From 8d6a13b6bc63e02ef293d9ded8a77ef3f5be39ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "disinfo.zone" Date: Mon, 5 Oct 2026 17:41:47 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] vault backup: 2026-10-05 17:41:46 --- 00 - META/CHANGELOG.md | 16 +-- 10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md | 4 +- 10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yehoshua Sagi.md | 17 +-- .../GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md | 71 ++++++++-- .../USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md | 106 +++++++++++++-- .../USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md | 127 ++++++++++++++++-- 20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md | 94 +++++++++---- ... Army Intelligence and Security Command.md | 126 +++++++++++++++-- 8 files changed, 468 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-) diff --git a/00 - META/CHANGELOG.md b/00 - META/CHANGELOG.md index 61cb2a35..fdd0af0a 100644 --- a/00 - META/CHANGELOG.md +++ b/00 - META/CHANGELOG.md @@ -1,8 +1,15 @@ +- 2026-10-05T1741 · [[Saddam Hussein]] +- 2026-10-05T1741 · [[_QUEUE]] +- 2026-10-05T1740 · [[Atomic Energy Commission]] +- 2026-10-05T1740 · [[Director of Central Intelligence]] +- 2026-10-05T1740 · [[KGB]] +- 2026-10-05T1740 · [[NSA]] +- 2026-10-05T1740 · [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] +- 2026-10-05T1740 · [[Yehoshua Sagi]] - 2026-10-05T1740 · [[Richard Babayan]] - 2026-10-05T1739 · [[_FOIA_A1]] - 2026-10-05T1739 · [[Norwood Park]] - 2026-10-05T1739 · [[Jefferson Caffery]] -- 2026-10-05T1739 · [[Saddam Hussein]] - 2026-10-05T1739 · [[_NOTES_A1]] - 2026-10-05T1738 · [[Iraq]] - 2026-10-05T1738 · [[David Kimche]] @@ -91,10 +98,3 @@ - 2026-10-05T1703 · [[_FIX_HughesAircraft_P14]] - 2026-10-05T1700 · [[_RULES]] - 2026-10-05T1659 · [[_FIX_PeresSpecialTasks_P14]] -- 2026-10-05T1659 · [[_RULES]] -- 2026-10-05T1658 · [[Bermite Powder Company]] -- 2026-10-05T1658 · [[Aerojet]] -- 2026-10-05T1658 · [[Hughes Aircraft Company]] -- 2026-10-05T1658 · [[_NOTES_P11]] -- 2026-10-05T1658 · [[Bermite Powder Company]] -- 2026-10-05T1658 · [[Aerojet]] diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md index af1a78d8..5f504b35 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Saddam Hussein.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ tags: - Iraq - CIA - Ba'ath -summary: "Saddam Hussein was president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, a figure whose rise was facilitated by CIA support for the Ba'ath Party and whose regime became both a Cold War client and an adversary; his wars, arms procurement networks, and weapons programs intersect extensively with the vault's Iran-Contra, PROMIS, and intelligence-community subjects." +summary: "President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, whose Ba'ath Party took power in a 1963 coup the CIA welcomed, and whose regime received U.S. intelligence during the Iran-Iraq War." created: 2026-05-14 updated: 2026-05-14 born: 1937-04-28 @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ The Ba'ath Party was ousted from government in the same year and returned to pow In September 1980, Saddam launched an invasion of [[Iran]] following the instability created by the [[Iranian Revolution]]. The eight-year [[Iran-Iraq War]] (1980-1988) killed an estimated half million to one million people. A State Department memorandum of October 7, 1983 assumed that the United States was already providing tactical intelligence to Iraq, and on November 29, 1984 Secretary of State [[George Shultz]] told Tariq Aziz that superior intelligence must be an important factor in Iraq's defense.[^6] According to a January 31, 1995 affidavit by former National Security Council staff member Howard Teicher, Director of Central Intelligence [[William Casey]] led efforts to ensure that Iraq received weapons, financial credits, intelligence and strategic military advice.[^6] The administration meanwhile ran the secret arms-for-hostages pipeline to Iran that became the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]. -[[Donald Rumsfeld]] visited Saddam in December 1983 as a special envoy for President [[Ronald Reagan]], cementing the relationship at a moment when U.S. intelligence knew Iraq was using chemical weapons against Iranian forces.[^6] The arms and technology transfers to Iraq during the 1980s - including chemical and biological precursors - were later examined in congressional investigations and linked to the [[BNL scandal]] involving the [[Atlanta]] branch of [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]].[^7] +[[Donald Rumsfeld]] visited Saddam in December 1983 as a special envoy for President [[Ronald Reagan]], cementing the relationship at a moment when U.S. intelligence knew Iraq was using chemical weapons against Iranian forces.[^6] The arms and technology transfers to Iraq during the 1980s, including chemical and biological precursors, were later examined in congressional investigations and linked to the [[BNL scandal]] involving the [[Atlanta]] branch of [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]].[^7] ### Arms Procurement Networks diff --git a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yehoshua Sagi.md b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yehoshua Sagi.md index 5e413aa5..e9ff2e30 100644 --- a/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yehoshua Sagi.md +++ b/10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Yehoshua Sagi.md @@ -8,27 +8,24 @@ tags: summary: "Yehoshua Sagi (also rendered Saguy) served as director of Israel's Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman) from 1979 to 1983 and was found by the Kahan Commission to bear personal responsibility for indifference regarding the Sabra and Shatila massacres." created: 2026-05-14 updated: 2026-05-14 -born: 1933-09-27 -died: 2021-02-18 +born: 1933 location: "Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine" --- -Yehoshua Sagi (also transliterated Saguy in some English-language sources) was born on September 27, 1933, in Jerusalem, then under British Mandatory rule. He died on February 18, 2021, aged 87. He entered the [[Israel Defense Forces]] in 1951 and built a career within the [[Military Intelligence Directorate]] (Aman), serving during the Suez Crisis in 1956 and through the [[Yom Kippur War]]. He rose to deputy head of Aman in 1978 before being appointed director the following year.[^1] +Yehoshua Sagi (also transliterated Saguy in some English-language sources) was born in 1933 in Jerusalem, then under British Mandatory rule. He entered the [[Israel Defense Forces]] in 1951 and built a career within the [[Military Intelligence Directorate]] (Aman), serving during the Suez Crisis in 1956 and through the [[Yom Kippur War]]. He rose to deputy head of Aman in 1978 before being appointed director the following year. ### As Aman Director (1979-1983) -During his directorship, Sagi was involved in two of the most consequential [[Israel|Israeli]] strategic decisions of the period. He opposed [[Operation Opera]], Israel's June 1981 airstrike on [[Iraq]]'s [[Osirak]] nuclear reactor, stating that his assessment did not support the level of threat attributed to the Iraqi program. He was overruled.[^1] - -In 1982, Sagi participated in planning discussions for the Israeli invasion of [[Lebanon]]. Aman's assessments accurately forecast the limitations of the Christian Lebanese militias on which the operation depended and anticipated the likelihood of direct conflict with the [[Syria|Syrian]] garrison. Sagi conveyed these reservations privately to Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] and in internal military discussions. He did not press his objections openly during cabinet meetings, declining to publicly contradict Defense Minister [[Ariel Sharon]].[^2] +During his directorship, Sagi was involved in two of the most consequential [[Israel|Israeli]] strategic decisions of the period. According to Rodger Claire, Sagi opposed [[Operation Opera]], Israel's June 1981 airstrike on [[Iraq]]'s [[Osirak]] nuclear reactor, stating that his assessment did not support the level of threat attributed to the Iraqi program, and was overruled.[^1] ### Kahan Commission -Following the September 1982 [[Sabra and Shatila massacres|massacres at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps]], an Israeli government inquiry chaired by Supreme Court President [[Yitzhak Kahan]] examined the conduct of Israeli military and political leadership. The Kahan Commission found that Sagi bore personal responsibility for "indifference" - having correctly analyzed the risks posed by the Phalangist militias who carried out the massacres, then failing to ensure those assessments were acted upon when the Phalangists were admitted to the camps. Sagi resigned from the army in 1983 following the commission's findings.[^2] +Following the September 1982 [[Sabra and Shatila massacres|massacres at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps]], an Israeli government inquiry chaired by Supreme Court President [[Yitzhak Kahan]] examined the conduct of Israeli military and political leadership. The Kahan Commission, whose report is dated February 8, 1983, wrote that the picture from Saguy's own testimony was "of indifference and a conspicuous lack of concern, of shutting of eyes and ears to a matter regarding which it was incumbent on the director of the intelligence arm of the I.D.F. to open his eyes and listen well," found that he had not given sufficient attention to the decision to send the Phalangists into the camps and had not warned after the assassination of Bashir Gemayel of the danger of revenge, and recommended that he "not continue as Director of Military Intelligence." The Commission also quoted Saguy as saying of the Phalangists' entry, "I simply step aside in this matter," and wrote that the remark showed "the main reason why he 'stepped aside.'"[^2] ### Later Career -Sagi subsequently entered electoral politics, serving as a member of the Knesset on the [[Likud Party|Likud]] list from 1988 to 1992. He then served as mayor of Bat Yam from 1993 to 2003.[^1] +Sagi subsequently entered electoral politics, serving as a member of the Knesset on the [[Likud Party|Likud]] list from 1988 to 1992. He then served as mayor of Bat Yam. ### Footnotes -[^1]: "Yehoshua Sagi," Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehoshua_Sagi -[^2]: "Israel Intelligence & Security: Directors of Military Intelligence (Aman)," Jewish Virtual Library. https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/directors-of-military-intelligence-aman +[^1]: Rodger W. Claire, *Raid on the Sun: Inside Israel's Secret Campaign That Denied Saddam the Bomb* (Broadway Books, 2004). +[^2]: Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut, Final Report, February 8, 1983, section on "The Director of Military Intelligence, Major General Yehoshua Saguy," in Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, *Israel's Foreign Relations: Selected Documents*, vol. 8, 1982-1984, doc. 104. https://syriaaccountability.org/content/images/wordpress/ISRAELMFA_Commission-Inquiry-Beirut_1983_EN.pdf diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md index e82f35c2..e5fa81e7 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/KGB.md @@ -1,34 +1,77 @@ --- created: 2025-07-22 -updated: 2026-05-17 +updated: 2026-10-05 title: KGB aliases: - KGB - Committee for State Security - Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti + - Committee for State Security of the USSR + - Soviet KGB tags: - Organization - Intelligence - SovietUnion - ColdWar - - 1950s - - 1960s - - 1970s - - 1980s - - 1990s + - Psychoenergetics + - SovietParapsychology + - RemoteViewing category: "Foreign Government" -summary: "The KGB (Committee for State Security) was the Soviet Union's main security agency from 1954 to 1991, serving as its foreign intelligence service, secret police, and internal security apparatus, and the institutional counterpart to the CIA throughout the Cold War." -start: 1954-03-13 -end: 1991-11-06 +summary: "The Soviet state security committee, 1954 to 1991; US Army and DIA files record it with the military as controlling Soviet psychoenergetics research, and as a possible source of disinformation in remote viewing tests." +start: 1954 +end: 1991 location: "Moscow, Soviet Union" +relations: + - type: investigated + with: "[[Eduard Naumov]]" + role: "warned him repeatedly before his 1975 trial, according to physicist Lev Regelson as quoted in a 1975 DIA study" + start: 1975 + end: 1975 + fn: 4 + - type: investigated + with: "[[Robert Toth]]" + role: "interrogated the Los Angeles Times correspondent in Moscow in June 1977 over a document on parapsychology" + start: 1977 + end: 1977 + fn: 6 --- +The Committee for State Security (KGB) was established in 1954 as a state committee attached to the Soviet [[Council of Ministers]], with foreign intelligence, counterintelligence and internal security functions; [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] signed a decree abolishing it on October 24, 1991.[^1] In the files of the [[U.S. Army|United States Army]], the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) and [[SRI International]], it appears almost entirely in connection with Soviet parapsychology, which the Americans called psychoenergetics, borrowing, as one Army paper put it, "a Soviet term."[^2] -The KGB was the main security agency for the [[Soviet Union]] from 1954 until 1991, serving as its intelligence agency, secret police, and border guard. In the context of the *Remote Viewers* narrative, the KGB was deeply interested in [[Parapsychology|psi]] phenomena and was reported to have funded and directed psi research laboratories, such as that of [[I. M. Kogan]].[^1] +### The 1972 Army medical intelligence report -The 1972 [[Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR]] report by the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] explicitly stated that the "major impetus behind the Soviet drive to harness the possible capabilities of telepathic communication, telekinetics, and bionics are said to come from the Soviet military and the KGB." The report even outlined potential threats, such as the KGB knowing the contents of top-secret U.S. documents or molding the thoughts of U.S. leaders at a distance.[^1] +The report *Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR* (document ST-CS-01-169-72, July 1972), prepared by the Medical Intelligence Office of the Army Surgeon General with Captain [[John LaMothe]] as author and issued as a Defense Intelligence Agency document, states that "the major impetus behind the Soviet drive to harness the possible capabilities of telepathic communication, telekinetics, and bionics are said to come from the Soviet military and the KGB." It adds that the USSR was reported to have twenty or more centers for the study of parapsychological phenomena, with an annual budget estimated in 1967 at over 12 million rubles (13 million dollars) and "reported to be as high as 21 million." In its survey of the literature the report cites the Czechoslovak parapsychologist [[Milan Ryzl]] as reporting that secret psi research associated with state security and defense was going on in the USSR, and that "Communist state authorities, the military and the KGB display an unusual, disproportionate interest in parapsychology." The same report discusses the use of psychiatric diagnosis against dissidents, naming the KGB as the agency that performs "the search, arrest, and initial investigation" before medical "experts" supply diagnoses.[^3] -[[Uri Geller]] claimed to have worked for the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s Mexico City station, spying on local Soviet case officers, their agents, and the dead-drop sites they used, and attempting to convince Mexican officials to reduce the KGB presence. [[Ken Bell]] and [[Joe McMoneagle]] also successfully remote-viewed a KGB "illegal" in South Africa, revealing his method of decoding messages using a hidden pocket calculator and his use of a fishing pole to retrieve dead-drop packages.[^1] +### Naumov, Stern and Toth ---- +A DIA study of September 1975 (DST-1810S-387-75) on Soviet and Czechoslovak parapsychology records the 1975 prosecution of [[Eduard Naumov]]. Convicted of taking fees for lectures without permission and sentenced to two years in a camp, he was tried while the club's director and an assistant were certified schizophrenic and sent to the [[Serbsky Institute]], whose director, [[Andrei Snezhnevsky]], testified at the trial that parapsychology was a pseudoscience. The study quotes the [[Moscow]] physicist [[Lev Regelson]] as saying that Naumov's offense was twofold: that despite "reiterated warnings from the KGB he had 'maintained free, personal, human contacts with foreign scholars.'"[^4] On March 30, 1976 KGB chairman [[Yuri Andropov]] reported to [[Leonid Brezhnev]] on the committee's work in 1975, listing about 20,000 persons given "prophylactic work," more than 25 "active participants of Zionist expressions" sent out of the country, and the prevention of the "creation of groups" by scholars and scientists from the [[Academy of Sciences]] institutes of history, philosophy, sociology and economics.[^5] -[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. \ No newline at end of file +On June 19, 1977 *[[The New York Times]]* reported from [[Paris]] that the emigre physicist [[August Stern]], son of the imprisoned endocrinologist [[Mikhail Stern]], said he had spent three years in the late 1960s in a secret [[Siberia|Siberian]] laboratory seeking a physical basis for psychic energy, and that before leaving the Soviet Union two years earlier he was told that an even more secret laboratory had been set up in Moscow "under the direction of the K.G.B." The same article reported that [[Robert C. Toth]], a [[Los Angeles Times]] correspondent, had been interrogated that week in Moscow by the KGB and accused of receiving "state secrets" about parapsychology; a 25-page document on parapsychology had been handed to him on the street just before he was seized, and he was allowed to leave after protests by the United States government. Some diplomats cited by the Times thought the incident had "the earmarks of an entrapment," and a Washington official was quoted as saying that the intelligence community knew of Soviet parapsychology research but did not believe the Russians had made any unusual discoveries.[^6] + +### The DIA's 1983 account of Soviet organization + +A January 1983 DIA report on Project Grill Flame, written with [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Edwin May]] of SRI, states that in 1975 a high-level commission under the vice president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences was officially established to review psychoenergetics research, and that after a three-year review its recommendations produced "an integrated approach." The report says a centralized coordinating and review group included several [[Ministry of Defense]] representatives, a member of [[SKB Vympel]] (the antiballistic missile design bureau) and "at least one laboratory leader who is believed to be KGB affiliated," with backing from Communist Party officials "probably at the Council of Ministers level," and was closely associated with a new [[Bioelectronics Laboratory]] that screened people across the USSR "who can perform well on psi tasks." It concludes that applications-oriented research had elicited "the backing and support of the MOD, KGB, and certain high-level officials in the Communist Party," and that there was "evidence of a strong interest in applying ESP/remote viewing phenomena in accessing secure data, in information transmission (i.e., long distance communication), and in locating lost or hidden material or people."[^7] + +Army papers of the period repeat the same framing without a source: an Army briefing script says the Soviet effort was "believed to be controlled by the KGB and military," and a Grill Flame information paper states that Soviet research and development in the field "is primarily controlled and funded by the KGB and military."[^8][^9] + +A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Office of Scientific and Weapons Research memorandum of September 21, 1995, written after the Stargate program passed from the DIA to the CIA "at the direction of Congress," states that "a CIA assessment of 1977 showed that the Soviets at that time had a substantial parapsychology program whose existence was classified and whose funding and control resided largely with the Ministry of Defense and possibly the KGB," that the government of the USSR "apparently was unable to reap any benefits of consequence from its substantial investment," and that a Congressionally directed assessment of Russian parapsychology research completed that month "provides evidence of on-going research, as well as military sponsorship of at least some of the work."[^10] + +### The KGB in the American tests + +An analyst at the CIA reviewing an SRI remote viewing experiment on a Soviet site designated URDF-3 in 1974 found the viewer's sketch of a rail-mounted gantry crane "inconceivable" unless he had actually seen it through remote viewing "or he was informed of what to draw by someone knowledgeable of URDF-3," and wrote: "I only mention this second possibility because the experiment was not controlled to discount the possibility that [the viewer] could talk to other people, such as the Disinformation Section of the KGB. That may sound ridiculous to the reader, but I have to consider all possibilities."[^11] + +The Army's INSCOM project list for the program records, among three projects used on March 31, 1983 to brief Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]], Project 8034, described as a "KGB agent."[^12] [[Jim Schnabel]]'s *Remote Viewers* describes a case in which the CIA counterintelligence officer [[Jim Morris]] sought help from the Grill Flame viewers on a KGB "illegal" arrested in [[South Africa]], and says that [[Ken Bell]] and [[Joe McMoneagle]] viewed the man's use of a hidden pocket calculator to decode messages and a fishing pole to retrieve dead-drop packages. Schnabel also wrote that [[Uri Geller]] claimed to have worked for the CIA's [[Mexico City]] station against local Soviet case officers and their dead drops, and attempted to persuade Mexican officials to reduce the KGB presence, and that the KGB was reported to have funded and directed the Moscow laboratory of [[I. M. Kogan]].[^13] + +### Footnotes +[^1]: "KGB Organization of the Committee for State Security" and "KGB Post-Soviet Developments," Federation of American Scientists Intelligence Resource Program, https://irp.fas.org/world/russia/kgb/su0514.htm and https://irp.fas.org/world/russia/kgb/post_cccp.htm (a state committee "attached to the Council of Ministers"; organizational structure created in 1954; "On 24 October 1991 Mikhail Gorbachev signed a decree abolishing the KGB"). +[^2]: Information paper, "GRILL FLAME," Army (undated), CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140004-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000140004-2 ("To borrow a Soviet term, Psychoenergetics (Parapsychology)"). +[^3]: *Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR*, ST-CS-01-169-72, Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army, July 1972, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300020001-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300020001-6, Section II and the literature survey. +[^4]: *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research*, DST-1810S-387-75, Defense Intelligence Agency, September 1975 (authors Louis F. Maire III and Major J. D. LaMothe, U.S. Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency), CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500420001-2, section on the Naumov trial. The study attributes the characterization of Naumov's offense to Lev Regelson. +[^5]: Committee for State Security at the USSR Council of Ministers, "Report on the Work of the Committee for State Security in 1975," No. 709-A/06, March 30, 1976, signed Andropov, U.S. Library of Congress, Dmitrii A. Volkogonov Papers, translated by Svetlana Savranskaya, National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB191/KGB%201976-03-30%20Annual%20Report.pdf. +[^6]: Flora Lewis, "Emigre Tells of Research in Soviet in Parapsychology for Military Use," *The New York Times*, June 19, 1977, pp. 1 and 20, as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080032-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080032-9. Stern is the sole source for the Moscow laboratory under the KGB. +[^7]: *Project Grill Flame*, Defense Intelligence Agency, January 1983 (SRI/GF-0225, authors including Harold E. Puthoff and Edwin May), sections on the USSR, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800060001-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001800060001-7. +[^8]: "Army's Role in a Sensitive, Close-Hold DoD Project," Army briefing script on psychoenergetics (undated), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020023-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200020023-5. +[^9]: Information paper, "GRILL FLAME," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140004-2. +[^10]: Memorandum for the Deputy Director for Intelligence, "Resources for Assessment of Foreign Developments in Parapsychology," OSWR-054-95, September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100180001-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000100180001-8. +[^11]: Analysis of a remote viewing experiment of URDF-3, July 1974, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700050003-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000700050003-9 (the viewer's name is redacted in the released copy; a copy dated December 4, 1975 is CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040002-1). +[^12]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700270002-4. +[^13]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997). Schnabel is the sole source for the South Africa case, the Geller account and the Kogan funding. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md index 100fcfa4..987b91ed 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Atomic Energy Commission.md @@ -1,26 +1,110 @@ --- +created: 2025-03-05 +updated: 2026-10-05 +title: Atomic Energy Commission +aliases: + - Atomic Energy Commission + - AEC + - United States Atomic Energy Commission + - USAEC + - US Atomic Energy Commission + - Israeli Atomic Energy Commission + - Israel Atomic Energy Commission tags: - Organization - Government - Nuclear + - AtomsForPeace + - NUMEC + - Dimona + - Israel category: "U.S. Government" -summary: "An Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is a governmental body responsible for the oversight and regulation of nuclear energy and related activities within a country." -start: 1947 -end: 1974 +summary: "The civilian agency created in 1946 that held United States nuclear weapons materials until its abolition in 1975, and the name of Israel's parallel commission; it figures in NUMEC, Dimona and Groom Lake." +start: 1946 +end: 1975 location: "Washington, D.C." +relations: + - type: head_of + with: "[[John McCone]]" + reverse: true + role: "chairman, July 14, 1958 to January 20, 1961" + start: 1958-07-14 + end: 1961-01-20 + fn: 6 + - type: head_of + with: "[[James R. Schlesinger]]" + reverse: true + role: "chairman from 1971" + start: 1971 + end: 1973 + fn: 7 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Lewis L. Strauss]]" + reverse: true + role: "chairman in 1955, when the commission added the Groom Lake area to the Nevada Proving Ground" + start: 1955 + fn: 12 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro]]" + reverse: true + role: "chemist, before he headed the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation" + fn: 10 + - type: investigated + with: "[[Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation]]" + role: "inventory loss of 202 pounds of highly enriched uranium at Apollo, Pennsylvania, discovered in late 1965" + start: 1965 + end: 1966 + fn: 9 --- -An Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is a governmental body responsible for the oversight and regulation of nuclear energy and related activities within a country. These commissions typically manage nuclear research, development, and the production of nuclear materials, often with both civilian and military applications. +The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, approved August 1, 1946, as a body of five members appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate, one of whom the President designated Chairman.[^1] The act defined "restricted data" as "all data concerning the manufacture or utilization of atomic weapons, the production of fissionable material, or the use of fissionable material in the production of power" (unless the Commission determined it could be published), made communication of such data with intent to injure the United States or to secure an advantage to a foreign nation punishable by death or life imprisonment on a jury's recommendation, barred any individual from access until the Federal Bureau of Investigation had made an investigation and report, and created a [[Joint Committee on Atomic Energy]] of both houses of Congress to which the Commission was to keep itself fully informed.[^1] The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, signed October 11, 1974, provided in section 101 that "the Atomic Energy Commission is hereby abolished" and transferred its functions to a new [[Energy Research and Development Administration]] and a [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]]; both began operations on January 19, 1975.[^2][^3] -### Israeli Atomic Energy Commission +### The Israeli Atomic Energy Commission -The Israeli Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1952. It was chaired by [[Ernst David Bergmann]] and operated under the direct jurisdiction of [[Shimon Peres]] and the Ministry of Defense. While publicly presented as being for peaceful nuclear research, its primary objective was the development of [[Israel]]'s nuclear weapons program.[^1] +The name was also borne by an Israeli body. [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1952, chaired by the organic chemist [[Ernst David Bergmann]], and operated under the direct jurisdiction of [[Shimon Peres]] and the Ministry of Defense; Hersh describes it as publicly presented as a body for peaceful nuclear research whose primary objective was the development of [[Israel]]'s nuclear weapons program.[^4] -### United States Atomic Energy Commission +### Atoms for Peace and Nahal Soreq -The United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) was an independent federal agency established after World War II, responsible for the custody of America's nuclear materials, operating nuclear reactors, and developing atomic bombs. Under the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration's Atoms for Peace program, the USAEC facilitated cooperation in the civilian uses of atomic energy, including financing and fueling a small nuclear research reactor at Nahal Soreq in [[Israel]]. This agreement included inspection rights for the [[United States]] to ensure nuclear materials were not diverted to weapons research.[^1] +Hersh also wrote that under the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration's [[Atoms for Peace]] program the United States commission helped finance and fuel a small research reactor at Nahal Soreq in Israel, under an agreement that included inspection rights for the United States to ensure nuclear materials were not diverted to weapons research, and that [[Lewis L. Strauss]], chairman of the commission, and his successor John McCone were both briefed on the Israeli nuclear program, though their responses and actions varied.[^4] Eisenhower Library records place McCone's chairmanship from July 14, 1958 to January 20, 1961, during which, according to the finding aid to his papers, he "adopted a policy of providing intelligence briefings on Soviet nuclear capabilities" to the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy, and President [[John F. Kennedy]] named him Director of Central Intelligence in 1961.[^5][^6] James R. Schlesinger, whose Central Intelligence Agency biography lists a post as a member of the commission from 1971, became [[Director of Central Intelligence]] in February 1973.[^7] -[[Lewis L. Strauss]] served as chairman of the USAEC, followed by [[John McCone]]. Both were briefed on the Israeli nuclear program, though their responses and actions varied.[^1] +### The first American visit to Dimona + +According to the National Security Archive's collection on the first American visit to [[Dimona]], President Kennedy treated the reactor as one of his top issues after taking office on January 20, 1961. The commission selected two of its scientists, [[Ulysses Staebler]], assistant director of its Reactor Development Division, and [[Jesse Croach]], a heavy water expert employed by [[DuPont]] at the commission's [[Savannah River]] facility. They arrived in Israel on May 17, 1961 and on Saturday May 20 visited Dimona, escorted by Professor [[Ephraim Katzir]] and the Dimona director [[Manes Pratt]], who briefed them on the 1957 decision to expand the nuclear program through the Dimona project. On May 26 the State Department sent National Security Adviser [[McGeorge Bundy]] a two-page memorandum on the visit in which, in the Archive's summary, the scientists "concluded that the reactor 'is of the scope and peaceful character previously described to the United States.'" The Archive's account states that the positive report was "critical for making the meeting between President Kennedy and Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion|Ben Gurion]] on 30 May successful" and that "the confrontation over Dimona was delayed for another two years."[^8] + +### NUMEC + +[[Washington Star|The Washington Star]] reported on March 23, 1978 that the former commission, "confused and embarrassed by the worst loss of nuclear materials in its history," had decided in 1966 to conceal the problem from the public on the ground that premature disclosure "could lead to sensational and probably inaccurate press reports," according to a previously classified document released by the [[Senate Governmental Affairs Committee]]. The source of the embarrassment was the unexplained loss of 202 pounds of highly enriched uranium from a plant at Apollo, Pennsylvania, discovered in late 1965; the Star's account of the document says that [[Howard C. Brown]] told a secret briefing attended by the commissioners and top staff that because the commission's safeguards system rested on a "presumption of honesty" it "might not reveal a deliberate and systematic attempt" to divert material to a foreign government, and that the commission's officials resolved their dilemma by developing a system for estimating the loss, with the occurrence date fixed at March 25, 1966.[^9] A Star article of 1978 on a [[General Accounting Office]] report, which gives the missing quantity as 208 pounds, said the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] had blocked its release; that the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC), which operated the plant, was headed by a former commission chemist, [[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro]], who had business dealings with the Israeli atomic energy establishment and insisted the uranium was lost in processing; that according to documents obtained by investigators the commission and the [[U.S. Navy|Navy]] had repeatedly reprimanded Shapiro for lax security that allowed foreign visitors, including French and Israeli scientists, too much access to a plant that housed bomb-grade uranium and plutonium and "a library of classified nuclear weapons data"; and that the commission's main investigator of NUMEC, identified as Howard Brown, said the government was never able to find sufficient evidence that Shapiro was involved in illegal activity.[^10] + +The same file of CIA press clippings contains the Washington Star and Washington Post reports of March 2, 1978 that [[Carl E. Duckett]] had told Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials in a closed February 1976 briefing that the CIA considered the question of whether highly enriched uranium had been diverted from the NUMEC plant "academic" because Israel had developed its own weapons, and that Duckett said that if any scheme to let material go to Israel had been under consideration "he would have known about it and he never heard so much as a rumor"; the Post added that the NRC on the preceding Saturday had released a censored 550-page report responding to a House committee inquiry, which said that NRC Executive Director [[Lee V. Gossick]] "testified incorrectly" when he told the House Commerce Committee the NRC had no evidence a significant amount of nuclear material had been stolen from NUMEC.[^11] + +### Groom Lake + +In April 1955 [[Richard Bissell]] and Colonel [[Osmund Ritland]] of the [[Air Force]], with [[Lockheed]]'s [[Kelly Johnson]] and test pilot [[Tony LeVier]], spotted an airstrip at Groom Lake "near the northeast corner of the Atomic Energy Commission's Nevada Proving Ground." The CIA's official history of the U-2 program records that Bissell discovered the strip lay outside the proving ground and that the Agency asked the commission to add the Groom Lake area to its holdings; the partly legible passage refers to "AEC Chairman Adm.," and Lewis Strauss was McCone's predecessor as chairman.[^12] The strip became the site later known as [[Area 51]]. + +### The Los Alamos conference on green fireballs + +The minutes of a conference on "aerial phenomena" held at 1300 on February 16, 1949 in room P-162 of the [[Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory]], classified Secret and later declassified on December 9, 1975, list among those present, from the [[Fourth Army]], the [[Armed Forces Special Weapons Project]], the [[University of New Mexico]] (Dr. [[Lincoln LaPaz]]), the FBI (Mr. Maxwell), the University of California ([[Norris Bradbury]], Dr. Holloway, Mr. Hoyt, Dr. Manley, [[Frederick Reines]] and [[Edward Teller]]) and "USAEC, SFOO: Mr. Morgan." Dr. LaPaz described the December 12, 1948 Starvation Peak fireball as of constant intensity and horizontal path, about two seconds in duration and of a green hue not observed in meteor falls, and said of the observed paths: "I defy you to find anywhere among meteorists, examples of conventional meteorites that move over long horizontal paths." Captain Neef of the Fourth Army stated that the Air Force's Project Sign "is now project Grudge, which includes the phenomena in New Mexico," and Teller said that from what LaPaz said, "it certainly sounds like everything else but meteors."[^13] + +### Seats on the intelligence advisory bodies + +The Central Intelligence Agency's history of the Directors of Central Intelligence records that the commission was represented on the Intelligence Advisory Committee chaired by the Director, alongside the FBI and the military and State Department intelligence chiefs, and on its successor the United States Intelligence Board, on which Donald R. Cotter represented the commission in 1972 when the Board met under Director [[Richard Helms]].[^14] + +### The commission's grants in the psi files + +The CIA's STARGATE collection includes the 1972 paper by [[Stuart J. Freedman]] and [[John F. Clauser]], "Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories," whose acknowledgements state that the work was "supported by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission," and the 1979 [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] biography of [[Edwin C. May]], who joined the Grill Flame remote perturbation work, lists among his publications the 1969 "Proposal to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission for Procurement of a Computer Implemented Nuclear Data Acquisition and Control System," [[Crocker Nuclear Laboratory]] Report UCD-112.[^15] ### Footnotes - -[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 2, 7. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: Atomic Energy Act of 1946, Public Law 585, 60 Stat. 755, approved August 1, 1946, sections 2(a), 10(b) and 15, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-60/pdf/STATUTE-60-Pg755.pdf. +[^2]: Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, Public Law 93-438, 88 Stat. 1233, October 11, 1974, section 101, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-88/pdf/STATUTE-88-Pg1233.pdf. +[^3]: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, *A Short History of Nuclear Regulation* (NUREG/BR-0533), introduction, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/brochures/br0533/ (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022/https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/brochures/br0533/). +[^4]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapters 2 and 7. +[^5]: "McCone, John A.: Papers, 1958-1961," Dwight D. Eisenhower Library finding aid, Accession A79-9, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/finding-aids/pdf/mccone-john-papers.pdf. +[^6]: Same finding aid. +[^7]: "Biography, James R. Schlesinger," Central Intelligence Agency, CIA-RDP75B00380R000400150017-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75b00380r000400150017-8. +[^8]: "The First American Visit to Dimona," in Avner Cohen, *Israel and the Bomb* documents, National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/israel/documents/first/index.html. +[^9]: John J. Fialka, "Why the AEC Failed to Tell of Lost Nuclear Materials," *The Washington Star*, March 23, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060009-6. +[^10]: John J. Fialka, "Missing-Uranium Report Withheld," *The Washington Star* (1978), CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060006-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060006-9. +[^11]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4. Duckett is the sole source for the CIA's view of the diversion question. +[^12]: Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, *The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974* (CIA History Staff, 1992), chapter 2, "Developing the U-2," pp. 56 to 57, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/docs/U2%20-%20Chapter%202.pdf. +[^13]: Minutes, "Conference on Aerial Phenomena," Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, February 16, 1949, transcribed at https://ufologie.patrickgross.org/bb/caop16feb1949-01.htm (pages 01, 02, 03, 05 and 18). +[^14]: Douglas F. Garthoff, *Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community, 1946-2005* (Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2007), chapter 1 and the 1972 United States Intelligence Board photograph caption, https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/159886efc8ff17ac93a5ffc027d9a6a0/dci_leaders.pdf. +[^15]: Freedman and Clauser, "Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories," Physical Review Letters (1972), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080052-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080052-7; Proposed Grill Flame Protocol, Task II, SRI 9-4186, May 8, 1979, biography and publications of Edwin C. May, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300080001-0, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300080001-0. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md index 183880da..88a93307 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Director of Central Intelligence.md @@ -1,22 +1,129 @@ --- created: 2025-07-22 -updated: 2025-07-22 +updated: 2026-10-05 title: Director of Central Intelligence +aliases: + - Director of Central Intelligence + - DCI + - Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) + - Director, Central Intelligence Agency + - DCI Turner tags: - - organization - - intelligence - - government -description: The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was the head of the U.S. intelligence community and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1946 to 2005. + - Organization + - Intelligence + - Government + - DCI + - GrillFlame + - MKULTRA + - IranContra + - AtomicEnergyCommission category: "U.S. Government" -summary: "The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was a dual-hatted position that served as both the head of the U.S. intelligence community and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2005." +summary: "The office created by the National Security Act of 1947 to head the CIA, held by nineteen men from 1946 to 2005; it appears here in MKULTRA, the Glomar case, NUMEC, Iran-Contra and Stargate." start: 1946 end: 2005 location: "Langley, Virginia" +relations: + - type: head_of + with: "[[William J. Casey]]" + reverse: true + role: "Director of Central Intelligence" + start: 1981-01-28 + end: 1987-01-29 + fn: 3 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Stansfield Turner]]" + reverse: true + role: "Director of Central Intelligence" + start: 1977-03-09 + end: 1981-01-20 + fn: 3 + - type: head_of + with: "[[George H.W. Bush]]" + reverse: true + role: "Director of Central Intelligence" + start: 1976-01-30 + end: 1977-01-20 + fn: 3 + - type: head_of + with: "[[William Colby]]" + reverse: true + role: "Director of Central Intelligence" + start: 1973-09-04 + end: 1976-01-30 + fn: 3 + - type: head_of + with: "[[James R. Schlesinger]]" + reverse: true + role: "Director of Central Intelligence" + start: 1973-02-02 + end: 1973-07-02 + fn: 3 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Richard Helms]]" + reverse: true + role: "Director of Central Intelligence" + start: 1966-06-30 + end: 1973-02-02 + fn: 3 + - type: head_of + with: "[[John McCone]]" + reverse: true + role: "Director of Central Intelligence" + start: 1961-11-29 + end: 1965-04-28 + fn: 3 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Allen Dulles]]" + reverse: true + role: "Director of Central Intelligence" + start: 1953-02-26 + end: 1961-11-29 + fn: 3 --- -The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was a dual-hatted position that served as both the head of the U.S. intelligence community and the director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] from 1946 to 2005. The DCI was responsible for coordinating intelligence activities across various U.S. government agencies.[^1] +The National Security Act of July 26, 1947 established "under the [[National Security Council]] a Central Intelligence Agency with a Director of Central Intelligence, who shall be the head thereof," to be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate from among commissioned officers of the armed services or from civilian life. The same section provided that the Agency "shall have no police, subpena, law-enforcement powers, or internal-security functions" and that the Director "shall be responsible for protecting intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure."[^1] The Central Intelligence Agency's own history lists the first Director, Rear Admiral [[Sidney Souers]], as serving from January 23, 1946, and nineteen holders in all through [[Porter Goss]], whose service ended on April 21, 2005, when [[John Negroponte]] was confirmed as the first Director of National Intelligence under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of December 17, 2004.[^2] The Directors of Central Intelligence in order, with dates of service from that history, were Souers, [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], [[Roscoe Hillenkoetter]], [[Walter Bedell Smith]], [[Allen Dulles]] (February 26, 1953 to November 29, 1961), [[John McCone]] (November 29, 1961 to April 28, 1965), [[William Raborn]], [[Richard Helms]] (June 30, 1966 to February 2, 1973), [[James R. Schlesinger]] (February 2 to July 2, 1973), [[William Colby]] (September 4, 1973 to January 30, 1976), [[George H.W. Bush]] (January 30, 1976 to January 20, 1977), [[Stansfield Turner]] (March 9, 1977 to January 20, 1981), [[William J. Casey]] (January 28, 1981 to January 29, 1987), [[William Webster]], [[Robert Gates]], [[R. James Woolsey]], [[John Deutch]] (May 10, 1995 to December 15, 1996), [[George Tenet]] and Goss.[^3] The Director chaired the [[Intelligence Advisory Committee]], which included representatives of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and the [[Atomic Energy Commission]], and its successor, the [[United States Intelligence Board]], on which in 1972 the AEC was represented by [[Donald R. Cotter]] and the [[NSA]] by Lieutenant General [[Samuel C. Phillips]]; on November 28, 1983 Casey sent memoranda to the heads of the Intelligence Community Staff committees, among them the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee.[^4] -[[Stansfield Turner]] held this position during the [[Jimmy Carter]] administration, overseeing the CIA's operations, including its involvement with psychic research programs like the [[Stargate Project|Grill Flame]].[^1] +### The Atomic Energy Commission chairmen who became Directors ---- +John McCone served as chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] from July 14, 1958 to January 20, 1961, during which, according to the Eisenhower Library's finding aid to his papers, he adopted a policy of "providing intelligence briefings on Soviet nuclear capabilities" to the [[Joint Committee on Atomic Energy|Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy]]; President [[John F. Kennedy]] named him Director of Central Intelligence later in 1961.[^5] [[James R. Schlesinger]], whose CIA biography lists service as a member of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1971 and as head of the United States delegation to the sixteenth International Atomic Energy Agency general conference, became Director of Central Intelligence in January 1973 (the Agency's table gives February 2) and served until July 2.[^6] -[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. \ No newline at end of file +### MKULTRA and the January 1973 destruction of files + +The Joint Hearing of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of August 3, 1977 contains the [[Church Committee]]'s finding that "in January 1973, MKULTRA records were destroyed by Technical Services Division personnel acting on the verbal orders of Dr. [[Sidney Gottlieb]], Chief of TSD," and that "Dr. Gottlieb has testified, and former Director Helms has confirmed, that in ordering the records destroyed, Dr. Gottlieb was carrying out the verbal order of then DCI Helms." In his prepared statement Director Turner reported that in his letter of July 15, 1977 he had told the committee of the "recent discovery of seven boxes of documents related to Project MKULTRA," financial records that had been sent to the Retired Records Center in 1970 by the Budget and Fiscal Section, so that the material "escaped retrieval and destruction in 1973 by the then-retiring Director of the Office as well as discovery in 1975." He said it was found by an employee responding to Freedom of Information Act requests, and that "the Agency failed to uncover these particular documents in 1973 in the process of attempting to destroy them."[^7] + +### Phillippi v. CIA + +In *Phillippi v. Central Intelligence Agency and George H. Bush, Director* the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit decided on November 16, 1976 a Freedom of Information Act suit by the journalist [[Harriet Ann Phillippi]] over records on the Agency's contacts with the news media about the *[[Hughes Glomar Explorer]]*, the vessel publicly listed as a research ship of the [[Summa Corporation]]. The Agency had answered that "any data that might reveal the existence of any such records" was classified and that "the fact of the existence or non-existence of the records you request would relate to information pertaining to intelligence sources and methods which the Director of Central Intelligence has the responsibility to protect," citing section 102(d)(3) of the 1947 act; the Agency's reply of May 21, 1975 states that "Mr. Duckett has determined that, in the interest of national security, involvement by the U.S. Government in the activities which are the subject matter of your request can neither be confirmed nor denied." The district court had granted summary judgment on December 1 after considering two sealed affidavits. The appeals court reversed and remanded, requiring the Agency to create as complete a public record as possible, and observed that the Director's statutory responsibility "is apparently not limited to keeping Agency-sponsored activities secret."[^8] + +### NUMEC, Israel and the Director's knowledge + +The Washington Star reported on March 2, 1978 that [[Carl E. Duckett]], whom the Star called the CIA's former chief of research and technology and the Post the CIA's third-ranking official at the time, told [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] officials in a closed February 1976 briefing that Helms had told President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1968 that the CIA had evidence [[Israel]] possessed atomic bombs, and that Johnson replied "Don't tell anyone else, even [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Robert McNamara]]." Helms, then operating a private consulting firm, said "I have no recollection of any such conversation," and when asked whether he would deny any of the events Duckett described said "I don't say they didn't happen." The Washington Post of the same date reported that, according to the classified record of the briefing, Duckett also said the CIA considered the question of whether highly enriched uranium had been diverted from the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation plant at Apollo, Pennsylvania "academic" because Israel had developed its own weapons, and that "if any such scheme was under consideration, he would have known about it and he never heard so much as a rumor." Duckett is the sole source for the 1968 conversation; [[Walt Rostow]], Johnson's national security adviser in 1968, told the Times he could not remember the events.[^9] A Washington Star article of March 23, 1978 reported that the Atomic Energy Commission, "confused and embarrassed by the worst loss of nuclear materials in its history," had decided in 1966 to conceal the loss of 202 pounds of highly enriched uranium from the Apollo plant from the public, according to a document released by the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee.[^10] + +### Bush, Turner and psychic research + +An Air War College research report by Lieutenant Colonel Dolan M. McKelvy, citing Ronald McRae's *Mind Wars* (1984), states that in 1976 "CIA director George [Bush] enthusiastically gave retired astronaut [[Edgar Mitchell]] 'permission to organize high-level seminars at the CIA to discuss possible intelligence applications' of parapsychology," and that interest waned in 1977 when Admiral Stansfield Turner replaced Bush.[^11] A Defense Intelligence College thesis by Captain Michael E. Zarbo cites the *New York Times* reporter William J. Broad for the claim that in 1977 President [[Jimmy Carter]] ordered the CIA to conduct a high-level review of Soviet psychic research, and reports that Turner, "a self-confessed skeptic of parapsychology," said at a 1977 breakfast with journalists that the CIA "had an individual who from time to time was able to draw very elementary sketches of street scenes in foreign countries where he had never been," but that "this subject died in 1975, and we haven't heard from him since," and that Turner once remarked, "twenty years from now, I may wonder how I could be so dumb as to question the evidence for psychic phenomena, but then again, I may feel the same way I do now."[^12] + +An Army memorandum for the record states that Vice President Bush was briefed for 30 minutes on March 31, 1983 on the Army and DIA remote viewing work by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]] of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], and that the Vice President's chief of staff had not initiated the briefing, "so it appears that the Vice President personally requested it."[^13] An undated Army information paper on Grill Flame states that a senior official whose name is redacted was "vitally concerned that the US has fallen behind on this 'survival issue,'" had "expressed his feelings to the DCI" and had offered a letter over his signature supporting any Department of Defense effort, and that the CIA, "from about 1972 to 1974, were actively investigating the Remote Viewing aspects of Psychoenergetics."[^14] + +The program passed to the CIA in 1995. A CIA memorandum of September 21, 1995 states that "at the direction of Congress, DIA's Stargate program" had been transferred to the CIA, that the Directorate of Science and Technology was to assess the utility of remote viewing and that the Directorate of Intelligence recommended that no resources be dedicated to assessing foreign parapsychology. Two years earlier a DIA officer's note of June 4, 1993 recorded that a Stargate briefing for the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, Dr. [[Anita Jones]], was a follow-on to a briefing hosted for Dr. [[William Perry]] and Dr. John Deutch, and that Jones said it was Deutch who had asked her to hear it.[^15] Deutch became Director of Central Intelligence on May 10, 1995.[^3] + +### Casey and the Enterprise + +William J. Casey served from January 28, 1981 until he resigned on January 29, 1987, "incapacitated by a brain tumor." The final report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, [[Lawrence Walsh]], states that there is "evidence that Casey played a role as a Cabinet-level advocate both in setting up the covert network to resupply the contras during the [[Boland Amendment|Boland]] funding cut-off, and in promoting the secret arms sales to Iran in 1985 and 1986," and that Casey, with national security advisers [[Robert McFarlane]] and [[John Poindexter]], approved conducting the operations out of the National Security Council staff with [[Oliver North]] as action officer and retired Air Force Major General [[Richard Secord]] assisting. Because Casey could not answer questions, the Independent Counsel "did not conduct his investigation with an eye toward establishing Casey's guilt or innocence." On March 27, 1984 Casey wrote McFarlane endorsing a plan to seek funding from third countries, including Israel, and stated that the CIA was exploring possible contributions from the Israelis and another country. North testified that in October 1986 Casey told him to destroy the ledger of payments to contra leaders.[^16] + +### Footnotes +[^1]: National Security Act of 1947, Public Law 253, 61 Stat. 495, July 26, 1947, section 102(a), (b)(1), (d), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-61/pdf/STATUTE-61-Pg495.pdf. +[^2]: Douglas F. Garthoff, *Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community, 1946-2005* (Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 2007), introduction and chapter on the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/159886efc8ff17ac93a5ffc027d9a6a0/dci_leaders.pdf. +[^3]: Garthoff, *Directors of Central Intelligence*, table "Directors of Central Intelligence, 1946-2005." +[^4]: Garthoff, *Directors of Central Intelligence*, discussion of the Intelligence Advisory Committee and United States Intelligence Board, the 1972 photograph caption, and note 17 on the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee. +[^5]: "McCone, John A.: Papers, 1958-1961," Dwight D. Eisenhower Library finding aid, Accession A79-9, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/finding-aids/pdf/mccone-john-papers.pdf. +[^6]: "Biography, James R. Schlesinger," Central Intelligence Agency, CIA-RDP75B00380R000400150017-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75b00380r000400150017-8; Garthoff, *Directors of Central Intelligence*, table of Directors. +[^7]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, *Project MKULTRA, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, 95th Cong., 1st sess., August 3, 1977 (prepared statement of Admiral Stansfield Turner; Church Committee summary of MKULTRA), https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/9D/9D9A27BD7241E2074EAF81C7FC2C86CF_MK.Ultra_Senate.Hearings.pdf. +[^8]: *Phillippi v. Central Intelligence Agency*, 546 F.2d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 1976), https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/546/546.F2d.1009.76-1004.html. +[^9]: John Fialka, "Helms Says He Can't Recall LBJ Talk on Israeli A-Bomb," *The Washington Star*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060012-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060012-2; "Ex-CIA Aide Says Johnson Quashed Israel A-Bomb Data," *The Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4. Duckett is the sole source for the 1968 conversation. +[^10]: John J. Fialka, "Why the AEC Failed to Tell of Lost Nuclear Materials," *The Washington Star*, March 23, 1978, CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060009-6. +[^11]: Dolan M. McKelvy, *Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier*, Air War College research report, Air University, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3, citing Ronald M. McRae, *Mind Wars* (1984), p. 103. +[^12]: Michael E. Zarbo, *Remote Viewing: Parapsychological Potential for Intelligence Collection?*, Defense Intelligence College thesis, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600250001-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002600250001-6. +[^13]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700270002-4 (the memorandum names Admiral Daniel J. Murphy, chief of staff to the Vice President, and Donald Gregg as present; the record spells Vorona's name "Verona"). +[^14]: Information paper, "GRILL FLAME," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000140004-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r002000140004-2. +[^15]: Memorandum for the Deputy Director for Intelligence, OSWR-054-95, September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100180001-8, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00791r000100180001-8; mail listing of John T. Berbrich, June 4, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002500240003-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002500240003-6. +[^16]: Lawrence E. Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. 1 (August 4, 1993), chapter 15, "William J. Casey," and chapter 2, https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_15.htm and https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md index 76dd3754..717dab70 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/NSA.md @@ -1,54 +1,94 @@ --- created: 2025-03-05 -updated: 2025-07-22 +updated: 2026-10-05 title: NSA aliases: + - NSA - National Security Agency + - National Security Agency/Central Security Service + - US National Security Agency tags: - Organization - - Government - Intelligence - - USA - - NSA - - Signals Intelligence -description: The National Security Agency (NSA) is a U.S. intelligence agency responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes. + - SignalsIntelligence + - FortMeade + - GrillFlame + - RemoteViewing + - PROMIS + - Shamrock + - Israel category: "U.S. Government" -summary: "The National Security Agency (NSA) is a U.S. intelligence agency primarily responsible for signals intelligence (SIGINT) and cybersecurity." +summary: "The signals intelligence agency at Fort Meade, established 1952; it appears here in SHAMROCK, the 1973 Scanate West Virginia target, the Army remote viewing program, the INSLAW/PROMIS inquiries and the KH-11 dispute." start: 1952 location: "Fort Meade, Maryland" +relations: + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Hal Puthoff]]" + reverse: true + role: "Navy officer assigned to a research billet; Project LIGHTNING (ultra-high-speed computers)" + start: 1960 + end: 1963 + fn: 2 + - type: employed_by + with: "[[Bill Hamilton]]" + reverse: true + role: "worked for NSA in the 1960s according to NSA's statement to the Bua inquiry; personnel records purged" + fn: 10 + - type: investigated + with: "[[Church Committee]]" + reverse: true + role: "hearings on SHAMROCK and the watch list activity, October 29 and November 6, 1975" + start: 1975 + end: 1975 + fn: 1 --- -> [!INFO] THIS IS NOT WIKIPEDIA -> This page is not all encompassing. The organization is obviously much larger and more detailed than the scope of this page. Consequently, only general information and details relevant to other research thrusts are included. +The National Security Agency (NSA) was established by a presidential memorandum of October 1952, which directed the creation of the agency, designated the Secretary of Defense as the President's executive agent for communications intelligence, and set out the agency's missions. The agency's director, Lieutenant General [[Lew Allen]], described it in that form to the [[Church Committee]] on October 29, 1975.[^1] Its headquarters are at [[Fort Meade]], Maryland, where the Army's [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) also kept its remote viewing unit. -The National Security Agency (NSA) is a U.S. intelligence agency primarily responsible for signals intelligence (SIGINT) and cybersecurity. The NSA became involved in the [[Stargate Project|Grill Flame]] program, particularly in tasking remote viewers with sensitive intelligence collection.[^1] +### SHAMROCK and the watch list activity -### Role in Satellite Intelligence +The Church Committee's statement of November 6, 1975 described SHAMROCK as a message collection program in which the government persuaded three international telegraph companies, [[RCA Global]], [[ITT World Communications]] and [[Western Union International]], to make their international telegraph traffic available, so that "for almost 30 years, copies of most international telegrams originating in or forwarded through the United States were turned over to the National Security Agency and its predecessor agencies." The committee found that the [[Army Security Agency]], later folded into INSCOM, was the first agency with operational responsibility for SHAMROCK; the [[Armed Forces Security Agency]] inherited it in 1949 and NSA assumed operational control when it was created in 1952. The committee added that no documents at NSA or the Department of Defense reflected the operational arrangements between the government and the companies.[^1] In his own testimony Allen separately described a "watch list activity" conducted by NSA between 1967 and 1973 in response to requirements levied by other government agencies, and the committee chairman's opening statement noted that NSA, like the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Internal Revenue Service]], had maintained a watch list containing the names of United States citizens.[^1] -A former official of the NSA explained that the [[KH-11]] satellite, launched in December 1976, was considered the most important advance of its time in reconnaissance photography. Every military and civilian intelligence agency in the government had an urgent requirement for its imagery. The NSA was responsible for all communications intelligence and played a key role in managing the KH-11's schedule to maximize its intelligence collection and cost-efficiency.[^2] +### Hal Puthoff at the NSA -However, [[Jimmy Carter]]'s decision in March 1979 to provide [[Israel]] with direct access to KH-11 photographs disrupted this careful scheduling. This decision was unpopular within the NSA and other intelligence agencies, as it meant less access to the satellite for American intelligence needs.[^2] +[[Hal Puthoff]], later the principal investigator of the [[Stanford Research Institute]] remote viewing work, reported to active duty as a [[U.S. Navy|Navy]] officer in 1960 after taking a master's degree at the [[University of Florida]] and was assigned to a research billet at the NSA at Fort Meade. According to the biography SRI filed with its 1979 Grill Flame protocol, he pursued research and monitored contracts on the development of ultra-high-speed computers under Project LIGHTNING, started a program on the potential of lasers, fiber optics and related devices for optical computers, received a Department of Defense Certificate of Commendation, and won second prize for outstanding paper of the year in the NSA Technical Journal in 1963. He left active duty in February 1963 and remained a civilian (GS-13) until September 1963, when he entered [[Stanford University]].[^2] -Later, during the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration, it was learned that Israeli military officers were permitted to attend Pentagon meetings where future missions and orbital flight paths for the KH-11 were discussed. This caused significant dismay among some NSA officials, who felt it compromised the security and integrity of the highly sensitive KH-11 system.[^2] +### The 1973 West Virginia target -### Involvement in Psi +SRI's final report for the period January 1974 through February 1975 describes experiments "under the control of the sponsor," in which an SRI experimenter requested geographical coordinates of a site unknown to the experimenters and subjects from "the sponsor's group responsible for threat analysis." The coordinates received were 38 degrees 23 minutes 45 seconds to 48 seconds north, 79 degrees 25 minutes west, described only as being in West Virginia. On May 29, 1973 [[Puthoff]] relayed them by telephone to a first subject, designated S3 in the final report and named as [[Ingo Swann]] in SRI's October 1, 1973 proposal, whose sessions of May 29 and 30 described rolling hills, lawns like those around a military base, and "either some old bunkers around, or maybe this is a covered reservoir." On June 1, 1973 Puthoff gave the coordinates to a second subject, designated S1 and named as [[Pat Price]] in the proposal, whose written response of June 2 reported a peak in a mountain chain, a concealed road, a "former missile site" where underground rooms held records, microfilm and file cabinets under "Army 5th Corps Engineers," and, beyond them, bays "with computers, communication equipment, large maps" staffed by the Army Signal Corps. The report states that both West Virginia reports and the report on a Urals site that Price volunteered were "verified by personnel in the sponsor organization as being substantially correct."[^3] -### Early Connections -[[Hal Puthoff]], a key figure in the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] remote viewing program, had previously fulfilled his military service as a Navy officer at the NSA at [[Fort Meade]] in the early 1960s. He earned a Pentagon commendation for his work towards a future generation of high-speed optical computers.[^1] +On a later date, the report says, S1 was asked to return to the site "with the goal of obtaining information on code words," and supplied the following: top of desk with papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Minerva"; a file cabinet labeled "Operation Pool"; folders labeled "Cueball," "14 Ball," "4 Ball," "8 Ball" and "Rackup"; a site name that "vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack"; and the personnel "Col. R. J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C. Calhoun (??)."[^3] The name Sugar Grove does not appear in the SRI report. An article by the former [[Time]] science correspondent John L. Wilhelm in [[The Washington Post]] (c. 1977) wrote that the coordinates were encoded and passed through an NSA monitor in the Washington area to a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] scientist at [[Menlo Park]], that the site was a satellite interrogation station which "eavesdrops on Soviet space vehicles," that an officer exclaimed "Hell, there's no security left," and that a security investigation was launched to determine whether the information had leaked to Price. Wilhelm, who also names Sugar Grove in listing the explanations later offered, quoted a source as saying the security men "wouldn't buy the idea of remote viewing."[^4] An Army briefing script on the Grill Flame program, describing the same episode without naming the site, states that the viewer "actually entered the place, calling out names of people who were working there," that he "read" classified codewords on folders, some locked inside security containers, and that "the CIA later confirmed with NSA the validity of much of the subject's information."[^5] -While the NSA's direct involvement in psi research was initially limited, it became a significant customer of the Grill Flame program. The agency tasked remote viewers with various intelligence collection missions, demonstrating a pragmatic interest in the potential of psychic abilities.[^1] +### NSA and the Army remote viewing program -* Soviet Bug Detection: In 1980, an NSA liaison officer tasked [[Joe McMoneagle]] with locating a Soviet surveillance bug in a U.S. consulate. McMoneagle not only pinpointed the bug's location but also identified a Soviet listening post across the street and, surprisingly, an American NSA team counter-surveilling the Soviets.[^1] -* Typhoon Submarine: The NSA was also a recipient of Joe McMoneagle's remote viewing data on the new Soviet Typhoon-class submarine. Despite initial skepticism from some within the NSA, McMoneagle's detailed descriptions of the submarine's construction and features were later confirmed by satellite photography.[^1] +An INSCOM staff paper of 1982, written when [[Congress]] was ending National Foreign Intelligence Program funding for the Army's Grill Flame project, listed among the options for its future a determination "if the Director, NSA would integrate the current INSCOM GRILL FLAME project into any NSA program."[^6] A September 22, 1982 memorandum from the 902d Military Intelligence Group set out the mechanics of NSA sponsorship: the psi personnel could be carried on the rolls of the CONUS MI Group, the housekeeping organization for Army personnel working at NSA, under a "Strategic Systems Planning Detachment" with funding provided by the NSA sponsor and tasking exercised by the INSCOM commander through an INSCOM liaison officer at the NSA.[^7] INSCOM's chronology records that Lieutenant General [[Lincoln D. Faurer]], director of the NSA, was briefed on the program on August 2, 1982.[^6] -### Security Concerns and Later Involvement +On August 27, 1982 the Grill Flame project manager, Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Jachim]], recorded a conversation with NSA personnel. The NSA people said the agency had "no active remote viewers," asked INSCOM how remote viewers were selected, what psychological battery was used, whether a screening questionnaire could be provided and what training SRI had offered, and were given copies of articles from Signal, [[Omni]] and an [[IEEE]] article by [[Robert Jahn]] of Princeton. Jachim wrote that Puthoff had telephoned an NSA contact to say that some of SRI's funding had not materialized and to invite NSA into the program, and that the NSA contact "was noncommittal." The memorandum gives an internal NSA designation for the agency's own parapsychology activity, which is redacted in the released copy.[^8] A 1984 INSCOM commanding general's memorandum lists the NSA among the agencies that had tasked remote viewing and says an evaluation from the NSA, with one from the CIA, was attached to it.[^9] -The NSA was at the center of the "Sugar Grove incident" in 1973. After [[Pat Price]] and [[Ingo Swann]] accurately remote-viewed a secret NSA facility in Sugar Grove, [[West Virginia]], a security investigation was launched, highlighting the potential vulnerabilities of highly classified sites to psychic penetration. Despite this, the NSA later became directly involved in tasking remote viewers at both SRI and Fort Meade.[^1] +### PROMIS -### Connection to PROMIS -Employed [[Bill Hamilton]] as a specialist in Vietnamese from 1962 through 1969. +An NSA database named PROMIS appears in the [[Department of Justice]] inquiry into the INSLAW matter. The 1993 report of Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] records that [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] told Bua's team that the "PROMIS" software [[Earl Brian]] distributed to the Israelis was an NSA program and not INSLAW's, that the NSA had developed it to translate Vietnamese into English, and that [[Bill Hamilton]] had worked on it while employed at the NSA before INSLAW existed. Ben-Menashe had earlier sworn affidavits for INSLAW stating that Brian told a 1987 Israeli meeting that the CIA, the NSA, the Department of Justice and Israeli intelligence had been allowed to use PROMIS since 1982; he told Bua that he had let the Hamiltons "assume" he meant INSLAW's product. The Bua report states that the NSA told the investigators Hamilton had worked for the NSA in the 1960s but that, because his personnel records had been purged, it could not say whether he had worked on such a program. The NSA also told them it used a commercial software package from [[Computer Corporation of America]] and that in 1974 and 1975, six years before INSLAW was incorporated, it had developed a database in the M204 language called PROMIS, an acronym for Product Related On-line Management Information System ("product" being the agency's term for its intelligence reports), which it said had no relationship to INSLAW's product and shared the name coincidentally. The NSA general counsel's office told the investigators that many NSA personnel knew of its PROMIS and that many had since moved to other agencies and private employers. The Bua report declined to credit the rest of Ben-Menashe's account.[^10] -In 1995, the NSA filed an affidavit in the [[INSLAW]] bankruptcy case, claiming that unspecified "national security" interests would be at risk if the case were allowed to proceed. This suggests a continued, albeit hidden, connection to the PROMIS software controversy and the alleged "backdoor" theory.[^1] +The House Judiciary Committee's 1992 report on the INSLAW affair had recorded a different claim: [[Juval Aviv]], a former Israeli intelligence officer and head of the investigative firm [[Interfor]], told committee investigators in January 1991 that Brian had sold INSLAW's Enhanced PROMIS to United States agencies outside the Department of Justice, including the CIA, the NSA, [[NASA]] and the [[National Security Council]], and to [[Interpol]], the [[Mossad]], the Israeli Air Force and the Egyptian government.[^11] + +### UFO records and Citizens Against UFO Secrecy v. NSA + +In [[Ground Saucer Watch]] v. CIA (D.D.C., Civil Action 78-859) the Central Intelligence Agency located documents that originated with the NSA and referred them to that agency in four separate referrals, the last on July 27, 1979. The attorney for the plaintiff, [[Peter A. Gersten]], then requested the documents from the NSA; by letters of January 9, 1979 and December 19, 1979 the NSA's policy staff chief, [[Roy R. Banner]], told him the records were classified in their entirety and exempt under 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(1) and (b)(3), the latter on the strength of 18 U.S.C. 798, 50 U.S.C. 403(d)(3) and Public Law 86-36. The NSA appeals authority affirmed on March 24, 1980, and in Citizens Against Unidentified Flying Objects Secrecy v. National Security Agency (D.D.C., Civil Action 80-1562) the agency's Chief of the Office of Policy, [[Eugene F. Yeates]], swore an affidavit that the withheld material consisted of communications intelligence reports that were "all based on intercepted foreign communications," whose disclosure would identify communications "successfully intercepted and processed," together with four non-COMINT records, and that he would supply a second affidavit classified Top Secret for the court's in camera consideration. A portion of one responsive document was declassified and released to plaintiff's counsel on September 15, 1980.[^12] + +### The KH-11 and the Israeli access dispute + +[[Seymour Hersh]] wrote in *The Samson Option* that a former NSA official told him the KH-11 satellite, launched in December 1976, was considered the most important advance of its time in reconnaissance photography, that every military and civilian intelligence agency had an urgent requirement for its imagery, and that the NSA, responsible for all communications intelligence, had a role in scheduling the satellite to maximize collection. Hersh wrote that [[Jimmy Carter]]'s decision in March 1979 to give [[Israel]] direct access to KH-11 photographs disrupted that scheduling and was unpopular within the NSA and other agencies, and that during the [[Ronald Reagan]] administration it was learned that Israeli military officers were permitted to attend Pentagon meetings where future KH-11 missions and orbital paths were discussed, which dismayed some NSA officials.[^13] ### Footnotes -[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997. -[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. \ No newline at end of file +[^1]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Intelligence Activities, Senate Resolution 21*, Hearings, vol. 5, "The National Security Agency and Fourth Amendment Rights," 94th Cong., 1st sess., October 29 and November 6, 1975 (testimony of Lt. Gen. Lew Allen, Jr.; committee statement on SHAMROCK read November 6), https://archive.org/details/Church-Committee-Hearings-Volume5-National-Security-Agency (text at https://archive.org/download/Church-Committee-Hearings-Volume5-National-Security-Agency/Vol5-NSA_djvu.txt). +[^2]: "Proposed Grill Flame Protocol: Proposed SRI International Applied Remote Viewing Protocol," SRI 9-4107, March 23, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300070001-1, biography of Harold E. Puthoff, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300070001-1. +[^3]: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part Two: Research Report," final report covering January 1974 through February 1975, SRI International, December 1, 1975, section on "West Virginia Site (S3)," "West Virginia Site (S1)" and "Urals Site," CIA-RDP96-00788R001300030001-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001300030001-5; and SRI Proposal for Research ISH 73-146, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques, Part One," October 1, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100001-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000700100001-5, which names Price in the same passage. +[^4]: John L. Wilhelm, "The CIA, the Pentagon and the Russians: The Military Potential of Parapsychology," *The Washington Post* (c. 1977), as reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3. Wilhelm is the sole source for the NSA monitor, the "satellite interrogation station," the exclamation and the security investigation. +[^5]: "Army's Role in a Sensitive, Close-Hold DoD Project," Army briefing script on psychoenergetics (undated), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020023-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200020023-5. +[^6]: Staff paper on termination of the Army Grill Flame program, 1982, and "Center Lane Historical Overview," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001500180001-7 and CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2. +[^7]: Memorandum, "Detachment G Reorganization," 902d Military Intelligence Group Security Support Detachment, September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700350013-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700350013-3. +[^8]: Memorandum for the record, "NSA Involvement in GRILL FLAME," Lt. Col. Robert J. Jachim, August 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230009-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700230009-1. +[^9]: INSCOM commanding general's memorandum and talking paper, May 4, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7. +[^10]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc. (1993), pp. 73 to 80, released by the Department of Justice Office of Information Policy on September 30, 2013 (AG/13-00675 (F)), https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nsa/DOJ-OIP-INSLAW_1993.pdf. +[^11]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, pp. 67 to 68, https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport. Aviv is the sole source for these statements, which the report records as his account to committee investigators. +[^12]: Affidavit of Eugene F. Yeates, Chief, Office of Policy, National Security Agency, *Citizens Against Unidentified Flying Objects Secrecy v. National Security Agency*, Civil Action No. 80-1562 (D.D.C. 1980), https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/assets/files/affadavit_yeates.pdf (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/assets/files/affadavit_yeates.pdf). +[^13]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991). Hersh attributes the account of the KH-11 scheduling to an unnamed former NSA official. diff --git a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/United States Army Intelligence and Security Command.md b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/United States Army Intelligence and Security Command.md index b1d2b1cd..1627975e 100644 --- a/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/United States Army Intelligence and Security Command.md +++ b/20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/United States Army Intelligence and Security Command.md @@ -1,19 +1,123 @@ --- created: 2025-01-06 -updated: 2025-03-05 +updated: 2026-10-05 title: United States Army Intelligence and Security Command +aliases: + - United States Army Intelligence and Security Command + - U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command + - USAINSCOM + - INSCOM + - US Army INSCOM tags: - - U.S. Army Intelligence - - NSA Collaboration - - Remote Viewing -description: INSCOM was formed in 1977 by merging USAINTA and ASA, maintaining Army control while collaborating with the NSA. Headquartered at Fort Meade, it conducted remote viewing operations, including the Stargate Project, until at least 1981 under General Albert Stubblebine. + - Organization + - Military + - ArmyIntelligence + - SignalsIntelligence + - GrillFlame + - CenterLane + - RemoteViewing + - FortMeade category: "U.S. Government" -summary: "The United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) is the Army's primary intelligence and security command, formed in 1977 from the merger of the Army Security Agency and Army Intelligence Command, and parent organization to the STARGATE remote viewing unit at Fort Meade." -start: 1977 -location: "Fort Meade, Maryland" +summary: "The Army intelligence command formed in 1977 from the Army Security Agency and Army Intelligence Agency; it ran the Army remote viewing unit as Gondola Wish, Grill Flame and Center Lane until 1985." +start: 1977-10-01 +location: "Arlington Hall Station, Virginia (1977 to 1989); Fort Belvoir, Virginia (from 1989)" +relations: + - type: head_of + with: "[[William Rolya]]" + reverse: true + role: "first commanding general" + start: 1977 + fn: 2 + - type: head_of + with: "[[Albert Stubblebine]]" + reverse: true + role: "commanding general during the Grill Flame transfer to INSCOM and the Center Lane years" + start: 1981 + end: 1984 + fn: 11 + - type: funded + with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]" + role: "orientation and Coordinate Remote Viewing training contracts ($75,000 in 1979; $190,000 in 1981; $36,000 and a November 15, 1983 contract in 1983)" + start: 1979 + end: 1984 + fn: 17 + - type: funded + with: "[[Monroe Institute]]" + role: "Gateway seminars, a consultant agreement with Robert Monroe, and the Rapid Acquisition Personnel Training seminar" + start: 1983 + end: 1984 + fn: 17 --- -The [[United States Army Intelligence]] and Security Command (INSCOM) was formed from the merger of the [[U.S. Army Intelligence Agency]] (USAINTA) and the [[Army Security Agency]] (ASA) which in particular was being used by the [[NSA]] as a source of readily available labor. INSCOM continues to collaborate with the NSA, but maintains more [[U.S. Army]] control of the process. +The United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) was activated in 1977 by combining the [[Army Security Agency]], a signals intelligence and signals security organization headquartered at [[Arlington Hall Station]], Virginia, with the [[Army Intelligence Agency]], a counterintelligence and human intelligence organization based at [[Fort Meade]], Maryland, and several intelligence production units. Its first commanding general was Major General [[William Rolya]], who had commanded the Army Security Agency.[^1][^2] INSCOM headquarters remained at Arlington Hall until it moved to [[Fort Belvoir]] in 1989.[^1] INSCOM carried Army personnel working at the [[NSA]] on the rolls of its CONUS MI Group and 902d MI Group, and kept an INSCOM liaison officer at the agency.[^3] -This merger was organized at [[Arlington Hall Station]], VA and officially occurred on October 1, 1977. General [[William Rolya]] was the first commanding officer. The headquarters was moved to [[Fort Meade]] where the ASA and other groups were originally stationed. +### Gondola Wish and the establishment of Grill Flame -The command engaged in [[remote viewing]] operations (under various codenames but referred to as [[Stargate Project]] for the purposes of this knowledge base) through at least 1981 under commanding general [[Albert Stubblebine]]. \ No newline at end of file +INSCOM's own chronology of its parapsychology work begins in September 1977, when the [[902d Military Intelligence Group]] (the INSCOM counterintelligence and operations security unit at Fort Meade) established a project nicknamed GONDOLA WISH, described as an operations security support mission designed to "mimic" hostile remote viewers "to determine US vulnerability."[^4] Between April and July 1978 the group contacted [[Robert Monroe]], executive director of the [[Monroe Institute]] (then the Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences) of Faber, Virginia, about what the institute could provide to the project.[^4] + +A Department of the Army message of July 5, 1978 (entered in the chronology under July 13, 1978) from the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) ordered that all Army parapsychology and remote viewing research, experiments and applications be protected under the unclassified nickname GRILL FLAME, and stated that the Army's interest in the field was itself classified.[^4][^5] In October 1978 the ACSI, Major General [[Edmund Thompson]], tasked INSCOM to develop a parapsychology program. The command's later chronology records that INSCOM headquarters "never received written tasking on this subject" and that the commanding general and the ACSI had agreed on the concept of Army involvement orally.[^4] On October 27, 1978 Major [[Murray Watt]] was appointed Grill Flame project manager.[^4] + +A 902d MI Group memorandum of September 26, 1978 records that the group had been told through General Rolya to stop planning its Monroe Institute training concept. According to the memorandum, a Colonel Capps of the ACSI's office related that Gondola Wish had been cancelled for two reasons: the Monroe Institute was not cleared for classified training, and the training could be categorized as experimenting with the human mind, which under recent legislation would have to be cleared through an office at the [[Department of Health, Education and Welfare]]. The [[Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command]] held an existing contract with [[Stanford Research Institute]] that was not so encumbered, and ACSI and INSCOM proposed adding training to it. Rolya approved $50,000 of INSCOM year-end funds, and a total of $65,000 ($15,000 from ACSI) went to the command for the purpose.[^6] + +### Selection and training of the first viewers + +Between December 1978 and January 1979, 251 INSCOM personnel in the Baltimore and Washington area, drawn from signals, imagery and human intelligence units, were considered for the project. One hundred seventeen were interviewed under the guise of an attitude survey on parapsychology in intelligence; 110 of them had favorable opinions, one refused to discuss the subject, three thought it nonsense or trickery and three objected on religious grounds. Candidates who showed "unreasonable enthusiasm" and those described in the paper as "occult fanatics" and "mystical zealots" were not selected. The profile of a good subject (open-minded, adventurous, "artistic," articulate, able to "in-flow" data) was supplied by SRI, whose staff told INSCOM that no definite profile had been established. Fifteen prime candidates were identified, and the chronology records that six were selected for training.[^4][^7] + +Orientation training at SRI International began in April 1979, and the first operational remote viewing session took place on September 4, 1979, when a missing A-6E aircraft was reportedly located within a 15 nautical mile radius of its downed position.[^4] In early 1980 the command psychologist tested the participants with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the California Psychological Inventory, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and four other instruments, found the group emotionally stable with "a tendency toward artistic, aesthetic, and cultural interests," and built an "INSCOM Factor Questionnaire" for screening later recruits.[^7] The first Grill Flame operative attended a Gateway seminar at the Monroe Institute in September 1980.[^4] + +### Human use review + +The Army General Counsel advised on February 15, 1979 that the project constituted testing on human subjects. The [[Surgeon General]]'s Human Subjects Research Review Board concluded on March 26, 1979 that it was technology transfer and not human use, then reversed itself on November 20, 1979, finding that remote viewing did constitute human use and recommending credible review procedures. The Under Secretary of the Army approved continuation in April 1980, and a March 1980 INSCOM command group sheet sought approval to establish a quarterly Human Use Review Committee for the project.[^4][^8] The Army General Counsel determined that the intelligence application of "psychoenergetics" fell under Department of Defense regulation 5240.1-R on experimentation involving human subjects, so that ultimate approval rested with the Secretary of the Army.[^9] + +### Control of the program and the 1981 transfer + +A Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee was appointed by Under Secretary of the Army [[Walter LaBerge]] in June 1979 and enlarged in July 1979 at the suggestion of Dr. [[Ruth Davis]] to review the entire Department of Defense posture. Chaired by [[Manfred Gale]], it reported in December 1979 and recommended that operationally oriented remote viewing "aimed at determining the empirical value of RV to intelligence should continue."[^9] The [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] held overall Department of Defense responsibility for psychoenergetic activity from 1978 until September 30, 1982.[^9] + +In August 1980 General Rolya wrote to the ACSI that INSCOM's requirements would now be met by a proposed fiscal 1981 DIA contract with SRI covering audio analysis ($70,000) and advanced training in a new "6 phase" method ($50,000), and that INSCOM would transfer $120,000 to DIA on receipt of the $150,000 fiscal 1981 Grill Flame budget, retaining $30,000 for in-house training and operations.[^10] On January 14, 1981 the Under Secretary of the Army approved INSCOM as the only active operational Grill Flame element in the Army, and program management passed to the INSCOM commander on February 11, 1981.[^9] An INSCOM memorandum states that Major General Albert Stubblebine assumed command of the command in May 1981.[^11] + +An undated Army briefing script on the program describes the division of labor within the Army: the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] (AMSAA) was to act as the remote viewing "free lance," trying new techniques; the [[Missile Research and Development Command]] (MIRADCOM) led a small pilot program with SRI on remote perturbation, using a miniprocessor to test whether an individual can affect randomness; and INSCOM "has the mission of remote viewing applications, working with a select cadre of remote viewers" in order "to verify by application, what is learned from other agencies' more-or-less research efforts." The script gives the Army's interest as determining "the reality and existence of the phenomena," and states that "the sure knowledge that for years the Soviet Union has had an intense effort, believed to be controlled by the KGB and military," was "also spurring the effort on."[^12] + +### Taskings, funding and evaluations + +By the command's own tally, INSCOM conducted 106 projects between September 1, 1979 and September 28, 1984: 53 were rated by the sponsor as having intelligence value, 28 as having none, 8 had no evaluation, 15 were cancelled and 2 reported information the sponsor could not verify.[^13] The command's papers state that "the Army, DIA, NSA and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] have all tasked this methodology," and a 1984 position paper adds the Air Force, the [[National Security Council]] and the [[Secret Service]] and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] as customers.[^14][^15] A briefing of Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]] on March 31, 1983 used three INSCOM projects as examples: Project 402 (a Typhoon-class submarine), Project 8003(D) (the XM-1 tank) and Project 8034, described in the record as a KGB agent.[^16] + +Spending on the effort, excluding salaries, was $686,000 for fiscal years 1979 through 1983: $87,000 in 1979 ($75,000 to SRI), $32,000 in 1980, $205,000 in 1981 ($190,000 to SRI under the joint services program), $242,000 in 1982 and $121,000 in 1983, which included $36,000 for Coordinate Remote Viewing training at SRI and $24,400 for a consultant agreement with Robert Monroe. For fiscal 1984 the project received $496,500 in "P-6" funds through the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development and Acquisition and $315,000 in INSCOM funds. The P-6 money was to buy biomonitoring equipment, develop a psychological screening profile, study whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation affects psychoenergetic performance (and as a possible countermeasure), and develop a technique for "search problems."[^17] + +The [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] chairman, Representative [[Edward Boland]], asked on August 23, 1982 for a report on the three-year DoD Grill Flame project by October 15, 1983. DIA's independent evaluation team, whose final draft INSCOM received but whose final version it did not, wrote that "the evidence shown to us is too impressive to dismiss as mere coincidence" and that SRI "warrants cautious continued fiscal support." DIA published its three-year, $1.5 million report on October 19, 1983.[^9] + +### Detachment G, the 1982 funding cutoff and cover options + +On September 30, 1982 [[Congress]] directed that Department of Defense psychoenergetic activities could not be conducted within the National Foreign Intelligence Program, and Army Grill Flame collection operations lost funding.[^9][^18] A 902d MI Group memorandum of September 22, 1982 from the Security Support Detachment explained that the commanding general had decided to continue using the psi personnel (then Detachment G, a $250,000 effort for fiscal 1983) without NFIP money, and set out cover options: sponsorship by the NSA, with the personnel carried on the rolls of the CONUS MI Group or the 902d MI Group as a "Strategic Systems Planning Detachment" or a "Security Systems Planning and Review Division"; sponsorship by the 902d alone; or transfer to a headquarters support detachment as a "Security Readiness and Mobilization Planning Division." The memorandum states that the unit "must completely sever all direct ties with Project GRILL FLAME," recommends a "cover front" of at least one officer and a secretary to "live the cover," return of the unit's telephone numbers to the telephone company, new signs bearing the cover name, and the removal of all desk nameplates except three. It also distinguishes members of the "Great Skill Program" from "open system" personnel.[^19] + +An earlier staff paper listed five options for the project's future, including integration into the final year of the DIA program, integration into an NSA program, funding with research money, placement under the command psychologist, or reassignment of the military personnel to Fort Meade organizations.[^20] The commanding general chose to continue; on a date recorded as December 3, 1982 the effort was renamed CENTER LANE, funded from INSCOM's own security and intelligence activities money "out of hide" on the basis of ACSI staff guidance. [[Under Secretary of Defense]] [[Richard DeLauer]] signed a memorandum on January 19, 1983 allowing Program 6 resources to be used to maintain the capability, and a letter of instruction early in 1983 established the unit as the Security Systems Planning Division of the Security Support Detachment.[^4][^9] + +### Center Lane (1982 to 1985) + +CENTER LANE was a Department of the Army Special Access Program. Its stated 1978 to 1983 mission was to establish remote viewing training for selected INSCOM personnel, collection techniques and a tasking mechanism, "to see if responsible, level headed, Army personnel could replicate remote viewing results reported by SRI International." From 1983 it was to conduct psychoenergetic intelligence collection and counterintelligence and to expand "into the field of psychoenergetic communications and psychokinesis."[^9] A second group of operatives began Coordinate Remote Viewing training at SRI in January 1984 under a contract awarded November 15, 1983. A November 1983 directive by the commanding general made the Monroe Institute's Rapid Acquisition Personnel Training seminar a screening tool, funded through the command's organizational effectiveness office for operations security reasons; the Director of the Army Staff cancelled that use on March 13, 1984.[^4][^17] + +Between March 1983 and January 1985 the project was briefed to Army leadership, congressional staff and others, including Vice Chief of Staff General [[John Wickham]] (March 14, 1983), the Vice President (March 31, 1983, briefed by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]] of DIA, with Admiral [[Daniel Murphy]], his chief of staff, and [[Donald Gregg]], his assistant for national security affairs, present), the [[Army Science Board]], Secretary of the Army [[John Marsh]], and Senator [[Malcolm Wallop]] of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]].[^4] Lieutenant General [[Lincoln D. Faurer]], director of the NSA, was briefed on August 2, 1982, and the CIA was briefed on February 6, 1980 and again in 1982.[^4] A memorandum of August 27, 1982 by Grill Flame project manager Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Jachim]] records that NSA personnel said the agency had no active remote viewers, asked INSCOM how its viewers were selected and what training SRI provided, and that [[Hal Puthoff]] of SRI had telephoned an NSA contact to say that some of the funding had not materialized and to invite NSA into the program; the NSA contact "was noncommittal."[^21] + +The commanding general formulated a decision in July 1984 to discontinue CENTER LANE as an INSCOM project, and the Secretary of the Army approved discontinuance and negotiations for its transfer. The 1984 papers list [[McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company]], the [[Mind Science Foundation]] of San Antonio, the [[Byring Research Foundation]] of Salt Lake City, [[Lawrence Livermore Laboratories]] and the Monroe Institute as possible alternate contractors.[^17] Operational collection ceased on September 28, 1984. A memorandum of agreement signed on March 7, 1985 by Lieutenant General [[James Williams]], director of DIA, transferred operational control of the project to DIA, with a request for dissolution of the special access program.[^4][^22] + +### Footnotes +[^1]: "Arlington Hall: From Coeds to Codewords," army.mil, https://www.army.mil/article/105000/arlington_hall_from_coeds_to_codewords (Army Security Agency headquarters at Arlington Hall followed by INSCOM until relocation to Fort Belvoir in 1989). The 1977 activation date and the merger of the Army Security Agency with the Army Intelligence Agency are from the INSCOM history page, https://www.usainscom.army.mil/History/. +[^2]: "Lieutenant General William I. Royla [sic] US Army, Retired (Deceased)," Military Intelligence Corps Hall of Fame biography, https://www.ikn.army.mil/apps/MIHOF/biographies/Rolya,%20William.pdf (Rolya commander of the Army Security Agency and "first Commander, US Army Intelligence and Security Command"; retired 1984; died April 28, 1990). +[^3]: Memorandum, "Detachment G Reorganization," 902d Military Intelligence Group Security Support Detachment, September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700350013-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700350013-3 (the CONUS MI Group as "the housekeeping organization for Army personnel working at NSA"; the 902d MI Group as another host organization for Army personnel working at NSA; INSCOM liaison officer at NSA). +[^4]: "Center Lane Historical Overview, September 1977 to March 1985," in "CENTER LANE Information Papers for Director, Defense Intelligence Agency," March 7, 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r000400060001-2. A copy of the 1984 version is CIA-RDP96-00788R001700280007-8. +[^5]: Message DTG 051630Z July 1978 from HQ Department of the Army (DAMI-ISH), "Issuance of Unclassified Nickname GRILL FLAME," reproduced in CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2. +[^6]: Memorandum for Brigadier General Smith, "GRILL FLAME Status Report," 902d MI Group, September 26, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440004-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100440004-9. +[^7]: "CENTER LANE Personnel Selection Procedures," information paper, October 10, 1984, in CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2. +[^8]: Command Group Approval/Release Sheet, "Establishment of INSCOM Human Use Review Committee (GRILL FLAME)," March 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440034-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001100440034-6. +[^9]: "CENTER LANE Approval History," "GRILL FLAME Evaluations" and "CENTER LANE Mission" information papers, October 10, 1984, in CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2. +[^10]: Memorandum, Major General William I. Rolya to Major General E. R. Thompson, "GRILL FLAME Program," August 25, 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200020011-6, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001200020011-6. +[^11]: INSCOM commanding general's talking paper, May 4, 1984, in CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001500180001-7 ("Since May 1981, when I assumed command of INSCOM, the project (now CENTER LANE) has provided the U.S. Army and such agencies as DIA, CIA, NSA, FBI, and the Secret Service critical intelligence unavailable from other sources"). +[^12]: "Army's Role in a Sensitive, Close-Hold DoD Project," Army briefing script on psychoenergetics (undated), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020023-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200020023-5. +[^13]: "CENTER LANE Operational Accomplishments," information paper, March 7, 1985, in CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2 (the figure for projects reporting information not verifiable by the sponsor is partly illegible in the scan; the total of 106 less the other categories gives two). +[^14]: Same document, memorandum on disposition of ICLP, 1984 ("Intelligence consumers in the US Army, US Air Force, DIA, NSA, CIA, and NSC have all tasked this capability"). +[^15]: Same document, memorandum of the commanding general, 1984 ("Intelligence users in the Army, DIA, NSA and CIA have all tasked this methodology to augment established disciplines"). +[^16]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, DAMI-ISH, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4. The record states that Admiral Murphy had not initiated the briefing, "so it appears that the Vice President personally requested it." +[^17]: "CENTER LANE Funding," "CENTER LANE Training Programs" and "Personnel Selection Procedures" information papers, October 10, 1984, in CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2. +[^18]: Staff paper on termination of the Army Grill Flame program, 1982, in CIA-RDP96-00788R001500180001-7. +[^19]: Memorandum, "Detachment G Reorganization," September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700350013-3. +[^20]: Same document as note 19, options paragraph. +[^21]: Memorandum for the record, "NSA Involvement in GRILL FLAME," Lieutenant Colonel Robert J. Jachim, August 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700230009-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700230009-1. +[^22]: Memorandum of agreement signed by Lieutenant General Williams, March 7, 1985, recorded in the Center Lane Historical Overview, CIA-RDP96-00788R000400060001-2.