vault backup: 2026-10-14 15:45:14

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Adolf Hitler.md

@@ -34,140 +34,145 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Eva Braun]]"
     start: 1945-04-29
     role: "married in the Berlin bunker on the date of his private will, which names her as his wife"
-    fn: 20
+    fn: 21
   - type: appointed
     with: "[[Karl Dönitz]]"
     start: 1945-04-29
     role: "named President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in the political testament"
-    fn: 21
+    fn: 22
   - type: appointed
     with: "[[Martin Bormann]]"
     start: 1945-04-29
     role: "named executor of the private will with full legal authority, and Party Minister in the testament's cabinet list"
-    fn: 20
+    fn: 21
   - type: subject_of
     with: "[[Office of Strategic Services]]"
     start: 1943
     role: "subject of the 1943 psychoanalytic profile by Walter Langer and the October 1943 personality analysis by Henry Murray, both prepared for the OSS"
-    fn: 10
+    fn: 11
   - type: subject_of
     with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
     start: 1945-09-21
     role: "Los Angeles report titled Hitler Hideout, file 105-410, on a claim that he was in hiding in Argentina"
-    fn: 29
+    fn: 30
   - type: subject_of
     with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
     start: 1955-10-03
     role: "Maracaibo station dispatch forwarding a claim that he was alive in South America"
-    fn: 32
+    fn: 33
 ---
 
 Adolf Hitler (born April 20, 1889, in [[Braunau am Inn]], Austria; died April 30, 1945, in [[Berlin]]) was the leader of the [[Nazi Party]] and the dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] from 1934 to 1945.[^1] He was the central figure in the rise of Nazism, the Holocaust, and World War II.[^2]
 
 The International Military Tribunal at [[Nuremberg]] described the [[SS]] as created in 1925 "nominally to act as his personal bodyguard, but in reality to terrorise political opponents."[^2] The tribunal recorded that [[Hermann Göring]] founded the [[Gestapo]] in [[Prussia]] on April 26, 1933, and confided to its deputy leader that the main task was to eliminate political opponents of National Socialism and Hitler.[^3]
 
+### Nuremberg luncheon, 1936
+
+[[Richard Helms]], then a [[United Press]] correspondent sent alone to cover the 1936 Nazi Party Congress at Nuremberg, received an invitation from Hitler's press representative to a light luncheon with the Fuehrer at the Nuremberg Castle. Helms was introduced to [[Rudolf Hess]] and [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]. Asked why he staged the annual congress, Hitler answered that the party leaders worked hard all year, that "Money prizes would break the Treasury," and that he brought them to the congress to give them the show and a chance to meet one another.[^4]
+
 ### Occult milieu and the Hess flight
 
-Hitler was reportedly dismissive of mysticism. [[Albert Speer]] wrote that when [[Heinrich Himmler]] mythologized the SS, Hitler remarked: "What nonsense! Here we have at last reached an age that has left all mysticism behind it, and now he wants to start that all over again. We might just as well have stayed with the church."[^4] Himmler was deeply invested in paranormal research. The [[Ahnenerbe]], the research body he founded in 1935, investigated extrasensory perception, astrology and map dowsing, according to [[Annie Jacobsen]].[^5] The regime had a complex relationship with the occult, and the Nazi government's use of astrology and other forms of divination for propaganda purposes is well-documented.[^5]
+Hitler was reportedly dismissive of mysticism. [[Albert Speer]] wrote that when [[Heinrich Himmler]] mythologized the SS, Hitler remarked: "What nonsense! Here we have at last reached an age that has left all mysticism behind it, and now he wants to start that all over again. We might just as well have stayed with the church."[^5] Himmler was deeply invested in paranormal research. The [[Ahnenerbe]], the research body he founded in 1935, investigated extrasensory perception, astrology and map dowsing, according to [[Annie Jacobsen]].[^6] The regime had a complex relationship with the occult, and the Nazi government's use of astrology and other forms of divination for propaganda purposes is well-documented.[^6]
 
-Jacobsen wrote that Hitler's reaction to [[Rudolf Hess]]'s flight to [[Scotland]], which he attributed to the influence of astrologers, led to a crackdown on occult practices in Germany.[^5] Accounts of the flight name two astrologers. [[Karl Krafft]], a Swiss astrologer, is said to have produced a star chart that fixed the date of the flight, and [[Sybil Leek]], a British astrologer working for British intelligence, is said to have written a phony horoscope that drew Hess toward Scotland.[^5] The arrests that followed, under the name [[Special Action Hess|Sonderaktion Heß]], reportedly took in more than 600 astrologers, fortune tellers, clairvoyants and faith healers, among them [[Wilhelm Wulff]], who had become Himmler's personal astrologer.[^5] The historian [[Eric Kurlander]] wrote that the action had the Gestapo round up astrologers, clairvoyants and occultists, that hundreds were detained or arrested, and that thousands of books and items of esoteric paraphernalia were confiscated.[^6]
+Jacobsen wrote that Hitler's reaction to Rudolf Hess's flight to [[Scotland]], which he attributed to the influence of astrologers, led to a crackdown on occult practices in Germany.[^6] Accounts of the flight name two astrologers. [[Karl Krafft]], a Swiss astrologer, is said to have produced a star chart that fixed the date of the flight, and [[Sybil Leek]], a British astrologer working for British intelligence, is said to have written a phony horoscope that drew Hess toward Scotland.[^6] The arrests that followed, under the name [[Special Action Hess|Sonderaktion Heß]], reportedly took in more than 600 astrologers, fortune tellers, clairvoyants and faith healers, among them [[Wilhelm Wulff]], who had become Himmler's personal astrologer.[^6] The historian [[Eric Kurlander]] wrote that the action had the Gestapo round up astrologers, clairvoyants and occultists, that hundreds were detained or arrested, and that thousands of books and items of esoteric paraphernalia were confiscated.[^7]
 
-A CIA-released survey of parapsychology research states that [[Louis Pauwels]] and [[Jacques Bergier]], in [[The Morning of the Magicians]] (1960), maintained that Hitler was clairvoyant and surrounded himself with astrologers and prophets. The same survey says that [[Erik Jan Hanussen]], a stage clairvoyant, was assassinated by the Nazis because his ability to see their secret projects threatened the regime.[^7] A 1930 and 1931 report by the Dutch researcher [[P.A. Dietz]] on a test of Hanussen's psychometric ability appears in an annotated CIA-released abstract. The annotator described Hanussen, who visited the [[Netherlands]] in 1930, as someone who "later would often be consulted by Adolph Hitler."[^8]
+A CIA-released survey of parapsychology research states that [[Louis Pauwels]] and [[Jacques Bergier]], in [[The Morning of the Magicians]] (1960), maintained that Hitler was clairvoyant and surrounded himself with astrologers and prophets. The same survey says that [[Erik Jan Hanussen]], a stage clairvoyant, was assassinated by the Nazis because his ability to see their secret projects threatened the regime.[^8] A 1930 and 1931 report by the Dutch researcher [[P.A. Dietz]] on a test of Hanussen's psychometric ability appears in an annotated CIA-released abstract. The annotator described Hanussen, who visited the [[Netherlands]] in 1930, as someone who "later would often be consulted by Adolph Hitler."[^9]
 
 ### Profiles by the OSS and Harvard
 
-In 1943 [[William J. Donovan|William Donovan]] of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] asked the [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] psychoanalyst [[Walter Langer]] to analyze Hitler without direct access to him. Langer wrote in his 1972 book that Donovan asked, "What light could psychoanalysis shed on these pressing problems?" and then, "And how would you go about getting it?"[^9] The OSS report of 1943, A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend, lists as collaborators [[Henry Murray]] of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, [[Ernst Kris]] of the [[New School for Social Research]] and [[Bertram Lewin]] of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute.[^10]
+In 1943 [[William J. Donovan|William Donovan]] of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] asked the [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] psychoanalyst [[Walter Langer]] to analyze Hitler without direct access to him. Langer wrote in his 1972 book that Donovan asked, "What light could psychoanalysis shed on these pressing problems?" and then, "And how would you go about getting it?"[^10] The OSS report of 1943, A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend, lists as collaborators [[Henry Murray]] of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, [[Ernst Kris]] of the [[New School for Social Research]] and [[Bertram Lewin]] of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute.[^11]
 
-The 1943 report stated that there was "unanimous agreement among the four psychoanalysts who have studied the material that Hitler is an hysteric bordering on schizophrenia and not a true paranoiac as so frequently supposed."[^11] In the 1972 book the same passage reads "general agreement among the collaborators that Hitler is probably a neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia."[^12] The 1943 report described his behavior as "masochistic in the extreme" and stated that "there is a large feminine component in his physical makeup."[^13] Its eighth prediction read: "Hitler might commit suicide. This is the most plausible outcome."[^14]
+The 1943 report stated that there was "unanimous agreement among the four psychoanalysts who have studied the material that Hitler is an hysteric bordering on schizophrenia and not a true paranoiac as so frequently supposed."[^12] In the 1972 book the same passage reads "general agreement among the collaborators that Hitler is probably a neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia."[^13] The 1943 report described his behavior as "masochistic in the extreme" and stated that "there is a large feminine component in his physical makeup."[^14] Its eighth prediction read: "Hitler might commit suicide. This is the most plausible outcome."[^15]
 
-In October 1943 Murray of the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Psychological Clinic completed a memorandum titled *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, marked "O.S.S. Confidential," with predictions of his future behavior and suggestions for dealing with him now and after [[Germany]]'s surrender.[^15] Murray wrote that Hitler's neurotic spells would increase in frequency and duration, and that there was some evidence his mental powers had been deteriorating since November 1942.[^16] He considered it possible that the military command or a revolutionary faction might seize Hitler and immure him in a prison fortress, an outcome that would end the myth of the invincible hero. He judged that Hitler being shot by a German was "possible but not very likely."[^16]
+In October 1943 Murray of the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Psychological Clinic completed a memorandum titled *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, marked "O.S.S. Confidential," with predictions of his future behavior and suggestions for dealing with him now and after [[Germany]]'s surrender.[^16] Murray wrote that Hitler's neurotic spells would increase in frequency and duration, and that there was some evidence his mental powers had been deteriorating since November 1942.[^17] He considered it possible that the military command or a revolutionary faction might seize Hitler and immure him in a prison fortress, an outcome that would end the myth of the invincible hero. He judged that Hitler being shot by a German was "possible but not very likely."[^17]
 
-Murray proposed that Hitler might arrange to be killed by a German, perhaps by a Jew, completing the myth of the hero's death at the hand of a trusted follower, on the pattern of Siegfried stabbed by Hagen, Caesar by Brutus, and Christ betrayed by Judas.[^17] On suicide, Murray wrote that Hitler had often vowed he would kill himself if his plans miscarried, but that if he chose that course he would do it at the last moment and in the most dramatic possible manner.[^17] In the closing section Murray named insanity to some extent, dramatic suicide and death at the front as the outcomes that seemed most probable, on the assumption that Hitler's chief concern was the immortality of his legend.[^18]
+Murray proposed that Hitler might arrange to be killed by a German, perhaps by a Jew, completing the myth of the hero's death at the hand of a trusted follower, on the pattern of Siegfried stabbed by Hagen, Caesar by Brutus, and Christ betrayed by Judas.[^18] On suicide, Murray wrote that Hitler had often vowed he would kill himself if his plans miscarried, but that if he chose that course he would do it at the last moment and in the most dramatic possible manner.[^18] In the closing section Murray named insanity to some extent, dramatic suicide and death at the front as the outcomes that seemed most probable, on the assumption that Hitler's chief concern was the immortality of his legend.[^19]
 
 ### Assassination schemes
 
-[[Stanley Lovell]], who headed OSS Research and Development, wrote in his memoir of several schemes to kill Hitler. He took up Langer's idea that Hitler had feminine tendencies and got permission to try to push him over the gender line with female hormones, hoping his moustache would fall off and his voice would rise. The OSS agent network was used to try to slip the hormones into Hitler's food. Other plans included blinding him with mustard gas and a drug to aggravate his suspected epilepsy, and a plan to hypnotize a German prisoner into assassinating him, which a consulting psychiatrist judged unworkable. Lovell also reported that the main problem in these operations was getting Hitler to take the medicine.[^19]
+[[Stanley Lovell]], who headed OSS Research and Development, wrote in his memoir of several schemes to kill Hitler. He took up Langer's idea that Hitler had feminine tendencies and got permission to try to push him over the gender line with female hormones, hoping his moustache would fall off and his voice would rise. The OSS agent network was used to try to slip the hormones into Hitler's food. Other plans included blinding him with mustard gas and a drug to aggravate his suspected epilepsy, and a plan to hypnotize a German prisoner into assassinating him, which a consulting psychiatrist judged unworkable. Lovell also reported that the main problem in these operations was getting Hitler to take the medicine.[^20]
 
 ### Marriage, will and testament, April 1945
 
-The document the prosecution at Nuremberg numbered 3569-PS is a translation of a private will and a political testament dated April 29, 1945, with a covering note from Martin Bormann of the same date. In the private will Hitler wrote that he had decided to take as his wife the woman who had entered the besieged city to share his fate, that at her desire she went with him into death, and that he and his wife chose death "in order to escape the disgrace of deposition or capitulation" and wished to be burnt on the spot. He named Bormann executor, and left his picture collections to a gallery in [[Linz]]. The will bears the signatures of Bormann, Dr. Fuhr and [[Nicolaus von Below]] as witnesses.[^20]
+The document the prosecution at Nuremberg numbered 3569-PS is a translation of a private will and a political testament dated April 29, 1945, with a covering note from Martin Bormann of the same date. In the private will Hitler wrote that he had decided to take as his wife the woman who had entered the besieged city to share his fate, that at her desire she went with him into death, and that he and his wife chose death "in order to escape the disgrace of deposition or capitulation" and wished to be burnt on the spot. He named Bormann executor, and left his picture collections to a gallery in [[Linz]]. The will bears the signatures of Bormann, Dr. Fuhr and [[Nicolaus von Below]] as witnesses.[^21]
 
-In the political testament Hitler attributed the outbreak of the war to international statesmen of Jewish descent or working for Jewish interests, and stated that he would remain in Berlin and choose death. In the second part he expelled Göring and Himmler from the party for secret negotiations with the enemy, appointed Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, [[Joseph Goebbels]] Chancellor, Bormann Party Minister, and named [[Karl Hanke]] to succeed Himmler as Reichsführer-SS. The testament is witnessed by Josef Fuhr, [[Wilhelm Burgdorf]], Bormann and [[Hans Krebs]]. The editors of the Nuremberg volume noted that the document was not introduced into evidence because there was not sufficient time to verify its authenticity.[^21]
+In the political testament Hitler attributed the outbreak of the war to international statesmen of Jewish descent or working for Jewish interests, and stated that he would remain in Berlin and choose death. In the second part he expelled Göring and Himmler from the party for secret negotiations with the enemy, appointed Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, [[Joseph Goebbels]] Chancellor, Bormann Party Minister, and named [[Karl Hanke]] to succeed Himmler as Reichsführer-SS. The testament is witnessed by Josef Fuhr, [[Wilhelm Burgdorf]], Bormann and [[Hans Krebs]]. The editors of the Nuremberg volume noted that the document was not introduced into evidence because there was not sufficient time to verify its authenticity.[^22]
 
-The FBI file on Hitler contains a March 6, 1946 memorandum recording that the Army's Military Intelligence Service had prepared a bound brochure of the marriage certificate, private will and political testament from captured documents, that General Vandenberg wanted the Bureau to compare the signatures with captured official documents, and that the Army asked that its possession of the documents be kept secret until the President announced it. The Bureau's laboratory report of March 13, 1946, addressed to the Chief of Staff, G-2, War Department, analyzed paper, condition, typewriting and handwriting. It stated that the paper was consistent in every respect with the ostensible source, that the marriage form had been completed in ink by a registrar, Walter Wagner, and that entries in other inks and hands were evidence of the impromptu nature of the ceremony.[^22]
+The FBI file on Hitler contains a March 6, 1946 memorandum recording that the Army's Military Intelligence Service had prepared a bound brochure of the marriage certificate, private will and political testament from captured documents, that General Vandenberg wanted the Bureau to compare the signatures with captured official documents, and that the Army asked that its possession of the documents be kept secret until the President announced it. The Bureau's laboratory report of March 13, 1946, addressed to the Chief of Staff, G-2, War Department, analyzed paper, condition, typewriting and handwriting. It stated that the paper was consistent in every respect with the ostensible source, that the marriage form had been completed in ink by a registrar, Walter Wagner, and that entries in other inks and hands were evidence of the impromptu nature of the ceremony.[^23]
 
-In notes that Bormann took during the final months, published by [[François Genoud]], Hitler recalled [[Frederick the Great]]'s winter of 1762, when Frederick resolved to take poison if no change came by a date he had fixed. A few days before that date the Tsarina died, and the situation reversed.[^23]
+In notes that Bormann took during the final months, published by [[François Genoud]], Hitler recalled [[Frederick the Great]]'s winter of 1762, when Frederick resolved to take poison if no change came by a date he had fixed. A few days before that date the Tsarina died, and the situation reversed.[^24]
 
 ### Death in Berlin and the Soviet record
 
 [[Morris Leikind]], whose medical study of Hitler was released by the CIA, wrote that it is generally believed he shot himself, and that information published in [[Russia]] alleged death by cyanide poisoning rather than a gunshot wound.[^1] Leikind wrote that Hitler died by suicide in his bunker beneath the ruins of the Chancellery on April 30, 1945, with his newly wedded wife, [[Eva Braun]].[^1]
 
-A Soviet forensic commission sitting at [[Berlin-Buch]] on May 8, 1945 examined a fire-damaged male corpse presumed to be Hitler's. It concluded that death was caused by poisoning with cyanide compounds, and the identification that followed rested in part on dental bridgework and jawbone fragments.[^24] The commission's summary reached the same conclusion for the female corpse presumed to be Braun's.[^25] Leikind wrote that, contrary to other published reports, the protocols showed poisoning, with the odor of cyanide still detectable in the mouth and slivers of glass from a capsule present, and that the protocols seemed to have been "edited."[^26]
+A Soviet forensic commission sitting at [[Berlin-Buch]] on May 8, 1945 examined a fire-damaged male corpse presumed to be Hitler's. It concluded that death was caused by poisoning with cyanide compounds, and the identification that followed rested in part on dental bridgework and jawbone fragments.[^25] The commission's summary reached the same conclusion for the female corpse presumed to be Braun's.[^26] Leikind wrote that, contrary to other published reports, the protocols showed poisoning, with the odor of cyanide still detectable in the mouth and slivers of glass from a capsule present, and that the protocols seemed to have been "edited."[^27]
 
-An OSS cable of August 7, 1945 discussed transmitting a report on Hitler's dentition to Soviet officers, and suggested that [[Allen Dulles]] be instructed to give copies of the reports directly to Russian officers in Berlin. According to the OSS message, the War Department was disturbed over the exchange of communications through [[John R. Deane]].[^27] A related message in the same file concerns fingerprints that were to be obtained from [[Munich]] police records.[^27]
+An OSS cable of August 7, 1945 discussed transmitting a report on Hitler's dentition to Soviet officers, and suggested that [[Allen Dulles]] be instructed to give copies of the reports directly to Russian officers in Berlin. According to the OSS message, the War Department was disturbed over the exchange of communications through [[John R. Deane]].[^28] A related message in the same file concerns fingerprints that were to be obtained from [[Munich]] police records.[^28]
 
 ### Claims of survival
 
-On September 21, 1945, the Los Angeles office of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] filed a report titled "Hitler Hideout" on information obtained from a [[Hollywood]] source in July 1945. The source reported that a friend, talking in front of the Melody Lane restaurant, said he was one of four men who met Hitler when he landed from two submarines in [[Argentina]] about two and a half weeks after the fall of Berlin. The account described a ranch in the foothills of the southern Andes, six Argentine officials who had aided the party, and a payment of $15,000 for helping in the hiding place. According to the source, Hitler suffered from asthma and ulcers and had shaved off his mustache.[^28] The information was given to a reporter for the [[Los Angeles Examiner]] on July 29, 1945.[^28] The Bureau's summary says that the information could not be verified, that efforts to locate the friend were negative, and that there was no record of Hitler in police or [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] files.[^29]
+On September 21, 1945, the Los Angeles office of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] filed a report titled "Hitler Hideout" on information obtained from a [[Hollywood]] source in July 1945. The source reported that a friend, talking in front of the Melody Lane restaurant, said he was one of four men who met Hitler when he landed from two submarines in [[Argentina]] about two and a half weeks after the fall of Berlin. The account described a ranch in the foothills of the southern Andes, six Argentine officials who had aided the party, and a payment of $15,000 for helping in the hiding place. According to the source, Hitler suffered from asthma and ulcers and had shaved off his mustache.[^29] The information was given to a reporter for the [[Los Angeles Examiner]] on July 29, 1945.[^29] The Bureau's summary says that the information could not be verified, that efforts to locate the friend were negative, and that there was no record of Hitler in police or [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] files.[^30]
 
-The same file holds translations dated July 28, 1948 of two newspaper items from [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]. The first summarized a letter dated April 27, 1948 from [[Oranjestad]], [[Aruba]], addressed to the newspaper [[El Tiempo]] and signed "Amigo, amigo, amigo," which stated that Hitler was in Bogotá, had landed from a submarine on the coast of the Guajira on July 19, 1945 with six men and three million dollars, and intended after a war between the United States and the Soviet Union to head a western crusade against Bolshevism.[^30] In El Tiempo of June 20, 1948, under a headline connecting the story to the assassination of [[Jorge Eliécer Gaitán]], a second correspondent who claimed to be Colombian wrote that he had known of Hitler's plans since January 1945 and that the death of Gaitán would have been a master coup against Communism on Hitler's part; the newspaper reported that the first writer had demanded 50,000 dollars to reveal more.[^30] The Director of the Bureau forwarded translations of the clippings to the State Department's Division of Foreign Activity Correlation, with a copy to the Director of Central Intelligence.[^30]
+The same file holds translations dated July 28, 1948 of two newspaper items from [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]. The first summarized a letter dated April 27, 1948 from [[Oranjestad]], [[Aruba]], addressed to the newspaper [[El Tiempo]] and signed "Amigo, amigo, amigo," which stated that Hitler was in Bogotá, had landed from a submarine on the coast of the Guajira on July 19, 1945 with six men and three million dollars, and intended after a war between the United States and the Soviet Union to head a western crusade against Bolshevism.[^31] In El Tiempo of June 20, 1948, under a headline connecting the story to the assassination of [[Jorge Eliécer Gaitán]], a second correspondent who claimed to be Colombian wrote that he had known of Hitler's plans since January 1945 and that the death of Gaitán would have been a master coup against Communism on Hitler's part; the newspaper reported that the first writer had demanded 50,000 dollars to reveal more.[^31] The Director of the Bureau forwarded translations of the clippings to the State Department's Division of Foreign Activity Correlation, with a copy to the Director of Central Intelligence.[^31]
 
-On October 3, 1955, the acting chief of a CIA station forwarded a report to the chief of the [[Western Hemisphere Division]] from a source in [[Maracaibo]], identified by the codename MELODY-3. In the latter part of September 1955 a friend who had served under the source in Europe told him that a former German SS trooper, identified by the codename CITROEN, had said that Hitler was still alive. CITROEN was said to have contacted Hitler about once a month in Colombia while working for a Dutch shipping company in Maracaibo, and to have said that Hitler left Colombia for Argentina around January 1955.[^31] The friend obtained a photograph that CITROEN referred to. On September 29 the source was shown it to obtain his reaction to the possible veracity of the story, and the station made photostats before the photograph went back to its owner the next day. The station's assessment was that the man on the right is "undoubtedly the person which CITROEN claims is HITLER." The reverse carried an inscription with the first name Adolf, a town in Colombia and the year 1954.[^31] The station wrote that neither it nor the source was in a position to give an intelligent evaluation of the information, which was forwarded as of possible interest.[^32]
+On October 3, 1955, the acting chief of a CIA station forwarded a report to the chief of the [[Western Hemisphere Division]] from a source in [[Maracaibo]], identified by the codename MELODY-3. In the latter part of September 1955 a friend who had served under the source in Europe told him that a former German SS trooper, identified by the codename CITROEN, had said that Hitler was still alive. CITROEN was said to have contacted Hitler about once a month in Colombia while working for a Dutch shipping company in Maracaibo, and to have said that Hitler left Colombia for Argentina around January 1955.[^32] The friend obtained a photograph that CITROEN referred to. On September 29 the source was shown it to obtain his reaction to the possible veracity of the story, and the station made photostats before the photograph went back to its owner the next day. The station's assessment was that the man on the right is "undoubtedly the person which CITROEN claims is HITLER." The reverse carried an inscription with the first name Adolf, a town in Colombia and the year 1954.[^32] The station wrote that neither it nor the source was in a position to give an intelligent evaluation of the information, which was forwarded as of possible interest.[^33]
 
 ### Neo-Nazi veneration
 
-[[James Mason]]'s *[[Siege]]*, the collected newsletters of the [[National Socialist Liberation Front]], names Hitler throughout. In an issue dated August 1980 Mason wrote that [[Joseph Tommasi]] "did the very same thing as Adolf Hitler" and that "perhaps his is the closest comparison to Hitler's methodology to date."[^33] The 2021 edition carries a foreword by Mason that closes "Heil Hitler!"[^33] The [[International Centre for Counter-Terrorism]] study by Bethan Johnson and Matthew Feldman states that propaganda of the "Siege Culture" milieu falls into three categories, the first being praise of Nazi and neo-Nazi predecessors, in which images of Hitler, Mason, Tommasi and Charles Manson are often featured in imposing stances.[^34] The same study records that activists of the [[Iron March]] forum released what became the third edition of Siege in 2015, and that [[Atomwaffen Division]], which publicly emerged that year, made the book required reading for new members.[^35] The [[Counter Extremism Project]] reports that the original Siege Culture website's library included Hitler's *Mein Kampf*, and that Atomwaffen Division posted a video in 2017 of masked members raising their arms in a "Heil Hitler" salute before a swastika flag with the message "Join your local Nazis."[^36]
+[[James Mason]]'s *[[Siege]]*, the collected newsletters of the [[National Socialist Liberation Front]], names Hitler throughout. In an issue dated August 1980 Mason wrote that [[Joseph Tommasi]] "did the very same thing as Adolf Hitler" and that "perhaps his is the closest comparison to Hitler's methodology to date."[^34] The 2021 edition carries a foreword by Mason that closes "Heil Hitler!"[^34] The [[International Centre for Counter-Terrorism]] study by Bethan Johnson and Matthew Feldman states that propaganda of the "Siege Culture" milieu falls into three categories, the first being praise of Nazi and neo-Nazi predecessors, in which images of Hitler, Mason, Tommasi and Charles Manson are often featured in imposing stances.[^35] The same study records that activists of the [[Iron March]] forum released what became the third edition of Siege in 2015, and that [[Atomwaffen Division]], which publicly emerged that year, made the book required reading for new members.[^36] The [[Counter Extremism Project]] reports that the original Siege Culture website's library included Hitler's *Mein Kampf*, and that Atomwaffen Division posted a video in 2017 of masked members raising their arms in a "Heil Hitler" salute before a swastika flag with the message "Join your local Nazis."[^37]
 
-[[Combat 18]], founded in early 1992 by [[Charlie Sargent]] and [[Wilf Browning]] as a stewarding group for the [[British National Party]], takes its name from the initials of Adolf Hitler (A=1, H=8), according to [[Nick Lowles]].[^37] The German [[Federal Ministry of the Interior]] banned the association Combat 18 Deutschland on January 23, 2020; Combat 18 does not appear in Schedule 2 of the Terrorism Act 2000.[^38] [[Jack Reed]] described himself in writing as a "natural sadist" and expressed admiration for Hitler, according to press reports of his case.[^39] [[Jacek Tchorzewski]] kept a collection of extreme right-wing material that praised Hitler, neo-Nazism and Satanism, including antisemitic content calling for genocide, according to the [[Campaign Against Antisemitism]].[^40]
+[[Combat 18]], founded in early 1992 by [[Charlie Sargent]] and [[Wilf Browning]] as a stewarding group for the [[British National Party]], takes its name from the initials of Adolf Hitler (A=1, H=8), according to [[Nick Lowles]].[^38] The German [[Federal Ministry of the Interior]] banned the association Combat 18 Deutschland on January 23, 2020; Combat 18 does not appear in Schedule 2 of the Terrorism Act 2000.[^39] [[Jack Reed]] described himself in writing as a "natural sadist" and expressed admiration for Hitler, according to press reports of his case.[^40] [[Jacek Tchorzewski]] kept a collection of extreme right-wing material that praised Hitler, neo-Nazism and Satanism, including antisemitic content calling for genocide, according to the [[Campaign Against Antisemitism]].[^41]
 
 ### Postwar continuities
 
-[[Edwin Black]] wrote that after the Nazi government awarded [[Thomas J. Watson]], chairman of [[IBM]], the Merit Cross of the German Eagle with Star in 1937, Watson on May 16, 1940 asked Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] whether the government wanted him to return the medal. Hull replied that the decision "will have to rest entirely with you, and is not one upon which this Government would be able to take a position." Watson returned the medal to Hitler on June 6, 1940 with a letter, released to the newspapers, stating that "the present policies of your government are contrary to the causes for which I have been working and for which I received the decoration."[^41]
+[[Edwin Black]] wrote that after the Nazi government awarded [[Thomas J. Watson]], chairman of [[IBM]], the Merit Cross of the German Eagle with Star in 1937, Watson on May 16, 1940 asked Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] whether the government wanted him to return the medal. Hull replied that the decision "will have to rest entirely with you, and is not one upon which this Government would be able to take a position." Watson returned the medal to Hitler on June 6, 1940 with a letter, released to the newspapers, stating that "the present policies of your government are contrary to the causes for which I have been working and for which I received the decoration."[^42]
 
-[[Reinhard Gehlen]], who had headed the [[Wehrmacht]]'s [[Fremde Heere Ost]] directorate, wrote in his memoir that Hitler ordered his dismissal about a month after March 5, 1945, that his staff held a farewell party on April 12, and that he supervised the microfilming and burying of the directorate's files in secret locations in the Bavarian mountains, with three hideouts for his staff in the Alps.[^42] A statement by his deputy [[Gerhard Wessel]], reproduced in a CIA documentary history, records that Hitler relieved Gehlen on April 9, 1945 after Gehlen was presented to him in February or March, and that the microfilmed files were moved to three sites in southern Germany, near Schliersee, the Wilder Kaiser and Marquartstein.[^43]
+[[Reinhard Gehlen]], who had headed the [[Wehrmacht]]'s [[Fremde Heere Ost]] directorate, wrote in his memoir that Hitler ordered his dismissal about a month after March 5, 1945, that his staff held a farewell party on April 12, and that he supervised the microfilming and burying of the directorate's files in secret locations in the Bavarian mountains, with three hideouts for his staff in the Alps.[^43] A statement by his deputy [[Gerhard Wessel]], reproduced in a CIA documentary history, records that Hitler relieved Gehlen on April 9, 1945 after Gehlen was presented to him in February or March, and that the microfilmed files were moved to three sites in southern Germany, near Schliersee, the Wilder Kaiser and Marquartstein.[^44]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Leikind, Morris. "Studies in Pathography II: Adolph Hitler." CIA Reading Room document C00416336, released under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416336
 [^2]: International Military Tribunal, Judgment, October 1, 1946. Avalon Project, Yale Law School. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judnazi.asp
 [^3]: International Military Tribunal, Judgment, October 1, 1946, section on the Gestapo. Avalon Project, Yale Law School. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judnazi.asp
-[^4]: Speer, Albert. *Inside the Third Reich*. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. Macmillan, 1970, pp. 94-95. https://archive.org/details/inside-the-third-reich-memoirs-by-albert-speer
-[^5]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^6]: Kurlander, Eric. "The Nazi Magicians' Controversy: Enlightenment, 'Border Science,' and Occultism in the Third Reich." *Central European History* 48, no. 4 (December 2015): 498-522, as quoted in Frey, Angelica. "Border Science vs. Commercial Occultism: A Nazi Debate." JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/border-science-vs-commercial-occultism-a-nazi-debate/
-[^7]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, p. 208, chapter "New Psychic Frontiers," citing Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier, *The Morning of the Magicians* (1960).
-[^8]: Dietz, P.A. "A successful psychometric experiment with the clairvoyant E. Hanussen." *Tijdschrift voor Parapsychologie*, 1930/31, 3, 70-76, as annotated in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP96-00792R000700700002-2, item 01377. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000700700002-2
-[^9]: Langer, Walter C. *The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report*. Basic Books, 1972, chapter on the OSS request.
-[^10]: Langer, Walter C. *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend*. Office of Strategic Services, 1943 (title page). CIA Reading Room document C02571145. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
-[^11]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, p. 86 as paginated in the CIA copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
-[^12]: Langer, *The Mind of Adolf Hitler*, 1972, chapter on the collaborators' diagnosis.
-[^13]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, section "Femininity," p. 122 as paginated in the CIA copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
-[^14]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, p. 155 as paginated in the CIA copy; repeated in *The Mind of Adolf Hitler*, 1972, section "Hitler's Death." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
-[^15]: Murray, Henry A. *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler, with Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and after Germany's Surrender*. Harvard Psychological Clinic, October 1943. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler. Same text in CIA Reading Room document 02617886.
-[^16]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, pp. 29-30. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
-[^17]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, pp. 30-32. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
-[^18]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, p. 33. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
-[^19]: Lovell, Stanley P. *Of Spies and Stratagems*. Prentice-Hall, 1963. https://archive.org/details/ofspiesstratagem0000stan
-[^20]: Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality. *Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression*, vol. VI. Government Printing Office, 1946. Document 3569-PS, translation of the covering letter of Martin Bormann, April 29, 1945, and Hitler's "Private Will and Testament," pp. 257-259. https://archive.org/details/naziconspiracyag06unit
-[^21]: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. VI, document 3569-PS, "My political Testament" and "Second Part of the Political Testament," pp. 259-262, with the editors' note on authentication. https://archive.org/details/naziconspiracyag06unit
-[^22]: FBI Vault, Adolf Hitler file: office memorandum of March 6, 1946 and Laboratory report of March 13, 1946 on the examination of the bound "Adolf Hitler: Certificate of Marriage, Private Will and Political Testament" for the War Department. https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
-[^23]: Martin Bormann's notes of Hitler's conversations, February to April 1945, published as *The Political Testament of Adolf Hitler*, edited by François Genoud (1961 edition). https://archive.org/details/PoliticalTestamentOfAdolfHitler
-[^24]: CIA Reading Room document C00416337, "The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives," Document No. 12, forensic examination of a male corpse at Berlin-Buch, May 8, 1945. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416337
-[^25]: CIA Reading Room document C00416337, "The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives," Document No. 13 and the commission summary. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416337
-[^26]: Leikind, Morris. "Studies in Pathography II: Adolph Hitler," p. 32. CIA Reading Room document C00416336. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416336
-[^27]: OSS cable of August 7, 1945, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP13X00001R000100200005-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100200005-7
-[^28]: FBI Vault, "Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)," Part 01 of 04, "Report on Hitler Hideout," Los Angeles file 105-410, September 21, 1945, p. 2. https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
-[^29]: FBI Vault, "Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)," Part 01 of 04, "Report on Hitler Hideout," Los Angeles file 105-410, September 21, 1945, p. 1 (synopsis). https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
-[^30]: FBI Vault, Adolf Hitler file: translations summarized July 28, 1948 of "Nueva York al Dia," May 22, 1948, and *El Tiempo* (Bogotá), June 20, 1948, with the Director's transmittal to the Division of Foreign Activity Correlation, State Department, copy to the Director of Central Intelligence. https://archive.org/details/fbi-hitler-adolf-ocr
-[^31]: CIA Reading Room document C00460209, dispatch No. 2592 from the acting chief of station to the Chief, WHD, dated October 3, 1955. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00460209
-[^32]: CIA Reading Room document C00460209, dispatch of October 3, 1955, closing paragraph. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00460209
-[^33]: Mason, James. *Siege: The Collected Writings of James Mason*, 2021 edition, foreword and "Serious Steps," *Siege* vol. IX, no. 4 (August 1980). https://archive.org/details/siege-the-collected-writings-james-mason
-[^34]: Johnson, Bethan, and Matthew Feldman. "Siege Culture After Siege: Anatomy of a Neo-Nazi Terrorist Doctrine." International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, p. 12. https://icct.nl/sites/default/files/2022-12/siege-culture-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine.pdf
-[^35]: Johnson and Feldman, "Siege Culture After Siege," pp. 12-13. https://icct.nl/sites/default/files/2022-12/siege-culture-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine.pdf
-[^36]: Counter Extremism Project. "James Mason's Siege: Ties to Extremists," March 4, 2022. https://www.counterextremism.com/themes/custom/cep/templates/reports/sieges_ties_to_extremists/files/James_Mason_Siege_Ties_to_Extremists_030422.pdf
-[^37]: Lowles, Nick. *White Riot: The Violent Story of Combat 18*. Milo Books, 2001.
-[^38]: Beck-aktuell. "Seehofer verbietet rechtsextremistischen Verein 'Combat 18 Deutschland,'" January 23, 2020. https://www.beck-aktuell.de/heute-im-recht/rechtsgeschehen/seehofer-verbietet-rechtsextremistischen-verein-combat-18-deutschland-2020-01-23; Terrorism Act 2000, Schedule 2, as amended, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2; Home Office, "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations," updated July 7, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2
-[^39]: Enfield Independent. "Nazi terrorist named after judge rejects anonymity bid." 2021. https://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/national/19002125.nazi-terrorist-named-judge-rejects-anonymity-bid/
-[^40]: Campaign Against Antisemitism. "Hitler-loving neo-Nazi who said it was his 'dream' to create a bloodbath arrested at Luton Airport and sentenced to four years." September 2019. https://antisemitism.org/hitler-loving-neo-nazi-who-said-it-was-his-dream-to-create-a-bloodbath-arrested-at-luton-airport-and-sentenced-to-four-years-in-prison
-[^41]: Black, Edwin. *IBM and the Holocaust*. Crown, 2001, chapters on 1940. https://archive.org/details/ibm-and-the-holocaust-the-strategic-alliance-between-nazi-germany-and-americas-m
-[^42]: Gehlen, Reinhard. *The Service: The Memoirs of General Reinhard Gehlen*. World Publishing, 1972. https://archive.org/details/theservicethememoirsofgeneralreinhardgehlen
-[^43]: Central Intelligence Agency. *Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49*, vol. I, Document 1, "Statement of Gerhard Wessel on Development of the German Organization," and chronology. https://archive.org/details/CIAANDTHEORIGINSOFTHEBND1945-49VOL1-0001
+[^4]: Helms, Richard, with William Hood. *A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency*. New York: Random House, 2003, pp. 22-25.
+[^5]: Speer, Albert. *Inside the Third Reich*. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. Macmillan, 1970, pp. 94-95. https://archive.org/details/inside-the-third-reich-memoirs-by-albert-speer
+[^6]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^7]: Kurlander, Eric. "The Nazi Magicians' Controversy: Enlightenment, 'Border Science,' and Occultism in the Third Reich." *Central European History* 48, no. 4 (December 2015): 498-522, as quoted in Frey, Angelica. "Border Science vs. Commercial Occultism: A Nazi Debate." JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/border-science-vs-commercial-occultism-a-nazi-debate/
+[^8]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, p. 208, chapter "New Psychic Frontiers," citing Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier, *The Morning of the Magicians* (1960).
+[^9]: Dietz, P.A. "A successful psychometric experiment with the clairvoyant E. Hanussen." *Tijdschrift voor Parapsychologie*, 1930/31, 3, 70-76, as annotated in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP96-00792R000700700002-2, item 01377. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000700700002-2
+[^10]: Langer, Walter C. *The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report*. Basic Books, 1972, chapter on the OSS request.
+[^11]: Langer, Walter C. *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend*. Office of Strategic Services, 1943 (title page). CIA Reading Room document C02571145. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
+[^12]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, p. 86 as paginated in the CIA copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
+[^13]: Langer, *The Mind of Adolf Hitler*, 1972, chapter on the collaborators' diagnosis.
+[^14]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, section "Femininity," p. 122 as paginated in the CIA copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
+[^15]: Langer, *A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler*, 1943, p. 155 as paginated in the CIA copy; repeated in *The Mind of Adolf Hitler*, 1972, section "Hitler's Death." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-02571145
+[^16]: Murray, Henry A. *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler, with Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and after Germany's Surrender*. Harvard Psychological Clinic, October 1943. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler. Same text in CIA Reading Room document 02617886.
+[^17]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, pp. 29-30. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
+[^18]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, pp. 30-32. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
+[^19]: Murray, *Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler*, p. 33. https://archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler
+[^20]: Lovell, Stanley P. *Of Spies and Stratagems*. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963, pp. 84-85 and 89-90. https://archive.org/details/ofspiesstratagem0000stan
+[^21]: Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality. *Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression*, vol. VI. Government Printing Office, 1946. Document 3569-PS, translation of the covering letter of Martin Bormann, April 29, 1945, and Hitler's "Private Will and Testament," pp. 257-259. https://archive.org/details/naziconspiracyag06unit
+[^22]: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. VI, document 3569-PS, "My political Testament" and "Second Part of the Political Testament," pp. 259-262, with the editors' note on authentication. https://archive.org/details/naziconspiracyag06unit
+[^23]: FBI Vault, Adolf Hitler file: office memorandum of March 6, 1946 and Laboratory report of March 13, 1946 on the examination of the bound "Adolf Hitler: Certificate of Marriage, Private Will and Political Testament" for the War Department. https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
+[^24]: Martin Bormann's notes of Hitler's conversations, February to April 1945, published as *The Political Testament of Adolf Hitler*, edited by François Genoud (1961 edition). https://archive.org/details/PoliticalTestamentOfAdolfHitler
+[^25]: CIA Reading Room document C00416337, "The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives," Document No. 12, forensic examination of a male corpse at Berlin-Buch, May 8, 1945. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416337
+[^26]: CIA Reading Room document C00416337, "The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives," Document No. 13 and the commission summary. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416337
+[^27]: Leikind, Morris. "Studies in Pathography II: Adolph Hitler," p. 32. CIA Reading Room document C00416336. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00416336
+[^28]: OSS cable of August 7, 1945, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP13X00001R000100200005-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp13x00001r000100200005-7
+[^29]: FBI Vault, "Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)," Part 01 of 04, "Report on Hitler Hideout," Los Angeles file 105-410, September 21, 1945, p. 2. https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
+[^30]: FBI Vault, "Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)," Part 01 of 04, "Report on Hitler Hideout," Los Angeles file 105-410, September 21, 1945, p. 1 (synopsis). https://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler
+[^31]: FBI Vault, Adolf Hitler file: translations summarized July 28, 1948 of "Nueva York al Dia," May 22, 1948, and *El Tiempo* (Bogotá), June 20, 1948, with the Director's transmittal to the Division of Foreign Activity Correlation, State Department, copy to the Director of Central Intelligence. https://archive.org/details/fbi-hitler-adolf-ocr
+[^32]: CIA Reading Room document C00460209, dispatch No. 2592 from the acting chief of station to the Chief, WHD, dated October 3, 1955. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00460209
+[^33]: CIA Reading Room document C00460209, dispatch of October 3, 1955, closing paragraph. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00460209
+[^34]: Mason, James. *Siege: The Collected Writings of James Mason*, 2021 edition, foreword and "Serious Steps," *Siege* vol. IX, no. 4 (August 1980). https://archive.org/details/siege-the-collected-writings-james-mason
+[^35]: Johnson, Bethan, and Matthew Feldman. "Siege Culture After Siege: Anatomy of a Neo-Nazi Terrorist Doctrine." International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, p. 12. https://icct.nl/sites/default/files/2022-12/siege-culture-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine.pdf
+[^36]: Johnson and Feldman, "Siege Culture After Siege," pp. 12-13. https://icct.nl/sites/default/files/2022-12/siege-culture-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine.pdf
+[^37]: Counter Extremism Project. "James Mason's Siege: Ties to Extremists," March 4, 2022. https://www.counterextremism.com/themes/custom/cep/templates/reports/sieges_ties_to_extremists/files/James_Mason_Siege_Ties_to_Extremists_030422.pdf
+[^38]: Lowles, Nick. *White Riot: The Violent Story of Combat 18*. Milo Books, 2001.
+[^39]: Beck-aktuell. "Seehofer verbietet rechtsextremistischen Verein 'Combat 18 Deutschland,'" January 23, 2020. https://www.beck-aktuell.de/heute-im-recht/rechtsgeschehen/seehofer-verbietet-rechtsextremistischen-verein-combat-18-deutschland-2020-01-23; Terrorism Act 2000, Schedule 2, as amended, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2; Home Office, "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations," updated July 7, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2
+[^40]: Enfield Independent. "Nazi terrorist named after judge rejects anonymity bid." 2021. https://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/national/19002125.nazi-terrorist-named-judge-rejects-anonymity-bid/
+[^41]: Campaign Against Antisemitism. "Hitler-loving neo-Nazi who said it was his 'dream' to create a bloodbath arrested at Luton Airport and sentenced to four years." September 2019. https://antisemitism.org/hitler-loving-neo-nazi-who-said-it-was-his-dream-to-create-a-bloodbath-arrested-at-luton-airport-and-sentenced-to-four-years-in-prison
+[^42]: Black, Edwin. *IBM and the Holocaust*. Crown, 2001, chapters on 1940. https://archive.org/details/ibm-and-the-holocaust-the-strategic-alliance-between-nazi-germany-and-americas-m
+[^43]: Gehlen, Reinhard. *The Service: The Memoirs of General Reinhard Gehlen*. World Publishing, 1972. https://archive.org/details/theservicethememoirsofgeneralreinhardgehlen
+[^44]: Central Intelligence Agency. *Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49*, vol. I, Document 1, "Statement of Gerhard Wessel on Development of the German Organization," and chronology. https://archive.org/details/CIAANDTHEORIGINSOFTHEBND1945-49VOL1-0001

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eugene Hasenfus.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases:
   - Gene Hasenfus
   - Eugene H. Hasenfus
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-10-05
+updated: 2026-10-14
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
   - Person
@@ -64,17 +64,20 @@ The identity of the airframe is recorded differently by different sources. A DEA
 
 ### Press conference and the names Gomez and Medina
 
-On October 9, 1986 Hasenfus said in [[Managua]] that he had made ten flights supplying the contras, four from [[Aguacate]] air base in [[Honduras]] and six from [[Ilopango Airbase]] in El Salvador, that 24 to 26 "company people" assisted in El Salvador including "two Cuban nationalized Americans that worked for the CIA," and that he was to be paid $3,000 a month plus housing. He named "Max Gomez" and "Ramon Medina" as overseers of housing, transportation, refueling and flight plans.[^10][^7] Gomez was Felix Rodriguez and Medina was [[Luis Posada Carriles]].[^6] The independent counsel's chapter on Clair George records that Hasenfus had publicly identified Gomez, and that [[Clair George]] was charged with falsely denying before Congress that he knew Gomez's true identity.[^12] [[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that [[Alan Fiers]], then in charge of the CIA's Contra program, said the [[Sandinistas]] found among the crew's effects "all sorts of pocket litter that identified and connected them back to Ilopango," including cards of [[NHAO]] employees and flight logs.[^13]
+On October 9, 1986 Hasenfus said in [[Managua]] that he had made ten flights supplying the contras, four from [[Aguacate]] air base in [[Honduras]] and six from [[Ilopango Airbase]] in El Salvador, that 24 to 26 "company people" assisted in El Salvador including "two Cuban nationalized Americans that worked for the CIA," and that he was to be paid $3,000 a month plus housing. He named "Max Gomez" and "Ramon Medina" as overseers of housing, transportation, refueling and flight plans.[^7][^10] Gomez was Felix Rodriguez and Medina was [[Luis Posada Carriles]].[^6] The independent counsel's chapter on Clair George records that Hasenfus had publicly identified Gomez, and that [[Clair George]] was charged with falsely denying before Congress that he knew Gomez's true identity.[^12] [[Gary Webb]] wrote in *Dark Alliance* that [[Alan Fiers]], then in charge of the CIA's Contra program, said the [[Sandinistas]] found among the crew's effects "all sorts of pocket litter that identified and connected them back to Ilopango," including cards of [[NHAO]] employees and flight logs.[^13]
 
 ### The CIA and State statements
 
 On October 10, 1986 the CIA and the [[State Department]] briefed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for three hours. Assistant Secretary of State [[Elliott Abrams]] stated that "there is no U.S. Government involvement" in the supply system; Clair George and Fiers gave a statement denying a CIA connection with the C-123 or its crew; and the briefing record states that "no one knows why Mr. Hasenfus has claimed that he worked for CIA," that "he might have been exposed to pressure by the Sandinistas," or that he "might have been hired under 'false-flag' circumstances."[^3] The same day Fiers briefed House intelligence committee staff and described Rodriguez as a twenty-year Agency veteran who retired in 1978.[^14] In *Dark Alliance* Webb wrote that administration officials sent false press advisories, booked spokesmen on talk shows and sent CIA officials to give false testimony to congressional committees, and that this delayed congressional investigation long enough to pass the $100 million aid bill.[^13]
 
+On October 8, 1986 Elliott Abrams chaired a Restricted Interagency Group meeting on the downed aircraft. North did not attend. The group discussed demands for access to Hasenfus, Salvadoran denials of contra support, press guidance and legal counsel for Hasenfus. It was agreed that Abrams would ask North to have the contra umbrella organization assume responsibility for the flight.[^15] On October 15, 1986 Abrams told a House Foreign Affairs subcommittee that no one in the U.S. government knew who organized and paid for the flight. Asked whether anyone in the government did know, he said: "I wouldn't separate myself from the Government. We don't know."[^16] The independent counsel's report concluded that "Abrams was not truthful with the congressional committees."[^17]
+
 ### Trial and release
 
 Hasenfus was tried in Nicaragua and sentenced to 30 years in prison on charges related to delivering arms to the contras; he was pardoned a month later by President [[Daniel Ortega]].[^1] The independent counsel found that [[Oliver North]]'s notebooks of October 8 to 15, 1986 record conversations with [[Richard Secord]] and others about getting a lawyer for Hasenfus and about death benefits and funerals for the dead pilots; the Enterprise's manager [[Edward de Garay]] and North's friend [[William Haskell]] went to [[Panama]] to find a lawyer, without success, and Secord and [[Albert Hakim]] had [[Willard Zucker]] hire a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] lawyer who could not reach Nicaraguan officials. After the shootdown Secord told [[Rafael Quintero]] to set aside a $75,000 check and a $50,000 check to establish a defense fund; Quintero endorsed the first with a forged signature and sent both to a [[Bahamas]] bank. In December 1986 the Enterprise's air-support manager John Piowaty carried $6,000 in cash from Southern Air Transport in Miami to Hasenfus's wife Sally, two months of his salary, and the Enterprise arranged $3,000 in cash for Sawyer's burial at a funeral home in [[Magnolia, Arkansas]].[^6]
 
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Associated Press, "Key figure in the 1980s Iran-Contra affair dies," December 2025 (citing the Hansen-Onion-Martell Funeral Home obituary), as printed by the *Tribune Chronicle*. https://www.tribtoday.com/obituaries/2025/12/key-figure-in-the-1980s-iran-contra-affair-dies/
 [^2]: Alfonso Chardy, "Brother says captured kin once worked on CIA airline," *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, October 8, 1986 (CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00587R000200880028-6). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00587r000200880028-6
 [^3]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "Briefing on the C-123 Crash in Nicaragua: Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 10 October," OCA 86-3575, October 10, 1986, paragraphs 7, 9, 14 and 16. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00788192
@@ -89,3 +92,6 @@ Hasenfus was tried in Nicaragua and sentenced to 30 years in prison on charges r
 [^12]: Walsh, chapter 17, "United States v. Clair E. George." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm
 [^13]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 18, "We bust our ass and the government's involved."
 [^14]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "HPSCI Staff Briefing on Crash of C-123 in Nicaragua," OCA 86-3489, October 16, 1986, paragraph 12. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01390r000400550034-9
+[^15]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 25, "United States v. Elliott Abrams," section "The Hasenfus Shootdown" (RIG meeting of October 8, 1986), citing PROFs note from Cannistraro to Poindexter, October 8, 1986, and Fiers FBI 302, July 22, 1991. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_25.htm
+[^16]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 25, "United States v. Elliott Abrams," n. 75 (House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs testimony, October 15, 1986, pp. 31 to 33). https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_25.htm
+[^17]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 25, "United States v. Elliott Abrams," closing section on the October 1986 testimony. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_25.htm

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joseph McCarthy.md

@@ -3,40 +3,152 @@ category: "Political Figure"
 tags:
   - Person
   - Politician
+  - AntiCommunism
+  - Censure
+  - ArmyMcCarthyHearings
+  - LavenderScare
+  - WheelingSpeech
+  - PermanentSubcommittee
+aliases:
+  - "Joseph McCarthy"
+  - "Joseph R. McCarthy"
+  - "Joe McCarthy"
+  - "Senator McCarthy"
 summary: "U.S. Senator known for his anti-communist crusade and frequent visits to Clint Murchison's Hotel Del Charro alongside Nixon and Hoover."
 born: 1908-11-14
 died: 1957-05-02
 location: "Grand Chute, Wisconsin"
+created: 2025-08-05
+updated: 2026-10-14
 relations:
   - type: head_of
     with: "[[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]]"
     role: "chairman"
     start: 1953
-    fn: 3
+    fn: 13
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Roy Cohn]]"
     reverse: true
     role: "chief counsel"
     start: 1953-01-15
     end: 1954-08-13
-    fn: 2
+    fn: 16
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Army-McCarthy hearings]]"
     role: "subcommittee chairman until stepping aside; Welch exchange of June 9, 1954"
     start: 1954
     end: 1954
-    fn: 4
+    fn: 35
+  - type: subject_of
+    with: "[[Select Committee to Study Censure Charges]]"
+    role: "subject of the committee's inquiry under S. Res. 301; censure recommended on two categories"
+    start: 1954
+    end: 1954
+    fn: 37
+  - type: subject_of
+    with: "[[Tydings Committee]]"
+    role: "subject of the subcommittee's inquiry into his Wheeling charges"
+    start: 1950
+    end: 1950
+    fn: 7
 ---
-[[Joseph McCarthy]] was a [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] known for his anti-communist crusade in the 1950s. [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] was an ardent supporter of McCarthy. McCarthy was a frequent visitor to the exclusive Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, which Murchison, Sr. opened in the early 1950s. He was often seen there alongside [[Richard Nixon]] and [[J. Edgar Hoover]].[^1]
+[[Joseph McCarthy]] (1908 to 1957) was a Republican [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] from [[Wisconsin]] who led the anti-communist investigations of the early 1950s. He chaired the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] in 1953 and 1954, and the Senate censured him on December 2, 1954.[^1] Seymour wrote that [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] was an ardent supporter of McCarthy and that McCarthy was a frequent visitor to the [[Hotel Del Charro]] in [[La Jolla, California]], which Murchison opened in the early 1950s. Seymour also wrote that McCarthy was often seen there alongside [[Richard Nixon]] and [[J. Edgar Hoover]].[^2]
 
-### Subcommittee counsel and the Army hearings
+### The Wheeling charges and the Tydings subcommittee
 
-McCarthy offered the chief counsel post of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] to [[Roy Cohn|Roy M. Cohn]] in December 1952, after considering [[Robert Morris]], [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[John J. Sirica]]. Cohn served as chief counsel from January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954.[^2] In 1954 the subcommittee's investigation of the Army became the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, and McCarthy stepped aside as chairman while [[Karl Mundt]] presided.[^3] On June 9, 1954 (Part 59 of the hearings) Army special counsel [[Joseph Welch]] told McCarthy, after McCarthy raised the National Lawyers Guild membership of a young lawyer from Welch's firm: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" The remark was addressed to McCarthy; immediately before it Welch had told Cohn "I meant to do you no personal injury, and if I did, I beg your pardon," and McCarthy answered that Welch had been "baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours."[^4] The Senate censured McCarthy on December 2, 1954.[^3]
+On February 9, 1950, McCarthy spoke at a Lincoln Day gathering in [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling]] as the guest of the [[Ohio County Republican Women's Club]], at the [[Hotel McLure]]. A tape recording made by the radio station [[WWVA]] was certified by its news editor as matching the prepared script of a speech delivered that evening.[^3] The [[Wheeling Intelligencer]] reported the speech on February 10 under the headline "McCarthy Charges Reds Hold United States Jobs," over the byline of [[Frank Desmond]].[^4] In the speech McCarthy said: "I have here in my hand a list of 205," adding that it was "a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members" of the Communist Party.[^5]
+
+The [[State Department]] denied the charge. In a telegram to [[Harry S. Truman]] that McCarthy read into the Senate record on February 20, 1950, he wrote that he had "the names of 57 Communists who are in the State Department at present."[^6] The Senate referred the charges to a subcommittee of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] under [[Senate Resolution 231]], chaired by [[Millard Tydings|Millard E. Tydings]] of [[Maryland]]. The subcommittee's hearings were printed as [[State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation]].[^7] On July 20, 1950, Tydings presented the subcommittee's majority report to the Senate, with [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] filing individual views as a minority member. Summarizing the 81 cases before the subcommittee on the Senate floor, Tydings said of McCarthy's statements: "Then what is there other than a fraud and a hoax and a deceit about this whole matter?"[^8] On July 21, 1950 Senator [[Irving Ives]] of [[New York]] told the Senate that "yesterday the Senate was treated to the spectacle of a blistering demonstration" meant to prove that a fraud and a hoax had been committed on one of its members, and said that some might feel that if "a fraud and a hoax have been perpetrated on the Senate of the United States and the American people," the perpetration was evident in the subcommittee's disregard of the terms of Senate Resolution 231.[^9] The subcommittee's staff director, [[Edward P. Morgan]], was later among the figures McCarthy attacked in his own subcommittee's hearings, which the record describes as an effort to settle personal scores. The same record states that the Wheeling speech of 1950 had accused the department of harboring known Communists.[^10]
+
+### Homosexuality and the 1950 Hoey report
+
+In 1950 McCarthy denounced "those Communists and queers who have sold 400 million Asiatic people into atheistic slavery," in remarks the [[New York Times]] reported on April 21, 1950. He had also complained that the State Department reinstated homosexuals suspended for moral turpitude.[^11] A subcommittee of the [[Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments]], whose report was submitted by [[Clyde Hoey]], issued an interim report in December 1950 titled "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government." The report said that "the presence of a sex pervert in a Government agency tends to have a corrosive influence upon his fellow employees," and that homosexuals "are frequently victimized by blackmailers."[^12] The report stated that persons who bring disrepute to the Federal service by infamous or scandalous personal conduct "are not suitable for Government positions."[^12] The Senate's historical introduction describes its conclusion as being that homosexuals' vulnerability to blackmail made them security risks.[^11]
+
+### The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 1953
+
+McCarthy's chairmanship of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, a unit of the [[Committee on Government Operations]], held its hearings from February 16, 1953 to March 10, 1954.[^13] For chief counsel he considered [[Robert Morris]], [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[John J. Sirica]].[^14] In December 1952 he offered the post to [[Roy Cohn]], then twenty-six years old, who had briefly served in 1952 as special assistant to Attorney General [[James McGranery]]. In that post Cohn prepared a perjury indictment against [[Owen Lattimore]], and he had taken part in the prosecution of [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]].[^15] Cohn served as chief counsel from January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954.[^16]
+
+The subcommittee's roster listed [[G. David Schine]] as chief consultant, [[Karl Baarslag|Karl H. W. Baarslag]] as director of research, [[Francis P. Carr]] as executive director and [[Ruth Young Watt]] as chief clerk. [[John F. Kennedy]] of Massachusetts appeared on the full Committee on Government Operations roster.[^16] In July 1953 a dispute over the chairman's ability to hire staff without consultation caused the three Democrats on the subcommittee to resign, and they did not return until January 1954.[^17] McCarthy named [[J. B. Matthews]] executive director in June 1953. Matthews's article "Reds in Our Churches," published in the [[American Mercury]], caused a public uproar, and Matthews resigned voluntarily. McCarthy then appointed Carr.[^18]
+
+Schine, the subcommittee's only unpaid staff member, went with Cohn on a much-publicized April 1953 tour of United States information libraries in [[Europe]]. Schine was inducted into the [[U.S. Army|Army]] in November 1953, an event that led to the chairman's confrontation with the Army the following year.[^19] Robert F. Kennedy resigned as assistant counsel in August 1953 after coming to blows with Cohn, telling the chairman the subcommittee was "headed for disaster." He returned as minority counsel in 1954.[^20] Later in the 1950s Kennedy served as chief counsel of a special committee on labor racketeering formed by members and staff of the subcommittee together with the [[Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee]].[^21] The term "McCarthyism" was coined by the [[Washington Post]] cartoonist [[Herblock]] in 1950.[^22]
+
+The subcommittee held most of its hearings in Room 357 of the [[Senate Office Building]], held extensive hearings in [[New York City]] at the [[Foley Square]] federal courthouse and the [[Waldorf-Astoria]], and held other executive sessions at [[Fort Monmouth]], [[New Jersey]], and in [[Boston]].[^23]
+
+### The State Department, the Voice of America and the overseas libraries
+
+The closed hearings moved to two subsidiaries of the State Department, the [[Voice of America]] and the United States information libraries overseas. Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]] regarded the Voice of America as an unwanted appendage to the department and was not unsympathetic to some housecleaning. The [[Eisenhower administration]] came to worry that McCarthy's effort to clean out the "left-wing debris" was disrupting its own reorganization of the government.[^24] The subcommittee subpoenaed the authors of books in the overseas libraries rather than calling the officials who administered them. Cohn complained that "we subpoena maybe fifty and five show up."[^25] Investigators also examined State Department personnel files. A security officer, [[John E. Matson]], reported in 1953 that personnel files had been "looted" of derogatory information, and McCarthy contended that the files had been manipulated.[^26]
+
+Testimony in the closed sessions also reached the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]. A State Department file-room employee, identified in the record as Mrs. Balog, testified that an FBI agent had come to ask for the file of [[Frank Schuler]], a young Foreign Service officer whom Owen Lattimore had requested as his representative for the [[Office of War Information]] in the Far East. The agent asked whether the file was complete.[^27] Assistant counsel Robert F. Kennedy also staffed a separate investigation into the illegal trade with the [[People's Republic of China]].[^25]
+
+### William P. Bundy and the CIA, 1953
+
+In July 1953 McCarthy wrote to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] about [[William P. Bundy]], then an agency employee. McCarthy's information was that Bundy had contributed $400 to the defense of [[Alger Hiss]] and had been a member of the [[United Public Workers of America]].[^28] On July 27, 1953 McCarthy, as chairman of the subcommittee, wrote to [[Allen Dulles]] that the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency," given the agency's work in detecting people such as Hiss.[^29]
+
+The CIA reply, signed by [[Alba W. Doan]] as director, stated that Bundy had disclosed the $400 contribution on his March 1951 application for employment, and that the reasons he gave for it were not in accord, in certain respects, with those in McCarthy's letter. It recorded that Bundy had joined the union in the summer of 1940 while working at the [[Library of Congress]], attended one meeting and resigned after two months. It said the three allegations had been the subject of a complete field investigation, a personal interview and favorable determinations by the [[CIA Loyalty Board|CIA Loyalty Board]] and the [[Loyalty Review Board]] of the [[Civil Service Commission]]. Bundy had been attached to the agency's Office of Estimates since joining in 1951.[^28]
+
+[[Allen Drury]] reported on August 4, 1953 that in the exchange of letters Dulles had refused to tell McCarthy Bundy's explanation for the contribution.[^30] McCarthy's reply of August 3 argued that Bundy's contacts with and contributions to Hiss predated his CIA employment, and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers.[^31]
+
+The dispute widened to the printing of CIA material. On August 11, 1953 the CIA's [[Office of Legislative Counsel]] recorded that Cohn had telephoned about testimony that CIA classified material had been printed in the main [[Government Printing Office]] plant.[^32] On October 22, 1953 Dulles wrote to McCarthy that a check of the agency's reproduction facilities had found that "no classified CIA material is printed in the main GPO plant." He said the agency's legislative counsel, [[Walter Fforzheimer]], had informed the subcommittee's staff of these facts on August 12, and he asked that the letter be placed in the record.[^33]
+
+### The Marshall speech, 1951
+
+On June 14, 1951 McCarthy addressed the Senate on the career of General [[George C. Marshall]], then Secretary of Defense and formerly Secretary of State. The printed speech has sections headed "The Gospel of Fear," "They Planned It That Way," "Infamy So Black" and "Review of Marshall's Activities." It states: "How can we account for our present situation unless we believe that men high in this Government are concerting to deliver us to disaster? This must be the product of a great conspiracy, a conspiracy on a scale so immense as to dwarf any previous such venture in the history of man." It names [[Dean Acheson]] as one of those who "must be high on the roster" of the conspiracy.[^34]
+
+### The Army-McCarthy hearings, 1954
+
+The Army alleged that McCarthy had sought special treatment for one of his former staff members. The subcommittee's investigation of the Army became the [[Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges|Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges]] involving [[Robert T. Stevens]], [[John G. Adams]], [[H. Struve Hensel]], McCarthy, Cohn and Carr. The [[Army-McCarthy hearings]] ran from March 16 to June 17, 1954 and were broadcast on national television. McCarthy temporarily stepped down as chairman and as a member, [[Karl Mundt]] presided as acting chairman, and [[Henry Dworshak]] was seated in McCarthy's place. The Senate report on the hearings was dated August 31, 1954.[^35]
+
+On June 9, 1954 (Part 59 of the hearings) Army special counsel [[Joseph Welch]] told McCarthy, after McCarthy raised the [[National Lawyers Guild]] membership of a young lawyer from Welch's firm: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" The remark was addressed to McCarthy. Immediately before it Welch had told Cohn "I meant to do you no personal injury, and if I did, I beg your pardon," and McCarthy answered that Welch had been "baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours."[^36]
+
+### Censure, 1954
+
+The Senate created the [[Select Committee to Study Censure Charges]] under [[Senate Resolution 301|S. Res. 301]], chaired by [[Arthur V. Watkins]] of [[Utah]], with [[Edwin C. Johnson]] as vice chairman and members including [[John C. Stennis]], [[Frank Carlson]], [[Francis Case]] and [[Sam J. Ervin Jr.]].[^37] The committee's report divided the charges into five categories. It recommended censure on the category of contempt of the Senate or a senatorial committee and on the category concerning the treatment of [[Ralph W. Zwicker]], a brigadier general of the Army. It recommended against censure on the other three categories.[^37]
+
+The contempt category arose from McCarthy's dealings with the subcommittee on privileges and elections of the [[Senate Committee on Rules and Administration]], which had acted on a resolution introduced in 1951 by [[William Benton]] and on the 1950 Maryland senatorial election. The Senate had voted 60 to 0 in [[Senate Resolution 300]] to affirm that subcommittee's jurisdiction and the integrity of its members.[^38] On the category concerning classified information, the committee found that McCarthy had offered, in the course of his defense before the subcommittee, to make public a document bearing the markings of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Personal and Confidential via Liaison," concerning possible espionage at a defense installation. It found that the 2¼-page document had been taken in part from a 15-page interdepartmental memorandum from the FBI to the Army dated January 15, 1951, marked confidential, and that McCarthy knew in May 1953, when he acquired it, that it had been extracted in part from a document containing security information.[^39] The committee wrote that McCarthy "committed grave error" in offering to make public a classified document, but that "[t]hese mitigating circumstances are such that we do not recommend censure on the specifications included in category III."[^40]
+
+On the Zwicker category the committee concluded that "the conduct of Senator McCarthy toward General Zwicker was reprehensible, and that for this conduct he should be censured by the Senate."[^41] The Senate condemned McCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22 on December 2, 1954, for abuse and noncooperation with the subcommittee on privileges and elections.[^42]
 
----
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
-[^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84 (made public January 2003), historical introduction (pp. XV to XVI) and "Subcommittee Staff Appointed in 1953-1954" (Roy M. Cohn, chief counsel, January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
-[^3]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings" (Senate Historical Office), describing the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, the acting chairmanship of Karl Mundt, and the December 2, 1954 censure. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
-[^4]: Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 83d Cong., 2d Sess., S. Res. 189, Part 59 (June 9, 1954), pp. 2428 to 2429. https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv59unit
+[^1]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings," Senate Historical Office, identifying McCarthy as Wisconsin Republican (R-WI), the subcommittee chairmanship and the censure of December 2, 1954. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
+[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^3]: Affidavit of the news editor of radio station WWVA certifying the tape recording of McCarthy's speech at the Hotel McLure, Wheeling, West Virginia, on February 9, 1950, reproduced in U.S. Senate, Hearings, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Part 2 (Appendix), 81st Cong., 2d sess. (Washington: GPO, 1950), p. 1763. https://archive.org/details/statedepartmente195002unit
+[^4]: Frank Desmond, "McCarthy Charges Reds Hold United States Jobs," Wheeling (W. Va.) Intelligencer, February 10, 1950, reprinted in State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Part 2 (Appendix), p. 1756. https://archive.org/details/statedepartmente195002unit
+[^5]: McCarthy speech at Wheeling, February 9, 1950, as reproduced in State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Part 2 (Appendix), pp. 1761 and 1765. https://archive.org/details/statedepartmente195002unit
+[^6]: Congressional Record, vol. 96, pt. 2, February 20, 1950, Senate proceedings, "Communists in Government Service," McCarthy's remarks including the text of his telegram to President Truman, beginning at p. 1952. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_february-03-march-04-1950_96
+[^7]: State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Part 2 (Appendix), cover page and committee roster, Subcommittee Appointed Under Senate Resolution 231, Chairman Millard E. Tydings, Committee on Foreign Relations, 81st Cong., 2d sess. (1950). https://archive.org/details/statedepartmente195002unit
+[^8]: Congressional Record, vol. 96, pt. 8, July 20, 1950, Senate proceedings, remarks of Senator Millard E. Tydings on the report of the subcommittee under S. Res. 231. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_july-12-31-1950_96
+[^9]: Congressional Record, vol. 96, pt. 8, July 21, 1950, Senate proceedings, remarks of Senator Irving M. Ives on the majority report and the individual views of Senator Lodge, p. 10773. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_july-12-31-1950_96
+[^10]: Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84 (2003), historical introduction by Donald A. Ritchie, pp. XIX (Morgan, Tydings subcommittee) and XXIV (Wheeling speech). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^11]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXV, including note 23 citing New York Times, April 21, 1950, and the report Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, 81st Cong., 2d sess. (1950). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^12]: Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, Interim Report, S. Doc. 241, 81st Cong., 2d sess. (December 15, 1950), pp. 2 to 3 of the printed report. https://archive.org/details/glassgovernment-senate-doc-241-hoey-1950
+[^13]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings," listing the McCarthy hearings as February 16, 1953 to March 10, 1954 and the subcommittee chairmanship. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
+[^14]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XV. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^15]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVI. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^16]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, committee and subcommittee rosters (Committee on Government Operations; Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Chief Counsel Roy M. Cohn, Chief Consultant G. David Schine, Director of Research Karl H. W. Baarslag) and the appendix "Subcommittee Staff Appointed in 1953-1954" (Cohn, January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^17]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XV. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^18]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVIII, citing G. F. Goodwin, "Joseph Brown Matthews," Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 8 (1988). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^19]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^20]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^21]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXVIII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^22]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVIII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^23]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVII. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^24]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXV. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^25]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXVI, including note 26 and the investigation of the illegal trade with the People's Republic of China staffed by Robert F. Kennedy. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^26]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XXV, citing "The Raided Files," Newsweek, February 16, 1953. https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^27]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, testimony of Mrs. Balog in the closed session, p. 191 of the printed volume (questioning by Donald A. Surine on the file of Frank Schuler and the Owen Lattimore letter). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^28]: Letter from Alba W. Doan, Director, Central Intelligence Agency, to Joseph R. McCarthy, July 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080014-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080014-6
+[^29]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
+[^30]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
+[^31]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9
+[^32]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry for Tuesday, August 11, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00682R000200090091-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00682r000200090091-4
+[^33]: Letter from Allen W. Dulles to Joseph R. McCarthy, October 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP86B00269R000100130103-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000100130103-2
+[^34]: Congressional Record, vol. 97, pt. 5, June 14, 1951, Senate proceedings, remarks of Senator McCarthy on General Marshall, passage "Infamy So Black" at p. 6602. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-28-june-27-1951_97
+[^35]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings," describing the Army allegation, the Special Senate Investigation, the hearing dates of March 16 to June 17, 1954, the broadcast, Mundt as acting chairman, Dworshak's seating and the August 31, 1954 report. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
+[^36]: Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Investigations, 83d Cong., 2d sess., Part 59 (June 9, 1954), pp. 2428 to 2429. https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv59unit
+[^37]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, Report on Resolution to Censure, S. Rept. 83-2508, 83d Cong., 2d sess. (1954), roster and recommendations pursuant to S. Res. 301. Copy in CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00965R000500040014-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
+[^38]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category I, Part A and Part B (findings on Senate Resolution 187, introduced by Senator Benton on August 6, 1951, and Senate Resolution 300, adopted 60 to 0). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
+[^39]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, Report on Resolution to Censure, Category III, Parts B and C (document with FBI markings; 15-page FBI memorandum of January 15, 1951), pp. 42 to 44. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
+[^40]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category III and its conclusions, pp. 44 to 45 ("grave error" on p. 44, "[t]hese mitigating circumstances" on p. 45). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
+[^41]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category V, Conclusions, p. 61, concerning Brigadier General Ralph W. Zwicker. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
+[^42]: U.S. Senate, "Senate Censure Table," entry for Joseph R. McCarthy (R-WI), December 2, 1954, condemned 67 to 22, with the stated charge of abuse and noncooperation with the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/censure.htm

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Karl Krafft.md

@@ -8,13 +8,15 @@ summary: "Karl Krafft was a Swiss astrologer known for his influence on high-ran
 born: 1900-05-10
 died: 1945-01-08
 location: "Basel, Switzerland"
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 
 Karl Krafft was a Swiss astrologer known for his influence on high-ranking Nazi officials. He is particularly noted for constructing star charts that allegedly influenced [[Rudolf Hess]]'s decision to undertake his rogue flight to Scotland in May 1941. Hess, the Deputy Führer of [[Nazi Germany]], reportedly chose this date based on astrological advice, as the star chart allegedly indicated that the six planets were in Taurus and the moon would be full[^1].
 
 Following Hess's flight, [[Adolf Hitler]] declared Hess legally insane and responded with "[[Special Action Hess]]", a mass arrest of more than 600 astrologers, fortune-tellers, clairvoyants, faith healers, and other German practitioners of the supernatural or occult. Krafft was among those ensnared in this crackdown[^1]. [[Wilhelm Wulff]], another astrologer who became [[Heinrich Himmler]]'s personal astrologer, noted that a decree was issued making it illegal to "predict future events, the divination of the present or the past, and all other forms of revelation not based on natural processes of perception"[^1].
 
-Despite the official suppression, the Nazi head of foreign intelligence, [[Walter Schellenberg]], made an important point to [[Wilhelm Wulff]] about the power of mystical belief systems, stating they were "a suitable vehicle for the propagation of political concepts and for the political control of a nation"[^1]. This suggests that while publicly condemned, such practices were understood for their potential manipulative power, a manipulation also seen in the Allied use of [[Louis de Wohl]] during [[World War II]][^1].
+Despite the official suppression, the Nazi head of foreign intelligence, [[Walter Schellenberg]], made an important point to Wilhelm Wulff about the power of mystical belief systems, stating they were "a suitable vehicle for the propagation of political concepts and for the political control of a nation"[^1]. This suggests that while publicly condemned, such practices were understood for their potential manipulative power, a manipulation also seen in the Allied use of [[Louis de Wohl]] during [[World War II]][^1].
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. New York: Little, Brown, 2017, p. 17, citing Wilhelm Wulff, *Zodiac and Swastika* (1973), p. 94.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard Helms.md

@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ relations:
   - type: partner_of
     with: "[[Mohammed Rahim Motaghi Irvani]]"
     role: "principal partner in Safeer, the consulting firm Helms founded; Irvani was also its chief financier"
-    fn: 22
+    fn: 28
 ---
 
 Richard McGarrah Helms (March 30, 1913 - October 22, 2002) served as [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[Director of Central Intelligence]] from June 30, 1966, to February 2, 1973 - the only career CIA clandestine officer ever to hold that position, and the only DCI ever convicted of a criminal offense related to his service. A professional intelligence officer who entered the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] during [[World War II]] and spent thirty years in the CIA, Helms authorized [[Operation CHAOS]] domestic surveillance, approved continuation of the [[MKULTRA]] human experimentation program, ordered the destruction of both programs' records before congressional investigators could access them, and in 1977 pleaded no contest to making false statements to Congress about CIA operations against Chilean President [[Salvador Allende]]. He simultaneously held the personal conviction, disclosed to his deputies, that [[Israel]] was using American intelligence as "an open pipeline for pumping intelligence to [[Moscow]]" - a view he never officially reported.[^1]
 
 ### OSS and Early CIA Career
 
-Helms attended Williams College and briefly worked as a journalist in [[Germany]], interviewing [[Adolf Hitler]] for United Press in 1936. Commissioned into the [[U.S. Navy]] during World War II, he was transferred to the OSS and worked in London and the European theater on propaganda and agent operations. He joined the [[Central Intelligence Group]] (the CIA's predecessor organization) in 1947 and transferred into the CIA at its founding.
+Helms attended Williams College and briefly worked as a journalist in [[Germany]], interviewing [[Adolf Hitler]] for United Press in 1936. Sent alone to the Nazi Party Congress at Nuremberg that year, he received an invitation to a luncheon with Hitler at the Nuremberg Castle, where he was introduced to [[Rudolf Hess]] and [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]].[^2] Commissioned into the [[U.S. Navy]] during World War II, he was transferred to the OSS and worked in London and the European theater on propaganda and agent operations. He joined the [[Central Intelligence Group]] (the CIA's predecessor organization) in 1947 and transferred into the CIA at its founding.
 
 His career progressed through the CIA's clandestine service. By the late 1950s he was serving as Deputy Director of Plans (DDP), the agency's chief of covert operations - a position he held through the [[Bay of Pigs]] invasion of 1961 and the early Kennedy years. As DDP he oversaw the [[ZR/RIFLE]] assassination planning program targeting [[Fidel Castro]] through the CIA-organized crime connection, and he personally knew about the CIA-Mafia assassination plots that he subsequently failed to disclose to the [[Warren Commission]] investigating Kennedy's death.
 
@@ -42,33 +42,33 @@ President [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] appointed Helms as DCI in 1966, t
 
 ### The Warren Commission and ZR/RIFLE
 
-When the Warren Commission was established in November 1963 to investigate Kennedy's assassination, Helms as DDP was the CIA officer most directly responsible for the ZR/RIFLE program - the CIA's ongoing assassination plots against Castro using organized crime intermediaries [[Johnny Roselli]], [[Sam Giancana]], and [[Santos Trafficante, Jr.|Santo Trafficante Jr.]] Helms did not disclose the existence of these plots to the Commission. The [[Church Committee]]'s final report states that neither the CIA nor the FBI told the Commission about the CIA attempts to assassinate Castro, and that none of the testimony or documents the Commission received mentioned them.[^2] [[David Belin]], the Commission's counsel, wrote in 1975 that "[a]t no time did the CIA disclose to the Warren Commission any facts which pertained to alleged assassination plans to kill Fidel Castro."[^3]
+When the Warren Commission was established in November 1963 to investigate Kennedy's assassination, Helms as DDP was the CIA officer most directly responsible for the ZR/RIFLE program - the CIA's ongoing assassination plots against Castro using organized crime intermediaries [[Johnny Roselli]], [[Sam Giancana]], and [[Santos Trafficante, Jr.|Santo Trafficante Jr.]] Helms did not disclose the existence of these plots to the Commission. The [[Church Committee]]'s final report states that neither the CIA nor the FBI told the Commission about the CIA attempts to assassinate Castro, and that none of the testimony or documents the Commission received mentioned them.[^3] [[David Belin]], the Commission's counsel, wrote in 1975 that "[a]t no time did the CIA disclose to the Warren Commission any facts which pertained to alleged assassination plans to kill Fidel Castro."[^4]
 
-The Church Committee's 1975 interim report states that Helms "failed to inform the Warren Commission of the plots because the precise question was not asked."[^4] Helms testified to the committee in July 1975. Asked by Senator Morgan whether he was charged with furnishing the Commission information from the CIA that he thought was relevant, he answered: "No sir. I was instructed to reply to inquiries from the Warren Commission for information from the Agency. I was not asked to initiate any particular thing." To Morgan's statement "if you weren't asked for it, you didn't give it," he answered: "That's right, sir." He said he did not recall being instructed, or deciding on his own, to cover the precise details of the Agency's operations with the Commission, and that his recollection at the time was that it was public knowledge the United States was trying to get rid of Castro.[^5] He said that [[Allen Dulles]] "was sitting right there" in the Commission's deliberations and "knew about this," and that he did not know what Dulles had said to the Commission about the plots.[^5] Book V records that Helms was the only CIA official who was both in contact with the Commission and knowledgeable of the AMLASH operation, although he would not characterize that operation as an assassination plot.[^5][^6]
+The Church Committee's 1975 interim report states that Helms "failed to inform the Warren Commission of the plots because the precise question was not asked."[^5] Helms testified to the committee in July 1975. Asked by Senator Morgan whether he was charged with furnishing the Commission information from the CIA that he thought was relevant, he answered: "No sir. I was instructed to reply to inquiries from the Warren Commission for information from the Agency. I was not asked to initiate any particular thing." To Morgan's statement "if you weren't asked for it, you didn't give it," he answered: "That's right, sir." He said he did not recall being instructed, or deciding on his own, to cover the precise details of the Agency's operations with the Commission, and that his recollection at the time was that it was public knowledge the United States was trying to get rid of Castro.[^6] He said that [[Allen Dulles]] "was sitting right there" in the Commission's deliberations and "knew about this," and that he did not know what Dulles had said to the Commission about the plots.[^6] Book V records that Helms was the only CIA official who was both in contact with the Commission and knowledgeable of the AMLASH operation, although he would not characterize that operation as an assassination plot.[^6][^7]
 
-The Church Committee's final report of 1976 states that why senior FBI and CIA officials permitted the Commission to reach its conclusion without all relevant information "is still unclear," and that "the possibility exists that senior officials in both agencies made conscious decisions not to disclose potentially important information."[^7] The House Select Committee on Assassinations reported that Helms indicated he did not inform the Commission of the anti-Castro plots because he was never asked to testify before it about operations, and stated in a note that it considered this an unacceptable explanation, since the Commission was unaware of the plots and could not make a specific request about them. The same committee stated that only Helms would have been in a position to have both the knowledge and the power to cover up the plots, and that it was satisfied, on the basis of its investigation, that it was highly unlikely he did.[^8][^9]
+The Church Committee's final report of 1976 states that why senior FBI and CIA officials permitted the Commission to reach its conclusion without all relevant information "is still unclear," and that "the possibility exists that senior officials in both agencies made conscious decisions not to disclose potentially important information."[^8] The House Select Committee on Assassinations reported that Helms indicated he did not inform the Commission of the anti-Castro plots because he was never asked to testify before it about operations, and stated in a note that it considered this an unacceptable explanation, since the Commission was unaware of the plots and could not make a specific request about them. The same committee stated that only Helms would have been in a position to have both the knowledge and the power to cover up the plots, and that it was satisfied, on the basis of its investigation, that it was highly unlikely he did.[^9][^10]
 
-The CIA Inspector General's report of May 23, 1967 on plots to assassinate Castro, which according to its covering memorandum had been read only by Helms, the Inspector General and two of its authors, records that according to [[Desmond FitzGerald]], he discussed the planned October 29, 1963 meeting with the Cuban official code-named AMLASH with Helms, who decided it was not necessary to seek [[Robert Kennedy]]'s approval for FitzGerald to speak in his name.[^10] It states that "it is likely that at the very moment President Kennedy was shot a CIA officer was meeting with a Cuban agent in Paris and giving him an assassination device for use against Castro," and that "The AMLASH project was probably about as widely known within the Clandestine Services as any other project of a similar nature."[^11]
+The CIA Inspector General's report of May 23, 1967 on plots to assassinate Castro, which according to its covering memorandum had been read only by Helms, the Inspector General and two of its authors, records that according to [[Desmond FitzGerald]], he discussed the planned October 29, 1963 meeting with the Cuban official code-named AMLASH with Helms, who decided it was not necessary to seek [[Robert Kennedy]]'s approval for FitzGerald to speak in his name.[^11] It states that "it is likely that at the very moment President Kennedy was shot a CIA officer was meeting with a Cuban agent in Paris and giving him an assassination device for use against Castro," and that "The AMLASH project was probably about as widely known within the Clandestine Services as any other project of a similar nature."[^12]
 
 ### Operation CHAOS Authorization and Records Destruction
 
 In August 1967, Helms received President Johnson's instruction to determine whether foreign powers were directing the American antiwar movement. He tasked [[James Jesus Angleton|James Angleton]]'s Counterintelligence Staff with establishing the Special Operations Group that became MHCHAOS. He subsequently expanded the program under President Nixon's administration, approving Project MERRIMAC (domestic infiltration of antiwar organizations) and [[Project RESISTANCE]] (coordination with campus administrators and local police to compile dossiers on student organizations).
 
-In December 1972, knowing that Watergate-related congressional investigations were expanding, Helms ordered the operational records of MHCHAOS destroyed. A partial cache of budget and administrative documents survived only because it had been misfiled in a different location. The records of MKULTRA, the CIA's two-decade human experimentation program using LSD and other substances on unwitting subjects, were destroyed in January 1973. Technical Services Division personnel destroyed them on the verbal orders of [[Sidney Gottlieb]]. Gottlieb testified that he was carrying out a verbal order from Helms in doing so, and Helms confirmed that the order was his.[^12] The Church Committee found that these records destructions had permanently deprived investigators of a complete documentary record of both programs.[^1]
+In December 1972, knowing that Watergate-related congressional investigations were expanding, Helms ordered the operational records of MHCHAOS destroyed. A partial cache of budget and administrative documents survived only because it had been misfiled in a different location. The records of MKULTRA, the CIA's two-decade human experimentation program using LSD and other substances on unwitting subjects, were destroyed in January 1973. Technical Services Division personnel destroyed them on the verbal orders of [[Sidney Gottlieb]]. Gottlieb testified that he was carrying out a verbal order from Helms in doing so, and Helms confirmed that the order was his.[^13] The Church Committee found that these records destructions had permanently deprived investigators of a complete documentary record of both programs.[^1]
 
 ### Proposing and Protecting MKULTRA
 
-Helms was the program's originator as much as its protector. On April 3, 1953 he formally proposed to Director Allen Dulles a program under Sidney Gottlieb for the "covert use of biological and chemical materials," arguing that "the development of a comprehensive capability in this field gives us a thorough knowledge of the enemy's theoretical potential" against "a foe who might not be as restrained ... as we are"; Dulles approved it as MKULTRA ten days later. Helms nurtured Gottlieb as his personal specialist and, bypassing the layers of command between them, dealt with him directly, embodying the conviction he later voiced in Senate testimony, that a clandestine operator "can't count on the honesty of your agent ... unless you own him body and soul." When the program needed a new charter in 1964 he agreed to rename it [[MKSEARCH]] on the condition that its substance remain the same.[^13]
+Helms was the program's originator as much as its protector. On April 3, 1953 he formally proposed to Director Allen Dulles a program under Sidney Gottlieb for the "covert use of biological and chemical materials," arguing that "the development of a comprehensive capability in this field gives us a thorough knowledge of the enemy's theoretical potential" against "a foe who might not be as restrained ... as we are"; Dulles approved it as MKULTRA ten days later. Helms nurtured Gottlieb as his personal specialist and, bypassing the layers of command between them, dealt with him directly, embodying the conviction he later voiced in Senate testimony, that a clandestine operator "can't count on the honesty of your agent ... unless you own him body and soul." When the program needed a new charter in 1964 he agreed to rename it [[MKSEARCH]] on the condition that its substance remain the same.[^14]
 
 ### MKULTRA Continuation and Psychic Research
 
 Helms had approved continuation of MKULTRA through his DDP years and as DCI. He was aware of the program's scope, including the experiments conducted on unconsenting patients at Canadian psychiatric facilities under the direction of Dr. [[D. Ewen Cameron]] at McGill University's [[Allan Memorial Institute]] (Subproject 68), and the experiments using unwitting American subjects in safe houses operated through the Sexual Freedom Project in [[San Francisco]] and [[New York]].
 
-Separately, Helms authorized and expanded the CIA's psychic research program based in part on assessments of Soviet parapsychology research. He approved testing of [[Uri Geller]] at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] and the broader program that evolved into [[Project Stargate]]. His authorization reflected a characteristically pragmatic judgment: if the Soviets were investing in the capability, the CIA needed to assess whether it was real.[^14]
+Separately, Helms authorized and expanded the CIA's psychic research program based in part on assessments of Soviet parapsychology research. He approved testing of [[Uri Geller]] at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] and the broader program that evolved into [[Project Stargate]]. His authorization reflected a characteristically pragmatic judgment: if the Soviets were investing in the capability, the CIA needed to assess whether it was real.[^15]
 
 ### Chile: Covert Action and Congressional Perjury
 
-In September 1970, following the election of Socialist candidate Salvador Allende in [[Chile]], President Nixon instructed Helms in a meeting at the [[White House]] to conduct covert operations to prevent Allende from assuming the presidency. At the White House meeting of September 15, 1970, attended by [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] and Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell]], Helms's notes record "1 in 10 chance perhaps, but save Chile!", "$10,000,000 available, more if necessary" and "game plan make the economy scream." The Church Committee wrote that Nixon instructed the CIA at that meeting to play a direct role in organizing a military coup.[^24][^25] In his August 12, 1975 testimony Kissinger said that at that meeting "President Nixon did almost all of the talking."[^26] On September 12, 1970, Kissinger told Helms by telephone that he was calling a [[40 Committee]] meeting for the following Monday, and said: "We will not let Chile go down the drain."[^27] A CIA memorandum for the record of September 16, 1970, "Genesis of Project FUBELT," records Helms telling CIA officials that "President Nixon had decided that an Allende regime in Chile was not acceptable to the United States."[^28]
+In September 1970, following the election of Socialist candidate Salvador Allende in [[Chile]], President Nixon instructed Helms in a meeting at the [[White House]] to conduct covert operations to prevent Allende from assuming the presidency. At the White House meeting of September 15, 1970, attended by [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] and Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell]], Helms's notes record "1 in 10 chance perhaps, but save Chile!", "$10,000,000 available, more if necessary" and "game plan make the economy scream." The Church Committee wrote that Nixon instructed the CIA at that meeting to play a direct role in organizing a military coup.[^16][^17] In his August 12, 1975 testimony Kissinger said that at that meeting "President Nixon did almost all of the talking."[^18] On September 12, 1970, Kissinger told Helms by telephone that he was calling a [[40 Committee]] meeting for the following Monday, and said: "We will not let Chile go down the drain."[^19] A CIA memorandum for the record of September 16, 1970, "Genesis of Project FUBELT," records Helms telling CIA officials that "President Nixon had decided that an Allende regime in Chile was not acceptable to the United States."[^20]
 
 The CIA subsequently funded opposition media, political parties, and military factions. General [[Augusto Pinochet]] seized power in a coup on September 11, 1973 - the same year Helms was replaced as DCI and sent as U.S. Ambassador to [[Iran]].
 
@@ -76,19 +76,19 @@ In February 1973, when Helms testified before the [[Senate Foreign Relations Com
 
 ### The Israeli estimate and the June 1967 warning
 
-On May 25, 1967, Helms had the [[Office of National Estimates]] appraise an Israeli intelligence estimate within five hours. The appraisal stated: "We do not believe that the Israeli appreciation . . . was a serious estimate of the sort they would submit to their own high officials. We think it is probably a gambit intended to influence the US to do one or more of the following: (a) provide military supplies, (b) make more public commitments to Israel, (c) approve Israeli military initiatives, and (d) put more pressure on Nasser." [[David S. Robarge]], the CIA's chief historian, describes the Israeli paper as a [[Mossad]] estimate and writes that the Israelis may have been exploiting their special relationship with James Jesus Angleton.[^15][^16]
+On May 25, 1967, Helms had the [[Office of National Estimates]] appraise an Israeli intelligence estimate within five hours. The appraisal stated: "We do not believe that the Israeli appreciation . . . was a serious estimate of the sort they would submit to their own high officials. We think it is probably a gambit intended to influence the US to do one or more of the following: (a) provide military supplies, (b) make more public commitments to Israel, (c) approve Israeli military initiatives, and (d) put more pressure on Nasser." [[David S. Robarge]], the CIA's chief historian, describes the Israeli paper as a [[Mossad]] estimate and writes that the Israelis may have been exploiting their special relationship with James Jesus Angleton.[^21][^22]
 
-On June 1, 1967, Helms's deputy, Vice Admiral [[Rufus Taylor]], wrote the memorandum of the conversation between Major General [[Meir Amit]] and Secretary of Defense [[Robert S. McNamara]], captioned "Personal and Eyes Only for the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence."[^17] Robarge writes that Helms met a senior Israeli official on June 1 who hinted that Israel could no longer avoid a decision, that the official left the United States on June 2, and that that morning Helms wrote an "Eyes Only" letter to President Johnson forewarning that Israel probably would start a war within a few days.[^18] Helms was awakened at 3:00 a.m. on June 5 by a call from the CIA Operations Center. He recalled that "in the midst of one meeting" during the war Johnson asked how accurate his intelligence on the progress of the war was, and that he answered: "It's accurate just as long as the Israelis are winning."[^16]
+On June 1, 1967, Helms's deputy, Vice Admiral [[Rufus Taylor]], wrote the memorandum of the conversation between Major General [[Meir Amit]] and Secretary of Defense [[Robert S. McNamara]], captioned "Personal and Eyes Only for the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence."[^23] Robarge writes that Helms met a senior Israeli official on June 1 who hinted that Israel could no longer avoid a decision, that the official left the United States on June 2, and that that morning Helms wrote an "Eyes Only" letter to President Johnson forewarning that Israel probably would start a war within a few days.[^24] Helms was awakened at 3:00 a.m. on June 5 by a call from the CIA Operations Center. He recalled that "in the midst of one meeting" during the war Johnson asked how accurate his intelligence on the progress of the war was, and that he answered: "It's accurate just as long as the Israelis are winning."[^22]
 
 ### NUMEC letter, April 1968
 
-On April 2, 1968, Helms wrote to Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] asking that the FBI "initiate a discreet intelligence investigation of an all source nature of Dr. Shapiro in order to establish the nature and extent of his relationship with the Government of Israel," and asked that the letter be returned to him once the Attorney General had acted, because the subject matter was "so sensitive for obvious reasons." A twelve-line passage before the request remains redacted.[^19] The subject was [[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro]] of the [[Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation]].
+On April 2, 1968, Helms wrote to Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] asking that the FBI "initiate a discreet intelligence investigation of an all source nature of Dr. Shapiro in order to establish the nature and extent of his relationship with the Government of Israel," and asked that the letter be returned to him once the Attorney General had acted, because the subject matter was "so sensitive for obvious reasons." A twelve-line passage before the request remains redacted.[^25] The subject was [[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro]] of the [[Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation]].
 
 ### Israel: The "Open Pipeline" Assessment
 
 Helms developed a personal conviction, disclosed to his deputies, that Israel was providing American satellite intelligence to the [[Soviet Union]] as part of an undisclosed intelligence exchange - characterizing Israel as "an open pipeline for pumping intelligence to Moscow." He never officially reported this assessment or commissioned a formal investigation, and he took no documented action on it. His reluctance reflected both the sensitivity of accusing an ally and the particular weight of any assessment that ran against the interests managed by Angleton's [[KK MOUNTAIN]] Israeli liaison program.
 
-When President Johnson sought an intelligence assessment of whether Israel had manufactured nuclear weapons, Helms provided the estimate (four warheads) and then obeyed Johnson's instruction that the finding be buried rather than formally reported. Johnson did not want intelligence conclusions that would require him to act on them politically. Helms's willingness to suppress an accurate intelligence product at presidential direction exemplified the institutional failure the Church Committee later documented.[^20]
+When President Johnson sought an intelligence assessment of whether Israel had manufactured nuclear weapons, Helms provided the estimate (four warheads) and then obeyed Johnson's instruction that the finding be buried rather than formally reported. Johnson did not want intelligence conclusions that would require him to act on them politically. Helms's willingness to suppress an accurate intelligence product at presidential direction exemplified the institutional failure the Church Committee later documented.[^26]
 
 ### Iran, Retirement, and Memoirs
 
@@ -98,39 +98,40 @@ He published his memoirs, *A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intell
 
 ### Irvani, Safeer and the 1978 Financial General Bid
 
-Helms was dismissed as director of central intelligence by President Richard Nixon in February 1973 and was then appointed ambassador to Iran until 1977, where he met [[Mohammed Rahim Motaghi Irvani]], an Iranian industrialist who had founded the Melli Industrial Group in 1949.[^21] On October 31, 1977 Helms pleaded no contest to two charges, in return for a government recommendation that he not be sentenced to prison. In the fall of 1977 [[Clark Clifford]] visited a senior Justice Department official to argue against an indictment, saying that such charges could damage the U.S. intelligence community.[^21]
+Helms was dismissed as director of central intelligence by President Richard Nixon in February 1973 and was then appointed ambassador to Iran until 1977, where he met [[Mohammed Rahim Motaghi Irvani]], an Iranian industrialist who had founded the Melli Industrial Group in 1949.[^27] On October 31, 1977 Helms pleaded no contest to two charges, in return for a government recommendation that he not be sentenced to prison. In the fall of 1977 [[Clark Clifford]] visited a senior Justice Department official to argue against an indictment, saying that such charges could damage the U.S. intelligence community.[^27]
 
-Helms ran an international consulting firm, Safeer, which the Senate report says was named for the Iranian word for "Ambassador." Irvani financed the firm at the time the presiding federal judge described Helms as "in disgrace and shame." According to corporate records and documents filed in civil litigation in Gwinnett County, Georgia, Irvani capitalized and owned 80 percent of Safeer, and [[Roy P. M. Carlson]], a former Bank of America officer whom [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] had introduced to Irvani, became its vice president and handled much of its early business.[^22]
+Helms ran an international consulting firm, Safeer, which the Senate report says was named for the Iranian word for "Ambassador." Irvani financed the firm at the time the presiding federal judge described Helms as "in disgrace and shame." According to corporate records and documents filed in civil litigation in Gwinnett County, Georgia, Irvani capitalized and owned 80 percent of Safeer, and [[Roy P. M. Carlson]], a former Bank of America officer whom [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] had introduced to Irvani, became its vice president and handled much of its early business.[^28]
 
-The original 1978 filing with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] listed Irvani as a 5 percent shareholder of [[Credit and Commerce American Holdings]] (CCAH), and the Senate report describes him as BCCI's lead front man in the early 1978 takeover attempt against [[Financial General Bankshares]]. The report says that Helms advised Irvani on how to be protected from any liability in that role, and that several documents introduced in litigation in Georgia describe Abedi recruiting Irvani in early 1978 to act as a front man.[^23]
+The original 1978 filing with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] listed Irvani as a 5 percent shareholder of [[Credit and Commerce American Holdings]] (CCAH), and the Senate report describes him as BCCI's lead front man in the early 1978 takeover attempt against [[Financial General Bankshares]]. The report says that Helms advised Irvani on how to be protected from any liability in that role, and that several documents introduced in litigation in Georgia describe Abedi recruiting Irvani in early 1978 to act as a front man.[^29]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Powers, Thomas. *The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA.* Knopf, 1979 (the essential biography, based on extensive interviews). Church Committee (Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities). Final Report, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976.
-[^2]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, Final Report, April 23, 1976, p. 5. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
-[^3]: Book V, p. 73 (Belin memorandum to the Rockefeller Commission, May 20, 1975, p. 1). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
-[^4]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975, p. 269 and note 1. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
-[^5]: Book V, pp. 70-72 (Helms testimony of July 17 and 18, 1975; testimony of 7/17/75, pp. 118-119, and 7/18/75, pp. 36-37). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
-[^6]: Book V, p. 69. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
-[^7]: Book V, p. 7. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
-[^8]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations*, 1979, Part I-D, p. 253 and note 8. https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1d.html
-[^9]: Same report, Part I-C, p. 128. https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1c.html
-[^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, Inspector General (J. S. Earman), "Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro," May 23, 1967, covering memorandum and pp. 88-89 (JFK record 104-10213-10101). https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf
-[^11]: Same report, p. 94. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf
-[^12]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976, p. 389 (MKULTRA records destroyed January 1973 on Gottlieb's verbal orders; Gottlieb testifying that he carried out Helms's verbal order; Helms confirming).
-[^13]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapters 1, 4, 12.
-[^14]: Church Committee. "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders." Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975 (documents ZR/RIFLE). Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown, 2017.
-[^15]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 61, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, May 25, 1967, with attached CIA appraisal. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61
-[^16]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf
-[^17]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 124, Memorandum for the Record by Vice Admiral Rufus Taylor, June 1, 1967 (prepared June 2). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d124
-[^18]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf For the June 1 to 2 meeting Robarge relies on published accounts, among them Michael B. Oren's, which rest on Amit's interviews and writings.
-[^19]: National Security Archive, "The NUMEC Affair: Did Highly Enriched Uranium from the U.S. Aid Israel's Nuclear Weapons Program?" (November 2, 2016), Document 8, Letter from Richard Helms to Ramsey Clark, April 2, 1968 (ISCAP Appeal No. 2013-062). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-11-02/numec-affair-did-highly-enriched-uranium-us-aid-israels-nuclear-weapons-program
-[^20]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. Chapters 11, 14, 16.
-[^21]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence" (the section on Richard Helms and Mohammed Irvani; text preceding notes 49 to 51). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
-[^22]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 11 (Safeer's name, its capitalization and the Carlson passages; text following note 51 through note 57; *G&H Montage GmbH v. Irvani*, Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia, 88-A-03571-6). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
-[^23]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 6, "BCCI in the United States: Initial Entry" (Irvani listed in the original SEC filing as a 5 percent shareholder of CCAH; recruitment by Abedi in early 1978, note 49); ch. 11 (Helms's advice to Irvani on liability). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm
-[^24]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973*, Staff Report, December 1975, PDF pages 29 and 37. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94chile.pdf
-[^25]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969-1973, document 93, Editorial Note, with Helms's notes. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d93
-[^26]: Kissinger testimony of August 12, 1975, as quoted in *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 93, Editorial Note: "President Nixon did almost all of the talking."
-[^27]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger and Chile: The Declassified Record on Regime Change," Electronic Briefing Book No. 437, document 1, Helms-Kissinger telephone conversation, September 12, 1970, 12:00 noon. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/
-[^28]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 94, Memorandum for the Record, Washington, September 16, 1970. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d94
+[^2]: Helms, Richard, with William Hood. *A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency*. New York: Random House, 2003, pp. 22-25.
+[^3]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, Final Report, April 23, 1976, p. 5. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
+[^4]: Book V, p. 73 (Belin memorandum to the Rockefeller Commission, May 20, 1975, p. 1). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
+[^5]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975, p. 269 and note 1. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
+[^6]: Book V, pp. 70-72 (Helms testimony of July 17 and 18, 1975; testimony of 7/17/75, pp. 118-119, and 7/18/75, pp. 36-37). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
+[^7]: Book V, p. 69. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
+[^8]: Book V, p. 7. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
+[^9]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations*, 1979, Part I-D, p. 253 and note 8. https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1d.html
+[^10]: Same report, Part I-C, p. 128. https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1c.html
+[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Inspector General (J. S. Earman), "Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro," May 23, 1967, covering memorandum and pp. 88-89 (JFK record 104-10213-10101). https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf
+[^12]: Same report, p. 94. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf
+[^13]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976, p. 389 (MKULTRA records destroyed January 1973 on Gottlieb's verbal orders; Gottlieb testifying that he carried out Helms's verbal order; Helms confirming).
+[^14]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapters 1, 4, 12.
+[^15]: Church Committee. "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders." Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975 (documents ZR/RIFLE). Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown, 2017.
+[^16]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973*, Staff Report, December 1975, PDF pages 29 and 37. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94chile.pdf
+[^17]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969-1973, document 93, Editorial Note, with Helms's notes. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d93
+[^18]: Kissinger testimony of August 12, 1975, as quoted in *FRUS 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 93, Editorial Note: "President Nixon did almost all of the talking."
+[^19]: National Security Archive, "Kissinger and Chile: The Declassified Record on Regime Change," Electronic Briefing Book No. 437, document 1, Helms-Kissinger telephone conversation, September 12, 1970, 12:00 noon. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/
+[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXI, document 94, Memorandum for the Record, Washington, September 16, 1970. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d94
+[^21]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 61, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, May 25, 1967, with attached CIA appraisal. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61
+[^22]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf
+[^23]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 124, Memorandum for the Record by Vice Admiral Rufus Taylor, June 1, 1967 (prepared June 2). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d124
+[^24]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf For the June 1 to 2 meeting Robarge relies on published accounts, among them Michael B. Oren's, which rest on Amit's interviews and writings.
+[^25]: National Security Archive, "The NUMEC Affair: Did Highly Enriched Uranium from the U.S. Aid Israel's Nuclear Weapons Program?" (November 2, 2016), Document 8, Letter from Richard Helms to Ramsey Clark, April 2, 1968 (ISCAP Appeal No. 2013-062). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-11-02/numec-affair-did-highly-enriched-uranium-us-aid-israels-nuclear-weapons-program
+[^26]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991. Chapters 11, 14, 16.
+[^27]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence" (the section on Richard Helms and Mohammed Irvani; text preceding notes 49 to 51). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
+[^28]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 11 (Safeer's name, its capitalization and the Carlson passages; text following note 51 through note 57; *G&H Montage GmbH v. Irvani*, Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia, 88-A-03571-6). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
+[^29]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 6, "BCCI in the United States: Initial Entry" (Irvani listed in the original SEC filing as a 5 percent shareholder of CCAH; recruitment by Abedi in early 1978, note 49); ch. 11 (Helms's advice to Irvani on liability). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Kennedy.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ tags:
   - SirhanSirhan
   - Assassination
 created: 2026-10-07
-updated: 2026-10-07
+updated: 2026-10-14
 summary: "Robert F. Kennedy was chief counsel of the McClellan Committee, Attorney General under John F. Kennedy, and a United States senator and presidential candidate shot in Los Angeles in 1968."
 born: 1925-11-20
 died: 1968-06-06
@@ -31,6 +31,18 @@ relations:
     start: 1957
     role: "chief counsel"
     fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]]"
+    role: "assistant counsel"
+    start: 1953-01-15
+    end: 1953-08
+    fn: 5
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]]"
+    role: "minority counsel"
+    start: 1954
+    end: 1954
+    fn: 6
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[United States Department of Justice]]"
     start: 1961
@@ -40,113 +52,117 @@ relations:
     with: "[[Jimmy Hoffa]]"
     start: 1957-08-20
     role: "chief counsel examining Hoffa in committee hearings"
-    fn: 5
+    fn: 7
   - type: informant_for
     with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
     role: "voluntary informant, per CIA file 201-211732"
-    fn: 7
+    fn: 9
   - type: participant_in
     with: "[[Operation Mongoose]]"
     start: 1961-11
     role: "member, Special Group (Augmented)"
-    fn: 10
+    fn: 12
   - type: relative_of
     with: "[[John F. Kennedy]]"
     role: "brother"
-    fn: 10
+    fn: 12
 ---
 
 Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 to June 6, 1968) was chief counsel of the [[Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field]], known as the [[McClellan Committee]], and served as [[Attorney General of the United States]] under his brother [[John F. Kennedy]] from 1961.[^1][^2] As a United States senator and candidate for president he was shot in [[Los Angeles]] on June 5, 1968.[^3]
 
 [[Seymour Hersh]] writes that in an interview published in 1988 by the [[John F. Kennedy Library]], Kennedy said of [[Myer Feldman]] that his older brother had valued Feldman's work, but that Feldman's major interest was [[Israel]] rather than the [[United States]].[^4]
 
+### Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 1953 and 1954
+
+Robert F. Kennedy served as an assistant counsel to the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] under [[Joseph McCarthy]] and chief counsel [[Roy Cohn]] in 1953. McCarthy had considered Kennedy for the chief counsel post before offering it to Cohn.[^5] The subcommittee's roster lists Kennedy among its assistant counsels, alongside [[G. David Schine]] as chief consultant.[^5] In August 1953 Kennedy resigned after coming to blows with Cohn, telling the chairman that the subcommittee was "headed for disaster."[^6] He returned as minority counsel in 1954.[^6]
+
 ### McClellan Committee and the Hoffa hearings
 
 Kennedy joined the McClellan Committee as chief counsel in 1957, under the committee chairman, [[John L. McClellan]]; Senator John F. Kennedy was among its members.[^1] At the hearing that opened July 31, 1957, McClellan's opening statement said the committee expected evidence that [[Jimmy Hoffa]], "through the help of racketeers," had supported [[John O'Rourke]] in obtaining control of joint council No. 16 of New York, and that Hoffa was going to tie up with the [[International Longshoremen's Association]]. "Hoffa would have a stranglehold over the port of New York," the statement said. Kennedy then explained the committee's charts to the members.[^1]
 
-Hoffa was sworn on August 20, 1957, with the attorney [[George S. Fitzgerald]] at his side. After reading a prepared statement reserving the right to review the transcript and to decline questions outside the committee's authority, Hoffa answered Kennedy's examination, which began with his career in the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] since about 1932 and his presidency of a Detroit local. Kennedy asked about a federal antitrust charge arising from a wastepaper organizing drive (Hoffa said it ended in a nolo contendere plea and a $1,000 fine), a 1946 extortion indictment (Hoffa said it was reduced to a misdemeanor under a Michigan statute), and the J & H Sales Co. Kennedy told the witness: "I am not saying whether you are guilty or not guilty."[^5]
+Hoffa was sworn on August 20, 1957, with the attorney [[George S. Fitzgerald]] at his side. After reading a prepared statement reserving the right to review the transcript and to decline questions outside the committee's authority, Hoffa answered Kennedy's examination, which began with his career in the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] since about 1932 and his presidency of a Detroit local. Kennedy asked about a federal antitrust charge arising from a wastepaper organizing drive (Hoffa said it ended in a nolo contendere plea and a $1,000 fine), a 1946 extortion indictment (Hoffa said it was reduced to a misdemeanor under a Michigan statute), and the J & H Sales Co. Kennedy told the witness: "I am not saying whether you are guilty or not guilty."[^7]
 
-Hoffa returned as president of the Teamsters on August 5, 1958, with the attorneys [[Edward Bennett Williams]], Fitzgerald and [[David Previant]], and was examined by Kennedy again in the August 13 to 20 and September 11 to November 17, 1958 sessions and in June and July 1959.[^6]
+Hoffa returned as president of the Teamsters on August 5, 1958, with the attorneys [[Edward Bennett Williams]], Fitzgerald and [[David Previant]], and was examined by Kennedy again in the August 13 to 20 and September 11 to November 17, 1958 sessions and in June and July 1959.[^8]
 
 ### Central Intelligence Agency personality file, 1958 to 1964
 
-The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] opened a personality file on Kennedy on January 7, 1958, when he was counsel to the Senate investigations subcommittee. The file's summary lists documents on his 1955 trip to the [[Soviet Union]] with Justice [[William O. Douglas]], a list of questions on which the Soviet Russia Division wanted information ("Requirements for US Citizens Travelling in South Central Asia"), reports of agency contacts with Kennedy or Douglas, and "Information Reports" based on information Kennedy supplied on his return, published by the Office of Operations from January to April 1956. A July 20, 1955 field dispatch (NITA-4680) reports a contact with Kennedy in Tehran by station personnel.[^7]
+The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] opened a personality file on Kennedy on January 7, 1958, when he was counsel to the Senate investigations subcommittee. The file's summary lists documents on his 1955 trip to the [[Soviet Union]] with Justice [[William O. Douglas]], a list of questions on which the Soviet Russia Division wanted information ("Requirements for US Citizens Travelling in South Central Asia"), reports of agency contacts with Kennedy or Douglas, and "Information Reports" based on information Kennedy supplied on his return, published by the Office of Operations from January to April 1956. A July 20, 1955 field dispatch (NITA-4680) reports a contact with Kennedy in Tehran by station personnel.[^9]
 
-On March 16, 1964, Branch 4 of the Covert Action Staff requested covert security approval for Kennedy to serve on the Planning and Guidance Committee for the [[Practical Politics Institute]] under Project ORSENSE, which was designed to train U.S. trade unionists being sent overseas to work with foreign trade unionists. The request form states that Kennedy "will be witting of Agency interest in the Institute and will know the students to be employed by the Agency," and the summary says it was planned for him to be "a lecturer and 'front' man" for the institute. The summary adds that the institute was apparently never established and that there is no record that the approval was granted or that a formal relationship with him existed. Its closing sentence reads: "In short this file reflects only that Mr. Kennedy served the Agency as a voluntary informant."[^7]
+On March 16, 1964, Branch 4 of the Covert Action Staff requested covert security approval for Kennedy to serve on the Planning and Guidance Committee for the [[Practical Politics Institute]] under Project ORSENSE, which was designed to train U.S. trade unionists being sent overseas to work with foreign trade unionists. The request form states that Kennedy "will be witting of Agency interest in the Institute and will know the students to be employed by the Agency," and the summary says it was planned for him to be "a lecturer and 'front' man" for the institute. The summary adds that the institute was apparently never established and that there is no record that the approval was granted or that a formal relationship with him existed. Its closing sentence reads: "In short this file reflects only that Mr. Kennedy served the Agency as a voluntary informant."[^9]
 
 ### Attorney General, Marcello and Operation Mongoose
 
-A [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] deportation sent [[Carlos Marcello]] to [[Guatemala]] on April 4, 1961. A May 24, 1961 [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] memorandum from R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, reporting a May 12 interview in Guatemala City, records the account of [[Paul Loeb]], chief of the CIA station there. Loeb said it was his understanding that Attorney General Kennedy had conferred with [[Allen Dulles]] and asked for the CIA director's help in making certain Guatemala accepted Marcello as a citizen, and that he received instructions from headquarters to give the matter special handling. Loeb said he then approached President [[Miguel Ydigoras]], who insisted that the matter be handled quietly, and that he was at the airport when Marcello arrived on a U.S. Border Patrol plane to find 15 to 20 reporters waiting. According to the memorandum, Marcello was to be returned to the United States on or about May 10 but did not appear at the airport, and Loeb was convinced he was living on a farm in the interior of Guatemala.[^8]
+A [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] deportation sent [[Carlos Marcello]] to [[Guatemala]] on April 4, 1961. A May 24, 1961 [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] memorandum from R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, reporting a May 12 interview in Guatemala City, records the account of [[Paul Loeb]], chief of the CIA station there. Loeb said it was his understanding that Attorney General Kennedy had conferred with [[Allen Dulles]] and asked for the CIA director's help in making certain Guatemala accepted Marcello as a citizen, and that he received instructions from headquarters to give the matter special handling. Loeb said he then approached President [[Miguel Ydigoras]], who insisted that the matter be handled quietly, and that he was at the airport when Marcello arrived on a U.S. Border Patrol plane to find 15 to 20 reporters waiting. According to the memorandum, Marcello was to be returned to the United States on or about May 10 but did not appear at the airport, and Loeb was convinced he was living on a farm in the interior of Guatemala.[^10]
 
-On November 1, 1961, the White House aide [[Richard Goodwin]] wrote to President Kennedy that "the Attorney General would be the most effective commander" of a "command operation" for Cuba. After a White House meeting on November 3, 1961 on a new program against [[Fidel Castro]], Kennedy's handwritten notes read: "My idea is to stir things up on island with espionage, sabotage, general disorder, run & operated by Cubans themselves with every group but Batistaites & Communists." A presidential memorandum of November 22 assigned the direction of the program to the Attorney General, with [[Edward Lansdale]] as his chief of operations; the version issued on November 30 placed the program "under the general guidance of General Lansdale, acting as Chief of Operations," and assigned the Attorney General no direction role.[^9]
+On November 1, 1961, the White House aide [[Richard Goodwin]] wrote to President Kennedy that "the Attorney General would be the most effective commander" of a "command operation" for Cuba. After a White House meeting on November 3, 1961 on a new program against [[Fidel Castro]], Kennedy's handwritten notes read: "My idea is to stir things up on island with espionage, sabotage, general disorder, run & operated by Cubans themselves with every group but Batistaites & Communists." A presidential memorandum of November 22 assigned the direction of the program to the Attorney General, with [[Edward Lansdale]] as his chief of operations; the version issued on November 30 placed the program "under the general guidance of General Lansdale, acting as Chief of Operations," and assigned the Attorney General no direction role.[^11]
 
-The program, [[Operation Mongoose]], was overseen by a group called the Special Group (Augmented) ([[NSC Special Group|Special Group (Augmented)]]), consisting of the regular Special Group members ([[McGeorge Bundy]], [[U. Alexis Johnson]], [[Roswell Gilpatric]], [[John McCone]] and [[Lyman Lemnitzer]]) augmented by Robert Kennedy and General [[Maxwell Taylor]]. President Kennedy appointed Taylor chairman of the group. The State Department editors of the Foreign Relations series wrote that Robert Kennedy "was the principal motive force within the group and the informal link between the group and the President," and the [[Church Committee]] wrote that Kennedy "played an active role in the MONGOOSE Operation, a role unrelated to his position as Attorney General."[^9][^10] The Church Committee also records Goodwin's proposal that Kennedy head Mongoose and the President's decision to give Lansdale the coordinating task instead.[^10]
+The program, [[Operation Mongoose]], was overseen by a group called the Special Group (Augmented) ([[NSC Special Group|Special Group (Augmented)]]), consisting of the regular Special Group members ([[McGeorge Bundy]], [[U. Alexis Johnson]], [[Roswell Gilpatric]], [[John McCone]] and [[Lyman Lemnitzer]]) augmented by Robert Kennedy and General [[Maxwell Taylor]]. President Kennedy appointed Taylor chairman of the group. The State Department editors of the Foreign Relations series wrote that Robert Kennedy "was the principal motive force within the group and the informal link between the group and the President," and the [[Church Committee]] wrote that Kennedy "played an active role in the MONGOOSE Operation, a role unrelated to his position as Attorney General."[^11][^12] The Church Committee also records Goodwin's proposal that Kennedy head Mongoose and the President's decision to give Lansdale the coordinating task instead.[^12]
 
-In October 1962 the CIA project officer for Mongoose, [[William Harvey]], asked Lansdale to put before the Special Group (Augmented) a request for policy approval to sabotage Cuban-owned vessels "wherever and whenever secure access to them can be attained," normally in non-Bloc ports, as "targets of opportunity."[^11] At the group's meeting on October 4, 1962, Kennedy stated that the President "is concerned about progress on the MONGOOSE program and feels that more priority should be given to trying to mount sabotage operations," and urged "massive activity"; the group decided that "considerably more sabotage" should be undertaken.[^12] At the group's meeting of October 26, 1962, with the Attorney General present, it was agreed that agent-team dispatches be suspended and that no major acts of sabotage be undertaken for the time being.[^13] The Church Committee records that on October 30, 1962 the group ordered a halt to all sabotage operations, and its chronology lists November 1962 as the end of Mongoose.[^12] On January 4, 1963 Bundy wrote to the President that "there is well nigh universal agreement that Mongoose is at a dead end" and proposed that the Mongoose office be disbanded, naming [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] as the Attorney General's delegate to the interdepartmental group that had drafted the reorganization.[^14]
+In October 1962 the CIA project officer for Mongoose, [[William Harvey]], asked Lansdale to put before the Special Group (Augmented) a request for policy approval to sabotage Cuban-owned vessels "wherever and whenever secure access to them can be attained," normally in non-Bloc ports, as "targets of opportunity."[^13] At the group's meeting on October 4, 1962, Kennedy stated that the President "is concerned about progress on the MONGOOSE program and feels that more priority should be given to trying to mount sabotage operations," and urged "massive activity"; the group decided that "considerably more sabotage" should be undertaken.[^14] At the group's meeting of October 26, 1962, with the Attorney General present, it was agreed that agent-team dispatches be suspended and that no major acts of sabotage be undertaken for the time being.[^15] The Church Committee records that on October 30, 1962 the group ordered a halt to all sabotage operations, and its chronology lists November 1962 as the end of Mongoose.[^14] On January 4, 1963 Bundy wrote to the President that "there is well nigh universal agreement that Mongoose is at a dead end" and proposed that the Mongoose office be disbanded, naming [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] as the Attorney General's delegate to the interdepartmental group that had drafted the reorganization.[^16]
 
-In October 1963 [[Desmond FitzGerald]] met the Cuban official [[AM/LASH]] and represented himself as Robert Kennedy's personal representative; the contact plan stated that FitzGerald "will represent self as personal representative of Robert F. Kennedy." The Inspector General's report states that, according to FitzGerald, [[Richard Helms]] decided "it was not necessary to seek approval from Robert Kennedy for Fitzgerald to speak in his name." Helms testified that he did not recall such a discussion and that he "felt so sure that if I went to see Mr. Kennedy that he would have said yes, that I don't think there was any need to." The case officer present, identified as Case Officer 2, "did not recall whether Robert Kennedy's name was used."[^15]
+In October 1963 [[Desmond FitzGerald]] met the Cuban official [[AM/LASH]] and represented himself as Robert Kennedy's personal representative; the contact plan stated that FitzGerald "will represent self as personal representative of Robert F. Kennedy." The Inspector General's report states that, according to FitzGerald, [[Richard Helms]] decided "it was not necessary to seek approval from Robert Kennedy for Fitzgerald to speak in his name." Helms testified that he did not recall such a discussion and that he "felt so sure that if I went to see Mr. Kennedy that he would have said yes, that I don't think there was any need to." The case officer present, identified as Case Officer 2, "did not recall whether Robert Kennedy's name was used."[^17]
 
 ### The May 7, 1962 briefing on the Giancana and Maheu operation
 
-On May 7, 1962, [[Sheffield Edwards]], the agency's director of security, and its general counsel, [[Lawrence Houston]], briefed Kennedy on the operation that had used [[Johnny Roselli]], [[Sam Giancana]] and [[Robert Maheu]] against Castro. The agency wanted the prosecution of Maheu's wiretappers in [[Las Vegas]] dropped. The Attorney General's calendar for that day lists a 1:00 meeting with Helms and a 4:00 meeting, and Helms testified that he did not recall meeting the Attorney General on May 7.[^16]
+On May 7, 1962, [[Sheffield Edwards]], the agency's director of security, and its general counsel, [[Lawrence Houston]], briefed Kennedy on the operation that had used [[Johnny Roselli]], [[Sam Giancana]] and [[Robert Maheu]] against Castro. The agency wanted the prosecution of Maheu's wiretappers in [[Las Vegas]] dropped. The Attorney General's calendar for that day lists a 1:00 meeting with Helms and a 4:00 meeting, and Helms testified that he did not recall meeting the Attorney General on May 7.[^18]
 
-Edwards wrote a memorandum to the Attorney General dated May 14, 1962. On April 24, 1962, [[Herbert J. Miller]], Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, had advised that the "national interest" would preclude prosecution based on the tap. After the CIA briefing, a decision was made not to prosecute.[^16]
+Edwards wrote a memorandum to the Attorney General dated May 14, 1962. On April 24, 1962, [[Herbert J. Miller]], Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, had advised that the "national interest" would preclude prosecution based on the tap. After the CIA briefing, a decision was made not to prosecute.[^18]
 
-[[J. Edgar Hoover]] recorded a May 9, 1962 meeting with Kennedy in a memorandum dated May 10. In it the Attorney General is quoted as saying that the CIA had assisted Maheu in the installation and that the agency "could not afford to have any action taken against Giancana and Maheu." Hoover also recorded Kennedy's awareness that the "gutter gossip" linked the failure to act against Giancana to Giancana's relationship with [[Frank Sinatra]].[^16]
+[[J. Edgar Hoover]] recorded a May 9, 1962 meeting with Kennedy in a memorandum dated May 10. In it the Attorney General is quoted as saying that the CIA had assisted Maheu in the installation and that the agency "could not afford to have any action taken against Giancana and Maheu." Hoover also recorded Kennedy's awareness that the "gutter gossip" linked the failure to act against Giancana to Giancana's relationship with [[Frank Sinatra]].[^18]
 
-Houston testified: "If you have seen Mr. Kennedy's eyes get steely and his jaw set and his voice get low and precise, you get a definite feeling of unhappiness." Edwards testified that Kennedy said at the end of the briefing, "I want you to let me know about these things," or words to that effect.[^16] The agency's Inspector General concluded that the Attorney General "was not told that the gambling syndicate operation had already been reactivated," and was never told that the CIA had a continuing involvement with gangster elements.[^16]
+Houston testified: "If you have seen Mr. Kennedy's eyes get steely and his jaw set and his voice get low and precise, you get a definite feeling of unhappiness." Edwards testified that Kennedy said at the end of the briefing, "I want you to let me know about these things," or words to that effect.[^18] The agency's Inspector General concluded that the Attorney General "was not told that the gambling syndicate operation had already been reactivated," and was never told that the CIA had a continuing involvement with gangster elements.[^18]
 
 ### Bolshakov channel and the Cuban Missile Crisis
 
-A Khrushchev letter of September 29, 1961 reached the White House through [[Georgi Bolshakov]], who handed it to [[Pierre Salinger]] at the Carlyle Hotel in New York on September 30.[^17] A second Khrushchev letter, dated November 9, 1961, was delivered to Salinger by Bolshakov, identified as editor of the magazine USSR, on November 11.[^18]
+A Khrushchev letter of September 29, 1961 reached the White House through [[Georgi Bolshakov]], who handed it to [[Pierre Salinger]] at the Carlyle Hotel in New York on September 30.[^19] A second Khrushchev letter, dated November 9, 1961, was delivered to Salinger by Bolshakov, identified as editor of the magazine USSR, on November 11.[^20]
 
-[[Justin Chandler]] writes that the New York Daily News correspondent [[Frank Holeman]], a friend of Bolshakov, asked him on April 29, 1961 whether it would be better to meet Robert Kennedy directly; that Bolshakov, whom Chandler describes as a member of the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate, met Kennedy outside the Justice Department gate on May 9, 1961; and that they met repeatedly afterward, including at the Kennedy home in Hickory Hill. Kennedy said in an oral history interview that "most of the major matters dealing with the Soviet Union in the United States were discussed," and that "arrangements were made, really, between Georgi Bolshakov and myself. He was Khrushchev's representative."[^19] The Foreign Relations editorial note on a later meeting describes Bolshakov as "ostensibly Press Attache of the Soviet Union but reputedly one of the leading KGB officials in Washington and a direct link to Chairman Khrushchev."[^20]
+[[Justin Chandler]] writes that the New York Daily News correspondent [[Frank Holeman]], a friend of Bolshakov, asked him on April 29, 1961 whether it would be better to meet Robert Kennedy directly; that Bolshakov, whom Chandler describes as a member of the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate, met Kennedy outside the Justice Department gate on May 9, 1961; and that they met repeatedly afterward, including at the Kennedy home in Hickory Hill. Kennedy said in an oral history interview that "most of the major matters dealing with the Soviet Union in the United States were discussed," and that "arrangements were made, really, between Georgi Bolshakov and myself. He was Khrushchev's representative."[^21] The Foreign Relations editorial note on a later meeting describes Bolshakov as "ostensibly Press Attache of the Soviet Union but reputedly one of the leading KGB officials in Washington and a direct link to Chairman Khrushchev."[^22]
 
-Chandler writes that on October 22, 1962 Khrushchev sent a message through Bolshakov saying "no missile capable of reaching the United States would be placed in Cuba," that Robert Kennedy was "reported to say" of Bolshakov, "that son of a bitch has got to go," and that there is no evidence Bolshakov knew the exact nature of the weapons in Cuba. Chandler attributes the first passage to [[Richard Ned Lebow]] and [[Janice Gross Stein]] and the second to [[Dino Brugioni]].[^21]
+Chandler writes that on October 22, 1962 Khrushchev sent a message through Bolshakov saying "no missile capable of reaching the United States would be placed in Cuba," that Robert Kennedy was "reported to say" of Bolshakov, "that son of a bitch has got to go," and that there is no evidence Bolshakov knew the exact nature of the weapons in Cuba. Chandler attributes the first passage to [[Richard Ned Lebow]] and [[Janice Gross Stein]] and the second to [[Dino Brugioni]].[^23]
 
 At 9:30 p.m. on October 23, 1962 Kennedy met the Soviet ambassador [[Anatoly Dobrynin]] on the third floor of the Soviet embassy. His memorandum to the President of October 24 states that he told the ambassador he was there "on my own and not on the instructions of the President," and that "the duplicity of the Russians had been a major contributing factor." He recorded Dobrynin's answer that he had told Kennedy no missiles were in Cuba, that Khrushchev had given similar assurances through [[TASS]], and that as far as Dobrynin knew there were still none.[^2]
 
-On the afternoon of November 19, 1962 Kennedy met Bolshakov and warned that unless the Soviet Union withdrew its IL-28 bombers from Cuba the United States was prepared to resume low-level reconnaissance; the Foreign Relations editorial note states that the Robert Kennedy Papers were not open to its historians and cites [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]]'s biography for the meeting.[^20] On December 14, 1962 President Kennedy wrote to Khrushchev that "we have been very glad to have opportunities for private exchanges with and through Mr. Bolshakov, and I am sorry to learn that he is returning to Moscow."[^22]
+On the afternoon of November 19, 1962 Kennedy met Bolshakov and warned that unless the Soviet Union withdrew its IL-28 bombers from Cuba the United States was prepared to resume low-level reconnaissance; the Foreign Relations editorial note states that the Robert Kennedy Papers were not open to its historians and cites [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]]'s biography for the meeting.[^22] On December 14, 1962 President Kennedy wrote to Khrushchev that "we have been very glad to have opportunities for private exchanges with and through Mr. Bolshakov, and I am sorry to learn that he is returning to Moscow."[^24]
 
 ### Wiretaps on Martin Luther King Jr.
 
-In September 1963 Assistant Director William Sullivan recommended to Hoover wiretaps on [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s home and the offices of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]; a note by Associate Director [[Clyde Tolson]] on the memorandum observed that the Attorney General "turned down a similar recommendation on July 22, 1963." On October 7, 1963, citing "possible communist influence in the racial situation," Hoover requested the Attorney General's permission for a wiretap "on King at his current address or at any future address to which he may move" and on the SCLC office in New York. Kennedy signed the request on October 10 and on October 21 approved coverage of the SCLC office in Atlanta.[^23]
+In September 1963 Assistant Director William Sullivan recommended to Hoover wiretaps on [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s home and the offices of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]; a note by Associate Director [[Clyde Tolson]] on the memorandum observed that the Attorney General "turned down a similar recommendation on July 22, 1963." On October 7, 1963, citing "possible communist influence in the racial situation," Hoover requested the Attorney General's permission for a wiretap "on King at his current address or at any future address to which he may move" and on the SCLC office in New York. Kennedy signed the request on October 10 and on October 21 approved coverage of the SCLC office in Atlanta.[^25]
 
-Two memoranda by [[Courtney Evans]] describe the Attorney General's reaction. On October 10 he summoned Evans and, according to Evans, "noted that the last thing we could afford to have would be a discovery of a wiretap on King's residence," then said the FBI should go ahead "on a trial basis." Evans's second memorandum records that Kennedy was "apparently still vacillating" and asked that the coverage be evaluated after thirty days. Wiretaps were installed on the SCLC's New York office on October 24, 1963 and on King's home and the SCLC's Atlanta office on November 8, 1963.[^23]
+Two memoranda by [[Courtney Evans]] describe the Attorney General's reaction. On October 10 he summoned Evans and, according to Evans, "noted that the last thing we could afford to have would be a discovery of a wiretap on King's residence," then said the FBI should go ahead "on a trial basis." Evans's second memorandum records that Kennedy was "apparently still vacillating" and asked that the coverage be evaluated after thirty days. Wiretaps were installed on the SCLC's New York office on October 24, 1963 and on King's home and the SCLC's Atlanta office on November 8, 1963.[^25]
 
-The Church Committee wrote that it was not able to ascertain why Kennedy approved in October 1963 a request he had refused in July. [[Burke Marshall]] testified that he had assumed Kennedy authorized the tap because King had not kept a commitment to cease communication with a person the committee calls Adviser A.[^24] [[Edwin Guthman]], Kennedy's press chief at the Justice Department, testified that Kennedy told him in 1968 that his "clear recollection" was that Kennedy's "feeling was that if he did not do it, Mr. Hoover would move to impede or block the passage of the civil rights bill," and that Kennedy felt he might as well settle whether Adviser A had the influence on King the FBI contended.[^25]
+The Church Committee wrote that it was not able to ascertain why Kennedy approved in October 1963 a request he had refused in July. [[Burke Marshall]] testified that he had assumed Kennedy authorized the tap because King had not kept a commitment to cease communication with a person the committee calls Adviser A.[^26] [[Edwin Guthman]], Kennedy's press chief at the Justice Department, testified that Kennedy told him in 1968 that his "clear recollection" was that Kennedy's "feeling was that if he did not do it, Mr. Hoover would move to impede or block the passage of the civil rights bill," and that Kennedy felt he might as well settle whether Adviser A had the influence on King the FBI contended.[^27]
 
 ### Marilyn Monroe
 
-An FBI report on [[Marilyn Monroe]]'s February 1962 stay in Mexico, relaying accounts from sources, states that she "reportedly spent some time with" Kennedy at the Hollywood home of [[Peter Lawford]], and that she "reportedly challenged Mr. Kennedy on some points proposed to her by" [[Arthur Miller]].[^26]
+An FBI report on [[Marilyn Monroe]]'s February 1962 stay in Mexico, relaying accounts from sources, states that she "reportedly spent some time with" Kennedy at the Hollywood home of [[Peter Lawford]], and that she "reportedly challenged Mr. Kennedy on some points proposed to her by" [[Arthur Miller]].[^28]
 
-A 1973 FBI memorandum in file 105-40018 summarizes [[Norman Mailer]]'s book on Monroe. It records rumors that Monroe was having an affair with the then Attorney General and that her death was related to a plot, and says these allegations "were branded false and no factual support existed for them." It records Mailer's suggestion that "'right-wing' FBI and CIA Agents had a 'huge motivation' to murder Marilyn Monroe in order to embarrass the Kennedy family," and notes that the rumors had been repeated in a July 1964 book by [[Frank Capell]].[^27]
+A 1973 FBI memorandum in file 105-40018 summarizes [[Norman Mailer]]'s book on Monroe. It records rumors that Monroe was having an affair with the then Attorney General and that her death was related to a plot, and says these allegations "were branded false and no factual support existed for them." It records Mailer's suggestion that "'right-wing' FBI and CIA Agents had a 'huge motivation' to murder Marilyn Monroe in order to embarrass the Kennedy family," and notes that the rumors had been repeated in a July 1964 book by [[Frank Capell]].[^29]
 
 ### The 1968 shooting and the investigation files
 
-A Department of State telegram drafted June 5, 1968 and sent to the American embassy in Amman and other posts reported that the "Person currently held by Los Angeles police connection Kennedy shooting" was "now tentatively identified as Sharif Bishary Sirhan," born in Jordan on March 19, 1944 and admitted at New York on January 12, 1957. The telegram instructed all posts to "institute maximum security precautions" and to refrain from comment.[^28]
+A Department of State telegram drafted June 5, 1968 and sent to the American embassy in Amman and other posts reported that the "Person currently held by Los Angeles police connection Kennedy shooting" was "now tentatively identified as Sharif Bishary Sirhan," born in Jordan on March 19, 1944 and admitted at New York on January 12, 1957. The telegram instructed all posts to "institute maximum security precautions" and to refrain from comment.[^30]
 
 Governor [[Gavin Newsom]]'s 2022 decision states that [[Sirhan Sirhan]] shot Kennedy at close range in the [[Ambassador Hotel]] and wounded five bystanders (Elizabeth Evans, Ira Goldstein, Paul Schrade, Irwin Stroll and William Weisel); that a jury convicted him of first degree murder and five counts of assault with a deadly weapon; and that he was condemned to death on May 22, 1969, a sentence modified in 1972 to life with the possibility of parole.[^3]
 
-A June 14, 1968 CIA memorandum for the record concerns a June 12 meeting with [[John Joseph Boles]], political adviser to the executive officers of [[Occidental Petroleum]]. Boles, who held a doctorate in economics and had twenty years' experience as an area specialist on the Arab Middle East, was convinced that the assassination was the product of a Palestinian group and listed it among fifteen or more political assassinations he attributed to Al-Fateh. The memorandum describes the information as consisting largely of impressions and as inconclusive, and Boles promised to bring back supporting facts after a Middle East trip in early July 1968.[^29]
+A June 14, 1968 CIA memorandum for the record concerns a June 12 meeting with [[John Joseph Boles]], political adviser to the executive officers of [[Occidental Petroleum]]. Boles, who held a doctorate in economics and had twenty years' experience as an area specialist on the Arab Middle East, was convinced that the assassination was the product of a Palestinian group and listed it among fifteen or more political assassinations he attributed to Al-Fateh. The memorandum describes the information as consisting largely of impressions and as inconclusive, and Boles promised to bring back supporting facts after a Middle East trip in early July 1968.[^31]
 
-A July 23, 1968 memorandum to the FBI, captioned "Sirhan Investigation," reports that a usually reliable source told the agency's Beirut representative that on June 22, 1968 [[Salim Lawzi]], publisher of the Beirut newspaper Hawadith, told [[Anwar Jamal]], press counselor of the United Arab Republic, that he had met Lebanese figures to study and organize Sirhan's defense. Lawzi said he had received promises of 10,000 Lebanese pounds from [[Kamil Abd al-Rahman]] and 5,000 from [[Hani Salem]] and expected to collect 200,000 to 300,000 Lebanese pounds in Lebanon. The memorandum adds that, according to a reliable source, the United Arab Republic considers Lawzi a strong pro-Nasserist, although he "sometimes strays for opportunistic reasons."[^30]
+A July 23, 1968 memorandum to the FBI, captioned "Sirhan Investigation," reports that a usually reliable source told the agency's Beirut representative that on June 22, 1968 [[Salim Lawzi]], publisher of the Beirut newspaper Hawadith, told [[Anwar Jamal]], press counselor of the United Arab Republic, that he had met Lebanese figures to study and organize Sirhan's defense. Lawzi said he had received promises of 10,000 Lebanese pounds from [[Kamil Abd al-Rahman]] and 5,000 from [[Hani Salem]] and expected to collect 200,000 to 300,000 Lebanese pounds in Lebanon. The memorandum adds that, according to a reliable source, the United Arab Republic considers Lawzi a strong pro-Nasserist, although he "sometimes strays for opportunistic reasons."[^32]
 
-A July 1968 memorandum to the FBI on [[Moshe Yaacov Eldar]] records that Eldar, in correspondence with [[Mordechai Stein]], wrote that he had been "summoned" as a witness in the Robert Kennedy murder trial; the agency had no record of him in its central files.[^31]
+A July 1968 memorandum to the FBI on [[Moshe Yaacov Eldar]] records that Eldar, in correspondence with [[Mordechai Stein]], wrote that he had been "summoned" as a witness in the Robert Kennedy murder trial; the agency had no record of him in its central files.[^33]
 
-The [[Los Angeles Police Department]]'s investigation was conducted by [[Special Unit Senator]]. Its records, estimated at 50,000 pages with a card index of over 8,200 entries, over 4,800 interviews and 155 items of physical evidence, passed to the [[California State Archives]] in August 1987; the finding aid records that the investigation consumed over 6,400 personnel hours over thirteen months and cost in excess of $289,000, and that the collection includes re-investigative files of 1974 to 1978 on "second-gun" theories and records of the Wolfer Board, an internal police inquiry into allegations against the ballistics examiner [[DeWayne Wolfer]]. The finding aid's index lists interview files for Thane Cesar and for [[Stus Pruszynski]].[^32]
+The [[Los Angeles Police Department]]'s investigation was conducted by [[Special Unit Senator]]. Its records, estimated at 50,000 pages with a card index of over 8,200 entries, over 4,800 interviews and 155 items of physical evidence, passed to the [[California State Archives]] in August 1987; the finding aid records that the investigation consumed over 6,400 personnel hours over thirteen months and cost in excess of $289,000, and that the collection includes re-investigative files of 1974 to 1978 on "second-gun" theories and records of the Wolfer Board, an internal police inquiry into allegations against the ballistics examiner [[DeWayne Wolfer]]. The finding aid's index lists interview files for Thane Cesar and for [[Stus Pruszynski]].[^34]
 
-[[Philip M. Van Praag]] presented a 2008 paper to the [[American Academy of Forensic Sciences]] on a "recently re-discovered audio recording (the only known recording of the actual shots)" made during the shooting. His abstract says that some of the original evidence "suggested the presence of a second gun," that the second gun "could not be proven" because of premature destruction of evidence, and that the recording "reveals the presence of two guns as a result of a unique forensic analysis methodology."[^33]
+[[Philip M. Van Praag]] presented a 2008 paper to the [[American Academy of Forensic Sciences]] on a "recently re-discovered audio recording (the only known recording of the actual shots)" made during the shooting. His abstract says that some of the original evidence "suggested the presence of a second gun," that the second gun "could not be proven" because of premature destruction of evidence, and that the recording "reveals the presence of two guns as a result of a unique forensic analysis methodology."[^35]
 
-The writer [[Dan Moldea]] wrote that eyewitnesses saw the security guard [[Thane Eugene Cesar]] with his gun drawn, that Cesar told police he was carrying a .38-caliber revolver, that he stood directly behind Kennedy, and that he had owned a .22 which he sold after the shooting and which disappeared. Moldea wrote that Cesar answered "No" when asked in a March 27, 1987 interview whether he had shot Kennedy, and that Cesar passed a polygraph examination administered by [[Edward Gelb]]; Moldea wrote that he then accepted Cesar's innocence.[^34] [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] wrote on December 14, 2021: "I believe Cesar killed my father," and that "Three witnesses saw him draw his gun" and that "one saw him fire it."[^35]
+The writer [[Dan Moldea]] wrote that eyewitnesses saw the security guard [[Thane Eugene Cesar]] with his gun drawn, that Cesar told police he was carrying a .38-caliber revolver, that he stood directly behind Kennedy, and that he had owned a .22 which he sold after the shooting and which disappeared. Moldea wrote that Cesar answered "No" when asked in a March 27, 1987 interview whether he had shot Kennedy, and that Cesar passed a polygraph examination administered by [[Edward Gelb]]; Moldea wrote that he then accepted Cesar's innocence.[^36] [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] wrote on December 14, 2021: "I believe Cesar killed my father," and that "Three witnesses saw him draw his gun" and that "one saw him fire it."[^37]
 
-An Associated Press report of February 28, 2011, by Linda Deutsch, says that [[William F. Pepper]], Sirhan's attorney, had Sirhan examined several times by the psychologist [[Daniel P. Brown]] of Harvard University, "an expert in hypnosis of trauma victims." The report quotes Pepper: "There have been substantial breakthroughs." Pepper would not disclose what was accomplished in the sessions and said of Sirhan's memory: "There is no doubt he does not remember the critical events."[^36]
+An Associated Press report of February 28, 2011, by Linda Deutsch, says that [[William F. Pepper]], Sirhan's attorney, had Sirhan examined several times by the psychologist [[Daniel P. Brown]] of Harvard University, "an expert in hypnosis of trauma victims." The report quotes Pepper: "There have been substantial breakthroughs." Pepper would not disclose what was accomplished in the sessions and said of Sirhan's memory: "There is no doubt he does not remember the critical events."[^38]
 
-The Director of National Intelligence released more than 60,000 pages on the case on May 7, 2025, including audio recordings of Los Angeles Police Department interviews with Sirhan and recordings of eyewitness interviews. The release states that some of the files had previously been released by the Los Angeles Police Department or to individuals under the Freedom of Information Act.[^37]
+The Director of National Intelligence released more than 60,000 pages on the case on May 7, 2025, including audio recordings of Los Angeles Police Department interviews with Sirhan and recordings of eyewitness interviews. The release states that some of the files had previously been released by the Los Angeles Police Department or to individuals under the Freedom of Information Act.[^39]
 
 ### Sirhan parole decisions
 
-The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescinded the grant; it found him unsuitable at fifteen subsequent hearings. On August 27, 2021, at the sixteenth hearing, it found him suitable. On January 13, 2022, Newsom reversed that decision, writing that Sirhan "currently poses an unreasonable danger to society if released from prison" and "has failed to develop the insight necessary to mitigate his current dangerousness."[^3] The governor's press release cited his "refusal to accept responsibility for his crime" and "lack of insight and accountability required to support his safe release."[^38] On March 1, 2023, a new board denied parole and set the next hearing for three years later, stating that Sirhan "still lacks insight into what caused him to shoot the senator and presidential candidate in 1968." His attorney, [[Angela Berry]], said: "I do feel the board bent to the political whim of the governor."[^39]
+The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescinded the grant; it found him unsuitable at fifteen subsequent hearings. On August 27, 2021, at the sixteenth hearing, it found him suitable. On January 13, 2022, Newsom reversed that decision, writing that Sirhan "currently poses an unreasonable danger to society if released from prison" and "has failed to develop the insight necessary to mitigate his current dangerousness."[^3] The governor's press release cited his "refusal to accept responsibility for his crime" and "lack of insight and accountability required to support his safe release."[^40] On March 1, 2023, a new board denied parole and set the next hearing for three years later, stating that Sirhan "still lacks insight into what caused him to shoot the senator and presidential candidate in 1968." His attorney, [[Angela Berry]], said: "I do feel the board bent to the political whim of the governor."[^41]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -154,38 +170,40 @@ The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescin
 [^2]: _Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963_, vol. XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, doc. 53, Memorandum From Attorney General Kennedy to President Kennedy, October 24, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d53
 [^3]: Governor Gavin Newsom, Indeterminate Sentence Parole Release Review, Sirhan Sirhan, B-21014, decision of January 13, 2022 (statement of facts; board hearings of 1975 and August 27, 2021). https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1.13.22-Sirhan-Reverse-Decision.pdf
 [^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, chapter 8, pp. 99-100.
-[^5]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings, Part 13, August 20-23, 1957, testimony of James R. Hoffa, pp. 4927-4937 (oath, p. 4927; prepared statement, pp. 4929-4930; examination by Kennedy begins p. 4930; antitrust, extortion and nolo contendere exchange, pp. 4931-4932). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi13unit
-[^6]: Hearings, Part 36 (August 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12, 1958; Hoffa sworn as president of the Teamsters, p. 13278); Part 37 (August 13-20, 1958); Part 40 (September 11-November 17, 1958); Part 54 (June 25-30, 1959); Part 56 (July 10, 13 and 14, 1959; Hoffa "Resumed" with counsel Edward Bennett Williams, pp. 19693 ff.). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi36unit and the corresponding items investigationofi37unit, investigationofi40unit, investigationofi54unit and investigationofi56unit.
-[^7]: CIA Reading Room, "Summary of DDO File on Robert F. Kennedy, 201-211732," with the request for approval of March 16, 1964 (Project ORSENSE), CIA Reading Room document 07164990. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07164990
-[^8]: FBI memorandum, R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, May 24, 1961, file 92-2713-175,176, NARA record 124-10210-10327 (JFK release), reporting Paul Loeb's account of a May 12, 1961 interview by Agent Papich in Guatemala City. The April 4, 1961 deportation date is from the report of Blakey, Cornwell and Ewing on Carlos Marcello, House Select Committee on Assassinations, _Report_, vol. IX, pp. 69-75, as summarized by Laura Denk, Assassination Records Review Board, file 4.0.1.3. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/jfk2022/124-10210-10327.pdf and https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/LDENK/WP-DOCS/ORGCRIME/MARCELLO.RTP.PDF
-[^9]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 269 (Goodwin to President Kennedy, November 1, 1961), doc. 270 (editorial note: November 3, 1961 meeting; Robert Kennedy's handwritten notes of 11/7/61; the Special Group (Augmented)), and doc. 278 (memorandum of November 30, 1961, and editorial note on the November 22 version). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d270
-[^10]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, _Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report_ (1975), p. 140 (Special Group (Augmented); Taylor named chairman; Goodwin's proposal; Robert Kennedy's role). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
-[^11]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 10, Memorandum From the CIA Project Officer for Operation Mongoose (Harvey) to the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), October 8, 1962, "Sabotage of Cuban-Owned Ship." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d10
-[^12]: Church Committee interim report (1975), pp. 147-148 (Special Group (Augmented) meeting of October 4, 1962, citing the minutes of the meeting; halt of sabotage ordered October 30, 1962, citing Lansdale's memorandum for the record) and chronology, pp. 293-294 ("November: Operation MONGOOSE ends"). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
-[^13]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 82, Minutes of Meeting of the Special Group (Augmented) on Operation Mongoose, October 26, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d82
-[^14]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 261, Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy, January 4, 1963. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d261
-[^15]: Church Committee interim report (1975), p. 87 n. 3 (contact plan; Case Officer 2 testimony of August 1, 1975, p. 60) and pp. 174-175 (Inspector General's Report, pp. 88-89; Helms testimony of June 13, 1975, pp. 117-118 and 132). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
-[^16]: Church Committee interim report (1975), section on the May 7, 1962 briefing of the Attorney General, pp. 131-134, citing Houston testimony of June 2, 1975, p. 14; Edwards testimony of May 30, 1975, p. 17; Edwards memorandum to the Attorney General, May 14, 1962; Hoover memorandum, May 10, 1962; Miller memorandum, April 24, 1962; Helms testimony of September 16, 1975, p. 8; and the Inspector General's Report, pp. 65 and 118. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
-[^17]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, doc. 21, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, September 29, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, September 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21
-[^18]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, doc. 23, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, November 9, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, November 11. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d23
-[^19]: Justin Chandler, "'Thank God for Bobby': Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Air University, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, June 2017, pp. 95-96 (citing Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_ (1997), pp. 110-113; Larry Tye, _Bobby Kennedy_ (2016), p. 247; and the Robert F. Kennedy oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, as cited there). https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
-[^20]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 194, Editorial Note (meeting of November 19, 1962, citing Memorandum by Robert Kennedy, November 30, as cited in Schlesinger, _Robert Kennedy and His Times_, p. 550). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d194
-[^21]: Chandler, "Thank God for Bobby," pp. 98-101 (citing Lebow and Stein, _We All Lost the Cold War_ (1994), p. 68; Brugioni, _Eyeball to Eyeball_, p. 178; and Fursenko and Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_, pp. 194 and 197). The Kennedy remark rests on Brugioni as cited by Chandler. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
-[^22]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 247, Message From President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev, December 14, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d247
-[^23]: Church Committee, _Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans_ (Book III, 1976), Section IV.B, "Wiretap Surveillance of Dr. King and the SCLC: October 1963-June 1966," pp. 115-116, citing Bland to Sullivan memorandum of 9/6/63, Hoover to the Attorney General of 10/7/63 and 10/18/63, and Evans to Belmont memoranda of 10/10/63 and 10/21/63; installation table, p. 116. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
-[^24]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), p. 117, citing Burke Marshall testimony of March 3, 1976, pp. 20 and 55. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
-[^25]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), pp. 117-118, citing Edwin O. Guthman testimony of March 16, 1976, pp. 5 and 15-17. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
-[^26]: FBI, Marilyn Monroe file, Mexico City report covering her February 1962 visit to Mexico (text dated February 21 and 23, 1962), in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
-[^27]: FBI memorandum, stamped August 1, 1973, file 105-40018 (Marilyn Monroe), concerning Norman Mailer's book on Monroe, in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
-[^28]: Department of State outgoing telegram to American embassy Amman and other posts, drafted by NEA (Lucius D. Battle) June 5, 1968, CIA Reading Room document 05161067. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-05161067
-[^29]: CIA Reading Room document 07169750, memorandum for the record, "Suspicion of 'Palestinian' Conspiracy Behind Kennedy Assassination," June 14, 1968. The archived OCR is partly illegible at the passage naming the group, so that wording is a paraphrase. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169750
-[^30]: CIA Reading Room document 07169746, Deputy Director to FBI, "Sirhan Investigation," July 23, 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169746
-[^31]: CIA Reading Room document 07169734, memorandum to the FBI Director regarding Moshe Yaacov Eldar, July 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169734
-[^32]: California State Archives, Los Angeles Police Department Records of the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Investigation, ca. 1968-1978 (collection rfkguide), finding aid, Online Archive of California, scope and content and index of interviewees (Cesar, Thane: CSA-K7, K8, K24; Pruszynski, Stus: CSA-K123). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf387002h3/
-[^33]: Philip M. Van Praag, "Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings Utilizing Frequency Selective Integrated Loudness Envelope Evaluation," American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Engineering Sciences Section, abstract C20, 2008. https://www.aafs.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/AAFS-2008-C20.pdf
-[^34]: Dan E. Moldea, account of his investigation, excerpted from _Confessions of a Guerrilla Writer_ (chapters on Gene Cesar and the polygraph) and his 1987 _Regardie's_ article; http://www.moldea.com/DEM-on-RFK.pdf
-[^35]: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., "Governor Newsom Should Not Block," Substack, December 14, 2021. https://robertfkennedyjr.substack.com/p/governor-newsom-should-not-block
-[^36]: Linda Deutsch, Associated Press, February 28, 2011, report on Sirhan's parole hearing, as reprinted by Salon. https://www.salon.com/2011/02/28/assassin_can_t_remember_shooting_robert_kennedy/
-[^37]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, News Release No. 11-25, "DNI Gabbard Releases More Than 60,000 Additional Pages Related to Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassination," May 7, 2025. https://www.odni.gov/3532/pr-11-25/
-[^38]: Office of Governor Gavin Newsom, "Governor Newsom Grants Executive Clemency, Reverses Parole Decision for Sirhan Sirhan," press release, January 2022. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/01/13/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-reverses-parole-decision-for-sirhan-sirhan/
-[^39]: "California board denies parole for RFK killer Sirhan Sirhan," KTVU, March 1, 2023. https://www.ktvu.com/news/california-board-denies-parole-for-rfk-killer-sirhan-sirhan
+[^5]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84 (2003), committee and subcommittee rosters (assistant counsels, including Robert F. Kennedy), and historical introduction by Donald A. Ritchie, p. XV (candidates for chief counsel). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^6]: Executive Sessions, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84, historical introduction, p. XVII (resignation in August 1953 "after literally coming to blows with Roy Cohn," telling the chairman the subcommittee was "headed for disaster"; return as minority counsel in 1954). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
+[^7]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings, Part 13, August 20-23, 1957, testimony of James R. Hoffa, pp. 4927-4937 (oath, p. 4927; prepared statement, pp. 4929-4930; examination by Kennedy begins p. 4930; antitrust, extortion and nolo contendere exchange, pp. 4931-4932). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi13unit
+[^8]: Hearings, Part 36 (August 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12, 1958; Hoffa sworn as president of the Teamsters, p. 13278); Part 37 (August 13-20, 1958); Part 40 (September 11-November 17, 1958); Part 54 (June 25-30, 1959); Part 56 (July 10, 13 and 14, 1959; Hoffa "Resumed" with counsel Edward Bennett Williams, pp. 19693 ff.). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi36unit and the corresponding items investigationofi37unit, investigationofi40unit, investigationofi54unit and investigationofi56unit.
+[^9]: CIA Reading Room, "Summary of DDO File on Robert F. Kennedy, 201-211732," with the request for approval of March 16, 1964 (Project ORSENSE), CIA Reading Room document 07164990. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07164990
+[^10]: FBI memorandum, R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, May 24, 1961, file 92-2713-175,176, NARA record 124-10210-10327 (JFK release), reporting Paul Loeb's account of a May 12, 1961 interview by Agent Papich in Guatemala City. The April 4, 1961 deportation date is from the report of Blakey, Cornwell and Ewing on Carlos Marcello, House Select Committee on Assassinations, _Report_, vol. IX, pp. 69-75, as summarized by Laura Denk, Assassination Records Review Board, file 4.0.1.3. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/jfk2022/124-10210-10327.pdf and https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/LDENK/WP-DOCS/ORGCRIME/MARCELLO.RTP.PDF
+[^11]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 269 (Goodwin to President Kennedy, November 1, 1961), doc. 270 (editorial note: November 3, 1961 meeting; Robert Kennedy's handwritten notes of 11/7/61; the Special Group (Augmented)), and doc. 278 (memorandum of November 30, 1961, and editorial note on the November 22 version). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d270
+[^12]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, _Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report_ (1975), p. 140 (Special Group (Augmented); Taylor named chairman; Goodwin's proposal; Robert Kennedy's role). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
+[^13]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 10, Memorandum From the CIA Project Officer for Operation Mongoose (Harvey) to the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), October 8, 1962, "Sabotage of Cuban-Owned Ship." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d10
+[^14]: Church Committee interim report (1975), pp. 147-148 (Special Group (Augmented) meeting of October 4, 1962, citing the minutes of the meeting; halt of sabotage ordered October 30, 1962, citing Lansdale's memorandum for the record) and chronology, pp. 293-294 ("November: Operation MONGOOSE ends"). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
+[^15]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 82, Minutes of Meeting of the Special Group (Augmented) on Operation Mongoose, October 26, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d82
+[^16]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 261, Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy, January 4, 1963. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d261
+[^17]: Church Committee interim report (1975), p. 87 n. 3 (contact plan; Case Officer 2 testimony of August 1, 1975, p. 60) and pp. 174-175 (Inspector General's Report, pp. 88-89; Helms testimony of June 13, 1975, pp. 117-118 and 132). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
+[^18]: Church Committee interim report (1975), section on the May 7, 1962 briefing of the Attorney General, pp. 131-134, citing Houston testimony of June 2, 1975, p. 14; Edwards testimony of May 30, 1975, p. 17; Edwards memorandum to the Attorney General, May 14, 1962; Hoover memorandum, May 10, 1962; Miller memorandum, April 24, 1962; Helms testimony of September 16, 1975, p. 8; and the Inspector General's Report, pp. 65 and 118. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
+[^19]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, doc. 21, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, September 29, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, September 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21
+[^20]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, doc. 23, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, November 9, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, November 11. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d23
+[^21]: Justin Chandler, "'Thank God for Bobby': Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Air University, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, June 2017, pp. 95-96 (citing Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_ (1997), pp. 110-113; Larry Tye, _Bobby Kennedy_ (2016), p. 247; and the Robert F. Kennedy oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, as cited there). https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
+[^22]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 194, Editorial Note (meeting of November 19, 1962, citing Memorandum by Robert Kennedy, November 30, as cited in Schlesinger, _Robert Kennedy and His Times_, p. 550). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d194
+[^23]: Chandler, "Thank God for Bobby," pp. 98-101 (citing Lebow and Stein, _We All Lost the Cold War_ (1994), p. 68; Brugioni, _Eyeball to Eyeball_, p. 178; and Fursenko and Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_, pp. 194 and 197). The Kennedy remark rests on Brugioni as cited by Chandler. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
+[^24]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 247, Message From President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev, December 14, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d247
+[^25]: Church Committee, _Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans_ (Book III, 1976), Section IV.B, "Wiretap Surveillance of Dr. King and the SCLC: October 1963-June 1966," pp. 115-116, citing Bland to Sullivan memorandum of 9/6/63, Hoover to the Attorney General of 10/7/63 and 10/18/63, and Evans to Belmont memoranda of 10/10/63 and 10/21/63; installation table, p. 116. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
+[^26]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), p. 117, citing Burke Marshall testimony of March 3, 1976, pp. 20 and 55. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
+[^27]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), pp. 117-118, citing Edwin O. Guthman testimony of March 16, 1976, pp. 5 and 15-17. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
+[^28]: FBI, Marilyn Monroe file, Mexico City report covering her February 1962 visit to Mexico (text dated February 21 and 23, 1962), in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
+[^29]: FBI memorandum, stamped August 1, 1973, file 105-40018 (Marilyn Monroe), concerning Norman Mailer's book on Monroe, in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
+[^30]: Department of State outgoing telegram to American embassy Amman and other posts, drafted by NEA (Lucius D. Battle) June 5, 1968, CIA Reading Room document 05161067. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-05161067
+[^31]: CIA Reading Room document 07169750, memorandum for the record, "Suspicion of 'Palestinian' Conspiracy Behind Kennedy Assassination," June 14, 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169750
+[^32]: CIA Reading Room document 07169746, Deputy Director to FBI, "Sirhan Investigation," July 23, 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169746
+[^33]: CIA Reading Room document 07169734, memorandum to the FBI Director regarding Moshe Yaacov Eldar, July 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169734
+[^34]: California State Archives, Los Angeles Police Department Records of the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Investigation, ca. 1968-1978 (collection rfkguide), finding aid, Online Archive of California, scope and content and index of interviewees (Cesar, Thane: CSA-K7, K8, K24; Pruszynski, Stus: CSA-K123). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf387002h3/
+[^35]: Philip M. Van Praag, "Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings Utilizing Frequency Selective Integrated Loudness Envelope Evaluation," American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Engineering Sciences Section, abstract C20, 2008. https://www.aafs.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/AAFS-2008-C20.pdf
+[^36]: Dan E. Moldea, account of his investigation, excerpted from _Confessions of a Guerrilla Writer_ (chapters on Gene Cesar and the polygraph) and his 1987 _Regardie's_ article; http://www.moldea.com/DEM-on-RFK.pdf
+[^37]: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., "Governor Newsom Should Not Block," Substack, December 14, 2021. https://robertfkennedyjr.substack.com/p/governor-newsom-should-not-block
+[^38]: Linda Deutsch, Associated Press, February 28, 2011, report on Sirhan's parole hearing, as reprinted by Salon. https://www.salon.com/2011/02/28/assassin_can_t_remember_shooting_robert_kennedy/
+[^39]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, News Release No. 11-25, "DNI Gabbard Releases More Than 60,000 Additional Pages Related to Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassination," May 7, 2025. https://www.odni.gov/3532/pr-11-25/
+[^40]: Office of Governor Gavin Newsom, "Governor Newsom Grants Executive Clemency, Reverses Parole Decision for Sirhan Sirhan," press release, January 2022. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/01/13/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-reverses-parole-decision-for-sirhan-sirhan/
+[^41]: "California board denies parole for RFK killer Sirhan Sirhan," KTVU, March 1, 2023. https://www.ktvu.com/news/california-board-denies-parole-for-rfk-killer-sirhan-sirhan

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Stanley Lovell.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ born: c. 1890
 died: c. 1976
 location: Boston, Massachusetts
 created: 2026-06-03
-updated: 2026-06-03
+updated: 2026-10-14
 ---
 Stanley Lovell was a [[Cornell University|Cornell]] graduate, self-described "saucepan chemist," and Boston industrialist whom General [[William Donovan]] appointed to head [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] Research and Development and to serve as the secret agency's liaison with the government scientific community. A confident, energetic man with a particular knack for coming up with offbeat ideas and selling them to others, Lovell was an outspoken patriot who wrote in his diary shortly after [[Pearl Harbor]]: "As James Hilton said, 'Once at war, to reason is treason.' My job is clear, to do all that is in me to help America."[^1]
 
@@ -32,9 +32,11 @@ Lovell encouraged OSS behavioral scientists to find something that would offend
 
 Lovell pursued multiple schemes to assassinate [[Adolf Hitler]]. He seized upon one of [[Walter Langer]]'s ideas, that Hitler might have feminine tendencies, and got permission to try to push the Führer over the gender line: "The hope was that his moustache would fall off and his voice become soprano." Lovell used the OSS agent network to try to slip female sex hormones into Hitler's food, but nothing apparently came of it. Nor was there any payoff to other schemes to blind Hitler permanently with mustard gas or to use a drug to exacerbate his suspected epilepsy. The main problem in all these operations, which were all tried, was getting Hitler to take the medicine. Failure of the delivery schemes also kept Hitler alive, as the OSS was simultaneously trying to poison him. Lovell later wrote that he "supplied now and then a carbamate or other quietus medication, all to be injected into der Führer's carrots, beets, or whatever."[^1]
 
+Lovell wrote that his "favorite attack on Adolf Hitler" was a glandular approach, that America's top diagnosticians and gland experts agreed with him that Hitler was close to the male-female line, and that a plan to place an OSS agent among the gardeners who supplied the vegetable garden at Berchtesgaden ended, as far as he could tell, with the gardener taking the money and discarding the syringes and medications.[^2]
+
 ### Hypnosis Proposal
 
-Lovell reasoned that a good way to kill Hitler would be to hypnotically control a German prisoner to hate the [[Gestapo]] and the Nazi regime and then give the subject a hypnotic suggestion to assassinate the Führer. The candidate would be let loose in [[Germany]] where he would take the desired action, "being under a compulsion that might not be denied." Lovell sought advice on whether this scheme would work from New York psychiatrist [[Lawrence Kubie]] and from the famed [[Menninger brothers]], Karl and William. The Menningers reported that the weight of the evidence showed hypnotism incapable of making people do anything they would not otherwise do. Equally negative, Dr. Kubie added that if a German prisoner had a logical reason to kill Hitler, he would not need hypnotism to motivate him.[^1]
+Lovell reasoned that a good way to kill Hitler would be to hypnotically control a German prisoner to hate the [[Gestapo]] and the Nazi regime and then give the subject a hypnotic suggestion to assassinate the Führer. The candidate would be let loose in [[Germany]] where he would take the desired action, "being under a compulsion that might not be denied." Lovell sought advice on whether this scheme would work from New York psychiatrist [[Lawrence Kubie]] and from the famed [[Menninger brothers]], Karl and William. The Menningers reported that the weight of the evidence showed hypnotism incapable of making people do anything they would not otherwise do. Equally negative, Dr. Kubie added that if a German prisoner had a logical reason to kill Hitler, he would not need hypnotism to motivate him.[^1][^2]
 
 ### The Gottlieb Continuity
 
@@ -43,3 +45,4 @@ Lovell reasoned that a good way to kill Hitler would be to hypnotically control
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 1.
+[^2]: Lovell, Stanley P. *Of Spies and Stratagems*. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963, pp. 84-85 and 89-90. https://archive.org/details/ofspiesstratagem0000stan