vault backup: 2026-10-08 18:20:15

2026-10-08 18:20:15 -04:00 · 2026-10-08 18:20:15 -04:00 · 7da9941d0e
commit 7da9941d0e
parent d442f54507
32 changed files with 1860 additions and 258 deletions
--- a/META/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/META/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,47 +1,100 @@
- 2026-10-08T1346 · [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]]
+- 2026-10-08T1813 · [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]]
 - 2026-10-08T1813 · [[John Singlaub]]
 - 2026-10-08T1813 · [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]]
 - 2026-10-08T1813 · [[Norman Antokol]]
 - 2026-10-08T1813 · [[Mayer Nudell]]
 - 2026-10-08T1812 · [[Ora Group]]
 - 2026-10-08T1812 · [[Oliver North]]
 - 2026-10-08T1812 · [[Eden Pastora]]
 - 2026-10-08T1812 · [[Adolfo Calero]]
 - 2026-10-08T1812 · [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]]
 - 2026-10-08T1810 · [[Jamaica]]
 - 2026-10-08T1809 · [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1809 · [[Dr. Harry Fair]]
 - 2026-10-08T1809 · [[Augusto Pinochet]]
 - 2026-10-08T1808 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1808 · [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]]
 - 2026-10-08T1807 · [[Eugene Propper]]
 - 2026-10-08T1807 · [[Arthur Welmas]]
 - 2026-10-08T1807 · [[Michael Riconosciuto]]
 - 2026-10-08T1806 · [[Robert Frye]]
 - 2026-10-08T1805 · [[Carlos Cardoen]]
 - 2026-10-08T1804 · [[Earl Brian]]
 - 2026-10-08T1804 · [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]
 - 2026-10-08T1804 · [[Danny Casolaro]]
 - 2026-10-08T1803 · [[_REVIEW_H5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1802 · [[_DELTA_Eden Pastora_H5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1802 · [[_DELTA_E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr._H5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1802 · [[_DELTA_Adolfo Calero_H5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1802 · [[_DELTA_Ora Group_H5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1802 · [[_DELTA_Oliver North_H5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1801 · [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp]]
 - 2026-10-08T1800 · [[Ralph E. Caudle]]
 - 2026-10-08T1800 · [[Frederic J. Truslow]]
 - 2026-10-08T1800 · [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1800 · [[Brunswick Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1800 · [[Industrias Cardoen]]
 - 2026-10-08T1800 · [[Lane and Edson]]
 - 2026-10-08T1759 · [[John Singlaub]]
 - 2026-10-08T1759 · [[_REVIEW_H4]]
 - 2026-10-08T1759 · [[Norman Antokol]]
 - 2026-10-08T1759 · [[Mayer Nudell]]
 - 2026-10-08T1759 · [[_DELTA_Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc._H4]]
 - 2026-10-08T1757 · [[_FOIA_H6]]
 - 2026-10-08T1757 · [[_REVIEW_H6]]
 - 2026-10-08T1756 · [[Ralph E. Caudle]]
 - 2026-10-08T1755 · [[_DELTA_Arthur Welmas_H6]]
 - 2026-10-08T1755 · [[_DELTA_Michael Riconosciuto_H6]]
 - 2026-10-08T1755 · [[_DELTA_Robert Frye_H6]]
 - 2026-10-08T1754 · [[_DELTA_James B. Motley_H6]]
 - 2026-10-08T1754 · [[_DELTA_Wackenhut Corporation_H6]]
 - 2026-10-08T1753 · [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1752 · [[_REVIEW_H2]]
 - 2026-10-08T1752 · [[2026-10-08 The Roster]]
 - 2026-10-08T1752 · [[_DELTA_Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc._H2]]
 - 2026-10-08T1752 · [[_DELTA_Eugene Propper_H2]]
 - 2026-10-08T1752 · [[_REVIEW_H3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1752 · [[Lane and Edson]]
 - 2026-10-08T1751 · [[_FOIA_H3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1751 · [[_DELTA_Earl Brian_H3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1751 · [[_DELTA_Ari Ben-Menashe_H3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1751 · [[_DELTA_Danny Casolaro_H3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1751 · [[_DELTA_Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc._H3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1751 · [[_REVIEW_H1]]
 - 2026-10-08T1750 · [[Industrias Cardoen]]
 - 2026-10-08T1750 · [[_DELTA_Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc._H1]]
 - 2026-10-08T1750 · [[Frederic J. Truslow]]
 - 2026-10-08T1750 · [[Jamaica]]
 - 2026-10-08T1749 · [[_DELTA_Carlos Cardoen_H3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1748 · [[Brunswick Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1742 · [[_NOTES_H4]]
 - 2026-10-08T1740 · [[_NOTES_H6]]
 - 2026-10-08T1738 · [[_FOIA_H5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1738 · [[_NOTES_H5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1737 · [[_FOIA_H1]]
 - 2026-10-08T1736 · [[_NOTES_H1]]
 - 2026-10-08T1734 · [[_NOTES_H3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1732 · [[_FOIA_H2]]
 - 2026-10-08T1732 · [[_FOIA_H4]]
 - 2026-10-08T1732 · [[_NOTES_H2]]
 - 2026-10-08T1729 · [[_DELTA_E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr._H4]]
 - 2026-10-08T1718 · [[_TASK]]
 - 2026-10-08T1509 · [[_FOIA_CTC]]
 - 2026-10-08T1403 · [[_NOTES_W5]]
 - 2026-10-08T1359 · [[_NOTES_W2]]
 - 2026-10-08T1346 · [[Gerald S. Walker]]
 - 2026-10-08T1344 · [[Gerald S. Walker]]
 - 2026-10-08T1344 · [[_DELTA_Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc._W3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1343 · [[_NOTES_W3]]
 - 2026-10-08T1342 · [[_NOTES_F1]]
 - 2026-10-08T1342 · [[October Surprise]]
 - 2026-10-08T1342 · [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]
 - 2026-10-08T1339 · [[OctSurp_pre_dedupe]]
 - 2026-10-08T1339 · [[BCCI_pre_dedupe]]
 - 2026-10-08T1338 · [[OctSurp_before_F1]]
 - 2026-10-08T1338 · [[BCCI_before_F1]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Open Philanthropy]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Nick Beckstead]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Anthropic]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Jacob Coxon]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Effective Altruism Foundation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Carla Cremer]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Jacob Coxon]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Carla Cremer]]
 - 2026-10-08T1337 · [[Effective Altruism Foundation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1331 · [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]]
 - 2026-10-08T1331 · [[Carter Cornick]]
 - 2026-10-08T1331 · [[Danny Casolaro]]
 - 2026-10-08T1331 · [[Robert Parry]]
 - 2026-10-08T1331 · [[Lee Hamilton]]
 - 2026-10-08T1331 · [[Spencer Oliver]]
 - 2026-10-08T1329 · [[Francis J. McNeil]]
 - 2026-10-08T1329 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1329 · [[Eugene Propper]]
 - 2026-10-08T1329 · [[Robert Scherrer]]
 - 2026-10-08T1328 · [[James B. Motley]]
 - 2026-10-08T1328 · [[James B. Motley]]
 - 2026-10-08T1323 · [[House October Surprise Task Force]]
 - 2026-10-08T1323 · [[Greg Kehoe]]
 - 2026-10-08T1323 · [[House October Surprise Task Force]]
 - 2026-10-08T1323 · [[Greg Kehoe]]
 - 2026-10-08T1323 · [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]]
 - 2026-10-08T1323 · [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]]
 - 2026-10-08T1214 · [[Jacques Bergier]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Gerard Messadie]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[U.S. Navy]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[The Nautilus]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Sheila Ostrander]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Rand Corporation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Psi Gap]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Pavel Naumov]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Lynn Schroeder]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Leonid Vasiliev]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Disinformation]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR]]
 - 2026-10-08T1213 · [[Telepathy]]
 - 2026-10-08T1209 · [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)]]
 - 2026-10-08T1209 · [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)]]
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adolfo
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adolfo
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ aliases:
  - Adolpho Calero
  - Sparkplug
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-10-05
+updated: 2026-10-08
 category: "Political Figure"
 tags:
  - Person
@ -61,37 +61,40 @@ The Independent Counsel's Final Report states that in the fall of 1984 North int
 From December 1984 through July 1985, according to the Committees, Calero transferred $11.3 million to Secord, which paid for five arms shipments (Phases I through IV and a supplement); Secord spent $9.4 million on the arms, and the shortfall against the total cost, including commissions to Secord, Hakim and [[Thomas Clines]], was made up from other Enterprise funds, including donations from the private fund-raising network.[^6] Calero testified that he was unaware Secord was earning money on the sales and believed he supplied the weapons at cost. Secord testified that his markup "averaged out almost exactly 20 percent"; the Committees found that the commission actually averaged 38 percent of the cost of the arms. A European dealer introduced to Calero by General [[John Singlaub]] quoted AK-47 prices "about half of what we had previously had to pay."[^6] The first sale, of Chinese SA-7 missiles shipped under false [[Guatemala|Guatemalan]] end-user certificates, was the first executed by Secord and Hakim.[^7]
-In late June 1985 North and Secord met in [[Miami]] with Calero and Bermudez and told them that donors would henceforth pay the suppliers, the Enterprise, directly. Walsh writes that this effectively eliminated Calero "as a money-handler," except for what remained in the Contra account from the Saudi donations; the Committees add that the participants agreed on the need to open a southern front, and that Calero "continued to concentrate his resources on his own organization in the North." A fourth shipment in December 1985 was bought by Calero with funds remaining in his account and delivered to [[El Salvador]] on December 15, 1985, the Enterprise crediting Secord's personal account with $100,800 in profits two days later.[^8][^6]
+Singlaub had drawn up the weapons list with FDN commander Enrique Bermudez at FDN base camps in March 1985 and taken it to Oliver North; in early May Calero and Singlaub met Richard Secord in North's office about SA-7 missiles, and North and Calero chose Secord for them because he would supply training. In mid-May Calero ordered other weapons through Singlaub's dealer, and the arms arrived in Central America on July 8, 1985, the last order Calero placed with anyone other than Secord; it nearly exhausted the funds in Calero's own accounts.[^8] In deposition Calero named his three main sources as Ron Martin, Secord and Singlaub, said he had "blind trust" in Singlaub, and said Singlaub told him North had told him to stay away because of his high profile. Committee counsel put the first payments for shipments arranged by Singlaub at $2 million on April 26, 1985 and $3.3 million in May, and Calero associated a May 1, 1986 deposit of $48,770 from Chase Panama with "the last Singlaub" purchase.[^9]
 In late June 1985 North and Secord met in [[Miami]] with Calero and Bermudez and told them that donors would henceforth pay the suppliers, the Enterprise, directly. Walsh writes that this effectively eliminated Calero "as a money-handler," except for what remained in the Contra account from the Saudi donations; the Committees add that the participants agreed on the need to open a southern front, and that Calero "continued to concentrate his resources on his own organization in the North." A fourth shipment in December 1985 was bought by Calero with funds remaining in his account and delivered to [[El Salvador]] on December 15, 1985, the Enterprise crediting Secord's personal account with $100,800 in profits two days later.[^6][^10]
 In February 1985, with McFarlane's approval, North decided to support another Resistance leader with money from the Calero account; by February 27, 1985 "Adolfo [Calero] ha[d] agreed to provide [the] requisite funds in the blind without [the] [Resistance leader] becoming aware of the source," at $6,250 a month, and the money was in the event passed in traveler's checks by Owen and [[Jonathan Miller]] of the [[United States Department of State|State Department]]'s public diplomacy office. North also warned Calero: "Too much is becoming known by too many people. We need to make sure that this new financing does not become known. The Congress must believe that there continues to be an urgent need for funding."[^6]
 ### Traveler's checks and the private network
-Walsh states that "nearly $6 million" in cash and traveler's checks moved through the Iran and Contra operations and that traveler's checks "were purchased by contra leader Adolfo Calero and used as a convenient form of currency." The checks totaled $2,691,950 in 25,637 checks; Calero said his lawyer [[Carlos Morales]] bought the blank checks from BAC International Bank in Miami with funds transferred from the Contras' [[Cayman Islands]] accounts, and that he initially kept a journal of the disbursements but discontinued it, so that the Office of Independent Counsel obtained no record of what the payments were for, only who endorsed them; on 4,982 checks totaling $479,010 the signatures were illegible. North estimated he received about $100,000 in blank checks from Calero, which went into an operational fund used to pay about 40 Contra leaders; Calero said it was necessary for North to make the payments because of "politically sensitive relationships" between Calero and rival faction heads. North cashed 49 checks in his own name totaling $4,940 and 37 checks totaling $2,420 under the alias William P. Good; the jury acquitted him of converting $4,300 of the checks.[^9]
+Walsh states that "nearly $6 million" in cash and traveler's checks moved through the Iran and Contra operations and that traveler's checks "were purchased by contra leader Adolfo Calero and used as a convenient form of currency." The checks totaled $2,691,950 in 25,637 checks; Calero said his lawyer [[Carlos Morales]] bought the blank checks from BAC International Bank in Miami with funds transferred from the Contras' [[Cayman Islands]] accounts, and that he initially kept a journal of the disbursements but discontinued it, so that the Office of Independent Counsel obtained no record of what the payments were for, only who endorsed them; on 4,982 checks totaling $479,010 the signatures were illegible. North estimated he received about $100,000 in blank checks from Calero, which went into an operational fund used to pay about 40 Contra leaders; Calero said it was necessary for North to make the payments because of "politically sensitive relationships" between Calero and rival faction heads. North cashed 49 checks in his own name totaling $4,940 and 37 checks totaling $2,420 under the alias William P. Good; the jury acquitted him of converting $4,300 of the checks.[^11]
-The private fundraisers [[Carl Channell]] and [[Richard Miller]] advised Calero from 1984: Calero's [[Nicaraguan Development Council]] paid $55,000 in retainer fees to Miller's [[International Business Communications]] between September 1984 and May 1985. After the first White House briefing in June 1985 Channell gave Calero a $50,000 check. Of $6,323,020 in Contra-related donations to the [[National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty]] from June 1985 to November 1986, $3,306,882 went to Contra support at North's direction, including $1,738,000 to the Enterprise's Swiss Lake Resources account and $1,080,000 in transfers to Calero.[^10] The courier [[Robert Owen]], an employee of [[Gray and Company]], met regularly with Calero and other Contra leaders for North; the Committees' account of the [[National Security Council]]'s NHAO humanitarian office records that when [[Robert Duemling]] refused to hire Owen, the three directors of the United Nicaraguan Opposition, Calero, [[Arturo Cruz]] and [[Alfonso Robelo]], wrote Duemling asking for Owen's help.[^6] Owen's April 1, 1985 memorandum to North, in which Calero carries the code name "Sparkplug," also reported that new Southern Front officials included people with "potential involvement with drug running."[^11]
+The private fundraisers [[Carl Channell]] and [[Richard Miller]] advised Calero from 1984: Calero's [[Nicaraguan Development Council]] paid $55,000 in retainer fees to Miller's [[International Business Communications]] between September 1984 and May 1985. After the first White House briefing in June 1985 Channell gave Calero a $50,000 check. Of $6,323,020 in Contra-related donations to the [[National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty]] from June 1985 to November 1986, $3,306,882 went to Contra support at North's direction, including $1,738,000 to the Enterprise's Swiss Lake Resources account and $1,080,000 in transfers to Calero.[^12] The courier [[Robert Owen]], an employee of [[Gray and Company]], met regularly with Calero and other Contra leaders for North; the Committees' account of the [[National Security Council]]'s NHAO humanitarian office records that when [[Robert Duemling]] refused to hire Owen, the three directors of the United Nicaraguan Opposition, Calero, [[Arturo Cruz]] and [[Alfonso Robelo]], wrote Duemling asking for Owen's help.[^6] Owen's April 1, 1985 memorandum to North, in which Calero carries the code name "Sparkplug," also reported that new Southern Front officials included people with "potential involvement with drug running."[^13]
 ### The arms supermarket
-Walsh's chapter on the CIA's senior field officer in Central America, "CIA Subject #1," records that the Miami arms dealer [[Ron Martin]], who had been investigated by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] for years and at one time charged with providing arms illegally to narcotics traffickers, planned with Colonel [[James McCoy]] a stock of weapons in [[Honduras]] from which the Contras could buy "on a cash-and-carry basis." Martin's financing came from [[Enrique DeValle]], the brother of a former [[Panama|Panamanian]] president. CIA field reports of February 1985 learned of it "from Calero and others." On May 13, 1985 North starred as "to do" items "Check w/ Ron Martin 'Supermarket'" and "Secord/Aplicano meeting," and on May 20 noted Calero's assessment: "Supermarket is proceeding." Martin told the Independent Counsel that he used the Danish freighter *Erria*'s manifest to try to convince Calero that Secord was "ripping off" the Contras. In September 1985 Calero, under "increasingly intense pressure" from Bermudez to use the warehouse, asked the CIA about it; the CIA officer wrote that Martin's prices were good and the credit terms excellent, that "there is no advantage for [CIA] to get involved," and the CIA ended up making no recommendation; Calero purchased weapons from the supermarket.[^12]
+Walsh's chapter on the CIA's senior field officer in Central America, "CIA Subject #1," records that the Miami arms dealer [[Ron Martin]], who had been investigated by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] for years and at one time charged with providing arms illegally to narcotics traffickers, planned with Colonel [[James McCoy]] a stock of weapons in [[Honduras]] from which the Contras could buy "on a cash-and-carry basis." Martin's financing came from [[Enrique DeValle]], the brother of a former [[Panama|Panamanian]] president. CIA field reports of February 1985 learned of it "from Calero and others." On May 13, 1985 North starred as "to do" items "Check w/ Ron Martin 'Supermarket'" and "Secord/Aplicano meeting," and on May 20 noted Calero's assessment: "Supermarket is proceeding." Martin told the Independent Counsel that he used the Danish freighter *Erria*'s manifest to try to convince Calero that Secord was "ripping off" the Contras. In September 1985 Calero, under "increasingly intense pressure" from Bermudez to use the warehouse, asked the CIA about it; the CIA officer wrote that Martin's prices were good and the credit terms excellent, that "there is no advantage for [CIA] to get involved," and the CIA ended up making no recommendation; Calero purchased weapons from the supermarket.[^14]
-North's notebook for July 12, 1985, released through a [[National Security Archive]] lawsuit, records a call from Secord discussing a Honduran arms warehouse the Contras planned to buy from, with the note, "14 M to finance [the arms in the warehouse] came from drugs."[^11] The National Security Archive's briefing book states that the Contras did eventually buy the arms with money the administration secretly raised from Saudi Arabia.[^11]
+North's notebook for July 12, 1985, released through a [[National Security Archive]] lawsuit, records a call from Secord discussing a Honduran arms warehouse the Contras planned to buy from, with the note, "14 M to finance [the arms in the warehouse] came from drugs."[^13] The National Security Archive's briefing book states that the Contras did eventually buy the arms with money the administration secretly raised from Saudi Arabia.[^13]
 ### Mario Calero, Frank Moss and the Kerry Committee
-The [[Kerry Committee]]'s report states that the FDN's chief supply officer was Adolfo Calero's brother [[Mario Calero]], and that under a commercial agreement with the pilot [[Frank Moss]], Mario Calero was to receive an ownership interest in Moss's company [[Hondu Carib]], which flew weapons purchased from R.M. Equipment (the firm controlled by Martin and McCoy); Moss, the report says, had been investigated but never indicted for narcotics offenses by ten law enforcement agencies. [[SETCO]], the Honduran company that carried at least a million rounds of ammunition and other FDN supplies from 1983 to 1985, received funds, according to the testimony of Adolfo Calero to the Iran-Contra committees, from the Contra accounts established by North; U.S. law enforcement records, the report says, state that SETCO was established by [[Juan Ramon Matta Ballesteros]]. The report also states that at North's direction Calero paid $10,000 a month to the Costa Rican rancher [[John Hull]] who helped the CIA with Contra supply operations.[^13] North's notebook for August 9, 1985 summarizes a meeting with Owen about a plane used by Mario Calero to transport supplies from [[New Orleans]] to Honduras: "Honduran DC-6 which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."[^11] The Kerry Committee's conclusion was that it "did not find evidence that the Contra leadership participated directly in narcotics smuggling," although the FDN "did move Contra funds through a narcotics trafficking enterprise and money laundering operation."[^13]
+The [[Kerry Committee]]'s report states that the FDN's chief supply officer was Adolfo Calero's brother [[Mario Calero]], and that under a commercial agreement with the pilot [[Frank Moss]], Mario Calero was to receive an ownership interest in Moss's company [[Hondu Carib]], which flew weapons purchased from R.M. Equipment (the firm controlled by Martin and McCoy); Moss, the report says, had been investigated but never indicted for narcotics offenses by ten law enforcement agencies. [[SETCO]], the Honduran company that carried at least a million rounds of ammunition and other FDN supplies from 1983 to 1985, received funds, according to the testimony of Adolfo Calero to the Iran-Contra committees, from the Contra accounts established by North; U.S. law enforcement records, the report says, state that SETCO was established by [[Juan Ramon Matta Ballesteros]]. The report also states that at North's direction Calero paid $10,000 a month to the Costa Rican rancher [[John Hull]] who helped the CIA with Contra supply operations.[^15] North's notebook for August 9, 1985 summarizes a meeting with Owen about a plane used by Mario Calero to transport supplies from [[New Orleans]] to Honduras: "Honduran DC-6 which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."[^13] The Kerry Committee's conclusion was that it "did not find evidence that the Contra leadership participated directly in narcotics smuggling," although the FDN "did move Contra funds through a narcotics trafficking enterprise and money laundering operation."[^15]
 Webb wrote that Norwin Meneses traveled to Honduras to meet Bermúdez and brought Calero a crossbow as a gesture of esteem; that Calero confirmed the meeting but denied that Meneses or [[Danilo Blandon]] held any official FDN positions; that from 1984 Calero stayed in [[San Francisco]] with the Contra supporters [[Don Sinicco]] and [[Dennis Ainsworth]], that at his request Sinicco founded the Contra support group [[USACA]], and that on June 4, 1984 Ainsworth arranged a reception for Calero at the St. Francis Yacht Club for sixty business leaders, after which Meneses paid for a dinner at Caesar's Italian Restaurant and on June 6 was photographed in Sinicco's kitchen with Calero and FDN officials. Webb also wrote that Calero admitted meeting Meneses at least six times in San Francisco but described them as greetings at large gatherings, and that he told a Costa Rican newspaper in 1986 Meneses was "involved in some illegal things, but I don't know anything."[^4] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.
 ### Swiss accounts, testimony and later life
-The [[Tower Commission]] records that Attorney General [[Edwin Meese]]'s notes of his November 23, 1986 interview with North show North saying that the [[Israel|Israelis]] handled the diverted money and that he had given them the numbers of three accounts in [[Switzerland]] opened by Calero. The March 1988 indictment charged, in Count Seven, that North's statement to Meese that he had advised Calero to open Swiss accounts to receive the diverted funds was false.[^14][^15]
+The [[Tower Commission]] records that Attorney General [[Edwin Meese]]'s notes of his November 23, 1986 interview with North show North saying that the [[Israel|Israelis]] handled the diverted money and that he had given them the numbers of three accounts in [[Switzerland]] opened by Calero. The March 1988 indictment charged, in Count Seven, that North's statement to Meese that he had advised Calero to open Swiss accounts to receive the diverted funds was false.[^16][^17]
-Calero testified before the Iran-Contra committees in May 1987, and on February 23, 1989 gave detailed prosecution testimony at North's trial about North's role in supplying weapons and other support; on cross-examination he called North a "savior" for whom Nicaraguans should "erect a monument."[^16] The AP obituary reports that in 1987 he said he used to tell North "frankly, everything. I had no reservation," denied knowing the money came from Iranian arms sales, and acknowledged that three former U.S. military officers helped the Contras buy more than $18 million in military equipment while official arms aid was suspended. After the Sandinistas lost the 1990 election he returned to Nicaragua, recovered his confiscated home and worked as a lawyer. He died in Managua on June 2, 2012 of lung problems.[^2]
+Calero testified before the Iran-Contra committees in May 1987, and on February 23, 1989 gave detailed prosecution testimony at North's trial about North's role in supplying weapons and other support; on cross-examination he called North a "savior" for whom Nicaraguans should "erect a monument."[^18] The AP obituary reports that in 1987 he said he used to tell North "frankly, everything. I had no reservation," denied knowing the money came from Iranian arms sales, and acknowledged that three former U.S. military officers helped the Contras buy more than $18 million in military equipment while official arms aid was suspended. After the Sandinistas lost the 1990 election he returned to Nicaragua, recovered his confiscated home and worked as a lawyer. He died in Managua on June 2, 2012 of lung problems.[^2]
-In January 1985, Webb wrote, Robert McFarlane told Calero that perhaps it was time to think about "cutting both our losses and theirs," as the FDN reached its nadir; the Saudi contribution doubled the following month according to the Final Report.[^4][^8]
+In January 1985, Webb wrote, Robert McFarlane told Calero that perhaps it was time to think about "cutting both our losses and theirs," as the FDN reached its nadir; the Saudi contribution doubled the following month according to the Final Report.[^4][^10]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Brinkley, Joel, and Stephen Engelberg, eds. *Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, with the Minority Views*, abridged edition (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1988), Part I, ch. 1, "Introduction: Background on U.S.-Nicaragua Relations," section "The Contras." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit
 [^2]: "Former Nicaragua Contra leader Adolfo Calero dies." Associated Press, June 3, 2012 (Deseret News). https://www.deseret.com/2012/6/3/20416430/former-nicaragua-contra-leader-adolfo-calero-dies/
 [^3]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, "Cast of Characters." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit
@ -99,12 +102,14 @@ In January 1985, Webb wrote, Robert McFarlane told Calero that perhaps it was ti
 [^5]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I (Washington, D.C.: Division for the Purpose of Appointing Independent Counsels, August 4, 1993), ch. 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm
 [^6]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, chapters on the private operation, the Enterprise and the NHAO. https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit
 [^7]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 1, "United States v. Robert C. McFarlane," discussion of the North memoranda of November 7 and December 4, 1984. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm
-[^8]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 8, sections "Summer 1985: Calero's Purchasing Power Is Removed" and "Phase IV of the Contra Arms Sales." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm
+[^8]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216), ch. 2, pp. 50-51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=74).
-[^9]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 14, "Other Money Matters: Traveler's Checks and Cash Transactions," citing Calero's North trial testimony of February 23, 1989 and FBI interview of September 22, 1987. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_14.htm
+[^9]: Deposition of Adolfo Calero, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 3, transcript pp. 84-85, 94-95, 170, 178-179 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0235).
-[^10]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 13, "Private Fundraising: The Guilty Pleas of Channell and Miller." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_13.htm
+[^10]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 8, sections "Summer 1985: Calero's Purchasing Power Is Removed" and "Phase IV of the Contra Arms Sales." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm
-[^11]: National Security Archive, "The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations," Electronic Briefing Book No. 2, section "Documentation of Official U.S. Knowledge of Drug Trafficking and the Contras" (North notebooks of July 12 and August 9, 1985; Owen memorandum of April 1, 1985). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/index.html
+[^11]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 14, "Other Money Matters: Traveler's Checks and Cash Transactions," citing Calero's North trial testimony of February 23, 1989 and FBI interview of September 22, 1987. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_14.htm
-[^12]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 21, "CIA Subject #1." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_21.htm
+[^12]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 13, "Private Fundraising: The Guilty Pleas of Channell and Miller." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_13.htm
-[^13]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), sections on SETCO and Hondu Carib, on John Hull, and the Conclusions. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
+[^13]: National Security Archive, "The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations," Electronic Briefing Book No. 2, section "Documentation of Official U.S. Knowledge of Drug Trafficking and the Contras" (North notebooks of July 12 and August 9, 1985; Owen memorandum of April 1, 1985). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/index.html
-[^14]: Tower Commission, *Report of the President's Special Review Board* (February 26, 1987), "Contra Diversion," excerpts. https://archive.org/details/tower-commission-report-excerpts-reagan
+[^14]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 21, "CIA Subject #1." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_21.htm
-[^15]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," description of Counts Seven and Eight. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
+[^15]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), sections on SETCO and Hondu Carib, on John Hull, and the Conclusions. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
-[^16]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, trial testimony of Calero (February 23, 1989). https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
+[^16]: Tower Commission, *Report of the President's Special Review Board* (February 26, 1987), "Contra Diversion," excerpts. https://archive.org/details/tower-commission-report-excerpts-reagan
 [^17]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," description of Counts Seven and Eight. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
 [^18]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, trial testimony of Calero (February 23, 1989). https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ari
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ari
@ -20,77 +20,82 @@ summary: "Ari Ben-Menashe is an Iranian-born Israeli-Canadian who describes hims
 born: 1951-12-04
 location: "Tehran, Iran; Montreal, Canada"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-08
 ---
-Ari Ben-Menashe is an Iranian-born Israeli-Canadian businessman, author, and lobbyist who describes himself as a former official of Israel's military intelligence, and who became a recurring source for claims about covert United States and Israeli arms dealing, the [[October Surprise]] theory, [[PROMIS]] software, [[Robert Maxwell]], and, in later years, [[Jeffrey Epstein]].[^1] He was born on December 4, 1951, in Tehran, [[Iran]], to an affluent Iraqi Jewish family; his father Gourdji was involved with [[LEHI]] (the Stern Gang) and knew [[Yitzhak Shamir]].[^3][^5] His allegations have been influential in conspiracy literature while being repeatedly assessed as unreliable by courts, congressional investigators, and journalists.[^2]
+Ari Ben-Menashe is an Iranian-born Israeli-Canadian businessman, author, and lobbyist who describes himself as a former official of Israel's military intelligence, and who became a recurring source for claims about covert United States and Israeli arms dealing, the [[October Surprise]] theory, [[PROMIS]] software, [[Robert Maxwell]], and, in later years, [[Jeffrey Epstein]].[^1] He was born on December 4, 1951, in Tehran, [[Iran]], to an affluent Iraqi Jewish family; his father Gourdji was involved with [[LEHI]] (the Stern Gang) and knew [[Yitzhak Shamir]].[^2][^3] His allegations have been influential in conspiracy literature while being repeatedly assessed as unreliable by courts, congressional investigators, and journalists.[^4]
 ### Claimed Intelligence Background
-By his own account, Ben-Menashe moved to Israel in 1966 at age 14, and in 1969, while on Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon, was involved in the [[Michael Dennis Rohan]] [[El Aqsa Mosque]] arson incident. He says he was recruited by [[SHABAK]] in 1972 but declined a spying role, was drafted in 1974 and assigned to [[Unit 8200]] (signals intelligence) on the Iranian desk where he claims to have broken the Iranian diplomatic code, and that in 1976 he was involved in uncovering a [[Lockheed Aircraft Company|Lockheed]] bribe scandal involving [[Shimon Peres]]. After refusing an assignment to the Rome listening station in 1977, he says he was court-martialed and released from military service.[^5] He states that he then worked from 1977 to 1987 as a civilian in the External Relations Department of the Israeli [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Military Intelligence Directorate]] (Aman), a role he has portrayed as giving him access to high-level arms-transfer and covert-operations decisions.[^1]
+By his own account, Ben-Menashe moved to Israel in 1966 at age 14, and in 1969, while on Kibbutz Mishmar Hasharon, was involved in the [[Michael Dennis Rohan]] [[El Aqsa Mosque]] arson incident. He says he was recruited by [[SHABAK]] in 1972 but declined a spying role, was drafted in 1974 and assigned to [[Unit 8200]] (signals intelligence) on the Iranian desk where he claims to have broken the Iranian diplomatic code, and that in 1976 he was involved in uncovering a [[Lockheed Aircraft Company|Lockheed]] bribe scandal involving [[Shimon Peres]]. After refusing an assignment to the Rome listening station in 1977, he says he was court-martialed and released from military service.[^3] He states that he then worked from 1977 to 1987 as a civilian in the External Relations Department of the Israeli [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Military Intelligence Directorate]] (Aman), a role he has portrayed as giving him access to high-level arms-transfer and covert-operations decisions.[^1]
-Critics dispute the seniority he claims. Israel has generally characterized him as a low-level translator rather than a policy insider, and the journalist [[Steven Emerson]], writing in 1991, argued that Ben-Menashe had inflated a minor translating job into a record of "key positions."[^3] The Israeli government acknowledged that he had worked for military intelligence in a translation capacity but denied that he had held the senior operational role he described.[^7] The disagreement over his rank has shaped the reception of all his later claims, because his accounts of arms deals, the October Surprise, and Israeli operations rest on his asserted firsthand access rather than on corroborating documents or witnesses.[^2][^3]
+Critics dispute the seniority he claims. Israel has generally characterized him as a low-level translator rather than a policy insider, and the journalist [[Steven Emerson]], writing in 1991, argued that Ben-Menashe had inflated a minor translating job into a record of "key positions."[^2] The Israeli government acknowledged that he had worked for military intelligence in a translation capacity but denied that he had held the senior operational role he described.[^5] The disagreement over his rank has shaped the reception of all his later claims, because his accounts of arms deals, the October Surprise, and Israeli operations rest on his asserted firsthand access rather than on corroborating documents or witnesses.[^2][^4]
 ### Arms Case and Acquittal
-Ben-Menashe first drew wide public attention when he was arrested in the United States in November 1989 and charged under the Arms Export Control Act with attempting to broker the sale of three Israeli-owned Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules]] transport aircraft to Iran, a deal valued at about 36 million dollars, using false end-user certificates.[^4] The prosecution was brought in the United States District Court for the [[U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]], where the related rulings carried the caption United States v. Menashe.[^14] He spent nearly a year in custody before a jury acquitted him and a co-defendant on November 28, 1990, after his defense argued, and the jury accepted, that he had been acting under the authority of the Israeli government in a transaction tied to Israel's arms dealings with Iran.[^4]
+Ben-Menashe first drew wide public attention when he was arrested in the United States in November 1989 and charged under the Arms Export Control Act with attempting to broker the sale of three Israeli-owned Lockheed [[C-130 Hercules]] transport aircraft to Iran, a deal valued at about 36 million dollars, using false end-user certificates.[^6] The prosecution was brought in the United States District Court for the [[U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]], where the related rulings carried the caption United States v. Menashe.[^7] He spent nearly a year in custody before a jury acquitted him and a co-defendant on November 28, 1990, after his defense argued, and the jury accepted, that he had been acting under the authority of the Israeli government in a transaction tied to Israel's arms dealings with Iran.[^6]
-Israel denied that he had been authorized to act for it in the transaction, repeating the position that he had been only a translator.[^4] The acquittal nonetheless rested on the jury's willingness to credit his Israeli-agent defense, and he afterward cited the verdict as vindication of his broader account, even though the bodies that later examined his substantive claims rejected them.[^2][^6] The acquittal gave him a platform from which he expanded a series of claims about secret United States and Israeli arms networks, set out in his 1992 book [[Profits of War]].[^5]
+Israel denied that he had been authorized to act for it in the transaction, repeating the position that he had been only a translator.[^6] The acquittal nonetheless rested on the jury's willingness to credit his Israeli-agent defense, and he afterward cited the verdict as vindication of his broader account, even though the bodies that later examined his substantive claims rejected them.[^4][^8] The acquittal gave him a platform from which he expanded a series of claims about secret United States and Israeli arms networks, set out in his 1992 book [[Profits of War]].[^3]
 ### October Surprise and Iran-Contra Claims
-In Profits of War and in congressional testimony, Ben-Menashe alleged that Israeli officials, working with figures around the 1980 [[Ronald Reagan]] presidential campaign, arranged arms sales to Iran in exchange for delaying the release of American hostages until after the November 1980 election, the scenario known as the October Surprise.[^5] He claimed to have witnessed a Paris meeting in October 1980 attended by [[George H.W. Bush]], the campaign manager [[William J. Casey|William Casey]], and Iranian representatives.[^6]
+In Profits of War and in congressional testimony, Ben-Menashe alleged that Israeli officials, working with figures around the 1980 [[Ronald Reagan]] presidential campaign, arranged arms sales to Iran in exchange for delaying the release of American hostages until after the November 1980 election, the scenario known as the October Surprise.[^3] He claimed to have witnessed a Paris meeting in October 1980 attended by [[George H.W. Bush]], the campaign manager [[William J. Casey|William Casey]], and Iranian representatives.[^8]
-His detailed account named a sequence of secret meetings. He described [[Miles Copeland]]'s group of CIA-connected officers, Casey, [[Robert McFarlane]], and [[Earl Brian]] entering negotiations with the Iranians, and [[David Kimche]] of Mossad initiating an arms supply to Iran via [[South Africa]] in 1979. He placed first and second Madrid meetings in March and May 1980 involving [[Mehdi Karrubi]], Casey, McFarlane, [[Donald Gregg]], [[Robert Gates]], and Brian; an Amsterdam meeting in August 1980; and the October 1980 Paris meeting at which he says the hostage-release deal was sealed and after which he received 56 million dollars in [[Guatemala]] in December 1980, with 4 million for Brian and 52 million for the Iranian intermediary Kashani. The hostages were released on Reagan's inauguration day, January 20, 1981.[^5] He further alleged a 1980 to 1981 [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] arms pipeline, a role in the June 7, 1981 [[Israel Air Force]] strike on Iraq's Tammuz nuclear reactor, the recruitment of [[Daily Mirror]] foreign editor [[Nicholas Davies]] by Mossad, and the use of a slush fund (the [[Ora Group]]) to finance the [[Likud Party]] and "black" operations including, in his telling, the 1985 [[Achille Lauro]] hijacking.[^5]
+His detailed account named a sequence of secret meetings. He described [[Miles Copeland]]'s group of CIA-connected officers, Casey, [[Robert McFarlane]], and [[Earl Brian]] entering negotiations with the Iranians, and [[David Kimche]] of Mossad initiating an arms supply to Iran via [[South Africa]] in 1979. He placed first and second Madrid meetings in March and May 1980 involving [[Mehdi Karrubi]], Casey, McFarlane, [[Donald Gregg]], [[Robert Gates]], and Brian; an Amsterdam meeting in August 1980; and the October 1980 Paris meeting at which he says the hostage-release deal was sealed and after which he received 56 million dollars in [[Guatemala]] in December 1980, with 4 million for Brian and 52 million for the Iranian intermediary Kashani. The hostages were released on Reagan's inauguration day, January 20, 1981.[^3] He further alleged a 1980 to 1981 [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]] arms pipeline, a role in the June 7, 1981 [[Israel Air Force]] strike on Iraq's Tammuz nuclear reactor, the recruitment of [[Daily Mirror]] foreign editor [[Nicholas Davies]] by Mossad, and the use of a slush fund (the [[Ora Group]]) to finance the [[Likud Party]] and "black" operations including, in his telling, the 1985 [[Achille Lauro]] hijacking.[^3]
-No official body endorsed this account. The [[House October Surprise Task Force]], chaired by Representative [[Lee Hamilton]], published its joint report on January 3, 1993, and rejected it, saying it had conclusive evidence from travel and passport records that Ben-Menashe was not in Paris when he claimed to have witnessed the meeting, and describing his testimony as "totally lacking in credibility," "demonstrably false from beginning to end," and "a total fabrication."[^6] A separate review of the Iran-Contra-related allegations conducted under Attorney General [[William Barr]] likewise found no credible basis for his key claims, and an earlier Senate examination reached similar conclusions.[^6][^7] The Senate Foreign Relations special counsel, Reid H. Weingarten, reporting to Senators [[Terry Sanford]] and [[James Jeffords]] on November 19, 1992, found that Ben-Menashe "undoubtedly had real connections with Israeli intelligence and had access to some highly classified information," but that his "insistence upon placing himself in the middle of numerous scandals and adventures" and his contradiction of credible witnesses and documents made him "a wholly unreliable witness," and did not rely on his testimony without independent corroboration.[^21]
+No official body endorsed this account. The [[House October Surprise Task Force]], chaired by Representative [[Lee Hamilton]], published its joint report on January 3, 1993, and rejected it, saying it had conclusive evidence from travel and passport records that Ben-Menashe was not in Paris when he claimed to have witnessed the meeting, and describing his testimony as "totally lacking in credibility," "demonstrably false from beginning to end," and "a total fabrication."[^8] A separate review of the Iran-Contra-related allegations conducted under Attorney General [[William Barr]] likewise found no credible basis for his key claims, and an earlier Senate examination reached similar conclusions.[^5][^8] The Senate Foreign Relations special counsel, Reid H. Weingarten, reporting to Senators [[Terry Sanford]] and [[James Jeffords]] on November 19, 1992, found that Ben-Menashe "undoubtedly had real connections with Israeli intelligence and had access to some highly classified information," but that his "insistence upon placing himself in the middle of numerous scandals and adventures" and his contradiction of credible witnesses and documents made him "a wholly unreliable witness," and did not rely on his testimony without independent corroboration.[^9]
 ### PROMIS Affidavits and INSLAW
-After the journalist [[Danny Casolaro]]'s death in August 1991, Ben-Menashe called [[Bill Hamilton]], president of [[INSLAW|Inslaw]], and claimed that two FBI agents from Lexington, Kentucky, had been en route to Martinsburg to give Casolaro evidence that the FBI was illegally using PROMIS software, one of them disaffected because his superiors had refused to indict senior Reagan officials over the October Surprise.[^19] In affidavits submitted to the bankruptcy court in February and March 1991, he claimed personal knowledge of Earl Brian's involvement in international PROMIS distribution, alleging that Brian made a 1987 presentation to Israeli Military Intelligence claiming ownership of PROMIS rights, that [[Rafael Eitan]] received PROMIS from Brian and McFarlane in 1982 for Israeli signals intelligence, and that enhanced PROMIS was sold to the Israeli intelligence community, the Singapore Armed Forces, the Soviet Union, and Canada.[^20] These PROMIS-distribution claims were later amplified by [[Seymour Hersh]] in [[The Samson Option]] and [[Gordon Thomas]] in [[Gideon's Spies]].[^8][^9]
+After the journalist [[Danny Casolaro]]'s death in August 1991, Ben-Menashe called [[Bill Hamilton]], president of [[INSLAW|Inslaw]], and claimed that two FBI agents from Lexington, Kentucky, had been en route to Martinsburg to give Casolaro evidence that the FBI was illegally using PROMIS software, one of them disaffected because his superiors had refused to indict senior Reagan officials over the October Surprise.[^10] In affidavits submitted to the bankruptcy court in February and March 1991, he claimed personal knowledge of Earl Brian's involvement in international PROMIS distribution, alleging that Brian made a 1987 presentation to Israeli Military Intelligence claiming ownership of PROMIS rights, that [[Rafael Eitan]] received PROMIS from Brian and McFarlane in 1982 for Israeli signals intelligence, and that enhanced PROMIS was sold to the Israeli intelligence community, the Singapore Armed Forces, the Soviet Union, and Canada.[^11] These PROMIS-distribution claims were later amplified by [[Seymour Hersh]] in [[The Samson Option]] and [[Gordon Thomas]] in [[Gideon's Spies]].[^12][^13]
-The special counsel [[Nicholas Bua]], in his 1993 report on the Inslaw affair, rejected these claims. When interviewed, Ben-Menashe gave a substantially different account, stating that he had no knowledge of the transfer of Inslaw's proprietary software, and that the "PROMIS" in his affidavits referred not to Inslaw's product but to an NSA program he called "Milon," a dictionary-compilation tool developed independently before Inslaw existed; he admitted he had allowed the Hamiltons and others to assume he meant Inslaw's PROMIS "to promote his book."[^20] The NSA confirmed that its own internal Product Related On-line Management Information System, also called PROMIS, was written in M204 rather than COBOL and was wholly unrelated to Inslaw's software. The House October Surprise Task Force, the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], and the special counsel all found his testimony fabricated and unsupported.[^10][^20]
+In the first of two affidavits he submitted to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia in the INSLAW case, dated February 17, 1991, Ben-Menashe said that in January 1989, while serving as a special consultant for intelligence affairs in the Israeli prime minister's office, he was told by [[Carlos Cardoen]], the Chilean arms maker, that Cardoen had brokered a deal between Earl Brian and a representative of Iraqi military intelligence for the use of PROMIS.[^14] A *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* report of February 19, 1991, preserved in the Danny Casolaro papers, says the sale was consummated in Santiago, Chile, where [[Industrias Cardoen]] had its headquarters, and that Brian called the allegations "nonsense."[^15] The report of Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] states that Ben-Menashe "makes a number of extraordinary claims, most of which are not subject to corroboration."[^14] The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] recorded in 1991 that Robert Gates denied specific allegations made by Ben-Menashe at his confirmation hearing and that the FBI and the CIA inspector general, reviewing Gates's calendar and travel records, found no credible evidence to confirm them.[^16]
 The special counsel Nicholas Bua, in his 1993 report on the Inslaw affair, rejected these claims. When interviewed, Ben-Menashe gave a substantially different account, stating that he had no knowledge of the transfer of Inslaw's proprietary software, and that the "PROMIS" in his affidavits referred not to Inslaw's product but to an NSA program he called "Milon," a dictionary-compilation tool developed independently before Inslaw existed; he admitted he had allowed the Hamiltons and others to assume he meant Inslaw's PROMIS "to promote his book."[^11] The NSA confirmed that its own internal Product Related On-line Management Information System, also called PROMIS, was written in M204 rather than COBOL and was wholly unrelated to Inslaw's software. The House October Surprise Task Force, the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], and the special counsel all found his testimony fabricated and unsupported.[^11][^17]
 ### Claims about Robert Maxwell
-Ben-Menashe alleged that the publisher Robert Maxwell and Nicholas Davies were long-time assets of Israeli intelligence and that Maxwell had close ties to the prime minister's office.[^5] One specific claim concerned the 1986 case of the nuclear technician [[Mordechai Vanunu]], whose account of [[Dimona]] reached the Maxwell-owned [[Sunday Mirror]]; Ben-Menashe said Davies alerted Israeli intelligence to the approach and introduced him to Vanunu's intermediary [[Oscar Guerrero]], and that a Vanunu photograph published by the Sunday Mirror had been flown in from Israel, although the photograph in question had in fact been taken by the [[Sunday Times]] journalist [[Peter Hounam]], undercutting that detail.[^15] Hersh's 1991 book and the parliamentary statements that followed brought the Maxwell allegations into the open shortly before Maxwell's death, and Maxwell sued Hersh for libel before the action lapsed.[^8] No declassified material has confirmed the allegations.[^2]
+Ben-Menashe alleged that the publisher Robert Maxwell and Nicholas Davies were long-time assets of Israeli intelligence and that Maxwell had close ties to the prime minister's office.[^3] One specific claim concerned the 1986 case of the nuclear technician [[Mordechai Vanunu]], whose account of [[Dimona]] reached the Maxwell-owned [[Sunday Mirror]]; Ben-Menashe said Davies alerted Israeli intelligence to the approach and introduced him to Vanunu's intermediary [[Oscar Guerrero]], and that a Vanunu photograph published by the Sunday Mirror had been flown in from Israel, although the photograph in question had in fact been taken by the [[Sunday Times]] journalist [[Peter Hounam]], undercutting that detail.[^18] Hersh's 1991 book and the parliamentary statements that followed brought the Maxwell allegations into the open shortly before Maxwell's death, and Maxwell sued Hersh for libel before the action lapsed.[^12] No declassified material has confirmed the allegations.[^4]
 ### Epstein and Maxwell Allegations
-Beginning in 2019, Ben-Menashe gave interviews, including to the journalist [[Whitney Webb]] of MintPress News and to the outlet Narativ, in which he claimed that he had met Jeffrey Epstein and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] in the 1980s, that he had seen Epstein in Robert Maxwell's offices, and that Maxwell had recruited Epstein for Israeli intelligence and introduced him as pre-approved by figures in Aman.[^11] He characterized the later Epstein operation as a "honeytrap" that gathered sexual blackmail material on powerful figures for Israeli intelligence.[^11]
+Beginning in 2019, Ben-Menashe gave interviews, including to the journalist [[Whitney Webb]] of MintPress News and to the outlet Narativ, in which he claimed that he had met Jeffrey Epstein and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] in the 1980s, that he had seen Epstein in Robert Maxwell's offices, and that Maxwell had recruited Epstein for Israeli intelligence and introduced him as pre-approved by figures in Aman.[^19] He characterized the later Epstein operation as a "honeytrap" that gathered sexual blackmail material on powerful figures for Israeli intelligence.[^19]
-No corroborating witness, document, or official admission has been produced to support these specific claims, and reviewers have noted that they rest solely on his own assertions against a documented record of unreliability.[^2][^12] His account also conflicts with the established chronology of Epstein's career, since Epstein's documented entry into Ghislaine Maxwell's circle is generally dated to the period after Robert Maxwell's 1991 death rather than to the 1980s meetings Ben-Menashe described.[^12] He has continued to make related claims, including a 2025 assertion that [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] held Epstein-related files, that likewise remain unverified.[^12]
+No corroborating witness, document, or official admission has been produced to support these specific claims, and reviewers have noted that they rest solely on his own assertions against a documented record of unreliability.[^4][^20] His account also conflicts with the established chronology of Epstein's career, since Epstein's documented entry into Ghislaine Maxwell's circle is generally dated to the period after Robert Maxwell's 1991 death rather than to the 1980s meetings Ben-Menashe described.[^20] He has continued to make related claims, including a 2025 assertion that [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] held Epstein-related files, that likewise remain unverified.[^20]
 ### Lobbying and Consulting
-After his intelligence-related notoriety, Ben-Menashe built a lobbying and consulting practice through the [[Montreal]]-based firm [[Dickens & Madson]], representing controversial governments and figures.[^13] His involvement with the government of [[Robert Mugabe]] in [[Zimbabwe]] featured in the treason prosecution of the opposition leader [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], built on a videotape in which prosecutors said Tsvangirai discussed the "elimination" of Mugabe with Ben-Menashe; Tsvangirai was acquitted of high treason on October 14, 2004, by Judge [[Paddington Garwe]] of the Harare High Court, who found no proof of the alleged request, ruled that Ben-Menashe's testimony had to be treated with caution, and called some of it clearly false.[^16]
+After his intelligence-related notoriety, Ben-Menashe built a lobbying and consulting practice through the [[Montreal]]-based firm [[Dickens & Madson]], representing controversial governments and figures.[^21] His involvement with the government of [[Robert Mugabe]] in [[Zimbabwe]] featured in the treason prosecution of the opposition leader [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], built on a videotape in which prosecutors said Tsvangirai discussed the "elimination" of Mugabe with Ben-Menashe; Tsvangirai was acquitted of high treason on October 14, 2004, by Judge [[Paddington Garwe]] of the Harare High Court, who found no proof of the alleged request, ruled that Ben-Menashe's testimony had to be treated with caution, and called some of it clearly false.[^22]
-He later registered a 2 million dollar contract in March 2021 to lobby for the [[Myanmar]] military junta after its coup, agreeing to advise on evading United States sanctions, and took on engagements connected to [[Sudan]] and its militia leader [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]], a roughly 12 million dollar Zimbabwe land transaction funded by the criminal financier [[Paul Le Roux]] in 2007 and 2008 in which the promised farmland was never delivered, a reported 1 million dollar arrangement with [[Kyrgyzstan]], and work tied to [[Libya]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Venezuela]], and the [[Tigray]] conflict in [[Ethiopia]].[^13][^17] Washington figures quoted in profiles of his career described his reputation as "poisonous."[^13]
+He later registered a 2 million dollar contract in March 2021 to lobby for the [[Myanmar]] military junta after its coup, agreeing to advise on evading United States sanctions, and took on engagements connected to [[Sudan]] and its militia leader [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]], a roughly 12 million dollar Zimbabwe land transaction funded by the criminal financier [[Paul Le Roux]] in 2007 and 2008 in which the promised farmland was never delivered, a reported 1 million dollar arrangement with [[Kyrgyzstan]], and work tied to [[Libya]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Venezuela]], and the [[Tigray]] conflict in [[Ethiopia]].[^21][^23] Washington figures quoted in profiles of his career described his reputation as "poisonous."[^21]
 ### The McFarlane Libel Suit
-The former national security adviser Robert McFarlane sued Ben-Menashe and the publisher of Profits of War, Sheridan Square Press, for libel over passages that linked McFarlane to the covert dealings Ben-Menashe described.[^18] The case, McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, reached the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, which ruled in 1996. Applying the [[actual malice]] standard required for a public figure, the court held that McFarlane could not show the publisher had acted with reckless disregard for the truth merely because Ben-Menashe was a doubtful source, and it affirmed dismissal of the suit. The outcome turned on the high bar a public-figure plaintiff must clear rather than on any finding that Ben-Menashe's account was true.[^18]
+The former national security adviser Robert McFarlane sued Ben-Menashe and the publisher of Profits of War, Sheridan Square Press, for libel over passages that linked McFarlane to the covert dealings Ben-Menashe described.[^24] The case, McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, reached the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, which ruled in 1996. Applying the [[actual malice]] standard required for a public figure, the court held that McFarlane could not show the publisher had acted with reckless disregard for the truth merely because Ben-Menashe was a doubtful source, and it affirmed dismissal of the suit. The outcome turned on the high bar a public-figure plaintiff must clear rather than on any finding that Ben-Menashe's account was true.[^24]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: "Ari Ben-Menashe - Biography," *JewAge.* https://www.jewage.org/wiki/en/Article:Ari_Ben-Menashe_-_Biography
-[^2]: "Who is Ari Ben-Menashe, what is his track record as a source," *Factually,* 2025. https://factually.co/fact-checks/media/ari-ben-menashe-track-record-israeli-intelligence-source-epstein-claims-evaluation-ec9ba6
+[^2]: Emerson, Steven. "The Samson Option, by Seymour M. Hersh," *Commentary,* 1991. https://www.commentary.org/articles/steven-emerson/the-samson-option-by-seymour-m-hersh/
-[^3]: Emerson, Steven. "The Samson Option, by Seymour M. Hersh," *Commentary,* 1991. https://www.commentary.org/articles/steven-emerson/the-samson-option-by-seymour-m-hersh/
+[^3]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992.
-[^4]: "2 Acquitted of Trying to Sell Military Cargo Planes to Iran," *The Washington Post,* 1990. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/29/2-acquitted-of-trying-to-sell-military-cargo-planes-to-iran/2918bfd6-89a7-441a-a124-3b1916e90321/
+[^4]: "Who is Ari Ben-Menashe, what is his track record as a source," *Factually,* 2025. https://factually.co/fact-checks/media/ari-ben-menashe-track-record-israeli-intelligence-source-epstein-claims-evaluation-ec9ba6
-[^5]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992.
+[^5]: "Espionage: Con Man or Key to a Mystery?," *Time,* 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718038/espionage-con-man-or-key-to-a-mystery/
-[^6]: "Probe by House finds no 'October surprise,'" *The Baltimore Sun,* 1993. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1993-01-13-1993013111-story.html
+[^6]: "2 Acquitted of Trying to Sell Military Cargo Planes to Iran," *The Washington Post,* 1990. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/29/2-acquitted-of-trying-to-sell-military-cargo-planes-to-iran/2918bfd6-89a7-441a-a124-3b1916e90321/
-[^7]: "Espionage: Con Man or Key to a Mystery?," *Time,* 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718038/espionage-con-man-or-key-to-a-mystery/
+[^7]: United States v. Menashe, 741 F. Supp. 1135 (S.D.N.Y. 1990).
-[^8]: "Fact or fiction? The claims of Ari Ben-Menashe," *Green Left,* 1992. https://www.greenleft.org.au/1992/42/fact-or-fiction-claims-ari-ben-menashe
+[^8]: "Probe by House finds no 'October surprise,'" *The Baltimore Sun,* 1993. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1993-01-13-1993013111-story.html
-[^9]: Pipes, Daniel. "Gideon's Spies by Gordon Thomas," *Commentary,* 1999. https://www.commentary.org/articles/daniel-pipes/gideons-spies-by-gordon-thomas/
+[^9]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, p. 113. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829
-[^10]: "No wrong-doing in Inslaw affair, report says," *UPI,* 1993. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/17/No-wrong-doing-in-Inslaw-affair-report-says/5482740289600/
+[^10]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, on Ben-Menashe's call to Bill Hamilton after Casolaro's death.
-[^11]: "Former Israeli Spy Ari Ben-Menashe on Israel's Relationship with Epstein," *MintPress News,* 2019. https://www.mintpressnews.com/ari-ben-menashe-israel-relationship-jeffrey-epstein/263465/
+[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993, on the PROMIS affidavits, the "Milon" recantation, and the finding that Ben-Menashe's account offered no evidentiary support for the Inslaw allegations.
-[^12]: "What did Ari Ben-Menashe claim about Jeffrey Epstein," *Factually,* 2025. https://factually.co/fact-checks/media/ari-ben-menashe-claims-jeffrey-epstein-mossad-d56c30
+[^12]: "Fact or fiction? The claims of Ari Ben-Menashe," *Green Left,* 1992. https://www.greenleft.org.au/1992/42/fact-or-fiction-claims-ari-ben-menashe
-[^13]: "The Man of Mystery Hustling Myanmar," *Washington Monthly,* 2021. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021/03/13/the-man-of-mystery-hustling-myanmar/
+[^13]: Pipes, Daniel. "Gideon's Spies by Gordon Thomas," *Commentary,* 1999. https://www.commentary.org/articles/daniel-pipes/gideons-spies-by-gordon-thomas/
-[^14]: United States v. Menashe, 741 F. Supp. 1135 (S.D.N.Y. 1990).
+[^14]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74.
-[^15]: "The Vanunu affair and the Sunday Mirror photograph," contemporaneous press reporting noting the photograph was taken by Sunday Times journalist Peter Hounam, undercutting Ben-Menashe's account.
+[^15]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the contents as reported there. Ben-Menashe's claim is kept as made.
-[^16]: "Tsvangirai acquitted of treason in Zimbabwe," *The Globe and Mail,* 2004. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/tsvangirai-acquitted-of-treason-in-zimbabwe/article18275151/
+[^16]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19 (October 24, 1991), sections 4 and 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 185 to 187).
-[^17]: "The Curious Case of Bishkek's $1 Million Deal With Ex-Israeli Intelligence Worker," *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,* 2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/the-curious-case-of-bishkek-s-1-million-deal-with-ex-israeli-intelligence-worker-/31033365.html
+[^17]: "No wrong-doing in Inslaw affair, report says," *UPI,* 1993. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/17/No-wrong-doing-in-Inslaw-affair-report-says/5482740289600/
-[^18]: McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, Inc., 91 F.3d 1501 (D.C. Cir. 1996).
+[^18]: "The Vanunu affair and the Sunday Mirror photograph," contemporaneous press reporting noting the photograph was taken by Sunday Times journalist Peter Hounam, undercutting Ben-Menashe's account.
-[^19]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, on Ben-Menashe's call to Bill Hamilton after Casolaro's death.
+[^19]: "Former Israeli Spy Ari Ben-Menashe on Israel's Relationship with Epstein," *MintPress News,* 2019. https://www.mintpressnews.com/ari-ben-menashe-israel-relationship-jeffrey-epstein/263465/
-[^20]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993, on the PROMIS affidavits, the "Milon" recantation, and the finding that Ben-Menashe's account offered no evidentiary support for the Inslaw allegations.
+[^20]: "What did Ari Ben-Menashe claim about Jeffrey Epstein," *Factually,* 2025. https://factually.co/fact-checks/media/ari-ben-menashe-claims-jeffrey-epstein-mossad-d56c30
-[^21]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, p. 113. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829
+[^21]: "The Man of Mystery Hustling Myanmar," *Washington Monthly,* 2021. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021/03/13/the-man-of-mystery-hustling-myanmar/
 [^22]: "Tsvangirai acquitted of treason in Zimbabwe," *The Globe and Mail,* 2004. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/tsvangirai-acquitted-of-treason-in-zimbabwe/article18275151/
 [^23]: "The Curious Case of Bishkek's $1 Million Deal With Ex-Israeli Intelligence Worker," *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,* 2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/the-curious-case-of-bishkek-s-1-million-deal-with-ex-israeli-intelligence-worker-/31033365.html
 [^24]: McFarlane v. Sheridan Square Press, Inc., 91 F.3d 1501 (D.C. Cir. 1996).
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos
@ -5,11 +5,26 @@ tags:
  - Person
  - IranContra
  - Israel
-summary: "Cardoen later resigned and became a private contractor, securing a deal to supply all blasting equipment to the Chilean Mining Corporation."
+summary: "Chilean arms maker whose company supplied cluster bombs to Iraq in the 1980s, indicted in Miami in 1993 over zirconium exports, and named by Ari Ben-Menashe as a broker of CIA-backed arms channels."
 born: 1942-05-01
 location: "Santa Cruz, Chile"
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: owned
    with: "[[Industrias Cardoen]]"
    fn: 3
  - type: owned
    with: "[[Swissco Management Group]]"
    role: "described by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence as a subsidiary of Cardoen Industries"
    fn: 2
  - type: prosecuted
    with: "[[Department of Justice]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1993-05
    role: "twenty-one count indictment, Southern District of Florida, May 26, 1993"
    fn: 3
 ---
-[[Carlos Cardoen]] is a Chilean businessman and arms producer, owner of [[Cardoen Industries]]. He comes from an upper-class Chilean family of Italian descent. After attending university in the [[United States|U.S.]] and receiving a degree as a mining engineer, he returned to [[Santiago]], [[Chile]], after [[Augusto Pinochet|General Augusto Pinochet's]] 1973 coup d'état to work for the government-owned [[Chilean Mining Corporation]]. His job involved procuring explosives for mining, which became a lucrative business for him personally due to kickbacks.[^1]
+[[Carlos Cardoen]] is a Chilean businessman and arms producer, owner of [[Industrias Cardoen|Cardoen Industries]]. He comes from an upper-class Chilean family of Italian descent. After attending university in the [[United States|U.S.]] and receiving a degree as a mining engineer, he returned to [[Santiago]], [[Chile]], after [[Augusto Pinochet|General Augusto Pinochet's]] 1973 coup d'état to work for the government-owned [[Chilean Mining Corporation]]. His job involved procuring explosives for mining, which became a lucrative business for him personally due to kickbacks.[^1]
 Cardoen later resigned and became a private contractor, securing a deal to supply all blasting equipment to the Chilean Mining Corporation. He then ventured into arms brokering, though initially without success. In 1979, he applied to [[SIBAT]], the Foreign Defense Sales Office of the [[Israel|Israeli]] Ministry of Defense, for a license to sell Israeli arms in [[South America]]. His request was denied due to his lack of experience and established political connections.[^1]
@ -25,19 +40,48 @@ Cardoen's Santiago-produced chemical weapons and those from Paraguay used artill
 In late 1986, Israel expressed concern about arms shipments to Iraq, with [[Yitzhak Shamir]] threatening to go to Congress. Robert Gates called a meeting in Santiago to calm the Israelis. Attendees included Cardoen, Gates, Senator [[John Tower]], [[Pieter Van Der Westhuizen|Gen. Pieter Van Der Westhuizen]] (South African Military Intelligence), and [[Rodolfo Stange|Gen. Rodolfo Stange]] (Chilean Carabineros). At this meeting, U.S. officials made it clear they intended to maintain the arms channel to Iraq to bring Iraq into their sphere of influence, assuring Israel it would not be harmed. Cardoen continued to supply chemical weapons and cluster bombs to Iraq despite Israeli concerns.[^1]
 The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]], in its October 24, 1991 report on the Gates nomination, recorded that Gates denied specific allegations made by Ben-Menashe at his confirmation hearing, and that investigations by the FBI and the CIA inspector general, which included analysis of Gates's calendar and travel records, provided no credible evidence to confirm them. The same report records that Cardoen denied meeting Gates in a letter of July 16, 1991 to the U.S. ambassador in Chile.[^2]
 In September 1988, Ari Ben-Menashe was sent to Chile to confront Cardoen. Ben-Menashe offered Cardoen a deal: Israel would license him to produce [[Uzi]]s, [[Galil assault rifles]], artillery shells, and mortars, and exclusively sell these materials throughout South America, in exchange for stopping his chemical trade with Iraq. Cardoen was given two weeks to consider the offer. During this visit, Cardoen introduced Ben-Menashe to [[Mark Thatcher]], implying Thatcher was involved in his business.[^1]
 Cardoen was furious about Ben-Menashe's visit to his plant in Paraguay and his attempts to stop the trade. He claimed to have the backing of the Americans and the Chilean government, and threatened Israel if they interfered. He also revealed that Gates's office provided technology directly from the CIA, and that Ihsan Barbouti was a key link in his operations. He mentioned [[Alan Bond]] and British investors as backers.[^1]
-In February 1989, Cardoen's plant in Paraguay was not closed down, thanks to [[Andres Rodriguez|President Andres Rodriguez]], who continued to rule the country with U.S. blessing. Charges were filed against Cardoen in [[Miami]] in April 1992 by the U.S. Customs Service following newspaper exposés of his involvement with Iraq.[^1]
+In February 1989, Cardoen's plant in Paraguay was not closed down, thanks to [[Andres Rodriguez|President Andres Rodriguez]], who continued to rule the country with U.S. blessing. On May 26, 1993, a federal grand jury in the Southern District of Florida in [[Miami]] returned a twenty-one count indictment against Cardoen, Industrias Cardoen Limitada (INCAR), Swissco Management Group, Inc., Franco Saffa, Jorge Burr, [[Edward A. Johnson]], Ronald W. Griffin and Teledyne Industries, Inc. d/b/a [[Teledyne Wah Chang Albany]].[^3] Ben-Menashe's account gives April 1992 and the U.S. Customs Service as the charging agency.[^1]
 ### Iquique and Baghdad
-Cardoen's plant at [[Iquique]] turned out about a thousand cluster bombs a month with labor paid the equivalent of ninety dollars a month, and he priced them at about 7,000 dollars each, some 19,000 dollars below his European competitors. "I'll have to build [[Jimmy Carter]] a statue," he said. "If it hadn't been for the U.S. embargo we would never have invested in arms production here." His agent for Iraq, [[Nasser Beydoun]], who later sued him for 30 million dollars in commissions, carried his offer to Baghdad: "We can provide you with our cluster bombs at the lowest possible price." The first shipment, worth 21 million dollars, reached Iraq early in 1984, and Iraq came to supply about three quarters of his arms exports of 100 million dollars a year. Two American munitions plants were classified by American officials as scrap metal so that they could be exported to Chile. His Washington representative, Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Rickertson, said: "It should have been quite evident to them that this was U.S. equipment because the placards on the bomb-making presses identified them."[^2]
+Cardoen's plant at [[Iquique]] turned out about a thousand cluster bombs a month with labor paid the equivalent of ninety dollars a month, and he priced them at about 7,000 dollars each, some 19,000 dollars below his European competitors. "I'll have to build [[Jimmy Carter]] a statue," he said. "If it hadn't been for the U.S. embargo we would never have invested in arms production here." His agent for Iraq, [[Nasser Beydoun]], who later sued him for 30 million dollars in commissions, carried his offer to Baghdad: "We can provide you with our cluster bombs at the lowest possible price." The first shipment, worth 21 million dollars, reached Iraq early in 1984, and Iraq came to supply about three quarters of his arms exports of 100 million dollars a year. Two American munitions plants were classified by American officials as scrap metal so that they could be exported to Chile. His Washington representative, Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Rickertson, said: "It should have been quite evident to them that this was U.S. equipment because the placards on the bomb-making presses identified them."[^4]
-A former contractor for the CIA described Cardoen as "an all-purpose asset, designed to be one of those offshore stockpilers of military equipment who could be used by the CIA to ship arms to the Afghan rebels, to the boys in Angola, or anywhere the U.S. needed some help." [[Howard Teicher]] of the [[National Security Council]] staff said of Robert Gates: "He was tight with Casey and with the [[White House]]. He was one of those who helped get things done." An associate of Cardoen, Robert Johnson, said he saw Gates arrive at Cardoen's house near Miami in the summer of 1986: "He and Cardoen had a series of meetings in 1986 and 1987. We needed an offshore supplier, and the Chileans were very cooperative." The White House said in July 1991: "The whole story is unfounded. There never were any sales, overt or covert, to Iraq or Iran through a third country. Mr. Gates never met with Carlos Cardoen." A subcontractor of his bought 330,000 power supplies from [[International Signal and Control|ISC]] and sent them on to a proximity fuse factory near Baghdad. The British journalist [[Jonathan Moyle]], who was inquiring into Cardoen's helicopter project, was found dead in a Santiago hotel on March 31, 1990.[^2]
+A former contractor for the CIA described Cardoen as "an all-purpose asset, designed to be one of those offshore stockpilers of military equipment who could be used by the CIA to ship arms to the Afghan rebels, to the boys in Angola, or anywhere the U.S. needed some help." [[Howard Teicher]] of the [[National Security Council]] staff said of Robert Gates: "He was tight with Casey and with the [[White House]]. He was one of those who helped get things done." An associate of Cardoen, Robert Johnson, said he saw Gates arrive at Cardoen's house near Miami in the summer of 1986: "He and Cardoen had a series of meetings in 1986 and 1987. We needed an offshore supplier, and the Chileans were very cooperative." The White House said in July 1991: "The whole story is unfounded. There never were any sales, overt or covert, to Iraq or Iran through a third country. Mr. Gates never met with Carlos Cardoen." A subcontractor of his bought 330,000 power supplies from [[International Signal and Control|ISC]] and sent them on to a proximity fuse factory near Baghdad. The British journalist [[Jonathan Moyle]], who was inquiring into Cardoen's helicopter project, was found dead in a Santiago hotel on March 31, 1990.[^4]
 ### Miami arrest, Swissco and the Senate report
 [[Kenneth R. Timmerman]] wrote that on August 2, 1983, U.S. Customs officers arrested Cardoen in Miami over night-vision goggles bound for Chile and that the case ended in a plea bargain with a 100,000 dollar fine on his company; a declaration by Howard Teicher dates the arrest to 1983 in a Miami sting concerning night-vision goggles bound for Cuba and Libya.[^5][^6]
 The Senate report records that the CIA employed [[James D. Theberge]] on its Senior Review Panel from January 1986 to January 1988, and that during much of that period he was a consultant to [[Swissco Management Group]], "a subsidiary of Cardoen Industries of Chile." Theberge had been U.S. ambassador to Chile from 1982 to 1985. The report states that Theberge disclosed the Swissco work and its Cardoen parentage in the personal history statement he gave the CIA in December 1985, that [[William J. Casey]], John McMahon and James Taylor were involved in his recruitment, and that there was no evidence Gates took part. It states that "Between 1984 and 1988, Cardoen Industries was of significant intelligence interest to CIA, which believed Cardoen was the primary supplier of cluster bombs to the Iraqi government, and an important supplier of other categories of ordnance to Iraq and other Middle Eastern states."[^2] Swissco Management Group, Inc. is among the eight defendants in the 1993 indictment.[^3]
 ### Indictment, trial and extradition
 The zirconium counts concern ordnance-grade zirconium sponge and compacts exported to Chile. The Eleventh Circuit wrote that Cardoen supplied the exporter with false end-use statements describing the zirconium as a booster material for industrial explosives, and that "The zirconium was used as an incendiary agent in cluster bombs that Cardoen was selling to Iraq for use in the Iran-Iraq war."[^7] The district court's order of 1994, reissued in 1995, noted Cardoen's "present fugitive status."[^3] On March 22, 1994 the court dismissed Counts II through VI against Teledyne on statute-of-limitations grounds.[^3]
 Edward A. Johnson, a sales manager at Teledyne Wah Chang Albany, was convicted by a jury on four counts, and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed in 1998.[^7] A State Department notice records that Teledyne Industries pleaded guilty in the Southern District of Florida on January 26, 1995.[^8]
 A witness identified as "Linda C." of the CIA Directorate of Operations, who reviewed the agency file on Cardoen covering 1984 to 1993, testified at the classified-information hearing that Cardoen "was not an agent or source of intelligence for the United States government; on the contrary, Cardoen was a target; that is, an individual of intelligence interest to the government." The court adopted that conclusion for purposes of the hearing, and wrote that the Senate report "corroborates" it.[^3]
 On January 31, 1995, Teicher signed a declaration in the case stating that "the CIA authorized, approved and assisted Cardoen in the manufacture and sale of cluster bombs." [[Robert Parry]] reported that the government sealed it as a state secret and that Teicher was blocked from testifying.[^6][^9]
 The United States formally requested Cardoen's extradition in March 2019. The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists reports that the Chilean Supreme Court rejected the request in March 2020; Emol reports that the Second Chamber of the Supreme Court unanimously rejected it on August 24, 2020, confirming a first rejection in March 2020 by the instructing minister Carlos Aranguiz, on grounds of dual criminality and prescription.[^10][^11]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
-[^2]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64.
+[^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess. (October 24, 1991), section 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 186 to 188).
 [^3]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), No. 93-241-CR, reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act (original order December 28, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
 [^4]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64.
 [^5]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), p. 169. Sole source for the passage so cited.
 [^6]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html. Sole source for the wording (paragraph 17 for the 1983 arrest).
 [^7]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf.
 [^8]: Department of State, Public Notice 2206, 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf.
 [^9]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
 [^10]: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, "Most wanted Chilean arms dealer concealed ties to companies with help from Panama's offshore industry," September 2022, https://www.icij.org/inside-icij/2022/09/most-wanted-chilean-arms-dealer-concealed-ties-to-companies-with-help-from-panamas-offshore-industry/.
 [^11]: "Suprema rechaza extradición Cardoen," Emol, August 24, 2020, https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2020/08/24/995884/Suprema-rechaza-extradicion-Cardoen.html.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danny
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danny
@ -75,7 +75,9 @@ Casolaro's investigation intersected with the drug-trafficking networks document
 ### The research files
-Casolaro's research files, photographed by [[Christian Hansen]] at the Missouri State Historical Society and published on the Internet Archive, include a folder labelled "Promotional Material" of corporate and weapons literature, hand-numbered "BD|AI|PM-01" onward. Its items are a brochure for the Inter-Probe modular energy transfer catalyzer (PM-01), a printed page numbered 207 on fuel air munitions (PM-02), a [[Brunswick Corporation]] defense division data package for the Rifleman's Assault Weapon for urban warfare dated October 1976 (PM-03), a sales sheet of the defense division of the Chilean firm [[Industrias Cardoen]] (PM-04) and a twelve-page fax of the resumes of the associates of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]] (PM-05), whose page headers carry the date June 20, 1990 and times from 16:53 to 17:01.[^5] The packet names [[Carter Cornick]], [[Eugene Propper]], [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.|E. Lawrence Barcella]], [[Francis J. McNeil]], [[James B. Motley]] (a vice president of [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]]), [[Mayer Nudell]] and a former CIA counterterrorism chief whose entry carries no name.[^5] The files also contain a folder of 1980s newspaper and magazine material on [[Frank Terpil]] and [[Edwin Wilson]], folders of Wackenhut annual reports, correspondence, profiles and newsletters, and, in a folder of Department of Defense publications, a magazine article by David Corn on Barcella and the Pan Am 103 bombing.[^6]
+Casolaro's research files, photographed by [[Christian Hansen]] at the Missouri State Historical Society and published on the Internet Archive, include a folder labelled "Promotional Material" of corporate and weapons literature, hand-numbered "BD|AI|PM-01" onward. Its items are a brochure for the Inter-Probe modular energy transfer catalyzer (PM-01), a printed page numbered 207 on fuel air munitions (PM-02), a [[Brunswick Corporation]] defense division cover sheet and drawing for the Rifleman's Assault Weapon for urban warfare dated October 1976 (PM-03), a sales sheet of the defense division of the Chilean firm [[Industrias Cardoen]] (PM-04) and a fax of the resumes of the associates of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], whose fax counters run 141 P01 to 141 P12 (PM-05) and whose page headers carry the date June 20, 1990 and times from 16:53 to 17:01.[^5] In the order of the photographs the folder runs PM-04, PM-02, PM-03, PM-05, PM-01.[^5] The packet names [[Carter Cornick]], [[Eugene Propper]], [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.|E. Lawrence Barcella]], [[Francis J. McNeil]], [[James B. Motley]] (a vice president of [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]]), [[Mayer Nudell]] and a former CIA counterterrorism chief whose entry carries no name.[^5] The files also contain a folder of 1980s newspaper and magazine material on [[Frank Terpil]] and [[Edwin Wilson]], folders of Wackenhut annual reports, correspondence, profiles and newsletters, and, in a folder of Department of Defense publications, a magazine article by David Corn on Barcella and the Pan Am 103 bombing.[^6]
 The INSLAW folder of the research files includes a *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* report of February 19, 1991 that names Industrias Cardoen and its owner [[Carlos Cardoen]]. It states that [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], in an affidavit filed in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia, said that Cardoen told him in January 1989 that Cardoen had brokered a deal between Earl Brian and an Iraqi military intelligence representative for the use of PROMIS, and that the sale was consummated in Santiago, Chile.[^7] Brian called the allegations "nonsense," according to the report.[^7] The report of Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] dates the affidavit February 17, 1991.[^8]
 ### Bibliography
@ -89,3 +91,5 @@ Casolaro's research files, photographed by [[Christian Hansen]] at the Missouri
 [^4]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
 [^5]: Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," Internet Archive items casolaro-notebooks (PromotionalMaterial.pdf) and PromotionalMaterial, https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^6]: Danny Casolaro papers, folders "CIA Frank Terpil Renegades," "Wackenhut - Newsletters" and "DOD PUBLICATIONS," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files (the Corn item is headed "SPECIAL EDITION - TERRORISM / Did It Blow Up Flight 103?").
 [^7]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the affidavit's contents as reported there.
 [^8]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dr.
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dr.
@ -3,17 +3,19 @@ category: "Scientists & Researchers"
 tags:
  - Person
  - Military
-summary: "Fair met with Michael Riconosciuto and Robert Frye (Vice President of Wackenhut Corporation) in May 1981 at Picatinny Arsenal."
+summary: "Fair met with Michael Riconosciuto and Robert Frye of Wackenhut Services, Inc. in May 1981 at Picatinny Arsenal."
 updated: 2026-10-08
 ---
 [[Dr. Harry Fair]] was the Chief of Propulsion Technology, Applied Sciences Division, at [[ARRADCOM]] (U.S. Army Armament Research & Development Command, Large Caliber Weapons Systems Laboratory) at [[Picatinny Arsenal]] in Dover, [[New Jersey]]. He was involved in the Railgun Project.[^1]
-Fair met with [[Michael Riconosciuto]] and [[Robert Frye]] (Vice President of [[Wackenhut Corporation]]) in May 1981 at Picatinny Arsenal. Riconosciuto conducted an extensive and highly technical theoretical blackboard exercise on a Railgun for Army personnel. Fair commented that he was extremely impressed with Riconosciuto's scientific and technical knowledge and termed him a "potential national resource," despite being apprised by [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] that Riconosciuto had been convicted and served time for stabbing a [[DEA|DEA]] agent.[^1]
+Fair met with [[Michael Riconosciuto]] and [[Robert Frye]] (president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., a subsidiary of the [[Wackenhut Corporation]])[^2] in May 1981 at Picatinny Arsenal. Riconosciuto conducted an extensive and highly technical theoretical blackboard exercise on a Railgun for Army personnel. Fair commented that he was extremely impressed with Riconosciuto's scientific and technical knowledge and termed him a "potential national resource," despite being apprised by [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] that Riconosciuto had been convicted and served time for stabbing a [[DEA|DEA]] agent.[^1]
-[[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] also addressed a letter to Dr. Harry Fair on January 20, 1983, on [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]]/[[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]] letterhead, stating that he would be forwarding a "unique list of agents and production techniques related to biological warfare." The letter mentioned that the [[Storemont Laboratories]] business plan Nichols mailed to Fair was to prepare him for what was to be sent in the area of biological warfare, noting that these products could be used in "small countries bordering [[Albania]] or large countries bordering the [[Soviet Union]]."[^1]
+Dr. John Philip Nichols also addressed a letter to Dr. Harry Fair on January 20, 1983, on Wackenhut/[[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]] letterhead, stating that he would be forwarding a "unique list of agents and production techniques related to biological warfare." The letter mentioned that the [[Storemont Laboratories]] business plan Nichols mailed to Fair was to prepare him for what was to be sent in the area of biological warfare, noting that these products could be used in "small countries bordering [[Albania]] or large countries bordering the [[Soviet Union]]."[^1]
-[[Robert Booth Nichols]] also wrote a letter to [[Joseph F. Preloznik]] on April 13, 1983, recapitulating the same weapons proposal outlined by [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] to Dr. Harry Fair. [[Robert Booth Nichols]] also mentioned Fair in a February 10, 1984, letter on [[Meridian Arms]] letterhead, referring to the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] visit to Picatinny Arsenal in May 1981 and Riconosciuto's demonstration of electrostatic heat transfer augmentation.[^1]
+[[Robert Booth Nichols]] also wrote a letter to [[Joseph F. Preloznik]] on April 13, 1983, recapitulating the same weapons proposal outlined by Dr. John Philip Nichols to Dr. Harry Fair. Robert Booth Nichols also mentioned Fair in a February 10, 1984, letter on [[Meridian Arms]] letterhead, referring to the Wackenhut Corporation visit to Picatinny Arsenal in May 1981 and Riconosciuto's demonstration of electrostatic heat transfer augmentation.[^1]
 ---
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
 [^2]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 and 55 to 58, footnote 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/E.
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/E.
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ His client [[Lyn Nofziger]], a political adviser to President Reagan, was repres
 In August 1988 [[Carter Cornick]], a retired FBI terrorism official, and [[Eugene Propper]], a former prosecutor in the Letelier case, announced [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], which offered governments, airlines and event sponsors counterterrorism strategies and the management of kidnappings and hijackings. Barcella, then with Laxalt, Washington, Perito & Dubuc, was to be called on for legal consultation on matters such as extradition procedures. The announcement named Robert Scherrer and Barcella as active consultants, and said that the four men had worked together on the Letelier case and on the investigation of Wilson, in which Barcella had obtained information that Wilson was shipping explosives to Libya.[^5]
-A resume packet circulated by the firm, by then named CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., with a fax header of 1990, lists Barcella among its associates. The others listed were Cornick, Propper, [[Robert Scherrer]], an unnamed former senior CIA counterterrorism officer, [[Francis J. McNeil|Frank McNeil]], [[James B. Motley]] of [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]] Advanced Technologies Corporation, and a former foreign service officer named Nudell.[^6]
+A resume packet circulated by the firm, by then named CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., with a fax header of 1990, lists Barcella among its associates. The others listed were Cornick, Propper, [[Robert Scherrer]], an unnamed former senior CIA counterterrorism officer, [[Francis J. McNeil|Frank McNeil]], [[James B. Motley]] of [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]] Advanced Technologies Corporation, and [[Mayer Nudell]], a former foreign service officer.[^6]
 ### BCCI (1988 to 1990)
@ -141,34 +141,36 @@ Hamilton, as chairman, selected Barcella, and a May 29, 1992 press account dated
 Asked about the opinion in May 1992, Barcella said, "It was a simple situation where somebody in the government came to me," and said he did not identify the official who sought it. Asked about his past contacts with intelligence agencies, he said, "I don't see where that causes a problem," and "I'm going to do as thorough and independent and professional an investigation as I can." [[Joseph diGenova]], the United States Attorney in Washington in those years, first said, "Assistant U.S. attorneys do not issue legal opinions on arms shipments," and "Larry would never have done that." A week later diGenova said, "Larry was sought out by a lot of people in intelligence and by a lot of people in the marshals service and the FBI who knew that he was creative." diGenova said that Barcella, through his anti-terrorism work, knew [[Oliver North]]; Barcella said he had met North once and that North was not the official who sought the opinion.[^3] Hamilton said he had learned of the opinion after the newspaper's inquiries, and when asked whether he would look into it, said, "I will investigate all aspects of criticisms of staff, including Larry or anybody else."[^3]
 Studley's October 30, 1985 memorandum to North, an exhibit to the deposition of [[Daniel O. Graham]], refers to a shipment that left on June 20, 1985, and ends: "General John K. Singlaub has been advised of this information."[^13] The congressional report states that a purchase Singlaub arranged for [[Adolfo Calero]] through a European dealer arrived in Central America on July 8, 1985.[^14] Graham testified on May 26, 1987 that he had arranged a meeting between Studley and [[William J. Casey]] at Langley toward the end of 1985; Singlaub testified in 1987 that he had set up that meeting.[^3][^13]
 ### House October Surprise Task Force (1992 to 1993)
 The task force's chairman was Hamilton and its ranking Republican was Hyde. The Democrats were [[Stephen Solarz]], [[Sam Gejdenson]], [[Mervyn Dymally]], [[Robert Torricelli]], [[Howard Berman]], [[Edward Feighan]] and [[Ted Weiss]]. The Republicans were [[Jim Leach]], [[Olympia Snowe]], [[Doug Bereuter]] and [[Porter Goss]].[^12] Barcella and [[Richard J. Leon]], the chief minority counsel, selected the legal staff.[^12]
 The majority staff included [[Michael F. Zeldin]] as deputy chief counsel, the former Securities and Exchange Commission lawyer [[Sotiris Planzos]], and two lawyers from the Katten office, [[Nancy Luque]] and [[Anne Pings]]. The minority staff included Greg Kehoe, deputy chief minority counsel, who had been first assistant United States attorney for the Middle District of Florida and joined the task force on June 18, 1992.[^12] The Senate report, published in December 1992, stated that Barcella "has been hired by the House Foreign Affairs Committee" and that Kehoe was "on leave from the Justice Department to assist Barcella in his investigation."[^7]
-On October 2, 1992, the House considered House Resolution 585, which authorized the task force to file its final report with the Clerk after adjournment sine die and before noon on January 3, 1993, and limited its expenses to the amounts in House Resolution 512. Representative [[Anthony C. Beilenson]] (D-California), introducing the resolution, said its purpose was to make clear that the investigation "may continue after we adjourn, but no later than the end of this year," and that the budget would be no higher than $1.35 million. In the same debate a member speaking for the resolution said that Hamilton and Hyde had told the Rules Committee that the work would be finished "by probably the middle of November."[^13] The task force approved its report on December 10, 1992. The transmittal letter to Speaker [[Thomas S. Foley]] is dated January 3, 1993, and cites House Resolutions 258 and 585.[^12]
+On October 2, 1992, the House considered House Resolution 585, which authorized the task force to file its final report with the Clerk after adjournment sine die and before noon on January 3, 1993, and limited its expenses to the amounts in House Resolution 512. Representative [[Anthony C. Beilenson]] (D-California), introducing the resolution, said its purpose was to make clear that the investigation "may continue after we adjourn, but no later than the end of this year," and that the budget would be no higher than $1.35 million. In the same debate a member speaking for the resolution said that Hamilton and Hyde had told the Rules Committee that the work would be finished "by probably the middle of November."[^15] The task force approved its report on December 10, 1992. The transmittal letter to Speaker [[Thomas S. Foley]] is dated January 3, 1993, and cites House Resolutions 258 and 585.[^12]
-The report concludes that the allegations were either "wholly insufficient or no credible evidence exists to substantiate" them.[^12] Its transmittal letter says the report "was approved unanimously by the Task Force on December 10, 1992." Dymally later told [[Robert Parry]] that he knew of no such vote on that date or any other. Hamilton told Parry that he would not have claimed a unanimous vote if there had not been one. A House Foreign Affairs Committee spokesman, [[David Barnes]], wrote to Parry that "From the records we have there is no evidence of a recorded vote."[^14] The printed report states that Dymally "has declined to sign the report."[^12]
+The report concludes that the allegations were either "wholly insufficient or no credible evidence exists to substantiate" them.[^12] Its transmittal letter says the report "was approved unanimously by the Task Force on December 10, 1992." Dymally later told [[Robert Parry]] that he knew of no such vote on that date or any other. Hamilton told Parry that he would not have claimed a unanimous vote if there had not been one. A House Foreign Affairs Committee spokesman, [[David Barnes]], wrote to Parry that "From the records we have there is no evidence of a recorded vote."[^16] The printed report states that Dymally "has declined to sign the report."[^12]
-The report states that the task force "interviewed and/or deposed more than 230 people."[^12] The report describes the October Surprise Group as "a group of individuals who provided foreign policy and defense advice to the campaign," and lists ten members: [[Richard V. Allen]], [[Fred C. Ikle]], [[Charles M. Kupperman]], [[John R. Lehman, Jr.]], [[Thomas H. Moore]], [[Robert G. Neumann]], [[Eugene V. Rostow]], [[Laurence Silberman]], [[William R. Van Cleave]] and [[Seymour Weiss]].[^12] Parry wrote that Barcella and [[Michael Ledeen]] were personal friends, that Barcella had sold Ledeen a house and that the two shared a housekeeper, citing Peter Maas's book *Manhunt* for a 1982 night visit by Ledeen to Barcella, during the Wilson investigation, about two associates who had come under suspicion in the Wilson case, [[Ted Shackley]] and [[Erich von Marbod]].[^15] Parry wrote that the secret draft report named six informal members of the group, among them Ledeen, and that "the final report deleted the names of six informal members" of the group. The six were Ledeen, [[Richard Stillwell]], [[William Middendorf]], [[Richard Perle]], General [[Louis Walt]] and Admiral [[James Holloway]].[^15]
+The report states that the task force "interviewed and/or deposed more than 230 people."[^12] The report describes the October Surprise Group as "a group of individuals who provided foreign policy and defense advice to the campaign," and lists ten members: [[Richard V. Allen]], [[Fred C. Ikle]], [[Charles M. Kupperman]], [[John R. Lehman, Jr.]], [[Thomas H. Moore]], [[Robert G. Neumann]], [[Eugene V. Rostow]], [[Laurence Silberman]], [[William R. Van Cleave]] and [[Seymour Weiss]].[^12] Parry wrote that Barcella and [[Michael Ledeen]] were personal friends, that Barcella had sold Ledeen a house and that the two shared a housekeeper, citing Peter Maas's book *Manhunt* for a 1982 night visit by Ledeen to Barcella, during the Wilson investigation, about two associates who had come under suspicion in the Wilson case, [[Ted Shackley]] and [[Erich von Marbod]].[^17] Parry wrote that the secret draft report named six informal members of the group, among them Ledeen, and that "the final report deleted the names of six informal members" of the group. The six were Ledeen, [[Richard G. Stilwell|Richard Stilwell]], [[William Middendorf]], [[Richard Perle]], General [[Louis Walt]] and Admiral [[James Holloway]].[^17]
-Parry reported that Barcella told him, years after the report, that so much incriminating evidence arrived in the final month of the inquiry that he asked Hamilton to extend the investigation three months, and that Hamilton declined.[^16] Barcella said Hamilton "declined to go through the necessary reauthorization of the task force and instead ordered him to proceed with the final report."[^17] In Meldon's 2008 article, with a Parry addendum, Barcella is quoted as saying that Hamilton cited the complexity of getting the task force reauthorized in a new Congress.[^18] Hamilton told Parry in 2010, as Parry reported in 2013, that he might have explained the problem of the authorization running out at the end of the session: "All I could have done is go before the next Congress and request reauthorization."[^19] Hamilton told Parry in 2010 that he had no recollection of such a proposal, and in 2011 that he had no recollection of Barcella's request.[^16][^17] Hamilton's January 24, 1993 New York Times op-ed, titled "Case Closed," stated that the task force's staff "conducted over 230 formal interviews and depositions." A 2008 article by [[Jerry Meldon]], with an addendum by Parry, quoted the op-ed as saying that the report "should put the controversy to rest once and for all." The addendum says that Barcella recommended the extension to Hamilton.[^18]
+Parry reported that Barcella told him, years after the report, that so much incriminating evidence arrived in the final month of the inquiry that he asked Hamilton to extend the investigation three months, and that Hamilton declined.[^18] Barcella said Hamilton "declined to go through the necessary reauthorization of the task force and instead ordered him to proceed with the final report."[^19] In Meldon's 2008 article, with a Parry addendum, Barcella is quoted as saying that Hamilton cited the complexity of getting the task force reauthorized in a new Congress.[^20] Hamilton told Parry in 2010, as Parry reported in 2013, that he might have explained the problem of the authorization running out at the end of the session: "All I could have done is go before the next Congress and request reauthorization."[^21] Hamilton told Parry in 2010 that he had no recollection of such a proposal, and in 2011 that he had no recollection of Barcella's request.[^18][^19] Hamilton's January 24, 1993 New York Times op-ed, titled "Case Closed," stated that the task force's staff "conducted over 230 formal interviews and depositions." A 2008 article by [[Jerry Meldon]], with an addendum by Parry, quoted the op-ed as saying that the report "should put the controversy to rest once and for all." The addendum says that Barcella recommended the extension to Hamilton.[^20]
-The Russian report was requested by Hamilton on October 21, 1992, and reached the task force on January 11, 1993.[^20] Parry identified it as provided by [[Sergey V. Stepashin]], chairman of the Supreme Soviet's Committee on Defense and Security Issues. As Parry described it, the report said that the 1980 hostage negotiations amounted to a competition between the Carter administration and the Reagan campaign.[^17] Hamilton presided over a press conference on January 13, 1993, dismissing the allegations.[^18] Parry wrote that Hamilton told him, "I don't recall seeing it." Barcella first said he did not recall whether he showed Hamilton the report, then wrote, "I do specifically recall discussing it with Lee."[^20] Barcella told Parry that the task force did not want to be bothered with trying to get the report declassified.[^18]
+The Russian report was requested by Hamilton on October 21, 1992, and reached the task force on January 11, 1993.[^22] Parry identified it as provided by [[Sergey V. Stepashin]], chairman of the Supreme Soviet's Committee on Defense and Security Issues. As Parry described it, the report said that the 1980 hostage negotiations amounted to a competition between the Carter administration and the Reagan campaign.[^19] Hamilton presided over a press conference on January 13, 1993, dismissing the allegations.[^20] Parry wrote that Hamilton told him, "I don't recall seeing it." Barcella first said he did not recall whether he showed Hamilton the report, then wrote, "I do specifically recall discussing it with Lee."[^22] Barcella told Parry that the task force did not want to be bothered with trying to get the report declassified.[^20]
-In a memo dated December 8, 1992, which Parry quotes, Barcella instructed his deputies "to put some language in, as a trap door" in case later disclosures disproved parts of it or complaints arose about selective omission of evidence. The memo language quoted by Parry states that "This report does not and could not reflect every single lead that was investigated."[^15][^21]
+In a memo dated December 8, 1992, which Parry quotes, Barcella instructed his deputies "to put some language in, as a trap door" in case later disclosures disproved parts of it or complaints arose about selective omission of evidence. The memo language quoted by Parry states that "This report does not and could not reflect every single lead that was investigated."[^17][^23]
-Parry wrote in 1996 that Barcella and Hamilton pressed Dymally to withdraw a dissent. According to sources who saw it, the dissent argued that "just because phones ring and planes fly doesn't mean that someone is there to answer the phone or is on the plane."[^22] In the same article Parry wrote that Barcella and his law firm had earned more than $2 million from BCCI, that the Laxalt and BCCI links were left out of the public report, and that the conflict "was handled simply by purging any reference to BCCI and Barcella's associates from the final report."[^22] In 2005 Parry wrote that Barcella told him he did not believe his work for BCCI created a conflict of interest, and that the Senate report said Barcella worked directly with Laxalt on the BCCI account.[^15] Parry also wrote that Henry Hyde denounced the allegations as a "myth" in a House special order on February 3, 1993.[^22]
+Parry wrote in 1996 that Barcella and Hamilton pressed Dymally to withdraw a dissent. According to sources who saw it, the dissent argued that "just because phones ring and planes fly doesn't mean that someone is there to answer the phone or is on the plane."[^24] In the same article Parry wrote that Barcella and his law firm had earned more than $2 million from BCCI, that the Laxalt and BCCI links were left out of the public report, and that the conflict "was handled simply by purging any reference to BCCI and Barcella's associates from the final report."[^24] In 2005 Parry wrote that Barcella told him he did not believe his work for BCCI created a conflict of interest, and that the Senate report said Barcella worked directly with Laxalt on the BCCI account.[^17] Parry also wrote that Henry Hyde denounced the allegations as a "myth" in a House special order on February 3, 1993.[^24]
 ### Later career (1993 to 2010)
-The alumni magazine of Dartmouth published a cover profile in March 1993 that listed Barcella as a partner of Katten, Muchin, Zavis & Dombroff. The profile described his private clients as including BCCI and Reagan's former press secretary, who was charged with ethics violations.[^23] Parry reported that the Clinton administration considered Barcella "at the top of the list" for under-secretary of the Treasury for law enforcement, and that others in the administration opposed the appointment.[^24]
+The alumni magazine of Dartmouth published a cover profile in March 1993 that listed Barcella as a partner of Katten, Muchin, Zavis & Dombroff. The profile described his private clients as including BCCI and Reagan's former press secretary, who was charged with ethics violations.[^25] Parry reported that the Clinton administration considered Barcella "at the top of the list" for under-secretary of the Treasury for law enforcement, and that others in the administration opposed the appointment.[^26]
 At his death he was a partner in the Washington office of [[Paul Hastings]], Janofsky and Walker, where he specialized in cases involving bribery, political corruption, fraud and government contract violations.[^2]
 ### Dispute with Parry
-In an e-mail to Parry in 2010, Barcella wrote: "You're no longer merely cherry-picking facts and misrepresenting events, but flat out lying." He wrote that he would not go "line by line" through Parry's work.[^20]
+In an e-mail to Parry in 2010, Barcella wrote: "You're no longer merely cherry-picking facts and misrepresenting events, but flat out lying." He wrote that he would not go "line by line" through Parry's work.[^22]
 ### Death
@ -188,15 +190,17 @@ Barcella died of bladder cancer on November 4, 2010, at a hospital near his home
 [^10]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Journal of the House*, February 5, 1992, pp. T 9.18 to T 9.19 (H. Res. 258 agreed to, 247 yeas, 158 nays). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/HJOURNAL-1992/pdf/HJOURNAL-1992-02-05-para9-18.pdf
 [^11]: Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980, *Rules of the Task Force*, adopted March 11, 1992 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), Rule 9. https://archive.org/details/RulesOfTheOctoberSurpriseTaskForce
 [^12]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force, *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, H. Rept. 102-1102, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, transmittal letter dated January 3, 1993 (Part I, sections "Task Force Organization and Structure" and "Staff"; Task Force Members; the October Surprise Group discussion in the chapter on Reagan campaign activities). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
-[^13]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (H. Res. 585, "Providing for completion of activities of Task Force to investigate certain allegations concerning holding of Americans as hostages in Iran in 1980"; text of the resolution and floor statements of Representative Beilenson and another member speaking for it). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm
+[^13]: Graham Exhibit 1 and deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
-[^14]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010 (article on the task force report's cover letter). https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html Sole source for the Dymally, Barnes and Hamilton statements as reported by Parry.
+[^14]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 2, p. 51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=75).
-[^15]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html Sole source for the trap door memo, the Ledeen and October Surprise Group claims, and the Laxalt account, as reported by Parry.
+[^15]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (H. Res. 585, "Providing for completion of activities of Task Force to investigate certain allegations concerning holding of Americans as hostages in Iran in 1980"; text of the resolution and floor statements of Representative Beilenson and another member speaking for it). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm
-[^16]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the extension request and the Hamilton response as reported by Parry.
+[^16]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010 (article on the task force report's cover letter). https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html Sole source for the Dymally, Barnes and Hamilton statements as reported by Parry.
-[^17]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Barcella and Hamilton statements, the Stepashin identification and the January 11, 1993 transmittal as reported by Parry.
+[^17]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html Sole source for the trap door memo, the Ledeen and October Surprise Group claims, and the Laxalt account, as reported by Parry.
-[^18]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde," *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Sole source for the quoted phrase "should put the controversy to rest once and for all" attributed to the op-ed and for the addendum account of the extension and the declassification remark. Hamilton, Lee H., "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993, Section 4, p. 17. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html
+[^18]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the extension request and the Hamilton response as reported by Parry.
-[^19]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry.
+[^19]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Barcella and Hamilton statements, the Stepashin identification and the January 11, 1993 transmittal as reported by Parry.
-[^20]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton and Barcella statements about the Russian report and the e-mail quoted. Request date and transmittal per the Parry translation page, https://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russianreport1980.html
+[^20]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde," *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Sole source for the quoted phrase "should put the controversy to rest once and for all" attributed to the op-ed and for the addendum account of the extension and the declassification remark. Hamilton, Lee H., "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993, Section 4, p. 17. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html
-[^21]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files: The Ladies' Room Secrets," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile2.html Sole source for the memo quotation as reported by Parry.
+[^21]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry.
-[^22]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html Sole source for the Dymally dissent, the BCCI and Laxalt omissions, and the Hyde special order as reported by Parry.
+[^22]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton and Barcella statements about the Russian report and the e-mail quoted. Request date and transmittal per the Parry translation page, https://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russianreport1980.html
-[^23]: "Lawrence Barcella '67," cover story, *Dartmouth Alumni Magazine*, March 1993. https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1993/3/1/lawrence-barcella-67
+[^23]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files: The Ladies' Room Secrets," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile2.html Sole source for the memo quotation as reported by Parry.
-[^24]: Parry, Robert. "Clinton & a BCCI Lawyer," *Consortium News* (undated archive article, 1993). https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story3.html Sole source for the Treasury consideration as reported by Parry.
+[^24]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html Sole source for the Dymally dissent, the BCCI and Laxalt omissions, and the Hyde special order as reported by Parry.
 [^25]: "Lawrence Barcella '67," cover story, *Dartmouth Alumni Magazine*, March 1993. https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1993/3/1/lawrence-barcella-67
 [^26]: Parry, Robert. "Clinton & a BCCI Lawyer," *Consortium News* (undated archive article, 1993). https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story3.html Sole source for the Treasury consideration as reported by Parry.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Earl
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Earl
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
  - Earl Brian
  - Earl W. Brian
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-08
 category: "Business & Finance"
 tags:
  - KeyFigure
@ -28,43 +28,47 @@ Brian's relationship with Meese predated their time in state government. Both me
 Brian became the central figure in [[INSLAW]]'s allegation that the [[Department of Justice]] stole the [[PROMIS]] software and distributed it internationally in exchange for political favors. [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]], INSLAW's owners, alleged that Brian had spearheaded a plan for worldwide exploitation of PROMIS after acquiring it, through DOJ contracting officer [[Peter Videnieks]], with the intent to both raise off-the-books funds for covert government operations and to benefit Hadron, which stood to acquire INSLAW's client base if the company were driven into bankruptcy.[^1]
-The scale of the alleged scheme: $6 million worth of software stolen from the Hamiltons was allegedly sold by the DOJ through Brian for use in covert operations.[^3]
+The scale of the alleged scheme: $6 million worth of software stolen from the Hamiltons was allegedly sold by the DOJ through Brian for use in covert operations.[^2]
-[[Michael Riconosciuto]] claimed in a March 1991 affidavit that Brian made a copy of the PROMIS software available to him at the [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]]-[[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]] joint venture in Indio, California, after acquiring it from Videnieks. Riconosciuto stated he subsequently modified PROMIS for global implementation in law enforcement and intelligence agencies, including specific adaptations for Canada's [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP) and [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] (CSIS), and that it was his understanding Brian had sold the modified version to the Canadian government.[^3]
+[[Michael Riconosciuto]] claimed in a March 1991 affidavit that Brian made a copy of the PROMIS software available to him at the [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]]-[[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]] joint venture in Indio, California, after acquiring it from Videnieks. Riconosciuto stated he subsequently modified PROMIS for global implementation in law enforcement and intelligence agencies, including specific adaptations for Canada's [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP) and [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] (CSIS), and that it was his understanding Brian had sold the modified version to the Canadian government.[^2]
 [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], in affidavits submitted to the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] in 1991, alleged that Brian brought PROMIS versions to [[Israel]], and that Brian received several million dollars for selling enhanced PROMIS to Israeli intelligence and to the Singapore Armed Forces. Ben-Menashe also stated that Brian sold public-domain versions of PROMIS to [[Iraq]] and [[Jordan]].[^1]
 In the first of his two affidavits in the bankruptcy court, dated February 17, 1991, Ben-Menashe said that [[Carlos Cardoen]] told him in January 1989 that Cardoen had brokered a deal between Brian and an Iraqi military intelligence representative for the use of PROMIS.[^3] A *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* report of February 19, 1991 says the sale was consummated in Santiago, Chile, at the headquarters of Cardoen's company, [[Industrias Cardoen]]. Brian called the allegations "nonsense," said he had never been to Santiago or Tel Aviv and did not know of Cardoen or Ben-Menashe, and said he had acquired the property rights to the software and sold it to Israel in 1987.[^4]
 The House Judiciary Committee's September 1992 report (House Report 102-857) described Brian's alleged role as "intriguing...but without the requisite degree of causation," raising concerns while stopping short of the direct evidentiary finding it reached regarding DOJ's treatment of INSLAW. The committee found that Brian and Meese's long association, Meese's wife's stock purchase, and Brian's position to profit from INSLAW's destruction constituted circumstantial grounds for concern.[^1]
 ### Hadron and the DOJ Connection
-Brian owned Hadron at the time of Riconosciuto's 1992 drug trial in Tacoma, Washington. During that trial, Peter Videnieks testified about his contact with PROMIS software but denied ever hearing of the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture or meeting Brian. When pressed about his familiarity with Hadron and its ownership, Videnieks was evasive; he acknowledged knowing Hadron existed but declined to elaborate on any connection to Brian.[^3]
+Brian owned Hadron at the time of Riconosciuto's 1992 drug trial in Tacoma, Washington. During that trial, Peter Videnieks testified about his contact with PROMIS software but denied ever hearing of the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture or meeting Brian. When pressed about his familiarity with Hadron and its ownership, Videnieks was evasive; he acknowledged knowing Hadron existed but declined to elaborate on any connection to Brian.[^2]
-The Bua Report investigation surfaced a reference to "[[Project Eagle]]," a multi-million dollar DOJ technology modernization initiative, in connection with Brian. Jensen denied any involvement in awarding Project Eagle contracts. The Report noted that the project's Request for Proposals was issued in May 1986 - while Jensen was still at DOJ - though Jensen was appointed to the bench the following month.[^2]
+The Bua Report investigation surfaced a reference to "[[Project Eagle]]," a multi-million dollar DOJ technology modernization initiative, in connection with Brian. Jensen denied any involvement in awarding Project Eagle contracts. The Report noted that the project's Request for Proposals was issued in May 1986 - while Jensen was still at DOJ - though Jensen was appointed to the bench the following month.[^5]
 ### October Surprise Allegations
-Riconosciuto further claimed that he and Brian traveled to Iran in 1980 and paid $40 million to Iranian officials to persuade them not to release the U.S. hostages before Reagan's inauguration - an allegation that would link Brian directly to the [[October Surprise]] conspiracy. This claim created what Riconosciuto described as a "domino effect" in Washington and generated additional investigations and media attention.[^3]
+Riconosciuto further claimed that he and Brian traveled to Iran in 1980 and paid $40 million to Iranian officials to persuade them not to release the U.S. hostages before Reagan's inauguration - an allegation that would link Brian directly to the [[October Surprise]] conspiracy. This claim created what Riconosciuto described as a "domino effect" in Washington and generated additional investigations and media attention.[^2]
-The Bua Report found no credible evidence to support the Iran trip allegation. Evidence placed Brian in New York at the time of the alleged journey. The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations had separately found "no proof" of any connection between Brian or Hadron and DOJ with regard to the INSLAW contract as early as September 1989.[^2][^4] Brian gave a closed deposition on July 28, 1992, to the Senate Foreign Relations special counsel investigating the October Surprise allegations, Reid H. Weingarten, on the same day as Judge [[Laurence Silberman]], and the counsel's report of November 1992 reproduced his passports among its exhibits.[^8]
+The Bua Report found no credible evidence to support the Iran trip allegation. Evidence placed Brian in New York at the time of the alleged journey. The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations had separately found "no proof" of any connection between Brian or Hadron and DOJ with regard to the INSLAW contract as early as September 1989.[^5][^6] Brian gave a closed deposition on July 28, 1992, to the Senate Foreign Relations special counsel investigating the October Surprise allegations, Reid H. Weingarten, on the same day as Judge [[Laurence Silberman]], and the counsel's report of November 1992 reproduced his passports among its exhibits.[^7]
 ### Official Findings
-Both Brian and Videnieks categorically denied ever meeting one another or meeting Riconosciuto, denied having visited Indio, California, and denied any involvement in the alleged PROMIS distribution. The Bua Report found both men to be credible witnesses and concluded there was "overwhelming" evidence of no connection between Brian and anything related to INSLAW or PROMIS. Bua found Riconosciuto's account a "tale of total fiction woven against the background of accurate historical facts" and Ben-Menashe's affidavits contradicted by his own subsequent testimony to Bua investigators.[^2]
+Both Brian and Videnieks categorically denied ever meeting one another or meeting Riconosciuto, denied having visited Indio, California, and denied any involvement in the alleged PROMIS distribution. The Bua Report found both men to be credible witnesses and concluded there was "overwhelming" evidence of no connection between Brian and anything related to INSLAW or PROMIS. Bua found Riconosciuto's account a "tale of total fiction woven against the background of accurate historical facts" and Ben-Menashe's affidavits contradicted by his own subsequent testimony to Bua investigators.[^5]
-Brian was never charged with any crime in connection with the PROMIS affair. His libel suit against [[Elliot Richardson]] over the former attorney general's [[New York Times]] article of October 21, 1991, "A High-Tech Watergate," which accused him of taking part in an illegal conspiracy, was dismissed; the New York Court of Appeals held on November 29, 1995, that because Richardson had disclosed at the outset that he was INSLAW's own lawyer, because the article's "predominant tone" was "rife with rumor, speculation and seemingly tenuous inferences," and because its purpose was to call for an independent investigation, "a reasonable reader would understand the statements... as mere allegations to be investigated rather than as facts."[^5]
+Brian was never charged with any crime in connection with the PROMIS affair. His libel suit against [[Elliot Richardson]] over the former attorney general's [[New York Times]] article of October 21, 1991, "A High-Tech Watergate," which accused him of taking part in an illegal conspiracy, was dismissed; the New York Court of Appeals held on November 29, 1995, that because Richardson had disclosed at the outset that he was INSLAW's own lawyer, because the article's "predominant tone" was "rife with rumor, speculation and seemingly tenuous inferences," and because its purpose was to call for an independent investigation, "a reasonable reader would understand the statements... as mere allegations to be investigated rather than as facts."[^8]
 ### Financial News Network and UPI
-In July 1993 the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] charged Brian and three others with fraudulently inflating the revenue and earnings of the [[Financial News Network]], the [[Los Angeles]] cable channel controlled with [[United Press International]] by his holding company Infotechnology, Inc.; he settled without admitting or denying the charges and consented to a permanent injunction. A federal grand jury in the Central District of California returned a 24-count indictment in June 1994, unsealed on September 5, 1995, charging Brian, then Infotechnology's chairman, and its chief operating officer John F. Berentson with lying to obtain 56 million dollars in loans from Security Pacific and Toronto-Dominion in 1989 by falsifying FNN's books through fictitious equipment leases and inter-company billings; FNN's chief financial officer C. Steven Bolen and Gary A. Prince pleaded guilty and cooperated. FNN, which lost 72.4 million dollars in fiscal 1990, and UPI, whose management rights Infotechnology had bought in February 1988, both entered Chapter 11 in 1991. On October 17, 1996, after a four-month trial in Los Angeles, a jury convicted Brian on ten counts including conspiracy and bank and securities fraud, deadlocking on the rest; he was ordered to report to prison on August 18 of the following year to serve a term reported as four and a half years, and appealed. On October 3, 2000, he moved to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 in the Central District of California; the motion, assigned to Judge Ronald S. W. Lew, was closed on February 22, 2001.[^7] Hadron continued as a public company, was renamed Analex Corporation in 2002 and ceased reporting in 2007.[^6]
+In July 1993 the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] charged Brian and three others with fraudulently inflating the revenue and earnings of the [[Financial News Network]], the [[Los Angeles]] cable channel controlled with [[United Press International]] by his holding company Infotechnology, Inc.; he settled without admitting or denying the charges and consented to a permanent injunction. A federal grand jury in the Central District of California returned a 24-count indictment in June 1994, unsealed on September 5, 1995, charging Brian, then Infotechnology's chairman, and its chief operating officer John F. Berentson with lying to obtain 56 million dollars in loans from Security Pacific and Toronto-Dominion in 1989 by falsifying FNN's books through fictitious equipment leases and inter-company billings; FNN's chief financial officer C. Steven Bolen and Gary A. Prince pleaded guilty and cooperated. FNN, which lost 72.4 million dollars in fiscal 1990, and UPI, whose management rights Infotechnology had bought in February 1988, both entered Chapter 11 in 1991. On October 17, 1996, after a four-month trial in Los Angeles, a jury convicted Brian on ten counts including conspiracy and bank and securities fraud, deadlocking on the rest; he was ordered to report to prison on August 18 of the following year to serve a term reported as four and a half years, and appealed. On October 3, 2000, he moved to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 in the Central District of California; the motion, assigned to Judge Ronald S. W. Lew, was closed on February 22, 2001.[^9] Hadron continued as a public company, was renamed Analex Corporation in 2002 and ceased reporting in 2007.[^10]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
-[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
+[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
-[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
+[^3]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74.
-[^4]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. *The Inslaw Affair.* September 1989.
+[^4]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the contents as reported there.
-[^5]: *Brian v. Richardson,* 87 N.Y.2d 46, 660 N.E.2d 1126 (N.Y. 1995). https://www.law.cornell.edu/nyctap/I95_0246.htm
+[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
-[^6]: "Former UPI execs charged with fraud," United Press International, September 6, 1995. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/09/06/Former-UPI-execs-charged-with-fraud/3824810360000/ ; Gersh, Debra, "SEC Accuses Former UPI Chief of Fraud," *Editor & Publisher,* July 10, 1993 (headline and date only); Fricker, Richard L., "Earl Brian: Reagan's 'Scandal Man' Off to Jail," *The Consortium,* 1997. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile11.html ; Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR filing history for Hadron, Inc., CIK 0000044800. Fricker gives the reporting date as "Aug. 18" without a year.
+[^6]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. *The Inslaw Affair.* September 1989.
-[^7]: *Earl W. Brian v. United States,* No. 2:00-cv-10607 (C.D. Cal.), docket and Federal Judicial Center Integrated Database record, CourtListener. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/11266534/earl-w-brian-v-united-states/ The disposition of the motion is recorded only as "Other".
+[^7]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, pp. v, 17 and appendix 22, "Earl Brian Passports," p. 287. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829
-[^8]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, pp. v, 17 and appendix 22, "Earl Brian Passports," p. 287. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829
+[^8]: *Brian v. Richardson,* 87 N.Y.2d 46, 660 N.E.2d 1126 (N.Y. 1995). https://www.law.cornell.edu/nyctap/I95_0246.htm
 [^9]: *Earl W. Brian v. United States,* No. 2:00-cv-10607 (C.D. Cal.), docket and Federal Judicial Center Integrated Database record, CourtListener. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/11266534/earl-w-brian-v-united-states/ The disposition of the motion is recorded only as "Other".
 [^10]: "Former UPI execs charged with fraud," United Press International, September 6, 1995. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/09/06/Former-UPI-execs-charged-with-fraud/3824810360000/ ; Gersh, Debra, "SEC Accuses Former UPI Chief of Fraud," *Editor & Publisher,* July 10, 1993 (headline and date only); Fricker, Richard L., "Earl Brian: Reagan's 'Scandal Man' Off to Jail," *The Consortium,* 1997. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile11.html ; Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR filing history for Hadron, Inc., CIK 0000044800. Fricker gives the reporting date as "Aug. 18" without a year.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Norman
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Norman
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
 ---
 aliases:
  - Norman Antokol
  - Phillip Norman Antokol
  - N. Antokol
  - Antokol
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
  - Person
  - NormanAntokol
  - Counterterrorism
  - HostageNegotiation
  - ForeignService
  - MayerNudell
 summary: "State Department officer listed in the counterterrorism office in 1984 and 1985, later deputy coordinator of the Foreign Service Institute Political Training Division, co-author with Mayer Nudell of two books."
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[State Department]]"
    role: "foreign service officer"
    fn: 1
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Office for Combatting Terrorism]]"
    start: 1984-01
    end: 1985-01
    role: "International Relations Officer for Europe and Africa, office symbol M/CT"
    fn: 1
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Foreign Service Institute]]"
    start: 1988-10
    role: "Professional Studies, later deputy coordinator of the Political Training Division"
    fn: 3
 ---
 Norman Antokol is an officer of the [[State Department]] who was listed in the department's counterterrorism office in 1984 and 1985, transferred from [[Barbados]] to the [[Foreign Service Institute]] in 1988, and co-wrote two books with [[Mayer Nudell]].
 ### State Department career
 The department's telephone directory for January 1984 lists "Norman Antokol" as International Relations Officer for Europe and Africa under the Assistant Coordinator for Security Policies and Programs, with Mayer Nudell listed for Near East and South Asia. The January 1985 directory lists "Antokol; Norman" under the office symbol M/CT.[^1] The department's magazine [[State (magazine)|State]] reports that Antokol, Nudell, [[John Coffman]] and Deven McConnell took part in a hostage negotiation seminar taught by an [[FBI Academy]] instructor on November 9 to 11.[^2]
 The October 1988 issue of State lists, under transfers, "Antokol, Phillip Norman, Barbados to Foreign Service Institute, Professional Studies." A notice in the same volume on the institute's Political Training Division names Norman Antokol as its deputy coordinator and as co-author of a book titled Emergency Planning and Crisis Management, and reports a talk by Antokol on "Terrorism and the Media" to a class on terrorism in late September.[^3] A 1990 notice in State calls him "Political training deputy director."[^4]
 ### Writings
 He is first author of No One a Neutral: Political Hostage-Taking in the Modern World (Medina, Ohio: [[Alpha Publications of Ohio]], 1990), and second author, after Nudell, of The Handbook for Effective Emergency and Crisis Management ([[Lexington Books]], 1988).[^5] With Nudell he wrote "Negotiating for Life," [[Security Management]] 34 (July 1990), pages 57 to 64 and 66.[^6]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. Department of State, Telephone Directory, January 1984, scan pages 40 and 88, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067603464; Telephone Directory, January 1985, scan page 11, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067603514.
 [^2]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 263-273 (1984), "Office for Combatting Terrorism" column, p. 66, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730094 (scan page 70).
 [^3]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 307-317 (1988), October 1988 issue, "Transfers," p. 41, and Political Training Division notice, p. 47, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076208282 (scan pages 559 and 707). The transfer list gives the name as Phillip Norman Antokol; the notice names Norman Antokol; records found do not state in so many words that they are the same person.
 [^4]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 329-339 (1990), book notice, scan page 28, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730151.
 [^5]: Catalog records (LCCN 87045997; archive.org items handbookforeffec0000nude and nooneneutralpoli0000anto_w1w9).
 [^6]: Stephen W. Di Rito, "Response to Hostage Taking for Medium and Small Size Law Enforcement Agencies" (AFIT/CI thesis, Fall 1992), bibliography, Defense Technical Information Center accession ADA265597, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA265597.pdf.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ralph
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ralph
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
 ---
 aliases:
  - Ralph E. Caudle
  - Ralph Caudle
  - Ralph E. Caudle, Sr.
  - Colonel Ralph E. Caudle
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
  - Person
  - RalphECaudle
  - Wackenhut
  - WATCO
  - NuclearSafeguards
  - DepartmentOfEnergy
  - USAirForce
 summary: "Retired Air Force colonel who headed the Department of Energy Office of Safeguards and Security from 1981 and became president of Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation in 1984."
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[United States Air Force]]"
    end: 1975
    role: "colonel; pilot, flight test engineer and nuclear weapons program officer"
    fn: 2
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Atomic Energy Commission]]"
    role: "Director of Safeguard and Security of Nuclear Weapons, Germantown, Maryland, per his obituary"
    fn: 2
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Department of Energy]]"
    start: 1975
    end: 1984
    role: "Director, Division of Operations, Office of Military Application (1975); head of the Office of Safeguards and Security (1981 to 1984)"
    fn: 1
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]]"
    start: 1984
    end: 1987
    role: "president"
    fn: 1
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Institute of Nuclear Materials Management]]"
    start: 1984
    end: 1986
    role: "chairman of the awards committee (1984 to 1985); nominee for executive committee member at large (1986)"
    fn: 3
 ---
 Ralph E. Caudle, Sr. (January 5, 1927 to October 26, 2007) was a retired United States Air Force colonel who directed the [[Department of Energy]] Office of Safeguards and Security from 1981 and from 1984 was president of [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]], the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] subsidiary at [[Reston, Virginia]].[^1][^2]
 ### Air Force and nuclear weapons program
 His obituary states that he flew 103 missions in F-84 aircraft in the Korean War, was a flight test engineer in the Air Research and Development Command at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base from 1956, taught at the Air University at Maxwell Air Force Base from 1961, and was assigned in 1965 to Sandia Base, Albuquerque, "involved with the nuclear weapons program." After a year as a fighter pilot in the Vietnam War beginning in 1968, the obituary states, he was assigned to the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] as Director of Safeguard and Security of Nuclear Weapons at Germantown, Maryland, followed by a tour at the Pentagon in charge of weapon systems, and he retired from the Air Force in 1975.[^2]
 ### Department of Energy
 The Journal of the [[Institute of Nuclear Materials Management]] reported in 1984 that Caudle joined the Department of Energy in 1975 as Director, Division of Operations, in the Office of Military Application, and in 1981 was promoted to head the Office of Safeguards and Security, with responsibility for protection of nuclear weapons materials and facilities and all Department of Energy classified information.[^1] His obituary states that from 1975 to 1981 he was program director and director of operations for development and production of nuclear weapons, responsible for liaison and testimony to the Office of Management and Budget and Congress on budget requirements, that he was Director of Safeguards and Securities of Nuclear Weapons at the Department of Energy from 1981 to 1984, and that he received a Meritorious Service Silver Medal in 1983 and Senior Executive Service performance awards in 1983 and 1984.[^2]
 ### Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, 1984 to 1987
 The 1984 notice in the Institute's journal states that Caudle had been named president of Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, a newly created subsidiary based at Reston into which the Systems Division, the Advanced Technologies Division, the Security Programs Division and NUSAC, Incorporated, had been merged.[^1] His obituary gives his years as president as 1984 to 1987 and describes the company as providing high-level security systems for nuclear power plants and facilities.[^2] The Wackenhut annual reports for 1985 and 1986 state that the company's Security Programs Division was selected to design the security system of the nuclear device assembly facility at the [[Nevada Test Site]] of the Department of Energy.[^4] The Wackenhut annual report covering 1984 states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut Services, Inc., in 1984 to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at Albuquerque.[^5]
 Caudle was chairman of the Institute's awards committee, writing from the company's Reston address, in 1985 and was among the nominees for member at large of its executive committee in 1986 with the affiliation Wackenhut Corporation.[^3] His obituary states that from 1987 to 1999 he consulted privately for government and private clients on safeguards and security policy.[^2]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1984), "Ralph E. Caudle Heads Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_13/V-13_1.pdf
 [^2]: Obituary of Ralph E. Caudle, Sr., Colonel, USAF (Ret.), Pumphrey Funeral Homes, Rockville, Maryland. https://www.pumphreyfuneralhome.com/obituaries/Ralph-E-Caudle-Sr-COL-USAF-Ret?obId=2465865
 [^3]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 14, no. 1 (1985), awards committee notice with the Reston address; vol. 14, no. 2 (1986), slate of nominees for the executive committee. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_14/V-14_1.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_14/V-14_2.pdf
 [^4]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^5]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, same folder.
--- a/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert
+++ b/PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert
@ -1,19 +1,48 @@
 ---
 aliases:
  - A. Robert Frye
  - A. R. Frye
  - Bob Frye
 category: "Business & Finance"
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
-summary: "Frye met with Michael Riconosciuto and Dr."
+summary: "President of Wackenhut Services, Inc. who signed the April 1981 Wackenhut joint venture with the Cabazon Indian reservation and toured Picatinny Arsenal with John Philip Nichols in May 1981."
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Wackenhut Corporation]]"
    start: 1981
    role: "president, Wackenhut Services, Inc."
    fn: 1
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]"
    start: 1981-04
    end: 1984-10
    role: "signed the April 1981 joint venture agreement for Wackenhut"
    fn: 1
 ---
-[[Robert Frye]] was the Executive Vice President of [[Wackenhut Corporation]] in Indio, [[California]]. He was involved in the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]]/[[Wackenhut Corporation]] Joint Venture, which aimed to develop and manufacture arms on the reservation.[^1]
+A. Robert Frye was president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., a subsidiary of the [[Wackenhut Corporation]], in 1981, and represented the corporation in the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]]/Wackenhut joint venture with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]], the tribal administrator, which aimed to develop and manufacture arms on the reservation.[^1] The writer Cheri Seymour describes him as Executive Vice President of the Wackenhut Corporation in Indio, [[California]].[^2]
-Frye met with [[Michael Riconosciuto]] and [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] at Picatinny Arsenal in May 1981, where Riconosciuto conducted a theoretical blackboard exercise on a Railgun for [[Dr. Harry Fair]]. Frye was present when Dr. Fair commented on Riconosciuto's scientific and technical knowledge, terming him a "potential national resource."[^1]
+The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice states that Frye, then president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., responded for Wackenhut when the Cabazon Security Corporation solicited capability statements from security firms in early 1981; that Frye signed the April 1981 joint venture agreement for Wackenhut and Tribal Chairman [[Arthur Welmas]] signed for the Cabazon Security Corporation; and that the joint venture had no employees at any time and "the only individual employed by Wackenhut was Frye."[^1] The report quotes Frye's account that he first met Riconosciuto on a trip to the Picatinny Arsenal, which Frye placed in May 1981, and states that [[Peter Zokosky]] recalled a second trip in October 1981 on which Frye met Riconosciuto.[^1]
-Frye suffered a heart attack in early April 1983 and was hospitalized. After this, he never traveled to [[California]] to meet with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] or the Cabazons again. [[Wackenhut Corporation]]'s involvement with the Cabazon Joint Venture virtually ceased, and it was formally terminated in October 1984.[^1]
+An inter-office memorandum from A. R. Frye to R. E. Chasen of the "S & S Group," headed "DIV/AREA: WSI" and dated May 25, 1981, reports a trip of May 11 to 22, 1981 to New Jersey, Indiana and Washington, D.C., made with Nichols. It lists three purposes: to explore the manufacture of 120 mm combustible cartridge cases and other armament activities on Cabazon land, to have the joint venture placed on bidders' lists for set-aside contracts, and to contact government agencies about the export of Munitions List items, specifically night vision goggles. The memorandum records visits to the Picatinny Arsenal with Zokosky, a meeting with the Army's R. Scott Westley and [[Dr. Harry Fair]], and a May 13, 1981 meeting with Victor Guadagno of Flinchbaugh Products, a retired colonel of the Arsenal, who said Flinchbaugh would be interested in a joint venture with Cabazon-WSI.[^3]
-[[Robert Chasen]], Executive Vice President of [[Wackenhut Corporation]] in Coral Gables, stated that Frye went behind his back in facilitating the biological warfare technology project at the Indio facility. Chasen believed Frye and [[Dick Wilson]] were "dazzled" with [[Robert Booth Nichols]], despite Chasen's own distrust of Nichols.[^1]
+A letter in the Casolaro papers whose signature is not legible refers to a planned meeting with "Robert Frye, President of Wackenhut Services, Inc." to review a nitrocellulose proposal for NATO and DARPA ammunition, and states that Frye "will be privy to these conversations, as always."[^4] A Cabazon Arms letter of Arthur Welmas to a San Diego firm lists "Bob Frye" and "Dr. Myron Malkin" among the names that follow the signature.[^5]
 [[John Connolly]] wrote in *Spy* in 1992 that [[Eden Pastora]], who had been seen at a test of night-vision goggles at a firing range near the Cabazon reservation with Nichols and a Wackenhut executive, identified that executive, "A. Robert Frye," as "the man from the CIA," and that Pastora later said in a conversation that he did not know Frye.[^6]
 In Cheri Seymour's account, Frye met with [[Michael Riconosciuto]] and Nichols at Picatinny Arsenal in May 1981, where Riconosciuto conducted a theoretical blackboard exercise on a Railgun for Dr. Harry Fair. Frye was present when Dr. Fair commented on Riconosciuto's scientific and technical knowledge, terming him a "potential national resource."[^2]
 Frye suffered a heart attack in early April 1983 and was hospitalized. After this, he never traveled to California to meet with Dr. John Philip Nichols or the Cabazons again. Wackenhut Corporation's involvement with the Cabazon Joint Venture virtually ceased, and it was formally terminated in October 1984.[^2]
 [[Robert Chasen]], Executive Vice President of Wackenhut Corporation in Coral Gables, stated that Frye went behind his back in facilitating the biological warfare technology project at the Indio facility. Chasen believed Frye and [[Dick Wilson]] were "dazzled" with [[Robert Booth Nichols]], despite Chasen's own distrust of Nichols.[^2]
 ---
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^1]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 58 and footnotes 32 and 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
 [^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
 [^3]: A. R. Frye, inter-office memorandum to R. E. Chasen (the scan text prints "Crasen"), S & S Group, "Trip Report (May 11-22, 1981)," May 25, 1981 (the scan text prints the year as "1531"; the trip dates and the Bua report place it in 1981), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^4]: Undated letter to Patrick Moriarty, Pyrotronics Corp./Red Devil/Wildcat, headed "CSC/WSI Joint Venture," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence."
 [^5]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 (year not printed) to La France Specialties, San Diego, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence."
 [^6]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Pastora identification and the retraction. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Augusto
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ tags:
 summary: "Chilean Army commander who led the September 11, 1973 coup against Salvador Allende and ruled Chile until 1990, with the Letelier assassination and Operation Condor documented in declassified US records."
 location: "Valparaiso, Chile"
 created: 2026-05-14
-updated: 2026-10-07
+updated: 2026-10-08
 born: 1915-11-25
 died: 2006-12-10
 relations:
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ In April 2016 the then German Foreign Minister, [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]], sta
 ### Carlos Cardoen and Iraq
-[[Carlos Cardoen]], a Chilean arms manufacturer who returned to Santiago after the 1973 coup to work for the government-owned [[Chilean Mining Corporation]], is described by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] as selling cluster bombs to [[Iraq]] by 1985 with the help of individuals connected to the CIA, and as having been charged in Miami in April 1992 by the US Customs Service.[^16] [[Alan Friedman]] reports that Cardoen's plant at [[Iquique]] produced about a thousand cluster bombs a month, with a first shipment worth 21 million dollars reaching Iraq early in 1984 during the [[Iran-Iraq War]]; a former CIA contractor described Cardoen to Friedman as "an all-purpose asset, designed to be one of those offshore stockpilers of military equipment who could be used by the CIA to ship arms to the Afghan rebels, to the boys in Angola, or anywhere the U.S. needed some help." The White House said in July 1991 that there "never were any sales, overt or covert, to Iraq or Iran through a third country." The British journalist [[Jonathan Moyle]], who was inquiring into Cardoen's helicopter project, was found dead in a Santiago hotel on March 31, 1990.[^17]
+[[Carlos Cardoen]], a Chilean arms manufacturer who returned to Santiago after the 1973 coup to work for the government-owned [[Chilean Mining Corporation]], is described by [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] as selling cluster bombs to [[Iraq]] by 1985 with the help of individuals connected to the CIA, and as having been charged in Miami in April 1992 by the US Customs Service.[^16] A federal grand jury in the Southern District of Florida returned a twenty-one count indictment against Cardoen and [[Industrias Cardoen]] on May 26, 1993.[^23] [[Alan Friedman]] reports that Cardoen's plant at [[Iquique]] produced about a thousand cluster bombs a month, with a first shipment worth 21 million dollars reaching Iraq early in 1984 during the [[Iran-Iraq War]]; a former CIA contractor described Cardoen to Friedman as "an all-purpose asset, designed to be one of those offshore stockpilers of military equipment who could be used by the CIA to ship arms to the Afghan rebels, to the boys in Angola, or anywhere the U.S. needed some help." The White House said in July 1991 that there "never were any sales, overt or covert, to Iraq or Iran through a third country." The British journalist [[Jonathan Moyle]], who was inquiring into Cardoen's helicopter project, was found dead in a Santiago hotel on March 31, 1990.[^17]
 ### London arrest and the House of Lords
@ -180,3 +180,4 @@ On August 24, 2004, the [[Supreme Court of Argentina]] upheld the life sentence
 [^20]: United States Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, minority staff, "Money Laundering and Foreign Corruption: Enforcement and Effectiveness of the Patriot Act, Case Study Involving Riggs Bank" (report released with the July 15, 2004 hearing), Finding 1 (p. 7) and Section B (p. 18). https://archive.org/details/SenateSubcommitteeReportOnMoneyLaunderingAndRiggsBank
 [^21]: National Security Archive, "The Pinochet Regime at 50: The Assassination of General Carlos Prats and Sofía Cuthbert," Electronic Briefing Book, Peter Kornbluh, October 1, 2024, narrative and CIA and DINA documents. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2024-10-01/pinochet-regime-50-assassination-general-carlos-prats-and-sofia
 [^22]: Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nacion (Argentina), *Arancibia Clavel, Enrique Lautaro s/ homicidio calificado y asociacion ilicita y otros*, recurso de hecho, Buenos Aires, August 24, 2004. https://www.cancilleria.gob.ar/userfiles/ut/fallo_arancibia_clavel_2004_01.pdf
 [^23]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), No. 93-241-CR, https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Dr.
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Dr.
@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 category: "Criminals & Offenders"
 aliases:
  - "John Philip Nichols"
  - "Dr. John Nichols"
  - "John P. Nichols"
 tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eden
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eden
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ relations:
    start: 1983
    end: 1987
    role: "rent-free house in Costa Rica, two pickup trucks, cash"
-    fn: 10
+    fn: 14
  - type: funded
    with: "[[George Morales]]"
    reverse: true
@ -66,19 +66,21 @@ Pastora formed the Sandino Revolutionary Front (FRS) in early 1982 and allied it
 By September 1984 the CIA recorded [[Marcos Aguado]] as Chief of Air Operations for the FRS and ARDE and as Pastora's personal pilot. A December 1984 cable reported that Pastora had designated Aguado "one of his 18 commandantes, to be in charge of air operations and logistics at Ilopango," and said that Aguado "may very well be actively participating in alleged narcotics activities . . . or at least aware of such activities." In July 1987 Aguado asked, through [[Octaviano Cesar]], to give the CIA information tying Pastora to "past drug trafficking"; the station declined to meet him on counterintelligence grounds and passed the matter to the local DEA office.[^7] The Senate subcommittee called Aguado "Eden Pastora's air force chief." In an October 31, 1987 deposition in San José, Aguado said that traffickers "took advantage of the anti-Communist sentiment which existed in Central America" and "undoubtedly used it for drug trafficking."[^8][^9]
 In March 1986 retired Army major general [[John Singlaub]] travelled to [[Costa Rica]], met Pastora and negotiated an agreement with him, purportedly on behalf of the United States. The Independent Counsel's report states that word of the agreement briefly gave Pastora the advantage in the competition among the Newly Aligned Commanders for resupply; [[Alan Fiers]] cabled that Singlaub's actions did not reflect a new posture toward Pastora and that all United States support would come through UNO.[^10] A *Miami Herald* clipping places the announcement in Costa Rica: Singlaub said he had come to persuade Pastora to visit Washington and that United States officials wanted Pastora to play a role like that of Charles de Gaulle in the French resistance.[^11] [[Adolfo Calero]] testified that people in Washington were upset about Singlaub's involvement and that the FDN ended by sending Pastora nothing.[^12] In May 1986 Singlaub travelled to the Far East to solicit funds after asking [[Elliott Abrams]] how the United States would send a "signal"; Abrams told him to stop the plan.[^13]
 ### Morales
-In October 1984 the CIA began receiving reports that Pastora's associates had agreed to help the Miami-based trafficker Jorge Morales bring drugs into the United States in return for material and financial help. The State Department's July 1986 report to Congress said a senior member of the FRS agreed late in 1984 that FRS pilots would fly narcotics from South America to sites in Costa Rica and Nicaragua; Morales gave the FRS a C-47 and two crated helicopters and about $100,000.[^2] A November 1984 cable reported that Pastora, Adolfo "Popo" Chamorro and Roberto Chamorro were traveling to Miami to meet Morales, that Morales had transferred about $30,000 to an ARDE account, and that two ARDE pilots, including Gerardo Duran, were there for a flight for Morales. A December 1984 cable said Pastora met Morales and did not like his "pressuring him to immediately meet [Pastora's] end of their arrangement, which is providing pilots and operational facilities in Costa Rica for Morales' drug operations." The CIA disseminated this to thirteen senior government officials in a December 1984 sensitive memorandum and briefed the DEA and the U.S. Attorney's office in Miami on December 6; its representatives told the House intelligence committee in January 1985 that members of Pastora's organization had agreed, "either with Pastora's direct knowledge or tacit approval," to supply pilots and landing strips to a Miami-based Colombian drug dealer.[^1] Pastora told the Inspector General that he did not know Morales was a trafficker until October 1984, ended the arrangement in January 1985 when he realized the political cost, and returned the planes; Popo Chamorro said Pastora learned of it only after the October meetings and his own December meeting with Morales; Pastora said Morales also gave him about $40,000, and he listed about $20,000 from a Cuban, about $40,000 and two helicopters from Leo Fernandez, and about $25,000 from [[Manuel Noriega]].[^1][^10] Morales testified to the Kerry subcommittee that he hoped helping the Contras would get his indictment dropped because of their CIA contacts.[^2]
+In October 1984 the CIA began receiving reports that Pastora's associates had agreed to help the Miami-based trafficker Jorge Morales bring drugs into the United States in return for material and financial help. The State Department's July 1986 report to Congress said a senior member of the FRS agreed late in 1984 that FRS pilots would fly narcotics from South America to sites in Costa Rica and Nicaragua; Morales gave the FRS a C-47 and two crated helicopters and about $100,000.[^2] A November 1984 cable reported that Pastora, Adolfo "Popo" Chamorro and Roberto Chamorro were traveling to Miami to meet Morales, that Morales had transferred about $30,000 to an ARDE account, and that two ARDE pilots, including Gerardo Duran, were there for a flight for Morales. A December 1984 cable said Pastora met Morales and did not like his "pressuring him to immediately meet [Pastora's] end of their arrangement, which is providing pilots and operational facilities in Costa Rica for Morales' drug operations." The CIA disseminated this to thirteen senior government officials in a December 1984 sensitive memorandum and briefed the DEA and the U.S. Attorney's office in Miami on December 6; its representatives told the House intelligence committee in January 1985 that members of Pastora's organization had agreed, "either with Pastora's direct knowledge or tacit approval," to supply pilots and landing strips to a Miami-based Colombian drug dealer.[^1] Pastora told the Inspector General that he did not know Morales was a trafficker until October 1984, ended the arrangement in January 1985 when he realized the political cost, and returned the planes; Popo Chamorro said Pastora learned of it only after the October meetings and his own December meeting with Morales; Pastora said Morales also gave him about $40,000, and he listed about $20,000 from a Cuban, about $40,000 and two helicopters from Leo Fernandez, and about $25,000 from [[Manuel Noriega]].[^1][^14] Morales testified to the Kerry subcommittee that he hoped helping the Contras would get his indictment dropped because of their CIA contacts.[^2]
 Further reports followed. A Sandinista radio broadcast in February 1985 said Pastora's associates were building landing strips in Guanacaste for drug flights; an April 1985 cable named Duran and David Mayorga as owners of an air company said to hide cocaine in yucca shipments, with a plane belonging to Pastora and ARDE; a December 1985 cable said a Panamanian with business ties to Noriega, Cesar Rodriguez, was gathering money for Pastora, and in June 1986 the CIA was told Pastora accepted $10,000 from Rodriguez during a trip to Panama; and a January 1986 cable reported that a Costa Rican associate had 200 kilograms of cocaine he wished to use to help finance Pastora's activities. A February 1986 cable asked for an interagency review of the evidence on David Mayorga, one of Pastora's closest advisers, and noted that it "needs to be made available to those still bent on seeing that [Pastora] is given . . . funding"; the Inspector General found no record that the review took place. In March 1986 a CIA station chief wrote that the Southern Front structure was "too badly penetrated by Sandinistas and too many of the players have been associated with narcotics smuggling."[^1] Marcos Aguado, Pastora's pilot and, in Pastora's words, his son-in-law, was among those named by [[Robert Owen]] as involved in trafficking, and Prado told the Kerry subcommittee that the allegations against Pastora's group were a CIA effort to discredit him; the subcommittee could not validate Owen's claims.[^1][^2]
-The CIA's Central American Task Force chief, [[Alan Fiers]], testified to the Iran-Contra committees on August 5, 1987 that "we knew that everybody around Pastora was involved in cocaine. His staff and friends . . . they were drug smugglers or involved in drug smuggling." He told the Senate intelligence committee on July 31, 1987 that the CIA had no knowledge that Pastora was directly involved in the Morales deal but had "a significant body of evidence" that Pastora's people were directly involved in cocaine trafficking to the United States, and said on October 14, 1987, as Pastora planned to return to Nicaragua, "This guy is a cocaine runner. Period. He ran cocaine." In January 1988 he told Senator Bill Bradley that "Pastora had been involved with a Colombian trafficker, but the FDN was clean."[^1][^11] Webb wrote that the CIA station chief [[Joseph Fernandez]] disputed Pastora's claim of a CIA plot, that CIA files showed the agency passed the drug reporting about Pastora to a wide range of officials in contrast to its silence about the FDN and UDN-FARN, and that after an Associated Press story in late 1985 Pastora quit within months.[^3] The CIA's Inspector General recorded that he left ARDE in 1986 and withdrew from the war; the Associated Press reported that he then ran a fishing cooperative in Costa Rica.[^1][^4]
+The CIA's Central American Task Force chief, Alan Fiers, testified to the Iran-Contra committees on August 5, 1987 that "we knew that everybody around Pastora was involved in cocaine. His staff and friends . . . they were drug smugglers or involved in drug smuggling." He told the Senate intelligence committee on July 31, 1987 that the CIA had no knowledge that Pastora was directly involved in the Morales deal but had "a significant body of evidence" that Pastora's people were directly involved in cocaine trafficking to the United States, and said on October 14, 1987, as Pastora planned to return to Nicaragua, "This guy is a cocaine runner. Period. He ran cocaine." In January 1988 he told Senator Bill Bradley that "Pastora had been involved with a Colombian trafficker, but the FDN was clean."[^1][^15] Webb wrote that the CIA station chief [[Joseph Fernandez]] disputed Pastora's claim of a CIA plot, that CIA files showed the agency passed the drug reporting about Pastora to a wide range of officials in contrast to its silence about the FDN and UDN-FARN, and that after an Associated Press story in late 1985 Pastora quit within months.[^3] The CIA's Inspector General recorded that he left ARDE in 1986 and withdrew from the war; the Associated Press reported that he then ran a fishing cooperative in Costa Rica.[^1][^4]
 ### Blandon, Meneses and the California circle
-The Justice Department and CIA inspectors recorded the money [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]] gave him and disagree about its source and meaning. Blandón said he let Pastora live rent-free in a house he owned in Costa Rica from about 1983 or 1984 to 1987, gave him about $9,000 in 1985 or 1986 "for personal use," from his legitimate businesses, and gave him two cars; he told the Justice Department's inspectors that Pastora "didn't want to know" about the source and that he never told him he dealt drugs. Pastora told the Senate intelligence committee on November 26, 1996 that Blandón gave him $3,000 twice between 1985 and 1987 and two pickup trucks, that he met Blandón three or four times, and that he knew nothing of the trafficking until Blandón's 1992 arrest; he told the CIA's inspectors Blandón gave about $6,000 and the housing and that the trucks were worth about $1,500 each. Blandón estimated the total at about $30,000, including the housing. The DEA informant DEA CI-1 told the Inspectors General that Pastora and Adolfo Calero "lied" in congressional hearings in denying they knew Meneses, Blandón and Torres; Pastora testified that he met [[Norwin Meneses]] in 1979 and by chance in Costa Rica around 1988.[^10][^12] An informant told the FBI that Pastora met Blandón in Miami in January 1985 seeking cocaine funds for Contra operations; LA CI-1 told the Inspector General he meant the funds were cocaine money, not that Pastora knew it, and that Blandón, drunk at a Miami party, produced no money. The Rolodex from Blandón's car lot listed a number for Pastora in Costa Rica.[^12][^13][^14] In the January 1987 Operation Perico reports, DEA CI-1 recorded that Blandón's organization had given Pastora weapons until two years earlier, that Pastora lived in a Blandón house, and, separately, that Pastora lived in Meneses's house in Costa Rica and told Meneses he wanted to enter cocaine trafficking to funnel money to the Contras and asked Meneses to find a buyer for a DC-3 at Ilopango, with Aguado as his representative in El Salvador.[^15] Webb wrote that Pastora got money and trucks from Blandón and that the physician Felix Saborio, a Blandón friend, became his Cuban-community liaison in Miami and an ARDE fundraiser; Pastora said of both, "Blandón and Saborio . . . both vanished from my ranks when it became clear that I was not willing to march to the tune of the CIA."[^3]
+The Justice Department and CIA inspectors recorded the money [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]] gave him and disagree about its source and meaning. Blandón said he let Pastora live rent-free in a house he owned in Costa Rica from about 1983 or 1984 to 1987, gave him about $9,000 in 1985 or 1986 "for personal use," from his legitimate businesses, and gave him two cars; he told the Justice Department's inspectors that Pastora "didn't want to know" about the source and that he never told him he dealt drugs. Pastora told the Senate intelligence committee on November 26, 1996 that Blandón gave him $3,000 twice between 1985 and 1987 and two pickup trucks, that he met Blandón three or four times, and that he knew nothing of the trafficking until Blandón's 1992 arrest; he told the CIA's inspectors Blandón gave about $6,000 and the housing and that the trucks were worth about $1,500 each. Blandón estimated the total at about $30,000, including the housing. The DEA informant DEA CI-1 told the Inspectors General that Pastora and Adolfo Calero "lied" in congressional hearings in denying they knew Meneses, Blandón and Torres; Pastora testified that he met [[Norwin Meneses]] in 1979 and by chance in Costa Rica around 1988.[^14][^16] An informant told the FBI that Pastora met Blandón in Miami in January 1985 seeking cocaine funds for Contra operations; LA CI-1 told the Inspector General he meant the funds were cocaine money, not that Pastora knew it, and that Blandón, drunk at a Miami party, produced no money. The Rolodex from Blandón's car lot listed a number for Pastora in Costa Rica.[^16][^17][^18] In the January 1987 Operation Perico reports, DEA CI-1 recorded that Blandón's organization had given Pastora weapons until two years earlier, that Pastora lived in a Blandón house, and, separately, that Pastora lived in Meneses's house in Costa Rica and told Meneses he wanted to enter cocaine trafficking to funnel money to the Contras and asked Meneses to find a buyer for a DC-3 at Ilopango, with Aguado as his representative in El Salvador.[^19] Webb wrote that Pastora got money and trucks from Blandón and that the physician Felix Saborio, a Blandón friend, became his Cuban-community liaison in Miami and an ARDE fundraiser; Pastora said of both, "Blandón and Saborio . . . both vanished from my ranks when it became clear that I was not willing to march to the tune of the CIA."[^3]
-Webb also relayed that Pastora visited Blandón's silk-screen shop in Los Angeles in 1982, where T-shirts with his likeness were printed, and a *San Francisco Chronicle* report in 1994 that he attended a weapons demonstration at a firing range near the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] in 1981, a claim Webb wrote Pastora both confirmed and denied.[^16] Blandón said he arranged a presentation by [[Ronald Lister]] of weapons for Contra leaders including Pastora and Adolfo Chamorro, who showed no interest; a handwritten note seized from Lister's home in 1986 listed the names of several CIA officers working with Pastora's ARDE, Webb wrote.[^3][^10]
+Webb also relayed that Pastora visited Blandón's silk-screen shop in Los Angeles in 1982, where T-shirts with his likeness were printed, and a *San Francisco Chronicle* report in 1994 that he attended a weapons demonstration at a firing range near the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]] in 1981, a claim Webb wrote Pastora both confirmed and denied.[^20] Blandón said he arranged a presentation by [[Ronald Lister]] of weapons for Contra leaders including Pastora and Adolfo Chamorro, who showed no interest; a handwritten note seized from Lister's home in 1986 listed the names of several CIA officers working with Pastora's ARDE, Webb wrote.[^3][^14]
 ### Later years
@ -95,10 +97,14 @@ Webb wrote that Pastora said the CIA had targeted him after he refused to merge
 [^7]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), Marcos Antonio Aguado section of the Southern Front chapter, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html
 [^8]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), pp. 37, 50 to 52, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
 [^9]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy: The Cartel, Haiti and Central America*, Part 3, hearing of April 7, 1988, testimony of Jorge Morales (pp. 297 to 300) and videotaped depositions of October 31, 1987, https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0005. Gary Webb, in Dark Alliance (1998), dates the "CIA agents" statement to 1986 congressional testimony, and his chapter notes give April 7, 1986 and March 27, 1987.
-[^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html
+[^10]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 19 (Fiers), citing DIRECTOR 772442 (March 11, 1986) and DIRECTOR 799822 (March 28, 1986). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_19.htm
-[^11]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (the Kerry report), December 1988, p. 38, quoting the August 5, 1987 testimony of the CIA Central American Task Force chief before the Iran-Contra Committees, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
+[^11]: *Miami Herald* clipping (undated), FBI Vault, "John Singlaub (Final)," p. 8. https://vault.fbi.gov/john-singlaub/john-singlaub-final
-[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm
+[^12]: Deposition of Adolfo Calero, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 3, transcript p. 166 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0235).
-[^13]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm
+[^13]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 3, pp. 69-70 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=93).
-[^14]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section A (sources of the allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p1.htm
+[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html
-[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm
+[^15]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (the Kerry report), December 1988, p. 38, quoting the August 5, 1987 testimony of the CIA Central American Task Force chief before the Iran-Contra Committees, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
-[^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^16]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm
 [^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm
 [^18]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section A (sources of the allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p1.htm
 [^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm
 [^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eugene
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eugene
@ -22,15 +22,16 @@ relations:
    role: "short-form registrant for Lane & Edson, P.C., FARA registration 3286"
    fn: 5
  - type: represented
-    with: "[[Government of Jamaica]]"
+    with: "[[Jamaica]]"
    start: 1989-09
    end: 1990-04
    role: "short-form registrant for CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., FARA registration 4294"
    fn: 7
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Lane and Edson]]"
-    role: "head of trial division (as stated in the 1990 resume packet)"
+    start: 1983
-    fn: 9
+    role: "attorney, later partner and head of the trial division (as stated in the 1990 resume packet); named on the firm letterhead from 1983"
    fn: 12
 ---
 Eugene M. Propper was the assistant [[United States Attorney]] in Washington assigned in September 1976 to the murder of [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt]]. His deputy was [[E. Lawrence Barcella]], and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents were [[Carter Cornick|C. Carter Cornick]] in Washington and [[Robert Scherrer]], the bureau's representative in [[Buenos Aires]].[^1]
@ -49,7 +50,9 @@ With the journalist [[Taylor Branch]] he wrote *Labyrinth* (1982), an account of
 Justice Department registration files list Lane & Edson, P.C., of 2300 M Street NW, Washington, as a registrant under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] from October 8, 1981 to November 8, 1988, with the Republic of Peru as its foreign principal until October 8, 1988; the Attorney General's report lists its services as legal work on the recovery of illegally exported pre-Columbian artifacts and on favorable import legislation or regulations, with finances "None Reported." Propper is a short-form registrant under that registration, with the November 8, 1988 termination date.[^5][^6] Under CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P. (registration 4294) he is a short-form registrant from September 18, 1989 to October 25, 1990; the registration's only foreign principal was the [[Government of Jamaica]], from September 18, 1989 to April 15, 1990, and it reported $25,000.00 received prior to registration.[^7][^8]
-A June 1990 resume packet of the firm describes Propper as co-founder, advising clients on criminal prosecutions, extradition, expulsion and the formulation of statutes and prosecutorial guidelines. It states that he was an assistant United States attorney in Washington from 1972 to 1979 and an attorney in the Criminal Division of the [[United States Department of Justice]] from 1971 to 1972; that he headed the investigation and prosecution of the terrorists who killed Orlando Letelier; that he was instrumental in the prosecution of [[Edwin Wilson]] and [[Frank Terpil]] for selling weapons to Libya; that he was chief prosecutor in the bombing of the United States Capitol and of the offices of a foreign airline in Washington; that he heads the trial division at Lane and Edson; that he is a member of the District of Columbia and Massachusetts bars; and that he holds a bachelor's degree in economics from the [[University of Massachusetts]] and a law degree from the [[University of Minnesota]] Law School.[^9]
+Propper is named among the lawyers on Lane and Edson letterheads printed in congressional hearing records of 1983 and 1984, with [[Frederic J. Truslow]], [[Jack Feder]] and others, and on the firm's letter of February 25, 1985 printed in the record of Senate housing authorization hearings.[^9] The 2009 edition of *The Art of M&A* describes him as a Lane & Edson partner who had contributed substantially to the due diligence chapter of the original 1989 edition, and as then in private practice in McLean, Virginia.[^10] The firm's registration for Peru recorded receipts of $19,778.00, $15,513.00, $37,281.71 and $23,758.89 for the twelve-month periods ending October 8 of 1982 to 1985.[^11]
 A June 1990 resume packet of the firm describes Propper as co-founder, advising clients on criminal prosecutions, extradition, expulsion and the formulation of statutes and prosecutorial guidelines. It states that he was an assistant United States attorney in Washington from 1972 to 1979 and an attorney in the Criminal Division of the [[United States Department of Justice]] from 1971 to 1972; that he headed the investigation and prosecution of the terrorists who killed Orlando Letelier; that he was instrumental in the prosecution of [[Edwin Wilson]] and [[Frank Terpil]] for selling weapons to Libya; that he was chief prosecutor in the bombing of the United States Capitol and of the offices of a foreign airline in Washington; that he heads the trial division at Lane and Edson; that he is a member of the District of Columbia and Massachusetts bars; and that he holds a bachelor's degree in economics from the [[University of Massachusetts]] and a law degree from the [[University of Minnesota]] Law School.[^12]
 ### Footnotes
@ -61,4 +64,7 @@ A June 1990 resume packet of the firm describes Propper as co-founder, advising
 [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice, Report of the Attorney General to the Congress on the Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act, calendar years 1988 to 1991, Peru section, entry "Lane & Edson, P.C., #3286 (T88)," https://www.justice.gov/media/910056/dl?inline.
 [^7]: Same bulk files, registration 4294 (CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P.): short form "Propper, Eugene M.," September 18, 1989, terminated October 25, 1990; foreign principal "Government of Jamaica," September 18, 1989 to April 15, 1990.
 [^8]: U.S. Department of Justice, Report of the Attorney General to the Congress on the Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, for the Calendar Years 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991, Volume 1, Jamaica section, p. 599, https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline.
-[^9]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy dated June 20, 1990, page 141 P07, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
+[^9]: Letterheads of Lane and Edson, P.C., in *Governmental Lease Financing Reform Act* (1983), https://books.google.com/books?id=L63PFff8BXkC, and *Section 8 Rent Adjustments, Elderly Housing, and Other Assisted Housing Issues* (1984), https://books.google.com/books?id=HQwRxaYIvskC; letter of February 25, 1985, Senate Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs, *Housing, Community Development, and Mass Transportation Authorizations, 1986*, https://books.google.com/books?id=pfCKEE1NeD0C.
 [^10]: Stanley F. Reed and Lane & Edson, P.C., *The Art of M&A* (1989), and the 2009 edition, which states that "Lane & Edson Partner Eugene M. Propper (now in private practice in McLean, Virginia) contributed substantially to the due diligence chapter in the original (1989) edition," https://books.google.com/books?id=02XSV9j541EC.
 [^11]: U.S. Department of Justice, Reports of the Attorney General to the Congress on the Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act, calendar years 1982 to 1985, Peru entries for "Lane and Edson, P.C., #3286," https://www.justice.gov/media/910086/dl, https://www.justice.gov/media/910081/dl, https://www.justice.gov/media/910076/dl, https://www.justice.gov/media/910111/dl.
 [^12]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy dated June 20, 1990, page 141 P07, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/John
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/John
@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
 ---
 title: John Singlaub
 aliases:
  - John Singlaub
  - John K. Singlaub
  - Jack Singlaub
  - John Kirk Singlaub
  - Maj. Gen. John K. Singlaub
  - General Singlaub
  - Gen. Singlaub
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 category: "Military"
 tags:
  - Person
  - IranContra
  - Contras
  - GeoMiliTech
  - WorldAntiCommunistLeague
  - OSS
  - MACVSOG
  - SouthKorea
  - Taiwan
  - WesternGoals
 summary: "Retired Army major general, OSS Jedburgh, CIA and MACV-SOG officer, who chaired the World Anti-Communist League and solicited money and arranged arms for the Nicaraguan contras in 1985 and 1986."
 born: 1921-07-10
 died: 2022-01-29
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Office of Strategic Services]]"
    role: "officer; Jedburgh Team JAMES"
    start: 1943
    fn: 4
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
    role: "deputy chief of the CIA mission in Korea"
    start: 1950
    end: 1951
    fn: 5
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[MACV-SOG]]"
    role: "commander"
    start: 1966-05
    end: 1968-08
    fn: 6
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[United States Council for World Freedom]]"
    role: "chairman"
    start: 1981
    fn: 5
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[World Anti-Communist League]]"
    role: "chairman until August 1986"
    start: 1984
    fn: 2
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Western Goals Foundation]]"
    role: "involved"
    fn: 1
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]]"
    role: "consultant"
    start: 1986
    fn: 20
  - type: partner_of
    with: "[[Barbara Studley]]"
    start: 1985
    fn: 18
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Iran-Contra Affair]]"
    start: 1985
    end: 1987
    fn: 15
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Christic Institute]]"
    role: "defendant in the La Penca civil suit"
    start: 1986
    end: 1992
    fn: 1
 ---
 John Kirk Singlaub (July 10, 1921 to January 29, 2022) was a United States Army major general who served in the [[Office of Strategic Services]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the Army, commanded the Studies and Observation Group in the [[Vietnam War]], and after leaving the Army in 1978 chaired the [[United States Council for World Freedom]] and the [[World Anti-Communist League]], raised money for the [[Contras]] of [[Nicaragua]] during the congressional ban on aid, and arranged a 1985 weapons purchase for them, in contact with [[Oliver North]] and [[William J. Casey]].[^1][^2]
 ### Early life and the OSS, 1921-1945
 Singlaub was born on his grandfather's homestead in what is now Independence, California, on July 10, 1921, grew up in the Sherman Oaks district of Los Angeles, and enrolled in the Army ROTC program at the [[UCLA|University of California at Los Angeles]].[^1] He was commissioned a second lieutenant on January 14, 1943, and within ten months was assigned to the Office of Strategic Services; the Army's special operations history office gives November 1943 as the date of his recruitment.[^3][^4] In the summer of 1944 he led a three-man team that parachuted into the mountains of France to organize, train and lead French Resistance fighters; the Army history office names the unit as Jedburgh Team JAMES and gives August 11, 1944 as the date of the jump.[^3][^4] His case officer was William J. Casey, who offered him cyanide pills for use if captured; Singlaub was wounded in the face by sniper fire in a fight with a German garrison.[^1] Asked about Casey in 1986, Singlaub said that Casey "has indicated approval and he has been encouraging" and introduced him to people who needed detailed information.[^2]
 On August 27, 1945, Singlaub led an eight-man OSS team by parachute onto Hainan Island to reach Allied prisoners of war; the Army history office names the operation the PIGEON mission and the prisoners Dutch and Australian, and the Washington Post obituary lists American, Australian and Dutch prisoners.[^1][^4]
 ### China, Manchuria and Korea, 1945-1958
 After the war he remained in China with the Strategic Services Unit, the OSS successor, reporting on the Chinese civil war.[^4] The Washington Post obituary places him at Mukden, in Manchuria, until the city fell to Chinese communist forces in 1948, and states that he headed CIA operations in postwar Manchuria; CBS in 1986 described him as a CIA officer stationed in China in 1949 who watched the country fall.[^1][^2] In 1950 he was an instructor at [[Fort Benning]], where the Army history office says he helped establish the Ranger Training Center.[^4]
 During the [[Korean War]] he was detailed to the CIA to direct operations behind enemy lines and served as deputy chief of the CIA mission in Korea (the New York Times of October 14, 1986 dates the post to 1951) and later as an infantry battalion commander, for which he received the Silver Star.[^1][^2][^5] CBS named his immediate superior as [[Richard G. Stilwell|Richard Stilwell]] and a case officer under him as [[Nestor Sanchez]], later the Pentagon's official in charge of Latin America, and Singlaub told the network that he had friends at the top levels of the CIA, State, the [[National Security Council]] and the [[Department of Defense]].[^2] He attended the Command and General Staff College at [[Fort Leavenworth]] and completed his UCLA degree in political science in 1958.[^1]
 ### Studies and Observation Group, 1966-1968
 Singlaub told FBI agents in 2003 that he served as the general in charge of the Vietnam Special Operations Group for unconventional warfare from May 1966 through August 1968, a joint task force command; the Army history office gives the same years for his command of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, Studies and Observation Group ([[MACV-SOG]]).[^4][^6] CBS identified John Vessey as a colleague who ran missions into [[Laos]] in the same period.[^2] In the 2003 interview he said that there were no sterile firearms on SOG helicopters and that men who later claimed secret SOG missions were "wanna-bes."[^6]
 ### The 1977 Korea recall and retirement
 In May 1977, as chief of staff of United States forces in [[South Korea]], Singlaub told a Washington Post reporter that [[Jimmy Carter]]'s plan to withdraw ground troops would "lead to war"; he later said the interview had been off the record.[^1] He was ordered to Washington, and at a news conference Carter said the general had committed "a very serious breach of the propriety that ought to exist among military officers after a policy has been made."[^1] Singlaub told CBS that Defense Secretary Harold Brown had suggested he say he had been misquoted; CBS reported that Brown denied this.[^2] The withdrawal plan was later dropped.[^3] Singlaub was reassigned as chief of staff of Army Forces Command at Fort McPherson, Georgia, criticized Carter again over the neutron bomb and the B-1A bomber, and, after a speech at Georgia Tech, left the Army in 1978 after 35 years; the New York Times wrote in 1986 that he was asked to resign.[^1][^3] The CBS narration and the October 14, 1986 New York Times article date the Korea episode to 1979.[^2][^5] Senator [[Jesse Helms]] praised him; according to the journalist Peter Dale Scott, [[Ronald Reagan]] took up his cause in syndicated radio broadcasts, and in 1979 and 1980 Singlaub told Guatemala's president, [[Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia]], that Reagan if elected would aid anti-communist efforts in Central America.[^2][^7]
 ### The Council for World Freedom and the League
 Singlaub started the United States Council for World Freedom, which Scott dates to a November 22, 1981 inauguration and which the Internal Revenue Service recognized in 1982 as a tax-exempt educational organization after a pledge that it would not supply matériel or funds to any revolutionary, counterrevolutionary or liberation movement.[^3][^7] CBS reported that [[Ku Cheng-kang]], the League's founder, invited him in 1984 to become its director, and that the governments of [[Taiwan]] and South Korea created the League in 1954; the New York Times gave 1966 as the League's founding year and 1981 as the year Singlaub took over.[^2][^5] Singlaub said he had expelled the Mexican affiliate, the Tecos, and the Latin American Anti-Communist League; the [[Anti-Defamation League]] wrote that substantial progress had been made since 1981 in removing racists and anti-Semites, while the journalists Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, in the book Inside the League, argued that the League continued to harbor fascists, which Singlaub called "absolute nonsense."[^5] He was also involved with the Western Goals Foundation, a domestic intelligence group financed by [[Nelson Bunker Hunt]].[^1]
 The Council worked from a Phoenix office. Its executive director, Joyce Downey, said in 1986 that it had distributed 8,000 "freedom fighter kits" and supplied a helicopter, had raised about $600,000 that year, and had provided $10 million to $25 million in cash and in-kind aid over two years, with aid for the [[FDN]] routed through the New Orleans warehouse of [[Mario Calero]].[^5] A previous executive director, Larry Tifverberg, resigned and said that people called every day "asking for guns, ammunition, everything."[^5] The Internal Revenue Service audited the Council's books.[^5] Singlaub told the Washington Post in March 1986 that "there is nothing illegal about banks sending money to overseas accounts" from which arms could then be bought.[^8] At the League's 1985 conference in Dallas, [[Ellen Garwood]] donated money to refit a medical helicopter (the New York Times gave $65,000 and CBS $67,000), and a letter from Reagan was read to the delegates.[^2][^3] An unnamed Administration source said in October 1986 that groups controlled by Singlaub were behind the cargo plane shot down over Nicaragua; the plane's surviving crewman was [[Eugene Hasenfus]], and Singlaub denied involvement.[^5][^7] Singlaub told CBS: "And outside the country, we organized an effort to raise money to buy arms for them," and Senator [[John Kerry]] told the network that his activities violated the Neutrality Act.[^2]
 ### Solicitations in Taiwan and South Korea, 1984-1985
 On December 4, 1984, North wrote [[Robert McFarlane]] in a memorandum titled "Assistance for the Nicaraguan Resistance," whose second part described Singlaub's efforts to obtain military aid for the contras in South Korea and Taiwan.[^9] On January 28, 1985, CIA officers in South Korea reported to headquarters that Singlaub had asked the governing political party to contribute $2 million to the contras and that the Koreans said some signal from the United States Government endorsing the request would be necessary.[^10] [[Clair George]], the CIA operations director, telephoned North; North's notebook of February 4, 1985 records George saying the South Koreans were "increasingly inclined to contribute $2M" and needed a White House indication, and George also called on February 2 and 5.[^10] [[Alan Fiers]] recalled discussing Singlaub's solicitation of the Koreans with George, the upshot being that North should be called.[^10]
 North's February 6, 1985 memorandum to McFarlane stated that "as a consequence of GEN Singlaub's recent trip, both the Taiwanese and the South Koreans have indicated [to CIA field personnel] that they want to help in a 'big way,'" and that George had withheld dissemination of the offers and contacted North privately.[^10] A second memorandum of the same date from North to McFarlane, on a cable to Honduran President [[Roberto Suazo Cordova]], states that the FDN needed approximately $2 million in near-term financing for rifles, ammunition and boots for new volunteers, notes that Singlaub would see North the next day, and recommends that McFarlane authorize North to proceed as indicated with Singlaub.[^11] The Independent Counsel's report states that North arranged for Singlaub to meet South Korean officials in the United States.[^12] In an October 7, 1985 written response to questions from Representative [[Lee Hamilton]], McFarlane wrote that there was no official or unofficial relationship between the NSC staff and fund raising for the Nicaraguan opposition, "This includes the alleged relationship with General Singlaub"; the Independent Counsel's report lists the response among McFarlane's withholdings of information from Congress.[^9]
 In March 1987 Singlaub told the Washington Post that in late 1984 he had asked two foreign governments for $10 million each, had offered three options (a direct contribution, money for him to buy weapons, or a diversion through an overcharged arms deal), and had discussed the diversion idea with North in early 1985. Informed sources named the two governments as Taiwan and South Korea, and officials of both denied contributing or knowing of any solicitation. Singlaub described a planned Taiwanese purchase of 40 MK 37 torpedoes from [[Israel]] through a Washington consulting company for which he was an unpaid adviser, with Taiwan to pay about $10 million above Israel's price of $72 million to $75 million, and said he left each government an index card with the number of the contras' Panamanian bank account.[^13] An investigator told the Post that Taiwan's contribution came as surplus light arms, with the CIA station chief in Taiwan acting as a facilitator.[^13]
 In May 1986 Singlaub travelled to the Far East again, to countries that the congressional report designates only by number, after telling [[Elliott Abrams]] that he wanted to know how the United States would send a "signal"; Singlaub testified that Abrams said he would send it, Abrams testified that he never agreed to, and Richard Melton, who was present at their conversations, supported Abrams. Before Singlaub met his contact in one country, Abrams told him to stop.[^14]
 ### The 1985 weapons purchase for the FDN
 In March 1985 Singlaub met the FDN military commander, [[Enrique Bermudez]], at FDN base camps, drew up a weapons list (AK-47 rifles, RPG-7 launchers, light machine guns and SA-7 missiles), and took it to North, who made "some additions and subtractions"; later that month Singlaub introduced [[Adolfo Calero]] to a European arms dealer whose AK-47 price Calero described as about half of what the FDN had been paying, a difference the congressional report partly attributes to Singlaub taking no commission.[^15] In early May Calero and Singlaub met [[Richard Secord]] in North's office about SA-7 missiles, and Secord was chosen for them because he would supply training; in mid-May Calero ordered other weapons through Singlaub's dealer. North's notes of May 17, 1985 list a "Singlaub deal" and 10,000 AK-47s and record an unsuccessful effort to dissuade Calero; North attributed to Casey a warning against a five-to-six-million-dollar transaction with a broker suspected of reverse technology transfer to the Eastern Bloc, and the dealer denied this to the committees. The arms arrived in Central America on July 8, 1985, and were the last order Calero placed with any dealer other than Secord.[^15]
 Calero testified in deposition that his three main sources were Ron Martin, Secord and Singlaub, that he felt best with Singlaub and had "blind trust" in him, and that Singlaub told him North had said to stay away because of his high profile. Committee counsel put the first payments for shipments arranged by Singlaub at $2 million on April 26, 1985 and $3.3 million in May.[^16] The Washington Post reported in 1987 that Singlaub helped the contras buy $5.3 million of East Bloc weapons shipped through [[Honduras]].[^13] A letter from the Washington lawyer [[Thomas Green]] to the committees compared the Singlaub and Secord shipments, giving Singlaub's as 348 tons with about $300,000 charged for shipping.[^17] Singlaub testified in 1987 that the delivery went from [[Poland]] to Honduras, that Swiss banks handled the transfers, and that North had cleared the items and given him rules after checking with "someone in the Justice Department," who was not identified.[^18]
 ### Eden Pastora, 1986
 In March 1986 Singlaub travelled to [[Costa Rica]], met [[Eden Pastora]] and negotiated an agreement with him, purportedly on behalf of the United States. The Independent Counsel's report states that word of the agreement briefly gave Pastora the advantage in the competition among the Newly Aligned Commanders; Fiers cabled that Singlaub's actions did not reflect a new posture toward Pastora, and a UNO/FARN commander and two other commanders threatened to march back to the Costa Rican border if the arms they had been promised did not arrive.[^19] A Miami Herald clipping in Singlaub's FBI file reports him announcing in Costa Rica that he had come to persuade Pastora to visit Washington and saying that United States officials wanted Pastora to play a role like that of Charles de Gaulle in the French resistance.[^6] Calero testified that people in Washington were upset about Singlaub's involvement in the Pastora matter, so the FDN sent nothing to Pastora, and that Singlaub had also gone to a meeting with a group of former national guardsmen.[^16]
 ### GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.
 Singlaub signed correspondence as "Consultant" of [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]], the Washington company of [[Barbara Studley]], at 1919 Pennsylvania Avenue NW. Among the exhibits to the deposition of [[Daniel O. Graham]] is a letter on the company's letterhead addressed "Dear Bill" to Casey at the CIA and signed by Singlaub as "Major General, U.S. Army (RET)" and "Consultant," which committee counsel dated to August 1986. It encloses a list of hardware quoted July 28, 1986, including 10,000 AKMS rifles at 185 each, 60 12.7mm machine guns and 20 twin-mount 14.5mm machine guns, and the list is marked "NO EUC REQUIRED." The letter states that the list was developed in conjunction with a member of the NSC, that funds from Congress would not be available until after September, and that a bank in Switzerland would accept a letter of credit from Casey's bank and lend for six to twelve months.[^20] Committee counsel stated in the Graham deposition that [[Robert Schweitzer]], a lieutenant general, was hired by the company in late August or early September 1986, was interviewed by Singlaub, and met North with Singlaub on or about December 2, 1986.[^20]
 A memorandum prepared by Studley, found in North's safe, proposed a "conduit" through which Soviet weapons and technology would be supplied to "Freedom Fighters" without "the consent or awareness of the Department of State or Congress." The congressional report calls it the Singlaub-Studley plan, states that Singlaub presented it to North and Casey in 1985 and that North acknowledged receiving it and dismissed its significance, and quotes [[George Shultz]] saying at the hearings that it was "a piece of junk."[^21] Singlaub told the 1987 hearings that Studley showed him the memorandum and that he thought it a good plan; Senator [[Paul Sarbanes]] called it a "plan to get around the constitutional system," and Singlaub testified that he set up a December 1985 meeting between Casey and Studley.[^18] Graham testified that he arranged a meeting at Langley between Studley and Casey toward the end of 1985, with only the three of them present.[^20]
 A memorandum from Studley to North dated October 30, 1985 reports the questioning of an arms agent identified as "W" about a shipment that left on June 20, 1985, and a visit by a man named Mario Dellamico, described as working for the arms dealer Ron Martin, who offered Martin's arms for the contras and handed over a copy of Studley's packing list; it ends: "General John K. Singlaub has been advised of this information."[^20]
 ### Hearings and the Christic Institute suit
 Singlaub was one of about 30 defendants in the civil suit brought by two journalists injured in the May 30, 1984 La Penca bombing at a press conference held by Pastora in Costa Rica.[^5] An FBI report of an interview in Miami on May 23, 1989, with the interviewee's name withheld, summarizes the amended complaint as accusing Singlaub and others of conspiring to supply money for explosives and arms through businesses including the Orca Supply Company and CSF Investments Ltd., of a December 1984 plan to kill Pastora, and of smuggling cocaine into the United States between September 1983 and the date of the complaint. The report also states that Judge James L. King ordered summary judgment for the defendants on June 23, 1988, finding the plaintiffs' allegations "based upon unsubstantiated rumor and speculation from unidentified sources with no first hand knowledge," and that Singlaub had told Congress he arranged for weapons from an Eastern bloc country to reach the contras through an intermediary, an act the report calls not a violation of the [[Boland Amendment]].[^6] The Washington Post obituary states that the suit, brought by the [[Christic Institute]], was resolved in Singlaub's favor in 1992 and that Singlaub was never the subject of a criminal investigation.[^1] An FBI agent, an assistant United States attorney and a Customs agent interviewed Singlaub on June 12, 1987 at the Miami Airport Marriott; the content is withheld in the released file.[^6]
 [[Robert Gates]] told the Senate intelligence committee on October 8, 1986 that CIA officials had tried to avoid learning about private funding: "Somebody will say something about Singlaub or something like, we will say I don't want to hear anything about it." The Independent Counsel wrote that, to the extent Gates spoke for others in the CIA, this was wrong, and recorded Gates's grand jury testimony that he had heard rumors that North had put contra leaders in touch with Secord and Singlaub.[^22]
 ### The Philippines, 1987
 Singlaub opened an office in the [[Philippines]] to search for a treasure of gold bullion, telling the [[Los Angeles Times]] he intended to use the gold to finance anti-communist insurgencies in Southeast Asia; he abandoned the effort after local newspaper reports described it as a cover for mercenary training.[^1] On September 17, 1987 the FBI's Honolulu office sent a teletype to headquarters captioned "Neutrality Matter, Philippines," from a source whose reliability had not been established, and asked headquarters to contact the Independent Counsel or the Front Door Task Force and to obtain background on the National Defense Council Foundation and the United States Council for World Freedom; the released file withholds the source and the body of the report.[^6] Graham testified in 1987 that his last conversation with Singlaub, in February, concerned "his problems with his activities in the Philippines."[^20]
 ### Later years
 Singlaub's memoir, Hazardous Duty, written with Malcolm McConnell, appeared in 1991; it calls North a "gullible dupe" and describes the arms dealers as motivated by "profit, not patriotism."[^1] He married Joan Lafferty in 1992, chaired the OSS Society, and died at his home in Franklin, Tennessee, on January 29, 2022, aged 100.[^1]
 ### Claims from Ari Ben-Menashe
 [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] describes a 1985 contra deal brokered through GeoMiliTech and itemized at $3,242,000 paid to the [[Ora Group]], against $5 million that he says GeoMiliTech's books showed received from the American side.[^23] The Hartford Courant reported in 1992 a private $5 million shipment of Soviet-bloc arms arranged by Singlaub and Studley in the summer of 1985, and did not mention Ora.[^18]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Adam Bernstein, "John Singlaub, audacious warrior who waged private battle against communism, dies at 100," Washington Post, January 31, 2022 (copy at https://cdn.muckrock.com/outbound_composer_attachments/nmarritz/105322/John_Singlaub_Army_general_who_battled_with_Carter_dies_at_100_-_The_Washington_Post.pdf).
 [^2]: "General Singlaub's Role in Aiding Nicaraguan Contras," CBS "60 Minutes," transcript, October 5, 1986 (Radio TV Reports, Inc.); CIA CREST CIA-RDP90-00552R000606200004-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000606200004-5
 [^3]: James Barron, "Outspoken General Raises Money for Contras," New York Times, October 8, 1986; CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP90-00552R000606200003-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000606200003-6
 [^4]: U.S. Army Special Operations Command, Office of the Command Historian, "Major General John K. Singlaub," https://arsof-history.org/icons/singlaub.html
 [^5]: Robert Reinhold, "Ex-General Hints at Big Role as U.S. Champion of Contras," New York Times, October 14, 1986; CIA CREST CIA-RDP90-00552R000606200001-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000606200001-8
 [^6]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, "John Singlaub (Final)," FBI Vault, 23 pages (teletype of September 17, 1987, pp. 1-3; FD-302 of June 12, 1987, p. 10; FD-302 of November 21, 2003, pp. 12-13; FD-302 of May 23, 1989, pp. 19-23; newspaper clippings, pp. 5-9). https://vault.fbi.gov/john-singlaub/john-singlaub-final
 [^7]: Peter Dale Scott, "Nicaragua: A Dubious Innocence," Baltimore Sun, October 13, 1986 (Pacific News Service); CIA CREST CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740027-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000605740027-4
 [^8]: Myra MacPherson, "In the Contra Chasm: Two War Heroes, Battling on Opposite Sides on the Hill," Washington Post, March 18, 1986; CIA CREST CIA-RDP90-00965R000503970001-0, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000503970001-0
 [^9]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 1 (U.S. v. Robert C. McFarlane): North memorandum to McFarlane of December 4, 1984, "Assistance for the Nicaraguan Resistance" (AKW 037386-88); McFarlane response of October 7, 1985 to questions forwarded by Representative Lee Hamilton. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm
 [^10]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 17 (U.S. v. Clair E. George), citing CIA cable of January 28, 1985 (ER 29941), North notebook entries of February 2, 4 and 5, 1985, and North memorandum to McFarlane of February 6, 1985 (ALU 130089-90). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm
 [^11]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216), Appendix A, vol. 2, Source Documents: memorandum from North to McFarlane, February 6, 1985, "Cable to President Suazo of Honduras," pp. 1056-1058 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0229; the scan is partly illegible).
 [^12]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, Part I, "The Underlying Facts." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/part_i.htm
 [^13]: Benjamin Weiser, "Singlaub Suggested an Earlier Fund Diversion," Washington Post, March 20, 1987 (date as printed on the clipping); CIA CREST CIA-RDP90-00965R000707040014-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000707040014-2
 [^14]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 3, pp. 69-70 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=93).
 [^15]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216), ch. 2, pp. 50-51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=74).
 [^16]: Deposition of Adolfo Calero, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 3 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0235), including transcript pp. 84-85, 94-95, 165-166 and 178-179.
 [^17]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix A, vol. 2, Source Documents: letter from Thomas C. Green to committee counsel on the prices and shipments of the Singlaub and Secord purchases (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0229; the scan is partly illegible).
 [^18]: Hartford Courant, "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," May 29, 1992. https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
 [^19]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 19 (U.S. v. Alan D. Fiers, Jr.), citing DIRECTOR 772442 (March 11, 1986) and DIRECTOR 799822 (March 28, 1986). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_19.htm
 [^20]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, with Graham Exhibits 1 to 4, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
 [^21]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 15, "The Diversion," p. 269 and note (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=293).
 [^22]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 16 (Robert M. Gates): Gates, SSCI testimony, October 8, 1986, p. 9; Gates, grand jury, May 1, 1991. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_16.htm
 [^23]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). Sole source for the itemization; the figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mayer
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Mayer
@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
 ---
 aliases:
  - Mayer Nudell
  - M. Nudell
  - Meyer Nudell
  - Nudell
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
  - Person
  - MayerNudell
  - Counterterrorism
  - CrisisManagement
  - ForeignService
  - HostageNegotiation
  - CounterTerrorismConsultants
  - NormanAntokol
 summary: "Foreign service officer appointed in 1975, posted to San Salvador and Managua, listed in the State Department counterterrorism office until a June 1984 resignation, later executive director of an institute on terrorism."
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[State Department]]"
    start: 1975-09
    end: 1984-06
    role: "foreign service officer"
    fn: 1
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Office for Combatting Terrorism]]"
    start: 1984-01
    end: 1984-06
    role: "staff, office symbol M/CT, as listed in the January 1984 telephone directory; resignation listed for June 1984"
    fn: 8
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Institute on Terrorism and Subnational Conflict]]"
    start: 1986-05
    role: "executive director, as listed in May 1986"
    fn: 9
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[General Services Administration]]"
    role: "instructor, training center, per the firm's 1990 packet"
    fn: 4
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Webster University]]"
    role: "adjunct professor, as stated in June 2015"
    fn: 16
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[American Society for Industrial Security]]"
    role: "chairman, Washington chapter Terrorist Action Subcommittee, per the firm's 1990 packet"
    fn: 4
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]]"
    start: 1990-06
    role: "associate"
    fn: 4
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Conference on Securing Installations Against Car-Bomb Attack]]"
    start: 1986-05
    role: "attendee, Arlington, Virginia"
    fn: 9
 ---
 Mayer Nudell is a former foreign service officer of the [[State Department]] who was appointed in 1975, served in [[El Salvador]] and [[Nicaragua]], was listed in the department's counterterrorism office in 1984 and later worked as a consultant on crisis management and emergency planning. He co-wrote two books on hostage-taking and crisis management with [[Norman Antokol]], a State Department officer who was listed with him in the same counterterrorism office.
 ### Foreign Service career
 A list of Foreign Service nominations submitted to the Senate in September 1975 places "NUDELL, Mayer" under appointments as FSO-7, consular officers and secretaries. The August-September 1975 issue of the department's Newsletter lists "Nudell, Mayer, JOC" among new appointments, and the August 1975 [[Foreign Service List]] gives his entry as "STATE (R-7) trng."[^1]
 The department's Newsletter for 1978 lists "Nudell, Mayer, San Salvador to Managua." The Newsletter for 1980 lists "Nudell, Mayer, Managua to Inter-American Affairs."[^2] An issue of the department's magazine [[State (magazine)|State]] for 1981 lists Nudell among Class FS-4 officers recommended for tenure by the Commissioning and Tenure Board.[^3]
 In June 1990 [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.|CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P.]] described Nudell, in a resume packet, as "A veteran foreign service officer with special expertise in counterterrorism." The firm said he held posts in El Salvador and Nicaragua, and served in the State Department's [[Bureau of Inter-American Affairs]] and [[Office of Counterterrorism and Emergency Planning]]. It listed two Group Meritorious Honor Awards from the department, a Distinguished Leadership Award from the [[American Biographical Institute]] and a Certificate of Appreciation from the Washington chapter of the [[American Society for Industrial Security]]. It gave his degrees as a B.S. in foreign service from [[Georgetown University]], an M.S. in international public administration from the [[University of Southern California]] and a Certificat d'Assiduite from the [[University of Grenoble]], and his training as including the [[Foreign Service Institute]], the police reserve program of the Washington, D.C. Police Academy and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] seminars on hostage negotiation and victimology.[^4]
 ### Office for Combatting Terrorism, 1983 to 1984
 The department's telephone directory for January 1984 lists "Nudell; Mayer" under the office symbol M/CT. In a section headed "Assistant Coordinator for Security Policies and Programs," the same directory lists International Relations Officers, with Mayer Nudell for Near East and South Asia and Norman Antokol for Europe and Africa.[^5] The January 1985 directory lists "Antokol; Norman" under the same office symbol and carries no Nudell entry.[^6]
 The 1984 volume of State carries the office's news column. It reports that Nudell, Antokol, [[John Coffman]] and Deven McConnell took part in a hostage negotiation seminar taught by a [[FBI Academy]] instructor, Fred Lancely, on November 9 to 11, and that Coffman and Nudell attended a civil aviation security course at the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] Academy in Oklahoma City from November 28 to December 2. The same column reports that Nudell traveled to Anchorage, Alaska, from January 10 to 14 to brief Federal Aviation Administration, [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] and FBI officials on terrorism matters and to address the regional meeting of the American Society for Industrial Security, and, in the April 1984 issue, that he traveled to Islamabad from March 21 to 29 for consultations on emergency action planning.[^7]
 The August-September 1984 issue of State lists, under "Resignations (June)," "Nudell, Mayer, Office for Combatting Terrorism."[^8]
 ### Institute on Terrorism and Subnational Conflict
 The firm's 1990 packet described Nudell as formerly the executive director of the [[Institute on Terrorism and Subnational Conflict]], and as an instructor for the [[General Services Administration]] training center. It adds that he chaired the Public Safety and Human Relations Advisory Commission for the City of [[Falls Church, Virginia]].[^4]
 The proceedings of the [[Conference on Securing Installations Against Car-Bomb Attack]], held in [[Arlington, Virginia]] on May 15 to 17, 1986, and sponsored by the [[Defense Research Institute]], were edited by [[Michael Wm. Davis]]. Its attendee roster lists "Institute on Terrorism and Subnational Conflict," with "Mr. Mayer Nudell" as "Executive Director," at a Falls Church address.[^9]
 ### Counter Terrorism Consultants, 1990
 The June 1990 packet lists Nudell as a "CTC associate" and says that he "advises CTC clients on contingency planning and crisis management." It gives his memberships as the [[American Foreign Service Association]], the American Society for Industrial Security (where, the packet says, he chairs the Washington chapter's Terrorist Action Subcommittee), the [[International Association of Chiefs of Police]], and the [[International Counterterrorism and Security Association]].[^4] The same page carries a handwritten margin note reading "FSO."[^4]
 ### Writings
 The [[Lexington Books]] volume The Handbook for Effective Emergency and Crisis Management, published in [[Lexington, Massachusetts]] in 1988, is catalogued with Nudell as first author and Antokol as second. It has 192 pages, plates and an index.[^10] The 1988 volume of State, in a notice of the Foreign Service Institute's Political Training Division, describes Antokol as the division's deputy coordinator and as co-author of a book titled Emergency Planning and Crisis Management.[^11]
 No One a Neutral: Political Hostage-Taking in the Modern World, published by [[Alpha Publications of Ohio]] in [[Medina, Ohio]] in 1990, is catalogued with Antokol as first author and Nudell as second. It has 248 pages. Its appendices include foreign hostages in Lebanon, selected terrorism statistics, pros and cons of ransom payments, United Nations conventions on hostage-taking, and a "minimanual of the urban guerrilla."[^12]
 State described the same book in a 1990 notice that calls Antokol "Political training deputy director." The notice says that the book was co-authored with "former U.S. diplomat Mayer Nudell," and describes it as a history of terrorism since World War II, especially hostage-taking, which suggests how to negotiate with hostage-takers.[^13]
 A Nudell and Antokol article, "Negotiating for Life," appeared in [[Security Management]] 34 (July 1990), pages 57 to 64 and 66. A 1992 thesis by Captain Stephen W. Di Rito of the [[Air Force Institute of Technology]], "Response to Hostage Taking for Medium and Small Size Law Enforcement Agencies," cites the article and describes the authors' three phases of hostage situations.[^14]
 The [[Air University Library]] index to military periodicals for 1990 lists "Literature on terrorism: 1989" under Nudell's name, in the [[Marine Corps Gazette]], volume 74, number 4 (April 1990), pages 74 to 76. The same index lists the book No one a neutral as a review with Antokol and Nudell as joint authors, and indexes it under Antokol and Nudell in [[Defense & Diplomacy]], volume 8, number 9 (September 1990), page 34.[^15]
 ### Later career
 In a June 2015 book review in Security Management, the magazine of ASIS, Nudell is identified in the reviewer note as "an independent consultant on crisis management, contingency planning, and related issues." The note adds that he is "an adjunct professor at Webster University and a member of ASIS," and that he is "coauthor of The Handbook of Effective Emergency and Crisis Management."[^16]
 ### Public appearances
 The packet says that Nudell "has appeared as an expert on counterterrorism and the handling of hostage situations" on television and radio programs, and at colleges and governmental and corporate seminars, including a threat assessment and intelligence symposium before the [[1988 Winter Olympics]].[^4]
 On April 26, 1995, at a Common Hour in the Anita Tuvin-Schlechter Auditorium of [[Dickinson College]], a discussion titled "America: Target for Terrorism" was sponsored by the [[Clarke Center]]. The college archive lists Nudell with the affiliation "International Association of Counterterrorism and Security Professionals," together with [[Stefan Presser]] of the [[ACLU of Pennsylvania]].[^17]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 164-174 (1975), August-September 1975 issue, "Foreign Service Nominations" (stating that the President submitted the nominations to the Senate on September 3), p. 15, and "Personnel / Foreign Service, New Appointments," p. 67, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730003 (scan pages 525 and 577); U.S. Department of State, Foreign Service List, August 1975, alphabetical list, p. 9, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067591123 (scan page 80). The abbreviation "JOC" is as printed.
 [^2]: U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 197-207 (1978), p. 46, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730037 (scan page 402); U.S. Department of State, Newsletter, no. 219-229 (1980), "Personnel: Foreign Service," p. 28, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730052 (scan page 760).
 [^3]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 230-240 (1981), "Commissioning Tenure Board recommends 21," p. 74, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730060 (scan page 832).
 [^4]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., resume packet, fax header "JUN 20 '90 17:01" and page marked "141 P12," with margin note "FSO," in the Danny Casolaro papers, photographs of the Casolaro research files by Christian Hansen at the Missouri State Historical Society, archive.org item casolaro-notebooks, file PromotionalMaterial.pdf, https://archive.org/details/PromotionalMaterial. Sole source for the passages so cited: the firm's own description of Nudell's posts, awards, degrees, memberships and current activities.
 [^5]: U.S. Department of State, Telephone Directory, January 1984, scan pages 40 and 88, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067603464 (catalog record https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100717024).
 [^6]: U.S. Department of State, Telephone Directory, January 1985, scan page 11, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435067603514.
 [^7]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 263-273 (1984), "Office for Combatting Terrorism" columns, pp. 57, 66 and (April 1984 issue) 75, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730094 (scan pages 137, 70 and 307).
 [^8]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 263-273 (1984), August-September 1984 issue, "Resignations (June)," p. 81, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730094 (scan page 595).
 [^9]: Defense Research Institute, Proceedings of the Conference on Securing Installations Against Car-Bomb Attack, Arlington, Virginia, May 15-17, 1986, edited by Michael Wm. Davis, attendee roster, Defense Technical Information Center accession ADA290884, https://discover.dtic.mil/results/?q=ADA290884.
 [^10]: Mayer Nudell and Norman Antokol, The Handbook for Effective Emergency and Crisis Management (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1988), catalog record, LCCN 87045997, ISBN 0669171409, lending copy at https://archive.org/details/handbookforeffec0000nude.
 [^11]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 307-317 (1988), Foreign Service Institute Political Training Division notice, p. 47, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076208282 (scan page 707).
 [^12]: Norman Antokol and Mayer Nudell, No One a Neutral: Political Hostage-Taking in the Modern World (Medina, Ohio: Alpha Publications of Ohio, 1990), catalog record and contents note, lending copy at https://archive.org/details/nooneneutralpoli0000anto_w1w9.
 [^13]: U.S. Department of State, State, no. 329-339 (1990), book notice, scan pages 28 and 29, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730151.
 [^14]: Stephen W. Di Rito, "Response to Hostage Taking for Medium and Small Size Law Enforcement Agencies" (AFIT/CI thesis, Fall 1992), footnotes 3 and 19 and bibliography, Defense Technical Information Center accession ADA265597, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA265597.pdf (opened through the Internet Archive copy of July 5, 2024).
 [^15]: Air University Library, Index to Military Periodicals, volume 41, number 4 (1990), scan pages 23, 58, 197 and 259, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=cub.u183019692775.
 [^16]: Mayer Nudell, reviewer note, "Book Review: Blindsided," Security Management, June 1, 2015, https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/articles/2015/06/book-review-blindsided/, opened as the Internet Archive copy https://web.archive.org/web/20200927220929/https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/articles/2015/06/book-review-blindsided/.
 [^17]: Dickinson College Archives, "America: Target for Terrorism" Discussion, Common Hour, April 26, 1995, https://archives.dickinson.edu/node/25236.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 category: "Technologists"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-01
+updated: 2026-10-08
 tags:
  - KeyFigure
  - Person
@ -13,17 +13,21 @@ summary: "Michael Riconosciuto is a computer scientist and self-proclaimed forme
 ### Involvement with Wackenhut and Cabazon Joint Venture
-From 1981 to 1984, Riconosciuto served as the Director of Research for a joint venture between [[Wackenhut Corporation]] and the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Indian tribe]] near Indio, California. This venture, known as "[[Cabazon Arms]]," aimed to develop and manufacture military and national security materials, including night vision goggles, machine guns, fuel-air explosives, and biological and chemical warfare weapons. The sovereign status of the reservation was utilized to bypass stringent federal controls on such developments.[^1]
+Riconosciuto stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that from 1981 to 1984 he was Director of Research for a joint venture between [[Wackenhut Corporation]] and the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Indian tribe]] near Indio, California; the Bua report found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture.[^2][^3] This venture, known as "[[Cabazon Arms]]," aimed to develop and manufacture military and national security materials, including night vision goggles, machine guns, fuel-air explosives, and biological and chemical warfare weapons. The sovereign status of the reservation was utilized to bypass stringent federal controls on such developments.[^1]
-During this period, Riconosciuto claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software. He stated that [[Earl Brian]] made the software available to him through Wackenhut, after acquiring it from [[Peter Videnieks]], a [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] contracting official. Riconosciuto's modifications were intended to facilitate the worldwide implementation of PROMIS in law enforcement and intelligence agencies, including specific adaptations for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]]. This alleged modification and sale of pirated PROMIS software became a central element of the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].[^1]
+During this period, Riconosciuto claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software. He stated that [[Earl Brian]] made the software available to him through Wackenhut, after acquiring it from [[Peter Videnieks]], a [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] contracting official. Riconosciuto's modifications were intended to facilitate the worldwide implementation of PROMIS in law enforcement and intelligence agencies, including specific adaptations for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]]. This alleged modification and sale of pirated PROMIS software became a central element of the PROMIS Software Scandal.[^1]
-However, the Special Counsel's investigation found significant inconsistencies in Riconosciuto's various accounts of his role in the alleged theft of PROMIS. He was inconsistent regarding from whom he received the software and when and where he altered it. For instance, in his affidavit, he claimed to have received a single copy of the software from Earl Brian, while at his trial, he claimed to have received three versions from [[John Philip Nichols]]. His timeline for altering the software also varied, with his affidavit stating 1983-1984, but his trial testimony indicating late 1981 to early 1983. The investigation noted that it would have been physically impossible for anyone from the DOJ to provide an enhanced version of PROMIS in late 1981, as Inslaw did not even enter into the implementation contract until March 1982, and the enhanced version was not delivered until April 1983.[^2]
+However, the Special Counsel's investigation found significant inconsistencies in Riconosciuto's various accounts of his role in the alleged theft of PROMIS. He was inconsistent regarding from whom he received the software and when and where he altered it. For instance, in his affidavit, he claimed to have received a single copy of the software from Earl Brian, while at his trial, he claimed to have received three versions from [[John Philip Nichols]]. His timeline for altering the software also varied, with his affidavit stating 1983-1984, but his trial testimony indicating late 1981 to early 1983. The investigation noted that it would have been physically impossible for anyone from the DOJ to provide an enhanced version of PROMIS in late 1981, as Inslaw did not even enter into the implementation contract until March 1982, and the enhanced version was not delivered until April 1983.[^4]
-Both Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks categorically denied Riconosciuto's allegations, stating they had never met him or each other, and had never been to Indio, California. The investigation found both Brian and Videnieks to be credible witnesses. Furthermore, the investigation found no evidence to corroborate Riconosciuto's claims of computer equipment or software modification activities at the Cabazon reservation. Witnesses, including the Tribal Chairman Art Welmas and Indio Police Chief Sam Cross, stated they never saw large computers or computer facilities on the reservation during that period. The investigation concluded that Riconosciuto was a "totally unreliable witness" and that his story was a "tale of total fiction woven against the background of accurate historical facts."[^2]
+Both Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks categorically denied Riconosciuto's allegations, stating they had never met him or each other, and had never been to Indio, California. The investigation found both Brian and Videnieks to be credible witnesses. Furthermore, the investigation found no evidence to corroborate Riconosciuto's claims of computer equipment or software modification activities at the Cabazon reservation. Witnesses, including the Tribal Chairman Art Welmas and Indio Police Chief Sam Cross, stated they never saw large computers or computer facilities on the reservation during that period. The investigation concluded that Riconosciuto was a "totally unreliable witness" and that his story was a "tale of total fiction woven against the background of accurate historical facts."[^4]
 Riconosciuto told *Spy* in 1992 that he "met with George Wackenhut and John Ammarell [a Wackenhut board member and consultant to George Wackenhut] in Las Vegas," with [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] present. The magazine reported that Wackenhut denied any involvement with improper appropriation of software, and that Ammarell confirmed that a meeting took place in Las Vegas, saying, "I don't remember any specific conversations, but I think we were there to discuss the sale of George's yacht, the Top Secret. I think Nichols said he had a potential buyer."[^5] An unsigned letter in the Danny Casolaro papers, whose writer refers to his father and to the firms Stellar and Hercules Research, states that the writer's "meeting with Mr. George Wackenhut and John Amarell in Las Vegas on March 11, 1982," gave him "ample opportunity to discuss the power pack." The same letter states that "Bob Frye of Wackenhut Services, Inc., gave personal invaluable assistance" at the Picatinny Arsenal, that the cooperation received from the Wackenhut Corporation "has been nothing short of spectacular," and that the writer was "formalizing an agreement with an assistant U.S. attorney and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to be a cooperative witness."[^6]
 The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice describes Riconosciuto's March 21, 1991 affidavit in the INSLAW bankruptcy adversary proceeding, in which he stated that he had been Director of Research for a joint venture between the Wackenhut Corporation and the Cabazon Indians and that in 1983 and 1984, in connection with his work for Wackenhut, he modified the PROMIS software.[^2] The report states that its investigators "found no evidence to support Riconosciuto's claim that he and Earl Brian were employed by Wackenhut or by the joint venture," that the joint venture had no employees at any time, and that the only individual employed by Wackenhut in the matter was [[Robert Frye]]. It also states that the firms Riconosciuto named in a call to the Hamiltons, Wackenhut Research, Inc. and Wackenhut Security, Inc., "do not exist."[^3]
 ### The PROMIS Affidavit and Arrest
-In March 1991, Riconosciuto provided an affidavit to [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]], owners of [[INSLAW]], detailing his role in modifying PROMIS and alleging that [[Peter Videnieks]] attempted to dissuade him from cooperating with a [[United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] investigation into the software's theft. Eight days after signing this affidavit, Riconosciuto was arrested for allegedly operating a methamphetamine lab in Tacoma, Washington. He claimed this arrest was a deliberate attempt to discredit his testimony. The Special Counsel's investigation, however, found no connection between Riconosciuto's prosecution and his allegations in the Inslaw matter, concluding that the drug case began as a local investigation and the evidence against him was overwhelming.[^1][^2]
+In March 1991, Riconosciuto provided an affidavit to [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]], owners of [[INSLAW]], detailing his role in modifying PROMIS and alleging that Peter Videnieks attempted to dissuade him from cooperating with a [[United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] investigation into the software's theft. Eight days after signing this affidavit, Riconosciuto was arrested for allegedly operating a methamphetamine lab in Tacoma, Washington. He claimed this arrest was a deliberate attempt to discredit his testimony. The Special Counsel's investigation, however, found no connection between Riconosciuto's prosecution and his allegations in the Inslaw matter, concluding that the drug case began as a local investigation and the evidence against him was overwhelming.[^1][^4]
 ### Connections and Allegations
@ -33,9 +37,9 @@ Riconosciuto claimed to have provided valuable intelligence to former Assistant
 He also claimed participation in a [[National Security Council|NSC]]-sanctioned drug/sting operation in Lebanon through Euramae Trading Company in Nicosia, Cyprus, another alleged NSC cutout. He described a network involving [[Michael T. Hurley]] (DEA Country Attache), [[Maurice Ghanem]], and [[George Pender]], where heroin shipments were allegedly used to fund intelligence operations and were sometimes diverted for profit.[^1]
-Riconosciuto claimed to have handled gold transfers, money laundering, "virtual dead drops," and altered ACH daily reconciliations for various underworld figures, including [[Robert Booth Nichols]], [[Gilbert Rodriguez]], and [[Jose Santacruz Londono]] of the [[Cali Drug Cartel]]. He sought to provide this information to the [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network|FinCen]] in exchange for witness protection.[^1]
+Riconosciuto claimed to have handled gold transfers, money laundering, "virtual dead drops," and altered ACH daily reconciliations for various underworld figures, including Robert Booth Nichols, [[Gilbert Rodriguez]], and [[Jose Santacruz Londono]] of the [[Cali Drug Cartel]]. He sought to provide this information to the [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network|FinCen]] in exchange for witness protection.[^1]
-Regarding the [[October Surprise]], Riconosciuto claimed that he and [[Earl Brian]] traveled to [[Iran]] in 1980 and paid $40 million to Iranian officials to delay the release of U.S. hostages until after [[Ronald Reagan]]'s presidential inauguration, linking the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]] to the [[October Surprise]] affair.[^1] However, the Special Counsel's investigation found no credible evidence to support this claim, and evidence suggested Brian was in New York at the time of the alleged Iran trip.[^2]
+Regarding the [[October Surprise]], Riconosciuto claimed that he and Earl Brian traveled to [[Iran]] in 1980 and paid $40 million to Iranian officials to delay the release of U.S. hostages until after [[Ronald Reagan]]'s presidential inauguration, linking the PROMIS Software Scandal to the October Surprise affair.[^1] However, the Special Counsel's investigation found no credible evidence to support this claim, and evidence suggested Brian was in New York at the time of the alleged Iran trip.[^4]
 Riconosciuto claimed to have been in direct communication with [[Michael Hand]], co-founder of [[Nugan Hand Bank]], before and after Hand's disappearance, and handled money transfers for Hand when he fled [[Australia]].[^1]
@ -43,12 +47,17 @@ Beyond PROMIS, Riconosciuto was involved in advanced technological projects, inc
 ### Legal Troubles and Witness Protection Attempts
-Following his arrest, Riconosciuto attempted multiple times to trade information with federal authorities, including the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|BATF]], in exchange for entry into a [[Witness Protection Program]]. He offered to expose high-level corruption, drug trafficking, and money laundering operations, including those involving [[Robert Booth Nichols]], [[Michael Abbell]], and the [[Cali Drug Cartel]]. However, these attempts were largely unsuccessful, with authorities often expressing skepticism or facing internal resistance to his claims.[^1]
+Following his arrest, Riconosciuto attempted multiple times to trade information with federal authorities, including the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|BATF]], in exchange for entry into a [[Witness Protection Program]]. He offered to expose high-level corruption, drug trafficking, and money laundering operations, including those involving Robert Booth Nichols, [[Michael Abbell]], and the Cali Drug Cartel. However, these attempts were largely unsuccessful, with authorities often expressing skepticism or facing internal resistance to his claims.[^1]
 ### Relationship with Danny Casolaro
-[[Danny Casolaro]] began interviewing Riconosciuto prior to his arrest in March 1991. Riconosciuto became a key source for Casolaro's "[[The Octopus]]" investigation, providing insights into the alleged criminal network. Riconosciuto claimed that Casolaro's death occurred shortly after he began investigating [[Michael Abbell]]'s connection to the [[Cali Drug Cartel]], a lead Riconosciuto had provided. He also stated that [[Robert Booth Nichols]] had warned Casolaro to stay away from Riconosciuto.[^1]
+Danny Casolaro began interviewing Riconosciuto prior to his arrest in March 1991. Riconosciuto became a key source for Casolaro's "The Octopus" investigation, providing insights into the alleged criminal network. Riconosciuto claimed that Casolaro's death occurred shortly after he began investigating Michael Abbell's connection to the Cali Drug Cartel, a lead Riconosciuto had provided. He also stated that Robert Booth Nichols had warned Casolaro to stay away from Riconosciuto.[^1]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
-[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
+[^2]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 (affidavit of March 21, 1991, paragraph 44 as quoted). https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
 [^3]: Report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed p. 55 and footnote 32 (firm names) and footnote 35 on p. 58 (employment). Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it.
 [^4]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
 [^5]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Las Vegas account in this form; the bracketed description of Ammarell is the magazine's. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
 [^6]: Unsigned, undated letter, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence," beginning "The cooperation I have received from the Wackenhut Corporation." The spelling "Amarell" is as printed in the letter. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
--- a/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Oliver
+++ b/PEOPLE/(N-S)/Oliver
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ aliases:
  - Oliver L. North
  - Lt. Col. Oliver North
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-10-05
+updated: 2026-10-08
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
  - KeyFigure
@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ summary: "Marine lieutenant colonel on the National Security Council staff who d
 born: 1943-10-07
 location: "San Antonio, Texas"
 relations:
  - type: partner_of
    with: "[[John Singlaub]]"
    start: 1985
    end: 1986
    role: "Singlaub solicited and bought arms for the FDN in contact with North"
    fn: 8
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[National Security Council]]"
    start: 1981
@ -75,59 +81,70 @@ Walsh found that Reagan was aware that North was the NSC's action officer for th
 In fall 1984 North introduced retired Air Force Major General [[Richard Secord]] to Contra leader [[Adolfo Calero]] to help Calero buy arms with a Saudi contribution; in 1985 North and Secord took purchasing power away from Calero and ran the "Enterprise" with [[Albert Hakim]] through Swiss accounts and shell companies.[^3] The Final Report names three sources of Contra money during the Boland period: third-country grants, largest among them $32 million from Saudi Arabia and $2 million from Taiwan; about $1.7 million of private contributions passed through the tax-exempt National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty to accounts North controlled; and about $4 million diverted from the Iran arms proceeds.[^2] The Enterprise chapter's trial-proof estimate of the diversion is $3.6 million, a figure that excludes a $200,000 Jetstar, about $535,000 spent on the Danish freighter Erria, and a $500,000 weapons purchase from the dealer [[Monzer Al-Kassar]], who "was not available to testify."[^3]
-The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that North received drug profits from Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, to buy arms for the Contras, and that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras.[^4] The Final Report places the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986 for Contra weapons.[^3] [[Bill Turner]], a friend of Casolaro's, claimed to have seen papers from [[Danny Casolaro]] connecting North and the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]; Seymour added that North's personal notebooks contained the name [[Ian Stuart Spiro]].[^4] Seymour is the sole source for the passages so cited.
+On December 4, 1984, North sent Robert McFarlane a memorandum, "Assistance for the Nicaraguan Resistance," whose second part described efforts by retired Army major general [[John Singlaub]] to obtain military aid for the contras from South Korea and Taiwan.[^4] On January 28, 1985, CIA officers in South Korea reported that Singlaub had asked the governing party for $2 million and that the Koreans wanted a signal of United States endorsement; [[Clair George]] telephoned North, and North's notebook of February 4, 1985 records George saying the South Koreans were "increasingly inclined to contribute $2M" and needed a White House indication.[^5] In a memorandum of February 6, 1985, North wrote McFarlane that "as a consequence of GEN Singlaub's recent trip, both the Taiwanese and the South Koreans have indicated [to CIA field personnel] that they want to help in a 'big way,'" and that George had withheld dissemination of the offers.[^5] A second memorandum of the same date, on a cable to Honduran President [[Roberto Suazo Cordova]], states that the FDN needed approximately $2 million in near-term financing, notes that Singlaub would see North the next day, and recommends that McFarlane authorize North to proceed as indicated with Singlaub.[^6] The Independent Counsel's report states that North arranged for Singlaub to meet South Korean officials in the United States.[^7]
-The Enterprise's air operation used the [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango]] base in [[El Salvador]]. North wrote to [[Felix Rodriguez]] in September 1985 asking him to use his influence with Salvadoran Air Force commander [[Juan Rafael Bustillo]] to secure hangar space; the CIA's records, as the writer [[Gary Webb]] reported, show Hangar No. 4 at Ilopango was used by the CIA for covert Contra operations until it was turned over to the NSC and North's Enterprise in 1985, while the adjoining Hangar No. 5 remained CIA-run.[^5] Walsh's Enterprise chapter records that the Salvadoran chief at Ilopango, General Bustillo, ordered the operation's warehouse of parts and supplies there, and that the downing of [[Eugene Hasenfus]] on October 5, 1986 "settled irrevocably the question of CIA assumption" of the Enterprise's operation.[^3]
+In March 1985 Singlaub took a weapons list drawn up with FDN commander [[Enrique Bermudez]] to North, who made "some additions and subtractions"; Singlaub's European dealer's prices were about half the FDN's previous prices, and North's notes of May 17, 1985 list a "Singlaub deal" for 10,000 AK-47s and record an attempt to dissuade Adolfo Calero from it. The arms arrived in Central America on July 8, 1985.[^8] The congressional committees' report states that a memorandum prepared by Singlaub's associate [[Barbara Studley]], proposing a "conduit" for Soviet weapons to anti-communist insurgents, was presented to North and William J. Casey in 1985; North acknowledged receiving it and dismissed its significance, and a copy was found in his safe.[^9] A memorandum from Studley to North dated October 30, 1985 ends: "General John K. Singlaub has been advised of this information."[^10]
 The writer [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that North received drug profits from Al-Kassar, a Syrian arms dealer, to buy arms for the Contras, and that the Tower Commission probe revealed Al-Kassar had been paid $1.2 million by Secord to move weapons from [[Israel]] to the Contras.[^11] The Final Report places the Enterprise's payment to Al-Kassar at $500,000 in July 1986 for Contra weapons.[^3] [[Bill Turner]], a friend of Casolaro's, claimed to have seen papers from [[Danny Casolaro]] connecting North and the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]; Seymour added that North's personal notebooks contained the name [[Ian Stuart Spiro]].[^11] Seymour is the sole source for the passages so cited.
 The Enterprise's air operation used the [[Ilopango Airbase|Ilopango]] base in [[El Salvador]]. North wrote to [[Felix Rodriguez]] in September 1985 asking him to use his influence with Salvadoran Air Force commander [[Juan Rafael Bustillo]] to secure hangar space; the CIA's records, as the writer [[Gary Webb]] reported, show Hangar No. 4 at Ilopango was used by the CIA for covert Contra operations until it was turned over to the NSC and North's Enterprise in 1985, while the adjoining Hangar No. 5 remained CIA-run.[^12] Walsh's Enterprise chapter records that the Salvadoran chief at Ilopango, General Bustillo, ordered the operation's warehouse of parts and supplies there, and that the downing of [[Eugene Hasenfus]] on October 5, 1986 "settled irrevocably the question of CIA assumption" of the Enterprise's operation.[^3]
 ### Panama and Noriega
-According to testimony before the [[Kerry Committee]] by the Panamanian official José Blandón, [[Manuel Noriega]] met North in June 1985 on a boat anchored off Panama City to discuss Panamanian cooperation in the war against Nicaragua while the Boland Amendment barred direct or indirect CIA support. Blandón testified that this meeting produced Noriega's agreement to help train Contra troops and to let Contra leaders enter and leave Panama freely, and that at a second meeting Noriega suggested Panamanian units could be used in operations on Nicaraguan territory; Blandón had no information that Noriega acted on North's request. Noriega met Casey in November 1985; a memorandum Casey wrote suggested Noriega left "reassured" and the narcotics issue was not mentioned, and other U.S. officials concluded that Casey had "let Noriega off the hook."[^6]
+According to testimony before the [[Kerry Committee]] by the Panamanian official José Blandón, [[Manuel Noriega]] met North in June 1985 on a boat anchored off Panama City to discuss Panamanian cooperation in the war against Nicaragua while the Boland Amendment barred direct or indirect CIA support. Blandón testified that this meeting produced Noriega's agreement to help train Contra troops and to let Contra leaders enter and leave Panama freely, and that at a second meeting Noriega suggested Panamanian units could be used in operations on Nicaraguan territory; Blandón had no information that Noriega acted on North's request. Noriega met Casey in November 1985; a memorandum Casey wrote suggested Noriega left "reassured" and the narcotics issue was not mentioned, and other U.S. officials concluded that Casey had "let Noriega off the hook."[^13]
-The Independent Counsel's summary of North's "Quid Pro Quo" admission describes discussions with Noriega about acts of sabotage against the Sandinista government in exchange for U.S. help in rehabilitating Noriega's public image.[^7] Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image"; that North raised the proposal at a top-level meeting but was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though Panamanian help with sabotage would be acceptable; that North returned to Panama a month after the torture-murder of [[Hugo Spadafora]] to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid; and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega.[^8] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.
+The Independent Counsel's summary of North's "Quid Pro Quo" admission describes discussions with Noriega about acts of sabotage against the Sandinista government in exchange for U.S. help in rehabilitating Noriega's public image.[^14] Webb wrote, citing government documents filed in North's trial, that Noriega also offered to have the entire Sandinista leadership assassinated in exchange for a promise to "clean up Noriega's image"; that North raised the proposal at a top-level meeting but was told to say the administration was not keen on murdering Nicaraguan officials though Panamanian help with sabotage would be acceptable; that North returned to Panama a month after the torture-murder of [[Hugo Spadafora]] to assure Noriega of increased U.S. aid; and that within a year $200 million in additional U.S. funds and bank loans went to Noriega.[^15] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.
 ### NHAO and the contractors
-North used the State Department's [[NHAO|Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office]] to move Contra supplies. The Kerry Committee report found that the State Department selected four companies owned or operated by narcotics traffickers to supply humanitarian assistance to the Contras: SETCO Air, established by the Honduran trafficker [[Juan Matta Ballesteros]]; DIACSA, a Miami air company that served as headquarters of a trafficking enterprise run by the convicted traffickers Floyd Carlton and Alfredo Caballero; Frigorificos de Puntarenas, owned and operated by Cuban-American traffickers; and Vortex, partly owned by the admitted trafficker [[Michael Palmer]]. The State Department paid the four a total of $806,401.20 between January and August 1986, and the report states that in each case federal law enforcement had received information about the individuals controlling the company before the contracts were signed.[^9] One of the pilots who flew Contra missions for SETCO was Frank Moss, who had been under investigation as an alleged trafficker since 1979 by ten different law enforcement agencies, without indictment.[^9]
+North used the State Department's [[NHAO|Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office]] to move Contra supplies. The Kerry Committee report found that the State Department selected four companies owned or operated by narcotics traffickers to supply humanitarian assistance to the Contras: SETCO Air, established by the Honduran trafficker [[Juan Matta Ballesteros]]; DIACSA, a Miami air company that served as headquarters of a trafficking enterprise run by the convicted traffickers Floyd Carlton and Alfredo Caballero; Frigorificos de Puntarenas, owned and operated by Cuban-American traffickers; and Vortex, partly owned by the admitted trafficker [[Michael Palmer]]. The State Department paid the four a total of $806,401.20 between January and August 1986, and the report states that in each case federal law enforcement had received information about the individuals controlling the company before the contracts were signed.[^16] One of the pilots who flew Contra missions for SETCO was Frank Moss, who had been under investigation as an alleged trafficker since 1979 by ten different law enforcement agencies, without indictment.[^16]
-Webb wrote that North installed his courier [[Robert Owen]] as a $50,000 "facilitator" at NHAO, that North instructed NHAO director Robert Duemling not to "dislodge or replace their existing arrangements," and that Fiers said: "I believe we guided them toward the carriers they ultimately used." Webb also wrote that Frigorificos was created by the [[Medellin Cartel]].[^8]
+Webb wrote that North installed his courier [[Robert Owen]] as a $50,000 "facilitator" at NHAO, that North instructed NHAO director Robert Duemling not to "dislodge or replace their existing arrangements," and that Fiers said: "I believe we guided them toward the carriers they ultimately used." Webb also wrote that Frigorificos was created by the [[Medellin Cartel]].[^15]
 ### Barry Seal and Federico Vaughn
-The Kerry Committee report states that the DEA informant [[Barry Seal]] photographed a man identified as Federico Vaughn, a Nicaraguan government official, and [[Pablo Escobar]] loading Seal's plane with drugs; that the Seal operation "was disclosed prematurely by an administration official who leaked to the press evidence supposedly collected" in an effort to influence a pending congressional vote on Contra aid; and that "one individual in the U.S. government, Lt. Col. Oliver North, decided to play politics with the issue."[^6] The House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime found that the phone number Vaughn used in calls from Seal was controlled by the U.S. Embassy; the State Department later reported no evidence of Nicaraguan use for drug shipments to the United States "since the allegations made in 1984 in connection with the Seal case."[^6]
+The Kerry Committee report states that the DEA informant [[Barry Seal]] photographed a man identified as Federico Vaughn, a Nicaraguan government official, and [[Pablo Escobar]] loading Seal's plane with drugs; that the Seal operation "was disclosed prematurely by an administration official who leaked to the press evidence supposedly collected" in an effort to influence a pending congressional vote on Contra aid; and that "one individual in the U.S. government, Lt. Col. Oliver North, decided to play politics with the issue."[^13] The House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime found that the phone number Vaughn used in calls from Seal was controlled by the U.S. Embassy; the State Department later reported no evidence of Nicaraguan use for drug shipments to the United States "since the allegations made in 1984 in connection with the Seal case."[^13]
-Webb wrote that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on the Seal sting and supplied with evidence; that North said his only involvement was as an observer; that North's diary contained a July 6, 1984 entry, "Freddy coming in late July," and an October 15, 1986 entry, "46 boxes of transcripts of SF Frogman case. Justice never provided"; that four DEA officials testified they were pressed by North and the CIA to leak Vaughn's involvement; and that after Seal was murdered North told the FBI of an "active measures program" by the Sandinistas against him and said he might be targeted by organized crime.[^5][^8] Seal was shot on February 19, 1986, as he parked at the Salvation Army Community Treatment Center in Baton Rouge, and three men were convicted of first-degree murder in 1987.[^10] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited, other than the Seal date.
+Webb wrote that congressional records show North was regularly briefed by the CIA on the Seal sting and supplied with evidence; that North said his only involvement was as an observer; that North's diary contained a July 6, 1984 entry, "Freddy coming in late July," and an October 15, 1986 entry, "46 boxes of transcripts of SF Frogman case. Justice never provided"; that four DEA officials testified they were pressed by North and the CIA to leak Vaughn's involvement; and that after Seal was murdered North told the FBI of an "active measures program" by the Sandinistas against him and said he might be targeted by organized crime.[^12][^15] Seal was shot on February 19, 1986, as he parked at the Salvation Army Community Treatment Center in Baton Rouge, and three men were convicted of first-degree murder in 1987.[^17] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited, other than the Seal date.
 ### Drug-related contacts
-Webb wrote that North's courier Robert Owen reported to North in 1985 that a DC-6 owned by Mario Calero, brother of Adolfo Calero, "which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."; that Owen's phone number was found aboard a DC-4 seized by the DEA in March 1987 off Florida; and that a CIA cable said Frank Moss's notes aboard that plane contained "the names of two CIA officers and their telephone numbers."[^5] The Kerry report separately states that Honduran General José Bueso-Rosa, convicted in 1985 of conspiring to assassinate President Suazo Córdova in a plot to be financed by the sale of $40 million of cocaine, received a sentence cut to five years through intervention by senior U.S. officials, and that according to the United States's admissions in the North trial North suggested efforts be made concerning Bueso-Rosa to keep him from disclosing details.[^6]
+Webb wrote that North's courier Robert Owen reported to North in 1985 that a DC-6 owned by Mario Calero, brother of Adolfo Calero, "which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."; that Owen's phone number was found aboard a DC-4 seized by the DEA in March 1987 off Florida; and that a CIA cable said Frank Moss's notes aboard that plane contained "the names of two CIA officers and their telephone numbers."[^12] The Kerry report separately states that Honduran General José Bueso-Rosa, convicted in 1985 of conspiring to assassinate President Suazo Córdova in a plot to be financed by the sale of $40 million of cocaine, received a sentence cut to five years through intervention by senior U.S. officials, and that according to the United States's admissions in the North trial North suggested efforts be made concerning Bueso-Rosa to keep him from disclosing details.[^13]
-Webb wrote that at a 1984 meeting with DEA officials North suggested that $1.5 million in cocaine cash the DEA planned to seize from the Medellín cartel be turned over to the Contras, which the DEA declined; that a White House leak then blew the DEA operation; and that North wrote that Casey did not want the Contras' "unofficial funds" entering U.S. banks for fear Treasury agents would grow suspicious.[^11] Webb also wrote that North relied on fraudulent end-user certificates from Guatemala and Honduras after Boland, quoting Fiers: "an arms broker will get an intermediary country to issue false end-user certificates."[^12]
+Webb wrote that at a 1984 meeting with DEA officials North suggested that $1.5 million in cocaine cash the DEA planned to seize from the Medellín cartel be turned over to the Contras, which the DEA declined; that a White House leak then blew the DEA operation; and that North wrote that Casey did not want the Contras' "unofficial funds" entering U.S. banks for fear Treasury agents would grow suspicious.[^18] Webb also wrote that North relied on fraudulent end-user certificates from Guatemala and Honduras after Boland, quoting Fiers: "an arms broker will get an intermediary country to issue false end-user certificates."[^19]
-Webb further wrote that Dagoberto Núñez, a Costa Rican trafficker working for North and the CIA, signed a contract with the Sandinista agency Heroes and Martyrs Trading Corporation, and quoted a 1986 Owen memo to North: "He believes this will provide an opportunity to use his boats for cover operations, or to implicate the Ortegas and Borge in taking money on the side." In Webb's account, in November 1986 the FBI's "Operation Front Door" interviewed the realtor of [[Ronald Lister]], who said Lister claimed to run a "CIA-approved" security business and had told a neighbor he worked for North and Secord and had sent arms shipments to the Contras; the lead was not pursued.[^5][^13] The former Air Force intelligence officer [[Terry Reed]] claimed North was his CIA contact for a pilot-training program and a machine-tool front in [[Arkansas]], and described an Arkansas State Police "shredding party" to purge the state's [[Mena, Arkansas]] files of nearly a thousand documents including those naming North and Reed; North has denied knowing anything about Reed or Mena.[^5] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.
+Webb further wrote that Dagoberto Núñez, a Costa Rican trafficker working for North and the CIA, signed a contract with the Sandinista agency Heroes and Martyrs Trading Corporation, and quoted a 1986 Owen memo to North: "He believes this will provide an opportunity to use his boats for cover operations, or to implicate the Ortegas and Borge in taking money on the side." In Webb's account, in November 1986 the FBI's "Operation Front Door" interviewed the realtor of [[Ronald Lister]], who said Lister claimed to run a "CIA-approved" security business and had told a neighbor he worked for North and Secord and had sent arms shipments to the Contras; the lead was not pursued.[^12][^20] The former Air Force intelligence officer [[Terry Reed]] claimed North was his CIA contact for a pilot-training program and a machine-tool front in [[Arkansas]], and described an Arkansas State Police "shredding party" to purge the state's [[Mena, Arkansas]] files of nearly a thousand documents including those naming North and Reed; North has denied knowing anything about Reed or Mena.[^12] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited.
-Webb quoted North's 1991 memoir, *Under Fire*, as saying that the death squads in [[El Salvador]], "under the guise of anti-Communism," terrorized the entire country and murdered nuns, teachers, labor organizers, political opponents and thousands of other civilians, and that most of the activity was the responsibility of the ARENA party and its leader [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]].[^5]
+Webb quoted North's 1991 memoir, *Under Fire*, as saying that the death squads in El Salvador, "under the guise of anti-Communism," terrorized the entire country and murdered nuns, teachers, labor organizers, political opponents and thousands of other civilians, and that most of the activity was the responsibility of the ARENA party and its leader [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]].[^12]
 ### November 1986 and prosecution
 When the Iran arms sales and the Contra supply operation became public in October and November 1986, North told investigators little; the Independent Counsel wrote that his "wide destruction of records" eliminated possible documentary proof, and that he called the diversion the "secret within the secret."[^2] At the Select Committees' hearing on July 7, 1987, North testified under a grant of immunity that he believed the President had authorized the diversion.[^2] On November 25, 1986, Reagan telephoned North at a Sheraton hotel in Tysons Corner for two minutes; Reagan's sworn interrogatory answer says he told North he had no personal animus and "may have referred to LtCol North as a national hero."[^2]
-North was indicted in March 1988 on 16 counts with Poindexter, Secord and Hakim. After the conspiracy count was dropped because of classified-information problems he stood trial before Judge Gerhard Gesell on 12 counts and on May 4, 1989 was found guilty on three: aiding and abetting the obstruction of Congress, shredding and altering official documents, and accepting an illegal gratuity from Secord in the form of a home-security system. The Court of Appeals vacated the convictions on July 20, 1990 because trial witnesses might have been affected by his immunized congressional testimony; the Supreme Court denied certiorari on May 28, 1991; and on remand, after Robert McFarlane testified that his trial testimony had been "colored" by North's immunized testimony, the Independent Counsel consented to dismissal of the remaining counts with prejudice on September 16, 1991.[^1] President [[George H.W. Bush]] did not pardon North. On December 24, 1992 Bush pardoned [[Caspar Weinberger]], McFarlane, [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Duane Clarridge]], [[Clair George]] and Fiers.[^14]
+North was indicted in March 1988 on 16 counts with Poindexter, Secord and Hakim. After the conspiracy count was dropped because of classified-information problems he stood trial before Judge Gerhard Gesell on 12 counts and on May 4, 1989 was found guilty on three: aiding and abetting the obstruction of Congress, shredding and altering official documents, and accepting an illegal gratuity from Secord in the form of a home-security system. The Court of Appeals vacated the convictions on July 20, 1990 because trial witnesses might have been affected by his immunized congressional testimony; the Supreme Court denied certiorari on May 28, 1991; and on remand, after Robert McFarlane testified that his trial testimony had been "colored" by North's immunized testimony, the Independent Counsel consented to dismissal of the remaining counts with prejudice on September 16, 1991.[^1] President [[George H.W. Bush]] did not pardon North. On December 24, 1992 Bush pardoned [[Caspar Weinberger]], McFarlane, [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Duane Clarridge]], Clair George and Fiers.[^21]
-Seymour wrote that North reportedly attended a White House prayer group that [[Nita Scoggan]], wife of a [[Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International]] member, was invited to form by a Reagan aide who later worked for [[Pat Robertson]]'s presidential campaign.[^4]
+Seymour wrote that North reportedly attended a White House prayer group that [[Nita Scoggan]], wife of a [[Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International]] member, was invited to form by a Reagan aide who later worked for [[Pat Robertson]]'s presidential campaign.[^11]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, Volume I, August 4, 1993, ch. 2, "United States v. Oliver L. North," including "The Decision to Prosecute" and the section on the 1990 and 1991 appellate and dismissal proceedings (D.D.C. order of Sept. 16, 1991). https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm
 [^2]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 27, "President Reagan," sections on contra financial support, the resupply organization, the cover-up of November 1986 and the call of November 25, 1986. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_27.htm
 [^3]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances," including note 51 on the diversion estimate. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm
-[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^4]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 1 (McFarlane), on the six System IV "problem documents," memorandum of December 4, 1984 (AKW 037386-88). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm
-[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapters 6, 13 and 20.
+[^5]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, ch. 17 (George), citing CIA cable of January 28, 1985 (ER 29941), North notebook entries of February 2, 4 and 5, 1985, and North memorandum to McFarlane of February 6, 1985 (ALU 130089-90). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm
-[^6]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165, December 1988 (Panama chapter; "Barry Seal and the Cartel"; "Bueso-Rosa and the Contras"; Nicaragua chapter). https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
+[^6]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216), Appendix A, vol. 2, Source Documents, memorandum of February 6, 1985, "Cable to President Suazo of Honduras," pp. 1056-1058 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0229; partly illegible).
-[^7]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, section on the "Quid Pro Quo" admission and the "Heads of State" documents.
+[^7]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, Part I, "The Underlying Facts." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/part_i.htm
-[^8]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapters 11 and 12.
+[^8]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 2, pp. 50-51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=74).
-[^9]: Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, section "U.S. Government Funds and Companies with Drug Connections."
+[^9]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 15, p. 269 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=293); Hartford Courant, "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," May 29, 1992 (memo found in North's safe), https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
-[^10]: Lau, Maya, and Amy Wold. "Man who gunned down drug informant Barry Seal in Baton Rouge street dies at Angola." *The Advocate* (Baton Rouge), September 2, 2015, citing court documents. https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/crime_police/article_f09fb38d-4bb9-59ea-bda3-557497d84561.html
+[^10]: Graham Exhibit 1, Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
-[^11]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 11.
+[^11]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^12]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 10.
+[^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapters 6, 13 and 20.
-[^13]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 20.
+[^13]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165, December 1988 (Panama chapter; "Barry Seal and the Cartel"; "Bueso-Rosa and the Contras"; Nicaragua chapter). https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
-[^14]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Executive Summary and ch. 27, notes on pardons of December 24, 1992. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
+[^14]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 2, section on the "Quid Pro Quo" admission and the "Heads of State" documents.
 [^15]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapters 11 and 12.
 [^16]: Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, section "U.S. Government Funds and Companies with Drug Connections."
 [^17]: Lau, Maya, and Amy Wold. "Man who gunned down drug informant Barry Seal in Baton Rouge street dies at Angola." *The Advocate* (Baton Rouge), September 2, 2015, citing court documents. https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/crime_police/article_f09fb38d-4bb9-59ea-bda3-557497d84561.html
 [^18]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 11.
 [^19]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 10.
 [^20]: Webb, *Dark Alliance*, chapter 20.
 [^21]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Executive Summary and ch. 27, notes on pardons of December 24, 1992. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Arthur
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Arthur
@ -4,12 +4,20 @@ tags:
  - Person
  - PROMIS
 summary: "Tribal Chairman of the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians involved in the Cabazon/Wackenhut Joint Venture."
 updated: 2026-10-08
 ---
-[[Arthur Welmas]] was the Tribal Chairman of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]. He signed a letter on behalf of [[Jimmy Hughes]] to the Army Discharge Review Board, requesting Hughes' military record to obtain security clearances for his work in the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]]/[[Wackenhut Corporation]] Joint Venture.[^1]
+[[Arthur Welmas]] was the Tribal Chairman of the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation]]. He signed a letter on behalf of [[Jimmy Hughes]] to the Army Discharge Review Board, requesting Hughes' military record to obtain security clearances for his work in the Cabazon/[[Wackenhut Corporation]] Joint Venture.[^1]
-[[Robert Chasen]], Executive Vice President of [[Wackenhut Corporation]], felt an affinity with Welmas due to his wife being part Cherokee. Chasen sympathized with the Cabazons' situation and expressed a desire to protect them, suggesting he may have done so by shutting down the [[Wackenhut Corporation]]'s biological virus and vaccine development proposal to the Army on the Cabazon reservation.[^1]
+The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice describes Welmas as Tribal Chairman in 1981 and states that he signed the April 1981 joint venture agreement with Wackenhut for the Cabazon Security Corporation, with [[Robert Frye]] signing for Wackenhut, and that the non-Indian tribal administrator [[Dr. John Philip Nichols]] managed the tribe's business affairs.[^2]
 Welmas signed letters as "President." On March 24, 1982, a letter on the stationery of the Cabazon Gas and Oil Corporation over his name, addressed to a Michael McClure of Hercules Research Corp., Hercules, California, with copies to [[Marshall Riconosciuto]] and [[Michael Riconosciuto]], states that Nichols "is very impressed with your competence."[^3] A letter over his name dated May 1 (year not printed) on Cabazon Arms letterhead, Indio, to La France Specialties of San Diego, says that a facility on a fifteen-acre site set aside by the reservation was planned, that the venture planned to begin manufacturing "a new assault weapon, which would have unique characteristics, including an adjustable cycle rate of fire and a laser sighting system," and that all sales would be sought only through sources acceptable to the State Department.[^4] The names that follow his signature on that letter are Peter Zokosky, Bob Frye, Dr. Myron Malkin, Colonel Glade Flake, John James, Bruce James, John Paul Nichols and Wayne Reeder. A Dr. Myron S. Malkin, director of the NASA Space Shuttle program, sat on the board of NUSAC, Inc., the nuclear safeguards consultancy bought by the Wackenhut Corporation in 1978. Whether he is the Dr. Myron Malkin named in the letter is not established.[^4][^5]
 [[Robert Chasen]], Executive Vice President of Wackenhut Corporation, felt an affinity with Welmas due to his wife being part Cherokee. Chasen sympathized with the Cabazons' situation and expressed a desire to protect them, suggesting he may have done so by shutting down the Wackenhut Corporation's biological virus and vaccine development proposal to the Army on the Cabazon reservation.[^1]
 ---
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
 [^2]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 56. Official finding. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
 [^3]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated March 24, 1982, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." The scan text prints the addressee as "Mr. Michael McClure, Hercules Research Corp." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^4]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 to La France Specialties, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence"; Cabazon Arms letterhead, 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California.
 [^5]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1979-1980), item on the election of Brian J. L. Berry to the NUSAC board ("Besides Dr. Lumb, the other members are Dr. Myron S. Malkin, Director of NASA's Space Shuttle Program"). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_4.pdf
--- a/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frederic
+++ b/PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Frederic
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
 ---
 aliases:
  - Frederic J. Truslow
  - Frederick J. Truslow
  - Frederic Jennings Truslow
  - Frederick Truslow
  - Frederic Truslow
  - Truslow
 category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
 tags:
  - Person
  - FredericTruslow
  - LaneAndEdson
  - DepartmentOfHousingAndUrbanDevelopment
  - PeruAntiquities
  - ForeignAgents
  - DeweyBallantine
  - Washington
 summary: "Washington housing lawyer and former HUD deputy assistant secretary, son of Curb Exchange president Francis Adams Truslow, registered under FARA for Lane and Edson's work for Peru on stolen antiquities."
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]]"
    start: 1976
    role: "deputy assistant secretary for housing production and mortgage credit, as named in 1976 and 1977 records"
    fn: 8
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Lane and Edson]]"
    start: 1979
    end: 1988
    role: "attorney; short-form registrant under FARA registration 3286"
    fn: 12
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Peru|Republic of Peru]]"
    start: 1981-10-08
    end: 1988-11-08
    role: "counsel on antiquities recovery; short-form registrant, Lane and Edson registration 3286"
    fn: 12
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood]]"
    start: 1988
    role: "attorney, named in rosters of counsel printed in 1988 and 1990 hearing records"
    fn: 20
  - type: relative_of
    with: "[[Francis Adams Truslow]]"
    role: "son"
    fn: 2
 ---
 Frederic J. Truslow (Frederic Jennings Truslow, born October 28, 1939) was a Washington lawyer who held senior housing posts at the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] before joining [[Lane and Edson]], where he was a short-form registrant under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] for the [[Peru|Republic of Peru]] on the recovery of pre-Columbian artifacts. The Justice Department registration files spell his name "Frederic"; trade, press and congressional records of the period print it both as Frederic and as Frederick.
 ### Family and education
 Truslow was born on October 28, 1939, the second son of [[Francis Adams Truslow]] and Elizabeth Auchincloss (Jennings) Truslow of [[New York City]].[^1] His father, born in Summit, [[New Jersey]], in 1906, was head of the [[Rubber Reserve Company]], president of the [[New York Curb Exchange]], and a [[United States Department of State]] representative on the U.S.-Brazil Joint Commission for Economic Development; he died at sea on July 8, 1951, on the way to Rio de Janeiro.[^2] A July 1997 obituary of Elizabeth Truslow Howell, the widow of Francis Adams Truslow and later the wife of Dr. John Taylor Howell Jr., lists her surviving sons as including "Frederic Jennings Truslow of Washington."[^3]
 The 1963 [[Harvard University|Harvard Law School]] yearbook lists Frederic Jennings Truslow of 1088 Park Avenue, New York, "B.A. Yale '61," with the notations "Gardner, L. Rev."[^4] The *Harvard Law Review* volume of 1962 to 1963 prints "Frederic J. Truslow" among its student editors, and the *Harvard Law Record* of 1962 lists "Frederic J. Truslow, New York and Yale" among twenty-five students chosen for the review.[^5] The Lawyers Directory of 1967 lists him as a new associate of a New York firm.[^6]
 ### Housing posts, 1973 to 1978
 A 1973 housing directory lists "Frederic J. Truslow, Associate Counsel" in an entry for a state housing agency.[^7] A 1976 issue of the *Journal of Housing* described Frederick J. Truslow as director of the office of policy development and evaluation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, responsible for developing and coordinating policies, research programs and evaluation mechanisms for housing programs.[^8] In the same year a Congressional Record entry lists him as "Deputy Assistant Secretary for Housing Production and Mortgage Credit" of the department.[^9] A 1977 record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York describes him as a former member of one of its committees and more recently a deputy assistant secretary for housing production and mortgage credit.[^10]
 A 1978 housing bibliography lists an article by [[Charles L. Edson]] and Truslow on bonding for Section 8 housing as an alternative to Section 11(b), published in the trade journal *Multi-Housing*.[^11]
 ### Lane and Edson, 1979 to 1988
 A 1979 seminar program lists "Frederic J. Truslow, Seminar Chairman, Lane and Edson, P.C., Washington, D.C."[^12] He is among the lawyers printed on Lane and Edson letterheads in congressional hearing records of 1983, 1984 and 1985, with Kenneth G. Hance Jr., Martin Klepper, Barry R. Schenof, [[Eugene Propper]] and [[Jack Feder]].[^13]
 In 1981 *The International Trade Law Journal* described Frederick J. Truslow as "of the law firm of Lane & Edson, who represents the Peruvian Government in U.S. courts," and reported his statement that scores of archaeological sites had been stripped to supply between 40,000 and 80,000 pieces a year to the American art market.[^14] A 1982 issue of the *Stolen Art Alert* described him as "a Washington lawyer who has been retained as counsel to Peru" and reported his comments on Peru's priorities in stopping the flow of antiquities out of the country.[^15] Under the byline Frederic J. Truslow, the *New York University Journal of International Law and Politics* printed "Peru's Recovery of Cultural Patrimony" in 1983.[^16] An April 1986 *ARTnews* article on Peru and the antiquities trade quotes Truslow, an attorney with Lane and Edson, as calling preposterous the notion that Peru would file blanket suits against American museums and individuals claiming title to Peruvian antiquities.[^17] The Justice Department's registration files list Lane and Edson's registration 3286 for Peru from October 8, 1981, with short forms for Truslow and Propper that both ended on November 8, 1988.[^12]
 The acknowledgments of *The Art of M&A* (1989), a Lane and Edson guide written with [[Stanley F. Reed]], name Frederic J. Truslow with Mark Kotlarsky, [[Bruce S. Lane]], Thomas E. Weil Jr. and Justine E. Wilcox.[^18]
 ### Dewey, Ballantine and later records
 [[The Wall Street Journal]] reported in September 1988 that Jack Feder was bringing sixteen lawyers from the ninety-lawyer Lane and Edson to the Washington office of [[Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood]].[^19] A roster of counsel printed in the record of 1988 hearings on the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement lists "Frederick J. Truslow," annotated as admitted in New York only and in Massachusetts only, under the name of Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood; a roster in the record of 1990 hearings prints "Frederic J. Truslow," admitted in New York only, under the same firm.[^20] A 1989 *Anuario Hispano* directory lists "Truslow, Lane & Edson" at 2300 M Street NW.[^21]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: *Thirty Year Record* (Yale class of 1928, 1958), entry for Francis Adams Truslow, listing children "Francis Adams, Jr., born on January 7, 1938, Frederic Jennings on October 28, 1939," https://books.google.com/books?id=lHAWAAAAIAAJ; *Yale Alumni Magazine*, 1939, birth notice of "Frederic Jennings" to "Mr. and Mrs. Francis Adams Truslow of New York City," Mrs. Truslow formerly Elizabeth Auchincloss Jennings, https://books.google.com/books?id=-TgkPDmFLGcC.
 [^2]: *Memorial Book*, 1951, Francis Adams Truslow "born in Summit, New Jersey, on May 4, 1906," https://books.google.com/books?id=dfw8AAAAIAAJ; *Andean Air Mail & Peruvian Times*, 1951, "former head of the Rubber Reserve Company and later President of the New York Curb Exchange," https://books.google.com/books?id=hWENAQAAIAAJ; *Brazilian Bulletin*, 1951, on his death and his State Department post with the U.S.-Brazil Joint Commission, https://books.google.com/books?id=p7si1Laa8qsC; *Time*, 1951, "Died. Francis Adams Truslow, 45, former head of the New York Curb Exchange," https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf3VAAAAMAAJ.
 [^3]: *The New York Times Biographical Service*, July 1997, obituary of a resident of Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, aged 84, naming sons including "Frederic Jennings Truslow of Washington" and "John Taylor Howell 3d of Washington Crossing," https://books.google.com/books?id=st4zAQAAIAAJ.
 [^4]: *Harvard Law School Year Book*, 1963, entry "Frederic Jennings Truslow, B.A. Yale '61, 1088 Park Ave., New York, N.Y.," https://books.google.com/books?id=8oc8AAAAIAAJ.
 [^5]: *Harvard Law Review*, vol. 76 (1962-1963), list of student editors, https://books.google.com/books?id=gAItAAAAIAAJ; *Harvard Law Record*, 1962, "Frederic J. Truslow, New York and Yale," https://books.google.com/books?id=OxwOAQAAMAAJ.
 [^6]: *The Lawyers Directory*, 1967, listing under new associates "Frederic J. Truslow," https://books.google.com/books?id=yl05AQAAIAAJ.
 [^7]: *Housing and Community Development*, 1973, "Frederic J. Truslow, Associate Counsel," https://books.google.com/books?id=0_-0AAAAIAAJ.
 [^8]: *Journal of Housing*, 1976, staff note naming "Frederick J. Truslow, director of the office of policy development and evaluation," https://books.google.com/books?id=bVpUAAAAMAAJ.
 [^9]: *Congressional Record*, 1976, testimony list identifying "Frederick J. Truslow, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Housing Production and Mortgage Credit, both of the Department of Housing and Urban Development," https://books.google.com/books?id=CMMsRheGPxsC.
 [^10]: *The Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York*, 1977, naming "Frederick J. Truslow, a former member of the Committee and more recently a Deputy Assistant Secretary for Housing Production and Mortgage Credit," https://books.google.com/books?id=db88AQAAIAAJ.
 [^11]: *Housing and Planning References*, 1978, entry "Edson, Charles L. and Frederick J. Truslow. 11(b) bonding for Section 8 seen as Tandem alternative. Multi-Housing 57," https://books.google.com/books?id=yE4zAAAAMAAJ.
 [^12]: *Probate and Property*, 1979, program listing "Frederic J. Truslow, Seminar Chairman, Lane and Edson, P.C., Washington, D.C.," https://books.google.com/books?id=kmk8AQAAIAAJ. U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act public bulk files, registrant 3286 (Lane & Edson, P.C., registered October 8, 1981, terminated November 8, 1988) and short forms "Truslow, Frederic J." and "Propper, Eugene M." (both terminated November 8, 1988), https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_Registrants.csv.zip and https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ShortForms.csv.zip.
 [^13]: Letterheads of Lane and Edson, P.C., printed in *Governmental Lease Financing Reform Act* (1983), https://books.google.com/books?id=L63PFff8BXkC; *Section 8 Rent Adjustments, Elderly Housing, and Other Assisted Housing Issues* (1984), https://books.google.com/books?id=HQwRxaYIvskC; and Senate Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs, *Housing, Community Development, and Mass Transportation Authorizations, 1986* (1985), letter of February 25, 1985, https://books.google.com/books?id=pfCKEE1NeD0C.
 [^14]: *The International Trade Law Journal*, 1981, https://books.google.com/books?id=rV-ALrT7l3MC.
 [^15]: *Stolen Art Alert*, 1982, https://books.google.com/books?id=f6zrAAAAMAAJ.
 [^16]: Frederic J. Truslow, "Peru's Recovery of Cultural Patrimony," 15 N.Y.U. Journal of International Law and Politics 839 (1983), as cited in *Tulsa Journal of Comparative & International Law*, 1996, https://books.google.com/books?id=F9JKAQAAIAAJ, and listed in the volume index in *New York University Journal of International Law & Politics*, 2000, https://books.google.com/books?id=p9BKAQAAIAAJ.
 [^17]: *ARTnews*, April 1986, article on Peru and the antiquities trade, https://books.google.com/books?id=NAROtwXJjVMC.
 [^18]: *The Art of M&A* (1989), acknowledgments, https://books.google.com/books?id=7AgPAQAAMAAJ.
 [^19]: *The Wall Street Journal*, September 28, 1988, digest entry on Feder and Dewey, Ballantine, https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_5aAAAAYAAJ.
 [^20]: *United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement*, hearings, 1988, roster of counsel, https://books.google.com/books?id=ub0FAAAAIAAJ; *Written Comments on H.R. 5017, the "Intermodal Container Tax Treatment Act,"* 1990, roster of counsel, https://books.google.com/books?id=L5uU2kAU058C.
 [^21]: *Anuario Hispano*, 1989, https://books.google.com/books?id=SPC6AAAAIAAJ.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Brunswick
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Brunswick
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
 ---
 title: Brunswick Corporation
 aliases:
  - Brunswick Corporation
  - Brunswick Corp.
  - Brunswick
  - Brunswick Defense Division
  - Brunswick Technical Group
  - Brunswick Defense
 created: 2024-04-25
 updated: 2026-10-08
 category: "Private Organization"
 tags:
  - Organization
  - Public
  - Defense
  - Munitions
  - RAW
  - CasolaroPapers
  - LakeForest
  - CostaMesa
 summary: "Lake Forest, Illinois manufacturer whose Defense Division, renamed the Technical Group in 1991, kept a Costa Mesa plant that was the last Brunswick defense asset unsold after the 1995 sale."
 location: "Lake Forest, Illinois"
 relations:
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Robert C. Sigrist]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1988
    role: "president of the Technical Group, known as the Defense Division before 1991"
    fn: 1
  - type: contractor_to
    with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
    role: "sold Technical Group products, including tactical weapons, to the Department of Defense"
    fn: 1
 ---
 [[Brunswick Corporation]] is a company headquartered in [[Lake Forest, Illinois|Lake Forest]] whose Defense Division, renamed the Technical Group in 1991, gave its address as [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]] on an October 1976 cover sheet for the [[Rifleman's Assault Weapon]] preserved in the [[Danny Casolaro]] papers. The company's annual reports for 1993 to 1995 describe the Technical Group, its divestiture, and a Costa Mesa facility that remained unsold.[^1][^2][^3][^4]
 ### The Defense Division in the Casolaro papers
 The "Promotional Material" folder of Casolaro's research files, published as photographs on the [[Internet Archive]], contains a Brunswick item marked by hand "BD|AI|PM-03." Its first photograph is a cover sheet reading "RAW / Rifleman's Assault Weapon / for / Urban Warfare / October 1976," with the imprint "BRUNSWICK CORPORATION, DEFENSE DIVISION, 3333 HARBOR BLVD. • COSTA MESA • CA 92626 USA" and the legend "PROPRIETARY DATA." The second photograph is a line drawing of a tube-launched weapon on a bipod, which shows faintly through the cover sheet. No other pages of the package were photographed, and the cover's top right corner carries the page marking "01-498."[^4]
 The restrictive legend on the cover reads: "INFORMATION AND DATA SET FORTH HEREIN ARE PROPRIETARY TO AND THE PROPERTY OF BRUNSWICK CORPORATION AND SHALL NOT BE DISCLOSED OUTSIDE THE GOVERNMENT OR BE DUPLICATED, USED OR DISCLOSED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN TO EVALUATE THE SAME PROVIDED, THAT IF A CONTRACT IS AWARDED TO THE BRUNSWICK CORPORATION AS A RESULT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SUBMISSION OF SUCH DATA, THE GOVERNMENT SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT TO DUPLICATE, USE OR DISCLOSE THESE DATA TO THE EXTENT PROVIDED IN THE CONTRACT." [^4]
 The folder's 21 photographs run in this order: the [[Industrias Cardoen]] sales sheet ("BD|AI|PM-04"), the printed fuel-air munitions page numbered 207 ("BD|AI|PM-02"), the Brunswick cover and drawing ("BD|AI|PM-03"), the [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]] resume packet ("BD|AI|PM-05"), and the Inter-Probe brochure ("BD|AI|PM-01"). The CTC cover page's typed title shows through the back of the Brunswick drawing sheet.[^4]
 ### Rifleman's Assault Weapon
 The U.S. Army hired Brunswick in May 1977 to refine the design of the Rifleman's Assault Weapon (RAW), and the work was done by the company's California-based defense division. The Marine Corps examined the weapon and reportedly fielded it in limited numbers, and Brunswick later sold the rights to the project to the defense contractor L-3.[^5]
 ### Technical Group and the 1993 divestiture
 The company's annual report for 1993 names [[Robert C. Sigrist]] as president of the Technical Group, "known as the Defense Division prior to 1991," and says he had held that post since 1988. The Technical Group, the report states, "manufactures and sells composite structures for aircraft, helicopters, spacecraft, propulsion systems, missiles," and a long list of other products that includes "tactical weapons; flight decoys and target training systems; relocatable and mobile shelter systems; and chemical protective detectors/alarms." The same report says those products "are sold to the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]]; major defense prime contractors."[^1]
 In February 1993 the board approved plans to divest the Technical Group, which the 1993 report calls "the only remaining business in the Company's Technical segment." The company recorded a 26.0 million dollar estimated loss on the divestiture in 1992, and an additional 12.2 million dollar estimated loss in 1993 reflecting offers the company was reviewing.[^1]
 ### Sale to Technical Products Group, 1994 and 1995
 On December 1, 1994, Brunswick executed a contract for the sale of substantially all the assets of the Technical Group, with a closing expected in the first half of 1995. The report for 1994 excludes "the assets associated with the Company's facility in Costa Mesa, California," and says negotiations for those assets were continuing. Item 1 of the same report says the company and the buyer had settled with the government "all issues related to the Federal Grand Jury investigation of the Company's Marion, Virginia facility," while the notes to the financial statements say the company "is finalizing a settlement acceptable to the buyer and the government" of the same issues.[^2]
 The sale closed on April 28, 1995, to Technical Products Group, Inc., described in the 1995 report as "a newly formed company controlled by TPG Holdings in Atlanta, Georgia." The buyer took the Marion, Virginia, Lincoln, Nebraska, Camden, Arkansas, and DeLand, Florida operations. The Costa Mesa unit was excluded, and the 1995 report states that its assets were "fully reserved as of Decmeber [sic] 31, 1995" while the company "continues to seek a buyer."[^3]
 ### Costa Mesa after the sale
 The 1995 report records a provision of 11.5 million dollars in the second quarter of 1995 for lower than anticipated selling prices on the businesses sold. The Costa Mesa plant remained with Brunswick after the sale, and the 1995 report describes the unit as one the company still seeks to sell.[^3]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Brunswick Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1993 (filed March 29, 1994), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/14930/0000014930-94-000004.txt. Item 4 biographies, Note 5 (Discontinued Operations) and the Item 1 description of the Technical Group.
 [^2]: Brunswick Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1994 (filed March 23, 1995), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/14930/0000014930-95-000003.txt. Discontinued operations and the Costa Mesa exclusion.
 [^3]: Brunswick Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1995 (filed March 28, 1996), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/14930/0000014930-96-000002.txt. Sale to Technical Products Group, Inc. and the Costa Mesa reserve.
 [^4]: "RAW, Rifleman's Assault Weapon for Urban Warfare, October 1976," Brunswick Corporation Defense Division, proprietary data cover sheet, hand-marked "BD|AI|PM-03," in "Promotional Material," Danny Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/PromotionalMaterial.pdf.
 [^5]: "The US Army's Doomed Plan for a Rocket-Propelled Bowling Ball," Vice, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/yp3g3b/the-us-armys-doomed-plan-for-a-rocket-propelled-bowling-ball. Sole source for the May 1977 hiring, the Marine Corps use and the sale to L-3.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Counter
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Counter
@ -51,21 +51,21 @@ relations:
    reverse: true
    start: 1990-06
    role: "associate"
-    fn: 15
+    fn: 26
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[James B. Motley]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1990-06
    role: "associate"
-    fn: 15
+    fn: 26
  - type: member_of
    with: "[[Mayer Nudell]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1990-06
    role: "associate"
-    fn: 15
+    fn: 26
  - type: represented
-    with: "[[Government of Jamaica]]"
+    with: "[[Jamaica]]"
    start: 1989-09
    end: 1990-04
    role: "registrant under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4294"
@ -86,37 +86,43 @@ A 1990 business book on corporate intelligence quoted Cornick as head of the Was
 ### Foreign Agents Registration Act registration, 1989 to 1990
-The United States Department of Justice FARA registry lists CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., as registration number 4294, registered September 18, 1989 and terminated October 25, 1990, at 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 230, [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. Its one foreign principal is the Government of Jamaica, of Kingston, registered September 18, 1989 and terminated April 15, 1990. Short forms dated September 18, 1989 and terminated October 25, 1990 name three individuals: Cornick, Propper and Gerald S. Walker.[^3] A Col. [[Gerald S. Walker]] of the U.S. Army is listed as director of the School of Attaché Training at the [[Defense Intelligence College]] in the 1987/88 edition of the Government Manual, and the 1988/89 edition lists an acting director in that position.[^4][^5] A U.S. Army Col. Gerald S. Walker is also named in Associated Press and other reports of June 1985 on the Salvadoran investigation of the January 3, 1981 killings at the Sheraton Hotel in [[San Salvador]] of the American land-reform advisers [[Mark David Pearlman]] and [[Michael P. Hammer]] and the Salvadoran official [[Rodolfo Viera]]: a former U.S. defense attaché who served in the defense attaché office in San Salvador and then in [[Panama City]], he and his wife gave depositions that Army Capt. [[Eduardo Alfonso Avila]], whom they had known since 1978, had confessed his involvement to them at their Panama City home.[^6] The State Department's Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts lists a "Ltc Gerald V. Walker" of the Army as defense attaché at the embassy in Panama in its 1983, 1984 and 1985 editions.[^7] Records found do not establish whether this officer is the Gerald S. Walker registered for CounterTerrorism Consultants; the firm's June 1990 resume packet does not list him among its associates.[^8]
+The United States Department of Justice FARA registry lists CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., as registration number 4294, registered September 18, 1989 and terminated October 25, 1990, at 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 230, [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. Its one foreign principal is the [[Jamaica|Government of Jamaica]], of [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], registered September 18, 1989 and terminated April 15, 1990. Short forms dated September 18, 1989 and terminated October 25, 1990 name three individuals: Cornick, Propper and Gerald S. Walker.[^3] A Col. [[Gerald S. Walker]] of the U.S. Army is listed as director of the School of Attaché Training at the [[Defense Intelligence College]] in the 1987/88 edition of the Government Manual, and the 1988/89 edition lists an acting director in that position.[^4][^5] A U.S. Army Col. Gerald S. Walker is also named in Associated Press and other reports of June 1985 on the Salvadoran investigation of the January 3, 1981 killings at the Sheraton Hotel in [[San Salvador]] of the American land-reform advisers [[Mark David Pearlman]] and [[Michael P. Hammer]] and the Salvadoran official [[Rodolfo Viera]]: a former U.S. defense attaché who served in the defense attaché office in San Salvador and then in [[Panama City]], he and his wife gave depositions that Army Capt. [[Eduardo Alfonso Avila]], whom they had known since 1978, had confessed his involvement to them at their Panama City home.[^6] The State Department's Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts lists a "Ltc Gerald V. Walker" of the Army as defense attaché at the embassy in Panama in its 1983, 1984 and 1985 editions.[^7] Records found do not establish whether this officer is the Gerald S. Walker registered for CounterTerrorism Consultants; the firm's June 1990 resume packet does not list him among its associates.[^8]
-The Attorney General's report to Congress for 1988 through 1991 lists the registration under Jamaica with activities "None Reported," finances of $25,000.00 received prior to registration on September 18, 1989 and no receipts for the six months ending April 15, 1990, and political propaganda "None Reported."[^9] Lane and Edson, P.C., of 2300 M Street NW, held its own FARA registration (number 3286) from October 8, 1981 to November 8, 1988 for the Republic of Peru, with Propper among its short-form registrants.[^3]
+The Attorney General's report to Congress for 1988 through 1991 lists the registration under Jamaica with activities "None Reported," finances of $25,000.00 received prior to registration on September 18, 1989 and no receipts for the six months ending April 15, 1990, and political propaganda "None Reported."[^9] Lane and Edson, P.C., of 2300 M Street NW, held its own FARA registration (number 3286) from October 8, 1981 to November 8, 1988 for the Republic of Peru, with Propper among its short-form registrants.[^3] Sixteen lawyers of Lane and Edson's ninety, led by [[Jack Feder]] of its mergers and acquisitions group, moved to the Washington office of [[Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood]] in September 1988; on January 4, 1989 the *Wall Street Journal* reported that twenty-four Lane and Edson attorneys had been asked to join [[Kelley Drye & Warren]].[^10] The firm's attorneys named in its letterheads of 1983 to 1985 included [[Frederic J. Truslow]], also a short-form registrant for Peru.[^11]
 The Jamaican government and its offices were the principal in five other registrations opened between March 6 and September 7, 1989: [[Neill and Company, Inc.]] (March 6), [[Fenton Communications, Inc.]] for the Office of the Prime Minister (March 10), [[Holland & Knight]] for [[JAMPRO]] (March 17), JAMPRO itself (March 29) and Holland & Knight for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (September 7).[^12] Fenton's entry in the Attorney General's report states that it "prepared and disseminated news releases and newsletters to promote a multilateral anti-drug program and to publicize Jamaica's desire for continued relations with the U.S."[^13] [[Galland, Kharasch, Morse and Garfinkle]], registered for [[Air Jamaica]], Ltd., advised United States officials of the airline's efforts "to insure that their aircraft facilities would not be used by third persons in the illicit traffic of narcotics," and reported $285,131.24 for the twelve months ending December 23, 1989.[^14] In August 1988 the Jamaican minister for national security, [[Errol Anderson]], had announced new measures "to strangle drug smuggling" at the Norman Manley and Sangster airports, and [[The Gleaner]] of April 8, 1989 ran the story "Airport security angers travellers."[^15]
 The United States and Jamaica signed a [[Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty]] in criminal matters at Kingston on July 7, 1989, seventy-three days before the firm's registration on September 18, 1989; the printed signature page carries the signatures, as legible, of Michael Sotirhos for the United States and A. Carl Rattray for Jamaica. The treaty's text records its transmittal to the [[United States Senate]] on October 25, 1991, the Senate's advice and consent on July 2, 1992, and its entry into force on July 25, 1995.[^16] The State Department's list of chiefs of mission gives July 7, 1989 as the end of Sotirhos's term as ambassador to Jamaica.[^17] On November 6, 1989 the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] and the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control held joint hearings on "Jamaica's proposed comprehensive international anti-narcotics plan," at which Prime Minister [[Michael Manley]] stated that the first of seven points was "some coordinating mechanism for intelligence gathering" and the second was training.[^18] The State Department's 1989 human rights report stated that the Jamaica Constabulary Force was receiving training in police investigative techniques from the Justice Department's International Criminal Investigative Training Program.[^19]
 ### Corporate registrations
-CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P. was filed as a [[Delaware]] limited partnership, file number 2168210, on August 1, 1988, the day before the UPI report of the firm's formation.[^10] It registered in the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] as a foreign limited partnership, file number 058088, on August 5, 1988. Its registered agent there was CounterTerrorism Consultants, Inc., at 2300 M Street NW, 8th floor. The District record shows a biennial report due April 1, 1989 as not filed, and the registration as revoked.[^11] [[Virginia]] holds foreign registrations for the partnership (M0059578) and for the corporation (F1012691).[^10]
+CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P. was filed as a [[Delaware]] limited partnership, file number 2168210, on August 1, 1988, the day before the UPI report of the firm's formation.[^20] It registered in the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] as a foreign limited partnership, file number 058088, on August 5, 1988. Its registered agent there was CounterTerrorism Consultants, Inc., at 2300 M Street NW, 8th floor. The District record shows a biennial report due April 1, 1989 as not filed, and the registration as revoked.[^21] [[Virginia]] holds foreign registrations for the partnership (M0059578) and for the corporation (F1012691).[^20] OpenCorporates lists the Virginia foreign corporation F1012691 as "COUNTERTERRORISM CONSULTANTS INC." (branch, inactive, business classification "general") and the Delaware partnership 2168210 with an unassigned agent and one officer, whose name the site withholds from non-logged-in viewers; a similarly named "Counterterrorism Consultants, Inc." is listed for Delaware.[^22]
-The International Association of Chiefs of Police directory for 1988 lists "Cornick, Jr., L. Carter" as president of Counterterrorism Consultants Inc., 2300 M Street NW, Suite 800, with the telephone number printed on the 1990 packet.[^12] The 1990 edition of Washington Representatives lists the partnership at 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 230, Alexandria, telephone (703) 683-6988, as foreign agent number 4294, with Cornick and Gerald S. Walker as its representatives for the Government of Jamaica.[^13] In January 1990 the Newhouse News Service described Cornick as a former FBI agent who "now heads a counterterrorism consulting company in Alexandria, Va."[^14]
+The International Association of Chiefs of Police directory for 1988 lists "Cornick, Jr., L. Carter" as president of Counterterrorism Consultants Inc., 2300 M Street NW, Suite 800, with the telephone number printed on the 1990 packet.[^23] The 1990 edition of Washington Representatives lists the partnership at 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 230, Alexandria, telephone (703) 683-6988, as foreign agent number 4294, with Cornick and Gerald S. Walker as its representatives for the Government of Jamaica.[^24] In January 1990 the Newhouse News Service described Cornick as a former FBI agent who "now heads a counterterrorism consulting company in Alexandria, Va."[^25]
 ### The resume packet, June 1990
-The packet is a fax copy in the Casolaro files, folder "Promotional Material," bearing the archive's handwritten item reference "BD|AI|PM-05." The cover page reads "CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P." and "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," with the preprinted footer "Suite 800, 2300 M Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037, (202)775-1364, Fax # (202) 293-3083." The fax header of the first page reads "JUN 20 '90 16:53" and "141 P01"; later pages carry the same counter with times of 16:54 (P03), 16:57 (P06), 17:00 (P11) and 17:01 (P12).[^15]
+The packet is a fax copy in the Casolaro files, folder "Promotional Material," bearing the archive's handwritten item reference "BD|AI|PM-05." The cover page reads "CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P." and "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," with the preprinted footer "Suite 800, 2300 M Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037, (202)775-1364, Fax # (202) 293-3083." The fax header of the first page reads "JUN 20 '90 16:53" and "141 P01"; later pages carry the same counter with times of 16:54 (P03), 16:57 (P06), 17:00 (P11) and 17:01 (P12).[^26]
-The packet describes seven associates. Cornick is co-founder and chief executive officer, responsible for the oversight of all operations; the entry states that he retired from the FBI on June 1, 1988, that he had headed the bureau's Terrorist Research and Analytical Center, and that he was the FBI representative to the Hostage Locating Task Force at the [[White House]]. Propper is the firm's co-founder, advising clients on criminal prosecutions, extradition, expulsion and the formulation of statutes and prosecutorial guidelines, and is described as head of the trial division at Lane and Edson. Barcella is an associate advising on the same subjects, described as the government's lead prosecutor in the [[TWA Flight 847]], [[Achille Lauro]] and TWA flight 840 cases and the Wilson-Terpil terrorism investigation, as co-counsel in the Letelier prosecutions, and as a partner at Laxalt, Washington, Perito & Dubuc.[^15]
+The packet describes seven associates. Cornick is co-founder and chief executive officer, responsible for the oversight of all operations; the entry states that he retired from the FBI on June 1, 1988, that he had headed the bureau's Terrorist Research and Analytical Center, and that he was the FBI representative to the Hostage Locating Task Force at the [[White House]]. Propper is the firm's co-founder, advising clients on criminal prosecutions, extradition, expulsion and the formulation of statutes and prosecutorial guidelines, and is described as head of the trial division at Lane and Edson. Barcella is an associate advising on the same subjects, described as the government's lead prosecutor in the [[TWA Flight 847]], [[Achille Lauro]] and TWA flight 840 cases and the Wilson-Terpil terrorism investigation, as co-counsel in the Letelier prosecutions, and as a partner at Laxalt, Washington, Perito & Dubuc.[^26]
-A further associate entry, which carries no name, describes a former senior-level [[Central Intelligence Agency]] operations officer responsible for planning strategies for governments to deter and respond to terrorism and for intelligence data bases. It states that until his retirement and return from abroad in 1987 he represented the CIA overseas on international planning bodies connected with [[NATO]] organizations; that previously he was the agency's chief of counterterrorism, managed "the United States' first special intelligence team reactions to terrorist incidents overseas" and was its principal counterterrorism representative on White House, State Department and [[National Security Council]] committees; that for three years before that he was chief of a CIA facility in Europe and before that deputy in charge of the element responsible for paramilitary activities worldwide, overseeing air, maritime and ground paramilitary activities and an element monitoring worldwide crisis and instability situations; and that he was chief of the CIA air and maritime elements from 1974 through 1977. It adds that he was certified as a naval aviator and instructor pilot with the [[United States Navy]] before joining the agency and holds a B.A. in Business Administration from [[Adelphi University|Adelphi College]].[^15]
+A further associate entry, which carries no name, describes a former senior-level [[Central Intelligence Agency]] operations officer responsible for planning strategies for governments to deter and respond to terrorism and for intelligence data bases. It states that until his retirement and return from abroad in 1987 he represented the CIA overseas on international planning bodies connected with [[NATO]] organizations; that previously he was the agency's chief of counterterrorism, managed "the United States' first special intelligence team reactions to terrorist incidents overseas" and was its principal counterterrorism representative on White House, State Department and [[National Security Council]] committees; that for three years before that he was chief of a CIA facility in Europe and before that deputy in charge of the element responsible for paramilitary activities worldwide, overseeing air, maritime and ground paramilitary activities and an element monitoring worldwide crisis and instability situations; and that he was chief of the CIA air and maritime elements from 1974 through 1977. It adds that he was certified as a naval aviator and instructor pilot with the [[United States Navy]] before joining the agency and holds a B.A. in Business Administration from [[Adelphi University|Adelphi College]].[^26]
-[[Francis J. McNeil]] is described as ambassador to [[Costa Rica]] from 1980 to 1983, three times deputy assistant secretary of state, and from 1984 senior deputy for intelligence and research; a handwritten note in the margin of that page reads "State Dept."[^15] [[James B. Motley]] is described as vice president for national security studies and programs at [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]] ("WATCO"), advising CTC clients in cases involving low-intensity conflict.[^15] [[Mayer Nudell]], with the handwritten margin note "FSO," is described as a veteran foreign service officer who held posts in El Salvador and Nicaragua, served in the State Department's Bureau of Inter-American Affairs and Office of Counterterrorism and Emergency Planning, and was formerly executive director of the Institute on Terrorism and Subnational Conflict; the packet states that he advises CTC clients on contingency planning and crisis management.[^15] The 1986 attendee list of a conference on car-bomb attacks gives Nudell as executive director of that institute, at 400 Timber Lane, Falls Church, Virginia.[^16]
+[[Francis J. McNeil]] is described as ambassador to [[Costa Rica]] from 1980 to 1983, three times deputy assistant secretary of state, and from 1984 senior deputy for intelligence and research; a handwritten note in the margin of that page reads "State Dept."[^26] [[James B. Motley]] is described as vice president for national security studies and programs at [[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]] ("WATCO"), advising CTC clients in cases involving low-intensity conflict.[^26] [[Mayer Nudell]], with the handwritten margin note "FSO," is described as a veteran foreign service officer who held posts in El Salvador and Nicaragua, served in the State Department's Bureau of Inter-American Affairs and Office of Counterterrorism and Emergency Planning, and was formerly executive director of the Institute on Terrorism and Subnational Conflict; the packet states that he advises CTC clients on contingency planning and crisis management.[^26] The 1986 attendee list of a conference on car-bomb attacks gives Nudell as executive director of that institute, in Falls Church, Virginia.[^27]
 State Department records place Nudell in the Office for Combatting Terrorism in January 1984 and list a June 1984 resignation from that office; the department's Newsletter lists his transfers from San Salvador to Managua (1978) and from Managua to Inter-American Affairs (1980).[^28]
 ### The 1985 symposium
-The proceedings of the tenth annual Symposium on the Role of Behavioral Science in Physical Security, held at Springfield, Virginia, on April 23 and 24, 1985, list Cornick as a supervisory special agent of the FBI, Barcella as senior litigation counsel in the United States Attorney's Office presenting "Terrorism: The Law as an Effective Deterrent," and Motley as director of terrorist research and low-intensity conflict studies at the [[National Institute for Public Policy]]. Motley asked the panel whether a multinational military, paramilitary or law enforcement force would enhance international cooperation against state-sponsored terrorism.[^17]
+The proceedings of the tenth annual Symposium on the Role of Behavioral Science in Physical Security, held at Springfield, Virginia, on April 23 and 24, 1985, list Cornick as a supervisory special agent of the FBI, Barcella as senior litigation counsel in the United States Attorney's Office presenting "Terrorism: The Law as an Effective Deterrent," and Motley as director of terrorist research and low-intensity conflict studies at the [[National Institute for Public Policy]]. Motley asked the panel whether a multinational military, paramilitary or law enforcement force would enhance international cooperation against state-sponsored terrorism.[^29]
 ### Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation
-WATCO was a wholly owned subsidiary of the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] at Reston, Virginia. The corporation's annual reports for 1985 and 1986 describe it as a technical consulting firm offering advanced security and engineering services to government and industry, with a Security Programs division selected to design the security system for the Department of Energy's nuclear device assembly facility at the Nevada Test Site, and a Systems division engaged in security systems for high-level installations.[^18] A Wackenhut newsletter states that WATCO specialized in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems.[^19] The packet gives Motley's tenure there as beginning in September 1987.[^15]
+WATCO was a wholly owned subsidiary of the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] at Reston, Virginia. The corporation's annual reports for 1985 and 1986 describe it as a technical consulting firm offering advanced security and engineering services to government and industry, with a Security Programs division selected to design the security system for the Department of Energy's nuclear device assembly facility at the Nevada Test Site, and a Systems division engaged in security systems for high-level installations.[^30] A Wackenhut newsletter states that WATCO specialized in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems.[^31] The packet gives Motley's tenure there as beginning in September 1987.[^26]
 ### Neighboring items in the Casolaro files
-The packet is item PM-05 of the folder. The adjacent hand-numbered items are a brochure for the Inter-Probe modular energy transfer catalyzer (PM-01), a printed page numbered 207 on fuel air munitions (PM-02), a [[Brunswick Corporation]] defense division data package for the Rifleman's Assault Weapon for urban warfare dated October 1976 (PM-03) and a sales sheet of the defense division of [[Industrias Cardoen]] of Chile (PM-04).[^15] The same Casolaro papers include a folder of newspaper material on [[Frank Terpil]] and Edwin Wilson and the Wackenhut newsletters and reports.[^19]
+The packet is item PM-05 of the folder. The other items in the folder carry hand numbers PM-01 through PM-04: a brochure for the Inter-Probe modular energy transfer catalyzer (PM-01), a printed page numbered 207 on fuel air munitions (PM-02), a [[Brunswick Corporation]] defense division cover sheet and drawing for the Rifleman's Assault Weapon for urban warfare, October 1976 (PM-03), and a sales sheet of the defense division of [[Industrias Cardoen]] of Chile (PM-04).[^26] In the order of the photographed PDF the Cardoen sheet comes first, then the fuel-air page and the Brunswick cover and drawing, then this packet, and last the Inter-Probe brochure; the packet's typed title shows through the back of the Brunswick drawing sheet. The same Casolaro papers include a folder of newspaper material on [[Frank Terpil]] and Edwin Wilson and the Wackenhut newsletters and reports.[^31]
 ### Footnotes
@ -129,13 +135,25 @@ The packet is item PM-05 of the folder. The adjacent hand-numbered items are a b
 [^7]: U.S. Department of State, *Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts*, Panama (E) entry, "ODA: Ltc Gerald V. Walker USA," editions of 1983, 1984 and 1985 (https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffo1984wash_1 and https://archive.org/details/keyofficersoffor1985wash); the 1986 edition lists Col. Allen C. Cornell, USA, as ODA. The printed middle initial in these editions is V.
 [^8]: See the resume packet footnote and the resume packet passage above (Cornick, Propper, Barcella, an unnamed former CIA officer, McNeil, Motley and Nudell).
 [^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, Report of the Attorney General to the Congress on the Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, for the Calendar Years 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991, Volume 1, Jamaica section, entry "CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., #4294 (T90)," p. 599, https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline.
-[^10]: OpenCorporates, company records us_de/2168210 (CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., Delaware), us_va/M0059578 and us_va/F1012691 (Virginia), mirroring the Delaware Division of Corporations and Virginia State Corporation Commission registries, https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2168210 ; Bizapedia, "Counterterrorism Consultants, L.P.," https://www.bizapedia.com/us/counterterrorism-consultants-lp.html (Delaware filing date August 1, 1988).
+[^10]: *The Wall Street Journal*, September 28, 1988, https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_5aAAAAYAAJ; *Plant Shutdowns Monitor*, 1988, https://books.google.com/books?id=a9RYAAAAYAAJ; *The Wall Street Journal*, January 4, 1989, p. B4, https://books.google.com/books?id=pv5aAAAAYAAJ.
-[^11]: District of Columbia Department of Licensing and Consumer Protection, Business One Stop Shop entity record 058088, Counterterrorism Consultants L.P., viewed October 8, 2026, https://boss.dc.gov.
+[^11]: Letterheads of Lane and Edson, P.C., in *Governmental Lease Financing Reform Act* (1983), https://books.google.com/books?id=L63PFff8BXkC; U.S. Department of Justice, FARA public bulk file of short forms, "Truslow, Frederic J.," registration 3286, terminated November 8, 1988, https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ShortForms.csv.zip.
-[^12]: The Police Chief, vol. 55 (1988), p. 93, membership directory of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
+[^12]: Foreign Agents Registration Act public bulk files, FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals.csv (registrations 3320, 3857, 3718 and 4232; principal "Government of Jamaica," "Government of Jamaica (JAMPRO)" and "Government of Jamaica, Ministry of Foreign Affairs"), https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals.csv.zip; FARA_All_Registrants.csv, https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_Registrants.csv.zip; Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, Jamaica section, pp. 599 to 604, 607, https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline.
-[^13]: Washington Representatives (Washington: Columbia Books, 1990), pp. 94 and 771 (the directory prints Cornick's name as "McCormick, L. Carter, Jr.").
+[^13]: Attorney General's report to Congress for the calendar years 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry "Fenton Communications, Inc., #3857," p. 599, https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline.
-[^14]: Hugh Vickery, "Airport bomb detectors' efficiency queried," Newhouse News Service, in The Times (Trenton, New Jersey), January 4, 1990, p. 41, https://www.newspapers.com/image/1196585158/.
+[^14]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry "Galland, Kharasch, Morse & Garfinkle, P.C., #4006," principal Air Jamaica, Ltd., p. 600, https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline.
-[^15]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy with header "JUN 20 '90," pages marked 141 P01 to P12, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material" (photographed by Christian Hansen), Internet Archive item casolaro-notebooks, file PromotionalMaterial.pdf, https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
+[^15]: "Two decades of airport-security issues," The Gleaner (Kingston), April 22, 2009, recounting the August 3, 1988 story "Tough new measures coming" and the April 8, 1989 story "Airport security angers travellers," https://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090422/lead/lead5.html.
-[^16]: *Conference on Car-Bomb Attack*, May 15 to 17, 1986, attendee list, Defense Technical Information Center ADA290884, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA290884.
+[^16]: U.S. Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series 95-725, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty between the United States of America and Jamaica, signed at Kingston July 7, 1989, front matter and signature page (PDF page 24), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-S-PURL-gpo234503/pdf/GOVPUB-S-PURL-gpo234503.pdf.
-[^17]: *Supplemental Proceedings of the 10th Annual Symposium on the Role of Behavioral Science in Physical Security: Outthinking the Terrorist, an International Challenge*, Springfield, Virginia, April 23 to 24, 1985, program, participant list and discussion, Defense Technical Information Center ADA161669, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA161669.
+[^17]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Chiefs of Mission for Jamaica (Michael Sotirhos, November 12, 1985 to July 7, 1989), https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/jamaica.
-[^18]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
+[^18]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary and Caucus on International Narcotics Control, joint hearings, 101st Congress, November 6, 1989, January 18 and March 27, 1990, S. Hrg. 101-1228, p. 8 (Manley), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017881326.
-[^19]: Wackenhut newsletter, undated issue, passage on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," and folder "CIA Frank Terpil Renegades," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files.
+[^19]: U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1989, Jamaica, https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/240817.
 [^20]: OpenCorporates, company records us_de/2168210 (CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., Delaware), us_va/M0059578 and us_va/F1012691 (Virginia), mirroring the Delaware Division of Corporations and Virginia State Corporation Commission registries, https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2168210 ; Bizapedia, "Counterterrorism Consultants, L.P.," https://www.bizapedia.com/us/counterterrorism-consultants-lp.html (Delaware filing date August 1, 1988).
 [^21]: District of Columbia Department of Licensing and Consumer Protection, Business One Stop Shop entity record 058088, Counterterrorism Consultants L.P., viewed October 8, 2026, https://boss.dc.gov.
 [^22]: OpenCorporates, https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_va/F1012691 and https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2168210 (viewed October 8, 2026).
 [^23]: The Police Chief, vol. 55 (1988), p. 93, membership directory of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
 [^24]: Washington Representatives (Washington: Columbia Books, 1990), pp. 94 and 771 (the directory prints Cornick's name as "McCormick, L. Carter, Jr.").
 [^25]: Hugh Vickery, "Airport bomb detectors' efficiency queried," Newhouse News Service, in The Times (Trenton, New Jersey), January 4, 1990, p. 41, https://www.newspapers.com/image/1196585158/.
 [^26]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy with header "JUN 20 '90," pages marked 141 P01 to P12, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material" (photographed by Christian Hansen), Internet Archive item casolaro-notebooks, file PromotionalMaterial.pdf, https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^27]: *Conference on Car-Bomb Attack*, May 15 to 17, 1986, attendee list, Defense Technical Information Center ADA290884, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA290884.
 [^28]: U.S. Department of State, *State*, no. 263-273 (1984), August-September 1984 issue, "Resignations (June)," p. 81, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730094; *Newsletter*, no. 197-207 (1978), p. 46, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730037; *Newsletter*, no. 219-229 (1980), p. 28, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066730052.
 [^29]: *Supplemental Proceedings of the 10th Annual Symposium on the Role of Behavioral Science in Physical Security: Outthinking the Terrorist, an International Challenge*, Springfield, Virginia, April 23 to 24, 1985, program, participant list and discussion, Defense Technical Information Center ADA161669, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA161669.
 [^30]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^31]: Wackenhut newsletter, undated issue, passage on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," and folder "CIA Frank Terpil Renegades," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/GeoMiliTech
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/GeoMiliTech
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
 ---
 title: GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.
 aliases:
  - GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.
  - GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp
  - GeoMiliTech Consultants Corporation
  - Geomilitech Consultants Corporation
  - GeoMiliTech
  - Geomilitech
  - GMT
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 category: "Arms Dealers & Brokers"
 tags:
  - Organization
  - GeoMiliTech
  - IranContra
  - Contras
  - ArmsTrade
  - BarbaraStudley
  - JohnSinglaub
 summary: "Washington arms-trading company created by Barbara Studley that handled a 1985 Soviet-bloc arms shipment to the Nicaraguan contras and, in 1986, quoted weapons to CIA Director Casey over John Singlaub's signature as consultant."
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 relations:
  - type: founded
    with: "[[Barbara Studley]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1984
    fn: 2
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[John Singlaub]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "consultant"
    start: 1986
    fn: 8
  - type: participant_in
    with: "[[Iran-Contra Affair]]"
    start: 1985
    end: 1987
    fn: 7
 ---
 GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp. (abbreviated GMT) was a Washington arms-trading company, with offices at 1919 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 300, that [[Barbara Studley]] created after moving to the capital as a radio broadcaster; [[John Singlaub]] signed its correspondence as "Consultant." It handled a 1985 shipment of Soviet-bloc arms to the [[Contras]], proposed a conduit for such weapons to [[Oliver North]] and [[William J. Casey]], and is named in the 1987 deposition record of the congressional Iran-Contra committees.[^1][^2]
 ### Formation
 The Hartford Courant wrote in 1992 that Studley, a former conservative radio talk-show host, created GeoMiliTech "to break into the arms business."[^1] [[Daniel O. Graham]], a retired Army lieutenant general and head of the [[High Frontier]] campaign, testified on May 26, 1987 that he met Studley around 1977 when she was a broadcaster in [[Miami]] and invited him onto her radio talk show, that she later came to Washington (committee counsel dated her arrival to about June 1984), and that all he knew of GeoMiliTech was that she ran it and that it was "an international trading firm in high-tech items."[^2] Graham said he took no part in forming the firm, received no money from it and held no title in it.[^2]
 ### The June to July 1985 shipment
 The Hartford Courant reported that Singlaub and Studley arranged a private shipment of Soviet-bloc rifles, machine guns and grenade launchers to the contras in the summer of 1985, which it put at $5 million.[^1] Studley's memorandum to North dated October 30, 1985 refers to a shipment that left on June 20, 1985.[^3] Graham's questioner stated that the Studley and Werner Glatt arms transaction was consummated in May 1985 with delivery in July, and Graham agreed that it was early in 1985.[^2] The congressional report states that a purchase Singlaub arranged for [[Adolfo Calero]] and the FDN through a European arms dealer arrived in Central America on July 8, 1985, and the Washington Post reported in 1987 that Singlaub helped the contras buy $5.3 million of East Bloc weapons shipped through [[Honduras]].[^4][^5] Singlaub testified in 1987 that the delivery went from [[Poland]] to Honduras and that Swiss banks handled the transfers.[^1]
 ### The Barcella opinion
 The Courant reported that the shipment was cleared by a legal opinion from [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]], then an assistant United States attorney in Washington. Barcella said that someone in government came to him, that he contacted the State Department's Office of Munitions Control and the Justice Department's office of internal security, that "I orally passed that back to the person that had made the request of me," and, asked why the person came to him, that there was "a very logical reason that is none of your business." The United States attorney, [[Joseph diGenova]], said he never authorized any such opinion.[^1] In a deposition taken by the New Haven lawyer [[William M. Bloss]] in 1991, Studley said the shipment was "approved in writing by the justice department before we shipped it" and "Larry Barcella signed it"; her lawyer, [[Frank Koszorus Jr.]], said he was "not at all certain that she was ever issued a written opinion."[^1] Studley was not called to testify before the congressional committees.[^1]
 ### Werner Glatt and the Graham deposition
 Graham testified that he recommended [[Werner Glatt]], whom he called a combination of a sheep farmer and arms trader with farms in Virginia and Scotland, to Studley as an honest broker; he said that he had talked briefly with Colonel [[Norman Blaylock]] about Glatt, that he knew not all arms dealers were honest, and that he did not want to see "Jack and Barbara Studley squander other people's money." He said he gave Glatt's name to Studley only and never to Singlaub, arranged a lunch for Studley and Glatt at a Washington hotel (he thought the Carlton), stayed about ten minutes, and was never in the same room with Glatt and Singlaub.[^2] Graham added that he had told Casey at Langley in late 1983 or 1984, in a meeting on the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]], that Casey would be better off dealing with Glatt than with most arms dealers.[^2]
 Graham testified that Studley told him after the delivery that people who were not part of the deal showed up when the ship arrived; the questioner asked "This would be Mario Dellamico?" and the transcript records Graham answering "Okay," and then saying he did not know their names. Graham said that this sounded strange enough that he told her to inform Casey and arranged a meeting among himself, Studley and Casey at Langley toward the end of 1985 (counsel suggested December 20, 1985), at which Studley left documents including the bill of lading; Casey said he would look into it and admitted no connection to anyone she named.[^2] Singlaub testified in 1987 that he, not Graham, set up the December 1985 meeting between Casey and Studley.[^1]
 ### The October 30, 1985 memorandum, Ron Martin and Mario Dellamico
 Graham Exhibit 1 is a memorandum from Studley to North dated October 30, 1985, which opens with a telephone call received at 4:00 a.m. on October 29 from her source, identified only as "W." It states that "W" was questioned about a shipment that went out on June 20, 1985 and denied that his ship was intended for the contras; that a man named Mario Dellamico, described as working for the arms dealer Ron Martin, had walked in two weeks earlier asking for help in selling Martin's company's arms to the contras and was told absolutely not because it would be against "their law"; that Dellamico then handed over a copy of GeoMiliTech's packing list showing the receipt of the shipment, an itemized inventory, the ship's name and date of departure, and the signature of its representative; that "W" said to tell North the ship was the first of five he was expecting, and that the ship later sailed; and that "Martin's company still has copies of our documents." It asks North to stop Martin and Dellamico and closes: "General John K. Singlaub has been advised of this information."[^3]
 Graham said he had heard Martin's name in connection with "the discrepancies or problems involved in the landing of that cargo," that friends in Miami told him Martin was an arms dealer, and that he had not heard of threats made against Singlaub by Dellamico on Martin's behalf. Asked whether Martin or Dellamico had a relationship with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], he answered that he had heard "nothing but speculation."[^2] The Independent Counsel's report describes Ron Martin as a Miami-based dealer accused of consorting with drug-runners; the congressional report quotes North that Martin was "setting up [a] munitions 'supermarket'" in Central America and that Casey told North there should be no further transactions with the broker until the source of the money for the stockpile was resolved.[^4][^6]
 ### The Singlaub-Studley conduit memorandum
 A memorandum prepared by Studley and found in North's safe proposed a "conduit" for a "continuous flow of Soviet weapons and technology" in support of "Freedom Fighters" in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia, Ethiopia and elsewhere, through a three-way trade that would let the United States dispense arms without "the consent or awareness of the Department of State or Congress." The congressional report calls it the Singlaub-Studley plan, states that Singlaub presented it to North and Casey in 1985, and records North acknowledging receipt and dismissing it; [[George Shultz]] called it "a piece of junk."[^7] Graham testified that he had never seen the document and had never discussed the concept with Studley or Singlaub.[^2]
 ### The 1986 quotation and the Casey letter
 Graham Exhibit 2 contains a letter on GeoMiliTech letterhead, addressed "Dear Bill" to Casey and signed by Singlaub as "Major General, U.S. Army (RET)" and "Consultant," which committee counsel dated to August 1986. It encloses a list "Quoted 28 July 1986" including SA-7 sets, 60 12.7mm machine guns at 9,380 each, 20 twin-mount 14.5mm machine guns at 34,000 each, 300 RPK rifles, 60mm and 82mm mortars, RPG-7 launchers and 10,000 AKMS rifles at 185 each, and the list is marked "NO EUC REQUIRED." The letter says the items were developed in conjunction with a member of the NSC aware of the needs of the United Nicaraguan Opposition, that congressional funds would not be available until after September, and that a Swiss bank would lend for six to twelve months against a letter of credit from Casey's bank.[^8] Graham said he had no knowledge of the matter and had not discussed it with Casey.[^2]
 ### Robert Schweitzer and 1986-1987 contracts
 Committee counsel stated in the Graham deposition that Lieutenant General [[Robert Schweitzer]] was hired by GeoMiliTech in late August or early September 1986, was interviewed by Singlaub, met North with Singlaub on or about December 2, 1986 on company matters, and left in early 1987; Graham said he had no role in the hiring and that Studley had come to have little confidence in Schweitzer's advice. Counsel also asked Graham about efforts by [[Ray Cline]] in 1987 to obtain CIA contracts for the company, which Graham said he knew nothing of.[^2] [[Charles Allen]], who became National Intelligence Officer for Counterterrorism in October 1986, was asked whether he discussed with Schweitzer his employment with "Geomilitech Consultants Corporation" or Schweitzer's efforts to obtain covert procurement contracts for it; he answered no to both.[^9]
 Graham Exhibit 3 holds Studley's papers on the Pia Vesta, a vessel loaded with arms and seized at the [[Panama Canal]] in 1986, including notes of conversations with Dan Cummings and David Duncan; the notes state that Duncan had been to the White House and met a person named Vince at the NSC, and that General [[Manuel Noriega]] had agreed to release the shipment.[^10] A letter to the House committee's assistant counsel [[Kenneth Ballen]] dated April 28, 1987, from the Washington firm of [[Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey|Finley, Kumble]] on the "Barbara F. Studley/GMT" matter, refers to a telephone conference between Ballen and [[Paul L. Perito]] and encloses Studley's memorandum on North.[^11]
 ### Claims from Ari Ben-Menashe
 [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] writes that a 1985 contra deal brokered through GeoMiliTech was itemized at $3,242,000 paid to the [[Ora Group]], against $5 million that he says the company's books showed received from the American side, a difference of about $1.76 million.[^12]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Hartford Courant, "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," May 29, 1992. https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
 [^2]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987 (Senate Select Committee, Hart Senate Office Building; examined by Charles Kerr), Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216), Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
 [^3]: Graham Exhibit 1 (memorandum from B. F. Studley to Lt. Col. Oliver North, October 30, 1985, with an attached report of Studley's agent), in the Graham deposition, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
 [^4]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 2, pp. 50-51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=74).
 [^5]: Benjamin Weiser, "Singlaub Suggested an Earlier Fund Diversion," Washington Post, March 20, 1987 (date as printed on the clipping); CIA CREST CIA-RDP90-00965R000707040014-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000707040014-2
 [^6]: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, vol. I, Part I, "The Underlying Facts" (Ron Martin passage). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/part_i.htm
 [^7]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 15, "The Diversion," p. 269 and note (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=293).
 [^8]: Graham Exhibit 2 (cover memorandum from Studley to North and a letter from John K. Singlaub to William Casey with enclosed list quoted July 28, 1986, bearing the GeoMiliTech letterhead, 1919 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 300), in the Graham deposition, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234; the scan is partly illegible).
 [^9]: Deposition of Charles E. Allen, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 1 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0228), examination on Robert L. Schweitzer and "Geomilitech Consultants Corporation."
 [^10]: Graham Exhibit 3 (Studley papers on the Pia Vesta, with notes of conversations with [[Dan Cummings]] and [[David Duncan]]), in the Graham deposition, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
 [^11]: Letter from the firm of Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey, Washington, to Kenneth Ballen, Assistant Counsel, House Select Committee, April 28, 1987, "Re: Barbara F. Studley/GMT," in the Graham deposition exhibits, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
 [^12]: Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network (Sheridan Square, 1992). Sole source for the itemization; the figures are as reported on the Ora Group page of this vault.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Industrias
@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
 ---
 title: Industrias Cardoen
 aliases:
  - Industrias Cardoen
  - Industrias Cardoen S.A.
  - Industrias Cardoen Limitada
  - Cardoen Industries
  - Industrias CARDOEN
  - Cardoen Division Defensa
  - Industrias Cardoen Division Defensa
  - INCAR
 category: "Private Organization"
 tags:
  - Organization
  - Private
  - ArmsDealers
  - Munitions
  - ClusterBombs
  - Iraq
  - IraqGate
  - Zirconium
  - PROMIS
  - CasolaroPapers
 summary: "Chilean munitions company of Carlos Cardoen whose sales sheet in the Casolaro papers offers cluster bombs, mines and armored vehicles, and whose zirconium imports from Teledyne were the subject of a 1993 Miami indictment."
 location: "Santiago, Chile"
 created: 2024-04-25
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: owned
    with: "[[Carlos Cardoen]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "owner of the company and co-defendant with it in United States v. Cardoen"
    fn: 2
  - type: owned
    with: "[[Swissco Management Group]]"
    role: "described by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence as a subsidiary of Cardoen Industries"
    fn: 7
  - type: contractor_to
    with: "[[Iraq]]"
    start: 1984
    end: 1988
    role: "cluster bombs sold to Iraq, as found by the Eleventh Circuit"
    fn: 10
 ---
 [[Industrias Cardoen]] is a Chilean manufacturer of munitions, mines, and armored vehicles owned by [[Carlos Cardoen]]. Its sales sheet dates its military manufacture to 1978, and the company was named in a twenty-one count indictment returned in [[Miami]] on May 26, 1993, over zirconium and fuze components exported to [[Chile]] for cluster bombs sold to [[Iraq]].[^1][^2]
 ### Product line and self-description
 A bilingual sales sheet titled "Industrias CARDOEN, Division Defensa" is one of the items in the "Promotional Material" folder of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s papers. Its English text reads: "CARDOEN Industries initiated the manufacture of military products in 1978 as a contribution of private enterprise to the DEFENSE OF CHILE." The sheet adds that "the variety, high quality, and low prices of these products has created a growing international demand, and several export transactions have been successfully completed with ally countries."[^1]
 The product list includes demolition charges, Bangalore torpedo charges, hand grenades, the M-18 and M-19 antipersonnel and antitank mines, a programmable anti-submarine charge, the PJ-1 manual aircraft bomb, a "Cluster type bomb" of 100 lb (50 kg) and one of 500 lb (250 kg), the MK-81, MK-82 and MK-83 "war bomb" series, remote-control blast systems, night-vision goggles, the VTP-1 and VTP-2 transport vehicles, and two MOWAG-CARDOEN Piraha armored vehicles in 4x4 and 6x6 versions. The sheet is marked by hand "BD|AI|PM-04."[^1]
 ### Miami arrest, 1983
 [[Kenneth R. Timmerman]] wrote that on August 2, 1983, [[U.S. Customs]] officers arrested Cardoen in Miami over night-vision goggles bound for Chile, and that the case ended in a plea bargain with a fine of 100,000 dollars on his company. In the same account, [[James Guerin]] of [[International Signals Corporation]] and Cardoen reached an agreement "to split the world cluster bomb market in two."[^3] A sworn declaration by [[Howard Teicher]], a former [[National Security Council]] staff member, dates the arrest to 1983 in Miami in a sting operation concerning the smuggling of night-vision goggles to Cuba and Libya, and states that the highest levels of the U.S. government, including the NSC staff and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], were well aware of it.[^4]
 ### Iraqi sales and the Israeli approach
 According to [[Ari Ben-Menashe]], whose book is the sole source for the passages so cited, Cardoen obtained a brokering license from [[ARMSCOR]], the South African state arms maker, after an application to [[SIBAT]], the [[Israel|Israeli]] foreign defense sales office, was refused in 1979. By 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq with the help of Armscor and of individuals connected to the CIA, among them [[Alan Sanders]] of [[ITICO]], who supplied cluster-bomb blueprints.[^5]
 Ben-Menashe also wrote that in 1985 he approached Sanders to buy cluster bombs for Israel and was told that Cardoen would sell to anyone who paid. He wrote that in September 1988 he was sent to Chile to offer Cardoen a license to produce [[Uzi]]s and [[Galil assault rifles]] in exchange for ending the Iraq trade, and that Cardoen introduced him to [[Mark Thatcher]] during the visit.[^5]
 [[Alan Friedman]] described the same network in *Spider's Web*. In Friedman's account, Cardoen's [[Iquique]] plant turned out about a thousand cluster bombs a month, the first Iraq shipment worth 21 million dollars reached Iraq early in 1984, and Iraq took about three quarters of the company's arms exports of 100 million dollars a year. A former Cardoen agent for Iraq, [[Nasser Beydoun]], later sued for 30 million dollars in commissions. Friedman quotes a Cardoen statement: "I'll have to build [[Jimmy Carter]] a statue," and a Cardoen associate, Robert Johnson, who said that he saw [[Robert Gates]] arrive at Cardoen's house near Miami in the summer of 1986. The White House said in July 1991: "The whole story is unfounded. There never were any sales, overt or covert, to Iraq or Iran through a third country. Mr. Gates never met with Carlos Cardoen."[^6]
 Timmerman wrote that Beydoun offered [[Saddam Hussein]] the Chilean cluster bomb in March 1984 at about 7,100 dollars apiece, that Cardoen made eighteen deliveries to Iraq during the summer of 1984, and that the cluster bomb sales earned Cardoen a total of 467 million dollars.[^3]
 ### Swissco Management Group and James D. Theberge
 The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]], in its October 24, 1991 report on the nomination of Robert Gates as director of central intelligence, recorded that during its inquiry into alleged relationships between the nominee and Cardoen it received information about a relationship between Cardoen Industries and a former part-time senior CIA employee, which "may have constituted a conflict of interest and security concerns at worst, or an awkward appearance at best." The report states that the CIA employed [[James D. Theberge]] as a member of its Senior Review Panel from January 1986 to January 1988, that during much of that period he was a consultant to [[Swissco Management Group]], "a subsidiary of Cardoen Industries of Chile," and that he had been U.S. ambassador to [[Nicaragua]] in the 1970s and ambassador to Chile from 1982 to 1985.[^7]
 The report continues: "Between 1984 and 1988, Cardoen Industries was of significant intelligence interest to CIA, which believed Cardoen was the primary supplier of cluster bombs to the Iraqi government, and an important supplier of other categories of ordnance to Iraq and other Middle Eastern states." It names [[William J. Casey]], Deputy Director [[John McMahon]] and Executive Director [[James Taylor]] as the officials involved in Theberge's recruitment, states that there was no evidence that Gates took part in it, and records that Theberge disclosed the Swissco consulting and its Cardoen parentage in the personal history statement he submitted to the CIA in December 1985. It also states that Theberge served until his death in January 1988 and that the committee found no evidence the CIA identified or acted upon the potential conflict.[^7]
 In the same section the report records that [[Richard Babayan|Richard H. Babayan]] had alleged that Gates sought to transfer cluster bomb technology to Cardoen, that Cardoen denied meeting the nominee in a letter of July 16, 1991 to the U.S. ambassador in Chile, and that the committee had been presented with no credible evidence to support the allegations after the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and the CIA inspector general reviewed them. Swissco Management Group, Inc. was one of the eight defendants named in the 1993 indictment.[^7][^2]
 Timmerman quotes a CIA statement of July 16, 1991 that "the CIA has never had a relationship of any type with Carlos Cardoen."[^3]
 ### Helicopter project and Moyle
 Friedman also wrote that the British journalist [[Jonathan Moyle]], who was inquiring into Cardoen's helicopter project, was found dead in a Santiago hotel on March 31, 1990.[^6]
 ### PROMIS software and the Ben-Menashe affidavit
 The report of Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] to the Attorney General (March 1993) records that [[INSLAW]] submitted two affidavits by Ben-Menashe to the bankruptcy court, the first dated February 17, 1991, and that in the first Ben-Menashe claimed that in 1989, in Chile, he was told by Carlos Cardoen that Cardoen had brokered a sale of [[PROMIS]] by [[Earl Brian]] to a representative of Iraqi military intelligence. The report spells the name "Carduen" and states that Ben-Menashe made "a number of extraordinary claims, most of which are not subject to corroboration."[^8]
 Among the newspaper clippings in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers is a *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* report of February 19, 1991 on documents filed the day before in the bankruptcy litigation. It states that Ben-Menashe's affidavit said that in January 1989, while serving as a special consultant for intelligence affairs in the Israeli prime minister's office, he was told by Cardoen that Cardoen had brokered a deal between Brian and an Iraqi military intelligence representative for the use of PROMIS. The article reports that the sale was consummated in [[Santiago]], where Industrias Cardoen S.A. had its headquarters, and that "Until recently, Iraq was that company's biggest customer." In a separate item of the same report, Ben-Menashe is described as saying that one of his last assignments in 1989 was to try to stop Cardoen's company from selling chemical arms to Iraq, and that he failed.[^9]
 The article reports Brian's answer. Brian called the allegations "nonsense," said he had never been to Santiago or [[Tel Aviv]], did not know of Cardoen or Ben-Menashe, and had never heard of INSLAW or PROMIS before press accounts. The same article describes Brian's position that he had acquired the property rights to the software and sold it to Israel in 1987.[^9]
 ### The Miami indictment
 On May 26, 1993, a federal grand jury in the Southern District of Florida returned a twenty-one count indictment. The court's order describes the charges as arising "from the exportation of zirconium and fuze components to Chile, which were allegedly destined for the manufacture of cluster bombs later sold to Iraq." The eight defendants were Carlos Cardoen, [[Franco Saffa]], [[Jorge Burr]], Industrias Cardoen Limitada (also called INCAR), Swissco Management Group, [[Edward A. Johnson]], [[Ronald W. Griffin]], and [[Teledyne Wah Chang Albany]] (Teledyne Industries, Inc.).[^2]
 The court record places the indictment on May 26, 1993. A Ben-Menashe account places the charges in April 1992, filed by the United States Customs Service.[^5][^2] The court's order also records that the five defendants who had not appeared (Cardoen, Saffa, Burr, INCAR and Swissco) were not before the court, and that the court noted Cardoen's "present fugitive status."[^2]
 On March 22, 1994, the court dismissed Counts II through VI against Teledyne on statute-of-limitations grounds. On April 25, 1994, it severed the ten zirconium counts from the eleven fuze-component counts. The zirconium counts were set for trial in February 1995, with Count I charging conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. section 371 against Cardoen, INCAR, Swissco, Johnson and Teledyne.[^2]
 ### Zirconium and Teledyne Wah Chang Albany
 The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] described the export chain in its 1998 opinion in the case of Edward A. Johnson. Between 1983 and 1988 the Albany unit of Teledyne Wah Chang exported over 3.5 million dollars worth of zirconium to Chile. The court wrote: "The zirconium was sold to Carlos Cardoen, an international arms merchant based in that country. The zirconium was used as an incendiary agent in cluster bombs that Cardoen was selling to Iraq for use in the [[Iran-Iraq War|Iran-Iraq war]]." The opinion adds that Cardoen supplied the exporter with false end-use statements describing the zirconium as a booster material in industrial explosives for the mining industry.[^10]
 Johnson, a Teledyne sales manager, was convicted by a jury on four counts: criminal conspiracy, false statements, and two counts of exporting zirconium compacts under the Arms Export Control Act. The appeals court wrote that Johnson had visited Cardoen's cluster-bomb factory in Chile in 1987 and witnessed burn testing of zirconium compacts supplied for the MK 83 and MK 84 bombs. The court affirmed the verdict.[^10]
 On January 26, 1995, according to a [[State Department]] notice published in the Federal Register, Teledyne Industries "entered a guilty plea to conspiring to violate and violating the AECA" in the Southern District of Florida, and on January 27, 1995 it entered a second guilty plea in the District of Columbia on a separate indictment concerning zirconium compacts exported to [[Greece]] for reexport to [[Jordan]]. The notice describes the Florida indictment as charging an illegal export of "United States origin ordnance-grade zirconium to Chile, for use in cluster bombs and other munitions for Iraq."[^11]
 ### The CIA question in the trial record
 Defendants Johnson and Griffin asserted four defenses before trial, among them CIA actual authority and the claim that Cardoen was an alleged agent of the United States government. The court held a hearing under the Classified Information Procedures Act in November 1994 (an order issued December 28, 1994 and reissued in unclassified form in 1995). Its order records that a witness identified as "Linda C." of the CIA Directorate of Operations, who had reviewed the agency file on Cardoen covering 1984 to 1993, testified that Cardoen "was not an agent or source of intelligence for the United States government; on the contrary, Cardoen was a target; that is, an individual of intelligence interest to the government."[^2]
 The court also admitted into evidence the defendants' proffer of a portion of the Senate Executive Report on the Gates nomination, which the court quotes. The court wrote that the report "corroborates Witness Linda C.'s assessment" that Cardoen was a target of intelligence interest, and adopted her conclusion for purposes of the hearing, limited to whether the defendants had met their burden of showing the agent theory as a predicate for introducing classified information.[^2][^7]
 The district court found no evidence supporting the theory that the CIA had secretly arranged to supply Cardoen with zirconium. The appeals court, after its own review of the classified materials, agreed that the government had not withheld evidence supporting that theory.[^10]
 On January 31, 1995, Howard Teicher signed a declaration under penalty of perjury in case No. 93-241-CR, captioned for Judge Highsmith. It states that he was on the NSC staff from 1982 to 1987, that "the CIA authorized, approved and assisted Cardoen in the manufacture and sale of cluster bombs," and that CIA Director Casey directed the secretaries of State and Commerce on the necessary licenses. The declaration opens by stating that nothing in it is classified. [[Robert Parry]] reported that Teicher named Casey and his deputy Gates as having "authorized, approved and assisted" the delivery of cluster bombs to Iraq, that the defense attorney [[Gerald Houlihan]] angered prosecutors by publicly filing it, that the government sealed it as a state secret while attacking Teicher's credibility, and that Teicher was blocked from testifying and his statements kept from the jury on grounds of relevance. [[Consortium News]] added that a federal grand jury had begun hearing testimony on a related complaint over the submission of a defense affidavit.[^4][^12][^13]
 ### Extradition, 2019 and 2020
 The [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] reports that the United States did not formally request extradition until March 2019, 26 years after the indictment, and that the [[Chilean Supreme Court]] rejected the request in March 2020 on the grounds that too many years had passed since the charges and that the alleged conduct had no equivalent offense under Chilean law. The same report quotes Cardoen as saying that he was made a scapegoat after Iraq invaded neighboring [[Kuwait]].[^14]
 A Chilean press report of August 24, 2020 gives a different account of the court action: the Second Chamber of the Supreme Court unanimously rejected the extradition on August 24, 2020, confirming a first rejection in March 2020 by the instructing minister Carlos Aranguiz, on the grounds of dual criminality and prescription. It reports that Cardoen's lawyers argued the company's activities were known and supported by the United States and that the United States had repeatedly said it would not pursue the case (translated from the Spanish).[^15]
 ### Casolaro papers
 The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a single 21-page photographed PDF published on the [[Internet Archive]]. In the order of the photographs the items run as follows: the Cardoen sheet (two photographs, hand number PM-04), the printed fuel-air munitions page numbered 207 (two photographs, PM-02), the [[Brunswick Corporation]] Rifleman's Assault Weapon cover sheet and a line drawing (two photographs, PM-03), the packet of the resumes of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]] (eleven photographs, PM-05, fax headers June 20, 1990), and a four-page Inter-Probe energy transfer brochure (PM-01). One photograph of the Inter-Probe brochure shows the Cardoen sheet lying beneath it.[^1]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Industrias CARDOEN, "Division Defensa," bilingual sales sheet, undated, hand-marked "BD|AI|PM-04," in "Promotional Material," Danny Casolaro papers, photographs published as casolaro-notebooks, Internet Archive, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/PromotionalMaterial.pdf (PDF pages 1 and 2 of 21; the order of items checked against all 21 pages).
 [^2]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act, No. 93-241-CR, decided August 29, 1995 (original order December 28, 1994; hearing November 18 and 23, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
 [^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 166-170. Sole source for the passages so cited (1983 arrest and plea, Guerin agreement, Beydoun's 1984 offer, 1984 deliveries and earnings, the CIA statement of July 16, 1991).
 [^4]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html (January 2016). Sole source for the wording; the transcription has not been checked against the court file, where the declaration was reported sealed.
 [^5]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: TrineDay, 1992). Sole source for the passages so cited, including the 1979 SIBAT refusal, the 1985 Sanders contacts, the 1988 Chile visit and the April 1992 charge date.
 [^6]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64. Sole source for the Beydoun, Johnson and Moyle passages and the quoted White House statement.
 [^7]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess., October 24, 1991, section 5, "Allegations Relating to CIA's Relationship with Carlos Cardoen," https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 186 to 188).
 [^8]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74 (the affidavit of February 17, 1991).
 [^9]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis" and the sidebar "Colorful Characters, Prized Product Lend Spice To Case," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the affidavit's contents as reported there.
 [^10]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998) (published opinion, Tjoflat, Birch and Roney, JJ.), on appeal from No. 93-241-CR (S.D. Fla.), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf.
 [^11]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2206, "Rescission of Suspended Exports Regarding Teledyne Wah Chang Albany," 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf; Public Notice 2207, 60 Fed. Reg. 30150, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13835.pdf.
 [^12]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
 [^13]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html. Sole source for the grand jury passage and for Houlihan's filing as reported.
 [^14]: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, "Most wanted Chilean arms dealer concealed ties to companies with help from Panama's offshore industry," September 2022, https://www.icij.org/inside-icij/2022/09/most-wanted-chilean-arms-dealer-concealed-ties-to-companies-with-help-from-panamas-offshore-industry/.
 [^15]: "Suprema rechaza extradición Cardoen," Emol, August 24, 2020, https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2020/08/24/995884/Suprema-rechaza-extradicion-Cardoen.html.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Lane
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Lane
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
 ---
 aliases:
  - Lane and Edson
  - Lane and Edson, P.C.
  - Lane & Edson
  - Lane & Edson, P.C.
  - Lane & Edson P.C.
  - Frosh, Lane & Edson
 category: "Private Organization"
 tags:
  - Organization
  - LaneAndEdson
  - FroshLaneEdson
  - LawFirm
  - Washington
  - PeruAntiquities
  - ForeignAgents
  - Housing
  - CounterTerrorismConsultants
  - KelleyDrye
  - ForeignAgentsRegistrationAct
 summary: "Washington law firm first recorded in 1971 as Frosh, Lane & Edson, registered for Peru's antiquities recovery from 1981 to 1988, and partly absorbed by Kelley Drye & Warren in 1989."
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: founded
    with: "[[Bruce S. Lane]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1971
    role: "founding partner; counsel to the Council of State Housing Agencies (1975)"
    fn: 7
  - type: founded
    with: "[[Charles L. Edson]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1971
    role: "partner (1973), former chief of the public housing section of the Office of General Counsel, HUD"
    fn: 5
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Peru|Republic of Peru]]"
    start: 1981-10-08
    end: 1988-10-08
    role: "foreign principal, FARA registration 3286; activities on the recovery of stolen archaeological property"
    fn: 11
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Eugene Propper]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1983
    role: "attorney, later partner (1989 directory); named on the firm letterhead in 1983, 1984 and 1985"
    fn: 23
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Frederic J. Truslow]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1979
    end: 1988
    role: "attorney; short-form registrant under FARA registration 3286"
    fn: 22
  - type: employed_by
    with: "[[Jack Feder]]"
    reverse: true
    end: 1988
    role: "head of the mergers and acquisitions group; left with about sixteen lawyers for Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood"
    fn: 26
 ---
 Lane and Edson, P.C., was a Washington law firm first recorded in 1971 as Frosh, Lane & Edson, with a practice in federally assisted housing and real estate finance. It registered under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] as agent of the [[Peru|Republic of Peru]] from October 8, 1981 to November 8, 1988. In 1988 a group of its corporate lawyers left for [[Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood]], and in 1989 twenty-four of the remaining attorneys were asked to join [[Kelley Drye & Warren]]. Its address at 2300 M Street NW is also the address printed in 1988 for [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], in which [[Eugene Propper]] of the firm said he was a full partner.[^1][^2]
 ### Founding and housing practice, 1971 to 1980
 A witness identified as a partner of Frosh, Lane & Edson testified before a Senate Banking Committee subcommittee on housing legislation in 1971.[^3] The firm's address that year was 1025 Connecticut Avenue NW.[^4]
 [[Charles L. Edson]] had been chief of the public housing section in the Office of General Counsel of the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] and deputy chief counsel of the Housing Assistance Administration before he became a partner.[^5] A 1972 guide to low and moderate income housing published by the [[Bureau of National Affairs]] lists Edson and Lane among the firm's partners, and the firm's practice in 1972 was in federally assisted housing.[^6]
 In 1975 [[Bruce S. Lane]] appeared before the Senate Finance Committee as legal counsel to the Council of State Housing Agencies.[^7] A 1985 contributor note for Lane of Lane and Edson, P.C., gives a [[Harvard University|Harvard Law School]] LL.B. of 1955 and a practice in tax, securities and real estate matters.[^8] A 1978 trade article described the firm as specializing in real estate matters, including financing.[^9]
 The firm's address moved from 1800 M Street NW, in a 1977 directory and in the Attorney General's reports for 1981 to 1983, to 2300 M Street NW in the report for 1984.[^10]
 ### Republic of Peru, 1981 to 1988
 The firm's initial registration statement, filed in October 1981, described services to the Peruvian embassy aimed at legislation that would implement the United Nations Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Stolen Property, implement an executive agreement between Peru and the United States for the recovery and return of stolen archaeological, historical and cultural properties, and otherwise limit the importation into the United States of objects illegally exported from Peru.[^11] The same objectives appear in the annual reports for 1982 through 1986.[^12][^13][^14][^15][^16] The report for 1988 to 1991 describes the registrant's work as general legal services in connection with the recovery of pre-Columbian artifacts and antique art objects illegally exported from Peru, and services to assist the government of Peru in obtaining favorable legislation or administrative regulations on the importation of items from Peru.[^17]
 The Attorney General's reports record the receipts for each twelve-month period ending October 8: $19,778.00 for 1982, $15,513.00 for 1983, $37,281.71 for 1984 and $23,758.89 for 1985, a total of $96,331.60. The entries for 1981, 1986 and the 1988 to 1991 report record "None Reported" for finances.[^11][^12][^13][^14][^15][^16][^17]
 Frederic J. Truslow, an attorney with the firm, is quoted in *The International Trade Law Journal* in 1981 as saying that scores of archaeological sites had been stripped to feed between 40,000 and 80,000 pieces a year into the American art market.[^18] In 1982 the *Stolen Art Alert* described him as a Washington lawyer retained as counsel to Peru and reported his comments on Peru's priorities in stopping the flow of antiquities out of the country.[^19] He published "Peru's Recovery of Cultural Patrimony" in the *New York University Journal of International Law and Politics* in 1983.[^20] In 1986 *ARTnews* quoted him as calling preposterous the notion that Peru would file blanket suits against American museums and individuals claiming title to Peruvian antiquities.[^21]
 The registration of the firm was terminated on November 8, 1988, the same date on which the short-form registrations of Propper and Truslow ended.[^22]
 ### Partners and lawyers
 Lane and Edson letterheads printed in congressional hearing records of 1983 list the lawyers Frederic J. Truslow, Kenneth G. Hance Jr., Martin Klepper, Barry R. Schenof, Eugene M. Propper, Jack M. Feder, Daniel C. Smith, Bonnie S. Temple and Frank H. Henneburg.[^23] A letter on the firm's letterhead from Edson to Donna Denman, president of the [[National Leased Housing Association]], dated February 25, 1985, and printed in the record of Senate housing authorization hearings, lists Lane, Edson, Truslow, Hance, Klepper, Robert C. Zimmer, Schenof and Propper, among others.[^24]
 A 1989 *Anuario Hispano* directory lists Truslow with Lane & Edson at 2300 M Street NW.[^25] A roster of counsel in the record of 1988 hearings lists him with Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood.[^26] The firm's listing in the 1987 Catholic University alumni directory gives 2300 M Street NW.[^27]
 ### Mergers and publications
 In 1988 the trade press reported that Jack Feder, who headed the firm's mergers and acquisitions group and had been a lawyer for the [[Wesray Capital Corporation]], was taking sixteen lawyers from the firm's ninety to the Washington office of Dewey, Ballantine.[^26] Bruce Lane, identified as a founding partner, told a 1988 publication that the firm was discussing merger possibilities; the publication reported that six more lawyers left a week after the sixteen to join another firm.[^28] On January 4, 1989 the *Wall Street Journal* reported that twenty-four Lane and Edson attorneys had been asked to join Kelley Drye & Warren, subject to the approval of that firm's partners, according to two members of Kelley Drye's executive committee.[^29] A 1991 *Washingtonian* article states that the firm became part of Kelley Drye & Warren.[^30] The Who's Who in American Law entry of a Washington lawyer gives Lane & Edson, P.C., 1979 to 1989, followed by Kelley Drye & Warren, 1989 to 1993.[^31]
 The firm's lawyers also contributed to *The Art of M&A*, a 1989 guide written with [[Stanley F. Reed]], to which Propper contributed substantially to the due diligence chapter.[^32]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act public bulk files, registrant 3286 (Lane & Edson, P.C., 2300 M Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037; registered October 8, 1981, terminated November 8, 1988), https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_Registrants.csv.zip.
 [^2]: *The Police Chief*, vol. 55 (1988), p. 93, membership directory of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, listing Counterterrorism Consultants Inc., 2300 M Street NW; District of Columbia Department of Licensing and Consumer Protection, entity record 058088, registered agent CounterTerrorism Consultants, Inc., 2300 M Street NW, 8th floor, https://boss.dc.gov; "A group of top former FBI agents and federal prosecutors," UPI, August 2, 1988, stating that Propper, "now an attorney with the Washington firm of Lane and Edson, said he is a full partner in CTC but holds no title."
 [^3]: U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, hearings on housing and urban development legislation, 1971, testimony headed "Partner, Frosh, Lane & Edson," https://books.google.com/books?id=zzU4AAAAIAAJ.
 [^4]: "Digest of Seminars," INBEX, 1971, listing "Frosh, Lane & Edson, 1025 Connecticut Ave.," Washington, https://books.google.com/books?id=_UE9AAAAMAAJ.
 [^5]: Charles L. Edson, "Introduction," in *Dealing with State Housing Agencies: The Emerging Force in Development* (Washington: Bureau of National Affairs, 1973), author note: "Partner, Frosh, Lane & Edson, Washington, D.C. Formerly Chief, Public Housing Section, Office of General Counsel, and Deputy Chief Counsel, Housing Assistance Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development," https://books.google.com/books?id=NB26AAAAIAAJ.
 [^6]: Bureau of National Affairs, *A Practical Guide to Low- and Moderate-Income Housing* (Washington: Bureau of National Affairs, 1972), partners listed as Frosh, Lane & Edson, https://books.google.com/books?id=_ddDAQAAIAAJ; *AIA Journal*, 1972, describing Frosh, Lane & Edson as "a law firm in the nation's capital with extensive practice in federally assisted housing," https://books.google.com/books?id=-1kqAQAAMAAJ.
 [^7]: U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Finance, *Tax Reform (Administration and Public Witnesses)*, hearings, 1975, statement introducing "our organization's legal counsel, Mr. Bruce S. Lane, of the Washington law firm of Lane and Edson," https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOMEQ8jg2VQC.
 [^8]: *Preservation Law Reporter*, 1985, contributor note for Lane, "Lane and Edson, P.C., Washington, D.C. LL.B., Harvard Law School, 1955. Mr. Lane specializes in tax, securities, real estate matters," https://books.google.com/books?id=3h9DAQAAIAAJ.
 [^9]: "Lane & Edson specializes in real estate matters, including the financing," *National Journal*, 1978, https://books.google.com/books?id=M6kvAAAAMAAJ.
 [^10]: *Directory of Law Teachers*, 1977, listing "Lane & Edson, P.C., 1800 M St., Wash., DC 20036," https://books.google.com/books?id=TSg7AQAAIAAJ; U.S. Department of Justice, Report of the Attorney General to the Congress on the Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act, calendar year 1983, entry "Lane and Edson, P.C., #3286" (1800 M Street, N.W., Suite 400 South), https://www.justice.gov/media/910081/dl; calendar year 1984, same registrant (2300 M Street, N.W.), https://www.justice.gov/media/910076/dl.
 [^11]: Report of the Attorney General, calendar year 1981, Peru entry "Lane and Edson, P.C., #3286," quoting the initial registration statement filed in October 1981, "Finances: None Reported," https://www.justice.gov/media/910091/dl.
 [^12]: Calendar year 1982 report, Peru entry, $19,778.00 for the twelve months ending October 8, 1982, https://www.justice.gov/media/910086/dl.
 [^13]: Calendar year 1983 report, Peru entry, $15,513.00 for the twelve months ending October 8, 1983, https://www.justice.gov/media/910081/dl.
 [^14]: Calendar year 1984 report, Peru entry, $37,281.71 for the twelve months ending October 8, 1984, https://www.justice.gov/media/910076/dl.
 [^15]: Calendar year 1985 report, Peru entry, $23,758.89 for the twelve months ending October 8, 1985, https://www.justice.gov/media/910111/dl.
 [^16]: Calendar year 1986 report, entry "Lane and Edson, P.C., #3286," "Finances: None Reported," https://www.justice.gov/media/910106/dl. The calendar year 1987 report lists "Lane & Edson, P.C., Peru" in its appendix of registrants, https://www.justice.gov/media/910101/dl.
 [^17]: Report of the Attorney General for calendar years 1988 to 1991, Peru entry "Lane & Edson, P.C., #3286 (T88)," "Finances: None Reported," https://www.justice.gov/media/910056/dl?inline.
 [^18]: *The International Trade Law Journal*, 1981, article on the antiquities trade quoting "Frederick J. Truslow of the law firm of Lane & Edson, who represents the Peruvian Government in U.S. courts," https://books.google.com/books?id=rV-ALrT7l3MC.
 [^19]: *Stolen Art Alert*, 1982, describing Frederick J. Truslow, "a Washington lawyer who has been retained as counsel to Peru," https://books.google.com/books?id=f6zrAAAAMAAJ.
 [^20]: Frederic J. Truslow, "Peru's Recovery of Cultural Patrimony," 15 N.Y.U. Journal of International Law and Politics 839 (1983), cited in *Tulsa Journal of Comparative & International Law*, 1996, https://books.google.com/books?id=F9JKAQAAIAAJ.
 [^21]: *ARTnews*, April 1986, article on Peru and the antiquities trade, quoting Truslow, https://books.google.com/books?id=NAROtwXJjVMC.
 [^22]: U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act public bulk files, registrant 3286 and short forms "Propper, Eugene M." and "Truslow, Frederic J." (both terminated November 8, 1988), https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ShortForms.csv.zip and https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals.csv.zip.
 [^23]: Letterheads of Lane and Edson, P.C., printed in *Governmental Lease Financing Reform Act* (1983), https://books.google.com/books?id=L63PFff8BXkC, and in *Section 8 Rent Adjustments, Elderly Housing, and Other Assisted Housing Issues* (1984), https://books.google.com/books?id=HQwRxaYIvskC.
 [^24]: Letter to Donna Denman, President of the National Leased Housing Association, from Charles L. Edson of Lane & Edson, P.C., February 25, 1985, printed in Senate Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs, *Housing, Community Development, and Mass Transportation Authorizations, 1986*, hearings of March 22, 25 and April 15, 1985 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1985), https://books.google.com/books?id=pfCKEE1NeD0C; letterhead also in *Structuring Real Estate Investments in the Mid-eighties* (1985), https://books.google.com/books?id=EEY-AQAAIAAJ.
 [^25]: *Anuario Hispano*, 1989, listing "Truslow, Lane & Edson, 2300 M St. NW, Wash., DC 20037," https://books.google.com/books?id=SPC6AAAAIAAJ.
 [^26]: *The Wall Street Journal*, September 28, 1988, digest entry: Jack Feder "is also bringing 16 lawyers with him to Dewey from 90-lawyer Lane & Edson," https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_5aAAAAYAAJ; *Corporate Practice Series*, Bureau of National Affairs, 1988, on Feder, "a key player in friendly takeovers as lawyer for William Simon's Wesray organization," who "recently led a defection of corporate lawyers" from Lane & Edson to the Washington office of Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood, https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb49AQAAIAAJ; roster of counsel in *United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement*, hearings, 1988, listing "Frederick J. Truslow" under Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood, https://books.google.com/books?id=ub0FAAAAIAAJ.
 [^27]: Catholic University of America, *Alumni Directory*, 1987, listing "Lane & Edson PC, 2300 M St NW, Washington, DC 20037," https://books.google.com/books?id=TtlKAAAAYAAJ.
 [^28]: *Plant Shutdowns Monitor*, 1988, "Lane & Edson is discussing merger possibilities, says Bruce Lane, founding partner. Sixteen of its 90 lawyers left with Mr. Feder, who headed the firm's mergers-and-acquisitions group. And last week, six more left to join," https://books.google.com/books?id=a9RYAAAAYAAJ.
 [^29]: *The Wall Street Journal*, January 4, 1989, p. B4, digest entry: "Lane & Edson attorneys have been asked to join Kelley Drye & Warren, subject to the approval of Kelley Drye's partners, according to two Kelley Drye executive committee members"; a later digest line reads "Twenty-four Lane & Edson attorneys have been asked to join," https://books.google.com/books?id=pv5aAAAAYAAJ.
 [^30]: *The Washingtonian*, 1991, article on Washington firm mergers: "Lane & Edson became part of New York's Kelley Drye & Warren," https://books.google.com/books?id=tvVNAQAAIAAJ.
 [^31]: *Who's Who in American Law*, 2007, entry giving "Lane & Edson, P.C., Washington, 1979-89, Kelley Drye & Warren, Washington, 1989-93, Nixon Peabody LLP, Washington, 1993-," https://books.google.com/books?id=Ido6AQAAIAAJ.
 [^32]: Stanley F. Reed and Lane & Edson, P.C., *The Art of M&A* (1989), as cited in *Business Information Sources* (1993), https://books.google.com/books?id=ps7UaqHktLkC, and the 2009 edition of *The Art of M&A*, note stating that Propper "contributed substantially to the due diligence chapter in the original (1989) edition," https://books.google.com/books?id=02XSV9j541EC.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ora
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Ora
@ -15,20 +15,23 @@ summary: "The holding company that, in Ari Ben-Menashe's account, the Israeli Jo
 start: 1981
 location: "Tel Aviv and London"
 created: 2026-09-22
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-08
 ---
 The Ora Group exists in the record almost entirely through [[Ari Ben-Menashe]]. In his account, the Israeli Joint Committee that ran the arms channel to [[Iran]] after 1980 needed "a flagship to hold the slush fund" that was accumulating from a covert procurement office on John Street in [[New York City]], which shipped American electronics under end-user certificates for [[Israel]] and diverted them to Iran. "When the Joint Committee was trying to decide what to call this mother company, the name 'Ora' came to my mind," he writes; the name means light in Hebrew, and was that of a woman in his Tel Aviv office. "Thus was born the Ora Group, which was to handle billions of dollars in the next few years." Israel's arms companies "were all run under our mother company, Ora"; Bank Melli of Iran would issue a letter of credit on behalf of one of them, guaranteed through the foreign transfers department of the National Westminster Bank in [[London]]; where Israel sold American weapons on the Americans' behalf, the money went to a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] account at the International Bank of Luxembourg, and when funds were needed for [[Yitzhak Shamir]]'s Likud, "Maxwell's companies were used to bring the money out again" to accounts in Luxembourg and Geneva.[^1]
 ### London
-The [[Daily Mirror]]'s foreign editor [[Nicholas Davies]] "was called in only if we needed to use our 'London office,'" Ben-Menashe writes; when a request came from the Iranians, Davies "would call dealers or the supplier and introduce himself as a representative of the Ora Group, an Israeli company based in London," as in a 1983 sale of 4,000 TOW missiles. [[Rupert Allason]]'s parliamentary motion of 1991 named the company as [[Ora Limited]], incorporated at 41 Becmead Avenue and 1 Trafalgar Avenue, London; Ben-Menashe's book uses only "the Ora Group." A 1985 deal for the [[Contras]] brokered through [[GeoMiliTech]], the Washington company of General [[John Singlaub]] and Barbara Studley, is itemized in the book at 3,242,000 dollars paid to Ora, against 5 million dollars that he says the company's own books showed received from the American side.[^1]
+The [[Daily Mirror]]'s foreign editor [[Nicholas Davies]] "was called in only if we needed to use our 'London office,'" Ben-Menashe writes; when a request came from the Iranians, Davies "would call dealers or the supplier and introduce himself as a representative of the Ora Group, an Israeli company based in London," as in a 1983 sale of 4,000 TOW missiles. [[Rupert Allason]]'s parliamentary motion of 1991 named the company as [[Ora Limited]], incorporated at 41 Becmead Avenue and 1 Trafalgar Avenue, London; Ben-Menashe's book uses only "the Ora Group." Ari Ben-Menashe writes that a 1985 deal for the [[Contras]] brokered through [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.|GeoMiliTech]], the Washington company of [[Barbara Studley]] on which General [[John Singlaub]] served as a consultant, was itemized at 3,242,000 dollars paid to Ora, against 5 million dollars that he says the company's own books showed received from the American side.[^1] The *Hartford Courant* reported in 1992 a private shipment of Soviet-bloc rifles, machine guns and grenade launchers to the contras in the summer of 1985, which it valued at $5 million and attributed to Singlaub and Studley, and did not mention Ora.[^2] Calero's deposition to the congressional committees puts payments for shipments arranged by Singlaub at $2 million on April 26, 1985 and $3.3 million in May,[^3] and the *Washington Post* reported in 1987 that Singlaub helped the contras buy $5.3 million of East Bloc weapons shipped through Honduras.[^4]
 ### PROMIS
-Ben-Menashe writes that he saw a cable to the Joint Committee from the United States requesting "a 600,000 dollar transfer from the Israeli slush fund" to [[Earl Brian]]'s [[Hadron]], to be forwarded to [[Leonard Garment]]'s firm [[Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin|Dickstein Shapiro]] "to be used to get one of the [[INSLAW|Inslaw]] lawyers, Leigh Ratiner, off the case." The special counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] wrote that "we see no reason to reopen our investigation because of this implausible claim"; the bankruptcy court had found INSLAW's related charge that the firm was pressured to abandon it "built upon supposition, suspicion and uncorroborated hearsay." A second witness, the Canadian former stockbroker [[John A. Belton]], told the Justice Department's 1994 reviewers, without producing documents, that "ORA is allegedly the Israeli half of a multi-billion dollar slush fund made up of Israeli and U.S. funds" used to finance arms sales to [[Iraq]], and that "Trans World Arms in Montreal and ORA" had sold [[PROMIS]] to a nuclear facility in [[New Mexico]] in 1983; the reviewers found him "unbelievable."[^1][^2]
+Ben-Menashe writes that he saw a cable to the Joint Committee from the United States requesting "a 600,000 dollar transfer from the Israeli slush fund" to [[Earl Brian]]'s [[Hadron]], to be forwarded to [[Leonard Garment]]'s firm [[Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin|Dickstein Shapiro]] "to be used to get one of the [[INSLAW|Inslaw]] lawyers, Leigh Ratiner, off the case." The special counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] wrote that "we see no reason to reopen our investigation because of this implausible claim"; the bankruptcy court had found INSLAW's related charge that the firm was pressured to abandon it "built upon supposition, suspicion and uncorroborated hearsay." A second witness, the Canadian former stockbroker [[John A. Belton]], told the Justice Department's 1994 reviewers, without producing documents, that "ORA is allegedly the Israeli half of a multi-billion dollar slush fund made up of Israeli and U.S. funds" used to finance arms sales to [[Iraq]], and that "Trans World Arms in Montreal and ORA" had sold [[PROMIS]] to a nuclear facility in [[New Mexico]] in 1983; the reviewers found him "unbelievable."[^1][^5]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network,* Sheridan Square, 1992, ch. 8, "The Ora Group," and ch. 9, "Promis." https://archive.org/details/profits-of-war-1992-ari-ben-menashe ; Allason's motion as quoted on [[Nicholas Davies]].
-[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua,* March 1993, and *Report on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report,* September 27, 1994, section on John A. Belton. https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport ; *In re Inslaw, Inc.,* 97 B.R. 685 (Bankr. D.D.C. 1989), as quoted in the Bua report.
+[^2]: Bixby, Lyn. "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal." *Hartford Courant*, May 29, 1992. https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
 [^3]: Deposition of Adolfo Calero, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 3, transcript p. 95 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0235).
 [^4]: Weiser, Benjamin. "Singlaub Suggested an Earlier Fund Diversion." *Washington Post*, March 20, 1987; CIA CREST CIA-RDP90-00965R000707040014-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000707040014-2
 [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua,* March 1993, and *Report on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report,* September 27, 1994, section on John A. Belton. https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport ; *In re Inslaw, Inc.,* 97 B.R. 685 (Bankr. D.D.C. 1989), as quoted in the Bua report.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut
@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
 ---
 aliases:
  - Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation
  - Wackenhut Advanced Technologies
  - Wackenhut Advanced Technology Corporation
  - WATCO
  - Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center
  - Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc.
  - WATC
  - NUSAC, Incorporated
  - NUSAC, Inc.
  - NUSAC
  - Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation
 category: "Private Organization"
 tags:
  - Organization
  - Private
  - Wackenhut
  - WATCO
  - NUSAC
  - NuclearSafeguards
  - NevadaTestSite
  - DefenseSystemsAnalysis
  - DeviceAssemblyFacility
  - JamesBMotley
  - RalphECaudle
  - CounterTerrorism
 summary: "Nuclear safeguards consultancy founded in 1968, bought by Wackenhut in 1978 and renamed in 1984 under Ralph E. Caudle, former head of the Department of Energy Office of Safeguards and Security."
 start: 1968-01-01
 end: 1994-08-26
 location: "Reston, Virginia"
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 relations:
  - type: owned
    with: "[[Wackenhut Corporation]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1978-12
    end: 1993
    role: "wholly owned subsidiary; the 1992 Fourth Circuit opinion describes the Center as a subsidiary of Wackenhut International, Inc."
    fn: 8
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Ralph F. Lumb]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1975
    end: 1984
    role: "president of NUSAC"
    fn: 3
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Ralph E. Caudle]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1984
    end: 1987
    role: "president of Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation"
    fn: 14
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Joseph A. Navarro]]"
    reverse: true
    role: "president, Fairfax, Virginia, per the annual report for 1989"
    fn: 22
  - type: director_of
    with: "[[George R. Wackenhut]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1979
    role: "chairman of the NUSAC board"
    fn: 9
  - type: director_of
    with: "[[Richard Wackenhut]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1991
    end: 1993
    role: "director, Florida annual reports for 1991 to 1993"
    fn: 2
  - type: contractor_to
    with: "[[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]]"
    start: 1982
    end: 1985
    role: "material accounting statistics system and security-during-emergency studies"
    fn: 12
  - type: contractor_to
    with: "[[Department of Energy]]"
    start: 1985
    end: 1986
    role: "conceptual and then detailed security design for the nuclear device assembly facility at the Nevada Test Site"
    fn: 18
  - type: contractor_to
    with: "[[United States Army]]"
    start: 1989
    role: "Defense Systems Analysis Group clients named as the Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center and the Army Survivability Management Office"
    fn: 22
 ---
 Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, called WATCO in the parent's reports, was a technical consulting subsidiary of the [[Wackenhut Corporation]] at [[Reston, Virginia]] and later [[Fairfax, Virginia]]. Its Florida corporation was filed on December 29, 1978, the day after Wackenhut announced the purchase of NUSAC, a nuclear safeguards consultancy founded in 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation; the corporation took the name WATCO in 1984 and Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. in 1990, and the state dissolved it in 1994.[^1][^2]
 ### Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation, 1968 to 1978
 [[Ralph F. Lumb]], president of the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation, announced in 1975 that its stockholders had voted to change the name to NUSAC, Inc. He described the company as established in 1968 to provide surveillance and auditing services during fuel fabrication and reprocessing, with activities by then that included representation at the gaseous diffusion plants of the [[Energy Research and Development Administration]] on uranium hexafluoride procurement, quality assurance during fuel fabrication, and assistance on licensing matters including physical security. Its offices were at 7777 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, Virginia.[^3] Lumb had been the first chairman of the [[Institute of Nuclear Materials Management]] and had chaired the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] ad hoc committee on safeguarding special nuclear materials.[^4]
 Papers by Lumb and [[Douglas E. George]] in 1972 give the corporation's address as Rockville, Maryland. In December 1973 the corporation, by then at Falls Church, was the originator of two draft standard formats for license applications for fuel reprocessing and certain special nuclear material facilities, one on the physical protection section (report number TID-26635) and one on the special nuclear materials control and accounting section (TID-26634).[^5]
 A winter 1974 notice announced that [[Lawrence D. Low]] had been named a vice president for services in materials and plant protection. He had retired from the Atomic Energy Commission in June 1972 after 25 years, during which he had directed the Division of Compliance and, before 1960, the Division of Security at the commission's operations office in Aiken, South Carolina, during the design, construction and initial operation of the Savannah River plants.[^6] [[David G. Schofield]] joined in 1976 on leaving government service and by spring 1980 was senior vice president over the Security Programs and Computer Security Divisions, whose clients the company listed as including the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]], the [[Department of Energy]] and the [[United States Navy]]. [[Wilkins R. Smith]] joined in 1976 from [[Combustion Engineering]] and [[United Nuclear Corporation]].[^7]
 ### Purchase by Wackenhut, December 1978
 An announcement datelined Coral Gables, Florida, December 28, stated that the Wackenhut Corporation had purchased for an undisclosed sum the assets of NUSAC, Inc., and that a newly formed wholly owned subsidiary, NUSAC, Incorporated, would be a Florida corporation with headquarters remaining at McLean, Virginia. [[George R. Wackenhut]] was quoted as saying "NUSAC is and will remain an independent firm," and Lumb continued as president.[^8] The Florida filing for the new corporation, document 599071, is dated December 29, 1978; its principal address is the Wackenhut headquarters at 1500 San Remo Avenue, [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]].[^2]
 The NUSAC board in late 1979 consisted of George R. Wackenhut as chairman, Lumb, [[Myron S. Malkin]], then director of the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] Space Shuttle program, and [[Robert E. Miller]], executive vice president of [[Resource Science Corporation]]; the geographer [[Brian J. L. Berry]] of [[Harvard University]] was then elected to it.[^9] Staff appointments announced in 1979 included [[James P. Duffy, Jr.]], as manager of a computer security division, who came from the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], where he had managed data processing operations, and [[Jack E. Pevenstein]] as marketing director, from [[Planning Research Corporation]].[^9] The parent's annual report states that in 1979 NUSAC added an Environmental Assessments Division.[^10]
 [[Dale A. Moul]] managed the Security Programs Division in 1981; he held a law degree from the University of Maryland and was responsible for NUSAC's security services for nuclear plants, reprocessing facilities, fuel fabrication plants and engineering laboratory facilities.[^11] A 1983 paper by Lumb, Messinger and Tingey describes work for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in which NUSAC visited seven nuclear fuel fabrication facilities to evaluate their handling of material accounting data, and the parent's annual report states that under contract to the commission NUSAC completed an Automated Material Accounting Statistics System and was testing it at seven commercial fuel fabricators. The annual report lists the commission and the [[Defense Nuclear Agency]] among NUSAC's clients.[^10][^12] A 1984 study by a NUSAC team for the commission's Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research examined security actions during safety-related emergencies at nuclear power plants.[^13]
 ### Reorganization as WATCO, 1984
 The Florida corporation changed its name from NUSAC, Incorporated, on May 8, 1984.[^2] The Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management reported in spring 1984 that [[Ralph E. Caudle]], formerly director of the Department of Energy Office of Safeguards and Security, had been named president of Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, a newly created subsidiary based at Reston. Four Wackenhut services were merged into it: the Systems Division, the Advanced Technologies Division, the Security Programs Division and NUSAC, Incorporated, described as a former subsidiary producing quality assurance and approved training programs for the nuclear industry.[^14] Caudle, a retired Air Force colonel, had joined the Department of Energy in 1975 as director of the Division of Operations in the Office of Military Application and in 1981 became head of the Office of Safeguards and Security, responsible for protection of nuclear weapons materials and facilities and classified information.[^14] His obituary gives his years as president of WATCO as 1984 to 1987.[^15]
 [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] and WATCO were the performing organizations for a March 1985 report, NUREG/CR-4093, on safety and safeguards interactions during safety-related emergencies at nuclear power reactors, whose authors were Moul, [[M. K. Pilgrim]], [[R. L. Schweizer]] and [[J. E. McEwen, Jr.]][^16] A paper by [[M. B. Seaton]] in 1988 carries the affiliation Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Fairfax, Virginia.[^17]
 ### Work in 1985 and 1986
 The 1985 annual report describes WATCO as a wholly owned subsidiary at Reston and as a technical consulting firm offering a broad range of advanced security and engineering services to government and industry. Its services covered sensor design, signal processing, systems integration, robotics and mobile intrusion detection systems, special weapons systems security and technology transfer.[^18] The NUSAC division was described as a leader in nuclear material control and accounting, in its fifteenth year, providing quality assurance engineering and quality control to the power and energy industry, commercial and military manufacturers, regulators and government agencies.[^18]
 The Security Programs Division was selected in 1985 to formulate the conceptual design for the security system of the nuclear device assembly facility to be built at the [[Nevada Test Site]] of the Department of Energy. The 1986 report states that the division was then selected to provide the design and engineering for that security system.[^18][^19] The division's work in 1985 included vulnerability analyses, risk analyses, security program conceptual design, training and qualification plans, contingency and emergency plans and cost effectiveness studies.[^18] The Systems Division worked on requirements analyses, system design, systems engineering, systems integration and training for advanced systems at high-level security installations.[^18] In 1986 the company was also selected for the security system conceptual analysis and design engineering of the National Training Center of the [[Foreign Service Institute]] of the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]], and completed a turnkey integrated perimeter and access control system for the federal government at an overseas location.[^19]
 The Wackenhut annual report that covers 1984 states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut that year to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at Albuquerque, New Mexico, under a three-year, $5 million contract that [[Wackenhut Services, Inc.]] won against 92 companies. The same report states that Wackenhut had guarded the Nevada Test Site since 1965.[^20]
 *[[Spy]]* magazine reported in 1992 that Wackenhut received contracts to guard the Nevada test site after the law firm of Senator [[George Smathers]] helped it find a loophole in the Pinkerton law. The magazine also reported that surveillance equipment found in an investigation by the Energy Department's inspector general's office was sent to a Department of Energy training center at Albuquerque, which it stated Wackenhut operates.[^21]
 ### The Applied Technologies Center, 1989 and 1990
 The Florida corporation took the name Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. on January 9, 1990.[^2] The annual report for 1989 lists the Center at Fairfax, Virginia, with [[Joseph A. Navarro]] as president, and describes four groups.[^22] The Systems Engineering and Integration Group supplied engineering, software and hardware integration for physical and electronic security systems. The Physical Security Concepts Group conducted surveys, wrote implementation plans and set safeguards standards for clients including the [[General Services Administration]], utility companies and the Department of Energy. The Safeguards Group provided quality assurance and quality control to the nuclear power industry. The Defense Systems Analysis Group studied the effectiveness and survivability of military systems, built models and simulations for military application, performed threat and mission analyses, conducted arms control studies and crisis management planning, provided testing and evaluation support and forecast the impact of technology on future weapons systems.[^22]
 The report names the [[United States Army]] Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center and the Army Survivability Management Office among the Group's clients. It states that the Center's staff "apply their skills and background in military operations, requirements and intelligence to support the Department of Defense," and that the Center is located in the national capital region.[^22] In the same report Timothy P. Cole is listed as president of Wackenhut Services, Inc.[^22]
 A 1989 Department of Defense technical report, "Guide to Camouflage for Developers, Volume 1" (114 pages, project number 170-002), lists as authors [[William Schilling]], [[Donald Farrar]], [[Robert D. Carpenter]], [[Stanley Johnson]], [[Champlin Buck]] and [[Nicholas Smith]], and its performing organization as Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, 10530 Rosehaven Street, Suite 500, Fairfax.[^23] The same address, with Robert D. Carpenter as addressee, appears for the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center in the distribution list of a later Defense Technical Information Center report, "Survey of Vulnerability Methodological Needs."[^24]
 In December 1989 [[Collins International Service Company]], the facilities manager of a United States government building at Reston and a subsidiary of [[Rockwell International]], asked [[Wackenhut International, Incorporated|Wackenhut International, Inc.]] for a proposal for the building's security system, and Wackenhut International assigned the resulting hardware subcontract with [[Sygnetron Protection Systems]] to the Center in March 1990. The client rejected the Center's proposal on June 18, 1990. A jury awarded the Center $100,000 in compensatory damages against Sygnetron and its parent [[De La Rue]] and $1,000,000 in punitive damages against De La Rue, which the district court reduced to $350,000 under Virginia's statutory cap; the Fourth Circuit affirmed on November 10, 1992, describing the Center as a subsidiary of Wackenhut International.[^25]
 ### Divestiture
 The parent's annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, states that the Wackenhut Monitoring Systems and Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center divisions were sold or discontinued in 1993, and that the combined operating losses of the Center and Wackenhut Monitoring Systems, Inc. were approximately $2 million in that year. The subsidiary schedule in that filing does not list the company.[^26]
 The Florida record shows annual reports filed on June 25, 1991, July 8, 1992 and May 1, 1993, and an administrative dissolution for failure to file an annual report on August 26, 1994.[^2] The last annual report lists George R. Wackenhut (title C), [[Richard Wackenhut]], [[Alan B. Bernstein]] and [[Timothy P. Cole]] (title D), [[Michael A. DiGregorio]] (treasurer) and [[Paul N. Brownell]] (assistant treasurer), with [[James P. Rowan]], the parent's vice president, general counsel and assistant secretary, as registered agent since November 3, 1987.[^2][^22] A Virginia entry for the Center, number F0346389, is listed by OpenCorporates as inactive.[^27]
 ### Newsletter notices and personnel
 An undated Wackenhut newsletter describes WATCO as specializing in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems, and as working through its Security Programs Division with the [[Wackenhut Training Institute]]. It describes a Touchscreen Station that replaced multiple keystroke entries with single touch commands for alarms, access control, closed-circuit television and response forces, with [[Walt Chrobak]] as project manager.[^28] A notice in the newsletter congratulates [[Roy S. Lombardo]], [[Timothy S. McCune]] and [[Robert L. Schwaizor]] on earning Certified Protection Professional status and states that all three were former United States Army officers with law enforcement and other security-related experience.[^29]
 From September 1987 the vice president for national security studies and programs at WATCO was [[James B. Motley]], a retired Army colonel. According to his resume in a June 1990 packet of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], he directed operational analyses and assessments of national security issues, with a primary interest in terrorism, special operations and low-intensity conflict.[^30]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), item "NUSAC" (name change announced by Ralph F. Lumb); vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf
 [^2]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, "Detail by Entity Name" and "Name History," document 599071, Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. (FEI 58-1346230; filed December 29, 1978; name change amendments of May 8, 1984, old name NUSAC, Incorporated, and January 9, 1990, old name Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation; annual reports 1991 to 1993; administrative dissolution August 26, 1994; officer and director list as shown on the detail page). https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/WACKENHUT%20ADVANCED/Page1
 [^3]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), item "NUSAC." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf
 [^4]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf
 [^5]: Office of Scientific and Technical Information catalog records: R. F. Lumb, "Safeguards issue," INMM annual meeting, Boston, May 31, 1972 (OSTI 4459698); D. E. George, "Contributions to National and International Safeguards Programs by Independent Technical Auditors" (OSTI 4694701); Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corp., Falls Church, drafts Report No. 139 and Report No. 141, December 1973 (OSTI 4257532 and 4283735). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4459698
 [^6]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 2, no. 4 (Winter 1974), "Low Named NuSAC Vice President." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_02/V-2_4.pdf
 [^7]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1980), announcement of appointments by Lumb as president of NUSAC, Incorporated, McLean, Virginia. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_09/V-9_1.pdf
 [^8]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc." and "Steve Barrett Joins NUSAC, Inc." Sole source for the quoted statement is the announcement issued in the parent's name. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf
 [^9]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 8, no. 3 (Fall 1979), "Three NUSAC Appointments"; vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1979-1980), item on the election of Brian J. L. Berry to the NUSAC board. https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_3.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_4.pdf
 [^10]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports of about 1979 to 1982, sections on NUSAC, Incorporated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^11]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 10, no. 1 (Spring 1981), "Personnel" (Dale A. Moul; Darrell A. Hyde of Union Carbide Nuclear Division joining NUSAC effective May 1). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_10/V-10_1.pdf
 [^12]: R. F. Lumb, M. Messinger and F. H. Tingey, "Observations concerning licensee practices in error propagation" and "Augmented Automated Material Accounting Statistics System (AMASS)," INMM annual meeting, July 1983 (OSTI 6647869 and 6647870). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6647869
 [^13]: D. A. Moul, "Security during safety-related emergencies at nuclear power plants," NUSAC, Incorporated, Reston, July 1984 (OSTI 6470439). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6470439
 [^14]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1984), "Ralph E. Caudle Heads Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_13/V-13_1.pdf
 [^15]: Obituary of Ralph E. Caudle, Sr., Colonel, USAF (Ret.), January 5, 1927 to October 26, 2007, Pumphrey Funeral Homes, Rockville, Maryland. https://www.pumphreyfuneralhome.com/obituaries/Ralph-E-Caudle-Sr-COL-USAF-Ret?obId=2465865
 [^16]: D. A. Moul, M. K. Pilgrim, R. L. Schweizer and J. E. McEwen, Jr., "Safety/safeguards interactions during safety-related emergencies at Nuclear Power Reactor Facilities," NUREG/CR-4093, BNL-NUREG-51848, March 1985 (OSTI 5714785). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5714785
 [^17]: M. B. Seaton, "Security force effectiveness and technology," conference paper CONF-880631, 1988 (OSTI 6463677). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6463677
 [^18]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report for 1985, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, NUSAC and the Security Programs and Systems divisions, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^19]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report for 1986, same sections, same folder.
 [^20]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site, same folder.
 [^21]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
 [^22]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report in the same folder, pages on the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center and the lists of officers and major subsidiaries. The report's last pages carry the 1989 results and a first-quarter 1990 interim report; it is placed here as the 1989 report. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^23]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA216700, "Guide to Camouflage for Developers, Volume 1," 1989, citation and search record (authors; performing organization Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corp., Fairfax, Virginia; 114 pages). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA216700
 [^24]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA243669, "Survey of Vulnerability Methodological Needs," distribution list. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA243669.pdf
 [^25]: *Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. v. Sygnetron Protection Systems, Inc.,* 979 F.2d 980 (4th Cir. 1992), Nos. 91-1656 to 91-1657, decided November 10, 1992. https://static.case.law/f2d/979/cases/0980-01.json
 [^26]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 23, 1995, management's discussion of 1994 and 1993 results and Exhibit 21. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt
 [^27]: OpenCorporates, Virginia entry F0346389, Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center Inc., status inactive. https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_va/F0346389
 [^28]: Wackenhut newsletter (titled *Pipeline* in the scan), undated issue, passages on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation and the Touchscreen Station, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^29]: Same newsletter, notice "New CPP's at WATCO." The third name is printed as "Robed L Schwaizor" in the scan text. Same folder.
 [^30]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy with header "JUN 20 '90," pages 141 P10 and 141 P11 (Motley entry), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
--- a/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut
+++ b/ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Wackenhut
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ relations:
  - type: owned
    with: "[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]]"
    role: "wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia"
-    fn: 36
+    fn: 39
 ---
 Wackenhut Corporation is a security and investigative firm founded in 1954 by [[George R. Wackenhut]] and three other former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Special Agents. Initially named [[Special Agent Investigators]], it expanded to physical security and was renamed Wackenhut Corporation in 1958. Headquartered in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], [[Florida]], Wackenhut grew to become one of the world's largest security and investigative firms, with operations across the United States and internationally. The [[San Francisco]] Chronicle described it as being "led by former officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Agency, Defense Department and federal law enforcement."[^1][^2]
@ -120,13 +120,17 @@ Wackenhut was very active in [[El Salvador]] during the Contra war, providing em
 A particularly controversial aspect of Wackenhut's operations was its joint venture with the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon Indian tribe]] in Indio, California. Formalized on April 1, 1981, this partnership aimed to leverage the sovereign nation status of the Indian reservation to bypass federal jurisdiction and congressional prohibitions on arms exports. The venture, known as "[[Cabazon Arms]]," sought to establish a production facility for high-tech armaments and explosives for export to third-world countries, including the [[Contras]] in Nicaragua and nations in the [[Middle East]]. The firm was using the Cabazon reservation's tax-exempt status and its freedom from federal oversight to gain a competitive advantage in soliciting federal weapons projects.[^1][^2]
-[[Dr. John Nichols]], the Cabazon tribal administrator and a former CIA agent who claimed experience going back to the Chilean destabilization program in the 1970s, secured a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance for the reservation. He then proposed to Wackenhut the manufacture of various weapons systems, including 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, and portable rocket systems. The venture also explored the development of biological weapons. [[Michael Riconosciuto]] served as the Director of Research for this joint venture, and was involved in meetings with figures like [[Robert Frye]] (Wackenhut VP), [[John P. Nichols]], and [[Peter Zokosky]], and [[Dr. Harry Fair]] of the U.S. Army's Railgun Project at Picatinny Arsenal, where Riconosciuto's scientific expertise was noted.[^1]
+[[Dr. John Nichols]], the Cabazon tribal administrator and a former CIA agent who claimed experience going back to the Chilean destabilization program in the 1970s, secured a [[Department of Defense]] secret facility clearance for the reservation. He then proposed to Wackenhut the manufacture of various weapons systems, including 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser-sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles, and portable rocket systems. The venture also explored the development of biological weapons. [[Michael Riconosciuto]] stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that he was Director of Research for this joint venture; the Bua report found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture.[^33][^34] He described meetings with figures like [[Robert Frye]] (president of Wackenhut Services, Inc.), John P. Nichols, and [[Peter Zokosky]], and [[Dr. Harry Fair]] of the U.S. Army's Railgun Project at Picatinny Arsenal, where Riconosciuto's scientific expertise was noted.[^1]
 Spy reported in 1992 that Bruce Berckmans, assigned to the CIA station in Mexico City, left the agency in January 1975 "(putatively)" to become a Wackenhut international-operations vice president and left Wackenhut in 1981. According to Spy, Berckmans joined other senior Wackenhut executives in 1981 to form the company's Special Projects Division, which linked up with Nichols at the Cabazon reservation.[^35] Spy also reported that [[Eden Pastora]], seen at a night-vision test at a firing range near the reservation with Nichols and a Wackenhut executive, identified that executive, Robert Frye, as "the man from the CIA," and that Pastora later said in a conversation that he did not know Frye.[^35]
 The 1993 report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] for the Department of Justice states that Frye, then president of Wackenhut Services, Inc., responded for Wackenhut when the Cabazon Security Corporation solicited capability statements in early 1981, that the April 1981 joint venture agreement was signed by Frye and by Tribal Chairman Arthur Welmas, and that the joint venture had no employees. It states that the only individual employed by Wackenhut was Frye and that the investigators found "no evidence to support Riconosciuto's claim that he and Earl Brian were employed by Wackenhut or by the joint venture."[^33] The report also states that the firms Michael Riconosciuto named in a call to the Hamiltons, Wackenhut Research, Inc., and Wackenhut Security, Inc., "do not exist."[^33] Riconosciuto's March 21, 1991 affidavit, which the report summarizes, states that he was director of research for the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture and that he modified PROMIS software for Wackenhut in 1983 and 1984.[^34]
 ### PROMIS Software Modification
 Within the Cabazon Joint Venture, Michael Riconosciuto claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software. This modification, allegedly spearheaded by [[Earl Brian]] and made available through [[Peter Videnieks]] of the [[Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], was intended to facilitate the worldwide implementation of PROMIS in law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Riconosciuto's affidavit detailed his work on the software, including specific modifications for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]]. This alleged pirating and modification of the PROMIS software became a central component of the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].[^1]
-It was here that the "trap door" was built into the U.S. version of PROMIS, based on [[Israel|Israeli]] information. This operation was conducted by a small CIA group, headed by [[Robert Gates]], who sought to keep it secret from the NSA due to interagency competition.[^33]
+It was here that the "trap door" was built into the U.S. version of PROMIS, based on [[Israel|Israeli]] information. This operation was conducted by a small CIA group, headed by [[Robert Gates]], who sought to keep it secret from the NSA due to interagency competition.[^36]
 ### Danny Casolaro Investigation
@ -138,15 +142,19 @@ Beyond the Cabazon venture, Wackenhut was also implicated in other international
 ### Epstein
-On July 13, 2009, [[Story Cowles]] wrote to [[Jeffrey Epstein]]: "Would you like to meet the wackenhut security candidates at your house, FSF or Jacks office. Friday is best for them." Epstein replied: "jacks off."[^34] A 24-page set of security officer reports on forms headed "G4S Wackenhut" covers the post at "358 El Brillo," Epstein's house in [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]]; one report, for the night shift of November 16, 2009, marks the officer as armed and records hourly perimeter checks, an office door found ajar and a gym door open, and the officer monitoring the main entrance.[^35]
+On July 13, 2009, [[Story Cowles]] wrote to [[Jeffrey Epstein]]: "Would you like to meet the wackenhut security candidates at your house, FSF or Jacks office. Friday is best for them." Epstein replied: "jacks off."[^37] A 24-page set of security officer reports on forms headed "G4S Wackenhut" covers the post at "358 El Brillo," Epstein's house in [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]]; one report, for the night shift of November 16, 2009, marks the officer as armed and records hourly perimeter checks, an office door found ajar and a gym door open, and the officer monitoring the main entrance.[^38]
 ### Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation
-[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]] (WATCO) was a wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia, which the corporation's annual reports for 1985 and 1986 describe as a unique technical consulting firm offering advanced security and engineering services to government and industry, including sensor design, signal processing, systems integration, robotics and mobile intrusion detection systems, special weapons systems security and technology transfer. It contained the NUSAC division (nuclear material control and accounting, quality assurance), a Security Programs division and a Systems division.[^36] The 1985 report states that the Security Programs division was selected to formulate the conceptual design of the security system for the nuclear device assembly facility to be built at the Department of Energy's Nevada Test Site; the 1986 report adds selection for the security system conceptual analysis and design engineering of the new National Training Center of the Department of State's Foreign Service Institute, and completion of a turnkey integrated perimeter and access control system for the federal government at an overseas location.[^36]
+[[Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation]] (WATCO) was a wholly owned subsidiary at Reston, Virginia, which the corporation's annual reports for 1985 and 1986 describe as a unique technical consulting firm offering advanced security and engineering services to government and industry, including sensor design, signal processing, systems integration, robotics and mobile intrusion detection systems, special weapons systems security and technology transfer. It contained the NUSAC division (nuclear material control and accounting, quality assurance), a Security Programs division and a Systems division.[^39] The 1985 report states that the Security Programs division was selected to formulate the conceptual design of the security system for the nuclear device assembly facility to be built at the Department of Energy's Nevada Test Site; the 1986 report adds selection for the security system conceptual analysis and design engineering of the new National Training Center of the Department of State's Foreign Service Institute, and completion of a turnkey integrated perimeter and access control system for the federal government at an overseas location.[^39]
-A Wackenhut newsletter describes WATCO as specializing in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems, places it beside Stellar Systems, Inc., of Santa Clara, California, and states that its Security Programs Division worked with the Wackenhut Training Institute. WATCO developed a Touchscreen Station, a security station replacing multiple keystroke entries with single touch commands for alarms, access control, closed-circuit television and other sensors, and the newsletter notes that three WATCO officers, each a former Army officer with law enforcement or security experience, earned Certified Protection Professional status in the same year.[^37] A Wackenhut nuclear services brochure in the same papers also lists a Wackenhut Anti-Terrorism and Crisis Management Division.[^38]
+The Florida corporation behind it, document 599071, was filed on December 29, 1978, the day after the corporation announced that it had bought the assets of NUSAC, Inc., a nuclear safeguards consultancy founded in 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation and headed by [[Ralph F. Lumb]]. It was renamed Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation on May 8, 1984, Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. on January 9, 1990, and dissolved administratively on August 26, 1994.[^40][^41] In spring 1984 the Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management reported that [[Ralph E. Caudle]], formerly director of the Department of Energy's Office of Safeguards and Security, had been named WATCO's president and that the Systems Division, Advanced Technologies Division, Security Programs Division and NUSAC had been merged into it.[^42]
-From September 1987 WATCO's vice president for national security studies and programs was [[James B. Motley]], a retired Army colonel who in 1984 and 1985 had been director of terrorist research and low-intensity conflict studies at the [[National Institute for Public Policy]]. A June 20, 1990 resume packet of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], the Washington firm of the former FBI counterterrorism supervisor [[Carter Cornick]] and the Letelier prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]], lists him as an associate of that firm and states that at WATCO he directs operational analyses and assessments of national security issues.[^39]
+The Wackenhut annual report covering 1984 states that the Department of Energy chose Wackenhut that year to establish and operate a Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy at Albuquerque under a three-year, $5 million contract that Wackenhut Services, Inc., won against 92 companies, and that Wackenhut had guarded the Nevada Test Site since 1965.[^43] An annual report for 1989 lists Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc., at Fairfax, Virginia, with Joseph A. Navarro as president and with a Defense Systems Analysis Group serving the Army's Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center and the Army Survivability Management Office.[^44] A Defense Technical Information Center record lists the Fairfax company as the performing organization for a 1989 "Guide to Camouflage for Developers."[^45] The Fourth Circuit described the Center in 1992 as a subsidiary of Wackenhut International, Inc.[^46] The corporation's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, states that the Wackenhut Monitoring Systems and Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center divisions were sold or discontinued in 1993, with combined operating losses of about $2 million that year.[^47]
 A Wackenhut newsletter describes WATCO as specializing in applied research and development in nuclear safeguards and security policy, programs and systems, places it beside Stellar Systems, Inc., of Santa Clara, California, and states that its Security Programs Division worked with the Wackenhut Training Institute. WATCO developed a Touchscreen Station, a security station replacing multiple keystroke entries with single touch commands for alarms, access control, closed-circuit television and other sensors, and the newsletter notes that three WATCO officers, each a former Army officer with law enforcement or security experience, earned Certified Protection Professional status in the same year.[^48] A Wackenhut nuclear services brochure in the same papers also lists a Wackenhut Anti-Terrorism and Crisis Management Division.[^49]
 From September 1987 WATCO's vice president for national security studies and programs was [[James B. Motley]], a retired Army colonel who in 1984 and 1985 had been director of terrorist research and low-intensity conflict studies at the [[National Institute for Public Policy]]. A June 20, 1990 resume packet of [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]], the Washington firm of the former FBI counterterrorism supervisor [[Carter Cornick]] and the Letelier prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]], lists him as an associate of that firm and states that at WATCO he directs operational analyses and assessments of national security issues.[^50]
 ### End of Wackenhut
@ -186,10 +194,21 @@ The Wackenhut/Cabazon Joint Venture was terminated on October 1, 1984, following
 [^30]: Golrick, Philip D. Memorandum to David G. Marwell, "Phone Conversation with Joseph Oster," January 19, 1996, and letters and subpoena to Southern Research Company, Assassination Records Review Board electronic files of Philip G. Golrick (OSTER.WPD, SOURES.WPD); Central Intelligence Agency, report of investigation, September 13, 1960, JFK record 104-10109-10379, p. 14; Orleans Parish Grand Jury, testimony of Arthur Bidderson, January 9, 1969; Assassination Records Review Board, file inventory (082395.WPD). All consulted at the Mary Ferrell Foundation archive.
 [^31]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Domestic Intelligence Division, informative note, April 14, 1967, JFK record 124-10369-10048; Assassination Records Review Board, public hearing transcript, testimony of James DiEugenio, p. 89; FBI Miami, memorandum of May 10, 1967, headquarters file 62-109060, section 129, p. 166.
 [^32]: Osborn, Howard J. Memorandum for the record, November 8, 1967, JFK record 104-10133-10076.
-[^33]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
+[^33]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), section on the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, printed pp. 55 to 58 and footnotes 32 and 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
-[^34]: Epstein, Jeffrey, reply to Story Cowles, "Re: Wackenhut," email, July 13, 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01829732. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01829732.pdf
+[^34]: Report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 (March 21, 1991 affidavit, paragraph 44 as quoted).
-[^35]: G4S Wackenhut, Security Officer Reports, client facility "358 El Brillo," November 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01157725. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01157725.pdf
+[^35]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Special Projects Division passage and the Pastora identification and retraction. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
-[^36]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
+[^36]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. TrineDay, 1992.
-[^37]: Wackenhut newsletter (titled *Pipeline* in the scan), undated issue, passages on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, WATCO's Touchscreen Station and "New CPP's at WATCO," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
+[^37]: Epstein, Jeffrey, reply to Story Cowles, "Re: Wackenhut," email, July 13, 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01829732. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2010/EFTA01829732.pdf
-[^38]: Wackenhut Corporation, nuclear services brochure, undated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut - Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files.
+[^38]: G4S Wackenhut, Security Officer Reports, client facility "358 El Brillo," November 2009, U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01157725. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA01157725.pdf
-[^39]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy dated June 20, 1990, pages 141 P10 and 141 P11, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
+[^39]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual reports for 1985 and 1986, sections on Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^40]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1979), "Wackenhut Corporation Purchases NUSAC, Inc."; vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), "NUSAC" (company established 1968 as the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation). https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_08/V-8_1.pdf and https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf
 [^41]: Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, "Detail by Entity Name" and "Name History," document 599071. https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResults/EntityName/WACKENHUT%20ADVANCED/Page1
 [^42]: Nuclear Materials Management, vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1984), "Ralph E. Caudle Heads Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation." https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_13/V-13_1.pdf
 [^43]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report covering 1984, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (passages on the Safeguards and Security Central Training Academy and the Nevada Test Site).
 [^44]: The Wackenhut Corporation, annual report placed as 1989, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-CompanyReportsannualQuarterly," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (the last pages carry 1989 results and a first-quarter 1990 interim report), pages on the Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center and the list of major subsidiaries.
 [^45]: Defense Technical Information Center, accession ADA216700, citation record. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA216700
 [^46]: Wackenhut Applied Technologies Center, Inc. v. Sygnetron Protection Systems, Inc., 979 F.2d 980 (4th Cir. 1992). https://static.case.law/f2d/979/cases/0980-01.json
 [^47]: The Wackenhut Corporation, Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 1995, filed March 23, 1995. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104030/0000912057-95-001626.txt
 [^48]: Wackenhut newsletter (titled *Pipeline* in the scan), undated issue, passages on The Wackenhut Advanced Technologies Corporation, WATCO's Touchscreen Station and "New CPP's at WATCO," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
 [^49]: Wackenhut Corporation, nuclear services brochure, undated, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut - Newsletters," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files.
 [^50]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents The Resumes of its Associates," fax copy dated June 20, 1990, pages 141 P10 and 141 P11, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
--- a/PLACES/COUNTRIES/Jamaica.md
+++ b/PLACES/COUNTRIES/Jamaica.md
@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
 ---
 title: Jamaica
 aliases:
  - Jamaica
  - Government of Jamaica
  - Republic of Jamaica
  - Jamaican Government
  - Office of the Prime Minister of Jamaica
  - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Jamaica
  - Jamaica Ministry of Tourism
 created: 2026-10-08
 updated: 2026-10-08
 category: "Country"
 tags:
  - Geography
  - Country
  - Caribbean
  - ForeignAgentsRegistrationAct
  - DrugTrafficking
  - Posses
  - CIA
  - MutualLegalAssistance
  - 1980s
 summary: "Caribbean state whose 1976 to 1980 governments accused the CIA of destabilization, whose posses were indicted in the United States in 1988, and whose government registered six foreign agents in 1989 including CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P."
 location: "Caribbean"
 relations:
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Michael Manley]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1972
    end: 1980
    role: "Prime Minister"
    fn: 1
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Edward Seaga]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1980
    end: 1989-02
    role: "Prime Minister"
    fn: 1
  - type: head_of
    with: "[[Michael Manley]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1989-02
    role: "Prime Minister"
    fn: 1
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1989-09
    end: 1990-04
    role: "registrant under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4294"
    fn: 20
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Fenton Communications, Inc.]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1989-03
    end: 1993-02
    role: "registrant for the Office of the Prime Minister, registration 3857"
    fn: 17
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Neill and Company, Inc.]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1989-03
    end: 1995-03
    role: "registrant on United States legislation affecting Jamaica, registration 3320"
    fn: 16
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Holland & Knight]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1989-03
    end: 1994-06
    role: "registrant for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and for JAMPRO, registration 3718"
    fn: 18
  - type: represented
    with: "[[JAMPRO]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1989-03
    end: 1998-06
    role: "registrant with the Government of Jamaica as principal, registration 4232"
    fn: 19
  - type: represented
    with: "[[The GCI Group]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1986-07
    end: 1990-03
    role: "registrant for the Office of the Prime Minister, registration 3856"
    fn: 15
  - type: represented
    with: "[[A.F. Sabo Associates]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1982-02
    end: 1989-11
    role: "registrant for public relations, registration 3115"
    fn: 15
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1988-03
    end: 1989-02
    role: "registrant for legal services, registration 3746"
    fn: 15
  - type: represented
    with: "[[Curtis A. Ward]]"
    reverse: true
    start: 1991-11
    end: 1993-05
    role: "registrant, registration 4590"
    fn: 23
 ---
 Jamaica is an island state in the [[Caribbean]] whose ruling parties, the People's National Party and the Jamaica Labour Party, alternated in office through the 1970s and 1980s.[^1]
 ### Prime ministers, 1972 to 1989
 [[Michael Manley]] of the People's National Party held office from 1972 to 1980. [[Edward Seaga]] of the Jamaica Labour Party defeated him in 1980 in an election accompanied by street violence that left hundreds dead, and was re-elected in 1983 when the People's National Party boycotted a snap election. In February 1989 Manley's party won a landslide victory over Seaga's government, and Manley was sworn in again on February 13, 1989. The [[Christian Science Monitor]] described Manley as a socialist intellectual whose close ties to [[Cuba]] had worried American policymakers in the 1970s, and quoted him at a press conference saying that he planned a trip to [[Washington, D.C.]] to meet [[George H.W. Bush]], congressional leaders and officials of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]].[^1]
 ### Embassy cables and the destabilization allegations, 1976 to 1980
 On September 28, 1976 the United States Embassy in Kingston sent the [[State Department]] a Country Team message titled "Jamaica: Policy Options in a Confrontation Atmosphere." It stated that the visit of [[Philip Agee]] to Jamaica "has been only one of series of actions taken by the Manley government in recent months designed to utilize the 'destabilization' theme as a political tool," listed options open to Manley including expelling Embassy personnel named on the "Agee list," and recommended recalling the American ambassador for consultations.[^2]
 On November 21, 1977 the Embassy reported a meeting with Manley on a [[Penthouse]] article. According to the cable, Manley "still believes 'some CIA people' were trying to destabilize his government and perhaps 'even' assassinate him last year," while accepting that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] director had given no such orders. The cable records Manley as saying that his intelligence service and military service had proof that Seaga had met Cuban exiles in [[Miami]] and lower-echelon CIA officials on several occasions in 1976, and that the proof was "not the type he could just lay out."[^3]
 An undated memorandum in the Department of State's 1977 to 1980 Jamaica files, from the deputy director of coordination of the [[Bureau of Intelligence and Research]] Theodore Heavner to the bureau's director William Bowdler, states: "I judge from the Embassy's recent reporting and the CIA proposal that they have given up on working with Manley and want to concentrate on replacing him with Seaga." It records that Ambassador [[Viron Vaky]] "said he is opposed to any covert action in Jamaica," and lists questions for discussion including "What opportunities, overt and covert, are there in the labor field, in the Gleaner, in the private sector?"[^4]
 In July 1980, according to the opinion of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in Haig v. Agee, two days after a press conference in Jamaica at which Agee's principal collaborator identified Richard Kinsman as CIA chief of station, Kinsman's house was strafed with automatic gunfire, and four days after the same press conference three men approached the Jamaica home of another man identified as an Agency officer and gunfire was exchanged with police. The Court cited an affidavit of the United States ambassador to Jamaica.[^5]
 ### Posses, 1988 and 1989
 On October 14, 1988 the [[Deseret News]] reported that Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh|Dick Thornburgh]] announced arrests of Jamaican posse members across twenty states, and that a 62-count indictment unsealed in Miami charged Vivian Blake and 33 other alleged members of the Shower Posse with cocaine and marijuana smuggling, arms purchases and racketeering including nine killings. Thornburgh was quoted as saying posse members were "known to be involved with over 1,400 drug-related murders since January 1985." U.S. Attorney [[Dexter Lehtinen]] was quoted as saying it was the first time a Jamaican drug gang had been indicted in the United States as an enterprise. The article also reported that Blake had been identified by various law enforcement officials as the son of a key adviser to former Jamaican Prime Minister Norman Manley.[^6]
 The journalist Laurie Gunst wrote in The Nation on November 13, 1989 that the Shower Posse had worked for the Jamaica Labour Party and Seaga, that its marijuana profits in Miami and New York bought guns for the party, and that the Renkers posse began as a Jamaica Labour Party posse in the 1980 campaign.[^7]
 ### Airport security and narcotics measures, 1988 to 1989
 In August 1988 the Jamaican minister for national security, [[Errol Anderson]], announced new actions "to strangle drug smuggling" at the Norman Manley and Sangster airports, including withdrawal of security passes from non-essential holders, random lie detector tests for employees in key positions, and cameras and patrols on the roads to the airports. On April 8, 1989 [[The Gleaner]] ran a story headed "Airport security angers travellers," reporting that outgoing passengers, particularly those on [[Air Jamaica]], felt humiliated by body searches, sniffer dogs and baggage sifting and were intimidated by a large military presence.[^8]
 ### The Manley government and narcotics diplomacy, 1989
 At a [[TransAfrica]] dinner in Washington in June 1989, Manley proposed a multinational antidrug strike force patterned on United Nations peacekeeping forces. The Monitor reported that he had discussed the idea, and others on greater sharing of intelligence and training in intelligence-gathering techniques, with members of the British Commonwealth, and that officials of the State Department, the Drug Enforcement Administration and the [[United Nations]] described the force as exceedingly difficult to carry out.[^9]
 The [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] and the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control held joint hearings on "Jamaica's proposed comprehensive international anti-narcotics plan" and the Andean nations on November 6, 1989, January 18 and March 27, 1990. Senator [[Arlen Specter]] stated, "Prime Minister Manley, I join in welcoming you here." Senator [[Strom Thurmond]] stated that Manley's proposal called for "a central intelligence-gathering operation which could coordinate intelligence information worldwide, an international training facility for interdiction, investigative and intelligence training for narcotics agents," and a public education division. Manley testified that the proposal had seven points, the first being "some coordinating mechanism for intelligence gathering," including the capacity to "track financial flows," and the second training: "A country like Jamaica, for example, had developed considerable experience in dealing with ganja."[^10]
 The State Department's country report on human rights practices for 1989 stated that the security forces were directed by the Ministry of National Security and consisted of the Jamaica Constabulary Force, the Jamaica Special Constabulary Force and the Jamaica Defence Force; that the Jamaica Constabulary Force "is receiving training in police investigative techniques from the U.S. Justice Department's International Criminal Investigative Training Program"; and that there were "more than 200 private security firms in Jamaica," with licensing the subject of draft legislation.[^11]
 ### Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, 1989 to 1995
 The United States and Jamaica signed a [[Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty]] in criminal matters at Kingston on July 7, 1989. The signature page of the printed treaty carries the signatures, as legible, of Michael Sotirhos for the United States and A. Carl Rattray for Jamaica. The Department of State's published text records its transmittal to the [[United States Senate]] on October 25, 1991, the favorable report of the [[Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] on May 7, 1992, the Senate's advice and consent on July 2, 1992, ratification by the President on October 9, 1992, ratification by Jamaica on July 17, 1995, and entry into force on July 25, 1995.[^12] The Department of State's Office of the Historian lists Sotirhos as ambassador to Jamaica from November 12, 1985 to July 7, 1989, and his successor Glen A. Holden from November 21, 1989.[^13]
 ### Foreign agent registrations before 1989
 The Government of Jamaica appears as a foreign principal in the [[Department of Justice]] bulk files under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]] from 1955. The files list [[Pehle, Riemer, Luxford and Naiden]] as registrant for the Government of Jamaica from October 7, 1955 and [[Davis, Polk and Wardell]] from September 22, 1958 to August 31, 1960. They also list a registrant for the Permanent Mission of the Government of Jamaica to the United Nations from October 18, 1962 to April 18, 1963, the Ministry of Trade and Industry from October 8, 1962 to April 8, 1964, and the Ministry of Development from July 2, 1957 to July 2, 1972. The [[Jamaica Reservation Service]] registered for the Government of Jamaica on August 9, 1978 and terminated January 31, 1991.[^14]
 The 1980s registrations include [[A.F. Sabo Associates]] of New York (registration 3115, registered February 12, 1982, terminated November 7, 1989), which prepared news releases and radio and video tape broadcasts and arranged familiarization trips to Jamaica by American journalists, with $770,000.00 reported for the twelve months ending December 27, 1988. The [[GCI Group]] of New York registered on July 11, 1986 for the Government of Jamaica, Office of the Prime Minister, reporting $843,500.00 for the twelve months ending July 11, 1988, $727,500.00 for the twelve months ending July 11, 1989 and $360,000.00 for the eight months ending March 31, 1990. [[Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom]] of Washington reported $37,427.00 for the seven months ending October 15, 1988 and $24,822.00 for the six months ending April 15, 1989 for legal services.[^15]
 ### The 1989 registrations
 The bulk files record six registrations with the Government of Jamaica, one of its offices or its investment agency as principal between March and September 1989. They are listed here in date order.
 [[Neill and Company, Inc.]] of Washington, recorded in the bulk file under its earlier name Washington International Group, Inc., registered for the Government of Jamaica on March 6, 1989 (registration 3320). The Attorney General's report to Congress states that it contacted United States officials, including members and staff of Congress, in support of the Fiscal Year 1990 foreign assistance, State Department authorization and foreign aid appropriations bills, supported legislation to amend the [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]], and encouraged expanded trade; it reports $150,000.00 for the six months ending July 5, 1989.[^16]
 [[Fenton Communications, Inc.]] of 1755 S Street NW, Washington, registered for the Office of the Prime Minister on March 10, 1989 (registration 3857); it had registered for the People's National Party of Jamaica on February 3, 1989. The report states that it organized press coverage of visits of officials, issued press releases, assisted the Jamaican Embassy with its newsletter, traveled to Jamaica to meet officials, advised them on public relations activities and assisted American journalists in Jamaica, and "prepared and disseminated news releases and newsletters to promote a multilateral anti-drug program and to publicize Jamaica's desire for continued relations with the U.S." It reports $178,773.38 for the five months ending July 14, 1989, $457,755.95 for the twelve months ending July 14, 1990 and $708,121.87 for the twelve months ending July 14, 1991.[^17]
 [[Holland & Knight]] of Washington (registration 3718) registered the Government of Jamaica (JAMPRO) as a principal on March 17, 1989 and the Government of Jamaica, Ministry of Foreign Affairs on September 7, 1989. The report states that it monitored and reported on federal agency and congressional matters pertaining to the Caribbean Basin Initiative, and for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs also immigration, labor and trade matters; it lists $5,000.00 for the twelve months ending August 7, 1989 and $166,763.33 for the twelve months ending August 7, 1990 for JAMPRO and $83.10 for the twelve months ending August 7, 1990 for the Ministry.[^18]
 [[JAMPRO]] of 35 Trafalgar Road, Kingston registered on March 29, 1989 (registration 4232) with the Government of Jamaica as principal. The report states that it provided economic and statistical data to prospective investors and took part in trade shows and seminars, and lists $1,975,620.30 for the nine months ending September 30, 1989 and $3,114,167.00 for the twelve months ending September 30, 1990.[^19]
 [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.|CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P.]] of 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 230, [[Alexandria, Virginia]], registered on September 18, 1989 (registration 4294) with the Government of Jamaica as its only principal, seventy-three days after the treaty was signed at Kingston. The Attorney General's report lists "Activities: None Reported," "$25,000.00 prior to registration on September 18, 1989," and no receipts for the six months ending April 15, 1990. The principal row terminated April 15, 1990 and the registration October 25, 1990. The registration's short forms name [[Carter Cornick]], [[Gerald S. Walker]] and [[Eugene Propper]], each from September 18, 1989 to October 25, 1990.[^20]
 [[Galland, Kharasch, Morse and Garfinkle]] of Washington, registered since June 23, 1987 (registration 4006) for [[Air Jamaica]], Ltd., advised United States Government officials of the principal's efforts "to insure that their aircraft facilities would not be used by third persons in the illicit traffic of narcotics," and reported $285,131.24 for the twelve months ending December 23, 1989.[^21]
 ### Later registrations, 1990 to 1998
 [[Peter Martin Associates]] of New York (registration 4236, registered April 5, 1989) reported $749,854.00 for the six months ending October 31, 1989 and $1,653,749.00 for the twelve months ending October 31, 1990 for the Jamaica Ministry of Tourism, for which it wrote press releases and speeches.[^22] [[Curtis A. Ward]] of Washington, who had registered for the People's National Party from February 13, 1987 to March 1, 1989 (registration 3938), registered for the Government of Jamaica on November 7, 1991 (registration 4590) and terminated May 31, 1993, with no activities or finances reported.[^23]
 ### Footnotes
 [^1]: Gayle Young, "Socialists Take the Helm in Jamaica. Manley hopes to strengthen US ties by aiding war on drugs," The Christian Science Monitor, February 14, 1989, https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0214/ojam.html.
 [^2]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969 to 1976, Volume E-11, Part 1, Documents on Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, 1973 to 1976, Document 470, Telegram 4183 from the Embassy in Jamaica to the Department of State, Kingston, September 28, 1976, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve11p1/d470.
 [^3]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977 to 1980, Volume XXIII, Mexico, Cuba, and the Caribbean, Document 181, Telegram from the Embassy in Jamaica to the Department of State, Kingston, November 21, 1977, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v23/d181.
 [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977 to 1980, Volume XXIII, Document 198, Memorandum from the Deputy Director of Coordination of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Heavner) to the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Bowdler), undated, subject "Your October 18 Meeting with Ambassador Vaky: Jamaica," https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v23/d198.
 [^5]: Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280 (1981), opinion of Chief Justice Burger, note 7, citing the affidavit of the United States Ambassador to Jamaica, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/453/280.
 [^6]: "More than 200 roped in drug posse roundup," Deseret News, October 14, 1988, https://www.deseret.com/1988/10/14/18780521/more-than-200-roped-in-drug-posse-roundup/.
 [^7]: Laurie Gunst, "Jamaican Drug Gangs: Johnny-Too-Bad and the Sufferers," The Nation, November 13, 1989, pp. 567 to 569, as abstracted in the National Criminal Justice Reference Service record NCJ 148885, https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=148885.
 [^8]: "Two decades of airport-security issues," The Gleaner (Kingston), April 22, 2009, recounting the August 3, 1988 story "Tough new measures coming" and the April 8, 1989 story "Airport security angers travellers," https://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090422/lead/lead5.html.
 [^9]: Linda Feldmann, "Multinational Drug Force Proposed," The Christian Science Monitor, June 19, 1989, https://csmonitor.com/1989/0619/amanl.html.
 [^10]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary and Caucus on International Narcotics Control, U.S. international drug policy, multinational strike forces, drug policy in the Andean nations, joint hearings, 101st Congress, November 6, 1989, January 18 and March 27, 1990, S. Hrg. 101-1228 (Government Printing Office, 1991), pp. 4 to 6 (statements of Senators Specter and Thurmond) and p. 8 (Manley), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017881326.
 [^11]: U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1989, Jamaica, https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/240817.
 [^12]: U.S. Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series 95-725, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty between the United States of America and Jamaica, signed at Kingston July 7, 1989, front matter and signature page (page 24 of the PDF), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-S-PURL-gpo234503/pdf/GOVPUB-S-PURL-gpo234503.pdf.
 [^13]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Chiefs of Mission for Jamaica, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/jamaica.
 [^14]: Foreign Agents Registration Act public bulk file FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals.csv, rows for principals "Government of Jamaica" and its offices (registrations 439, 785, 1052, 1573, 1574, 2941), https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ForeignPrincipals.csv.zip.
 [^15]: Report of the Attorney General to the Congress on the Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, for the Calendar Years 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991, Volume 1, Jamaica section, entries for A.F. Sabo Associates, Inc., #3115 (p. 598), The GCI Group Inc., #3856 (p. 600) and Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, #3746 (p. 609), https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registrations 3115, 3856 and 3746.
 [^16]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry for Neill and Company, Inc., #3320 (p. 607), https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registration 3320 (registrant recorded as Washington International Group, Inc., registered January 5, 1982; principal registered March 6, 1989, terminated March 3, 1995).
 [^17]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry for Fenton Communications, Inc., #3857 (p. 599), https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registration 3857 (principal Government of Jamaica, March 10, 1989 to February 12, 1993; principal People's National Party of Jamaica, February 3, 1989 to March 8, 1993).
 [^18]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry for Holland & Knight, #3718 (pp. 601 to 602), https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registration 3718 (principal Government of Jamaica (JAMPRO), March 17, 1989 to March 3, 1993; principal Government of Jamaica, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, September 7, 1989 to June 14, 1994).
 [^19]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry for JAMPRO, #4232 (pp. 603 to 604), https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registration 4232 (March 29, 1989 to June 30, 1998).
 [^20]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry "CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., #4294 (T90)," p. 599, https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registration 4294, principal "Government of Jamaica," September 18, 1989 to April 15, 1990; FARA bulk ShortForms file, registration 4294 (Cornick, Walker and Propper), https://efile.fara.gov/bulk/zip/FARA_All_ShortForms.csv.zip.
 [^21]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry for Galland, Kharasch, Morse & Garfinkle, P.C., #4006 (p. 600), principal Air Jamaica, Ltd., https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registration 4006 (registrant registered June 23, 1987).
 [^22]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entry for Peter Martin Associates, Inc., #4236 (pp. 607 to 608), https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registration 4236.
 [^23]: Attorney General's report 1988 to 1991, Volume 1, entries for Ward, Curtis A., #3938 (T89) and #4590 (p. 610), https://www.justice.gov/media/910066/dl?inline; FARA bulk ForeignPrincipals file, registrations 3938 and 4590.
--- a/PLACES/REGIONS/Cabazon
+++ b/PLACES/REGIONS/Cabazon
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
  - Cabazon Indian Reservation
  - Cabazon reservation
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-08
 tags:
  - Geography
  - Intelligence
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Contra leader [[Eden Pastora]] visited a firing range near the reservation for a
 ### PROMIS Software Modification
-[[Michael Riconosciuto]] served as the Director of Research for this joint venture. He claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software at the Wackenhut facility on the reservation. This modified software, allegedly made available by [[Earl Brian]] through [[Peter Videnieks]] of the [[Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], was intended for worldwide implementation in law enforcement and intelligence agencies, leading to the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. Riconosciuto's affidavit detailed specific modifications for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]].[^1]
+[[Michael Riconosciuto]] stated in a March 21, 1991 affidavit that he had served as the Director of Research for this joint venture; the report of Judge [[Nicholas J. Bua]] found no evidence that he was employed by Wackenhut or the joint venture, which had no employees.[^3] He claimed to have modified the proprietary [[PROMIS]] computer software at the Wackenhut facility on the reservation. This modified software, allegedly made available by [[Earl Brian]] through [[Peter Videnieks]] of the [[Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], was intended for worldwide implementation in law enforcement and intelligence agencies, leading to the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. Riconosciuto's affidavit detailed specific modifications for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]] in [[Canada]].[^1]
 Frequent visitors to the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture included Peter Videnieks and Earl Brian. The venture maintained close liaison with elements of the [[United States]], including representatives of intelligence, military, and law enforcement agencies.[^1]
@ -53,3 +53,4 @@ The Wackenhut/Cabazon Joint Venture was terminated on October 1, 1984. Following
 [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
 [^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty."
 [^3]: United States Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, report of Judge Nicholas J. Bua on the INSLAW matter (1993), printed pp. 42 to 43 and 55 to 58, footnote 35. Official finding, placed as the position of the body that issued it. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf
--- a/DISPATCHES/2026-10-08
+++ b/DISPATCHES/2026-10-08
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Shortly after the October 1988 indictment of the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce I
 On September 18, 1989, the partnership registered under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. Its one foreign principal was the Government of Jamaica, from which it reported $25,000 received before registration. Its short-form registrants were Cornick, Propper and Gerald S. Walker.[^4]
-On June 20, 1990, a twelve-page resume packet on the partnership's letterhead went out by fax. Besides Cornick, Propper and Barcella, it lists [[James B. Motley]], vice president for national security studies at [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]] Advanced Technologies Corporation since September 1987; [[Francis J. McNeil]], ambassador to Costa Rica from 1980 to 1983; and an unnamed former CIA chief of counterterrorism, a Navy aviator who had run the agency's air and maritime elements from 1974 to 1977 and retired in 1987. A copy of the packet is among the papers of [[Danny Casolaro]], filed between a Brunswick assault-weapon data package and a sales sheet of the Chilean arms maker Industrias Cardoen. Casolaro was found dead in Martinsburg, West Virginia, on August 10, 1991.[^5]
+On June 20, 1990, a twelve-page resume packet on the partnership's letterhead went out by fax. Besides Cornick, Propper and Barcella, it lists [[James B. Motley]], vice president for national security studies at [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]] Advanced Technologies Corporation since September 1987; [[Francis J. McNeil]], ambassador to Costa Rica from 1980 to 1983; and an unnamed former CIA chief of counterterrorism, a Navy aviator who had run the agency's air and maritime elements from 1974 to 1977 and retired in 1987. A copy of the packet is among the papers of [[Danny Casolaro]], in a folder labeled "Promotional Material" where it follows a Brunswick cover sheet and drawing for the Rifleman's Assault Weapon; the folder opens with a sales sheet of the Chilean arms maker Industrias Cardoen. Casolaro was found dead in Martinsburg, West Virginia, on August 10, 1991.[^5]
 In March 1992 the [[House October Surprise Task Force]] hired Barcella as its chief counsel. The biography printed in its January 1993 report describes him as "presently a partner in the Washington office of Katten, Muchin, Zavis and Dombroff." The report found "no credible evidence" of a deal.[^6]