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+---
+category: "U.S. State"
+tags:
+  - Place
+  - USState
+  - CorporateShells
+  - CourtOfChancery
+  - BankruptcyCourt
+  - Epstein
+  - CentralIntelligenceAgency
+  - HowardHughes
+summary: "State of incorporation for the Epstein aircraft companies, In-Q-Tel and most of the vault's corporate shells, and the forum of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute trustee suit and the FTX bankruptcy."
+aliases:
+  - State of Delaware
+  - Delaware, United States
+created: 2026-10-15
+updated: 2026-10-15
+relations:
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]"
+    start: 1979-06-26
+    end: 1979-10-26
+    role: "Attorney General of Delaware, joint plaintiff with William R. Lummis, in Wier v. Howard Hughes Medical Institute"
+    fn: 53
+---
+Delaware is a Mid-Atlantic state and the legal domicile of most of the corporations, limited partnerships and limited liability companies named on this site. Delaware law allows an entity to come into existence on a filing with the state and gives it a file number.[^1][^2] The state's courts appear as well, chiefly the [[Delaware Court of Chancery]], which heard the trustee suit over the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]], and the [[United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware]], where the FTX Chapter 11 case and several adversary proceedings involving SkyBridge-related parties were filed. In the Supreme Court record the state is the respondent in [[Franks v. Delaware]].
+
+### Delaware General Corporation Law and the registry
+
+Any person, partnership, association or corporation, without regard to residence, domicile or state of incorporation, may incorporate under the General Corporation Law by filing a certificate of incorporation with the Division of Corporations in the Department of State.[^3] The certificate must state the corporation's name, the address of its registered office in the state and the name of its registered agent at that address.[^4] The Limited Liability Company Act likewise requires a certificate of formation that sets out the name, the registered office and the registered agent, and the company exists from the moment of filing.[^2] The corporation law also permits the certificate to eliminate the personal liability of directors and officers to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty, subject to enumerated exceptions.[^5] A stockholder may inspect the corporation's books and records for a proper purpose on written demand under oath, and the Court of Chancery hears the proceedings to compel it.[^6]
+
+The federal Corporate Transparency Act, enacted on January 1, 2021 as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, directed the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network to collect beneficial ownership information from entities formed by a state filing.[^7] On March 26, 2025, FinCEN published an interim final rule (90 Fed. Reg. 13688) that confined the reporting requirement to entities formed under foreign law and registered to do business in the United States, exempting entities previously defined as domestic reporting companies from reporting beneficial ownership information.[^8] A final rule of August 14, 2026 (91 Fed. Reg. 52508) adopted the interim rule with changes, and also exempted reporting companies from submitting information about their U.S. person company applicants.[^9]
+
+### Corporate domicile and the Division of Corporations
+
+The Division of Corporations record for a Delaware entity gives a file number, a formation date and the name of a registered agent. [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]] appears under file number 2015058, with a formation date of August 15, 1983, and [[Corporation Guarantee and Trust Company]] of [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] as registered agent.[^10] [[Christopher Byron]] wrote in 1991 that court records showed the company incorporated in July 1983.[^11] [[Mark Phythian]] gives August 15, 1983 as the date on which a company presented as private was formed in Delaware to sell or exchange weapons.[^12]
+
+The [[Counter Terrorism Consultants, Inc.]] partnership, CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., was filed as a Delaware limited partnership under file number 2168210 on August 1, 1988.[^13] It registered in the District of Columbia as a foreign limited partnership on August 5, 1988, under file number 058088, with the corporation at 2300 M Street NW as its registered agent.[^14] The 1988 membership directory of the [[International Association of Chiefs of Police]] lists [[Carter Cornick]] as president of the corporation at that address.[^15] On August 2, 1988, [[United Press International]] reported that a group of former FBI agents and federal prosecutors had formed a consulting firm, a report that appeared the day after the partnership's filing.[^16]
+
+The [[Commodity Credit Corporation]] holds its present federal charter under the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act of June 29, 1948. That act dissolved an earlier corporation of the same name organized under Delaware law and transferred its rights, duties, assets and liabilities to the new body, as the [[Government Corporation Control Act]] of 1945 required of wholly owned government corporations.[^17]
+
+[[Discord]] Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its business address in [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]].[^18] In his January 31, 2024 testimony before the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary]], [[Jason Citron]] stated that he had co-founded the company in 2015, that more than 150 million people used the service each month, that more than 75 percent of them were outside the [[United States]], and that Discord sold no advertising and charged for subscriptions and server boosts.[^19]
+
+### Epstein aircraft and the AdFin shareholding
+
+[[Air Ghislaine, Inc.]] was a Delaware corporation with a registered address in Wilmington and an office address for [[Jeffrey Epstein]] in New York. It held fractional jet shares and helicopters from at least January 2000.[^20] Its name carried the first name of [[Ghislaine Maxwell]]. It was renamed Shmitka Air, Inc. on February 11, 2010, and Freedom Air International, Inc. on July 6, 2010.[^21] A forensic accountant's table of Epstein entities lists Freedom Air International as wholly owned by Epstein and cites a consent of the sole stockholder dated December 7, 2012.[^20] The company's filings with the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] list as signing officers Epstein's chief pilot [[Larry Visoski]] until the 2010 renaming.[^21]
+
+[[JEGE, Inc.]] was a Delaware corporation through which Epstein owned the Boeing 727-31 registered N908JE, the aircraft the press called the [[Lolita Express]]. A 2007 federal draft indictment, never filed, describes Epstein as its principal owner, its president, sole director and sole shareholder, and says its sole business activities concerned the operation and ownership of that aircraft.[^22] A separate company, JEGE, LLC, was organized in [[St. Thomas]], [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], on October 19, 2012, with Epstein and Visoski as members.[^22]
+
+[[Hyperion Air]], Inc. was a Delaware corporation with a registered address in Wilmington. It bought Epstein's Gulfstream jet N909JE in 1994. The same unfiled 2007 draft indictment describes Epstein as its president, sole director and sole shareholder, and says its sole business activities concerned that Gulfstream.[^23] Hyperion Air, LLC was organized in St. Thomas on October 19, 2012, and held his helicopters until after his death. The corporation's account at [[JPMorgan Chase]] carried Epstein's aviation cash withdrawals from about 2011, according to an expert report filed in the Virgin Islands litigation against the bank.[^20]
+
+[[AdFin Solutions]], Inc., styled AD/FIN, was a Delaware corporation incorporated on April 25, 2011.[^24] It ingested and harmonized log-file data on winning bid transactions in programmatic advertising and sold pricing and media-audit analytics built on it.[^25] Its Series A preferred stock was bought in 2012 and 2013 by [[Jonathan Leitersdorf]], [[David Mitchell]], [[Tom Glocer]], [[Southern Trust Company]] and [[CVAFH I LLC]].[^26] The counterpart signature pages for the purchase agreement name Southern Trust Company, Inc., with Jeffrey Epstein as its president.[^26] The Schedule of Purchasers lists Southern Trust Company for 1,142,857 shares at $499,999.94 in a closing of April 10, 2013.[^27] CVAFH I LLC bought 800,000 shares for $350,000 on July 23, 2013, under a letter agreement that names [[Cantor Fitzgerald]], L.P. as the ultimate holding company of CVAFH.[^28] AdFin ceased operations in October 2019.[^29]
+
+### Funds, advisers and trading firms
+
+The Form D notices filed under the name [[1517 Fund]] begin in August 2015. Fund I, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, filed on August 31, 2015, with a first sale on August 14, 2015, and reported 6,400,000 dollars sold to twelve investors.[^30] Its executive officers were two individuals and a general partner entity, 1517 Fund I GP, LLC. A sidecar vehicle, 1517 Fund I Sidecar LP, filed on December 1, 2015 and reported 290,000 dollars sold to six investors.[^31]
+
+[[Bridgewater Associates]], LP is a Delaware limited partnership and an investment adviser registered with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] since January 12, 1990, with offices in [[Westport, Connecticut]].[^32] A Connecticut fiscal analysis prepared for a 2016 bond commission meeting gave its founding year as 1975 and described its clients as foreign governments and central banks, corporate and public pension funds, university endowments and charitable foundations.[^33]
+
+[[ICONIQ Capital]], LLC is a Delaware limited liability company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission as an investment adviser, with CRD number 159198 and SEC file number 801-72878. Its registration took effect on December 1, 2011. Its brochure of March 26, 2026 names [[Divesh Makan]], [[Michael Anders]], [[Will Griffith]] and [[Matthew Jacobson]] as its principals.[^34]
+
+[[Jane Street Capital]], LLC is a broker-dealer formed in Delaware on August 31, 1999 and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2000, with its main office at 250 Vesey Street in New York. Its direct owner is Jane Street Group, LLC, which it reports as its member from January 2014. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority record lists the members of the Jane Street Group management committee as control persons, among them [[Robert Granieri]] from January 2014 and, from December 2024, [[James McClave]].[^35] The Securities and Exchange Board of India issued an interim order on July 3, 2025 concerning index manipulation by Jane Street Group.[^36]
+
+[[Minerva Project]], Inc. is incorporated in Delaware. [[Ben Nelson]] is listed on each of its five Form D notices as an executive officer and director. The first, filed April 6, 2012, gives March 26, 2012 as the date of first sale, an offering of 25,000,000 dollars, and 16,666,667 dollars sold. It lists [[Kevin Harvey]] as a director beside Nelson.[^37]
+
+[[Braintree]], which [[Bryan Johnson]] led as chief executive officer, was incorporated in Delaware. Its Form D filed on July 13, 2011 lists Johnson as chief executive officer and director, [[Dan Manges]] as an executive officer, and [[Ryan Sweeney]] of [[Accel Partners]] as a director. It reports 34,200,097 dollars sold to six investors in an offering whose first sale was June 28, 2011. A second Form D followed on November 21, 2011.[^38]
+
+The annual amendment of the Form ADV of [[SkyBridge Capital II]], LLC, printed March 31, 2026, lists on Schedule A [[Anthony Scaramucci]] as manager and member since May 2018, with control person status. It also lists [[Island Bay Ventures]], Inc., a Delaware company, as a member since September 2022, with 25 percent but less than 50 percent ownership. Beneath Island Bay the schedule lists Paper Bird Inc. and, as its shareholder since September 2022, [[Sam Bankman-Fried]]. Item 7.B lists among the adviser's private funds SkyBridge FTX LP, whose general partner is SkyBridge FTX GP LLC.[^39]
+
+[[Cambridge Analytica]], LLC was a Delaware limited liability company formed in December 2013, with its principal office at 597 Fifth Avenue in New York and part of the family of companies of the British firm [[SCL Group]].[^40] [[Robert Mercer]] capitalized the company, [[Steve Bannon]] served on its board, and [[Alexander Nix]] was its chief executive officer.[^41] The company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection in the [[United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York]] on May 17, 2018, as In re Cambridge Analytica LLC, Case No. 18-11500.[^41]
+
+### Intelligence contractors and defense firms
+
+[[In-Q-Tel]] was incorporated in Delaware on February 16, 1999, as Peleus, Inc., began work as In-Q-It, and took its present name in January 2000. It reported its 800th investment in 2025.[^42][^43][^44] The company invests money from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and other intelligence agencies in technology companies.
+
+[[Aerojet]] Engineering Corporation was incorporated in Delaware on March 19, 1942. Its incorporators were [[Theodore von Kármán]], [[Frank Malina]], [[Jack Parsons]], Edward Forman, [[Martin Summerfield]] and the Washington attorney [[Andrew Haley]].[^45] In his autobiography von Kármán wrote that each founder agreed to contribute 200 dollars and that Haley agreed to advance 2,500 dollars to cover the cost of starting the company.[^45]
+
+[[Intertel]] was incorporated in Delaware in January 1970 as a management advisory and consulting business intended to protect business firms from infiltration by crime and criminals. [[Robert Peloquin]] was its president, and [[William Hundley]] was its secretary and general counsel.[^46] The treasurer was [[Raymond M. Gore]], also vice president for finance of [[Resorts International]].[^46] Its officers included [[Fenelon Richards]], formerly director of enforcement of the [[United States Customs Service]], and [[Thomas McKeon]], formerly a Justice Department organized crime attorney.[^46]
+
+### Oil, aviation and the Bush and Baker names
+
+[[Harken Energy]] was incorporated in California in 1973 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1979. [[George W. Bush]] served as a director and consultant from 1986 until October 26, 1993. In January 1990 its subsidiary, Harken Bahrain Oil Company, obtained exclusive exploration rights over most of Bahrain's offshore territory.[^47][^48][^49]
+
+[[Atlantic Aviation]], a Delaware company selling business aircraft, hired [[James R. Bath]] in 1968 to open its Houston office, and he later became an aircraft broker on his own.[^50] In 1973 Bath formed a real estate partnership with [[Lan Bentsen]], a son of [[Lloyd Bentsen]]. Sources whom Time did not name said that one purpose was to find investments for the senator's blind trust. Bath and Bentsen said they had not been partners for years, but in 1991 secretaries at Bath's office still answered the telephone under the name Bath Bentsen Interests, and Bath said he had not got around to changing it.[^51] Unger wrote that Bath counted among his friends the Bentsen family, the younger and elder Bush, the Houston lawyer [[James A. Baker III]], his duck-hunting companion, and [[John Connally]].[^50]
+
+### Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Court of Chancery
+
+The Howard Hughes Medical Institute was incorporated in Delaware on December 17, 1953, with [[Howard Hughes]] as its sole trustee. The same day its incorporators established an executive committee to exercise such powers as the trustee designated. The institute was funded by the transfer of the electronics division of the Hughes holdings, the [[Hughes Aircraft Company]]. On March 1, 1957 the [[Internal Revenue Service]] ruled that the institute was a charitable corporation exempt from federal income tax.[^52] On July 3, 1968 Hughes caused a "Resolution of Trustee" to be adopted, delegating to the executive committee the duties and powers "which Delaware law had conferred upon the boards of directors of corporations organized for profit."[^52]
+
+Hughes died on April 5, 1976 without naming a successor trustee or a means of selecting one. The affairs of the institute were then largely controlled by two majority members of the executive committee, identified in the opinions as [[F. W. Gay]] and [[Chester C. Davis]]. On July 10, 1978 the institute's restated certificate of incorporation provided that the corporation "shall be managed and controlled by an Executive Committee."[^53]
+
+The Delaware Court of Chancery heard the first round in 1979. On June 26, 1979 the Chancellor, [[William Marvel]], considered a motion by [[Robert L. Shevin]], Attorney General of Florida, to intervene. Shevin argued that Florida had an interest in a charitable trust and in the [[University of Miami Medical Center]], which had received gifts from the institute. Marvel denied the motion without prejudice, finding that the Attorney General of Delaware was fully qualified to litigate the narrow issue before the court.[^53] The opinion records that the institute carried on medical research in laboratories associated with twelve university hospitals and employed more than 275 persons.[^53]
+
+On October 26, 1979 the court considered a complaint filed jointly by the Attorney General of Delaware and [[William R. Lummis]], the Delaware ancillary administrator of the Hughes estate. The institute moved to dismiss the claim of Lummis for lack of standing. Lummis argued that he had succeeded to Hughes's position as trustee and, in the alternative, that as ancillary administrator he had a duty to see a qualified successor appointed. The opinion concluded that Hughes's powers as trustee did not of themselves constitute a property interest of the institute, citing [[In re Buck Trust]].[^52]
+
+### The Court of Chancery and the BGC derivative suit
+
+The Court of Chancery is a court of equity without juries. In 1979 it was headed by William Marvel, who had joined the court as a Vice Chancellor in 1954.[^53]
+
+On October 5, 2018 the [[Roofers Local 149 Pension Fund]] filed a derivative complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery against the directors of [[BGC Group]], [[Howard Lutnick]], [[CF Group Management]] and Cantor Fitzgerald. The complaint challenged BGC's purchase of [[Berkeley Point]] from [[Cantor Commercial Real Estate]] for 875 million dollars on September 8, 2017 and its simultaneous investment of 100 million dollars for a 27 percent interest in Cantor's remaining commercial mortgage-backed securities business.[^54] The opinion records that the Roofers fund and the Northern California Pipe Trades Trust Funds filed derivative actions in October and November 2018, and that the actions were consolidated on December 4, 2018 as C.A. No. 2018-0722-AGB.[^55]
+
+In the memorandum opinion of September 30, 2019, Chancellor [[Andre G. Bouchard]] described BGC as a public company controlled by Lutnick that had paid 875 million dollars for a private company also controlled by Lutnick. The plaintiffs alleged that Lutnick stood on both sides of the transaction, held a 60 percent economic interest in Berkeley Point against 13.8 percent in BGC, and so had every reason to cause BGC to overpay. Cantor, CF Group and Lutnick controlled BGC through all of its Class B super-voting stock, giving them 60 percent of the voting power, and Lutnick owned about 60 percent of Cantor and held sole voting control of it.[^55] The defendants moved to dismiss on demand futility and, for the four outside directors, for failure to state a claim. Those directors were Linda Bell, Stephen Curwood, [[William Moran]] and John Dalton, appointed to a special committee on March 14, 2017. The court found that the complaint pleaded facts creating reasonable doubt about the independence of a majority of the board. As to Moran, it recited a professional relationship with Lutnick of about twenty years across four Cantor-affiliated boards, board compensation from Cantor affiliates of 931,986 dollars, and public and social contacts between their families. It denied both motions without findings on the merits.[^55]
+
+The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the Court of Chancery's final judgment of September 27, 2022 by order of August 10, 2023, on the basis of the Court of Chancery's memorandum opinion of August 19, 2022.[^56]
+
+### The UPI injunction of 1985
+
+On May 20, 1985, in Wilmington, Vice Chancellor Joseph Walsh of the Court of Chancery granted Douglas Ruhe and William Geissler, the owners of United Press International, a preliminary injunction that removed Luis Nogales as chairman of UPI's parent company and removed its board of directors. UPI was then operating under Chapter 11 protection.[^57] On May 28, 1985 a consent order in the [[United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia]] abolished UPI's own board and gave Nogales exclusive operating authority as chairman and chief executive officer.[^58]
+
+### The District of Delaware bankruptcy court
+
+The FTX Chapter 11 case was filed in the Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware on November 11, 2022, as In re FTX Trading Ltd., No. 22-11068 (JTD), with [[John T. Dorsey]] assigned as judge; the court's case page lists Dorsey's opinion and order of June 26, 2024 on digital asset estimation.[^59] On July 19, 2023 [[Alameda Research]] Ltd. and [[FTX|FTX Trading]] Ltd. filed an adversary complaint against [[Platform Life Sciences]], [[Lumen Bioscience]], [[GreenLight Biosciences]] Holdings, Riboscience, Genetic Networks and 4J Therapeutics.[^59]
+
+On November 8, 2024 FTX Trading Ltd., Island Bay Ventures Inc. and [[Clifton Bay Investments]] LLC filed an adversary complaint in the same case against SkyBridge Capital II LLC, SkyBridge GP Holdings LLC, Digital Macro Fund LP (formerly SkyBridge Coin Fund LP) and [[SALT Venture Group]] LLC, Anthony Scaramucci and [[Brett Messing]]. As reported from the pleading, FTX bought a 30 percent stake in the operating companies that manage the SkyBridge vehicles for 45 million dollars in September 2022, and the plaintiffs sought to recover about 100 million dollars in all and to disallow a 45 million dollar claim by SkyBridge. As pleaded, Alameda Research Ventures, now Clifton Bay, invested 10 million dollars in the SkyBridge Coin Fund in March 2022.[^60]
+
+[[Southern Air Holdings]] filed Chapter 11 petitions in the Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware on September 28, 2012. It described itself as a long-haul wide-body air cargo provider for governments and commercial users, with [[DHL]] as its largest commercial customer, and attributed the filing to reduced Department of Defense air cargo spending as [[Afghanistan]] deployments wound down.[^61] [[Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings]] completed its acquisition of Southern Air Holdings, including [[Southern Air Transport]] and [[Florida West International Airways]], for about 110 million dollars in cash on April 7, 2016.[^62]
+
+### Franks v. Delaware
+
+Franks v. Delaware was decided on June 26, 1978. The case arose from a Delaware Supreme Court holding that a defendant "under no circumstances may so challenge the veracity of a sworn statement used by police to procure a search warrant." The United States Supreme Court reversed and held that where a defendant makes a "substantial preliminary showing" that a false statement was included in a warrant affidavit knowingly, intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth, and the statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires a hearing.[^63]
+
+The doctrine was invoked in [[United States v. Shea et al. (2020)]], where a defense motion to suppress filed on August 13, 2021 argued that the warrant affidavit omitted material information about the confidential informant who provided the basis for the warrant.[^64]
+
+### Wilmington and the Passport Foundation
+
+Air Ghislaine, Inc. and Hyperion Air both gave Wilmington registered addresses. The [[Passport Foundation]], an organization with its address in Wilmington and administered by [[Foundation Source]], reports [[SALT Fund Management LLC]]'s SALT Fund I, L.P. among its other investments on its Form 990-PF from 2021 onward.[^65]
+
+### Valmy, Greenville and the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation
+
+[[Roberto Assagioli]] wrote that the [[Psychosynthesis Research Foundation]] was created in 1957 with its own seat at Valmy in Greenville, Delaware, and that an international congress was held at Valmy in 1959.[^66] The London institute's history states that the foundation was created in New York under the patronage of the [[DuPont]] family and names [[Frank Hilton]] as its head in New York.[^67] A Saturday Review directory of July 12, 1969 lists the foundation in New York with Hilton as director.[^68]
+
+On January 24, 1966, Governor [[Charles L. Terry Jr.]] of Delaware proclaimed the repeal of the charters of corporations that had failed for two years to pay assessed taxes, and the list printed in the Laws of Delaware includes the Psychosynthesis Research Foundation.[^69] The foundation's notice of December 1, 1967 gives its New York office and, as its registered office and treasurer, an address in Wilmington.[^70]
+
+### Joe Biden and the DuPont family
+
+[[Joe Biden]] represented Delaware in the United States Senate. The writer [[S. Dovey]] wrote that his first senatorial campaign in the early 1970s was funded and staffed by DuPont employees, that his victory party was held in a DuPont ballroom, and that his family soon moved into an old DuPont family mansion.[^71]
+
+### Other Delaware references
+
+[[Sarah Beth Clendaniel]] grew up in rural Cecil County, Maryland, a conservative area bordering Delaware and [[Pennsylvania]] in the northeastern corner of Maryland.[^72]
+
+The western part of Pennsylvania was split off as the [[Diocese of Pittsburgh]] in 1843. At the death of Bishop [[John Neumann]] on January 5, 1860, the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia]], then the Diocese of Philadelphia, still included Delaware. Its estimated Catholic population was 200,000, with 157 churches and 147 priests.[^73]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Delaware General Corporation Law, 8 Del. C. ch. 1. https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/index.html
+[^2]: Delaware Limited Liability Company Act, 6 Del. C. § 18-201 (certificate of formation). https://delcode.delaware.gov/title6/c018/index.html
+[^3]: 8 Del. C. § 101(a) (incorporators; how corporation formed). https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc01/index.html
+[^4]: 8 Del. C. § 102(a)(1)-(2) (contents of certificate of incorporation). https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc01/index.html
+[^5]: 8 Del. C. § 102(b)(7) (exculpation of directors and officers). https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc01/index.html
+[^6]: 8 Del. C. § 220 (inspection of books and records). https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc07/index.html
+[^7]: Corporate Transparency Act, Pub. L. 116-283, div. F, tit. LXIV, §§ 6401-6403 (Jan. 1, 2021), codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5336.
+[^8]: FinCEN, "Beneficial Ownership Information Reporting Requirement Revision and Deadline Extension," interim final rule, 90 Fed. Reg. 13688 (Mar. 26, 2025). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/03/26/2025-05199/beneficial-ownership-information-reporting-requirement-revision-and-deadline-extension
+[^9]: FinCEN, "Beneficial Ownership Information Reporting Requirement Revision," final rule, 91 Fed. Reg. 52508 (Aug. 14, 2026). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/08/14/2026-16576/beneficial-ownership-information-reporting-requirement-revision
+[^10]: State of Delaware, Division of Corporations, Entity Details, GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp., File Number 2015058, formation date 8/15/1983, registered agent Corporation Guarantee and Trust Company, Rodney Square, Wilmington. https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/ecorp/entitysearch/namesearch.aspx
+[^11]: Christopher Byron, "Did Convict Arif Durrani Help Set the Stage for Iran/Contra?" New York, December 16, 1991, pp. 42, 44. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42
+[^12]: Mark Phythian, ed., Under the Counter and Over the Border (Springer, 2013), p. 65.
+[^13]: OpenCorporates, company record us_de/2168210 (CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P.), reproducing the Delaware Division of Corporations registry. https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/2168210
+[^14]: District of Columbia Department of Licensing and Consumer Protection, Business One Stop Shop entity record 058088, Counterterrorism Consultants L.P. https://boss.dc.gov
+[^15]: The Police Chief, vol. 55 (1988), p. 93, membership directory of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
+[^16]: "A group of top former FBI agents and federal prosecutors," United Press International, August 2, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/02/A-group-of-top-former-FBI-agents-and-federal/9684730900658/
+[^17]: Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act, Pub. L. 80-806, ch. 704, 62 Stat. 1070-1071, June 29, 1948. https://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/farmbills/ccc1948.pdf
+[^18]: Discord Inc., SEC Form D filings (CIK 0001763840), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR.
+[^19]: Jason Citron, testimony, "Big Tech and the Online Child Sexual Exploitation Crisis," hearing before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 31, 2024, pp. 1-9. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings
+[^20]: Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), Expert Report of Jorge Amador, ECF No. 238-31 (filed July 25, 2023).
+[^21]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00021675 to EFTA00021684, DataSet 8, email chain "RE: FAA Question" between a Special Agent, Federal Aviation Administration, Law Enforcement Assistance Program, Atlanta, and an assistant.
+[^22]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01703108 to EFTA01703163, DataSet 10, draft indictment, United States v. Epstein (S.D. Fla., unfiled, 2007), paragraphs 3 and 4 and overt acts.
+[^23]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA01703108 to EFTA01703163, DataSet 10, draft indictment, United States v. Epstein (S.D. Fla., unfiled, 2007), paragraphs 5 and 6 and overt acts.
+[^24]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00289540, DataSet 9, Delaware Secretary of State certificate for AdFin Solutions, Inc., incorporated on the twenty-fifth day of April, A.D. 2011.
+[^25]: Alison Weissbrot, "How Ad/Fin Got Caught In The Crossfire Of The Industry's Transparency Crusade," AdExchanger, July 29, 2019. https://www.adexchanger.com/agencies/how-ad-fin-got-caught-in-the-crossfire-of-the-industrys-transparency
+[^26]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00289560, DataSet 9, AdFin Solutions, Inc. Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement dated December 28, 2012, sections 1.2, 2.1, 5.7 and Exhibit A.
+[^27]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00289560, DataSet 9, Exhibit A, Schedule of Purchasers (pages EFTA00289583 to EFTA00289585).
+[^28]: U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA00289560, DataSet 9, letter agreement of July 2013 between AdFin Solutions, Inc. and CVAFH I LLC (pages EFTA00289678 to EFTA00289680).
+[^29]: Alison Weissbrot, "After A Rocky Road, Ad/Fin Shuts Its Doors," AdExchanger, October 17, 2019. https://www.adexchanger.com/agencies/after-a-rocky-road-ad-fin-shuts-its-doors/
+[^30]: Form D, 1517 Fund I, L.P., CIK 0001651759, accession 0001651759-15-000001, filed August 31, 2015. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1651759/000165175915000001/primary_doc.xml
+[^31]: Form D, 1517 Fund I Sidecar LP, CIK 0001658654, accession 0001658654-15-000001, filed December 1, 2015. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1658654/000165865415000001/primary_doc.xml
+[^32]: Bridgewater Associates, LP, Form ADV Part 1A, SEC File No. 801-35875, CRD No. 105129, filing date August 18, 2026, Schedules A, B and D.
+[^33]: Connecticut General Assembly, Office of Fiscal Analysis, "Analysis of State Bond Commission Agenda Items for May 27, 2016 Meeting," item D, Bridgewater Associates, First Five (22,000,000).
+[^34]: ICONIQ Capital, LLC, Form ADV Part 2A, Firm Brochure, March 26, 2026, CRD 159198, SEC file 801-72878. https://files.adviserinfo.sec.gov/IAPD/Content/Common/crd_iapd_Brochure.asp
+[^35]: Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, BrokerCheck Report, Jane Street Capital, LLC, CRD 103782, SEC 8-52275, firm profile, direct and indirect owners.
+[^36]: Securities and Exchange Board of India, "Interim Order in the matter of Index manipulation by Jane Street Group," WTM/AN/MRD/MRD-SEC-3/31516/2025-26, July 3, 2025.
+[^37]: Form D, Minerva Project, Inc., filed April 6, 2012, accession 0001546672-12-000001, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR.
+[^38]: Braintree, Inc., Form D, filed July 13, 2011, SEC accession 0001524770-11-000001. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1524770/000152477011000001/primary_doc.xml
+[^39]: SkyBridge Capital II, LLC, Form ADV Part 1A, annual amendment printed March 31, 2026, CRD 148152, SEC file 801-71056, Schedule A and Section 7.B.(1). https://adviserinfo.sec.gov/firm/summary/148152
+[^40]: Federal Trade Commission, In the Matter of Cambridge Analytica, LLC, Docket No. 9383, Opinion of the Commission, November 25, 2019, section I. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/d09389_comm_final_opinion
+[^41]: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities (August 18, 2020), pp. 664-667, 679.
+[^42]: Rick E. Yannuzzi, "In-Q-Tel: A New Partnership Between the CIA and the Private Sector," Defense Intelligence Journal 9, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 25-37.
+[^43]: In-Q-Tel, "Our Milestones." https://www.iqt.org/about/our-milestones
+[^44]: In-Q-Tel, Inc., Internal Revenue Service Form 990, fiscal years 2011 to 2025, via ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
+[^45]: Stephen E. Doyle and Michael Ciancone, "Aerojet Engineering Corporation: Stimulation and Creation, 1935-1942," IAC-19-E4.2.1, 53rd IAA History of Astronautics Symposium (2019).
+[^46]: FBI, Peloquin file, Part 01, Director to SAC New York, July 24, 1970, p. 8; New York office transmittal of August 5, 1970, enclosing the International Intelligence, Inc. brochure (officers, purposes, incorporation). https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file
+[^47]: Harken Energy Corporation, proxy statement (Schedule 14A), filed April 25, 1994. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000454.txt
+[^48]: Harken Energy Corporation, Form 10-K for 1993, filed March 29, 1994, "Bahrain Operations." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000289.txt
+[^49]: Richard Behar, "Global Intrigue: The Wackiest Rig in Texas," Time, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718865/global-intrigue-the-wackiest-rig-in-texas/
+[^50]: Craig Unger, "Mystery man," Salon, April 28, 2004. https://www.salon.com/2004/04/28/james_bath/
+[^51]: Jonathan Beaty, "A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes," Time, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718843/a-mysterious-mover-of-money-and-planes/
+[^52]: Wier v. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 407 A.2d 1051 (Del. Ch. 1979), decided October 26, 1979 (Marvel, Ch.), citing In re Buck Trust, 301 A.2d 328 (Del. Ch. 1973). https://static.case.law/a2d/407/cases/1051-01.json
+[^53]: Wier v. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 404 A.2d 140 (Del. Ch. 1979), decided June 26, 1979 (Marvel, Ch.). https://static.case.law/a2d/404/cases/0140-01.json. On Marvel's service (Vice Chancellor from September 8, 1954 and later Chancellor, until May 1, 1982): Delaware Court of Chancery, history of the court, https://courts.delaware.gov/chancery/history.aspx
+[^54]: BGC Partners, Inc., Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed February 28, 2020, sections "Newmark IPO, Separation Transaction and Spin-Off" and Legal Proceedings; In re BGC Partners, Inc. Consolidated Derivative Litigation, C.A. No. 2018-0722-AGB, Memorandum Opinion (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2019), pp. 1-2.
+[^55]: In re BGC Partners, Inc. Consolidated Derivative Litigation, C.A. No. 2018-0722-AGB, Memorandum Opinion (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2019) (Bouchard, C.), submitted June 6, 2019, pp. 1-3, 14, 38-40. https://courts.delaware.gov/Opinions/Download.aspx?id=295730
+[^56]: In re BGC Partners, Inc. Derivative Litigation, No. 359, 2022 (Del. Aug. 10, 2023) (order). https://courts.delaware.gov/Opinions/Download.aspx?id=351370
+[^57]: Robert Engler, "In a ruling that soon may be moot," United Press International, Wilmington, Del., May 20, 1985. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/05/20/In-a-ruling-that-soon-may-be-moot-a/3317485409600/
+[^58]: In re United Press International, Inc., 60 B.R. 265 (Bankr. D.D.C. Apr. 22, 1986) (Bason, J.) (Bankruptcy No. 85-00257; consent order of May 28, 1985). https://static.case.law/br/60/cases/0265-01.json
+[^59]: In re FTX Trading Ltd., No. 22-11068 (JTD) (Bankr. D. Del.), petition filed November 11, 2022, Judge John T. Dorsey; United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, case page. https://www.deb.uscourts.gov/22-11068
+[^60]: Complaint of FTX Trading Ltd., Island Bay Ventures Inc. and Clifton Bay Investments LLC v. SkyBridge Capital II LLC et al. (Bankr. D. Del., filed Nov. 8, 2024), as reported by Offshore Alert, https://offshorealert.com/ftx-trading-ltd-et-al-v-anthony-scaramucci-et-al-complaint-100m-damages, and Cointelegraph, https://cointelegraph.com/news/ftx-estate-sues-scaramucci-s-sky-bridge-capital
+[^61]: American Bankruptcy Institute case summary, Southern Air Holdings, Chapter 11 petitions, Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, September 28, 2012.
+[^62]: Ivan Nadalet, "Atlas Air completes acquisition of Southern Air," ch-aviation, April 8, 2016. https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/45363-atlas-air-completes-acquisition-of-southern-air
+[^63]: Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), decided June 26, 1978, quoting the Delaware Supreme Court's holding that a defendant "under no circumstances may so challenge the veracity of a sworn statement used by police to procure a search warrant." https://static.case.law/us/438/cases/0154-01.json
+[^64]: Motion to Suppress, United States v. Shea et al., No. 2:20-cr-00032 (W.D. Wash.), August 13, 2021. https://archive.org/details/kaleb-cole-august-13-2021-motion-to-suppress-1
+[^65]: Passport Foundation, Form 990-PF filings, EIN 26-1580196, Wilmington, Delaware, 2021 onward, administered by Foundation Source.
+[^66]: Roberto Assagioli, "Psicosintesi e parapsicologia," typescript, Archivio Assagioli, Istituto di Psicosintesi, Florence, pp. 1-2 (Italian; translated here).
+[^67]: "History of the Institute of Psychosynthesis, London," psychosynthesis.org.
+[^68]: Saturday Review, July 12, 1969 (vol. 52, no. 28), directory of organizations, "Psychosynthesis Research Foundation," New York, "Frank Hilton, director." https://archive.org/details/saturday-review_202511
+[^69]: Laws of Delaware, vol. 55, part 2, chapter 559, Proclamation of Governor Charles L. Terry Jr., January 24, 1966, under 8 Del. C. sections 511 and 512, pp. 1694-1714.
+[^70]: Psychosynthesis Research Foundation, notice of December 1, 1967, Delaware filing.
+[^71]: S. Dovey, Eye of the Chickenhawk (2023), passages on Joe Biden's first Senate campaign and the DuPont family.
+[^72]: Cecil Daily, "Woman charged in neo-Nazi plot has criminal record in Cecil County," February 2023. https://www.cecildaily.com/news/woman-charged-in-neo-nazi-plot-has-criminal-record-in-cecil-county/article_b079a3b8-c164-5fd2-8562-2b2d092d690f.html
+[^73]: James Loughlin, "Archdiocese of Philadelphia," The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 11 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911). https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11793b.htm

60 - PLACES/US_STATES/New York.md

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+---
+category: "U.S. State"
+tags:
+  - Place
+  - USState
+  - BCCI
+  - MKULTRA
+  - OrganizedCrime
+  - Epstein
+  - ChemicalWarfare
+  - Psychiatry
+  - Spiritualism
+  - NXIVM
+aliases:
+  - "State of New York"
+  - "New York State"
+  - "New York (state)"
+summary: "State whose banking regulators, Manhattan prosecutors, psychiatric institute, prison system, governors and attorney general appear in the vault's BCCI, MKULTRA, Luciano, Attica, NXIVM, PayPal and Epstein records."
+created: 2026-10-15
+updated: 2026-10-15
+relations:
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]]"
+    start: 1989-05
+    end: 1991-07-29
+    role: "New York County District Attorney's investigation and indictment"
+    fn: 12
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Deutsche Bank]]"
+    start: 2020-07-06
+    role: "Department of Financial Services consent order, $150 million penalty"
+    fn: 15
+  - type: appointed
+    with: "[[Paul Hoch]]"
+    start: 1955-07
+    role: "Commissioner of Mental Hygiene under Governor Averell Harriman"
+    fn: 26
+  - type: prosecuted
+    with: "[[Payton Gendron]]"
+    start: 2022-11
+    end: 2023-02-15
+    role: "State prosecution in Erie County court for the 2022 Buffalo supermarket shooting"
+    fn: 54
+---
+
+New York is a state of the United States whose capital is [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and whose largest city, [[New York City]], has its own page. The state bodies that recur in the vault's record are the banking regulators (the Banking Department and its successor, the Department of Financial Services), the attorney general, the Department of Mental Hygiene and the [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]], the prison system, the governors' offices, and the upstate and Long Island institutions that held federal contracts. The Manhattan district attorney is a county official of the state court system and appears here for that reason.
+
+### Banking Regulation and the Bank of Credit and Commerce International
+
+[[John Heimann]] was New York's superintendent of banks when the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (BCCI) first tried to buy a New York bank. New York law required the superintendent to approve any change of control of a New York chartered bank. According to the Senate subcommittee's 1992 report, the first applicant was a young Pakistani national whose uncertified statement showed total assets of $4.5 million, $3 million of it a loan from his sister, and who said he would rely on BCCI for advice.[^1] Heimann put a hold on the application because BCCI had no central regulator and divided its audits between two auditors, so no consolidated financial report existed. A second application through a second nominee for a second New York bank met the same result, and [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] then approached Heimann directly. Heimann's statement to the subcommittee was that "I expressed my concern that BCCI did not have a primary regulator, and that, until it did, my office was reluctant to permit entry into the US." The report concluded that New York, "the most important U.S. banking market for BCCI, would be closed to BCCI so long as Heimann was its chief regulator."[^2]
+
+Heimann was appointed [[Office of the Comptroller of the Currency|Comptroller of the Currency]] in 1977. The subcommittee report says that the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency still had the most information about BCCI among federal bodies, and that "the main historical accident that placed OCC in this position was the coincidence of John Heimann" having run New York's banking supervision during BCCI's attempts on the state.[^3]
+
+In 1981 and 1982 the investors who had bought the [[Financial General Bankshares]] group's New York banks were required to divest the bank in New York City and created [[First American Bank]] of New York to replace it. The report places the matter in the state's proceedings, which included an application to the [[New York State Banking Board]] that, "due to strong opposition," ended with the investors agreeing to divest. It quotes a statement contending that "BCCI has not in any way controlled First American Bank of New York."[^4]
+
+The case against BCCI in New York began with the Manhattan district attorney, [[Robert Morgenthau]]. In the late spring of 1989 [[Jack Blum]], formerly chief counsel to a Senate subcommittee on drugs and foreign policy, went to New York after the federal prosecutors in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] had not acted on what he had brought them. Morgenthau had testified to the same subcommittee in February 1988 that "some $5 billion to $10 billion a year" was being laundered through New York banks.[^5][^6] Blum said he "essentially told him what I knew" and that Morgenthau's office produced the indictment on the same evidence.[^7] Morgenthau's chief of investigations, [[Michael Cherkasky]], later said that Blum's account, when first heard, had seemed unlikely: "Blum's story was ridiculous. [He said] the entire Third World was involved and that they had bought and sold entire governments and maybe some United States officials."[^8]
+
+The district attorney's office could subpoena BCCI records held by BCCI New York and by First American in New York, but not the records held in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, the [[Cayman Islands]], Panama and [[Abu Dhabi]]. The report records that the [[Serious Fraud Office]] refused to provide documents and that the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] also refused. Morgenthau obtained the [[Price Waterhouse]] audit reports after contacting [[Eddie George]], then deputy governor of the [[Bank of England]]: "We are going to charge this bank."[^9] The [[Federal Reserve Board]] was the one agency that cooperated; Morgenthau testified in May 1991 that "[t]he one organization that has been very helpful to us is the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the Federal Reserve Board in Washington."[^10] Federal Reserve investigators Richard Small and Thomas Baxter went to Abu Dhabi and found the documents showing BCCI's secret ownership of First American through nominees, which were passed to the district attorney's office.[^11]
+
+A New York State grand jury indicted BCCI on July 29, 1991, in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York. The indictment alleged a scheme in which BCCI relied on the reputations of prominent nominees, including ruling families of Middle Eastern states, and used Luxembourg and Cayman Islands subsidiaries to avoid consolidated regulation.[^12] By December 1991 BCCI's liquidators had pleaded guilty to the first six counts. The report's authors wrote that the Bank of England had begun BCCI's international closure in June 1991 because of the probability of the New York indictment, which "proved sufficient to shut down a $23 billion criminal bank operating in some 73 countries."[^13]
+
+### The Department of Financial Services and the Epstein Accounts
+
+The Banking Department's successor, the [[New York State Department of Financial Services]] (DFS), licenses and examines the New York branches of foreign banks. [[Credit Suisse]]'s annual report states that its New York branch is licensed by the New York Superintendent of Financial Services and examined by DFS, and that in May 2014, as part of a settlement of US cross-border tax matters totaling $2,815 million, the bank agreed to pay $715 million to DFS, $2,000 million to the Justice Department and $100 million to the Federal Reserve, after pleading guilty to one count of conspiracy to assist US customers in presenting false income tax returns.[^14]
+
+The consent order between DFS and [[Deutsche Bank]] was signed on July 6, 2020 by Associate Counsel R. Bruce Wells and Superintendent [[Linda Lacewell]] among others for the department, and the department announced it on July 7, 2020.[^15] It imposed a $150 million penalty and covered three relationships: [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s accounts, and correspondent banking with [[Danske Bank]]'s Estonia branch and with [[FBME Bank]]. The order records that Deutsche Bank held Epstein and related individuals and entities as clients from August 2013 until December 2018; that the relationship "officially began" on August 19, 2013, when the bank opened brokerage accounts for Southern Trust Company Inc. and its subsidiary [[Southern Financial LLC]]; and that Epstein, his entities and his associates eventually opened more than 40 accounts. It refers to [[Gratitude America]] as "Mr. Epstein's private charity."[^16] The department's release called the action the first enforcement action by a regulator against a financial institution for dealings with Epstein. It lists payments to individuals publicly alleged to have been co-conspirators, settlement payments totaling over $7 million, payments to law firms totaling over $6 million, and periodic cash withdrawals of more than $800,000 over about four years. Lacewell is quoted in the release as saying that "despite knowing Mr. Epstein's terrible criminal history, the Bank inexcusably failed to detect or prevent millions of dollars of suspicious transactions."[^17]
+
+DFS also entered a consent order with [[PayPal]] on January 23, 2025, with a $2,000,000 penalty, on its handling of a December 2022 event in which a message online claimed an exploit to obtain Social Security numbers from Form 1099-K documents on PayPal's platform.[^18]
+
+### The Attorney General
+
+In August 2002 PayPal signed an Assurance of Discontinuance with the [[New York State Attorney General]] after the attorney general's inquiry into payments to online gambling merchants. PayPal agreed to stop processing payments from its New York members to online gambling merchants by September 1, 2002 and to pay penalties of $200,000 to the State of New York. PayPal said it was acting in voluntary cooperation and was not admitting a violation of law.[^19]
+
+### Mental Hygiene and the New York State Psychiatric Institute
+
+The New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), a [[Columbia University]] affiliate, held contracts with the [[Army Chemical Corps]] under which it tested a mescaline derivative on human subjects so that the Corps could determine its suitability as a chemical warfare agent. A CIA inspector general's memorandum of August 13, 1975 states that the Army's Special Operations Division at [[Fort Detrick]] had a two-year contract with the institute for 1952 and 1953 "to test various mescaline-related and other drugs that the Army was interested in," and that CIA funds had been transferred to the Army on an annual basis starting in fiscal year 1953 in support of a mutual program.[^20]
+
+[[Harold Blauer]], 42, entered NYSPI voluntarily in December 1952 for depression. The Second Circuit's later opinion records that he died on January 8, 1953 after an injection of the compound by institute personnel, one of a series; the CIA inspector general's memorandum puts the dose at 450 milligrams of EA 1298 and the interval before death at two and a half hours. The New York City medical examiner's death certificate gave the cause as "Coronary arteriosclerosis; sudden death after intravenous injection of a mescaline derivative." The institute's record described the drug study as "for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes." The contracts barred NYSPI from disclosing information developed under them.[^21]
+
+Blauer's estate sued the State of New York in the [[New York Court of Claims]] in April 1953. [[David Marcus]], then an assistant attorney general, was assigned to defend the case, and his investigation uncovered the Army's role. The Court of Claims authorized production of NYSPI's records and examination of its doctors on January 4, 1954. Marcus conferred with the Army's litigation division on January 13 and 14, 1954 about a settlement in which the federal government would pay part. After the Justice Department was informed, a conference of federal counsel and medical personnel in early July 1954 recorded apprehension, expressed by Dr. Amedeo Marazzi of the Chemical Corps and by [[Paul Hoch]], the NYSPI medical official in charge of administering the compound to Blauer, about anticipated malpractice claims. At a July 12, 1954 meeting in Washington, Hoch stated that he would not have used the new compound for experimental purposes but for the institute's contract with the Army. George S. Leonard, first assistant to the Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division, advised that the case was worth $60,000 to $75,000 if the circumstances were revealed and should be settled to avoid disclosure of the Army's interest. An Army Judge Advocate General attorney, Harris J. North, recommended moving the Chemical Corps contracts from New York to the Chemical Corps Procurement Agency in Maryland, where "they would be beyond subpoena power."[^22]
+
+A tentative settlement of $15,000 was raised to $18,000 after Marcus told the Court of Claims judge about the Army's involvement in an ex parte conference. Hoch testified that the injection caused the death and was not in accordance with generally accepted medical practice. The estate alleged that he also testified falsely that the drug was given "for diagnostic purposes," and that, "in fact, according to the estate, Dr. Hoch was well aware that the mescaline derivative was a new compound not being administered for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes but as an experiment to study its effect for chemical warfare purposes." The Court of Claims entered the $18,000 order on July 7, 1955; the Army had paid $9,000 of it to the State on June 9, 1955. The release signed for the estate covered the "governmental body or agency which furnished the drug."[^23] The CIA inspector general's 1975 memorandum gives different figures, stating that the estate sued New York State for $500,000 and that the claim "was settled out of court for $125 K."[^20]
+
+The Army's role became public through the Secretary of the Army on August 12, 1975. Blauer's daughter, as successor administratrix, failed in an effort to reopen the Court of Claims case (*Barrett v. State of New York*, 1976) and brought three actions in the Southern District of New York. On July 31, 1986 the Second Circuit upheld Marcus's absolute immunity as a state attorney defending the state, and held that if the estate proved its allegations the four federal attorneys would not be entitled to absolute or qualified immunity.[^24] The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research printed a note in the August 3, 1977 MKULTRA hearing stating that Blauer "died of circulatory collapse and heart failure following an intravenous injection of a synthetic mescaline derivative while a subject of tests conducted by New York State Psychiatric Institute under a contract let by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps."[^25]
+
+[[Averell Harriman]] was elected governor in 1954. [[Mary Lasker]], in her Columbia oral history, recalled that Harriman asked for suggestions for a commissioner of mental hygiene soon after the election, that [[Lester Markel]], the Sunday editor of the [[New York Times]], telephoned to ask whether she knew Hoch, then in charge of research at the institute, and that the appointment was "finally announced in July of '55." A 1956 University at Albany record identifies Hoch as Commissioner of Mental Hygiene, the official who oversaw the state's psychiatric hospitals.[^26][^27]
+
+### Willowbrook State School
+
+The Department of Mental Hygiene also ran the state schools for people with intellectual disabilities. [[Saul Krugman]] wrote in 1986 that studies of the natural history and prevention of viral hepatitis were initiated at Willowbrook State School in 1955 and that "during the subsequent two decades there was considerable controversy regarding the ethical aspects of these studies"; he had published an account, "Experiments at the Willowbrook State School," in *The Lancet* in May 1971.[^28] In 1972 [[Geraldo Rivera]] broadcast an exposé of the school's conditions on television.[^29]
+
+The federal class action *New York State Association for Retarded Children v. Rockefeller* was heard by Judge Orrin Judd of the Eastern District of New York. His memorandum of April 10, 1973 granting a preliminary injunction found a resident population of 4,727 on December 10, 1972, down from a high of 6,200 in 1969; found that "conditions are still inhumane"; and noted a hiring freeze from December 1970 to November 1971 and legislative reports of overcrowding dating from 1964. It named Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] as a defendant, individually and as governor.[^30] The case ended in a consent judgment, with Governor [[Hugh Carey]] as the defendant, approved on May 5, 1975. It was negotiated with the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department and the state attorney general, with a 29-page appendix of standards in 23 areas and a Review Panel to monitor compliance.[^31]
+
+### Human Ecology and the Mind-Control Contracts
+
+The 1977 MKULTRA hearing record defines the cryptonym QKHILLTOP as a project assigned in 1954 to study Chinese Communist brainwashing and to develop interrogation techniques, stating that "most of the early studies are believed to have been conducted by the Cornell University Medical School Human Ecology Study Programs" and that the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, later the Human Ecology Fund, "was an outgrowth of the QKHILLTOP."[^32] The Cornell medical school, [[Cornell University Medical College]], was in Manhattan. The same hearing record includes testimony about CIA safehouses in New York City and San Francisco, a transfer of money for the use of the [[Federal Bureau of Narcotics]] in an apartment in New York, and the trip to Manhattan on which [[Robert Lashbrook]] and [[Vincent Ruwet]] took Frank Olson to see [[Harold Abramson]].[^33]
+
+### The Luciano Commutation and the State Prison System
+
+In May 1942 [[Charles R. Haffenden]] of Naval Intelligence asked the state Commissioner of Correction, John A. Lyons, in writing to move [[Charles Luciano]] from [[Clinton Correctional Facility]] at Dannemora to a more accessible prison for intelligence purposes, after Colonel [[Murray Gurfein]] had cleared the plan with District Attorney [[Frank Hogan]]. The transfer to [[Great Meadow Correctional Facility]] at Comstock took place on May 12, 1942, during the administration of Governor [[Herbert Lehman]].[^34] The report by [[William B. Herlands]], the state Commissioner of Investigation, records that the arrangement ran through Luciano's lawyer, [[Moses Polakoff]], and [[Meyer Lansky]], and that for about two years Luciano's visitors at Great Meadow included Polakoff, Lansky, Joe "Socks" Lanza, Mike Lascari, [[Frank Costello]], Willie Moretti and Mike Miranda; other participants who did not visit him included [[Joe Adonis]], Jerry Sullivan and Johnny "Cockeye" Dunn. The network was used to report on the waterfront and to place Naval Intelligence agents through union books and cards. Herlands titled the arrangement the War-Aid Project, and a letter of July 26, 1954 from Rear Admiral [[Carl F. Espe]], director of Naval Intelligence, confirmed it.[^35]
+
+On December 3, 1945 the state Board of Parole recommended that Luciano's sentence be commuted solely so that he could be deported. [[Thomas Dewey]], as governor, commuted it on January 3, 1946 on the express condition that he be deported at once, and in the same action commuted the sentences of six other alien criminals for the same purpose; Luciano was deported to Italy on the SS Laura Keane on or about February 9, 1946. Herlands' report to Dewey, dated September 17, 1954, reviewed the wartime arrangement. The Dewey papers that hold it are kept at the [[University of Rochester]].[^36]
+
+### Governors
+
+Nelson Rockefeller was elected governor in 1958. [[Berent Friele]], who had served as Rockefeller's private representative in Brazil for three decades, was appointed as his formal advisor on international affairs at that time, a post he held through Rockefeller's governorship and his later vice presidency under [[Gerald Ford]]. The account is drawn from Friele's papers at the [[Rockefeller Archive Center]].[^37]
+
+The state's 1973 narcotics statutes were enacted in Rockefeller's governorship. In *People v. Broadie* (June 18, 1975) the Court of Appeals described the challenge to laws that classed street sales of heroin and cocaine as class A felonies with a mandatory maximum of life imprisonment and lifetime parole. The opinion cites Rockefeller's 1973 annual message for the premise that rehabilitation efforts had failed and that the epidemic of drug abuse could be quelled only by the threat of inflexible, and therefore certain, exceptionally severe punishment, and states that "drug dealing in its present epidemic proportions is a grave offense of high rank."[^38]
+
+[[Risa Heller]], a former press secretary to Senator [[Chuck Schumer]] from 2005, later held a similar post under Governor [[David Paterson]].[^39]
+
+### Attica
+
+Between September 9 and 13, 1971, forty-three people died at [[Attica Correctional Facility]]. The report of the state's Special Commission on Attica, chaired by [[Robert B. McKay]] and set up by Rockefeller and legislative leaders through Chief Judge [[Stanley H. Fuld]] of the Court of Appeals, states that "thirty-nine of that number were killed and more than 80 others were wounded by gunfire during the 15 minutes it took the State Police to retake the prison on September 13," and that "with the exception of Indian massacres in the late 19th century, the State Police assault which ended the four-day prison uprising was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the Civil War." On September 15 Rockefeller announced that Deputy Attorney General [[Robert E. Fischer]] would supersede the local district attorney to investigate. The commission's narrative records that on the Sunday of the standoff the governor decided there would be no assault that day, that Commissioner [[Russell G. Oswald]] and a state police general recommended that Rockefeller come to the prison, that the governor asked whether it would be productive and save lives, and that Rockefeller finished a press release explaining why he would not come.[^40]
+
+### Spiritualism: Hydesville and Lily Dale
+
+Modern Spiritualism began in New York State. The sisters Margaret and Catherine Fox, living in a small house at Hydesville in the town of Arcadia, Wayne County, reported rappings there in 1848.[^41] Reuben Briggs Davenport wrote in 1888 that "the first so-called phenomena came to the two youngest girls in 1848, at Hydesville, in this State," and that their elder sister Leah, "twenty-three years older than Margaret," gave exhibitions in "all the principal cities, which were attended by the most eminent men and the most brilliant women in the country."[^42] Davenport described an investigation by three members of the University of Buffalo faculty, [[Austin Flint]], Charles A. Lee and C. B. Coventry, who attributed the noises to the knee joint and who, in his view, "hit upon the right principle at the inception of the inquiry, but were misled into a wrong application of it."[^43]
+
+On October 21, 1888 Margaret Fox Kane read a statement at the Academy of Music in New York City, published that morning in the *New York World*, saying that the raps had been produced by the sisters. Davenport's book printed her account and that of Catherine Fox Jencken, and reproduced an article of October 11, 1888 on the pressure brought on Kane to retract. In November 1889 Margaret recanted the confession, stating that she had made it under pressure from opponents of Spiritualism.[^44] Addresses delivered "under the auspices of the Cassadaga Lake Free Association, Lily Dale, N.Y.," were published in 1894.[^45]
+
+### NXIVM
+
+[[Keith Raniere]] founded NXIVM around 2003 as a self-styled executive coaching and self-help organization. The Eastern District of New York announced his arrest in a release describing NXIVM as a purported self-help organization based in Albany.[^46] In 2015 Raniere created the secret society DOS, structured as a pyramid with himself at the head, whose "slaves" were expected to provide "collateral." After a six-week jury trial before Judge Nicholas G. Garaufis, Raniere was convicted of racketeering conspiracy, racketeering, forced labor conspiracy, wire fraud conspiracy, sex trafficking conspiracy, sex trafficking and attempted sex trafficking, and was sentenced to 120 years. [[Clare Bronfman]] is a co-appellant in the Second Circuit's opinion of December 9, 2022, which affirmed the sex trafficking convictions, and the opinion names [[Allison Mack]] as a DOS "master"; each of Raniere's co-defendants pleaded guilty.[^47]
+
+### Upstate Installations and Institutions
+
+[[George Estabrooks]] headed the psychology department at [[Colgate University]] in Hamilton and advised the military on the uses of hypnosis from the early 1930s, a role described in [[John Marks]]'s account of the agency's mind-control programs.[^48] [[Allen Dulles]], later director of central intelligence, was born in Watertown, New York.[^49]
+
+The Air Force's [[Rome Air Development Center]] at [[Griffiss Air Force Base]], later the Rome Laboratory and now the Air Force Research Laboratory's Information Directorate, appears in the vault in two contract chains. In December 1973 the Braddock, Dunn and McDonald firm, later [[BDM Corporation]], delivered report RADC-TR-73-325, "Hertzian Generator Development," under contract F30602-72-C-0388 for the center, on a "frozen wave" concept for electromagnetic wave generation.[^50] On June 8, 2022 the Air Force awarded [[Radiance Technologies]] a position on the indefinite-delivery contract FA875022D1005, "Agile Cyber Technology 3," issued from Rome.[^51]
+
+### Long Island and Western New York
+
+The 1953 [[Robertson Panel]], a CIA advisory group on unidentified aerial reports, included [[Samuel Goudsmit]] of [[Brookhaven National Laboratories]] on Long Island. Records in the panel file propose the Navy's [[Special Devices Center]] at [[Sands Point, New York|Sands Point]], Long Island, as a channel for the panel's work.[^52]
+
+[[Bill Moore]] and Jaime Shandera wrote that in early March 1983 Moore received a telephone call telling him to "go and pick up" information. At a motel on the edge of a mid-sized city in upstate New York, a man delivered a sealed envelope containing eleven pages of a purported document headed "Executive Briefing, Subject: Project Aquarius." That account is the authors' own.[^53]
+
+### Criminal Cases and Other Appearances
+
+In November 2022 [[Payton Gendron]] pleaded guilty in Erie County court to first-degree murder, second-degree murder as a hate crime, attempted murder as a hate crime and domestic terrorism in the first degree, arising from the [[2022 Buffalo Supermarket Shooting]]. On February 15, 2023 Judge [[Susan Eagan]] sentenced him to life in prison without parole, because the state does not use the death penalty. Gendron also faced a federal indictment on 27 charges, including hate crimes resulting in death.[^54]
+
+[[Nicholas Tartaglione]], a former officer of the [[Briarcliff Manor Police Department]] in Westchester County, was convicted in federal court in White Plains in April 2023 of the murders of four men in 2016, whose bodies were buried on his property in Otisville. In June 2024 he was sentenced to four consecutive life terms.[^55] The Justice Department inspector general's report on Epstein's custody states that from July 2019 he shared a cell in the Special Housing Unit at the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York]] with Jeffrey Epstein.[^56]
+
+[[Hassie Hunt]], the son of [[H.L. Hunt|H. L. Hunt]], was placed in an institution in New York State after a lobotomy in the late 1940s, according to Harry Hurt III.[^57] [[Ricardo Cañete]] told FBI agents in May 1977 that an associate wrote on a restaurant guest check the papers he wanted, among them a New York State temporary security card in the name Frederick Pagan.[^58]
+
+### New York in Federal Office and Elections
+
+[[Hillary Clinton]] served as a senator from New York from January 3, 2001 to January 21, 2009, and sat on the [[Senate Armed Services Committee]].[^59] [[Irving Ives]], also a New York senator, spoke on the Senate floor on July 21, 1950 on the majority report of the subcommittee that examined [[Joseph McCarthy]]'s charges against the [[State Department]].[^60]
+
+In the 2026 Democratic primary for New York's 12th congressional district, the Assembly member [[Alex Bores]], sponsor of the state's [[RAISE Act]], was the target of Think Big, the spending vehicle of the super PAC [[Leading the Future]]. The Federal Election Commission's aggregation for his candidate committee shows Think Big spending $8,155,897.68 in opposition in 56 transactions, and the Jobs and Democracy PAC, funded through [[Public First Action]], spending $15,026,937.99 in support.[^61]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Kerry, John, and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* December 1992, ch. 6, "BCCI's Early Activities in the United States," account of the first New York nominee application. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm
+[^2]: Kerry, John, and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* December 1992, ch. 6, Heimann's statement (S. Hrg. 102-379, p. 76, as cited in ch. 6, n. 6) and the subcommittee's conclusion on Abedi's approaches to Heimann. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm
+[^3]: Kerry, John, and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* December 1992, ch. 12, "The OCC and John Heimann." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/12reg.htm
+[^4]: Kerry, John, and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* December 1992, ch. 13, passage on the 1981-1982 proceedings before the New York State Banking Board and First American Bank of New York. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/13clifford.htm
+[^5]: Kerry, John, and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* December 1992, ch. 9, "BCCI and Law Enforcement: District Attorney of New York," introduction and "Information From Senate Aide Initiates Investigation." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/09ny.htm
+[^6]: Robert Morgenthau testimony, February 1988, Senate subcommittee hearing, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2, pp. 20-21, as cited in Kerry-Brown report, ch. 9, n. 2.
+[^7]: Jack Blum testimony, S. Hrg. 102-350, p. 33, as cited in Kerry-Brown report, ch. 9, n. 4. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/09ny.htm
+[^8]: Michael Cherkasky, quoted in *Vanity Fair,* April 1992, "How They Broke the Bank," p. 261, and in S. Hrg. 102-350, pt. 3, as cited in Kerry-Brown report, ch. 9, nn. 5-6. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/09ny.htm
+[^9]: *Vanity Fair,* April 1992, "How They Broke the Bank," p. 266, as quoted in Kerry-Brown report, ch. 9, n. 15; report text on the Serious Fraud Office, the Justice Department and Price Waterhouse in ch. 9. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/09ny.htm
+[^10]: Morgenthau testimony, May 23, 1991, S. Hrg. 102-379, p. 167, as quoted in Kerry-Brown report, ch. 9, n. 16. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/09ny.htm
+[^11]: Kerry, John, and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* December 1992, ch. 9, section "The Federal Reserve" (Richard Small and Thomas Baxter in Abu Dhabi). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/09ny.htm
+[^12]: *People v. Bank of Credit and Commerce International,* indictment, Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, July 29, 1991, as quoted in Kerry-Brown report, ch. 9, nn. 17-18. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/09ny.htm
+[^13]: Kerry, John, and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,* December 1992, ch. 9, "The New York Indictment" and "Consequences of New York's Investigation." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/09ny.htm
+[^14]: Credit Suisse Group AG, Annual Report on Form 20-F for 2014, filed March 20, 2015, "Regulation and supervision" and "Tax and securities law matters." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1159510/000137036815000028/a140320ar20f.htm
+[^15]: New York State Department of Financial Services, In the Matter of Deutsche Bank AG, Deutsche Bank AG New York Branch, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company of the Americas, Consent Order Under New York Banking Law sections 39 and 44, signature pages ("signed this 6th day of July, 2020"); New York State Department of Financial Services, press release of July 7, 2020. https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/enforcement_discipline/ea20200706_deutsche_bank ; https://www.dfs.ny.gov/reports_and_publications/press_releases/pr202007071
+[^16]: Deutsche Bank consent order, July 6, 2020, paras. 16-23 and 44 (relationship from August 2013 until December 2018; accounts opened August 19, 2013; more than 40 accounts; "Mr. Epstein's private charity"). https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/enforcement_discipline/ea20200706_deutsche_bank
+[^17]: New York State Department of Financial Services, press release, "Superintendent Lacewell Announces DFS Imposes $150 Million Penalty on Deutsche Bank," July 7, 2020. https://www.dfs.ny.gov/reports_and_publications/press_releases/pr202007071
+[^18]: New York State Department of Financial Services, Consent Order in the matter of PayPal, Inc., January 23, 2025, paras. 7-11 and 25. https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry-guidance/enforcement-discipline/ea20250123-paypal-inc
+[^19]: PayPal, Inc., press release of August 21, 2002, Exhibit 99.2 to Form 8-K, SEC EDGAR. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001103415/000091205702033059/a2087861zex-99_2.htm
+[^20]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of the Inspector General, memorandum to the Legislative Counsel, "Drug-Related Death of Harold Blauer," August 13, 1975, CIA Reading Room document 00146161. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00146161
+[^21]: *Barrett v. United States,* 798 F.2d 565 (2d Cir. July 31, 1986), statement of facts. https://static.case.law/f2d/798/cases/0565-01.json
+[^22]: *Barrett v. United States,* 798 F.2d 565 (2d Cir. 1986), statement of facts (Court of Claims action of April 1953; conferences of early July and July 12, 1954). https://static.case.law/f2d/798/cases/0565-01.json
+[^23]: *Barrett v. United States,* 798 F.2d 565 (2d Cir. 1986), statement of facts (1955 settlement, order of July 7, 1955) and discussion (estate's allegations on Hoch's testimony). https://static.case.law/f2d/798/cases/0565-01.json
+[^24]: *Barrett v. United States,* 798 F.2d 565 (2d Cir. 1986), disposition as to Marcus and the federal attorneys; the earlier Court of Claims decision is *Barrett v. State of New York,* 85 Misc. 2d 456, 378 N.Y.S.2d 946 (Ct. Cl. 1976), cited in the opinion. https://static.case.law/f2d/798/cases/0565-01.json
+[^25]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,* joint hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 95th Cong., 1st sess., August 3, 1977, p. 67 and note. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00163357
+[^26]: Columbia University Libraries, Oral History Research Office, Mary Lasker oral history, transcript pages laskerm_1_19_570 and laskerm_1_19_592. https://columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/laskerm/transcripts/laskerm_1_19_570.html
+[^27]: University at Albany, M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, record of a 1956 interview of Dr. Paul H. Hoch, Commissioner of Mental Hygiene. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/apap015aspace_033e27487bc26a06ec8cf9fd535fb0c3
+[^28]: Saul Krugman, "The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects," *Reviews of Infectious Diseases* 8 (1986): 157-162 (PMID 3952423); Krugman, "Experiments at the Willowbrook State School," *The Lancet* 1 (May 8, 1971): 966-967 (PMID 4102289).
+[^29]: Geraldo Rivera, Willowbrook exposé, 1972 television broadcast, Internet Archive item "Willowbrook-Geraldo Rivera." https://archive.org/details/willowbrook
+[^30]: *New York State Association for Retarded Children, Inc. v. Rockefeller,* 357 F. Supp. 752 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 1973) (Judd, J.). https://static.case.law/f-supp/357/cases/0752-01.json
+[^31]: *New York State Association for Retarded Children, Inc. v. Carey,* 393 F. Supp. 715 (E.D.N.Y. May 5, 1975) (Judd, J.), memorandum approving consent judgment. https://static.case.law/f-supp/393/cases/0715-01.json
+[^32]: Joint hearing on Project MKULTRA, August 3, 1977, appendix, "QKHILLTOP Definition," p. 171. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00163357
+[^33]: Joint hearing on Project MKULTRA, August 3, 1977, opening statement of Admiral Stansfield Turner on safehouses; testimony on the New York apartment; staff account of the Olson case (trip to New York to see Dr. Harold Abramson, November 1953). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-00163357
+[^34]: William B. Herlands, report to Governor Thomas E. Dewey on the commutation of the sentence of Charles Luciano, September 17, 1954, Thomas E. Dewey Papers, Series 13, University of Rochester Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, "Synopsis of the Evidence." https://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
+[^35]: Herlands report, September 17, 1954, synopsis (visitors to Luciano at Great Meadow; network of contacts) and "Official Confirmation of the War-Aid Project," reproducing the letter of Rear Admiral Carl Espe, July 26, 1954. https://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
+[^36]: Herlands report, September 17, 1954, commutation section (Board of Parole recommendation of December 3, 1945; commutation of January 3, 1946; six other alien criminals; deportation on the SS Laura Keane). https://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
+[^37]: Stig Arild Pettersen, "Berent Friele: Nelson Rockefeller's Shadow Diplomat in Latin America," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports, 2019, drawing on the Berent Friele papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, FA468.
+[^38]: *People v. Broadie,* 37 N.Y.2d 100 (N.Y. June 18, 1975). https://static.case.law/ny-2d/37/cases/0100-01.json
+[^39]: Shawn McCreesh, "Get Me Risa Heller!" *New York* (Intelligencer), February 14, 2023. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/risa-heller-communications-profile.html
+[^40]: *Attica: The Official Report of the New York State Special Commission on Attica* (1972), Preface; "The Governor's Decisions"; chapter on the Sunday of the standoff; Oswald testimony on the call to the governor; Rockefeller announcement of September 15, 1971. https://archive.org/details/McKayCommissionAtticaReport
+[^41]: Emma Hardinge Britten, *Modern American Spiritualism: A Twenty Years' Record of the Communion between Earth and the World of Spirits* (1870), chapter on Hydesville. https://archive.org/details/modernamericansp00brit
+[^42]: Reuben Briggs Davenport, *The Death-Blow to Spiritualism: Being the True Story of the Fox Sisters, as Revealed by Authority of Margaret Fox Kane and Catherine Fox Jencken* (New York: G. W. Dillingham, 1888), pp. 41-42. https://archive.org/details/deathblowtospiri00daverich
+[^43]: Davenport, *The Death-Blow to Spiritualism,* chapter "Spiritualistic Boomerangs," pp. 130-133. https://archive.org/details/deathblowtospiri00daverich
+[^44]: Davenport, *The Death-Blow to Spiritualism,* pp. 19-20, 34-40 and 63-64; Society for Psychical Research, *Psi Encyclopedia,* "Fox Sisters" (statement of October 21, 1888 at the Academy of Music, published that morning in the *New York World;* retraction of November 1889). https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/fox-sisters/
+[^45]: Virchand R. Gandhi, *India's Message to America and Other Addresses Delivered under the Auspices of the Cassadaga Lake Free Association, Lily Dale, N.Y.* (1894). https://archive.org/details/indiasmessagetoa00gand
+[^46]: U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of New York, press release, "Founder of NXIVM, a Purported Self-Help Organization Based in Albany, NY, Arrested for Sex Trafficking." https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/founder-nxivm-purported-self-help-organization-based-albany-ny-arrested-sex-trafficking
+[^47]: *United States v. Raniere,* 55 F.4th 354 (2d Cir. Dec. 9, 2022), Nos. 20-3520-cr, 20-3789-cr, Background. https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/9328889/united-states-v-raniere/
+[^48]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control.* Times Books, 1979, ch. 1.
+[^49]: Stephen Kinzer, *The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War.* Times Books, 2013.
+[^50]: Defense Technical Information Center, report AD0774567, *Hertzian Generator Development,* RADC-TR-73-325, Braddock, Dunn and McDonald, Inc., December 1973, contract F30602-72-C-0388. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0774567
+[^51]: USAspending.gov, award FA875022D1005, Radiance Technologies Inc., Department of the Air Force, "Agile Cyber Technology 3," start date June 8, 2022. https://www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_IDV_FA875022D1005_9700
+[^52]: Frederick C. Durant, memorandum on the meetings of the Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects, January 14-18, 1953, CIA Office of Scientific Intelligence, with Tab A (panel report) and Tab B (associate members).
+[^53]: William L. Moore and Jaime H. Shandera, *The MJ-12 Documents: An Analytical Report* (Fund for UFO Research, 1990), "The Carter Briefing Notes (Mar. '83)," p. 21.
+[^54]: National Public Radio, "The Buffalo Tops shooter has been sentenced to life in prison without parole," February 15, 2023. https://www.wvtf.org/2023-02-15/the-buffalo-tops-shooter-has-been-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-without-parole ; "Buffalo mass shooting suspect pleads guilty, will spend life in prison," ABC News, November 2022. https://abcnews4.com/news/nation-world/buffalo-mass-shooting-suspect-in-court-monday-payton-gendron-tops-shooting-murder-hate-crime-charges
+[^55]: Phil Helsel, "Ex-New York police officer sentenced to life in execution of 4 men," *NBC News,* June 10, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ex-new-york-police-officer-sentenced-life-execution-4-men-rcna156462 ; News 12 Hudson Valley, report of the April 2023 verdict, White Plains. https://hudsonvalley.news12.com/jury-deliberations-continue-in-quadruple-murder-trial-of-ex-briarcliff-manor-police-officer
+[^56]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Report 23-085, *Investigation and Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Custody, Care, and Supervision of Jeffrey Epstein at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York, New York,* as cited on the [[Nicholas Tartaglione]] page.
+[^57]: Harry Hurt III, *Texas Rich: The Hunt Dynasty from the Early Oil Days through the Silver Crash.* W.W. Norton, 1981, pp. 135-137.
+[^58]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York office, reports of interviews of Ricardo Cañete by Special Agent Larry E. Wack, May 10 to May 18, 1977. https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/canete.pdf
+[^59]: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "CLINTON, Hillary Rodham," capture of February 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160201012933/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001041
+[^60]: Congressional Record, vol. 96, pt. 8, July 21, 1950, p. 10773, remarks of Senator Irving M. Ives on the majority report of the subcommittee under S. Res. 231. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_july-12-31-1950_96
+[^61]: Federal Election Commission, schedule E independent expenditures by candidate, Alexander Bores (H6NY12214), 2026 cycle, committees C00923417 (Think Big, opposing, 56 transactions) and C00928374 (Jobs and Democracy PAC, supporting), queried October 15, 2026. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_e/by_candidate/

60 - PLACES/US_STATES/Ohio.md

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+---
+category: "U.S. State"
+tags:
+  - Place
+  - USState
+  - UFO
+  - ProjectBlueBook
+  - WrightPatterson
+  - Battelle
+  - KentState
+  - Epstein
+  - Thiel
+  - PredictionMarkets
+  - MatrixChurchill
+summary: "U.S. state whose Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Columbus research institute, 1966 and 1973 sightings, and 1970 Kent State shootings anchor a record of UFO files, intelligence contracts and campus violence."
+aliases:
+  - OH
+  - State of Ohio
+  - Buckeye State
+created: 2026-10-15
+updated: 2026-10-15
+---
+
+Ohio is a Midwestern state whose capital is [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]. Its record runs through the [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] near [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], where [[Project Blue Book]] was headquartered, and through the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] in Columbus, which held a contract supporting the same UFO work. Two Ohio sightings, one in April 1966 and one in October 1973, involved county deputies and an Army helicopter crew. The state is also the setting of the May 1970 shootings at [[Kent State University]], the Cleveland-area American affiliate of a British machine-tool maker that Iraqi state interests acquired, and the careers of several people born or active there.
+
+### Wright-Patterson, Dayton and the Blue Book files
+
+[[Project Grudge]] and its successor Project Blue Book were run from the base. The Air Force fact sheet of January 1985 states that the project "was headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base," and gives 12,618 sightings reported from 1947 to 1969, of which 701 remained unidentified.[^1] The project was terminated by an announcement of the Secretary of the Air Force on December 17, 1969.[^2]
+
+The same fact sheet states: "Periodically, it is erroneously stated that the remains of extraterrestrial visitors are or have been stored at Wright-Patterson AFB. There are not now nor ever have been, any extraterrestrial visitors or equipment on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base."[^1]
+
+The 1997 Air Force report on the Roswell crash, written by [[James McAndrew]] and titled [[Roswell Incident|The Roswell Report: Case Closed]], describes accounts in which bodies from Roswell were moved to "usually Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio," which it calls a point of disagreement among UFO theorists.[^3] [[Thomas J. Carey]] and [[Donald R. Schmitt]] wrote that the original flight plan for the Roswell wreckage had a second leg to Wright Field, that the leg was publicly cancelled at a press conference on July 8, 1947, and that there was never a Hangar 18 on the base. They wrote that the name "Blue Room" was first used publicly in connection with the repository at Wright-Patterson in *The Roswell Incident* (1980).[^4]
+
+[[Barry Goldwater]] wrote to [[Shlomo Arnon]] on March 28, 1975 that about ten or twelve years earlier he had tried to learn what was in the building at Wright-Patterson where Air Force UFO information was stored, and had been denied. He wrote that the material "is still classified above Top Secret."[^5] In letters to [[Lee Graham]] of April 11, 1979 and October 19, 1981 he wrote that he had been denied access to "a facility at Wright-Patterson" and had "long ago given up acquiring access to the so-called blue room at Wright-Patterson."[^5] [[Timothy Good]] reproduced the letters in *Above Top Secret* and wrote that Goldwater had hoped to obtain permission from [[Curtis LeMay]] to examine the material there and was refused.[^5]
+
+On CNN's *Larry King Live* on October 1, 1994 Goldwater described asking LeMay about "a room at Wright-Patterson where you put all this secret stuff." In his account LeMay replied, "Don't ever ask me that question again!"[^6] In written testimony to the [[House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]] dated September 9, 2025, [[George Knapp]] stated that former Nevada senator [[Howard Cannon]] told him that Goldwater had raised the same question several times, and that the response was "hell no, and never ask again."[^7] Knapp stated that Goldwater confirmed the account in early-1990s correspondence and that Cannon confirmed it on camera.[^7]
+
+[[William L. Moore]]'s Freedom of Information Act request of December 1980 to the Foreign Technology Division about a "Project Blue Room" drew a reply that no records could be found. In 1982 the division told Lee Graham that it could not locate documents on the Blue Room, and added that Goldwater had visited earlier that year and received a technology update briefing. On October 9, 1991 the Air Force told [[Brian Parks]] that a film titled "Blue Room, Wright Patterson AFB OH, 1955" existed in its records and had been destroyed on September 9, 1965.[^4]
+
+The [[Foreign Technology Division]] was established on July 1, 1961 under [[Air Force Systems Command]]. From 1961 to 1991 it was the Air Force's scientific and technical intelligence center for foreign air, space and ballistic missile systems, working under [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] production guidance.[^8] [[Robert M. Collins]] wrote that he came to the UFO subject in the summer of 1985 as an analyst in theoretical and applied physics at the division, and that in the group around Moore he was given the bird name Condor. He named a retired division lieutenant colonel in Dayton, [[Anthony J. Cacioppo]], and [[Dale Graff]], by then reassigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency, as persons with in-depth knowledge of the UFO subject.[^9]
+
+In August 1988 Moore, [[Jaime Shandera]], [[Richard Doty]], Collins and the retired Air Force lieutenant colonel [[Ernie Kellerstrass]] met at a state park near Dayton, each at a separate contact point, according to Collins. He wrote that in the fall of 1987 Kellerstrass had hosted Moore, Shandera, [[Harold Puthoff]], Colonel [[John B. Alexander]], [[C.B. Scott Jones]] and Collins at dinner at his house in [[Beavercreek, Ohio]]. Collins wrote that Kellerstrass brought a companion from "DET 22," and that the men "all checked out."[^10]
+
+A purchase order awarded on January 9, 2013 by the [[General Services Administration]] to [[HII Mission Technologies]] for foreign materiel exploitation engineering and maintenance support carried the place of performance Dayton, Ohio. USAspending records list $53,916,532.23 obligated under the order, a funding office of the [[National Air and Space Intelligence Center]], and a period of performance from February 1, 2013 to July 31, 2018.[^11]
+
+In 1953 [[J. Allen Hynek]] ran [[Project Henry]] from [[Ohio State University]], reviewing teletype reports from the base. His assistant [[Jennie Zeidman]] wrote in 1991 that Hynek was paid to investigate only the reports Blue Book assigned to him, and that Hynek often said he knew the best cases were withheld. She also wrote that Parks had obtained, under the Freedom of Information Act, Hynek's record as a Foreign Technology Division consultant from 1970 to 1974.[^12]
+
+### Foreign materiel and the National Air and Space Intelligence Center
+
+The base's foreign materiel mission runs through the National Air and Space Intelligence Center. A 2016 Air Force story describes the center handing foreign materiel to an 87-member Foreign Materiel Exploitation Squadron.[^13] The [[Department of Defense]] Inspector General's audit report 98-005, dated October 8, 1997, reviewed how the military departments used exploitation results.[^14]
+
+Notes attributed to the physicist [[Eric Davis]], dated October 16, 2002, record Vice Admiral [[Thomas R. Wilson]] describing a June 1997 meeting at which program managers said they ran a reverse engineering program. The notes have Wilson first assuming the program concerned recovered Soviet or Chinese hardware, and then saying the managers "said they weren't that either." Wilson told the [[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]] in 2020: "It's all fiction."[^15]
+
+In June 2023 [[The Debrief]] reported, in an article by [[Leslie Kean]] and [[Ross Coulthart]], that a NASIC officer identified as Jonathan Grey worked on UAP analysis there. The article quotes Grey: "I have been the recipient of such briefings for almost a decade," and reports Christopher Mellon's account of briefings he arranged for congressional staff on retrieved materials.[^16] [[The War Zone]] reported that a Department of Defense spokesperson, [[Sue Gough]], said that the [[All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office]] had not discovered verifiable information substantiating claims of reverse engineering of extraterrestrial materials.[^17]
+
+### The Portage County sightings of April 1966
+
+On April 17, 1966 a [[Portage County Sheriff's Office|Portage County]] deputy, Dale F. Spaur, badge number 15, reported a UFO near [[Ravenna, Ohio|Ravenna]], the county seat. In the Blue Book teletype record, Spaur said the object was first sighted along the highway into Ravenna and that he followed it east to [[Conway, Pennsylvania|Conway]], Pennsylvania, with a second deputy, W. L. Neff, and two patrol cars.[^18] Other accounts in the file give the chase as 85 and 86 miles, and identify the second deputy as Wilbur Neff.[^19][^20] [[Gerald F. Buchert]], chief of police in [[Mantua, Ohio|Mantua]], told the Associated Press that he photographed the object from his front yard in Mantua, about eight miles north of Ravenna, and that the Air Force told him not to release the picture.[^20]
+
+The file records that the [[662nd Radar Squadron]] station at Oakdale, Pennsylvania, had nothing on radar between 0530 and 0615 that morning, and that the Air National Guard fighters based at the [[Pittsburgh International Airport|Greater Pittsburgh Airport]] were not scrambled.[^18] In a telephone account recorded in the file, Spaur said the object was "So bright that we couldn't look directly at it," and that its sound was "a humming sound like a power transformer," with "no thrust like from a jet."[^21]
+
+The case was handled by the Blue Book office under [[Hector Quintanilla]]. The file's telephone record says that Quintanilla told Spaur the Air Force wanted the negative so that it could be enlarged, and that Spaur expected the sheriff to hand it over.[^21] A memorandum for the record in the same file notes that Air National Guard interceptors at Greater Pittsburgh were not sent up because nothing showed on radar, and that both Spaur and Buchert had given the Air Force excellent testimony by telephone, so that little more was expected from a personal interview.[^18]
+
+An Air Force photo analysis of Buchert's negative found that the "very bright light" he tried to photograph "does not appear as an image," and that the two images on the negative were "probably the result of processing defects due to old fogged film and poor handling." The analysis concluded: "The probable cause of the sighting by Deputy Sheriff Spaur of Ravenna, Ohio was the passage of a satellite over northeastern Ohio." It continues: "It is believed that Deputy Sheriff Spaur was chasing the planet Venus. Radar indicates that no airborne objects were in the area of the sighting during the period that Deputy Sheriff Spaur was chasing the UFO."[^22]
+
+A letter dated May 1966 from [[Robert E. Cook]], who wrote as a private citizen and a former United States congressman, went to [[William Stanton]], the representative for the district. Cook called the Venus conclusion "ridiculous," wrote that Air Force investigators had not come to Portage County to interview the three eyewitnesses, and said the inquiry had consisted of telephone calls and an examination of Buchert's photographs. He urged Stanton to insist that investigators be sent.[^19] The Blue Book files also include a ground-visual sighting at [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]] on August 16, 1966, for which Quintanilla wrote to the observer on August 29 that the information received was not sufficient for evaluation and asked for a completed questionnaire; the case form carries the conclusion "Insufficient Data for Evaluation."[^23]
+
+The case file's cover sheet is headed "PROJECT 10073 RECORD." [[Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14]], the 1955 statistical study described in the Battelle section below, carries the same "Project No. 10073" on its cover.[^24]
+
+### Battelle Memorial Institute and the Columbus contracts
+
+Battelle Memorial Institute is a nonprofit contract research organization in Columbus, created under the will of the Columbus industrialist [[Gordon Battelle]]. The institute was incorporated in 1925, and its first laboratory opened in October 1929.[^25] Its UFO work began in late 1951. [[Edward J. Ruppelt]], then chief of Project Grudge, wrote that he set up a contract with a research organization because no one on his staff could answer the questions that UFO reports raised. He called the arrangement "Project Bear," and wrote that "Their organization cannot be identified by name because they are doing other highly secret work for the government." He described it as "a large, well-known research organization in the Midwest."[^26]
+
+The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office listed the arrangement in February 2024 as "Project BEAR (Late 1951 to Late 1954)," and stated that "BMI released a report under the cover of ATIC to maintain its anonymity."[^27] The resulting report was dated May 5, 1955 and issued by the [[Air Technical Intelligence Center]] at Wright-Patterson. It rests on "approximately 4,000 reports" from June 1947 to December 1952, reduced to IBM punched-card abstracts, and was undertaken "to determine if 'flying saucers' represented technological developments not known to this country."[^24] Its conclusions state that "there was a complete lack of any valid evidence consisting of physical matter in any case of a reported unidentified" object.[^24]
+
+The [[Robertson Panel]] memorandum, prepared for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] after the panel's meetings in January 1953, records in its minutes for January 15 that "The Project STORK support at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, was described by Dr. Hynek."[^28] The arrangement outlasted the early years. A CIA memorandum of October 11, 1960 reports a visit to the "Air Force's Project White Stork (PWS) at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio," and states that White Stork "has assumed increasing importance to OSI analysts because it is able to provide considerably more assistance for many scientific and technical Intelligence research projects than any other repository in the Intelligence Community."[^29]
+
+Battelle also hosted tests on a model of a Soviet-designed biological bomblet. The [[New York Times]] reported on September 4, 2001 that the Central Intelligence Agency, in a program code-named [[Clear Vision]] that began in 1997, "conducted two sets of tests at Battelle, the military contractor," and that the Defense Intelligence Agency had taken over a project to replicate a genetically altered anthrax strain, for which the [[West Jefferson, Ohio]], laboratory of Battelle had been selected.[^30] The [[Department of Energy]]'s Office of Legacy Management lists the institute's King Avenue site in Columbus and its West Jefferson site, about 15 miles west of the city, as a Manhattan Engineer District and Atomic Energy Commission legacy site, and states that Battelle conducted nuclear research at both for the department and its predecessor agencies between 1943 and 1986.[^31] At King Avenue, part of the federal fuel and target fabrication program, the work included processing and machining enriched, natural and depleted uranium and thorium and fabricating fuel elements; at West Jefferson a hot cell facility was used for examination of power and research reactor fuels and post-irradiation examination of control rod, source and structural materials, beside a critical assembly laboratory, a reactor research building and an engineering area for fuel element fabrication and ballistics studies.[^31] The department reports that 1.7 million tons of low-level and mixed low-level waste and 41 tons of transuranic waste were shipped from the two sites, that cleanup was completed in 2006, and that the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] terminated Battelle's special nuclear materials license for both sites in 2008.[^31] On January 4, 1965 the key to the [[Hanford Laboratories]] was transferred to Battelle, which operated the laboratory for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]. In the 1960s and 1970s the [[Ohio Attorney General]] challenged the institute's reading of Gordon Battelle's will, and the dispute was settled in 1975 with a distribution of $80 million to other charities.[^25]
+
+### The Coyne helicopter incident over Mansfield, 1973
+
+On November 27, 1978 [[Lawrence J. Coyne]], who gave his rank as lieutenant colonel, described the incident to the Special Political Committee of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], in the summary record of its 35th meeting, during a session in which [[Jacques Vallee]] and Hynek also spoke.[^32] The summary records that Coyne described an incident of October 18, 1973 involving a United States Army utility helicopter, of which he had been in command, and an unidentified flying object. The incident "had almost resulted in a mid-air collision."[^32]
+
+According to the summary, the helicopter had left Columbus for Cleveland at 10:30 p.m. with a crew of four. A red-lighted aircraft approached at very high speed, and Coyne contacted Mansfield approach control by radio. The object was described as "50 to 60 feet long," with "a large, steady, bright red light" on the front and a green light from its undercarriage that "swung through an angle of 90 degrees to shine directly into the cockpit." The magnetic compass was "spinning slowly," and the helicopter climbed at 1,000 feet per minute although its controls were still set for a descent. Coyne told the committee he was convinced that the object had been real and that such incidents should be thoroughly investigated.[^32]
+
+A news account published in the [[Mansfield News Journal]] on November 4, 1973 identified the pilot as Army Reserve Captain Lawrence Coyne, a member of the 316th Medical Detachment at [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]]. It quoted him: "We were on a collision course," and "The thing was terrifically fast." It reported that none of the F-100 jets of the nearby Air National Guard squadron were in the air when the object appeared.[^33] The case file states that the helicopter's commander was 36 years old and had nineteen years of Army Reserve service, and that the crew included a flight medic and a crew chief.[^34]
+
+The case file cites an Army Disposition Form incident report reproduced in [[Larry Fawcett]] and [[Barry Greenwood]], *Clear Intent* (1984).[^35] It also cites Jennie Zeidman's 1979 monograph for the [[Center for UFO Studies]], and states that her second-by-second timeline showed the object in continuous view of the crew for at least five minutes. The case file states that this timeline rules out a meteor.[^36] Witnesses on the ground, including a family returning to a rural home near the Charles Mill Reservoir, reported a red light and then green illumination.[^34]
+
+A [[J. Patrick Coyne]] was executive secretary of the [[President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities]] and of its successor, the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]. The UN summary gives the helicopter commander's rank as lieutenant colonel, and the 1973 news account gives it as captain.[^32][^33] Whether J. Patrick Coyne and Lawrence J. Coyne are the same man is not established by the records cited here.
+
+### Kent State University and the Ohio National Guard, 1970
+
+The [[President's Commission on Campus Unrest]], chaired by former Pennsylvania governor [[William Scranton]], reported that about 750 [[Ohio National Guard]] members were sent to Kent State University in May 1970. It reported that on May 4 students congregated on the commons and defied an order to disperse, that the Guard fired tear gas, and that "some fired their weapons." Four students were killed and nine wounded.[^37]
+
+The Commission wrote of the shooting: "The 61 shots by 28 guardsmen certainly cannot be justified. Apparently, no order to fire was given, and there was inadequate fire control discipline on Blanket Hill."[^38] The report also states: "This was not the case at Kent State, yet each guardsman carried a loaded M-1 rifle."[^38]
+
+On the presence of a gun, the Commission wrote: "Terry Norman, a free-lance photographer, was taking pictures of the demonstration and was seen with a pistol after the Guard fired. Several civilians chased him from Taylor Hall into the Guard line, where he surrendered a .38 caliber revolver. The gun was immediately examined by a campus policeman, who found that it had not been fired."[^39] The Commission added that "The activities of two persons at the scene may have given rise to the belief that a sniper was present."[^39]
+
+Reuters reported in May 2016 that Norman was a student and FBI informant, that some experts speculated he fired the shots that provoked the Guard volley, and that he told investigators he never fired his gun.[^40] The FBI cited privacy protections for not releasing documents about Norman or confirming that they exist. A Buffalo attorney, Michael Kuzma, had filed a lawsuit seeking the FBI's records on Norman.[^40]
+
+In a piece inserted in the [[Congressional Record]] on December 14, 2010 by [[Dennis Kucinich]], the co-founder of the [[Kent State Truth Tribunal]] wrote that a forensic audio analysis by [[Stuart Allen]], commissioned by the [[Cleveland Plain Dealer]], had heard "a violent altercation with FBI-paid Terry Norman," and that the last word of a Guard order to fire was "stepped on by a barrage of 67 shots over 13 seconds."[^41]
+
+### Matrix-Churchill and the Cleveland office
+
+[[Matrix-Churchill Corporation]] was an Ohio company with its office in the Cleveland area, the American affiliate of the British machine-tool maker [[Matrix Churchill]]. On March 14, 1989 Secretary of State [[James Baker]] signed State Department documents authenticating the company so that it could open a branch in Baghdad. On May 10, 1989 Acting Secretary [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] signed a similar set.[^42] Representative [[Henry Gonzalez]] told the House on August 10, 1992 that Baker and Eagleburger had, unwittingly, helped the company establish its Baghdad branch.[^42]
+
+Gonzalez also described the Cleveland operation as headed on the procurement side by an Iraqi, [[Saalim Naman]], and placed the company inside a network that had "numerous, almost daily contacts with BNL in Atlanta and Matrix-Churchill in Cleveland."[^42] Eagleburger had been an officer of [[Kissinger Associates]] until 1989.[^43]
+
+### Standard Oil Company of Ohio
+
+The government's bill in the [[Standard Oil]] case alleged that the conspiracy was formed "in or about the year 1870" by [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[William Rockefeller]] and [[Henry Flagler|Henry M. Flagler]]. The bill named "Standard Oil Company of Ohio, and sixty-two other corporations and partnerships, as also seven individuals" as defendants.[^44] The Ohio company had already been the object of a state proceeding. On March 2, 1892 the [[Ohio Supreme Court]], in a quo warranto action brought in the name of the state on the relation of the attorney general, held that the company's participation in the trust agreement, under which all but seven of its 35,000 shares had been transferred to trustees, was beyond its corporate powers, and entered "Judgment ousting the defendant from the right to make the agreement set forth in the petition and of the power to perform the same."[^45]
+
+### Facts Forum, H.L. Hunt and Representative Wayne Hays
+
+In 1954 Representative [[Wayne Hays]] of Ohio, a member of the [[Reece Committee]] investigating tax-exempt foundations, demanded that the exemption of [[Facts Forum]] be lifted. "Facts Forum is not only a propaganda machine," he said, "but it puts up money to defeat people for Congress like me."[^46] The [[Internal Revenue Service]] gave the organization what the trade weekly Broadcasting-Telecasting called "a clean bill of health." A Facts Forum spokesman, [[Hardy Burt]], wrote to Hays asking whether his "vociferous antagonism" was connected with the Daily Worker's endorsement of his 1948 candidacy. [[H.L. Hunt]] put $5,000 on Hays's opponent in a later race and lost.[^47]
+
+### Wexner Foundation and the Epstein record in Ohio
+
+The [[Wexner Foundation]] is an Ohio private charitable foundation formed in 1973 by the family of the retailer [[Leslie Wexner]] to develop Jewish communal leadership in North America and public-sector leadership in Israel. [[Jeffrey Epstein]], Wexner's money manager, was a trustee from December 15, 1992 until September 4, 2007, and was president of the Wexner family office, N.A. Property, Inc., which kept the foundation's books.[^48] Between 2004 and 2006 the foundation paid the former Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Barak]] 2.3 million dollars for two commissioned studies. According to a foundation statement reported by the Times of Israel, one of the two studies was never finished.[^49] [[Maria Farmer]], a painter, alleged in her 2025 complaint against the United States that in the summer of 1996 Epstein invited her to be an artist-in-residence at his home in [[New Albany, Ohio]], which the complaint describes as part of or adjacent to the Wexner estate. She alleged that in late July or early August 1996 Epstein and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] assaulted her there, that they took images from her cataloged collection of source material for her artwork and carried them by airplane from Ohio to New York, and that a local sheriff and other persons connected with Wexner prevented her from leaving the property for days.[^50] She reported Epstein and Maxwell to the [[New York City Police Department]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] in August 1996.[^50] A February 2020 review commissioned by the foundation, conducted by the law firm Kegler Brown Hill and Ritter, found no evidence that Epstein used the foundation to commit any crime.[^48]
+
+### Prediction markets and the Ohio Casino Control Commission
+
+In 2025 the [[Ohio Casino Control Commission]] sent cease-and-desist letters to prediction markets. Kalshi sued the commission and the Ohio Attorney General, [[Dave Yost]], in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio]], where Judge Sarah Daggett Morrison denied [[Kalshi]] a preliminary injunction on March 9, 2026.[^51] On September 25, 2026 a panel of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]], in an opinion by Judge Julia Gibbons, affirmed the Ohio denial. The panel held that Kalshi had not shown that sports event contracts are swaps, and alternatively that the Commodity Exchange Act neither expressly nor impliedly preempts the states' gambling laws.[^52] The commission's letter had told Kalshi that offering event contracts on sporting events to people in Ohio without a sports gaming license violated Ohio law, and the commission separately warned licensed sportsbooks that associating with an unlicensed operator would call their own licenses into question.[^52] Covers reported on October 5, 2026 that Kalshi, which sued Ohio in 2025, had been fined $5 million by the state in April.[^53]
+
+Lobbying disclosure filings for Kalshi by [[Miller Strategies]] list covered positions that include chief counsel to Representative [[Jim Jordan]], according to the Senate Lobbying Disclosure Act database.[^54] Jordan managed the House debate on the [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]] on November 18, 2025, when the House passed it by 427 to 1.[^55]
+
+### Radiance Technologies and the Dayton contractors
+
+[[Radiance Technologies]], a Huntsville, Alabama company, announced on October 6, 2014 that it and "its Dayton partners" had been awarded a $960,000,000 indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contract (Advanced Technical Exploitation Program II) for research, development, system sustainment and intelligence production using geospatial-intelligence and non-nuclear measurement and signature intelligence data at the National Air and Space Intelligence Center.[^56] The company's political action committee has disbursed to Citizens for Turner, the committee of Representative [[Mike Turner]] of Ohio, according to the Federal Election Commission's records.[^57] In December 2023 the attorney [[Daniel Sheehan]] named Radiance among the entities he said were pressuring Turner and Representative [[Mike Rogers]] over the [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act]]; the interviewing outlet wrote that it had been unable to substantiate the involvement of those organizations, and reported that multiple sources told it the allegations about Radiance were untrue.[^58]
+
+### Project Monarch and the Youngstown account
+
+[[Cathy O'Brien]] described, in the account of [[Project Monarch]] summarized in a PROBE article of about 1996, being subjected to further conditioning by [[Michael Aquino]] at [[NASA]] bases and being sent to what she called "Charm School" in [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]]. She described it as a stone building with a basement dungeon equipped with chains, a stretching rack, whips and altars. She also claimed to have delivered messages to foreign leaders, including the Mexican president [[Carlos Salinas]], on behalf of the vice president, [[George H.W. Bush]].[^59]
+
+### Born in Ohio: Kappes and Manson
+
+[[Stephen Kappes]] was born in Cincinnati on August 22, 1951, took a bachelor's degree in pre-medicine at [[Ohio University]] and a master's degree in pathology at Ohio State University, served as a [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] officer from 1976, and joined the Central Intelligence Agency in January 1981.[^60]
+
+[[Charles Manson]] was born in [[Cincinnati]] on November 12, 1934 and spent his childhood in and out of institutions.[^61]
+
+### Political figures: JD Vance, Peter Thiel and Public First Action
+
+[[JD Vance]] was born James Donald Bowman in [[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]] on August 2, 1984. He served as U.S. Senator from Ohio from 2023 to 2025 and as Vice President of the United States from January 2025.[^62] Vance's political career was built on the financial backing of [[Peter Thiel]], who employed him at [[Mithril Capital]] from 2017 and gave to the [[Protect Ohio Values]] super PAC supporting his 2022 Senate primary.[^62] His contributions to the committee totaled approximately fifteen million dollars across the 2022 cycle.[^63] A [[Cincinnati Enquirer]] report of March 15, 2021 headlined a donation of $10 million from Thiel to a super PAC supporting Vance.[^64] [[Politico]]'s account of the Ohio primary of May 3, 2022 carried the headline "A mole hunt, a secret website and Peter Thiel's big risk."[^65]
+
+The Jobs and Democracy PAC, which received most of the money of the [[Public First Action]] super PAC, reported expenditures supporting [[Brian Poindexter]] in Ohio.[^66]
+
+### Mordecai Vanunu and the Daily Mirror in Ohio
+
+The [[Daily Mirror]] dismissed its foreign editor, [[Nicholas Davies]], on October 29, 1991, for denying that he had been in Ohio in 1985 at the home of an arms dealer, after a rival paper printed a photograph of him. The dismissal came in the period of press coverage of [[Mordecai Vanunu]].[^67]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: National Archives, "Project BLUE BOOK - Unidentified Flying Objects," reproducing the United States Air Force fact sheet "UFOs & Project BLUE BOOK" distributed by the Public Affairs Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, January 1985, https://www.archives.gov/research/military/air-force/ufos
+[^2]: Air Force news release No. 1077-69, "Air Force to Terminate Project 'Blue Book,'" 17 December 1969, reproduced in the Office of Naval Research information sheet and Air Force "UFO Fact Sheet," https://www.physics.smu.edu/pseudo/UFOs/dod174.pdf
+[^3]: James McAndrew, *The Roswell Report: Case Closed* (U.S. Air Force, 1997), Project Gutenberg ebook 63659, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/63659/pg63659-images.html
+[^4]: Thomas J. Carey and Donald R. Schmitt, *Inside the Real Area 51: The Secret History of Wright-Patterson* (Career Press, 2013), chapter 2, "The Mystery of Hangar 18 Solved!" and chapter 5, "The Senator and the Blue Room," including the Blue Room correspondence of 1980 to 1991.
+[^5]: Timothy Good, *Above Top Secret: The Worldwide UFO Cover-Up* (New York: William Morrow, 1988), chapter 15, "Senator Goldwater Confirms Withheld UFO Data," pp. 404 to 405, reproducing Barry Goldwater's letters to Shlomo Arnon (March 28, 1975) and to Lee Graham (April 11, 1979 and October 19, 1981).
+[^6]: Carey and Schmitt, chapter 5, quoting the Larry King Live broadcast of October 1, 1994, CNN; Goldwater's 1988 radio statement is discussed in the same chapter.
+[^7]: George Knapp, written testimony, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf
+[^8]: National Air and Space Intelligence Center, "National Air and Space Intelligence Center Heritage," fact sheet published July 31, 2015, read from the Wayback Machine copy of https://www.nasic.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Article/611728/national-air-and-space-intelligence-center-heritage/
+[^9]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs* (Peregrine Communications, 2010), introduction and section 1, chapter 1, "FTD Is Not a Florist."
+[^10]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, section 1, "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (Collins's account).
+[^11]: USAspending.gov, award GS05T13BMC0003, purchase order, funding office NASIC, recipient HII Mission Technologies Corp., retrieved October 9, 2026, https://www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_GS05T13BMC0003_4732_-NONE-_-NONE-
+[^12]: Jennie Zeidman, "I Remember Blue Book," *International UFO Reporter*, March/April 1991, sections "Project Henry" and the closing section on the Foreign Technology Division, read from the Wayback Machine copy of https://www.project1947.com/articles/jzbluebook.htm
+[^13]: TSgt Brandon Shapiro, "Acquire, Assess, Exploit: NASIC reverse engineers an advantage for pilots and leaders," Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, December 1, 2016, https://www.dvidshub.net/news/printable/216127
+[^14]: Inspector General, Department of Defense, "Use of Foreign Materiel Exploitation Results," Audit Report No. 98-005, October 8, 1997, https://media.defense.gov/1997/Oct/08/2001715489/-1/-1/1/98-005.pdf
+[^15]: "EWD NOTES 10/16/02, Eric Davis Meeting with Adm. Wilson," p. 12, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wilsonleak.pdf ; The Black Vault, "The Admiral Wilson Leak: An Analysis" (statement of Thomas R. Wilson to Billy Cox of the Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 2020), https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/the-admiral-wilson-leak-an-analysis/
+[^16]: Leslie Kean and Ross Coulthart, "Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin," The Debrief, June 5, 2023, https://thedebrief.org/intelligence-officials-say-u-s-has-retrieved-non-human-craft/
+[^17]: Joseph Trevithick and Tyler Rogoway, "Aliens Or Not, Secret Crash Retrieval Programs Are A Very Real Thing," The War Zone, June 15, 2023, https://www.twz.com/aliens-or-not-secret-crash-retrieval-programs-are-a-very-real-thing
+[^18]: U.S. Air Force, Project Blue Book case file, "Project 10073 Record," April 17, 1966 sighting at Ravenna and Mantua, Ohio, including the Greater Pittsburgh Airport teletype, the Oakdale radar memorandum for the record and the Spaur report, National Archives microfilm T-1206 as digitized at https://archive.org/details/1966-04-7104469-Ravenna-Mantua-Ohio
+[^19]: Same case file, letter of May 1966 from Robert E. Cook, addressed to Congressman William Stanton (page 2 signed by Cook), reporting the Spaur and Neff pursuit and the Venus conclusion.
+[^20]: Same case file, clippings: Syracuse Herald-Journal, April 18, 1966, "UFO chased 86 miles" (Associated Press); the Mantua photograph account; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette clipping of April 19, 1966.
+[^21]: Same case file, "Report by Telephone Conversation," April 1966, with Sheriff Spaur, and the memorandum of the Air Force contact with the Mantua chief of police.
+[^22]: Same case file, photo analysis of the negative submitted by Chief of Police Gerald F. Buchert, April 1966 (Northeastern Ohio analysis), and the Summary section.
+[^23]: U.S. Air Force, Project Blue Book case file, Mansfield, Ohio, August 16, 1966 (ground-visual, one object), with letter of August 29, 1966 from Major Hector Quintanilla, Jr., Chief, Project Blue Book, https://archive.org/details/1966-08-8728405-Mansfield-Ohio
+[^24]: Air Technical Intelligence Center, Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14, "Analysis of Reports of Unidentified Aerial Objects," Study No. 102-EL-55/2-79, Project No. 10073, 5 May 1955, https://archive.org/details/ProjectBlueBookSpecialReport14 (cover, introduction and conclusions).
+[^25]: "Battelle Memorial Institute, Inc.," International Directory of Company Histories, Gale (entry reprinted at Reference for Business), https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/88/Battelle-Memorial-Institute-Inc.html (incorporation in 1925, first laboratory October 1929, Ohio Attorney General challenge and 1975 settlement).
+[^26]: Edward J. Ruppelt, *The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects* (Garden City: Doubleday, 1956), chapters nine and ten, Project Gutenberg ebook 17346, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17346/pg17346.txt
+[^27]: Department of Defense, All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, *Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena*, Volume I, February 2024, "Project BEAR (Late 1951 to Late 1954)," https://media.defense.gov/2024/Mar/08/2003409233/-1/-1/0/DOPSR-CLEARED-508-COMPLIANT-HRRV1-08-MAR-2024-FINAL.PDF
+[^28]: F. C. Durant, "Report of Meetings of the Office of Scientific Intelligence Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects," Central Intelligence Agency, 16 February 1953, Appendix U of the Condon Report, https://files.ncas.org/condon/text/appndx-u.htm (Part I, Thursday morning; Tab C, "Evidence Presented").
+[^29]: Chief, Intelligence Production Faculty, Intelligence School, Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum "Weekly Activities Report No. 36, 5-11 October 1960," 11 October 1960, CIA-RDP78-04836A000100040080-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04836a000100040080-9
+[^30]: Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad, "U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits," *The New York Times*, September 4, 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/world/us-germ-warfare-research-pushes-treaty-limits.html
+[^31]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management, "Columbus, Ohio, Sites: An MED/AEC legacy site," fact sheet, May 2020, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/05/f75/ColumbusFactSheet.pdf
+[^32]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, Special Political Committee, summary record of the 35th meeting, November 27, 1978, A/SPC/33/SR.35, paras. 18 to 21, https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2FSPC%2F33%2FSR.35&l=en&t=pdf
+[^33]: United Press International, "Incident named after pilot," *Mansfield News Journal*, November 4, 1973, reproduced at https://ufologie.patrickgross.org/press/mansfieldnewsjournal4nov1973.htm
+[^34]: Patrick Gross, "The Coyne incident, Mansfield, Ohio, USA, 1973," case file, https://www.ufology.patrickgross.org/htm/coyne.htm (crew, rank and service summary; timeline; witness accounts).
+[^35]: Larry Fawcett and Barry Greenwood, *Clear Intent* (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1984), p. 239, as cited in Patrick Gross, "The Coyne incident, Mansfield, Ohio, USA, 1973," https://www.ufology.patrickgross.org/htm/coyne.htm
+[^36]: Jennie Zeidman, "Helicopter-UFO Encounter Over Ohio," Center for UFO Studies, Chicago, 1979, as cited in Patrick Gross, "The Coyne incident, Mansfield, Ohio, USA, 1973," https://www.ufology.patrickgross.org/htm/coyne.htm
+[^37]: The Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 18, ERIC ED083899, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED083899.pdf
+[^38]: Same report, Special Report on Kent State, pp. 289 to 290, ERIC ED083899, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED083899.pdf
+[^39]: Same report, Special Report on Kent State, pp. 279 to 280, ERIC ED083899, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED083899.pdf
+[^40]: Daniel Trotta, "Lawsuit extends fascination with Kent State deaths 46 years on," Reuters, May 4, 2016, https://news.yahoo.com/lawsuit-extends-fascination-kent-state-deaths-46-years-171552928.html
+[^41]: Congressional Record, vol. 156, no. 165, December 14, 2010, Extension of Remarks of Representative Dennis J. Kucinich, inserting "Truth Emerging in the Kent State Cold Case Homicide" by the co-founder of the Kent State Truth Tribunal, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2010-12-14/html/CREC-2010-12-14-pt1-PgE2124-3.htm
+[^42]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Details on Iraq's Procurement Network," *Congressional Record*, House, August 10, 1992, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920810g.htm
+[^43]: Lacey, Frederick B. "The Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Investigation: Report of the Independent Counsel," reproduced in House Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, Serial No. 103-95. https://archive.org/details/testimonyofforme1994unit
+[^44]: *Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States*, 221 U.S. 1 (decided May 15, 1911), statement of the bill ("Standard Oil Company of Ohio, and sixty-two other corporations and partnerships, as also seven individuals, were named as defendants"). https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/221/1
+[^45]: *State ex rel. Attorney General v. Standard Oil Co.*, 49 Ohio St. 137 (Ohio March 2, 1892), https://static.case.law/ohio-st/49/cases/0137-01.json
+[^46]: Facts Forum, pamphlet in reply to Representative Wayne Hays, c. 1954, reproduced in the FBI headquarters file on H.L. Hunt, part 1.
+[^47]: Sherrill, Robert G. "H.L. Hunt: Portrait of a Superpatriot," *The Nation,* February 24, 1964.
+[^48]: Kegler, Charles J., and Loriann E. Fuhrer. *Independent Review of Jeffrey Epstein's Involvement and Interactions with The Wexner Foundation.* Kegler Brown Hill + Ritter Co., LPA, February 24, 2020, pp. 1-18. https://www.wexnerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Wexner-Foundation-Report-Following-Independent-Review4.pdf
+[^49]: *The Times of Israel,* on the Wexner Foundation's statement that its 2.3 million dollars to Barak paid for two reports, one unfinished. https://www.timesofisrael.com/wexner-foundation-2-3-million-to-barak-was-for-2-reports-1-wasnt-finished/
+[^50]: Complaint, *Farmer v. United States*, No. 1:25-cv-01709-RBW (D.D.C. filed May 29, 2025), paras. 95 to 104, https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Doc-1-Complaint-05-29-2025.pdf
+[^51]: Gambling Insider, report on the March 9, 2026 denial of Kalshi's preliminary injunction in the Southern District of Ohio, https://www.gamblinginsider.com/news/117023/kalshi-ohio-injunction-sixth-circuit-split-jpg ; *KalshiEX LLC v. Schuler*, Nos. 26-3196/5235 (6th Cir. Sept. 25, 2026), procedural history.
+[^52]: KalshiEX LLC v. Schuler, Nos. 26-3196/5235, and KalshiEX LLC v. Orgel (6th Cir. September 25, 2026) (Clay, Gibbons and Bloomekatz; opinion by Gibbons; argued July 30, 2026; S.D. Ohio No. 2:25-cv-01165, Judge Morrison; M.D. Tenn. No. 3:26-cv-00034, Judge Trauger). https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/26a0272p-06.pdf Gambling Insider reports the March 9, 2026 denial of the preliminary injunction (note 51).
+[^53]: Covers, "Ohio Sends Cease-and-Desists to 10 Prediction Market Companies," October 5, 2026 (notices dated October 2; Kalshi not among them; "Kalshi, which sued Ohio in 2025, was fined $5 million by the Buckeye State in April"). https://www.covers.com/industry/ohio-regulator-sends-cease-and-desist-notices-to-10-prediction-market-companies-oct-5-2026 ; Gambling Insider on the March 9, 2026 denial and the April 2025 letters. https://www.gamblinginsider.com/news/117023/kalshi-ohio-injunction-sixth-circuit-split-jpg
+[^54]: U.S. Senate Lobbying Disclosure Act database, 75 filings with client "Kalshi," queried October 13, 2026, with covered positions and amounts as listed on each filing: https://lda.senate.gov/api/v1/filings/?client_name=Kalshi ; registrant record, Kalshi Inc., LDA ID 401109813, https://lda.senate.gov/api/v1/registrants/401109813/
+[^55]: Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, Roll Call 289, H.R. 4405, "On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass," November 18, 2025. https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2025289 ; Congressional Record, vol. 171, November 18, 2025, H4725. https://www.congress.gov/119/crec/2025/11/18/171/194/modified/CREC-2025-11-18-pt1-PgH4725-2.htm
+[^56]: "NASIC picks Radiance for $960 Million Advanced Technical Exploitation Program II," Radiance Technologies, October 6, 2014, Internet Archive capture of February 1, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160201010423/https://www.radiancetech.com/nasic-picks-radiance-for-960-million-advanced-technical-exploitation-program-ii/
+[^57]: Federal Election Commission, committee C00373001 (Citizens for Turner, Ohio, candidate H2OH03067) and Schedule B disbursements of committee C00372979 (Radiance Technologies, Inc. Political Action Committee), https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_b/?committee_id=C00372979
+[^58]: Christopher Sharp, "Daniel Sheehan Exposes Five Powerful Republicans Blocking UFO Disclosure Act, As The Clock Ticks Down," Liberation Times, December 3, 2023, https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down
+[^59]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996.
+[^60]: "Stephen R. Kappes," Central Intelligence Agency, About CIA, Leadership, posted April 5, 2007, last updated April 15, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070612215306/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership/kappes.html
+[^61]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.; O'Neill, Tom, and Dan Piepenbring. *Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties*. Little, Brown and Company, 2019.
+[^62]: "The billionaire who fueled JD Vance's rapid rise to the Trump VP spot." *CBS News,* 2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jd-vance-trump-vp-peter-thiel-billionaire/
+[^63]: "Super PAC discloses raising, spending millions helping J.D. Vance," *Cleveland.com*, July 2022, https://www.cleveland.com/news/2022/07/super-pac-discloses-raising-spending-millions-helping-jd-vance-win-ohios-us-senate-republican-primary.html ; "Peter Thiel-tied dark money group helping bankroll super PAC," *OpenSecrets*, February 2022, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2022/02/peter-thiel-tied-dark-money-group-helping-bankroll-super-pac-spending-on-2022-election/
+[^64]: "Super PAC supporting potential Senate candidate J.D. Vance gets $10M donation from Peter Thiel." *Cincinnati Enquirer,* March 15, 2021. https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/03/15/super-pac-supporting-possible-ohio-senate-candidate-j-d-vance-gets-10-m-donation-peter-thiel/4700540001/
+[^65]: "A mole hunt, a secret website and Peter Thiel's big risk: How J.D. Vance won the Ohio primary." *Politico,* May 3, 2022. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/03/jd-vance-win-ohio-primary-00029881
+[^66]: Federal Election Commission, committees C00928374 ("Jobs and Democracy PAC") and C00928390 ("Defending Our Values PAC"), financial totals and independent expenditures (Schedule E), including the by-candidate aggregation for Alex Bores, retrieved September 23, 2026. https://www.fec.gov/data/independent-expenditures/?committee_id=C00928374 ; https://www.fec.gov/data/independent-expenditures/?committee_id=C00928390
+[^67]: United Press International, report on the dismissal of Nicholas Davies, October 29, 1991.

60 - PLACES/US_STATES/Pennsylvania.md

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+---
+category: "U.S. State"
+tags:
+  - Place
+  - USState
+  - PennsylvaniaCrimeCommission
+  - OrganizedCrime
+  - PoliceCorruption
+  - BufalinoFamily
+  - Kecksburg
+  - UFO
+  - ThreeMileIsland
+  - NuclearProcurement
+  - NUMEC
+  - Holmesburg
+  - TissueTrafficking
+  - CatholicChurch
+  - GrandJury
+  - Zizians
+aliases:
+  - "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania"
+  - "State of Pennsylvania"
+  - "Pennsylvania (state)"
+summary: "Pennsylvania appears through its Crime Commission reports, Three Mile Island, the Kecksburg FOIA suit, the NUMEC uranium inquiry and the 2018 grand jury."
+created: 2026-10-15
+updated: 2026-10-15
+relations:
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Richard Thornburgh]]"
+    reverse: true
+    start: 1979-01-16
+    end: 1987-01-20
+    role: "Governor of Pennsylvania"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: prosecuted
+    with: "[[Michael Mastromarino]]"
+    start: 2008-08-29
+    role: "Philadelphia prosecution; open guilty plea, sentenced to 25 to 58 years"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: prosecuted
+    with: "[[Louis Garzone]]"
+    start: 2008-09-02
+    role: "Philadelphia prosecution; guilty plea to corrupt organizations and body-part counts"
+    fn: 3
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia]]"
+    start: 2016-09-01
+    end: 2018-08-14
+    role: "Fortieth Statewide Investigating Grand Jury (six other dioceses; Philadelphia was the subject of earlier grand juries)"
+    fn: 4
+---
+
+Pennsylvania is a state of the United States whose capital is [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] and whose largest city, [[Philadelphia]], has its own page.[^5] The state bodies include the [[Pennsylvania Crime Commission]], the state appellate courts, the [[Pennsylvania State Police]], the [[Pennsylvania Army National Guard]], the statewide investigating grand juries and the governor's office, together with the federal courts in the state and the industrial and research sites of the western and central counties, among them the [[Three Mile Island]] plant near Harrisburg, the uranium plant at [[Apollo, Pennsylvania|Apollo]] and the village of [[Kecksburg incident|Kecksburg]] in [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland County]].
+
+### Courts and the Crime Commission
+
+The [[Superior Court of Pennsylvania|Superior Court]], established in 1895 to hear appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas, and the [[Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania|Commonwealth Court]] are the two statewide intermediate appellate courts, and the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] sits above them.[^6] The Supreme Court's decisions and the Superior Court's rulings on the Philadelphia prosecutions recur in the record of the [[Garzone Funeral Home]] and the Garzone brothers.
+
+The Pennsylvania Crime Commission was created as a fact-finding agency within the Pennsylvania Department of Justice. The Crime Commission Act was signed into law on July 31, 1968, the same day that an executive order made the Commission the state's criminal justice planning agency for federal block grants under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968.[^7] The Commission issued two reports on police corruption and organized crime: the March 1974 report on the Philadelphia police and the 1990 report on organized crime, titled *Organized Crime in Pennsylvania: A Decade of Change*, which opens by quoting the 1967 federal task force recommendation that states with organized crime groups create investigation commissions with independent, permanent status, adequate investigators and subpoena powers.[^8]
+
+### Police corruption in Philadelphia, 1974
+
+The Commission's March 1974 report found that corruption in the Philadelphia Police Department was "ongoing, widespread, systematic, and occurring at all levels of the Police Department." Corrupt practices were uncovered "in every police district," and the report identified more than 400 individual officers, by first name, last initial and badge or payroll number, as having received improper payments in cash and merchandise from gamblers, racketeers, bar owners and after-hours club operators.[^9] Its Locust Street chapter records that the owner of the [[Why Not Lounge]], Irvin Goltzer, was told by his manager, identified as Mr. LaRussa, to pay or "they will bust the joint," that payments went to the inspector of the Central Division, and that Goltzer made tape recordings of payoffs for the Commission.[^10][^11] The report's chapters also cover the After-Hours Clubs, the Road Drivers Association, the Liberty Clown Club, the Randolph Social Club and the Croatian Club.[^12] The bars, the manager [[Salvatore La Russa]] and the later history of the police inquiry are set out on the Philadelphia page.
+
+### The Cosa Nostra families of the 1990 report
+
+The Commission's 1990 report divides the state's [[La Cosa Nostra]] between three families: the Bruno/Scarfo family in the Philadelphia area, the [[Bufalino Crime Family]] in the northeast and the LaRocca/Genovese family in Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania.[^13] Its summary states that the Philadelphia family, "known for its reckless use of violence and powerful corruptive influence," had been seriously weakened by a cooperative law enforcement effort "unprecedented in the history of Pennsylvania"; that its leader, [[Nicodemo Scarfo]], had been imprisoned for life; and that six members, including the underboss, had become protected government witnesses.[^14]
+
+In the northeast the report places Russell Bufalino, "the aging boss of the Bufalino Family," in federal prison from 1981 to 1989 and states that the family "has become a second-rate operation" that would likely be merged with another family.[^14] The report traces the family's origin in Pittston through Stephen LaTorre, who came to the United States in the late 1800s and died in 1984; records that the Kefauver Committee's 1951 report focused on gambling in the Scranton area; names the family member John Parente as the dominant figure in illegal gambling in the Lehigh Valley until his death in 1978; and describes the Scranton video poker proprietor Elie "Al" Baldassari as a close friend of Russell Bufalino and records the July 1990 FBI extortion arrest of Elmo Baldassari.[^15] [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that the family's name surfaced in FBI wiretaps of [[Music Corporation of America]] run by the Los Angeles Organized Crime Strike Force, in calls between [[Robert Booth Nichols]] and [[Eugene Giaquinto]].[^16][^17]
+
+In the west the report states that with the death of John LaRocca in 1984 leadership passed to Michael Genovese, that Genovese's confidant Charles Porter was convicted of racketeering and sentenced to 20 years, and that from the information available the organization "remains the most powerful Cosa Nostra Family in Pennsylvania today."[^14] The summary also states that the 1980s were marked by the use of the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, which Pennsylvania had adopted in a version of its own.[^14] The Philadelphia family under Scarfo, the Third Circuit's account of the 1988 racketeering trial and the methamphetamine trade are set out on the Philadelphia page.
+
+### The Garzone Funeral Home and the tissue trade
+
+The Philadelphia cadaver case runs through the state courts. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania recorded that the brothers Gerald and Louis Garzone, with James McCafferty, supplied at least 244 cadavers to [[Michael Mastromarino]] of [[Biomedical Tissue Services]] from early 2004 to September 2005 for over $245,000, and incinerated their records days before [[Food and Drug Administration]] investigators arrived.[^18] The Superior Court upheld Mastromarino's sentence of twenty-five to fifty-eight years in 2010; Louis Garzone pleaded guilty on September 2, 2008, the day his trial was to begin; and on April 13, 2010 the Superior Court vacated the salary portion of the costs of prosecution ordered against Gerald Garzone.[^2][^3][^19] The funeral home, the plea terms and the Brooklyn prosecution are set out on the Philadelphia page and on the Garzone Funeral Home page.
+
+### Hoersch v. Froehlke and the National Guard
+
+On October 11, 1974, the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]] decided [[Hoersch v. Froehlke]], a suit by Raymond C. Hoersch against the Secretary of the Army, [[Robert F. Froehlke]]. The opinion was written by Judge [[John B. Hannum]].[^20][^21] Hannum had sat on the Superior Court of Pennsylvania by appointment before President [[Richard Nixon]] nominated him to the federal bench on March 24, 1969.[^21] The court recorded that Hoersch had enlisted in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard in 1965, that he was taken off the rolls of the Guard in July 1970 by an order to active duty as an Army reservist, and that he was absent without leave from [[Fort Dix]] from July 19, 1970. He returned to military control there on April 5, 1972, and went absent again the next day.[^20]
+
+Hoersch argued that the Guard had failed to consider his request to wear long hair "as required for his employment as a motion picture producer." The court held that the unit commander's discretion still controlled an individual's appearance, even where a reservist showed that long hair contributed to his livelihood.[^20] The court quoted the opinion in *Harris v. Kaine*, 352 F. Supp. 769 (S.D.N.Y. 1972), that as long as the reservist "presents a neat and soldierly appearance and can perform all the duties required of him, the Army has no authority to order his hair cut, absent a showing of need."[^20] The Philadelphia filmmaker Ray Hoersch, later known as [[R.C. Horsch]], made the film [[Black Mass (1975 film)|Black Mass]], which ran in the city in 1975.[^22] A Raymond C. Hoersch, an engineer, is named as the filmmaker's father, and the plaintiff shares his name with both.
+
+### Holmesburg Prison and the Army's tests
+
+[[Holmesburg Prison]] in northeast Philadelphia was the site of the experiments of [[Albert Kligman]], a University of Pennsylvania dermatologist who began testing incarcerated men there in 1951 for companies and for the Army; the program ran 23 years and the city banned medical testing at Holmesburg in 1974.[^23] Allen M. Hornblum's history of the program is [[Acres of Skin]].[^24] The Department of Defense general counsel, [[Deanne C. Siemer]], told the Senate in 1977 of the Edgewood compound EA-3167: "In 1971, the Agency transferred some $37,000 to Edgewood to pursue testing of this compound, which was designated EA-3167," a project begun in 1971 and terminated in 1973.[^25] The Army's list of Edgewood drug-testing contracts printed in the 1975 Senate hearings records volunteer testing at Holmesburg.[^26]
+
+### Three Mile Island
+
+The Three Mile Island nuclear plant near Harrisburg suffered a core accident on March 28, 1979. On March 30 the governor, [[Richard Thornburgh]], "advised pregnant women and preschool aged children to leave the area within a 5-mile radius of TMI until further notice," according to the report of the President's Commission chaired by [[John G. Kemeny]], which reported in October 1979 under the title *The Need for Change: The Legacy of TMI*.[^27][^28] Thornburgh, born in Pittsburgh, had been [[United States Attorney]] for the Western District of Pennsylvania from 1969 to 1975 and Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division from 1975 to 1977 before his election as governor in 1978.[^29]
+
+The Kemeny report records an informal agreement between Thornburgh and the White House under which the release of information was centralized beginning on the third day of the accident, with [[Harold Denton]] of the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] issuing all statements from the site. It also records that on the Thursday afternoon the NRC's Charles Gallina told reporters that the danger was over for people off the island, and that Thornburgh distrusted the statement at the time.[^30] A report of the Senate Subcommittee on Nuclear Regulation, issued in June 1980, lists Thornburgh among the persons involved and describes him as responsible for determining whether an evacuation was necessary; the subcommittee described its own inquiry as one that "was kept small in size and selective in scope, to avoid duplication" of the President's Commission and the NRC's Special Inquiry Group.[^31] The same report records that in April 1979 Thornburgh asked the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] to review the NRC staff recommendations on venting krypton from the containment building.[^32] Thornburgh served as governor from January 1979 to January 1987 and later as Attorney General of the United States from 1988 to 1991. The House Judiciary Committee's 1992 INSLAW report names him with [[Edwin Meese]] as having blocked congressional inquiries and refused an independent counsel.[^1][^33]
+
+### Kecksburg
+
+On December 9, 1965, an object that witnesses described as acorn-shaped came down in the woods near the village of Kecksburg, about seven miles southeast of Greensburg, at about 4:45 p.m.; the 1991 article gives 4:46 p.m.[^34][^35] Witnesses described a fireball moving at low speeds and altitudes across the southwestern Pennsylvania sky, and some said they saw a craft half buried in a gully. Others said they saw personnel from the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], the Army and [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]] at the site that evening, and one account describes a Volkswagen-sized object removed under a tarpaulin on a military flatbed truck, taken, some said, to [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in Dayton, Ohio.[^36] The military's public position, as the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette summarized it in 1998, was that the object was a meteorite that was never recovered.[^37]
+
+The Tribune-Review's account of the 2003 Sci Fi Channel documentary lists the witnesses it presented. Robert Blystone described a "controlled fireball." Bill Weaver, then 19, saw a bluish light in the woods "like a welder's light." Don Sebastian of Johnstown described "probably 100 soldiers" and two "unearthly screams," and the Pittsburgh jazz musician Jerry Betters said he saw an "acorn-shaped object with hieroglyphics" hauled away on a flatbed truck. The article reports that onlookers were told a meteor had crashed and that persistent curiosity-seekers were turned away by police and military personnel, some, it says, at gunpoint.[^38] The documentary also presented John Murphy, a reporter for the Greensburg radio station WHJB who photographed the scene and interviewed witnesses that evening. The station's office manager, Mable Mazza, recalled that Murphy received several "unexpected visitors" at the station; the article states that he was later killed in a hit-and-run accident in California, that the driver was never found, and that his notebooks, tapes and photographs disappeared. His former wife, Bonnie Millslagle, was quoted as saying: "If someone did away with John, it was because he saw and knew too much."[^38] Two West Virginia University professors, J. Stephen Kite and Ray Hicks, took soil and tree core samples at the location witnesses Bill Bulebush and John Hays identified, and Hicks said the samples indicated a "traumatic event" at or near 1965.[^38]
+
+The journalist [[David Templeton]] wrote about the case for the [[Pittsburgh Press]] in 1991. In that article [[James Oberg]], a Houston space engineer and author who had written about Soviet spacecraft, gave the Soviet Venus probe Kosmos 96 as a candidate, said that a Venus probe was designed to withstand entry into Venus's atmosphere and could have landed on Earth intact, and argued that the United States and the Soviet Union had an oral agreement to return each other's spacecraft debris, so that secrecy would have been paramount if either power kept the other's recovered debris.[^35] After examining the tracking data Oberg concluded, "Cosmos 96 is not guilty."[^35] In a follow-up printed in 1998, Oberg's account of an interview with the cosmonaut Viktor Savinykh, then rector of the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography, says that Savinykh "suggested rather emphatically, and with some laughter, that whatever plunged into Kecksburg surely was some faulty American technology."[^39] The 1998 Post-Gazette piece reported that the U.S. Space Command had said Kosmos 96 crash-landed in Canada shortly after 3 a.m. on December 9, more than 12 hours before the Kecksburg event.[^40] The Kecksburg researcher [[Stan Gordon]], who had studied the case since the day it happened, told the paper: "It's been almost 33 years and we still don't have an answer."[^37]
+
+### Kean v. NASA
+
+In 2002 [[Larry Landsman]] of the Sci Fi Channel invited the journalist [[Leslie Kean]] to lead a public effort on Kecksburg.[^41] In October 2003 the channel's counsel told the Tribune-Review that a suit against NASA was expected within the week, with action possible against the [[Department of Defense]] and the Army.[^38] On January 31, 2003, Kean had already submitted a [[Freedom of Information Act]] request to NASA for documents relating to Kecksburg and the December 9, 1965 incident, the "Fragology Files" for 1962 to 1967, Richard M. Schulherr, Project Moon Dust and "Cosmos 96."[^42] The case was *Kean v. National Aeronautics and Space Administration*, Civil Action No. 03-2509 (EGS), in the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]], before Judge Emmet G. Sullivan.
+
+The court's memorandum opinion of March 27, 2007 recites that NASA admitted its first two searches were inadequate. The first, by a FOIA specialist and a History Office archivist, found only published accounts of Cosmos 96 and produced a "no records" response dated April 11, 2003; the recommendation that the request go to the Goddard Space Flight Center was not carried out "for reasons that are not clear." NASA's associate deputy administrator granted Kean's appeal on June 18, 2003 and promised a search of all NASA centers, including the missing fragology files, which the opinion says was not acted on because of "poor tracking and the relocation of NASA's FOIA Office in August 2003." A third search was ordered on December 2, 2003. Nineteen boxes of archived records were sought from the Washington National Record Center on accession numbers Kean supplied; three were "reported as having been missing for quite some time," and when NASA's fourth search in July 2006 re-examined the other sixteen boxes, "responsive documents were found and disclosed to plaintiff." NASA withheld two emails between its FOIA officer and a NASA attorney under the deliberative process privilege, which the court upheld after in camera review. The court granted NASA's motion in part, denied it in part without prejudice on the adequacy of the searches, denied Kean's cross-motion without prejudice and directed the parties to propose search and documentation procedures by April 30, 2007.[^42]
+
+The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press reported in October 2007 that NASA had agreed to search its archives again as the result of Kean's four-year-old suit, and in December 2007 that a settlement required NASA to "meticulously comb its files for documents about what many residents of Kecksburg, Pa., believe was a UFO sighting 42-yers ago."[^43] The *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette* reported on March 9, 2003 on the wish of Kecksburg residents to resolve what fell from the sky in 1965.[^44]
+
+### Apollo and the NUMEC diversion inquiry
+
+The [[Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation]] (NUMEC), a privately owned nuclear fuel plant at Apollo, about thirty miles northeast of Pittsburgh, was owned by [[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro]].[^45] A Washington Star report of August 19, 1977 stated that a CIA spokesman had told congressional investigators that a CIA probe led investigators to believe that bomb-grade nuclear material had been diverted from a U.S. facility and sent to Israel. According to three government sources familiar with the investigation, it started in Europe in the mid-1960s, when CIA operatives received information that Israel had obtained a sizable quantity of highly enriched uranium. The CIA investigation came to focus on the Apollo company, which produced highly enriched uranium submarine fuel for the U.S. Navy and had a subsidiary owned in partnership with the Israeli government.[^45] The same paper reported that the CIA's conclusion appeared to conflict with statements by officials of the Energy Research and Development Administration and the NRC that they had seen no evidence of significant diversion. The specifics had first been divulged to top NRC officials at a secret conference in early 1976, where the briefing was given by [[Carl E. Duckett|Carl Duckett]], then the CIA's third-ranking official.[^46]
+
+The Comptroller General's report to Congress of December 18, 1978, *Nuclear Diversion in the U.S.? 13 Years of Contradiction and Confusion*, was classified until its redacted release on May 6, 2010. It records that an inspection in April 1965, the sixth consecutive inspection to find fundamental problems with NUMEC's control of material, concluded that "safeguards control of [nuclear material] at NUMEC is inadequate," and that the Department of Energy's predecessor found about 206 pounds of uranium-235 could not be accounted for, an amount it estimated could make at least four or five nuclear weapons. A November 1965 investigation found a cumulative loss since the plant's start-up in 1957 of 178 kilograms (392 pounds); 186 pounds were traced to waste and gas filters, and the remaining 206 pounds were not accounted for.[^47] NUMEC's president contended that the material was "unavoidably lost" in the processing system; the investigators concluded that the agency "could not say, unequivocally, that the material was not stolen or diverted from the facility."[^47] In June 1965 the agency had asked the FBI whether NUMEC's president needed to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, its concern stemming from his associations with Israeli officials and from his capacity as a sales agent for the Israeli Ministry of Defense; the FBI began that inquiry in August 1965 and reported in October 1966 that registration was not required.[^48]
+
+The Comptroller General's report states that in February 1966 the agency asked the FBI to determine whether a theft or diversion had occurred and that its files contain a memorandum recording that the Bureau had decided not to investigate, though required to do so under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954; that the FBI "did not focus on the question of a possible nuclear diversion until May 1976 nearly 11 years later," after a request by President [[Gerald Ford]] in April 1976; and that the investigations were "uncoordinated, limited in scope and timeliness, and, in GAO's opinion, less than adequate."[^49] It states that GAO was "continually denied" access to reports and documentation by the CIA and the FBI, that it "cannot say whether or not there was a diversion of material from the NUMEC facility," and that FBI agents told it that while "circumstantial information" exists which could lead an individual to conclude that a diversion occurred, there is no substantive proof.[^50] Seymour Hersh's account of the same period, attributed here to him, describes a meeting at the Pittsburgh airport between Shapiro and the Israeli scientific attaché [[Jeruham Kafkafi]]; the FBI reported that Kafkafi flew from Washington for the meeting and returned at once, and Hersh wrote that Shapiro later told congressional investigators that he had asked for the meeting because he had not been paid for antiterrorist equipment his company had shipped to Israel.[^51]
+
+A Washington Star report of December 31, 1977 stated that the NRC had disclosed the existence of top-secret government files on a loss of highly enriched uranium discovered in 1965 at the Apollo plant; according to the documents, the files were jointly held by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]], the CIA and the Atomic Energy Commission, and the NRC had initially been denied access to them.[^52] A Washington Post report of March 2, 1978 said a former CIA official stated that President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had ordered CIA director [[Richard Helms]] to keep an Israeli weapons report from Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] and Defense Secretary [[Robert McNamara]], and noted that a 550-page NRC document released in response to a House committee inquiry stated that the NRC's Lee V. Gossick had "testified incorrectly" when he said the agency had no evidence that a significant amount of nuclear material had been stolen from the plant.[^53] A New York Times report by [[David Burnham]] of April 29, 1979 stated that the Energy Department's Inspector General had concluded that [[Robert W. Fri]], formerly acting head of the Energy Research and Development Administration, may have made intentionally inaccurate statements to a House subcommittee about a U.S. intelligence agency's views on the diversion of special nuclear material from the NUMEC plant; the Justice Department declined to bring criminal charges, citing "insufficient evidence."[^54]
+
+A CIA memorandum of April 25, 1978 records that the CIA had delivered documents on NUMEC to the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy in response to a request of March 25, 1976 from Senator [[Howard Baker]], which had been narrowed to the documents discussed at the committee's briefing of February 19, 1976; the memorandum states that Chairman [[John Dingell]]'s request for all documents on the subject had resulted in an additional package being compiled, that the additional documents "do not contain any significant information," and recommends offering the package to Baker's staff. The letter from Director [[George H. W. Bush]] to Baker that accompanies it reads in full: "I have been informed by my staff that copies of all documents originated or controlled by this Agency in the files identified in your letter of 25 March 1976 have been delivered to Mr. George Murphy, Jr., Executive Director, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. I am further advised that the Federal Bureau of Investigation has not authorized us to release their documents in those files but instead expects to deal directly with Mr. Murphy on this matter. Likewise, the FBI advised that it would be inappropriate for us to transmit an inventory listing of their documents."[^55]
+
+### The Archdiocese and the 2018 grand jury
+
+The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia]] is the see of the [[Catholic Church]] for southeastern Pennsylvania. Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Philadelphia on April 8, 1808, and the diocese became an archdiocese on February 12, 1875. The western part of the state was separated as the Diocese of Pittsburgh on August 8, 1843, and the Dioceses of Scranton and Harrisburg on March 3, 1868.[^56] In February 1975 the midnight showing of the film *Black Mass* at the Arcadia Theatre on Chestnut Street was cancelled, according to the *Philadelphia Inquirer*, after reported pressure from the Archdiocese, and the film was shown instead at the Bandbox Theater in Germantown.[^57]
+
+Report I of the Fortieth Statewide Investigating Grand Jury, released on August 14, 2018 by order of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court of July 27, 2018, examined six dioceses (Allentown, Erie, Greensburg, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh and Scranton), "every diocese in the state except Philadelphia and Altoona-Johnstown, which were the subject of previous grand juries." The jurors wrote that the six account for 54 of the state's 67 counties, that they heard dozens of witnesses and reviewed half a million pages of internal diocesan documents, and that those documents contained credible allegations against over three hundred priests and identified over one thousand child victims. The report states that almost every instance was too old to prosecute and that the grand jury issued presentments against a priest in the Greensburg diocese and a priest in the Erie diocese.[^4] It describes the diocesan records as including a "secret archive" that canon law requires and to which only the bishop holds the key, and states that agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime reviewed a significant portion of the evidence and identified practices that recurred across the files, summarized by the jurors as "a playbook for concealing the truth," ending with the rule "don't tell the police."[^58] The Diocese of Allentown, the report notes, was created in 1961 from part of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, and the report refers to an earlier Philadelphia archdiocese grand jury report of 2005.[^59] On the day of release the Pennsylvania Office of Victim Advocate, the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape and the Archdiocese's Office for Child and Youth Protection issued a joint response that directed survivors and parishioners to counseling resources.[^60]
+
+### Aircraft, Lakeland and the Mellon family
+
+The Senate hearing record of [[Gary Betzner]]'s testimony describes his aircraft business in Florida and an aircraft bought in Pennsylvania. In 1983 Betzner set up a business at [[Tamiami Airport]] that modified aircraft for smugglers, and he bought a twin Comanche from [[Air America]] in Pennsylvania, operating it from Lakeland, Florida.[^61]
+
+The [[Mellon family]] of Pittsburgh includes [[Christopher Mellon]]. In February 2003 *Roll Call* described him as a member of the Mellon family whose great-grandfather had started the Gulf Oil Company, and reported that Senator [[Jay Rockefeller]] had hired him as minority staff director of the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]].[^62] On October 30, 2021 he became a research affiliate of the [[Galileo Project]]. On April 26, 2024 the project announced a grant of $575,000 from the [[Richard King Mellon Foundation]] for a third observatory station in Allegheny or Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.[^63] An Alabama corporation, [[The Sol Foundation]], lists a director by the name "Cristopher Mellon" of Laughlintown, Pennsylvania, among its three initial directors in 2022.[^64]
+
+### Congress and the Senate
+
+[[Arlen Specter]] served as an assistant counsel to the [[Warren Commission]] in 1964. The commission's report lists him on the staff, and in the chapter on [[Jack Ruby]] it records "Assistant Counsel Arlen Specter" discussing by telephone with defense counsel Joe H. Tonahill the question of a polygraph examination for Ruby.[^65] Specter later represented Pennsylvania in the [[United States Senate]] from 1981 to 2011.[^66]
+
+The Senate's resolution creating the standing Senate Select Committee on Intelligence passed in May 1976. The Rules and Administration Committee reported it after a 5 to 4 vote on an amendment offered by its chairman, [[Howard Cannon]], and the Senate's leaders, [[Mike Mansfield]] and [[Hugh Scott]] of Pennsylvania, endorsed the compromise version. The Senate agreed to S. Res. 400 on May 19, 1976, by 72 to 22.[^67]
+
+### Delaware County and the Zizians
+
+[[Michelle Zajko]] is a member of the [[The Zizians|Zizian]] group. Her parents, [[Richard Zajko]] and [[Rita Zajko]], were found shot to death in their home in Chester Heights, in [[Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Delaware County]], on the night of December 31, 2022. On June 24, 2026, Delaware County District Attorney [[Tanner Rouse]] charged her with her parents' killing, as the *[[The Philadelphia Inquirer|Philadelphia Inquirer]]* reported.[^68]
+
+### Natives and academic links
+
+The psychologist [[Charles Tart]] was born in Morrisville, Pennsylvania, on April 29, 1937, according to an obituary written by [[Stephan Schwartz|Stephan A. Schwartz]].[^69] The federal judge [[Alison Nathan]] was born in Philadelphia in 1972, according to the Federal Judicial Center's biographical directory.[^70]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, "Richard Thornburgh," for the terms of 1979 to 1987.
+[^2]: *Commonwealth v. Mastromarino*, 2 A.3d 581 (Pa. Super. 2010), as recited in *Commonwealth v. Garzone*, 34 A.3d 67 (Pa. 2012), and *Commonwealth v. Garzone* (Louis Garzone), 993 A.2d 1245 (Pa. Super. Ct., filed April 14, 2010). https://static.case.law/a3d/34/cases/0067-01.json.
+[^3]: Commonwealth v. Garzone (Louis Garzone), 993 A.2d 1245 (Pa. Super. Ct., filed April 14, 2010), No. 780 EDA 2009 (the September 2, 2008 plea and forfeitures).
+[^4]: Report I of the Fortieth Statewide Investigating Grand Jury, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, redacted by order of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court of July 27, 2018, released August 14, 2018, Section I (Introduction), pp. 1 to 2. Archived copy of the Office of Attorney General posting: https://web.archive.org/web/20180815113910/https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/A-Report-of-the-Fortieth-Statewide-Investigating-Grand-Jury_Cleland-Redactions-8-12-08_Redacted.pdf.
+[^5]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Report on Police Corruption and the Quality of Law Enforcement in Philadelphia* (Harrisburg, March 1974), title page. https://archive.org/details/reportonpoliceco00penn.
+[^6]: Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania, "Superior Court." https://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court; "Pennsylvania Superior Court: Over 125 Years of Justice," Jenkins Law Library, December 1, 2023. https://www.jenkinslaw.org/blog/2023/12/01/pennsylvania-superior-court-over-125-years-justice.
+[^7]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Report on Police Corruption* (1974), history of the Commission, describing the permanent Commission, the executive order of July 31, 1968 and the Crime Commission Act signed the same day, and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. https://archive.org/details/reportonpoliceco00penn.
+[^8]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Organized Crime in Pennsylvania: A Decade of Change, 1990 Report* (Conshohocken, 1991), NCJRS 133208, front matter quoting the 1967 Task Force Report: Organized Crime. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/133208NCJRS.pdf.
+[^9]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Report on Police Corruption* (1974), summary of findings, "Police Corruption," and the summary paragraph on payments to officers by gamblers, racketeers, bar and after-hours club owners. https://archive.org/details/reportonpoliceco00penn.
+[^10]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Report on Police Corruption* (1974), Locust Street Strip chapter, account of the Why Not Lounge and the advice to pay "or 'they will bust the joint.'" https://archive.org/details/reportonpoliceco00penn.
+[^11]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Report on Police Corruption* (1974), Locust Street Strip chapter (payments to the inspector of the Central Division) and the summary account of informants, including Irvin Goltzer's tape recordings of payoffs. https://archive.org/details/reportonpoliceco00penn.
+[^12]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Report on Police Corruption* (1974), table of contents, chapters "After-Hours Clubs," "Road Drivers Association," "Liberty Clown Club," "Randolph Social Club," "Croatian Club" and "Societal Pressures: 'A Policeman's Lot.'" https://archive.org/details/reportonpoliceco00penn.
+[^13]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Organized Crime in Pennsylvania: A Decade of Change* (1990), chapter "La Cosa Nostra - The American Mafia," introduction (p. 97 ff.; chapters on the LaRocca/Genovese family p. 111, the Bufalino family p. 135, the Bruno/Scarfo family p. 149). https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/133208NCJRS.pdf.
+[^14]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Organized Crime in Pennsylvania: A Decade of Change* (1990), executive summary paragraphs on the Bruno/Scarfo, Bufalino and LaRocca/Genovese families and on RICO. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/133208NCJRS.pdf.
+[^15]: Pennsylvania Crime Commission, *Organized Crime in Pennsylvania: A Decade of Change* (1990), La Cosa Nostra introduction (Stephen LaTorre of Pittston) and the gambling chapter (Scranton area and the Kefauver Report of 1951; John Parente and the Lehigh Valley; Baldassari family video poker proprietors of Scranton and the July 1990 FBI arrest of Elmo Baldassari). https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/133208NCJRS.pdf.
+[^16]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
+[^17]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates," paragraphs 5, 69 and 79. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf)
+[^18]: *Commonwealth v. Garzone*, 34 A.3d 67 (Pa. 2012), decided January 19, 2012, opinion of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, describing the cadaver arrangement from early 2004 through September 2005, the at-least-244 cadavers, the payments of over $245,000, and the destruction of records days before FDA investigators arrived. https://static.case.law/a3d/34/cases/0067-01.json.
+[^19]: *Commonwealth v. Garzone* (Gerald Garzone), 993 A.2d 306, 2010 PA Super 57 (Pa. Super. Ct., filed April 13, 2010).
+[^20]: *Hoersch v. Froehlke*, 382 F. Supp. 1235 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 11, 1974), Civ. A. No. 72-1759 (Hannum, J.), including the discharge order of July 1970, the AWOL dates at Fort Dix, the April 5, 1972 return to military control, and the long-hair passage. https://static.case.law/f-supp/382/cases/1235-01.json.
+[^21]: Federal Judicial Center, "Hannum, John Berne," Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/hannum-john-berne; Downey, Sally A., "John B. Hannum, 92, judge," *Philadelphia Inquirer*, April 25, 2007. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/20070425_John_B__Hannum__92__judge.html.
+[^22]: *Philadelphia Inquirer*, society column, February 28, 1975, p. 21. https://www.newspapers.com/image/173366667/.
+[^23]: Lynette Hazelton, "A brief history of the Holmesburg Prison experiments," *Philadelphia Inquirer*, October 22, 2024, https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/holmesburg-prison-experiments-timeline-20241022.html.
+[^24]: Allen M. Hornblum, *Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison* (New York: Routledge, 1998).
+[^25]: Statement of Deanne C. Siemer, General Counsel, Department of Defense, *Human Drug Testing by the CIA, 1977*, hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, 95th Cong., 1st sess., September 20, 1977, testimony of Deanne C. Siemer on EA-3167. https://archive.org/details/human-drug-testing-by-the-cia-1977.
+[^26]: *Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1975*, joint hearings before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 94th Cong., 1st sess., September 10, 12 and November 7, 1975, testimony of Lt. Gen. R. R. Taylor and the Army list of "Research Contracts from Edgewood Arsenal Involving Drug Testing Volunteers, 1965-75,".
+[^27]: *Report of the President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island* (Washington, October 1979), chronology, paragraph 17 (advice to pregnant women and preschool aged children to leave within a 5-mile radius, March 30, 1979). https://archive.org/details/needforchangeleg00unitrich.
+[^28]: *The Need for Change: The Legacy of TMI*, report of the President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, John G. Kemeny, Chairman (October 1979), Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-25694. https://archive.org/details/needforchangeleg00unitrich.
+[^29]: Office of the Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, "Richard Lewis Thornburgh," *Attorneys General of the United States* (service as United States Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania, 1969 to 1975, and as Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, 1975 to 1977).
+[^30]: Kemeny Commission, chronology, paragraphs 6 and the Thursday press conference account (informal agreement between Governor Thornburgh and the White House; Harold Denton's role; Charles Gallina's statement and Thornburgh's distrust). https://archive.org/details/needforchangeleg00unitrich.
+[^31]: *Nuclear Accident and Recovery at Three Mile Island: A Report*, prepared by the Subcommittee on Nuclear Regulation for the Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate, Committee Print, Serial No. 96-14 (June 1980), appendix of persons involved (Thornburgh, "Responsible for determining whether an evacuation was necessary"). https://archive.org/details/nuclearaccidentr00unitrich.
+[^32]: *Nuclear Accident and Recovery at Three Mile Island* (Senate Subcommittee on Nuclear Regulation, June 1980), account of the April krypton venting recommendation and Governor Thornburgh's request to the Union of Concerned Scientists. https://archive.org/details/nuclearaccidentr00unitrich.
+[^33]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
+[^34]: David Templeton, Westmoreland County article, *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*, September 9, 1998, reprinted in UFO Newsclipping Service, no. 351 (1998), description of the 4:45 p.m. landing and the village location. https://archive.org/details/UFO_Newsclipping_Service_1998_10_no_351.
+[^35]: Templeton, *Pittsburgh Press*, May 19, 1991, reprinted in UFO Newsclipping Service, no. 263 (1991), passages on James Oberg, Kosmos 96, the Venus probe and the debris-return agreement. https://archive.org/details/UFO_Newsclipping_Service_1991_06_no_263.
+[^36]: David Templeton, "Something Dropped in on Kecksburg Unexpectedly 25 Years Ago," *Pittsburgh Press*, May 19, 1991, reprinted in UFO Newsclipping Service, no. 263 (1991), witness accounts of the fireball, the acorn-shaped craft, the Air Force, Army and NASA personnel, and the flatbed truck. https://archive.org/details/UFO_Newsclipping_Service_1991_06_no_263.
+[^37]: David Templeton, *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*, September 9, 1998, reprinted in UFO Newsclipping Service, no. 351 (1998), including the military's meteorite statement and the Gordon quotation. https://archive.org/details/UFO_Newsclipping_Service_1998_10_no_351.
+[^38]: Ann Saul Dudurich, "Sci Fi special puts Kecksburg mystery under a microscope," *Tribune-Review* (Greensburg), October 24, 2003, reprinted in UFO Newsclipping Service, no. 412 (2003). https://archive.org/details/UFO_Newsclipping_Service_2003_11_no_412.
+[^39]: David Templeton, *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*, September 9, 1998, reprinted in UFO Newsclipping Service, no. 351 (1998), account of Oberg's interview with Savinykh. https://archive.org/details/UFO_Newsclipping_Service_1998_10_no_351.
+[^40]: Templeton, *Post-Gazette*, September 9, 1998, reprinted in UFO Newsclipping Service, no. 351 (1998), account of the U.S. Space Command report on Kosmos 96 crashing in Canada after 3 a.m. https://archive.org/details/UFO_Newsclipping_Service_1998_10_no_351.
+[^41]: Lewis-Kraus, Gideon. "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously." *The New Yorker*, May 10, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously (Sci Fi Channel invitation of 2002 through its director of projects, Larry Landsman).
+[^42]: *Kean v. National Aeronautics and Space Administration*, Civil Action No. 03-2509 (EGS) (D.D.C.), Memorandum Opinion, Document 45, filed March 27, 2007 (Sullivan, J.), pp. 1 to 10 and 19 to 21. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.106063/gov.uscourts.dcd.106063.45.0.pdf.
+[^43]: Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, "Was It a UFO? NASA Agrees to Search Its Files on 1965 Incident Again," October 29, 2007, https://www.rcfp.org/was-it-ufo-nasa-agrees-search-its-files-1965-incident-again/; "NASA Ordered to Review Its Records for Data on 'UFO' Sighting," December 10, 2007, https://www.rcfp.org/nasa-ordered-review-its-records-data-ufo-sighting/.
+[^44]: Gibb, Tom. "Reality 'X-file': People in Kecksburg want to resolve what fell from the sky in 1965." *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*, March 9, 2003, p. 21.
+[^45]: Washington Star, August 19, 1977, "CIA Thinks Israel Got Uranium Diverted," CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060029-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060029-4.
+[^46]: Washington Star, August 19, 1977, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060029-4, the account of the February 1976 NRC briefing given by Carl Duckett. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060029-4.
+[^47]: Comptroller General of the United States, *Nuclear Diversion in the U.S.? 13 Years of Contradiction and Confusion*, report EMD-79-8 (December 18, 1978), redacted release of May 6, 2010, Introduction and the account of the April 1965 inspection and the November 1965 investigation. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3149993/38-Nuclear-Diversion-in-the-U-S-13-Years-of.pdf.
+[^48]: Comptroller General, *Nuclear Diversion in the U.S.?* (1978), account of the FBI briefings of October 1977 on the Foreign Agent Registration Act inquiry opened August 1965 and reported October 1966. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3149993/38-Nuclear-Diversion-in-the-U-S-13-Years-of.pdf.
+[^49]: Comptroller General, *Nuclear Diversion in the U.S.?* (1978), digest and chapter on the Federal Bureau of Investigation (February 1966 request; investigation of diversion not focused until May 1976; request by President Ford of April 1976). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/3149993/38-Nuclear-Diversion-in-the-U-S-13-Years-of.pdf.
+[^50]: Comptroller General, *Nuclear Diversion in the U.S.?* (1978), digest and chapter on the FBI, quoting the agents' statement that circumstantial information exists but there is no substantive proof; Federation of American Scientists, "GAO Report on the 1965 NUMEC Affair Declassified," May 13, 2010, quoting the report's statement on denied access. https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/2010/05/gao_numec.
+[^51]: Hersh, Seymour M., *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), chapter 18.
+[^52]: Washington Star, December 31, 1977, "Top-Secret Government File on Missing Uranium Revealed," CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060014-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060014-0.
+[^53]: *Washington Post*, March 2, 1978, article on the former CIA official's account of the 1976 NRC briefing, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060010-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060010-4.
+[^54]: David Burnham, *New York Times*, April 29, 1979, article on the Inspector General's report of April 27, 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400060002-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400060002-3.
+[^55]: Memorandum, "Material for Senator Howard Baker," April 25, 1978, and letter of George Bush, Director of Central Intelligence, to Senator Howard Baker, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, April 1978, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP81M00980R000700010020-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP81M00980R000700010020-2.
+[^56]: Loughlin, James. "Archdiocese of Philadelphia," *The Catholic Encyclopedia*, vol. 11, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11793b.htm.
+[^57]: *Philadelphia Inquirer*, society and nightlife column, February 28, 1975, p. 21. https://www.newspapers.com/image/173366667/.
+[^58]: Report I of the Fortieth Statewide Investigating Grand Jury (2018), Section I, pp. 2 to 3, on the secret archive and the practices identified by the FBI's National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.
+[^59]: Report I of the Fortieth Statewide Investigating Grand Jury (2018), Section II, Diocese of Allentown history, and the reference to the 2005 Philadelphia archdiocese grand jury report.
+[^60]: "Joint Response to Release of Grand Jury Report," Pennsylvania Office of Victim Advocate, Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape and Archdiocese of Philadelphia Office for Child and Youth Protection, press release, August 14, 2018. https://www.pa.gov/content/dam/copapwp-pagov/en/ova/documents/resources/documents/press-releases/rls%20-%20Joint%20Response%20to%20Grand%20Jury%20Report%2008142018%20FINAL.pdf.
+[^61]: S. Hrg. 100-773, Part 3, pp. 254 to 255 (the Tamiami business, the twin Comanche bought from Air America, Lakeland operations).
+[^62]: Henry, Ed. "Unholy Alliance?" *Roll Call*, February 12, 2003. https://rollcall.com/2003/02/12/unholy-alliance/.
+[^63]: "Richard King Mellon Foundation awards $575,000 to Galileo Project," The Galileo Project, Harvard University, April 26, 2024.
+[^64]: Alabama Secretary of State, entity 001-041-463, The Sol Foundation: Certificate of Formation (filed September 23, 2022) and board consent (August 31, 2022).
+[^65]: *Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy* (Washington, 1964), staff list and the chapter on Jack Ruby (telephone discussion of the polygraph examination between Assistant Counsel Arlen Specter and Defense Counsel Joe H. Tonahill). https://archive.org/details/warrenreportrepo00unit.
+[^66]: Britannica, "Arlen Specter," entry on Specter's Senate service, 1981 to 2011. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arlen-Specter. 
+[^67]: Kaiser, Frederick M., *Legislative History of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence* (Congressional Research Service, 1978), part III (Government Operations Committee vote of February 24, 1976; Rules and Administration Committee report of April 29, 1976; compromise endorsed by Majority Leader Mansfield and Minority Leader Scott; S. Res. 400 agreed May 19, 1976). https://sgp.fas.org/crs/intel/leghist.pdf.
+[^68]: Vinny Vella, "A former Delco woman tied to the Zizians extremist group has been charged with her parents' killing," *Philadelphia Inquirer*, June 24, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/crime/michelle-zajko-zizians-group-parents-murder-charges-chester-heights-20260624.html
+[^69]: Stephan A. Schwartz, "Charles T. Tart Obituary, 29 April 1937 - 5 March 2025," Institut Metapsychique International, April 2025. https://www.metapsychique.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Tart-VO.pdf.
+[^70]: Federal Judicial Center, "Nathan, Alison Julie," Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/nathan-alison-julie.