawn in the CIA's mind-control project." The research, which "relied heavily on interviews with American and Western scientists returning from the Soviet Union," was financed by the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], which the article called "a New York-based CIA front." A CIA memo of September 17, 1958 quoted there gave the purpose as guidance on "the most effective way or ways in which repressed and rationalized anti-regime motivations may be aroused or, more properly, re-activated," and said the projects would "sharpen our sights and methods as respects the spotting, development and recruitment of selected types of citizens."[^27] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967, in a passage on the agency's use of university specialists, reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that "Until last spring, M.I.T. continued to accept agency funds, then terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" It quoted Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," saying: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^28] Asked by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s Internal Security Subcommittee whether he had ever been connected with the CIA, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, answered: "Not in any direct way. The reason that I hesitate in my answer is that I was connected with the Center for International Studies at MIT." Asked the period, he said: "That was 1951-1952. And they had some kind of contract with the CIA. So that it is conceivable that I was cleared with them." He added: "But I never formally worked for them." Asked "Did you know that the Center for International Studies was a CIA operation?" he answered: "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Rostow was in charge when he was there, he answered: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came. I worked for Mr. Rostow, yes." He described himself as a staff member, one of "only three or four staff members" at first, who "worked on various projects having to do with Russia and Eastern Europe."[^29]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^30]
### Lexington and related studies
The historian Daniel Bessner describes Troy as an outgrowth of earlier summer studies. He names an Air Force summer study codenamed LEXINGTON, which examined a nuclear-powered airplane, and a Navy study codenamed HARTWELL, which examined how the United States could avoid Soviet submarines.[^31] James Killian's 1954 statement at the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] hearings on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] gives a different account of Lexington. He called it "an earlier project, known as Project Lexington, carried out by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract with M.I.T.," and named [[Walter Whitman]] as its director. The same statement describes a 1952 summer study of the [[Lincoln Laboratory]], in which Oppenheimer briefed the group on atomic warfare, and whose recommendations went to the Department of Defense on strengthening defenses against air attack.[^32] Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes," by A. R. Kaufmann of MIT, is dated September 28, 1948.[^33]
### Declassification
The CIA reading room holds an excerpt of the report, titled "Excerpts From Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951." It is marked Top Secret, carries the notation "Approved For Release 2000/08/29," and states that it contains "excerpts from or summarizations of portions of the subject report." It also carries the notation "State Dept, declassification & release instructions on file."[^7]
The Foreign Relations volume for 1950 to 1955 cites the report's copies in State Department files. Its footnote names a copy in the historical files of the [[Bureau of Intelligence and Research]], RG 59, Lot 58 D 776, under the title "Project Troy, Perforating the Iron Curtain," with further documentation in the Central Files.[^9] The Foreign Relations volume for 1951 records the report as "not printed."[^12] Bessner cites a copy in RG 59, Lot 52-283, at the [[National Archives]] II.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 128 (Barrett to Acheson, March 2, 1950). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d127 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d128
[^2]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950) and the editorial note on Acheson's discussion with Truman on March 6, 1950. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131
[^3]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), pp. 236 to 238 and notes 37 to 40, including note 38 on p. 237 (Barrett's later claim about the Campaign of Truth speech). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 (Purcell, the dates in Washington and Cambridge, and the RAND remark), p. 238 and note 41 (participant list, which also records that Needell incorrectly lists Speier as a political scientist; Bundy, Merton and Kennan were asked and could not take part), and note 37 (report copy in RG 59, Lot 52-283). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^5]: MIT Libraries, Department of Distinctive Collections, Max F. Millikan papers (MC-0188), biographical note. https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/722
[^6]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, file HS/CSG-556, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. The typed text reads "fall of 1951"; a handwritten "1950" appears beside it. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
[^7]: CIA, "Excerpts From Project Troy Report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8 (Top Secret; "Approved For Release 2000/08/29"). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
[^8]: Sonya Lynn Finley, "Recommending Political Warfare: The Role of Eisenhower's Presidential Committee on International Information Activities in the United States' Approach to the Cold War" (PhD diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2016), citing Needell, Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (1993), p. 400, and Krugler (2000). Secondary account; the Ring Plan details are Finley's. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/fad04742-5d02-47ca-8d6c-44f692d790a6/content
[^9]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1, undated), paragraph 8 and its footnote 5 on the Troy report, and paragraph 12 on balloons. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
[^10]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59 (Robert J. Hooker to Paul Nitze, March 26, 1951, with the highlights of the Troy report and its annexes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59
[^11]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 92 (Webb memorandum, November 8, 1951). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d92
[^12]: FRUS, 1951, volume I, Document 326 (Barrett to Nitze, May 2, 1951), and its editorial note that the report was "not printed." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d326
[^13]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 59, Annex 12 (Defectors), with the bracketed "not declassified" notations in the same passage. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d59
[^14]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 62 (Nitze to Webb, April 9, 1951), and the Barrett memorandum of March 29, 1951 quoted in it ("as recommended by the Troy group"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d62
[^15]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 239 and note 49, quoting Allan A. Needell, "'Truth Is Our Weapon': Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State," Diplomatic History 17, no. 3 (July 1993), pp. 413 to 414.
[^16]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 60 (PSB directive of April 4, 1951) and its editorial note citing Webb's memorandum to the Director, Bureau of the Budget, March 15, 1951 (RG 59, Central Files 1950-54, 100.4 PSB/4-451). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d60
[^17]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 17 (Speier's influence on PSB tactical directives), and pp. 240 and note 52 (PSB D-31, "A Strategic Concept for a National Psychological Program with Particular Reference to Cold War Operations under NSC-10/5," November 26, 1952, RG 59, S/S-NSC Files, Lot 62 D 333). https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^18]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 240 and note 50 (CIA memoranda of February 10, 17 and 25, 1953 on "The Friendship-Balloon Lift," Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, National Security Council Staff Papers, PSB Central Files, Box 28, PSB 452.4).
[^19]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 255 (CENIS and the Troy origin, Killian's second phase, Marquis and Annex 11, and the fall 1951 start), pp. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the Ford grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), pp. 36 to 42 and p. 38, as cited there.
[^20]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History" (Origins of the Center). https://cis.mit.edu/history
[^21]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped "JAN 30 1951" (addressee illegible in the reading-room copy), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
[^22]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
[^23]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, signed "For the Director of Central Intelligence" by Max F. Millikan, Assistant Director, Research and Reports, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
[^24]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951 (recipient redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
[^25]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (typed signature block; file notation AD/RR:MFMillikan; addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
[^26]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, addressing him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
[^27]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^28]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16 (the opening words of the sentence on the $300,000 fall at the foot of p. 15), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8, passage on the center. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, Office of Legal Adviser, State Department (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^30]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. Dulles's note of February 16, 1961, which acknowledges the letter of January 23, and Millikan's letter of March 2, 1961 thanking Dulles for it, are in CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160036-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^31]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 237 and note 40 (Troy as an outgrowth of the Air Force and Navy summer studies, LEXINGTON and HARTWELL).
[^32]: James R. Killian, Jr., affidavit in the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission personnel security hearings on J. Robert Oppenheimer, as quoted in an article reproduced in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP64B00346R000200100018-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp64b00346r000200100018-4
[^33]: A. R. Kaufmann, Lexington Project Report 175, "Polonium-Powered Aircraft for Military Purposes" (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 28, 1948), OSTI ID 969802. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/969802

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@ -34,20 +34,20 @@ relations:
reverse: true
role: "PENTTBOM and Operation Encore investigations"
start: 2001-09-11
fn: 28
fn: 31
- type: investigated
with: "[[Securities and Exchange Commission]]"
reverse: true
role: "pre-attack trading review"
start: 2001-09-12
end: 2002-05-15
fn: 37
fn: 40
- type: investigated
with: "[[9/11 Commission]]"
reverse: true
role: "statutory commission of inquiry"
start: 2002-11-27
fn: 10
fn: 13
- type: investigated
with: "[[Joint Inquiry]]"
reverse: true
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ relations:
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General]]"
reverse: true
role: "accountability review of CIA performance before the attacks"
fn: 22
fn: 25
created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-01
---
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ The September 11 attacks were four coordinated hijackings of [[United States]] a
### Joint Inquiry
The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence conducted a joint inquiry in 2002 under Senator [[Bob Graham]] and Representative [[Porter Goss]], with [[Nancy Pelosi]] as ranking minority member of the House committee. On January 29, 2003, the three wrote to [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[George Tenet]] that the final report had been submitted for declassification review, and recommended a Director of National Intelligence who would not simultaneously direct the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].[^2]
The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence conducted a joint inquiry in 2002 under Senator [[Bob Graham]] and Representative [[Porter Goss]], with Senator [[Richard Shelby]] as vice chairman of the Senate committee and [[Nancy Pelosi]] as ranking minority member of the House committee. On January 29, 2003, the four wrote to [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[George Tenet]] that the final report had been submitted for declassification review, and recommended a Director of National Intelligence who would not simultaneously direct the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].[^2]
Part Four of the report, headed "Finding, Discussion and Narrative Regarding Certain Sensitive National Security Matters," remained classified until July 15, 2016, when the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] under Chairman [[Devin Nunes]] and Ranking Member [[Adam Schiff]] published the 28-page section after the administration of [[Barack Obama]] declassified it with redactions. Nunes stated that the section "does not put forward vetted conclusions, but rather unverified leads that were later fully investigated by the Intelligence Community."[^3]
@ -82,90 +82,98 @@ Part Four also described a CIA memorandum found in the files of the FBI's San Di
The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations minority staff report on Riggs Bank, dated July 14, 2004 and prepared at the request of Senator [[Carl Levin]], records that the bank held more than 150 accounts associated with Saudi Arabia, and that the [[Office of the Comptroller of the Currency]] first learned of concerns about them from press stories beginning November 22, 2002 reporting that an account associated with the Saudi embassy had sent funds that benefited two of the hijackers. The OCC met bank management in December 2002 and began a targeted examination in January 2003, planned to last one month, which continued for more than five months. The report states that it presents no information about the Saudi accounts because the full Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, under Chairman [[Susan Collins]], was conducting its own investigation of them.[^9]
### Mahmud Ahmed and the September 11 breakfast
[[Salon]] reported on September 14, 2001 that on the morning of September 11, in a room on the House side of the Capitol, Senator Bob Graham and Representative Porter Goss, the chairmen of the two intelligence committees, "met for breakfast" with Senator [[Jon Kyl]], some other members of the House committee, the Pakistani ambassador [[Maleeha Lodhi]] and "the director of Pakistani intelligence, Lt. Gen. Mahmud Ahmed." The writer, [[Jake Tapper]], stated that they were discussing the late-August trip that Goss, Graham and Kyl had made to [[Pakistan]], and that a Goss staffer entered and handed Goss a note that two planes had struck the World Trade Center.[^10]
[[Ward Harkavy]] wrote in the [[Village Voice]] in August 2004 that Goss was "having breakfast in D.C. on 9/11" with "Pakistan's security chief, Lieutenant General Mahmoud Ahmad," whom Harkavy described as "later revealed to be hijacker [[Mohammed Atta]]'s bagman," and that "Not a word of the breakfast appears in Goss-Graham 858-page report."[^11]
The 9/11 Commission report names the official as "the visiting head of Pakistan's military intelligence service, Mahmud Ahmed." It records that Deputy Secretary of State [[Richard Armitage]] met him on September 13, 2001 and gave seven demands, and that on September 18 Ahmed telephoned Armitage about a two-day visit to [[Afghanistan]] during which he had met [[Mullah Omar]] and conveyed the American demands.[^12]
### The commission
Congress and President [[George W. Bush]] created the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States by Public Law 107-306 on November 27, 2002. The Commission's preface records that it reviewed more than 2.5 million pages of documents, interviewed more than 1,200 individuals in ten countries, held 19 days of hearings and took public testimony from 160 witnesses.[^10]
Congress and President [[George W. Bush]] created the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States by Public Law 107-306 on November 27, 2002. The Commission's preface records that it reviewed more than 2.5 million pages of documents, interviewed more than 1,200 individuals in ten countries, held 19 days of hearings and took public testimony from 160 witnesses.[^13]
[[George W. Bush|President Bush]] named [[Henry Kissinger]] chairman after dropping his longstanding opposition to an independent inquiry. Former Senator [[George Mitchell]], named vice chairman, announced on December 11, 2002 that he would not serve, citing his unwillingness to sever ties with his law firm and the time the work would take. Kissinger resigned on December 13, 2002. His letter to the President stated that specific conflicts could be resolved by disclosure but that "the controversy would quickly move to the consulting firm I have built and own," and that liquidating [[Kissinger Associates]] could not be accomplished without significantly delaying the Commission's work.[^11]
President Bush named [[Henry Kissinger]] chairman after dropping his longstanding opposition to an independent inquiry. Former Senator [[George Mitchell]], named vice chairman, announced on December 11, 2002 that he would not serve, citing his unwillingness to sever ties with his law firm and the time the work would take. Kissinger resigned on December 13, 2002. His letter to the President stated that specific conflicts could be resolved by disclosure but that "the controversy would quickly move to the consulting firm I have built and own," and that liquidating [[Kissinger Associates]] could not be accomplished without significantly delaying the Commission's work.[^14]
[[Lee Hamilton]] replaced Mitchell. The final report lists [[Thomas Kean]] as chair and Hamilton as vice chair, five Republican and five Democratic commissioners, and [[Philip Zelikow]] as executive director.[^12] Zelikow had advised [[Condoleezza Rice]] on the transition of the [[National Security Council]] from the Clinton to the Bush administration, and the report's notes state that Rice and Zelikow had been colleagues on the National Security Council staff and coauthors of a 1995 book on German unification, and that as executive director Zelikow recused himself from the Commission's work on that transition.[^13] Commissioner [[Jamie Gorelick]] had been the Deputy Attorney General who oversaw the working group that produced the Justice Department's July 1995 procedures governing information sharing between intelligence and criminal investigators; the notes state that she recused herself from the Commission's work on that subject, and that she, [[Richard Ben-Veniste]] and Commissioner [[James R. Thompson]] recused themselves from the work on aviation security.[^14] The report states that [[Robert Mueller]] became FBI director "just before 9/11."[^15]
[[Lee Hamilton]] replaced Mitchell. The final report lists [[Thomas Kean]] as chair and Hamilton as vice chair, five Republican and five Democratic commissioners, and [[Philip Zelikow]] as executive director.[^15] Zelikow had advised [[Condoleezza Rice]] on the transition of the [[National Security Council]] from the Clinton to the Bush administration, and the report's notes state that Rice and Zelikow had been colleagues on the National Security Council staff and coauthors of a 1995 book on German unification, and that as executive director Zelikow recused himself from the Commission's work on that transition.[^16] Commissioner [[Jamie Gorelick]] had been the Deputy Attorney General who oversaw the working group that produced the Justice Department's July 1995 procedures governing information sharing between intelligence and criminal investigators; the notes state that she recused herself from the Commission's work on that subject, and that she, [[Richard Ben-Veniste]] and Commissioner [[James R. Thompson]] recused themselves from the work on aviation security.[^17] The report states that [[Robert Mueller]] became FBI director "just before 9/11."[^18]
The Commission recommended replacing the dual role of the Director of Central Intelligence with a [[Director of National Intelligence|National Intelligence Director]] and creating a National Counterterrorism Center.[^16]
The Commission recommended replacing the dual role of the Director of Central Intelligence with a [[Director of National Intelligence|National Intelligence Director]] and creating a National Counterterrorism Center.[^19]
### The Mihdhar and Hazmi trail
The Commission's account of Mihdhar and Hazmi begins at a gathering of Arabs in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia, in January 2000. The CIA located Mihdhar leaving [[Yemen]] and tracked him to Kuala Lumpur, where he arrived on January 5, 2000. On January 8, surveillance teams reported that three of the Arabs had left for [[Bangkok]], where CIA officers received the information too late to track them. The Counterterrorist Center had briefed CIA leadership, and the information had been passed to the National Security Council staff of National Security Adviser [[Sandy Berger]] and to FBI Director [[Louis Freeh]], although the FBI noted that the CIA had the lead. In early March 2000 Bangkok reported that Hazmi had left on January 15 on a United Airlines flight to [[Los Angeles]], and that Mihdhar had accompanied him. No one outside the Counterterrorist Center was told, and the CIA did not try to register either man with the [[State Department]]'s TIPOFF watchlist, although it had learned that Mihdhar held a United States visa.[^17]
The Commission's account of Mihdhar and Hazmi begins at a gathering of Arabs in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia, in January 2000. The CIA located Mihdhar leaving [[Yemen]] and tracked him to Kuala Lumpur, where he arrived on January 5, 2000. On January 8, surveillance teams reported that three of the Arabs had left for [[Bangkok]], where CIA officers received the information too late to track them. The Counterterrorist Center had briefed CIA leadership, and the information had been passed to the National Security Council staff of National Security Adviser [[Sandy Berger]] and to FBI Director [[Louis Freeh]], although the FBI noted that the CIA had the lead. In early March 2000 Bangkok reported that Hazmi had left on January 15 on a United Airlines flight to [[Los Angeles]], and that Mihdhar had accompanied him. No one outside the Counterterrorist Center was told, and the CIA did not try to register either man with the [[State Department]]'s TIPOFF watchlist, although it had learned that Mihdhar held a United States visa.[^20]
The [[National Security Agency]] had the technical capability to report on communications with suspected terrorist facilities in the [[Middle East]]. The Commission wrote that it did not seek warrants from the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] court for communications between persons in the United States and abroad because it regarded that as an FBI role, and because it did not want to be viewed as targeting persons in the United States.[^18]
The [[National Security Agency]] had the technical capability to report on communications with suspected terrorist facilities in the [[Middle East]]. The Commission wrote that it did not seek warrants from the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] court for communications between persons in the United States and abroad because it regarded that as an FBI role, and because it did not want to be viewed as targeting persons in the United States.[^21]
In January 2001, a joint FBI and CIA source shown surveillance photographs from Kuala Lumpur said he was 90 percent certain that an unidentified man in one was Khallad, the man believed to have directed the 2000 [[USS Cole bombing]], which linked Khallad to Mihdhar. The Commission found no effort by the CIA to renew the search for Mihdhar, and found that the CIA did not tell the FBI. It wrote that Tenet and [[Cofer Black]] had testified before the Joint Inquiry that the FBI had access to this identification from the beginning, and concluded, on a record that included documents unavailable to the officials who drafted that testimony, that this was not the case.[^19]
In January 2001, a joint FBI and CIA source shown surveillance photographs from Kuala Lumpur said he was 90 percent certain that an unidentified man in one was Khallad, the man believed to have directed the 2000 [[USS Cole bombing]], which linked Khallad to Mihdhar. The Commission found no effort by the CIA to renew the search for Mihdhar, and found that the CIA did not tell the FBI. It wrote that Tenet and [[Cofer Black]] had testified before the Joint Inquiry that the FBI had access to this identification from the beginning, and concluded, on a record that included documents unavailable to the officials who drafted that testimony, that this was not the case.[^22]
On May 15, 2001, a CIA officer detailed to the FBI (called "John" in the report) reviewed the old cables and began an exchange with a CIA analyst ("Dave"), but made no effort to learn whether the men were in the United States. On June 11, 2001, an FBI analyst ("Jane") showed Kuala Lumpur photographs to FBI agents in New York investigating the Cole bombing. [[NSA|National Security Agency]] reports she had found carried caveats barring their sharing with criminal investigators without permission from the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s Office of Intelligence Policy and Review, and she did not pass them on. The CIA analyst at the meeting, who knew that Mihdhar held a visa and that Hazmi had flown to Los Angeles, was not asked and did not volunteer. Mihdhar received a new visa two days later and entered New York on July 4, 2001.[^20]
On May 15, 2001, a CIA officer detailed to the FBI (called "John" in the report) reviewed the old cables and began an exchange with a CIA analyst ("Dave"), but made no effort to learn whether the men were in the United States. On June 11, 2001, an FBI analyst ("Jane") showed Kuala Lumpur photographs to FBI agents in New York investigating the Cole bombing. [[NSA|National Security Agency]] reports she had found carried caveats barring their sharing with criminal investigators without permission from the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s Office of Intelligence Policy and Review, and she did not pass them on. The CIA analyst at the meeting, who knew that Mihdhar held a visa and that Hazmi had flown to Los Angeles, was not asked and did not volunteer. Mihdhar received a new visa two days later and entered New York on July 4, 2001.[^23]
On July 24, 2001, an FBI analyst detailed to the CIA ("Mary") began reviewing the cables. Hazmi and Mihdhar were added to the TIPOFF watchlist on August 24. The lead for the FBI's New York Field Office was sent on August 28 labeled "Routine." One of the Cole case agents was told by the FBI analyst that the wall between intelligence and criminal investigations barred him from the search, and wrote that "someday someone will die." The Commission concluded that everyone involved was confused about the rules and that the criminal agents could have conducted the search.[^21]
On July 24, 2001, an FBI analyst detailed to the CIA ("Mary") began reviewing the cables. Hazmi and Mihdhar were added to the TIPOFF watchlist on August 24. The lead for the FBI's New York Field Office was sent on August 28 labeled "Routine." One of the Cole case agents was told by the FBI analyst that the wall between intelligence and criminal investigations barred him from the search, and wrote that "someday someone will die." The Commission concluded that everyone involved was confused about the rules and that the criminal agents could have conducted the search.[^24]
The CIA Inspector General's accountability review, completed in June 2005, found that agency officers did not on a timely basis recommend watchlisting of Hazmi and Mihdhar and did not pass the travel information to the FBI in proper channels, and that "there was no coherent, functioning watchlisting program." It recommended that an Accountability Board of persons who were not agency employees review the performance of, among others, the chiefs of the Counterterrorist Center from 1998 to 2001. It stated that the team found no instance in which an employee violated the law and that none of the errors involved misconduct. The Inspector General recused himself from deliberations on one subject because of a conflict of interest.[^22] Porter Goss, who as House Intelligence Committee chairman had co-led the Joint Inquiry and by 2005 directed the CIA, declined the recommendation in October 2005. On releasing the executive summary on August 21, 2007, Director [[Michael Hayden]] wrote to employees that the declassification "was neither my choice nor my preference," that two Directors of National Intelligence had supported the agency's position against release, and that he had found no reason to revisit Goss's decision.[^23]
The CIA Inspector General's accountability review, completed in June 2005, found that agency officers did not on a timely basis recommend watchlisting of Hazmi and Mihdhar and did not pass the travel information to the FBI in proper channels, and that "there was no coherent, functioning watchlisting program." It recommended that an Accountability Board of persons who were not agency employees review the performance of, among others, the chiefs of the Counterterrorist Center from 1998 to 2001. It stated that the team found no instance in which an employee violated the law and that none of the errors involved misconduct. The Inspector General recused himself from deliberations on one subject because of a conflict of interest.[^25] Porter Goss, who as House Intelligence Committee chairman had co-led the Joint Inquiry and by 2005 directed the CIA, declined the recommendation in October 2005. On releasing the executive summary on August 21, 2007, Director [[Michael Hayden]] wrote to employees that the declassification "was neither my choice nor my preference," that two Directors of National Intelligence had supported the agency's position against release, and that he had found no reason to revisit Goss's decision.[^26]
The Commission also described a July 2001 memo from an FBI agent in Phoenix about flight schools, which did not reach headquarters managers before the attacks, and the August 2001 detention of [[Zacarias Moussaoui]] in Minnesota. It concluded that the Phoenix memo, had it been acted on, would not by itself have uncovered the plot.[^24]
The Commission also described a July 2001 memo from an FBI agent in Phoenix about flight schools, which did not reach headquarters managers before the attacks, and the August 2001 detention of [[Zacarias Moussaoui]] in Minnesota. It concluded that the Phoenix memo, had it been acted on, would not by itself have uncovered the plot.[^27]
### Los Angeles and San Diego
Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in Los Angeles on January 15, 2000. The Commission examined whether [[Fahad al-Thumairy]], an imam at the [[King Fahd Mosque]] in Culver City and an accredited diplomat at the Saudi consulate from 1996 to 2003, had helped them. It recorded that he was reputed to be a strict adherent of Wahhabi doctrine, that the State Department refused him entry on May 6, 2003 on a determination that he might be connected with terrorist activity, and that he denied knowing the hijackers or Bayoumi although witnesses and telephone records showed contact with Bayoumi. It concluded that it had found no evidence that Thumairy provided assistance to the two operatives.[^25]
Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in Los Angeles on January 15, 2000. The Commission examined whether [[Fahad al-Thumairy]], an imam at the [[King Fahd Mosque]] in Culver City and an accredited diplomat at the Saudi consulate from 1996 to 2003, had helped them. It recorded that he was reputed to be a strict adherent of Wahhabi doctrine, that the State Department refused him entry on May 6, 2003 on a determination that he might be connected with terrorist activity, and that he denied knowing the hijackers or Bayoumi although witnesses and telephone records showed contact with Bayoumi. It concluded that it had found no evidence that Thumairy provided assistance to the two operatives.[^28]
On February 1, 2000, Bayoumi and a companion met Hazmi and Mihdhar at a halal restaurant on Venice Boulevard in Culver City. The Commission wrote that it did not know whether the encounter occurred by chance or design, that it had seen no credible evidence that Bayoumi believed in violent extremism or knowingly aided extremist groups, and that its investigators found him an unlikely candidate for clandestine involvement. Bayoumi helped the two men find an apartment in [[San Diego]], co-signed the lease and issued a certified check for the deposit, for which they reimbursed him.[^26]
On February 1, 2000, Bayoumi and a companion met Hazmi and Mihdhar at a halal restaurant on Venice Boulevard in Culver City. The Commission wrote that it did not know whether the encounter occurred by chance or design, that it had seen no credible evidence that Bayoumi believed in violent extremism or knowingly aided extremist groups, and that its investigators found him an unlikely candidate for clandestine involvement. Bayoumi helped the two men find an apartment in [[San Diego]], co-signed the lease and issued a certified check for the deposit, for which they reimbursed him.[^29]
The [[Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General]]'s special report on the FBI's handling of intelligence before the attacks, issued in classified form in July 2004 and released publicly in June 2005, records that the FBI's preliminary inquiry on Bayoumi was closed in June 1999 without conversion to a full investigation, so that the FBI was not investigating him in February 2000. It states that in May 2000 Hazmi and Mihdhar moved as boarders into the home of an asset of the San Diego Field Office whom the report does not name, that Mihdhar stayed until June 10, 2000 and Hazmi until December 10, 2000, that the asset had been opened on May 14, 1994 and had 14 boarders before the attacks, and that the handling agent retired in February 2002 and declined to be interviewed. The asset gave conflicting accounts to the FBI after the attacks of what he had told the agent; the handling agent said the asset gave only the first names Nawaf and Khalid, and the report concludes that the FBI obtained no information on the pair's time in San Diego from the Bayoumi inquiry or from the asset. The report also records the January 2001 identification of Khallad as made with "ninety percent" certainty, in a CIA cable that does not state it was repeated to the FBI legal attache.[^27]
The [[Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General]]'s special report on the FBI's handling of intelligence before the attacks, issued in classified form in July 2004 and released publicly in June 2005, records that the FBI's preliminary inquiry on Bayoumi was closed in June 1999 without conversion to a full investigation, so that the FBI was not investigating him in February 2000. It states that in May 2000 Hazmi and Mihdhar moved as boarders into the home of an asset of the San Diego Field Office whom the report does not name, that Mihdhar stayed until June 10, 2000 and Hazmi until December 10, 2000, that the asset had been opened on May 14, 1994 and had 14 boarders before the attacks, and that the handling agent retired in February 2002 and declined to be interviewed. The asset gave conflicting accounts to the FBI after the attacks of what he had told the agent; the handling agent said the asset gave only the first names Nawaf and Khalid, and the report concludes that the FBI obtained no information on the pair's time in San Diego from the Bayoumi inquiry or from the asset. The report also records the January 2001 identification of Khallad as made with "ninety percent" certainty, in a CIA cable that does not state it was repeated to the FBI legal attache.[^30]
Operation Encore, an FBI New York investigation, grew out of the PENTTBOM investigation of the attacks. FBI records give three start points: a subfile under PENTTBOM opened June 28, 2007, an Encore investigation opened August 28, 2007, and a full investigation initiated October 26, 2007. The stated purpose was to understand how Mihdhar and Hazmi had been able to connect to the Southern California Muslim community.[^28] The full investigation of Thumairy was opened on February 12, 2009. A February 19, 2009 communication states that an earlier Los Angeles full investigation of Thumairy, predicated on his calls with Bayoumi and his possible association with the hijackers, had been closed because he relocated to Saudi Arabia and because "all reasonable and practical intelligence collection methods" were exhausted. A communication of October 27, 2009 restates the closing and adds a third reason, the conclusion of the United States Attorney's Office that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him. Both communications state that review of the file did not appear to reveal any investigation of Thumairy as a possible "tazkia" contact for the hijackers.[^29] The October 2009 communication opened a full investigation of Musaed al-Jarrah, identified as a former director of the Islamic Affairs Department of the Saudi embassy.[^30]
Operation Encore, an FBI New York investigation, grew out of the PENTTBOM investigation of the attacks. FBI records give three start points: a subfile under PENTTBOM opened June 28, 2007, an Encore investigation opened August 28, 2007, and a full investigation initiated October 26, 2007. The stated purpose was to understand how Mihdhar and Hazmi had been able to connect to the Southern California Muslim community.[^31] The full investigation of Thumairy was opened on February 12, 2009. A February 19, 2009 communication states that an earlier Los Angeles full investigation of Thumairy, predicated on his calls with Bayoumi and his possible association with the hijackers, had been closed because he relocated to Saudi Arabia and because "all reasonable and practical intelligence collection methods" were exhausted. A communication of October 27, 2009 restates the closing and adds a third reason, the conclusion of the United States Attorney's Office that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him. Both communications state that review of the file did not appear to reveal any investigation of Thumairy as a possible "tazkia" contact for the hijackers.[^32] The October 2009 communication opened a full investigation of Musaed al-Jarrah, identified as a former director of the Islamic Affairs Department of the Saudi embassy.[^33]
An FBI electronic communication dated April 4, 2016 summarizes interviews conducted on November 12 and 13, 2015 with a man whose name is redacted and who had a pending citizenship application. The communication states that a person whose name is redacted "was tasked by THUMAIRY to assist HAZMI and MIDHAR while they were in Los Angeles," and that a person whose name is redacted "described the hijackers as 'two very significant people.'" It records that the interviewee, in interviews, admitted showing the hijackers the location of the restaurant but denied being tasked to do so. The same document states that Bayoumi's 2003 statements about meeting the hijackers "are directly contradicted by eyewitness statements," that a companion told the FBI that Bayoumi positioned himself to look out the restaurant's front window and approached the hijackers from a distance at which he could not have heard them speaking, that employees of Dallah Avco described Bayoumi as a "ghost employee," one of about fifty such individuals, and that numbers in Bayoumi's telephone book for a Saudi physician were found on a contact card retrieved in a late May 2003 raid in Medina, Saudi Arabia.[^31]
An FBI electronic communication dated April 4, 2016 summarizes interviews conducted on November 12 and 13, 2015 with a man whose name is redacted and who had a pending citizenship application. The communication states that a person whose name is redacted "was tasked by THUMAIRY to assist HAZMI and MIDHAR while they were in Los Angeles," and that a person whose name is redacted "described the hijackers as 'two very significant people.'" It records that the interviewee, in interviews, admitted showing the hijackers the location of the restaurant but denied being tasked to do so. The same document states that Bayoumi's 2003 statements about meeting the hijackers "are directly contradicted by eyewitness statements," that a companion told the FBI that Bayoumi positioned himself to look out the restaurant's front window and approached the hijackers from a distance at which he could not have heard them speaking, that employees of Dallah Avco described Bayoumi as a "ghost employee," one of about fifty such individuals, and that numbers in Bayoumi's telephone book for a Saudi physician were found on a contact card retrieved in a late May 2003 raid in Medina, Saudi Arabia.[^34]
A communication of July 23, 2021 compiled the FBI's records on the Saudi government, the Saudi embassy and affiliated offices in connection with the attacks, for the use of future case agents. It states that it "should not be considered an intelligence assessment," that it copies original serials with their language retained, and that its writer was not re-investigating, citing a lack of resources and analytical assistance.[^32]
A communication of July 23, 2021 compiled the FBI's records on the Saudi government, the Saudi embassy and affiliated offices in connection with the attacks, for the use of future case agents. It states that it "should not be considered an intelligence assessment," that it copies original serials with their language retained, and that its writer was not re-investigating, citing a lack of resources and analytical assistance.[^35]
A joint FBI and CIA assessment sent to the Senate intelligence committee by FBI Director Mueller and CIA Director Goss on September 1, 2005 stated that there was "no evidence that either the Saudi Government or members of the Saudi royal family knowingly provided support for the attacks" and "no information to indicate that either Omar al-Bayoumi or Osama Basnan materially supported the hijackers wittingly, were intelligence officers of the Saudi Government or provided material support for the 11 September attacks, contrary to media speculation." The same summary stated that official Saudi entities and associated organizations provided financial and logistical support to individuals in the United States, some associated with terrorism-related activity.[^33]
A joint FBI and CIA assessment sent to the Senate intelligence committee by FBI Director Mueller and CIA Director Goss on September 1, 2005 stated that there was "no evidence that either the Saudi Government or members of the Saudi royal family knowingly provided support for the attacks" and "no information to indicate that either Omar al-Bayoumi or Osama Basnan materially supported the hijackers wittingly, were intelligence officers of the Saudi Government or provided material support for the 11 September attacks, contrary to media speculation." The same summary stated that official Saudi entities and associated organizations provided financial and logistical support to individuals in the United States, some associated with terrorism-related activity.[^36]
The Commission wrote that it had found no evidence that the Saudi government as an institution or senior Saudi officials individually funded al-Qaeda, a conclusion it said did not exclude diversion of funds by charities with significant Saudi government sponsorship. A note states that it found no evidence that Princess Haifa al Faisal provided funds to the conspiracy directly or indirectly.[^34]
The Commission wrote that it had found no evidence that the Saudi government as an institution or senior Saudi officials individually funded al-Qaeda, a conclusion it said did not exclude diversion of funds by charities with significant Saudi government sponsorship. A note states that it found no evidence that Princess Haifa al Faisal provided funds to the conspiracy directly or indirectly.[^37]
### Departure of Saudi nationals
The Commission addressed three questions about Saudi nationals who left the United States after the attacks. It found no evidence of any flight before national airspace reopened on the morning of September 13, 2001, and no evidence of political intervention, and reported that [[Richard Clarke]] had asked the FBI's [[Dale Watson]] to check whether the FBI had objections. [[White House]] Chief of Staff [[Andrew Card]] recalled being told of the Saudi request but said he did not ask anyone to act. The Commission believed that the FBI conducted a satisfactory screening of Saudi nationals who left on charter flights.[^35]
The Commission addressed three questions about Saudi nationals who left the United States after the attacks. It found no evidence of any flight before national airspace reopened on the morning of September 13, 2001, and no evidence of political intervention, and reported that [[Richard Clarke]] had asked the FBI's [[Dale Watson]] to check whether the FBI had objections. [[White House]] Chief of Staff [[Andrew Card]] recalled being told of the Saudi request but said he did not ask anyone to act. The Commission believed that the FBI conducted a satisfactory screening of Saudi nationals who left on charter flights.[^38]
### Securities trading
On September 19, 2001, Acting Director of Enforcement [[Stephen Cutler]] of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] stated that the Commission had received reports that those associated with the terrorist activities "may have sought to exploit our securities markets to profit from those activities," that it had "drawn no conclusions," and that speculation about what it had concluded "has absolutely no foundation in fact."[^36]
On September 19, 2001, Acting Director of Enforcement [[Stephen Cutler]] of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] stated that the Commission had received reports that those associated with the terrorist activities "may have sought to exploit our securities markets to profit from those activities," that it had "drawn no conclusions," and that speculation about what it had concluded "has absolutely no foundation in fact."[^39]
The Division of Enforcement began its review on September 12, 2001, for the period from August 20 to September 11. Its information memorandum ENF 02-13 of May 15, 2002, addressed to the Commission, states that staff examined over 9.5 million securities transactions, reviewed trading in securities and derivatives of 103 companies in six industry groups across seven markets and in 32 exchange-traded funds and broad indices, that more than 40 staff worked on it, that the information was made available to the Justice Department and the Treasury, and that the staff briefed members of the Senate Banking Committee staff and the National Security Council staff. The memorandum states that the staff did not develop any evidence that those with advance knowledge traded on it and that every unusual trade noticed was consistent with a legitimate strategy. The [[National Security Archive]] obtained the memorandum, in redacted form, in 2010 after six years of requests; the SEC's general counsel wrote to it on April 6, 2010 agreeing to disclose it.[^37]
The Division of Enforcement began its review on September 12, 2001, for the period from August 20 to September 11. Its information memorandum ENF 02-13 of May 15, 2002, addressed to the Commission, states that staff examined over 9.5 million securities transactions, reviewed trading in securities and derivatives of 103 companies in six industry groups across seven markets and in 32 exchange-traded funds and broad indices, that more than 40 staff worked on it, that the information was made available to the Justice Department and the Treasury, and that the staff briefed members of the Senate Banking Committee staff and the National Security Council staff. The memorandum states that the staff did not develop any evidence that those with advance knowledge traded on it and that every unusual trade noticed was consistent with a legitimate strategy. The [[National Security Archive]] obtained the memorandum, in redacted form, in 2010 after six years of requests; the SEC's general counsel wrote to it on April 6, 2010 agreeing to disclose it.[^40]
The 9/11 Commission's report reached the same conclusion and in a note described the surge in put options on the parent of United Airlines on September 6 and of American Airlines on September 10: a single United States institutional investor with no ties to al-Qaeda bought 95 percent of the United put options on September 6 as part of a strategy that included buying 115,000 American shares on September 10, and the American trading was traced to an options newsletter faxed to subscribers on September 9.[^38]
The 9/11 Commission's report reached the same conclusion and in a note described the surge in put options on the parent of United Airlines on September 6 and of American Airlines on September 10: a single United States institutional investor with no ties to al-Qaeda bought 95 percent of the United put options on September 6 as part of a strategy that included buying 115,000 American shares on September 10, and the American trading was traced to an options newsletter faxed to subscribers on September 9.[^41]
### Able Danger
On September 21, 2005 the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] under Chairman [[Arlen Specter]] held a hearing on Able Danger, a Defense Department counterterrorism data-analysis program. Representative [[Curt Weldon]] testified that Captain Philpott "identified absolutely Mohammed Atta as a part of the Brooklyn cell" in January and February 2000, that an official had been ordered to destroy up to 2.5 terabytes of Able Danger data, and that an FBI employee had arranged three meetings with the FBI Washington Field Office in September 2000 that Defense Department officials cancelled at the last minute.[^39] Attorney [[Mark Zaid]] testified that Able Danger never identified Atta in the United States and that a chart listing Atta under "Brooklyn, New York" prompted concern among Army lawyers about compiling data on United States persons.[^40]
On September 21, 2005 the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] under Chairman [[Arlen Specter]] held a hearing on Able Danger, a Defense Department counterterrorism data-analysis program. Representative [[Curt Weldon]] testified that Captain Philpott "identified absolutely Mohammed Atta as a part of the Brooklyn cell" in January and February 2000, that an official had been ordered to destroy up to 2.5 terabytes of Able Danger data, and that an FBI employee had arranged three meetings with the FBI Washington Field Office in September 2000 that Defense Department officials cancelled at the last minute.[^42] Attorney [[Mark Zaid]] testified that Able Danger never identified Atta in the United States and that a chart listing Atta under "Brooklyn, New York" prompted concern among Army lawyers about compiling data on United States persons.[^43]
A letter from former Commissioner [[Slade Gorton]] entered in the hearing record stated that the notes of Commission staff of a meeting with Lieutenant Colonel [[Anthony Shaffer]] made no mention of Atta, that the White House lawyer present agreed, and that the [[Department of Defense]] had provided all relevant Able Danger documents to the Commission. The letter stated that the Department of Defense said Shaffer worked on the program for a total of 27 days and lost his security clearance in March 2004.[^41]
A letter from former Commissioner [[Slade Gorton]] entered in the hearing record stated that the notes of Commission staff of a meeting with Lieutenant Colonel [[Anthony Shaffer]] made no mention of Atta, that the White House lawyer present agreed, and that the [[Department of Defense]] had provided all relevant Able Danger documents to the Commission. The letter stated that the Department of Defense said Shaffer worked on the program for a total of 27 days and lost his security clearance in March 2004.[^44]
The Department of Defense Inspector General report of September 18, 2006 concluded that Able Danger team members did not identify Atta or any other hijacker before the attacks. It found that the chart witnesses remembered was a May 1999 Orion Scientific chart of 53 terrorists, including a Brooklyn cell, which did not include Atta, that four witnesses who recalled seeing Atta on a chart gave recollections that were not accurate, and that witnesses in a position to know denied that Able Danger members were barred from meeting the FBI.[^42]
The Department of Defense Inspector General report of September 18, 2006 concluded that Able Danger team members did not identify Atta or any other hijacker before the attacks. It found that the chart witnesses remembered was a May 1999 Orion Scientific chart of 53 terrorists, including a Brooklyn cell, which did not include Atta, that four witnesses who recalled seeing Atta on a chart gave recollections that were not accurate, and that witnesses in a position to know denied that Able Danger members were barred from meeting the FBI.[^45]
### Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
Families of victims and others sued Saudi Arabia and other defendants in the multidistrict litigation *In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001*, 03-md-1570, in the Southern District of New York before Judge [[George B. Daniels]]. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia first moved to dismiss in 2004 on grounds of sovereign immunity. On September 29, 2015, Daniels granted a motion to dismiss on that ground.[^43]
Families of victims and others sued Saudi Arabia and other defendants in the multidistrict litigation *In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001*, 03-md-1570, in the Southern District of New York before Judge [[George B. Daniels]]. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia first moved to dismiss in 2004 on grounds of sovereign immunity. On September 29, 2015, Daniels granted a motion to dismiss on that ground.[^46]
On September 21, 2016, the Senate voted 71 to 27 to table a motion to discharge S.J.Res. 39, a resolution disapproving a proposed sale of M1A1/A2 Abrams tank structures and other defense equipment to Saudi Arabia.[^44] On September 20, 2016, the law firm Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck had written to Saudi Foreign Minister [[Adel al-Jubeir]] accepting an engagement as "policy counsel for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in connection with the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA)," at $100,000 a month "until JASTA becomes law or until March 31, 2017, whichever is later." The firm registered under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] on September 22, 2016, describing its activity as communicating "with Members of Congress and members of the executive branch regarding" JASTA and its passage into law.[^45] Squire Patton Boggs registered on September 20, 2016 for the Center for Studies and Media Affairs at the Saudi Royal Court, to provide "legal and strategic policy advice and advocacy on foreign policy and related issues," and reported receiving $400,000 from that principal on April 1, 2017.[^46] The FARA bulk registry lists foreign principal registrations for Saudi Arabian principals in September 2016 by Squire Patton Boggs, S.G.R. LLC Government Relations and Lobbying and FGS Global on September 20, Brownstein on September 22, King & Spalding on September 26, and the Podesta Group on September 30.[^47]
On September 21, 2016, the Senate voted 71 to 27 to table a motion to discharge S.J.Res. 39, a resolution disapproving a proposed sale of M1A1/A2 Abrams tank structures and other defense equipment to Saudi Arabia.[^47] On September 20, 2016, the law firm Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck had written to Saudi Foreign Minister [[Adel al-Jubeir]] accepting an engagement as "policy counsel for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in connection with the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA)," at $100,000 a month "until JASTA becomes law or until March 31, 2017, whichever is later." The firm registered under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] on September 22, 2016, describing its activity as communicating "with Members of Congress and members of the executive branch regarding" JASTA and its passage into law.[^48] Squire Patton Boggs registered on September 20, 2016 for the Center for Studies and Media Affairs at the Saudi Royal Court, to provide "legal and strategic policy advice and advocacy on foreign policy and related issues," and reported receiving $400,000 from that principal on April 1, 2017.[^49] The FARA bulk registry lists foreign principal registrations for Saudi Arabian principals in September 2016 by Squire Patton Boggs, S.G.R. LLC Government Relations and Lobbying and FGS Global on September 20, Brownstein on September 22, King & Spalding on September 26, and the Podesta Group on September 30.[^50]
On September 28, 2016, the Senate voted 97 to 1 to override the President's veto of S. 2040, the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act. [[Harry Reid]] voted no; [[Tim Kaine]] and [[Bernie Sanders]] did not vote.[^48] The act, Public Law 114-222, created an exception to foreign sovereign immunity for physical injury or death in the United States caused by an act of international terrorism and a tortious act of a foreign state or its officials, employees or agents acting within the scope of their office, employment or agency.[^49]
On September 28, 2016, the Senate voted 97 to 1 to override the President's veto of S. 2040, the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act. [[Harry Reid]] voted no; [[Tim Kaine]] and [[Bernie Sanders]] did not vote.[^51] The act, Public Law 114-222, created an exception to foreign sovereign immunity for physical injury or death in the United States caused by an act of international terrorism and a tortious act of a foreign state or its officials, employees or agents acting within the scope of their office, employment or agency.[^52]
The Second Circuit vacated the 2015 decision on request of the parties. In 2018 Daniels held that plaintiffs' allegations of direct liability were insufficient but that vicarious liability was reasonably articulated, and ordered limited jurisdictional discovery on whether Thumairy, Bayoumi and their agents acted at the direction of more senior Saudi officials in assisting Hazmi and Mihdhar. Magistrate Judge [[Sarah Netburn]] supervised the discovery. Saudi Arabia filed its renewed motion on October 6, 2023, and Daniels heard argument on July 31, 2024.[^50]
The Second Circuit vacated the 2015 decision on request of the parties. In 2018 Daniels held that plaintiffs' allegations of direct liability were insufficient but that vicarious liability was reasonably articulated, and ordered limited jurisdictional discovery on whether Thumairy, Bayoumi and their agents acted at the direction of more senior Saudi officials in assisting Hazmi and Mihdhar. Magistrate Judge [[Sarah Netburn]] supervised the discovery. Saudi Arabia filed its renewed motion on October 6, 2023, and Daniels heard argument on July 31, 2024.[^53]
On August 28, 2025, Daniels denied the motion. His decision records that Bayoumi worked for Saudi Arabia's civil aviation agency from 1977 and was sent to San Diego in 1994, paid through Dallah Avco, with the title of senior data processing technician and without performing that work; that plaintiffs contend he was a cooptee of Saudi intelligence and that he testified he never was a Saudi intelligence officer; that Thumairy held diplomatic status from 1996 to 2003 and that from 1999 to 2001 a bank account he had opened received significant funds from Prince Abdulaziz, a senior Saudi cabinet member, which Thumairy said were used for charitable donations and mosque expenses; that Thumairy testified he did not recall meeting Hazmi or Mihdhar and never gave instructions to assist them; and that a mosque congregant testified that no one, including Thumairy, told him to help the hijackers. It records that Akram Alzamari told the FBI that the congregant had said Thumairy asked him to look after two "significant" people, and that Alzamari testified in 2020 that the FBI's notes of that statement were erroneous.[^51]
On August 28, 2025, Daniels denied the motion. His decision records that Bayoumi worked for Saudi Arabia's civil aviation agency from 1977 and was sent to San Diego in 1994, paid through Dallah Avco, with the title of senior data processing technician and without performing that work; that plaintiffs contend he was a cooptee of Saudi intelligence and that he testified he never was a Saudi intelligence officer; that Thumairy held diplomatic status from 1996 to 2003 and that from 1999 to 2001 a bank account he had opened received significant funds from Prince Abdulaziz, a senior Saudi cabinet member, which Thumairy said were used for charitable donations and mosque expenses; that Thumairy testified he did not recall meeting Hazmi or Mihdhar and never gave instructions to assist them; and that a mosque congregant testified that no one, including Thumairy, told him to help the hijackers. It records that Akram Alzamari told the FBI that the congregant had said Thumairy asked him to look after two "significant" people, and that Alzamari testified in 2020 that the FBI's notes of that statement were erroneous.[^54]
The decision records that Bayoumi made at least 93 calls to the Saudi Embassy between January 19 and March 24, 2000, 30 of them to its Islamic Affairs Department; that from March to April 2000 his monthly compensation from Dallah Avco more than doubled, with the personnel form giving "promotion" as the reason; that he filmed a one-hour video of [[Washington, D.C.]] in June 1999 including the Capitol; and that a notepad seized from his home in the [[United Kingdom]] in September 2001 contained a sketch of an airplane with notes on height and distance, which he testified was an equation he had memorized. It records that the hijackers rented a room in Lemon Grove from Abdussattar Shaikh, an FBI informant since 1994 whom the Justice Department Inspector General's report described as given a $100,000 payment in July 2003, and that Shaikh told the FBI he believed Bayoumi was an agent of the Saudi government. It records that after the attacks Saudi Arabia's Foreign Ministry told Thumairy not to return to the United States, that Jarrah wrote on November 9, 2001 that Thumairy was not a suspect and asked that he return to work, that the King and the Foreign Ministry approved his return on November 28, 2001, and that the State Department revoked his visa on March 21, 2003.[^52]
The decision records that Bayoumi made at least 93 calls to the Saudi Embassy between January 19 and March 24, 2000, 30 of them to its Islamic Affairs Department; that from March to April 2000 his monthly compensation from Dallah Avco more than doubled, with the personnel form giving "promotion" as the reason; that he filmed a one-hour video of [[Washington, D.C.]] in June 1999 including the Capitol; and that a notepad seized from his home in the [[United Kingdom]] in September 2001 contained a sketch of an airplane with notes on height and distance, which he testified was an equation he had memorized. It records that the hijackers rented a room in Lemon Grove from Abdussattar Shaikh, an FBI informant since 1994 whom the Justice Department Inspector General's report described as given a $100,000 payment in July 2003, and that Shaikh told the FBI he believed Bayoumi was an agent of the Saudi government. It records that after the attacks Saudi Arabia's Foreign Ministry told Thumairy not to return to the United States, that Jarrah wrote on November 9, 2001 that Thumairy was not a suspect and asked that he return to work, that the King and the Foreign Ministry approved his return on November 28, 2001, and that the State Department revoked his visa on March 21, 2003.[^55]
The decision states that plaintiffs had provided "reasonable evidence as to the roles played by Bayoumi, Thumairy, and KSA," that Saudi Arabia's explanations were "either self-contradictory or not strong enough" to overcome the inference that it had employed them to assist the hijackers, and that many facts, including whether the February 2000 meetings were planned, were disputed and would be resolved at trial. It concludes: "Plaintiffs' claims will proceed to decision on their merits."[^53]
The decision states that plaintiffs had provided "reasonable evidence as to the roles played by Bayoumi, Thumairy, and KSA," that Saudi Arabia's explanations were "either self-contradictory or not strong enough" to overcome the inference that it had employed them to assist the hijackers, and that many facts, including whether the February 2000 meetings were planned, were disputed and would be resolved at trial. It concludes: "Plaintiffs' claims will proceed to decision on their merits."[^56]
### Footnotes
[^1]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report* (Government Printing Office, 2004), pp. 7, 8, 10, 14, 30, 311. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
[^2]: Graham, Porter [Goss] and Pelosi to George J. Tenet, letter of January 29, 2003, preceding Part Four of the Joint Inquiry report, "Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001," December 2002, in "28 Redacted Pages of Part Four of the Joint Inquiry," Internet Archive, item declasspart4_201904, pp. 1-4 of the letter. https://archive.org/details/declasspart4_201904
[^2]: Graham, Goss, Shelby and Pelosi to George J. Tenet, letter of January 29, 2003, preceding Part Four of the Joint Inquiry report, "Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001," December 2002, in "28 Redacted Pages of Part Four of the Joint Inquiry," Internet Archive, item declasspart4_201904, pp. 1-4 of the letter. https://archive.org/details/declasspart4_201904
[^3]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intel Committee publishes declassified '28 pages,'" press release, July 15, 2016. https://intelligence.house.gov/2016/07/15/intel-committee-publishes-declassified-28-pages/
[^4]: Joint Inquiry, Part Four, Finding 20 and Discussion (printed pp. 416-420; page numbers read from OCR), "28 Redacted Pages of Part Four," Internet Archive item declasspart4_201904. https://archive.org/details/declasspart4_201904
[^5]: Joint Inquiry, Part Four, section "Omar al-Bayoumi and Osama Bassnan" (printed pp. 420-428), same item; testimony of the former San Diego case agent and the FBI's November 18, 2002 response as quoted there.
@ -173,47 +181,50 @@ The decision states that plaintiffs had provided "reasonable evidence as to the
[^7]: Joint Inquiry, Part Four, section "Phone Numbers Linking Abu Zubaida to a Company in the United States and a Saudi Diplomat in Washington" (printed pp. 428-429), same item.
[^8]: Joint Inquiry, Part Four, discussion of the CIA memorandum found in the San Diego Field Office files (printed pp. 418-420), same item.
[^9]: United States Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Minority Staff, *Money Laundering and Foreign Corruption: Enforcement and Effectiveness of the PATRIOT Act, Case Study Involving Riggs Bank*, S. Hrg. 108-633, July 14, 2004, note 2 and the section on the 2003 Saudi targeted examination. https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/imo/media/doc/REPORT-Money%20Laundering%20&%20Foreign%20Corruption%20(July%202004).pdf
[^10]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, Preface, pp. xv-xvi.
[^11]: "Kissinger resigns as head of 9/11 commission," CNN.com, December 13, 2002. https://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/13/kissinger.resigns/
[^12]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, "Commission Members" and "Commission Staff" lists, front matter.
[^13]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 199 and note 165 (p. 509).
[^14]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 79 and note 33 (p. 473); note on aviation security (p. 475).
[^15]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 210.
[^16]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 410-414.
[^17]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 181-182.
[^18]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 87-88.
[^19]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 266-267.
[^20]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 267-269.
[^21]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 270-271.
[^22]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, "OIG Report on CIA Accountability With Respect to the 9/11 Attacks," Executive Summary, June 2005, released August 2007, pp. xii-xvi and note 1, CIA Reading Room document 0001499482. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001499482
[^23]: Michael V. Hayden, statement to employees on the release of the 9/11 IG report executive summary, August 21, 2007. https://irp.fas.org/news/2007/08/cia082107.html
[^24]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 272-274.
[^25]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 216-217.
[^26]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 217-219.
[^27]: Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *A Review of the FBI's Handling of Intelligence Information Prior to the September 11 Attacks*, Special Report, November 2004 (public release June 2005), chapter 5, "Two September 11 Hijackers: Khalid Al-Mihdhar and Nawaf Al-Hazmi." https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/0506/chapter5.htm
[^28]: FBI New York, electronic communication "Operation Encore" and related communications, Bates EO14040-000556 to -000557 (February 19, 2009) and EO14040-000715 to -000719 (December 4, 2007); FBI electronic communication, "ENCORE Investigation Update, Review and Analysis: Interview" (April 4, 2016), p. 2, "Full Investigation Initiated: 10/26/2007." FBI Vault, 9/11 material released under Executive Order 14040. https://vault.fbi.gov/9-11-attacks-investigation-and-related-materials/9-11-material-released-in-response-to-executive-order-14040
[^29]: FBI New York, electronic communications of February 19, 2009 (EO14040-000556 to -000558) and October 27, 2009 (EO14040-000569 and following), FBI Vault, documents responsive to Executive Order 14040, section 2(b)(i), part 02 of 02. https://vault.fbi.gov/9-11-attacks-investigation-and-related-materials/9-11-material-released-in-response-to-executive-order-14040/documents-responsive-to-executive-order-14040-section-2-b-i-part-02-of-02/view
[^30]: Same, communication of October 27, 2009 (EO14040-000569).
[^31]: FBI New York, electronic communication of April 4, 2016, "ENCORE Investigation Update, Review and Analysis: Interview [redacted] (NOV 2015)," pp. 2-10, FBI Vault. https://vault.fbi.gov/9-11-attacks-investigation-and-related-materials/9-11-material-released-in-response-to-executive-order-14040/april-4-2016-electronic-communication-part-01-of-01/view
[^32]: FBI electronic communication of July 23, 2021, "Connections to the Attacks of September 11, 2001," Bates EO14040-003479-UPDATED to -003482-UPDATED, FBI Vault, documents responsive to Executive Order 14040, release update part 02. https://vault.fbi.gov/9-11-attacks-investigation-and-related-materials/9-11-material-released-in-response-to-executive-order-14040/documents-responsive-to-executive-order-14040-release-update-part-02/view
[^33]: Robert S. Mueller III and Porter J. Goss to Pat Roberts, letter of September 1, 2005, with Executive Summary of the joint FBI-CIA report on the extent of Saudi government support for terrorism, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/static/02ca03957729ccbd47d46405577cf604/Executive-Summary-of-Joint-FBI-CIA-Report-on-Extent-of_Saudi-Government-Support-for-Terrorism.pdf
[^34]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 171 and note 122 (p. 498).
[^35]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 329.
[^36]: Securities and Exchange Commission, "Statement by Acting Director of Enforcement Stephen Cutler," press release 2001-96, September 19, 2001. https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2001-96-statement-acting-director-enforcement-stephen-cutler
[^37]: SEC Division of Enforcement, "Pre-September 11, 2001 Trading Review," Information Memorandum ENF 02-13, File No. HO-9325, May 15, 2002, pp. 1-2, obtained by the National Security Archive; Nate Jones, "Document Friday: 'Terrorist-Insider-Trading?'," Unredacted (National Security Archive blog), April 30, 2010. https://unredacted.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/9-11-sec-report.pdf
[^38]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 172 and note 130 (p. 499).
[^39]: Statement of Representative Curt Weldon, *Able Danger and Intelligence Information Sharing*, hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 109th Cong., S. Hrg. 109-311 (September 21, 2005), pp. 6-13. https://archive.org/details/gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-109shrg25409
[^40]: Testimony of Mark S. Zaid, S. Hrg. 109-311, p. 31.
[^41]: Slade Gorton to Senators Specter and Leahy, letter of September 20, 2005, S. Hrg. 109-311, pp. 57-58.
[^42]: Department of Defense Office of Inspector General, *Alleged Misconduct by Senior DoD Officials Concerning the Able Danger Program and Lieutenant Colonel Anthony A. Shaffer, U.S. Army Reserve*, September 18, 2006, p. 3 and Figure 1. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/FOIA-0238-2016.pdf
[^43]: *In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001*, No. 03-md-1570 (GBD)(SN) (S.D.N.Y.), Memorandum Decision and Order of August 28, 2025, ECF No. 11182, pp. 1-2 (citing 134 F. Supp. 3d 774 (S.D.N.Y. 2015)). https://assets.alm.com/56/48/0c58055d436488d8aaee80d07ca1/03-md-01570-11182-2.pdf
[^44]: United States Senate, roll call vote 114th Congress, 2nd Session, vote 145 (September 21, 2016), motion to table the motion to discharge S.J.Res. 39. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1142/vote_114_2_00145.htm
[^45]: Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP, registration statement exhibits A and B, FARA registration no. 5870, received September 22, 2016, with fee agreement letter of September 20, 2016 to H.E. Adel Al-Jubeir. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/5870-Exhibit-AB-20160922-4.pdf
[^46]: Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP, exhibits A and B, FARA registration no. 2165, received September 20, 2016, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/2165-Exhibit-AB-20160920-67.pdf; supplemental statement for January 1 to June 30, 2017, received August 1, 2017, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/2165-Supplemental-Statement-20170801-26.pdf
[^47]: Department of Justice, FARA bulk data file "FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals," foreign principal registration dates for registrants 2165, 6379, 5666, 5870, 6307 and 5926, accessed October 1, 2026. https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals.csv.zip
[^48]: United States Senate, roll call vote 114th Congress, 2nd Session, vote 148 (September 28, 2016), "Shall the Bill S. 2040 Pass, the Objections of the President of the United States to the Contrary Notwithstanding?" https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1142/vote_114_2_00148.htm
[^49]: Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, Pub. L. No. 114-222, 130 Stat. 852 (September 28, 2016), codified at 28 U.S.C. section 1605B. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ222/html/PLAW-114publ222.htm
[^50]: ECF No. 11182, pp. 2-4.
[^51]: ECF No. 11182, pp. 10-13.
[^52]: ECF No. 11182, pp. 14-15, 23-24, 27-29.
[^53]: ECF No. 11182, pp. 43-45.
[^10]: Jake Tapper, "Spying eyes and ears," Salon, September 14, 2001. https://www.salon.com/2001/09/14/human_spies/
[^11]: Ward Harkavy, "Food for Thought," Village Voice, August 10, 2004. https://www.villagevoice.com/2004/08/10/food-for-thought/
[^12]: The 9/11 Commission Report (2004), chapter 10, section 10.2 "Planning for War" (printed pp. 330-334). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
[^13]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, Preface, pp. xv-xvi.
[^14]: "Kissinger resigns as head of 9/11 commission," CNN.com, December 13, 2002. https://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/13/kissinger.resigns/
[^15]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, "Commission Members" and "Commission Staff" lists, front matter.
[^16]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 199 and note 165 (p. 509).
[^17]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 79 and note 33 (p. 473); note on aviation security (p. 475).
[^18]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 210.
[^19]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 410-414.
[^20]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 181-182.
[^21]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 87-88.
[^22]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 266-267.
[^23]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 267-269.
[^24]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 270-271.
[^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, "OIG Report on CIA Accountability With Respect to the 9/11 Attacks," Executive Summary, June 2005, released August 2007, pp. xii-xvi and note 1, CIA Reading Room document 0001499482. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001499482
[^26]: Michael V. Hayden, statement to employees on the release of the 9/11 IG report executive summary, August 21, 2007. https://irp.fas.org/news/2007/08/cia082107.html
[^27]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 272-274.
[^28]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 216-217.
[^29]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, pp. 217-219.
[^30]: Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *A Review of the FBI's Handling of Intelligence Information Prior to the September 11 Attacks*, Special Report, November 2004 (public release June 2005), chapter 5, "Two September 11 Hijackers: Khalid Al-Mihdhar and Nawaf Al-Hazmi." https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/0506/chapter5.htm
[^31]: FBI New York, electronic communication "Operation Encore" and related communications, Bates EO14040-000556 to -000557 (February 19, 2009) and EO14040-000715 to -000719 (December 4, 2007); FBI electronic communication, "ENCORE Investigation Update, Review and Analysis: Interview" (April 4, 2016), p. 2, "Full Investigation Initiated: 10/26/2007." FBI Vault, 9/11 material released under Executive Order 14040. https://vault.fbi.gov/9-11-attacks-investigation-and-related-materials/9-11-material-released-in-response-to-executive-order-14040
[^32]: FBI New York, electronic communications of February 19, 2009 (EO14040-000556 to -000558) and October 27, 2009 (EO14040-000569 and following), FBI Vault, documents responsive to Executive Order 14040, section 2(b)(i), part 02 of 02. https://vault.fbi.gov/9-11-attacks-investigation-and-related-materials/9-11-material-released-in-response-to-executive-order-14040/documents-responsive-to-executive-order-14040-section-2-b-i-part-02-of-02/view
[^33]: Same, communication of October 27, 2009 (EO14040-000569).
[^34]: FBI New York, electronic communication of April 4, 2016, "ENCORE Investigation Update, Review and Analysis: Interview [redacted] (NOV 2015)," pp. 2-10, FBI Vault. https://vault.fbi.gov/9-11-attacks-investigation-and-related-materials/9-11-material-released-in-response-to-executive-order-14040/april-4-2016-electronic-communication-part-01-of-01/view
[^35]: FBI electronic communication of July 23, 2021, "Connections to the Attacks of September 11, 2001," Bates EO14040-003479-UPDATED to -003482-UPDATED, FBI Vault, documents responsive to Executive Order 14040, release update part 02. https://vault.fbi.gov/9-11-attacks-investigation-and-related-materials/9-11-material-released-in-response-to-executive-order-14040/documents-responsive-to-executive-order-14040-release-update-part-02/view
[^36]: Robert S. Mueller III and Porter J. Goss to Pat Roberts, letter of September 1, 2005, with Executive Summary of the joint FBI-CIA report on the extent of Saudi government support for terrorism, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/static/02ca03957729ccbd47d46405577cf604/Executive-Summary-of-Joint-FBI-CIA-Report-on-Extent-of_Saudi-Government-Support-for-Terrorism.pdf
[^37]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 171 and note 122 (p. 498).
[^38]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 329.
[^39]: Securities and Exchange Commission, "Statement by Acting Director of Enforcement Stephen Cutler," press release 2001-96, September 19, 2001. https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2001-96-statement-acting-director-enforcement-stephen-cutler
[^40]: SEC Division of Enforcement, "Pre-September 11, 2001 Trading Review," Information Memorandum ENF 02-13, File No. HO-9325, May 15, 2002, pp. 1-2, obtained by the National Security Archive; Nate Jones, "Document Friday: 'Terrorist-Insider-Trading?'," Unredacted (National Security Archive blog), April 30, 2010. https://unredacted.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/9-11-sec-report.pdf
[^41]: *The 9/11 Commission Report*, p. 172 and note 130 (p. 499).
[^42]: Statement of Representative Curt Weldon, *Able Danger and Intelligence Information Sharing*, hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 109th Cong., S. Hrg. 109-311 (September 21, 2005), pp. 6-13. https://archive.org/details/gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-109shrg25409
[^43]: Testimony of Mark S. Zaid, S. Hrg. 109-311, p. 31.
[^44]: Slade Gorton to Senators Specter and Leahy, letter of September 20, 2005, S. Hrg. 109-311, pp. 57-58.
[^45]: Department of Defense Office of Inspector General, *Alleged Misconduct by Senior DoD Officials Concerning the Able Danger Program and Lieutenant Colonel Anthony A. Shaffer, U.S. Army Reserve*, September 18, 2006, p. 3 and Figure 1. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/FOIA-0238-2016.pdf
[^46]: *In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001*, No. 03-md-1570 (GBD)(SN) (S.D.N.Y.), Memorandum Decision and Order of August 28, 2025, ECF No. 11182, pp. 1-2 (citing 134 F. Supp. 3d 774 (S.D.N.Y. 2015)). https://assets.alm.com/56/48/0c58055d436488d8aaee80d07ca1/03-md-01570-11182-2.pdf
[^47]: United States Senate, roll call vote 114th Congress, 2nd Session, vote 145 (September 21, 2016), motion to table the motion to discharge S.J.Res. 39. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1142/vote_114_2_00145.htm
[^48]: Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP, registration statement exhibits A and B, FARA registration no. 5870, received September 22, 2016, with fee agreement letter of September 20, 2016 to H.E. Adel Al-Jubeir. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/5870-Exhibit-AB-20160922-4.pdf
[^49]: Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP, exhibits A and B, FARA registration no. 2165, received September 20, 2016, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/2165-Exhibit-AB-20160920-67.pdf; supplemental statement for January 1 to June 30, 2017, received August 1, 2017, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/2165-Supplemental-Statement-20170801-26.pdf
[^50]: Department of Justice, FARA bulk data file "FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals," foreign principal registration dates for registrants 2165, 6379, 5666, 5870, 6307 and 5926, accessed October 1, 2026. https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals.csv.zip
[^51]: United States Senate, roll call vote 114th Congress, 2nd Session, vote 148 (September 28, 2016), "Shall the Bill S. 2040 Pass, the Objections of the President of the United States to the Contrary Notwithstanding?" https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1142/vote_114_2_00148.htm
[^52]: Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, Pub. L. No. 114-222, 130 Stat. 852 (September 28, 2016), codified at 28 U.S.C. section 1605B. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ222/html/PLAW-114publ222.htm
[^53]: ECF No. 11182, pp. 2-4.
[^54]: ECF No. 11182, pp. 10-13.
[^55]: ECF No. 11182, pp. 14-15, 23-24, 27-29.
[^56]: ECF No. 11182, pp. 43-45.

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70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-09 Neither Cleared Nor Witting.md
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@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ entities:
- "[[Sidney Gottlieb]]"
- "[[New School for Social Research]]"
- "[[John R. Everett]]"
- "[[Frank Haronian]]"
tags:
- MKUltra
- NewSchool
@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ tags:
[[Klara G. Roman]], a [[Budapest]]-born graphologist and clinical psychologist, taught graphology at the [[New School for Social Research]] in [[New York City]] from 1948. From 1959 she worked on a lexicon of handwriting.[^1][^2]
A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] memorandum of August 24, 1961 opened [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] Subproject 137 "to support the work of Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting." It states that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "She is advanced in years and her health is failing," and that the manuscript was "now eighty percent complete." The memorandum cites the Technical Services Division's "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," states that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and records that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The curriculum vitae attached to the proposal lists a 1928 diploma, the invention of the Graphodyne for measuring writing speed and pressure, a 1948 research appointment in conjunction with an "Institute for Psychoanalysis," and a faculty membership beginning in 1948; each entry matches Roman's record.[^3][^1] The copy of this memorandum that the CIA sent the New School on September 7, 1977 carries a red insertion, "New School for Social Research, New York City," in the redacted line naming the investigator's institution; the covering letter states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents." The memorandum of May 29, 1961 for Subproject 134, a body-type study, carries the same insertion and the line "Mr." [redacted] "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor."[^8]
A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] memorandum of August 24, 1961 opened [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] Subproject 137 "to support the work of Dr." [redacted] "in completing a psycholexicon on handwriting." It states that she "has an international reputation for her work in graphology and speech," that "She is advanced in years and her health is failing," and that the manuscript was "now eighty percent complete." The memorandum cites the Technical Services Division's "general requirement to further the Agency's capability for the indirect assessment of personality," states that the project "will be funded through the" [redacted] "for security and cover purposes," and records that the investigator was "neither cleared nor witting of Agency sponsorship." The curriculum vitae attached to the proposal lists a 1928 diploma, the invention of the Graphodyne for measuring writing speed and pressure, a 1948 research appointment in conjunction with an "Institute for Psychoanalysis," and a faculty membership beginning in 1948; each entry matches Roman's record.[^3][^1] The copy of this memorandum that the CIA sent the New School on September 7, 1977 carries a red insertion, "New School for Social Research, New York City," in the redacted line naming the investigator's institution; the covering letter states that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents." The memorandum of May 29, 1961 for Subproject 134, a body-type study, carries the same insertion and the line "Mr." [redacted] "is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor."[^8] A 1964 paper on body type by [[A. Arthur Sugerman]] and [[Frank Haronian]] in the Journal of Personality states that the study "was partly supported by a grant to Frank Haronian from the Human Ecology Fund."[^10] Haronian, a school psychologist in [[Somerville, New Jersey]] from 1950, received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the New School in 1963.[^11]
A treasurer's check for $2,000 was issued on September 11, 1961. Roman died on August 9, 1962.[^2][^3] An accounting memorandum of February 1963 states that she "died in 1962 and did not send in an accounting," that the file held "a letter from her brother stating that the manuscript is almost finished," and that "The Fund will receive its usual acknowledgement in the publication of the manuscript." An unsigned, undated certification form in the file states that the recipient "died in 1962 without rendering an accounting" and that "a manuscript has been published and value received." The accounting form was approved on March 10, 1964 over the signature of [[Sidney Gottlieb]], "DC/TSD."[^3]
@ -36,3 +37,5 @@ The records of New School president [[John R. Everett]] hold a file labeled "Cen
[^7]: New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3, Box 7, Folder 29, "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977-1978." https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/34220
[^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, letter of A. R. Cinquegrana to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, with red insertions on the Subproject 137 memorandum of August 24, 1961 and the Subproject 134 memorandum of May 29, 1961, New School Archives and Special Collections, John R. Everett records, NS010102_000027. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
[^9]: New School Archives and Special Collections, Institute of World Affairs records, Series 3, Propaganda Research Center, 1947-1953, https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27434 ; "Graphology in Political Intelligence, 1952," https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/27446
[^10]: A. Arthur Sugerman and Frank Haronian, "Body type and sophistication of body concept," Journal of Personality 32(3), September 1964, pp. 380-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01347.x
[^11]: "Frank J. Haronian Jr., 72, a clinical psychologist, died October 22 at his home in Lawrenceville," obituary, Town Topics (Princeton), October 26, 1994. https://archive.org/details/towntopicsprince4834unse

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