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74
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bernie Houghton.md Normal file
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---
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- NuganHandBank
- SaudiArabia
- Sydney
aliases:
- Bernie Houghton
- Maurice Bernard Houghton
- Maurice Houghton
- Maurice Bernard "Bernie" Houghton
summary: "Bernie Houghton, an American bar owner in Sydney, was described as the mystery man behind Nugan Hand Bank's Saudi Arabian operations and denied to Australian investigators in 1981 any CIA or drug involvement."
born: 1920-07-25
died: 2000-07-22
location: "Sydney, Australia"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Nugan Hand Bank]]"
role: Saudi Arabian operations, according to The Bulletin
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Bourbon and Beefsteak]]"
start: 1967
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Parkes Development]]"
role: real estate salesman
start: 1967
fn: 1
---
Bernie Houghton (Maurice Bernard Houghton, born July 25, 1920, in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], died July 22, 2000, in [[Sydney]]) was an American businessman and bar owner in Sydney whom [[The Bulletin]] described in June 1984 as "the mystery man behind Nugan Hand's Saudi Arabian operations." The Task Force interviewed him in [[Acapulco]], Mexico, in June 1981.[^1][^2]
### Early life and Sydney
Houghton's account to [[Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking|Task Force]] investigators, as reproduced by The Bulletin, gives his background. He was born in Texas in 1920, lived in various cities in the south-western United States where his father worked as an oil driller, and attended [[Southern Methodist University]] when the United States entered the Second World War. He enlisted in the [[United States Air Force]] cadet training program and was discharged in 1946. He went into business in restaurants, clubs, surplus war material and miscellaneous ventures, went to [[Vietnam]] early in the 1960s, where he worked for a construction material expediter, and came to Sydney in January 1967. He worked for [[Parkes Development]] as a real estate salesman and opened the [[Bourbon and Beefsteak]] bar in [[Kings Cross]] in November 1967.[^1]
Houghton and [[Michael Hand]], an American from New York, met socially in 1967 and lived near each other in Kings Cross. Houghton said he had heard of Hand's combat record in Vietnam as early as 1964, and that he had a "Sergeant York image" of Hand.[^1] [[Jonathan Kwitny]] wrote that Houghton arrived in Australia eight months before Hand, that he was one of the first people Hand met there, and that he "may well have introduced Hand to Nugan."[^3]
### Nugan Hand operations
In October 1978 Hand asked Houghton to go to [[Germany]] to review an investment the bank had made there. Houghton said that he told Hand that he neither spoke German nor knew the banking business, and that Hand replied that Houghton's logic and judgment were what he wanted. Houghton then went to [[Hamburg]] for ten days with expenses paid by Hand.[^1] On his return he stopped in the United States and visited [[Earl P. Yates|Admiral Yates]], who encouraged him to join the organisation. The Bulletin added that Yates, a retired Navy rear admiral, joined Nugan Hand International in 1977 and was the first president of the company.[^1] Houghton told investigators that Hand was looking for senior executives to manage the various banks, and that Hand became aware that Yates was looking for a change of position and hired him after the two met. Houghton said Yates was "instrumental in the hiring of other senior retired military officers."[^1] Kwitny wrote that by most accounts Houghton recruited Yates into the Nugan Hand job.[^3]
Houghton said he went to Texas, learned of the potential for business in [[Saudi Arabia]], discussed it with Hand in [[Singapore]], and set up the Saudi operation after Hand assured him the company was financially strong. He said he agreed to a full-time appointment only after Hand agreed that he would not work for [[Frank Nugan]], and that he worked for the Nugan Hand Bank of the [[Cayman Islands]]. Certificates of deposit issued in Saudi Arabia were pre-signed by Hand, George Shaw or Steve Hill, whom the Bulletin described as directors of the bank in Sydney, and copies were forwarded to the Singapore office. The Bulletin reported that Houghton described how $4 million or $5 million deposited in Saudi Arabia was converted into $1,000 traveller's cheques and taken to Singapore.[^1] Houghton said that on about April 12, 1980 the bank's Jeddah office learned from a Saudi newspaper that the Hong Kong company had been put into receivership, that he was in [[Washington, D.C.]] when the Alkhobar manager telephoned him, and that the staff left the country.[^1]
[[Neil Evans]], a former bank executive, told the Task Force that Houghton was the CIA's top man in Australia, that Hand had said Houghton was involved in distributing drugs through his retail outlets, and that an account at [[Irving Trust]] in New York was a link between the CIA and the bank. Houghton denied each allegation. He said he had never been an employee of the CIA, and that he had never heard or seen evidence that the Irving Trust account was used for any clandestine purpose.[^1]
### Edwin Wilson and the Geneva office
[[The Nation]] reported in March 1984 that the Task Force's fourth volume described [[Edwin Wilson]] and "Maurice Houghton, an official of Nugan Hand," as having a series of meetings at the end of which Wilson placed Nugan Hand's order for 10 million rounds of ammunition and 3,000 weapons.[^4] [[Keith Schneider]] of the [[New York Times]] wrote in March 1987 that the report said that on the day Nugan's body was discovered Houghton arrived at Wilson's office in [[Geneva]], and that according to an unidentified witness Houghton left a travel case at the office and departed. According to the report as Schneider described it, in April [[Tom Clines]] and [[Rafael Quintero]] arrived at the office, the bag was opened in the presence of all, they studied the documents inside and removed one, and during the search [[Richard Secord]]'s name was mentioned and Clines said: "We've got to keep Dick's name out of this."[^5] Kwitny wrote that the circles Houghton moved in included Secord, [[Heinie Aderholt]], Wilson and Clines.[^3]
### Nugan's death and the records
Kwitny wrote that after Nugan's death Hand returned to Sydney by way of the United States, was joined by Yates, and that Houghton met Hand and Yates at the airport and joined them, with Hill and Shaw, at the Nugan Hand offices.[^3] A Sydney butcher who worked on and off as manager of the Bourbon and Beefsteak told the Task Force that in late February 1980 he met Houghton and Shaw on the eighth floor of the bank's headquarters before moving records from an office in the [[AMP Centre]], that on one occasion Houghton went to the flat where the records were stored and asked an employee to kick in the back door to gain access, and that Hand later told him it would be better to give the same evidence as Hand "rather than involve George Shaw, Bernie Houghton and Barry Target."[^1]
The Bulletin reported that Houghton left Australia in June 1980, two weeks after Hand's disappearance.[^1]
### Task Force interview, 1981
Task Force investigators [[Kevin Woods]] and Bob Gray met Houghton and his [[San Francisco]] lawyer at Houghton's suite at the [[Princess Hotel]] in Acapulco on June 9, 1981, for a four-day interview.[^1] Houghton said that he left Australia in June 1980 "to take care of commercial commitments," and that "I left the country legally and openly." He said Hand telephoned him in the United States in March 1981, and that Hand was "lonesome, full of guilt and asking for forgiveness for having embroiled me in his problems."[^1] Houghton "absolutely denied" that the bank was operating on behalf of the CIA or as a drug-runner, according to the Bulletin's commentary on the interview.[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Stannard, Bruce. "Nugan Hand from the Inside." The Bulletin (Sydney), June 5, 1984, pp. 22-27, with Sykes, Trevor, "Unsafe as a bank could possibly be," p. 27, reproducing the Task Force interviews of Maurice Bernard Houghton (June 9, 1981) and Robert Wallace Gehring (May 29, 1981); reproduced in Cabinet Documents on the Inquiry into the Nugan-Hand Group, Government of the Commonwealth of Australia, Part 1. https://archive.org/details/Nugan-Hand
[^2]: "Houghton, Maurice Bernard (Bernie) (1920-2000)." People Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/houghton-maurice-bernard-bernie-34666
[^3]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA*. W.W. Norton, 1987 (Touchstone edition, 1988, pp. 37-39, 55).
[^4]: "Dispatches: Australia: The Nugan Hand Investigation." The Nation, March 3, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1
[^5]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7

19
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donald M. Kerr.md
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@ -7,16 +7,25 @@ tags:
- Stargate
- Nuclear
- Israel
summary: "Acting director of defense programs at the Department of Energy who directed the Nuclear Intelligence Panel study of the 1979 Vela satellite flash, concluding it was a nuclear bomb."
summary: "Acting director of defense programs at the Department of Energy, identified by Hersh, Richelson and Weiss as head of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel review of the 1979 Vela satellite flash."
relations:
- type: investigated
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "identified by Richelson and Weiss as head of the Nuclear Intelligence Panel review of the event"
start: 1980-02-11
end: 1980-02-14
fn: 1
---
Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. He directed the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) study into the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting. Kerr stated that the NIP had no doubt it was a nuclear bomb and believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^1]
Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. [[Seymour Hersh]], Jeffrey Richelson and [[Leonard Weiss]] identify him as the head of the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) review of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting.[^1][^2] The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. Its February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director of central intelligence states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr."[^1] Hersh wrote that Kerr said, "We had no doubt it was a bomb," and that Kerr believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^3]
### Sun Streak
Donald M. Kerr was the director of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]]. He was a member of the new science panel for the [[Stargate Project|Sun Streak]] program, which was established on January 31, 1986[^2].
Donald M. Kerr was the director of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]]. He was a member of the new science panel for the [[Stargate Project|Sun Streak]] program, which was established on January 31, 1986[^4].
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^1]: Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Judgments of the DCI's Nuclear Intelligence Panel on the 22 September 1979 Event," February 14, 1980, Secret. Document 6 in Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, whose narrative names Kerr as chairman. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/06.pdf
[^2]: Weiss, Leonard. "Flash from the Past: Why an Apparent Israeli Nuclear Test in 1979 Matters Today." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015. https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.

7
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/G. Gordon Liddy.md
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@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ relations:
reverse: true
fn: 2
created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-09
---
George Gordon Battle Liddy (November 30, 1930 to March 30, 2021) was a former agent of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], a prosecutor in [[Dutchess County, New York]], an official of the [[Department of the Treasury]] and a member of the [[White House]] "[[White House Plumbers|Plumbers]]" unit. As general counsel and then finance committee counsel of the [[Committee to Re-elect the President]] he presented the intelligence plan known as Gemstone, and on January 30, 1973 he was convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping offenses arising from the [[Watergate]] break-in; in 1974 he was also convicted for the 1971 burglary of the office of the psychiatrist of [[Daniel Ellsberg]]. [[Jimmy Carter]] commuted his sentence on April 12, 1977.[^1][^2][^3] He died on March 30, 2021.[^4]
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Edward Jay Epstein wrote in 1977 that Liddy graduated from [[Fordham University
Epstein wrote that Liddy sought the Republican nomination for district attorney of Dutchess County in June 1968 and lost a party caucus, 25 to 4, then challenged Representative [[Hamilton Fish Jr.]] for the Republican congressional nomination and lost the primary by a few thousand votes, took the [[Conservative Party of New York State|New York Conservative Party]] line, and withdrew after [[Gerald R. Ford]], then House Republican leader, came to Poughkeepsie and arranged for Liddy to endorse Fish in return for a promise of a position in the Nixon administration. Epstein gave this account without attribution to a named participant.[^5] In 1969, Epstein wrote, Liddy became a special assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury under [[Eugene Rossides|Eugene T. Rossides]], who supervised the department's law enforcement bureaus, and Liddy was assigned to Task Force Number One, a joint [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]] and Treasury task force on narcotics smuggling. Epstein wrote that Rossides feared Attorney General [[John Mitchell]] would use the task force to enlarge the Justice Department's domain at the expense of the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Bureau]] and that Liddy was assigned to protect Treasury's interests.[^5]
A [[Central Intelligence Agency]] record, prepared in answer to the question whether the agency had any other dealings with Liddy while he was in Treasury or at the White House, states that in December 1969 security action was initiated to grant Liddy a number of agency clearances in connection with his Treasury employment, at which time he was listed as a member of the Presidential Task Force reporting on narcotics, marijuana and dangerous drugs; that in August 1971 he was briefed on several additional sensitive programs in connection with his assignment to the White House staff; that memoranda prepared in 1971 (the catalog text is partly illegible) indicated he was working with [[David R. Young]] on the investigation of leaks of classified information to the news media; and that he was debriefed from these special clearances on February 22, 1972. The record concludes that "Mr. Liddy held Agency clearances because of his White House duties, but he was not utilized by CIA."[^7]
A [[Central Intelligence Agency]] record, prepared in answer to the question whether the agency had any other dealings with Liddy while he was in Treasury or at the White House, states that in December 1969 security action was initiated to grant Liddy a number of agency clearances in connection with his Treasury employment, at which time he was listed as a member of the Presidential Task Force reporting on narcotics, marijuana and dangerous drugs; that in August 1971 he was briefed on several additional sensitive programs in connection with his assignment to the White House staff; that memoranda prepared in 1971 indicated he was working with [[David R. Young]] on the investigation of leaks of classified information to the news media; and that he was debriefed from these special clearances on February 22, 1972. The record concludes that "Mr. Liddy held Agency clearances because of his White House duties, but he was not utilized by CIA."[^7]
On July 26, 1973 Henry S. Ruth, Deputy Special Prosecutor of the [[Watergate Special Prosecution Force]], wrote to John S. Warner, the CIA's Acting General Counsel, about questions arising in the investigation of [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] and "the persons who were employed by Gordon Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, and Bernard Barker." The letter asked whether the CIA had employed or been associated with Felipe de Diego, Pablo Fernandez, Angelo Ferrer, Hiram Gonzalez, Humberto Lopez and [[Hal Hendrix]]; whether it knew of intelligence or undercover activities by ITT against the Chilean government in the [[United States]]; whether it knew of arrangements between ITT and the [[Robert R. Mullen Company|Mullen Company]]; whether it had any working relationship with the ITT Public Relations Office at 495 Biltmore Way, [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]], Florida; and whether it was aware "of any intelligence or undercover activities performed by Howard Hunt and/or Gordon Liddy for ITT." Warner forwarded the letter on August 3, 1973 to Bill Nelson with a note that it should be cross-checked with the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]]. The reply of the CIA's Cover and Commercial Staff dated August 7, 1973, which describes the letter as dated July 29, responds to the third and fourth questions only, stating that the staff had never discussed with the Mullen Company any association with ITT, that the Mullen file contained two brochures listing no ITT among its clients, and that the staff had no relationship with or information about the Coral Gables office; the released document does not address the fifth question.[^8][^9]
@ -135,6 +135,8 @@ The *New York Times* reported on April 14, 1980, summarizing excerpts from *Will
The New York *Daily News* reported on April 18, 1980 that Liddy said on two network television programs that Anderson was "a pain in the butt" to the Nixon White House and that assassinating him would have been "justifiable homicide," that he had made the recommendation at a White House meeting at which Hunt first suggested drugging Anderson with LSD, and that Anderson's columns had compromised an intelligence agent who was unmasked, tortured and killed. Anderson, meeting Liddy on the program, said that neither Liddy nor anyone else could name a CIA agent tortured or killed as a result of his columns: "It never happened." Liddy answered that he had not said CIA agent. Hunt declined to appear on the second program; the report stated that Hunt said he never discussed with Liddy a need to kill Anderson, that they considered how to discredit Anderson with LSD, and that they dropped the matter when a retired CIA doctor said attempts of that kind overseas had been unsuccessful.[^40]
In an interview recorded for [[Mark Feldstein]]'s 2010 book *Poisoning the Press*, Hunt said before his death that [[Charles Colson]] had ordered him and Liddy to examine Anderson's home from the outside for vulnerabilities, and that Liddy had an idea involving poison wiped on a man's wrist.[^41] Colson's spokeswoman told NBC that Colson "believes everyone has debunked this story a long time ago and he has nothing to add to it."[^41] Feldstein's book also describes a lunch in March 1972 at the [[Hay-Adams Hotel]] with a recently retired CIA poison specialist.[^41]
United Press International reported on October 31, 1986 that Liddy told *USA Today* that he would have killed Anderson and Hunt if ordered to do so, that the decision had to be taken "from a much higher level than I was," that he had been ordered to discuss the Anderson problem with "[[Edward Gunn|Dr. Edward Gunn]] of the CIA," whom he described as "the CIA's assassination expert," and that "it was not until an Anderson column caused the death of one of our intelligence people posted abroad that that thought was even entertained." The report added that published reports in 1975 had said that a senior official in the Nixon White House ordered Anderson killed and the death made to look accidental.[^38]
### Footnotes
@ -179,3 +181,4 @@ United Press International reported on October 31, 1986 that Liddy told *USA Tod
[^38]: "Liddy Says He Would Have Killed If Ordered," United Press International, October 31, 1986, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710003-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710003-5
[^39]: Eddie Scarry, "G. Gordon Liddy Ends 20-year Radio Run," *Adweek*, September 20, 2012. https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/gordon-liddy-retirement-marsha-blackburn/
[^40]: Thomas Raftery and Donald Singleton, "Liddy: Murder Was Rx for Our Pain in Papers," *New York Daily News*, April 18, 1980, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710019-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710019-8
[^41]: Michael Isikoff, "Nixon plot against newspaper columnist detailed," NBC News, September 13, 2010, reporting on Mark Feldstein, *Poisoning the Press* (2010), and on an interview with Howard Hunt provided to NBC. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39157420

15
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry Hans Holthuis.md
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@ -7,16 +7,19 @@ tags:
summary: "Henry Hans Holthuis served as a Dutch district attorney during the 1990s, holding a position of significant authority within the Netherlands' judicial system."
---
Henry Hans Holthuis served as a Dutch district attorney during the 1990s, holding a position of significant authority within the Netherlands' judicial system. As a district attorney, Holthuis possessed substantial legal power and responsibility for prosecuting criminal cases, making his involvement in illicit activities particularly concerning given his role in upholding and enforcing Dutch law. His position placed him within the upper echelons of the Dutch legal establishment, where he would have had access to sensitive information, influence over legal proceedings, and the ability to shape investigative priorities within his jurisdiction.[^1]
Henry Hans Holthuis served as a Dutch district attorney during the 1990s, with responsibility for prosecuting criminal cases within the Netherlands' judicial system.[^1]
### Rolodex Affair and Bell Boys Investigation
Henry Hans Holthuis became embroiled in the [[Rolodex Investigation]] investigation of 1997-98, which exposed a sophisticated callboy service catering to Dutch justice officials and other influential figures. The investigation centered on the [[Bell Boys]] service operated by [[Karel Maasdam]] (alias 'Alex Privee'), which provided underage boys to high-profile clients throughout the Dutch establishment. Holthuis's private number was discovered in the rolodex of [[Professor Der Van Roon]] from the University of Amsterdam, who served as a reputable go-between for clients of Maasdam's service, facilitating connections between the prostitution operation and its elite clientele.[^1]
Former detective [[Leendert de Koter]] testified on March 5, 2014 before an examining magistrate in Utrecht that the [[Rijksrecherche]] supplied the names of [[Joris Demmink]] and of three chief prosecutors, which he gave as [[Jan Wolter Wabeke]], Henry Hans Holthuis and [[Wooldrik]], and that the suspicion against the four was repeated sexual abuse of minors. He did not elaborate on the prosecutors.[^2][^3] The Dutch government's summary of the [[Rolodex Investigation]] records that a witness named two chief prosecutors, not named in the summary, as having appeared on a rolodex of a brothel owner; that the rolodex was never found; and that the College of Procurators-General concluded in March and May 1999 that the two could not be regarded as suspects.[^4] The March 2014 ministerial letter gives August 1998 as the start of the Rolodex probe.[^5]
The investigation revealed that Professor Van Roon frequented the [[Festival Bar]], a boy brothel in Amsterdam, and maintained detailed records of his clients in his rolodex, which was provided to police by an informant. Alongside Holthuis, the rolodex contained the private numbers of at least two other Dutch district attorneys: [[Henk Wooldrik]] and [[Jan Wolter Wabeke]]. This discovery made clear that multiple high-ranking justice officials were simultaneously involved in patronizing child prostitution services while holding positions responsible for prosecuting such crimes.[^1]
According to information provided to the Dutch current affairs program EenVandaag by an alleged bookkeeper of Karel Maasdam named [[Richard Carl-Samson]], [[Warwick Spinks]] frequently pimped boys to both [[Joris Demmink]] and Henry Hans Holthuis. This connection directly linked Holthuis to one of the most notorious international child traffickers operating in Europe during the 1990s. Warwick Spinks, a British national who operated from Amsterdam, was known for his extensive involvement in child prostitution, pornography production, and trafficking across European borders, making his association with a sitting Dutch district attorney particularly alarming.[^1]
S. Dovey wrote that a rolodex held the private numbers of three district attorneys including Holthuis, Henk Wooldrik and Wabeke, and that the rolodex belonged to a university professor who served as an intermediary for clients of [[Karel Maasdam]]'s [[Bell Boys]] service, with Holthuis's number among those in it. Dovey also wrote that a man Dovey describes as Maasdam's bookkeeper told the Dutch current-affairs programme EenVandaag that [[Warwick Spinks]] frequently supplied boys to Demmink and Holthuis.[^6]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar.
[^1]: Dovey, S. (2023). Eye of the Chickenhawk. United States: Thehotstar.
[^2]: NOS, "Politie onderzocht Demmink in '97," March 5, 2014. https://nos.nl/artikel/619220-politie-onderzocht-demmink-in-97
[^3]: "Oud-hoofdofficier justitie Jan Wolter Wabeke uit Best genoemd in zedenzaak Joris Demmink," Omroep Brabant, March 5, 2014. https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/1720283/oud-hoofdofficier-justitie-jan-wolter-wabeke-uit-best-genoemd-in-zedenzaak-joris-demmink
[^4]: "Samenvatting van de aanleiding, het verloop, de resultaten en de besluitvorming in het Rolodex-onderzoek," December 23, 2013. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vjigib8p5szh
[^5]: Tweede Kamer, Kamerstuk 33 750 VI, nr. 116, letter of March 27, 2014. https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/20140327/brief_regering/document3/f=/vjifeja4nlzk.pdf
[^6]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.

138
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John J. McCloy.md
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@ -76,9 +76,10 @@ relations:
fn: 16
- type: director_of
with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
end: 1965
role: "chairman of the board of trustees"
fn: 22
start: 1959
end: 1965-12
role: "chairman of the board of trustees (trustee from 1953)"
fn: 26
- type: head_of
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
start: 1953
@ -112,36 +113,36 @@ relations:
- type: represented
with: "[[ExxonMobil]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29
fn: 30
- type: represented
with: "[[Mobil]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29
fn: 30
- type: represented
with: "[[Gulf Oil]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29
fn: 30
- type: represented
with: "[[Texaco]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29
fn: 30
- type: represented
with: "[[Standard Oil of California]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29
fn: 30
- type: represented
with: "[[BP]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29
fn: 30
- type: represented
with: "[[Royal Dutch Shell]]"
role: "counsel to the Seven Sisters oil companies"
fn: 29
fn: 30
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Libyan Producers Agreement]]"
start: 1971-01
role: "counsel to whom the Business Review letters were addressed"
fn: 34
fn: 35
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]"
start: 1962-10
@ -152,9 +153,9 @@ relations:
with: "[[Warren Commission]]"
start: 1963-11-29
role: "commissioner"
fn: 50
fn: 51
created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-09
---
John Jay McCloy (born in [[Philadelphia]] on March 31, 1895; died in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], on March 11, 1989) was an American lawyer, banker and government official. He served as Assistant Secretary of War, president of the [[World Bank]], U.S. Military Governor and High Commissioner for [[Germany]], chairman of the [[Chase Manhattan Bank]], the [[Ford Foundation]] and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], counsel to the major international oil companies, chairman of the [[General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament]] and a member of the [[Warren Commission]]. [[Amherst College]], which holds his papers, records his name at birth as John McCloy, with "Snader" used as a middle name in college records until about 1935 and "Jay" thereafter.[^1]
@ -205,71 +206,71 @@ McCloy was brought into the Ford Foundation as a consultant by [[Henry Ford II]]
On April 29, 1953, McCloy, on Council on Foreign Relations letterhead, wrote Allen Dulles, by then Director of Central Intelligence, that he was "delighted to have a report from Shep Stone" that Dulles would join a Council study group on relations between the democratic nations and the [[Soviet Union]], "undertaken at the Council on Foreign Relations under a grant of the Ford Foundation," with a full-time staff under [[Henry L. Roberts]] of [[Columbia University]]. "Though the group will be entirely unofficial, its findings will be made available to our government," he wrote, adding that the CIA's [[Robert Amory]] would attend the first dinner meeting on May 6, 1953.[^23] In a letter of February 25, 1954, quoted by the historian [[Volker Berghahn]] and cited by Harm Langenkamp, Stone wrote McCloy about the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]: "you know the sources of funds that have hitherto been supplied to the Congress, but in our conversation with these gentlemen [Nabokov and Rougemont] we should not reveal what we know."[^24]
A memorandum of May 21, 1954 by [[Don K. Price]] set the Foundation's policy on government-sponsored programs: such projects could be recommended if "worth support on their merits, regardless of any official interest," and with the prior approval of three trustees, "the Chairman, the President, and 'Mr. McCloy.'" Langenkamp, citing Price's 1972 oral history and McCloy's interview with [[Kai Bird]], writes that McCloy and Price later defended the arrangement as a means of limiting the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s access to Foundation officers and grantees, quotes McCloy as saying the Foundation could not keep its "shirts clean" had it closed the door on the Agency entirely, and quotes Price's warning to Dulles and [[Frank Wisner]]: "The first time you meddle with our boys, we'll quit this whole program." In 1958 Dulles invited Foundation officers to Washington for a briefing on Agency operations, and in 1959 Price reached an understanding allowing the CIA to approach Foundation fellows after their grants expired; in the early 1960s Foundation president [[Henry T. Heald]] repeated the Foundation's position to Director [[John McCone]].[^24] Writing of 1962, when Stone sought a five-year guarantee of some $2,000,000 a year to free the Congress for Cultural Freedom from the CIA's treasury, Langenkamp describes McCloy as Stone's "staunchest ally" and as having by then assumed the chairmanship of the board. The Congress, which the CIA had tried from the outset to transfer to the Ford and Rockefeller foundations, reached self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957 to 1962 grant at the moment the cover of the Agency's network of front organizations was blown; Stone's 1962 proposal itself foundered.[^25]
A memorandum of May 21, 1954 by [[Don K. Price]] set the Foundation's policy on government-sponsored programs: such projects could be recommended if "worth support on their merits, regardless of any official interest," and with the prior approval of three trustees, "the Chairman, the President, and 'Mr. McCloy.'" Langenkamp, citing Price's 1972 oral history and McCloy's interview with [[Kai Bird]], writes that McCloy and Price later defended the arrangement as a means of limiting the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s access to Foundation officers and grantees, quotes McCloy as saying the Foundation could not keep its "shirts clean" had it closed the door on the Agency entirely, and quotes Price's warning to Dulles and [[Frank Wisner]]: "The first time you meddle with our boys, we'll quit this whole program." In 1958 Dulles invited Foundation officers to Washington for a briefing on Agency operations, and in 1959 Price reached an understanding allowing the CIA to approach Foundation fellows after their grants expired; in the early 1960s Foundation president [[Henry T. Heald]] repeated the Foundation's position to Director [[John McCone]].[^24] Writing of 1962, when Stone sought a five-year guarantee of some $2,000,000 a year to free the Congress for Cultural Freedom from the CIA's treasury, Langenkamp describes McCloy as Stone's "staunchest ally" and as having by then assumed the chairmanship of the board. The Congress, which the CIA had tried from the outset to transfer to the Ford and Rockefeller foundations, reached self-sufficiency through Ford's 1957 to 1962 grant at the moment the cover of the Agency's network of front organizations was blown; Stone's 1962 proposal itself foundered.[^25] The foundation's 1965 annual report states that McCloy served on the board of trustees from 1953 and as its chairman from 1959, retiring on December 31, 1965, and that [[Julius A. Stratton]], president of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and a trustee since 1955, was elected chairman to replace him.[^26]
McCloy was chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1953 to 1971.[^1]
### Chase Manhattan
McCloy was chairman of the board of the Chase National Bank from January 1953 to December 1960; the bank merged with the [[Bank of the Manhattan Company]] in April 1955 to form the Chase Manhattan Bank.[^1] His papers include six volumes of appointment and telephone logs kept as chairman from 1953 to 1958, consisting mostly of names with almost no notation of subject matter, and correspondence of March 1960 concerning his retirement from the bank.[^26] On April 20, 1962, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence [[Marshall S. Carter]] wrote him at One Chase Manhattan Plaza that he was being briefed that afternoon on "the other matter" they had discussed by telephone and would come back with "a substantive proposal."[^27]
McCloy was chairman of the board of the Chase National Bank from January 1953 to December 1960; the bank merged with the [[Bank of the Manhattan Company]] in April 1955 to form the Chase Manhattan Bank.[^1] His papers include six volumes of appointment and telephone logs kept as chairman from 1953 to 1958, consisting mostly of names with almost no notation of subject matter, and correspondence of March 1960 concerning his retirement from the bank.[^27] On April 20, 1962, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence [[Marshall S. Carter]] wrote him at One Chase Manhattan Plaza that he was being briefed that afternoon on "the other matter" they had discussed by telephone and would come back with "a substantive proposal."[^28]
### Counsel to the Oil Companies
From 1961 McCloy was a name partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hope, Hadley & McCloy.[^1] For much of the 1960s and 1970s he advised the "McCloy Group," representatives of most of the major American oil companies and several European and British firms, on legal questions and on foreign and domestic policy, and advocated on their behalf in the Justice Department, the State Department and Congress. His files on the group include representation agreements dated March 20 to August 2, 1962. He kept the Antitrust Division informed of oil group meetings and negotiations, sought specific clearance for actions that might have been construed as violations of the antitrust laws, and "made a point of holding briefing meetings with each new Attorney General to ensure a continuity of contact and goodwill with the Department."[^28]
From 1961 McCloy was a name partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hope, Hadley & McCloy.[^1] For much of the 1960s and 1970s he advised the "McCloy Group," representatives of most of the major American oil companies and several European and British firms, on legal questions and on foreign and domestic policy, and advocated on their behalf in the Justice Department, the State Department and Congress. His files on the group include representation agreements dated March 20 to August 2, 1962. He kept the Antitrust Division informed of oil group meetings and negotiations, sought specific clearance for actions that might have been construed as violations of the antitrust laws, and "made a point of holding briefing meetings with each new Attorney General to ensure a continuity of contact and goodwill with the Department."[^29]
From the early 1960s McCloy represented the Seven Sisters ([[Gulf Oil|Gulf]], [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[BP]], [[ExxonMobil|Exxon]], [[Standard Oil of California|Socal]], [[Texaco]] and [[Mobil]]) and was engaged by other companies operating in the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean. He testified to the [[Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations]] of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], chaired by Senator [[Frank Church]], that while an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] he raised the possibility of joint action by the companies against the combined pressure of the producing countries, and that the President arranged a meeting with Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]]. Asked whether the understanding was ever formalized, he answered: "No, I don't believe I ever got a letter from him in regard to it." He informed Deputy Attorney General [[Byron White]] and Attorneys General [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[Ramsey Clark]] and [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]] of his concerns about [[OPEC]] in informal conversations.[^29]
From the early 1960s McCloy represented the Seven Sisters ([[Gulf Oil|Gulf]], [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[BP]], [[ExxonMobil|Exxon]], [[Standard Oil of California|Socal]], [[Texaco]] and [[Mobil]]) and was engaged by other companies operating in the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean. He testified to the [[Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations]] of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], chaired by Senator [[Frank Church]], that while an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] he raised the possibility of joint action by the companies against the combined pressure of the producing countries, and that the President arranged a meeting with Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]]. Asked whether the understanding was ever formalized, he answered: "No, I don't believe I ever got a letter from him in regard to it." He informed Deputy Attorney General [[Byron White]] and Attorneys General [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], [[Ramsey Clark]] and [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]] of his concerns about [[OPEC]] in informal conversations.[^30]
On January 11, 1967, as the [[Internal Revenue Service]] questioned the industry's pricing practices, McCloy wrote Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] about an IRS audit of the tax returns of the five American majors: "I believe that the Department of State has a particular responsibility to make known to the Treasury Department the implications of its proposed attack on crude oil prices," because the system of royalties and creditable local income taxes "was recommended to the oil companies and to the foreign governments involved in the Department of State and the Treasury Department," and without it "large amounts of direct foreign aid might well be required." The subcommittee found that the failure of the IRS to reverse its original ruling after posted and realized prices diverged in 1957 "has cost the U.S. Treasury billions of dollars in revenues"; in 1973 Exxon paid an effective rate of 11.2 percent on earnings of $2.98 billion, Mobil 5 percent and Texaco 2.3 percent.[^30]
On January 11, 1967, as the [[Internal Revenue Service]] questioned the industry's pricing practices, McCloy wrote Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] about an IRS audit of the tax returns of the five American majors: "I believe that the Department of State has a particular responsibility to make known to the Treasury Department the implications of its proposed attack on crude oil prices," because the system of royalties and creditable local income taxes "was recommended to the oil companies and to the foreign governments involved in the Department of State and the Treasury Department," and without it "large amounts of direct foreign aid might well be required." The subcommittee found that the failure of the IRS to reverse its original ruling after posted and realized prices diverged in 1957 "has cost the U.S. Treasury billions of dollars in revenues"; in 1973 Exxon paid an effective rate of 11.2 percent on earnings of $2.98 billion, Mobil 5 percent and Texaco 2.3 percent.[^31]
On December 9, 1969, McCloy joined [[David Rockefeller]] and the men listed as [[J. K. Jamieson|Jamieson]], Anderson, [[Rawleigh Warner|Warner]] and [[John Swearingen|Swearingen]] in a meeting with President [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] on the [[Middle East]]; Kissinger's briefing memorandum titled it "Your Meeting with the David Rockefeller Group."[^31]
On December 9, 1969, McCloy joined [[David Rockefeller]] and the men listed as [[J. K. Jamieson|Jamieson]], Anderson, [[Rawleigh Warner|Warner]] and [[John Swearingen|Swearingen]] in a meeting with President [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] on the [[Middle East]]; Kissinger's briefing memorandum titled it "Your Meeting with the David Rockefeller Group."[^32]
### The Libyan Producers Agreement and the Business Review Letters
On September 25, 1970, McCloy attended, as attorney for several of the major companies, a meeting at which Under Secretary of State [[U. Alexis Johnson]] told the companies operating in [[Libya]] that United States intervention with the Libyan government would be "ineffective at best."[^32] On September 29, 1970, [[Peter Flanigan]], the President's Assistant for International Economic Affairs, recorded that McCloy, "representative of the International Oil Company," had spoken with Johnson; that Flanigan had cleared with Attorney General Mitchell that the companies could discuss a Libyan proposal together "if they were to sit down together with a member of the Justice Department"; and that "[t]his information was given to John McCloy who also spoke to Mitchell." Flanigan suggested to McCloy that the penalties of a break with Libya were greater than those of a settlement, reasoning that a settlement's cost increase would fall on all European and Japanese supplies but only a small part of American supplies, so that "the result would be a competitive benefit to the United States"; he told McCloy the government would expect the companies "to follow the course that they and he thought best."[^33] On January 7, 1971, Johnson met representatives of Esso, Mobil, Gulf, Texaco and Socal and "attorney John McCloy" on OPEC's demands; McCloy said the producers' cartel was in "very strong bargaining position" and asked whether the State Department "could be helpful with Department of Justice in obtaining permission under anti-trust laws for companies to coordinate response."[^34] [[James Akins]] of the State Department and [[Dudley Chapman]] of the Antitrust Division were detailed to work with the companies and McCloy on the documents.[^29]
On September 25, 1970, McCloy attended, as attorney for several of the major companies, a meeting at which Under Secretary of State [[U. Alexis Johnson]] told the companies operating in [[Libya]] that United States intervention with the Libyan government would be "ineffective at best."[^33] On September 29, 1970, [[Peter Flanigan]], the President's Assistant for International Economic Affairs, recorded that McCloy, "representative of the International Oil Company," had spoken with Johnson; that Flanigan had cleared with Attorney General Mitchell that the companies could discuss a Libyan proposal together "if they were to sit down together with a member of the Justice Department"; and that "[t]his information was given to John McCloy who also spoke to Mitchell." Flanigan suggested to McCloy that the penalties of a break with Libya were greater than those of a settlement, reasoning that a settlement's cost increase would fall on all European and Japanese supplies but only a small part of American supplies, so that "the result would be a competitive benefit to the United States"; he told McCloy the government would expect the companies "to follow the course that they and he thought best."[^34] On January 7, 1971, Johnson met representatives of Esso, Mobil, Gulf, Texaco and Socal and "attorney John McCloy" on OPEC's demands; McCloy said the producers' cartel was in "very strong bargaining position" and asked whether the State Department "could be helpful with Department of Justice in obtaining permission under anti-trust laws for companies to coordinate response."[^35] [[James Akins]] of the State Department and [[Dudley Chapman]] of the Antitrust Division were detailed to work with the companies and McCloy on the documents.[^30]
The [[United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division|Antitrust Division]] under Assistant Attorney General [[Richard W. McLaren]] issued [[Business Review letter|Business Review letters]] to McCloy covering a joint "[[Message to OPEC]]" and the [[Libyan Producers Agreement]] (the Safety Net Agreement), under which Libyan producers would replace the production of any company shut in for resisting Libyan demands, with Persian Gulf production to be shared under specified circumstances. The letters stated that the Department "does not presently intend to institute any proceedings under the antitrust laws." The subcommittee's report dates the letters January 19, 1971, and in the next paragraph places a January 15 meeting of McCloy and the chief executives with Secretary of State [[William P. Rogers]] and Under Secretary [[John N. Irwin II]] "two days after the issuance of the Business Review letters." At that meeting the companies sought a high-level mission to the producing countries; asked by Church whether he had suggested Irwin, McCloy answered: "No. As long as it was a person of dignity, with clout, to use that expression." Irwin, sent with Nixon's authorization, recommended from [[Tehran]] that the companies negotiate with the Gulf states separately; Rogers communicated the recommendation to McCloy, who informed the chief executives, and the subcommittee found that the State Department had thereby abandoned the strategy of a single global negotiation that lay at the heart of the Message to OPEC and the Business Review letters.[^34] [^35]
The [[United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division|Antitrust Division]] under Assistant Attorney General [[Richard W. McLaren]] issued [[Business Review letter|Business Review letters]] to McCloy covering a joint "[[Message to OPEC]]" and the [[Libyan Producers Agreement]] (the Safety Net Agreement), under which Libyan producers would replace the production of any company shut in for resisting Libyan demands, with Persian Gulf production to be shared under specified circumstances. The letters stated that the Department "does not presently intend to institute any proceedings under the antitrust laws." The subcommittee's report dates the letters January 19, 1971, and in the next paragraph places a January 15 meeting of McCloy and the chief executives with Secretary of State [[William P. Rogers]] and Under Secretary [[John N. Irwin II]] "two days after the issuance of the Business Review letters." At that meeting the companies sought a high-level mission to the producing countries; asked by Church whether he had suggested Irwin, McCloy answered: "No. As long as it was a person of dignity, with clout, to use that expression." Irwin, sent with Nixon's authorization, recommended from [[Tehran]] that the companies negotiate with the Gulf states separately; Rogers communicated the recommendation to McCloy, who informed the chief executives, and the subcommittee found that the State Department had thereby abandoned the strategy of a single global negotiation that lay at the heart of the Message to OPEC and the Business Review letters.[^35] [^36]
The companies formed a [[London Policy Group]], with a parallel group in New York. Each London Policy Group meeting, on dates from January 20 to June 18, 1971, "was attended by a partner or associate from the firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, counsel for the oil companies, whose function was to assure that the discussions remained within the terms of the Message to OPEC, the Libyan Producers Agreement, and the pertinent business review letters from the Antitrust Division." "No member of the Departments of Justice or State attended any of these meetings; instead, both Departments relied upon ex post-factor [sic] oral reports by oil company executives to Akins and written reports from McCloy to McLaren."[^35] The subcommittee found "no evidence of any Department of Justice monitoring of the negotiations"; not until October 1973, after subcommittee staff began to inquire, did anyone at the Department read the cable record of the company-OPEC negotiations.[^36] The February 14, 1971 [[Tehran Agreement]] raised the Gulf governments' take by an estimated $11.7 billion over five years, a cost McCloy described to McLaren as "extremely high."[^35]
The companies formed a [[London Policy Group]], with a parallel group in New York. Each London Policy Group meeting, on dates from January 20 to June 18, 1971, "was attended by a partner or associate from the firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, counsel for the oil companies, whose function was to assure that the discussions remained within the terms of the Message to OPEC, the Libyan Producers Agreement, and the pertinent business review letters from the Antitrust Division." "No member of the Departments of Justice or State attended any of these meetings; instead, both Departments relied upon ex post-factor [sic] oral reports by oil company executives to Akins and written reports from McCloy to McLaren."[^36] The subcommittee found "no evidence of any Department of Justice monitoring of the negotiations"; not until October 1973, after subcommittee staff began to inquire, did anyone at the Department read the cable record of the company-OPEC negotiations.[^37] The February 14, 1971 [[Tehran Agreement]] raised the Gulf governments' take by an estimated $11.7 billion over five years, a cost McCloy described to McLaren as "extremely high."[^36]
On October 15, 1971, McCloy informed McLaren that Libya had taken unilateral steps on exchange rates, and on October 19 he asked for further Business Review letters covering joint negotiation on currency parity and participation and an extension of the sharing agreement; the Department issued new letters addressed to him.[^37] At a State Department meeting on January 3, 1972 attended by the chairmen of the major companies, [[Nelson Bunker Hunt]] and McCloy, the Under Secretary of State proposed an industry advisory body; on January 20 McCloy and Akins agreed that an informal body was acceptable, and McCloy reported that some executives were "disturbed" by Akins's insistence that the companies change their relationship with the producing countries by 1976.[^38]
On October 15, 1971, McCloy informed McLaren that Libya had taken unilateral steps on exchange rates, and on October 19 he asked for further Business Review letters covering joint negotiation on currency parity and participation and an extension of the sharing agreement; the Department issued new letters addressed to him.[^38] At a State Department meeting on January 3, 1972 attended by the chairmen of the major companies, [[Nelson Bunker Hunt]] and McCloy, the Under Secretary of State proposed an industry advisory body; on January 20 McCloy and Akins agreed that an informal body was acceptable, and McCloy reported that some executives were "disturbed" by Akins's insistence that the companies change their relationship with the producing countries by 1976.[^39]
The Business Review letters required the companies to report to the Justice Department through McCloy. In March 1973 a suit by the [[Corporate Accountability Research Group]] for the documents was pending against the Justice Department, "[a] similar request by [[New York Times|The New York Times]] in 1971 had been averted under the [[Freedom of Information Act]]," and the companies told State Department officials that the sharing agreement was a "form of insurance" that had allowed Bunker Hunt Oil Company to "stand firm" against Libyan demands. On March 23, 1973, [[Warren Clark]] of the North African Office in the Bureau of African Affairs wrote that release would show Libya that the companies had banded together to "denationalize" part of British Petroleum, and that the matter was "very sensitive from a domestic political point of view. The State Department and the USG have sanctioned in these Business Review Letters a strengthening of the international cartel of seven Anglo-Saxon oil companies." A Senate subcommittee "would fry the State Department if it was revealed that we classified these documents in order to protect the 'cartel,' and that we had taken the position that what was good for the cartel was good for US national security." Clark approved keeping the agreement and the letters classified on the narrow ground of proprietary interest.[^39]
The Business Review letters required the companies to report to the Justice Department through McCloy. In March 1973 a suit by the [[Corporate Accountability Research Group]] for the documents was pending against the Justice Department, "[a] similar request by [[New York Times|The New York Times]] in 1971 had been averted under the [[Freedom of Information Act]]," and the companies told State Department officials that the sharing agreement was a "form of insurance" that had allowed Bunker Hunt Oil Company to "stand firm" against Libyan demands. On March 23, 1973, [[Warren Clark]] of the North African Office in the Bureau of African Affairs wrote that release would show Libya that the companies had banded together to "denationalize" part of British Petroleum, and that the matter was "very sensitive from a domestic political point of view. The State Department and the USG have sanctioned in these Business Review Letters a strengthening of the international cartel of seven Anglo-Saxon oil companies." A Senate subcommittee "would fry the State Department if it was revealed that we classified these documents in order to protect the 'cartel,' and that we had taken the position that what was good for the cartel was good for US national security." Clark approved keeping the agreement and the letters classified on the narrow ground of proprietary interest.[^40]
### Oil Diplomacy in 1973 and 1974
[[William J. Casey]] sat on McCloy's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament; the committee's letterheads of June 1970 and March and May 1971 list him among the members.[^40] On September 5, 1973, McCloy met Casey, by then Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, and asked that the government send a strong note on the illegality of Libya's nationalization, work with the Europeans "to make the Libyan expropriation attempt fail" by obtaining agreement not to buy oil from fields operated by the majors, and lift the environmental sulphur restriction as a demonstration of political determination. [[John Knubel]] of the [[National Security Council]] staff recorded for Kissinger McCloy's estimate that the net shortfall to the United States would be "about 50,000 barrels per day" if the majors stopped pumping Libyan oil, "a manageable amount (according to McCloy)".[^41] On October 12, 1973, during the [[October War]], McCloy sent [[Alexander Haig]] a memorandum by the chairmen of Exxon, Mobil, Texaco and Standard Oil of California, stating that the "chief ARAMCO shareholders" wished it "placed in the President's hands as soon as possible"; the memorandum warned that OPEC's demands could raise the free world's oil cost from the Persian Gulf alone by $15 billion a year, and a notation on Kissinger's covering memorandum of November 3 indicates that Nixon saw it.[^42]
[[William J. Casey]] sat on McCloy's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament; the committee's letterheads of June 1970 and March and May 1971 list him among the members.[^41] On September 5, 1973, McCloy met Casey, by then Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, and asked that the government send a strong note on the illegality of Libya's nationalization, work with the Europeans "to make the Libyan expropriation attempt fail" by obtaining agreement not to buy oil from fields operated by the majors, and lift the environmental sulphur restriction as a demonstration of political determination. [[John Knubel]] of the [[National Security Council]] staff recorded for Kissinger McCloy's estimate that the net shortfall to the United States would be "about 50,000 barrels per day" if the majors stopped pumping Libyan oil, "a manageable amount (according to McCloy)".[^42] On October 12, 1973, during the [[October War]], McCloy sent [[Alexander Haig]] a memorandum by the chairmen of Exxon, Mobil, Texaco and Standard Oil of California, stating that the "chief ARAMCO shareholders" wished it "placed in the President's hands as soon as possible"; the memorandum warned that OPEC's demands could raise the free world's oil cost from the Persian Gulf alone by $15 billion a year, and a notation on Kissinger's covering memorandum of November 3 indicates that Nixon saw it.[^43]
On November 20, 1973, Kissinger met ten oil industry executives and McCloy, listed as "Milbank and Tweed," with Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust [[Thomas Kauper]] among the officials present; Kissinger told McCloy he wanted to meet him "and a group of Atlanticists" about the Europeans, and the next day [[Brent Scowcroft]] reported that McCloy was prepared to assemble Americans and Europeans for the purpose. On February 8, 1974, Kissinger telephoned McCloy that "[w]e cannot have the Community organized against us as anti-American."[^43] Opening a meeting with the oil company heads on March 29, 1974, Kissinger said he had called it "after talking with Jack McCloy," and that "[t]he transcript taken here isn't going to go anywhere, except into my own personal files." When Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Clements]] described the encouragement of technology and industry transfers into [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[Atlantic Richfield]] chairman, [[Robert O. Anderson]], added, "In exchange for which we get a preferential position," McCloy said: "In other words, pick up the Yamani offer."[^44]
On November 20, 1973, Kissinger met ten oil industry executives and McCloy, listed as "Milbank and Tweed," with Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust [[Thomas Kauper]] among the officials present; Kissinger told McCloy he wanted to meet him "and a group of Atlanticists" about the Europeans, and the next day [[Brent Scowcroft]] reported that McCloy was prepared to assemble Americans and Europeans for the purpose. On February 8, 1974, Kissinger telephoned McCloy that "[w]e cannot have the Community organized against us as anti-American."[^44] Opening a meeting with the oil company heads on March 29, 1974, Kissinger said he had called it "after talking with Jack McCloy," and that "[t]he transcript taken here isn't going to go anywhere, except into my own personal files." When Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Clements]] described the encouragement of technology and industry transfers into [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[Atlantic Richfield]] chairman, [[Robert O. Anderson]], added, "In exchange for which we get a preferential position," McCloy said: "In other words, pick up the Yamani offer."[^45]
In a letter of September 21, 1973 to Kauper, McCloy listed his clients and reported that the producing states were again demanding changes to the Tehran and Tripoli agreements. In a later letter to Church he stated that American companies in the Middle East had made an affirmative contribution of over $2 billion to the 1972 balance of payments; the subcommittee found that the Commerce Department estimates on which he relied had "recently been found to be substantially in error" because they were computed on posted rather than realized prices.[^45] The McCloy Group appears to have been inactive from June 1973 to February 1979.[^28]
In a letter of September 21, 1973 to Kauper, McCloy listed his clients and reported that the producing states were again demanding changes to the Tehran and Tripoli agreements. In a later letter to Church he stated that American companies in the Middle East had made an affirmative contribution of over $2 billion to the 1972 balance of payments; the subcommittee found that the Commerce Department estimates on which he relied had "recently been found to be substantially in error" because they were computed on posted rather than realized prices.[^46] The McCloy Group appears to have been inactive from June 1973 to February 1979.[^29]
### The Critchfield Reports and the Oil Files
The International Oil series of his papers contains sub-series I, "Critchfield Reports, 1968-1973," consisting of 49 "perspectives on development" and 16 special reports on Middle East issues. The Amherst archivists state that "[m]ost, if not all," were prepared by [[Basic Resources International]], a [[Falls Church, Virginia]], consulting firm "headed by [[James H. Critchfield]], formerly CIA bureau chief for the Middle East," and that Report 60 is a prospectus for the firm. Sub-series K of the same series holds a folder titled "Chase Manhattan Bank. Financial analysis of thirty-one petroleum companies" among oil company reports for 1964 to 1966. Other folders in the series hold a draft legal brief on taxes on oil company income and drafts of a proposed letter from President Nixon to the Shah of Iran.[^46]
The International Oil series of his papers contains sub-series I, "Critchfield Reports, 1968-1973," consisting of 49 "perspectives on development" and 16 special reports on Middle East issues. The Amherst archivists state that "[m]ost, if not all," were prepared by [[Basic Resources International]], a [[Falls Church, Virginia]], consulting firm "headed by [[James H. Critchfield]], formerly CIA bureau chief for the Middle East," and that Report 60 is a prospectus for the firm. Sub-series K of the same series holds a folder titled "Chase Manhattan Bank. Financial analysis of thirty-one petroleum companies" among oil company reports for 1964 to 1966. Other folders in the series hold a draft legal brief on taxes on oil company income and drafts of a proposed letter from President Nixon to the Shah of Iran.[^47]
### Brazil and the McCone File
On February 21, 1964, Ambassador [[Lincoln Gordon]] reported from [[Rio de Janeiro]] that President [[Joao Goulart|João Goulart]] "said looking forward to McCloy visit and thought Hanna case could have constructive solution." On February 29, 1964, McCloy, then a partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley and McCloy, met Goulart in Rio to discuss the status of the M.A. [[Hanna Mining Company]].[^47] On April 9, 1964, at 11:10 a.m., Director of Central Intelligence John McCone and McCloy spoke by telephone; four pages of the source text of the transcript, filed in McCone's "Eyes Only" telephone records, have not been declassified. The same day the three military ministers, [[Artur da Costa e Silva|Artur Costa e Silva]], [[Francisco de Assis Correia de Melo]] and [[Augusto Rademaker|Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald]], signed Brazil's [[Institutional Act]].[^48] On June 10, 1964, President [[Humberto Castelo Branco]] showed Gordon a staff report on "areas of friction abroad," including the Hanna case, and said work on resolving all of them was going forward rapidly.[^49]
On February 21, 1964, Ambassador [[Lincoln Gordon]] reported from [[Rio de Janeiro]] that President [[Joao Goulart|João Goulart]] "said looking forward to McCloy visit and thought Hanna case could have constructive solution." On February 29, 1964, McCloy, then a partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley and McCloy, met Goulart in Rio to discuss the status of the M.A. [[Hanna Mining Company]].[^48] On April 9, 1964, at 11:10 a.m., Director of Central Intelligence John McCone and McCloy spoke by telephone; four pages of the source text of the transcript, filed in McCone's "Eyes Only" telephone records, have not been declassified. The same day the three military ministers, [[Artur da Costa e Silva|Artur Costa e Silva]], [[Francisco de Assis Correia de Melo]] and [[Augusto Rademaker|Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald]], signed Brazil's [[Institutional Act]].[^49] On June 10, 1964, President [[Humberto Castelo Branco]] showed Gordon a staff report on "areas of friction abroad," including the Hanna case, and said work on resolving all of them was going forward rapidly.[^50]
### The Warren Commission
[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] created the Commission by [[Executive Order 11130]] of November 29, 1963, and selected from private life two lawyers, Allen Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence, and McCloy; Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]], Senators [[Richard B. Russell]] and [[John Sherman Cooper]], and Representatives [[Hale Boggs]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]] completed its membership. Its first meeting was on December 5, 1963.[^50] A transcript titled "Report of Meeting of Members of Staff," dated July 9, 1964, records a meeting attended by General Counsel [[J. Lee Rankin]], staff, McCloy and Dulles, at which Drs. [[Dale C. Cameron]], [[Howard P. Rome]] and [[David A. Rothstein]] gave "an informal colloquy, interrogation, and explanation" on a psychiatric interpretation of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]; its pages, 7821 to 8071, indicate that it was volume 57 of the Commission's transcripts.[^51] Rankin's files, donated to the JFK Collection, include memoranda and handwritten changes to draft chapters of the report that Ford, McCloy and Dulles, among others, recommended.[^52]
[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] created the Commission by [[Executive Order 11130]] of November 29, 1963, and selected from private life two lawyers, Allen Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence, and McCloy; Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]], Senators [[Richard B. Russell]] and [[John Sherman Cooper]], and Representatives [[Hale Boggs]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]] completed its membership. Its first meeting was on December 5, 1963.[^51] A transcript titled "Report of Meeting of Members of Staff," dated July 9, 1964, records a meeting attended by General Counsel [[J. Lee Rankin]], staff, McCloy and Dulles, at which Drs. [[Dale C. Cameron]], [[Howard P. Rome]] and [[David A. Rothstein]] gave "an informal colloquy, interrogation, and explanation" on a psychiatric interpretation of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]; its pages, 7821 to 8071, indicate that it was volume 57 of the Commission's transcripts.[^52] Rankin's files, donated to the JFK Collection, include memoranda and handwritten changes to draft chapters of the report that Ford, McCloy and Dulles, among others, recommended.[^53]
Among the papers of Director McCone, the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] found a notation for a meeting of May 19, 1964, participants "DCI, J.J. McCloy," a dinner at the Director's residence, "Re: Oswald," annotated "Destroyed 1-28-72"; CIA historians had found the document missing when they reviewed the files in 1986, along with a record of a November 26, 1963 meeting between McCone and [[McGeorge Bundy]] on the assassination. The Board designated the notations as assassination records.[^53]
Among the papers of Director McCone, the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] found a notation for a meeting of May 19, 1964, participants "DCI, J.J. McCloy," a dinner at the Director's residence, "Re: Oswald," annotated "Destroyed 1-28-72"; CIA historians had found the document missing when they reviewed the files in 1986, along with a record of a November 26, 1963 meeting between McCone and [[McGeorge Bundy]] on the assassination. The Board designated the notations as assassination records.[^54]
### Disarmament and the Cuban Missile Crisis
On January 27, 1961, Kennedy designated McCloy his adviser on disarmament and arms control, including the nuclear test ban, with offices in the [[White House]] and the State Department. On February 7, 1961, Dulles answered a McCloy letter on the test ban by naming [[Herbert Scoville]], the CIA's Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, as the Agency's point of contact.[^54] In July 1961 McCloy and [[Valerian Zorin]] conducted bilateral disarmament talks in Moscow; McCloy reported "little point in continuing while Zorin talks about plans and I talk about principles."[^55] McCloy chaired the General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament from 1961 to 1974, and the committee's sessions drew briefings from CIA officers including [[Arthur Lundahl]] of the National Photographic Interpretation Center and [[David Brandwein]], chairman of the Guided Missile Committee; in November 1969 he asked Director [[Richard Helms]] for a CIA specialist on Chinese strategic questions, noting that the content of the committee's discussions "is classified and should not be revealed beyond the Committee."[^40]
On January 27, 1961, Kennedy designated McCloy his adviser on disarmament and arms control, including the nuclear test ban, with offices in the [[White House]] and the State Department. On February 7, 1961, Dulles answered a McCloy letter on the test ban by naming [[Herbert Scoville]], the CIA's Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, as the Agency's point of contact.[^55] In July 1961 McCloy and [[Valerian Zorin]] conducted bilateral disarmament talks in Moscow; McCloy reported "little point in continuing while Zorin talks about plans and I talk about principles."[^56] McCloy chaired the General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament from 1961 to 1974, and the committee's sessions drew briefings from CIA officers including [[Arthur Lundahl]] of the National Photographic Interpretation Center and [[David Brandwein]], chairman of the Guided Missile Committee; in November 1969 he asked Director [[Richard Helms]] for a CIA specialist on Chinese strategic questions, noting that the content of the committee's discussions "is classified and should not be revealed beyond the Committee."[^41]
In the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] McCloy chaired the Coordinating Committee and negotiated with the Soviet representative [[Vasily Kuznetsov]] in New York. On October 26, 1962, he joined [[Adlai Stevenson]] in talks with the [[United Nations]] Secretary-General and his aides on inspection and the removal of the missiles and IL-28 aircraft. A draft United States declaration headed "McCloy draft" and dated November 21, 1962 conditioned an assurance against invading Cuba on the withdrawal of offensive weapons. On January 2 and 3, 1963, McCloy and Kuznetsov negotiated the joint letter withdrawing the matter from the Security Council.[^56]
In the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] McCloy chaired the Coordinating Committee and negotiated with the Soviet representative [[Vasily Kuznetsov]] in New York. On October 26, 1962, he joined [[Adlai Stevenson]] in talks with the [[United Nations]] Secretary-General and his aides on inspection and the removal of the missiles and IL-28 aircraft. A draft United States declaration headed "McCloy draft" and dated November 21, 1962 conditioned an assurance against invading Cuba on the withdrawal of offensive weapons. On January 2 and 3, 1963, McCloy and Kuznetsov negotiated the joint letter withdrawing the matter from the Security Council.[^57]
### Iran
From 1979 to 1981 McCloy was a member of a "Special Project Team" working to gain asylum in the United States for the deposed [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]]; the team was headed by David Rockefeller, then chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank, and included Kissinger and Chase vice president [[Joseph Verner Reed Jr.]] The team lobbied the President and the Secretary of State for the Shah's admission; he was admitted in October 1979 for cancer treatment, which was followed by the November 1979 seizure of the United States embassy in Tehran. Rockefeller in particular "was accused of helping the Shah out of self-interest, because of the millions of dollars of Iranian loans and assets held by the Chase Manhattan Bank."[^57]
From 1979 to 1981 McCloy was a member of a "Special Project Team" working to gain asylum in the United States for the deposed [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]]; the team was headed by David Rockefeller, then chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank, and included Kissinger and Chase vice president [[Joseph Verner Reed Jr.]] The team lobbied the President and the Secretary of State for the Shah's admission; he was admitted in October 1979 for cancer treatment, which was followed by the November 1979 seizure of the United States embassy in Tehran. Rockefeller in particular "was accused of helping the Shah out of self-interest, because of the millions of dollars of Iranian loans and assets held by the Chase Manhattan Bank."[^58]
### The Papers
McCloy gave his papers to Amherst College, where he was a trustee from 1947 to 1989, by a deed of gift in July 1985. Before their transfer, "roughly half of the papers underwent a national security review by the Department of State"; the bulk arrived in May 1986, "with several batches sent later following clearance by the relevant government agency," and a second installment received in June 1990, after his death, was reviewed by the State Department and legal counsel. The collection holds only photocopies of his War Department diaries; the originals are at the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]. Names or other details were removed from some entries to protect the privacy of individuals, and "there are a few places where information was removed from the original by an unknown party prior to the diaries' transfer to Amherst College."[^58]
McCloy gave his papers to Amherst College, where he was a trustee from 1947 to 1989, by a deed of gift in July 1985. Before their transfer, "roughly half of the papers underwent a national security review by the Department of State"; the bulk arrived in May 1986, "with several batches sent later following clearance by the relevant government agency," and a second installment received in June 1990, after his death, was reviewed by the State Department and legal counsel. The collection holds only photocopies of his War Department diaries; the originals are at the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]. Names or other details were removed from some entries to protect the privacy of individuals, and "there are a few places where information was removed from the original by an unknown party prior to the diaries' transfer to Amherst College."[^59]
### Footnotes
@ -298,36 +299,37 @@ McCloy gave his papers to Amherst College, where he was a trustee from 1947 to 1
[^23]: John J. McCloy, Council on Foreign Relations, to Allen W. Dulles, April 29, 1953, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200020045-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001200020045-2
[^24]: Langenkamp, Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), notes 50 (Stone to McCloy, February 25, 1954, cited by Volker Berghahn), 56 (Price memorandum of May 21, 1954; Price oral history, June 22, 1972, p. 70; McCloy interview in Bird, *The Chairman*, p. 427) and 57 (John B. Howard oral history; Henry T. Heald oral history). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^25]: Langenkamp, Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), abstract, text at notes 58 and 59, and conclusion. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^26]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 2, sub-series F and G (Chase Manhattan Bank appointment records and telephone logs) and Series 1 (retirement from Chase Manhattan, 1960 Mar). https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^27]: Marshall S. Carter, Lieutenant General, USA, to John J. McCloy, April 20, 1962, CIA-RDP80B01676R001300050094-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001300050094-2
[^28]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 20: International Oil, 1946-1981, scope note and sub-series B, C and E. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, report together with individual views, 93d Cong., 2d sess., committee print, January 2, 1975, pp. 126 to 127. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^30]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 13 and 92 to 93 (McCloy to Rusk, January 11, 1967, Multinational Corporations hearings, Part 9). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^31]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, *Energy Crisis, 1969-1974*, Document 21, note 6, and Document 24 (Kissinger to Nixon, December 8, 1969) and note 5. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^32]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, p. 125. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^33]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 57 (memorandum for the files by Peter Flanigan, September 29, 1970), pp. 130 to 131. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 66 (telegram 3565 from the Department of State, January 8, 1971), pp. 167 to 168; *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 127 to 129. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf ; https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^35]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 129 to 133. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^36]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, p. 17. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^37]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 134 to 135. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^38]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 104 (memorandum of conversation, Washington, January 3, 1972) and note 2, pp. 246 to 247. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^39]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 173 (editorial note), pp. 438 to 440. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^40]: General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament letterheads and correspondence: McCloy to Arthur Lundahl, June 5, 1970, CIA-RDP78B05703A000400090083-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78b05703a000400090083-2 ; McCloy to David S. Brandwein, March 26, 1971, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100110004-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81r00560r000100110004-6 ; McCloy to Richard Helms, May 28, 1971, CIA-RDP74B00681R000100160009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74b00681r000100160009-6 ; McCloy to Richard Helms, November 10, 1969, CIA-RDP80B01495R000100010004-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01495r000100010004-9
[^41]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 201 (memorandum from John Knubel to Kissinger, September 5, 1973), pp. 548 to 549. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^42]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 212 (memorandum by the chairmen of Exxon, Mobil, Texaco and Standard Oil of California, New York, October 12, 1973) and note 1. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^43]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 243 (memorandum of conversation, November 20, 1973, 5 p.m.) and note 8, pp. 684 to 690; Document 311 (Kissinger and David Rockefeller, February 8, 1974), note 3. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^44]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 345 (memorandum of conversation, March 29, 1974, 5:15 p.m.), pp. 954 to 977. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^45]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 14, 127 and 169. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^46]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 20: International Oil, sub-series B, I (Critchfield Reports, 1968-1973, Reports 1 to 65) and K (Oil Company Annual Reports, 1964-1966). https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^47]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, *South and Central America; Mexico*, Document 183 (telegram 1761 from the Embassy in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, February 21, 1964), paragraph 8 and note 10, pp. 402 to 403. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^48]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, Document 210 (transcript of telephone conversation between Director of Central Intelligence McCone and John J. McCloy, April 9, 1964, 11:10 a.m.; source: CIA, Job 80-B01285A, DCI (McCone) Files, Telephone Calls, Eyes Only), p. 461, and Document 211 (telegram 2235 from Rio de Janeiro, April 10, 1964), note 2. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, Document 214 (telegram 2790 from Rio de Janeiro, June 10, 1964). https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^50]: *Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy*, Foreword, p. ix, National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/foreword
[^51]: National Archives, "Inventory of the Warren Commission's Records," Entry 46 ("Report of Meeting of Members of Staff," July 9, 1964, National Archives Identifier 607521). https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/inventory
[^52]: Assassination Records Review Board, *Final Report* (September 1998), chapter 6, "J. Lee Rankin: Warren Commission Papers." https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.txt
[^53]: Assassination Records Review Board, *Final Report* (September 1998), chapter 6, "John McCone." https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.txt
[^54]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. VII, *Arms Control and Disarmament*, Document 2 (Kennedy to McCloy, January 27, 1961) and note 1, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v07/ebook/frus1961-63v07.epub ; Allen W. Dulles to John J. McCloy, February 7, 1961, CIA-RDP80B01676R000800050039-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r000800050039-9
[^55]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. VII, Document 41 (editorial note). https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v07/ebook/frus1961-63v07.epub
[^56]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. XI, *Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath*, Documents 86 (telegram 1484 from the Mission to the United Nations, October 26, 1962) and 263 (editorial note), https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v11/ebook/frus1961-63v11.epub ; "McCloy Draft," 11/21/62, CIA-RDP80B01676R001900100035-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001900100035-5
[^57]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 28: Shah of Iran, 1979-1981, scope note. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^58]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, "History of the Collection," "Processing Information" and Series 2: Diaries and Communication Logs, notes. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^26]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1965" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1965), opening review by the president, on the retirement of John J. McCloy as chairman effective December 31, 1965 ("as a member of the Board since 1953 and as chairman since 1959") and the election of Julius A. Stratton as chairman. https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/2435/1965-annual-report.pdf
[^27]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 2, sub-series F and G (Chase Manhattan Bank appointment records and telephone logs) and Series 1 (retirement from Chase Manhattan, 1960 Mar). https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^28]: Marshall S. Carter, Lieutenant General, USA, to John J. McCloy, April 20, 1962, CIA-RDP80B01676R001300050094-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001300050094-2
[^29]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 20: International Oil, 1946-1981, scope note and sub-series B, C and E. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^30]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, report together with individual views, 93d Cong., 2d sess., committee print, January 2, 1975, pp. 126 to 127. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^31]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 13 and 92 to 93 (McCloy to Rusk, January 11, 1967, Multinational Corporations hearings, Part 9). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^32]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, *Energy Crisis, 1969-1974*, Document 21, note 6, and Document 24 (Kissinger to Nixon, December 8, 1969) and note 5. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^33]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, p. 125. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 57 (memorandum for the files by Peter Flanigan, September 29, 1970), pp. 130 to 131. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^35]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 66 (telegram 3565 from the Department of State, January 8, 1971), pp. 167 to 168; *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 127 to 129. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf ; https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^36]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 129 to 133. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^37]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, p. 17. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^38]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 134 to 135. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^39]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 104 (memorandum of conversation, Washington, January 3, 1972) and note 2, pp. 246 to 247. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^40]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 173 (editorial note), pp. 438 to 440. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^41]: General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament letterheads and correspondence: McCloy to Arthur Lundahl, June 5, 1970, CIA-RDP78B05703A000400090083-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78b05703a000400090083-2 ; McCloy to David S. Brandwein, March 26, 1971, CIA-RDP81R00560R000100110004-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81r00560r000100110004-6 ; McCloy to Richard Helms, May 28, 1971, CIA-RDP74B00681R000100160009-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74b00681r000100160009-6 ; McCloy to Richard Helms, November 10, 1969, CIA-RDP80B01495R000100010004-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01495r000100010004-9
[^42]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 201 (memorandum from John Knubel to Kissinger, September 5, 1973), pp. 548 to 549. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^43]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 212 (memorandum by the chairmen of Exxon, Mobil, Texaco and Standard Oil of California, New York, October 12, 1973) and note 1. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^44]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 243 (memorandum of conversation, November 20, 1973, 5 p.m.) and note 8, pp. 684 to 690; Document 311 (Kissinger and David Rockefeller, February 8, 1974), note 3. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^45]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXVI, Document 345 (memorandum of conversation, March 29, 1974, 5:15 p.m.), pp. 954 to 977. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v36/pdf/frus1969-76v36.pdf
[^46]: *Multinational Oil Corporations and U.S. Foreign Policy*, pp. 14, 127 and 169. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CPRT-93SPRT77795O
[^47]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 20: International Oil, sub-series B, I (Critchfield Reports, 1968-1973, Reports 1 to 65) and K (Oil Company Annual Reports, 1964-1966). https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^48]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, *South and Central America; Mexico*, Document 183 (telegram 1761 from the Embassy in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, February 21, 1964), paragraph 8 and note 10, pp. 402 to 403. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, Document 210 (transcript of telephone conversation between Director of Central Intelligence McCone and John J. McCloy, April 9, 1964, 11:10 a.m.; source: CIA, Job 80-B01285A, DCI (McCone) Files, Telephone Calls, Eyes Only), p. 461, and Document 211 (telegram 2235 from Rio de Janeiro, April 10, 1964), note 2. https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^50]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXI, Document 214 (telegram 2790 from Rio de Janeiro, June 10, 1964). https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1964-68v31/pdf/frus1964-68v31.pdf
[^51]: *Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy*, Foreword, p. ix, National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/foreword
[^52]: National Archives, "Inventory of the Warren Commission's Records," Entry 46 ("Report of Meeting of Members of Staff," July 9, 1964, National Archives Identifier 607521). https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/inventory
[^53]: Assassination Records Review Board, *Final Report* (September 1998), chapter 6, "J. Lee Rankin: Warren Commission Papers." https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.txt
[^54]: Assassination Records Review Board, *Final Report* (September 1998), chapter 6, "John McCone." https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.txt
[^55]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. VII, *Arms Control and Disarmament*, Document 2 (Kennedy to McCloy, January 27, 1961) and note 1, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v07/ebook/frus1961-63v07.epub ; Allen W. Dulles to John J. McCloy, February 7, 1961, CIA-RDP80B01676R000800050039-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r000800050039-9
[^56]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. VII, Document 41 (editorial note). https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v07/ebook/frus1961-63v07.epub
[^57]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. XI, *Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath*, Documents 86 (telegram 1484 from the Mission to the United Nations, October 26, 1962) and 263 (editorial note), https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1961-63v11/ebook/frus1961-63v11.epub ; "McCloy Draft," 11/21/62, CIA-RDP80B01676R001900100035-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r001900100035-5
[^58]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, Series 28: Shah of Iran, 1979-1981, scope note. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf
[^59]: Amherst finding aid MA.00035, "History of the Collection," "Processing Information" and Series 2: Diaries and Communication Logs, notes. https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/393545/original/McCloy%2BPapers.pdf

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jonathan Kwitny.md
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
- NuganHand
- WallStreetJournal
- InvestigativeJournalism
summary: "Jonathan Kwitny (1941-1998) was a Wall Street Journal investigative journalist whose The Crimes of Patriots (1987) is the authoritative account of Nugan Hand Bank and whose Endless Enemies (1984) documented covert U.S. interventions and their consequences."
summary: "Jonathan Kwitny (1941-1998) was a Wall Street Journal investigative journalist who wrote The Crimes of Patriots (1987) on Nugan Hand Bank and Endless Enemies (1984) on covert U.S. interventions."
born: 1941-03-23
died: 1998-11-26
location: "Indianapolis, Indiana"
@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ Kwitny's most significant work, *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Di
Among the key findings Kwitny reported: [[Michael Hand]], the bank's American co-founder and a former Green Beret with [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] associations from the [[Laos]] operation, fled [[Australia]] under a false identity on June 14, 1980, shortly after co-founder [[Frank Nugan]] was found shot to death. Kwitny identified a man code-named "Charlie" - described as a former U.S. Special Forces member and ex-CIA operative - as having helped Hand escape to Fiji. Australian authorities were never able to locate Hand after his disappearance. The book documented how the network of American military and intelligence veterans surrounding Nugan Hand connected to the broader private covert operations infrastructure associated with [[Ted Shackley]], [[Tom Clines]], and [[Air America]].[^2]
On August 16, 1983 the Wall Street Journal printed "Nugan Hand," by Kwitny, which reported the Australian Task Force's fourth volume. The article said the report named [[Earl P. Yates]] as then president of the bank and named Ted Shackley among the people newly connected with Nugan Hand. It also said that Hand had been smuggled out of Australia by another former CIA operative, James Oswald Spencer, whom investigators found in Arizona.[^3] The article quotes the report as saying that "if the CIA or any other intelligence organization had intended to use Nugan Hand as a cover for covert operations, it was a clumsy attempt," and says that Spencer declined to answer most questions but said he last saw Hand "several years ago" and that Hand "was in the CIA" at the time.[^3]
### Endless Enemies
*Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World* (Congdon and Weed, 1984) documented Kwitny's thesis that American covert interventions and support for repressive regimes consistently created the conditions for blowback - producing enemies rather than allies. The book drew on Kwitny's reporting from Africa, Asia, [[Latin America]], and the [[Middle East]] to argue that the logic of anti-Communist intervention had systematically damaged American interests by associating the United States with corrupt and brutal governments. The book received positive reviews from foreign policy analysts and won the George Polk Award for journalism.[^1]
@ -36,9 +38,10 @@ Kwitny's final major work, *Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John
### Legacy
Kwitny's reporting on Nugan Hand Bank preceded by years the broader academic and investigative literature on the private covert operations networks of the 1970s and 1980s. His sourcing and reconstruction of the bank's operations remained the documentary foundation for subsequent treatments of the subject, including accounts connecting Nugan Hand to the broader [[Ted Shackley]]-centered network and to the financial infrastructure that supported operations from Angola to Southeast Asia to Iran-Contra.
Kwitny's reporting on Nugan Hand Bank preceded by years the broader academic and investigative literature on the private covert operations networks of the 1970s and 1980s. His sourcing and reconstruction of the bank's operations remained the documentary foundation for subsequent treatments of the subject, including accounts connecting Nugan Hand to the broader Ted Shackley-centered network and to the financial infrastructure that supported operations from Angola to Southeast Asia to Iran-Contra.
### Footnotes
[^1]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World.* Congdon and Weed, 1984. Obituary notice, Wall Street Journal, November 1998.
[^2]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money and the CIA.* W.W. Norton, 1987.
[^3]: Kwitny, Jonathan. "Nugan Hand." Wall Street Journal, August 16, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510001-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510001-1

24
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Julie Lejeune.md
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@ -15,33 +15,33 @@ relations:
role: "abducted June 24, 1995; body found August 17, 1996"
start: 1995-06-24
end: 1996-08-17
fn: 2
fn: 1
created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-10-09
---
Julie Lejeune, aged eight, was abducted with her friend [[Melissa Russo]] on Saturday, June 24, 1995, between five and seven in the evening, while the two were playing in the fields beside the Russo family's house at Grâce-Hollogne, near [[Liège]]; the gendarmerie brigade at Grâce-Hollogne opened the case that day. A witness saw the children get into a car.[^2][^3] Her mother was Louisa Lejeune.[^4]
Julie Lejeune, aged eight, was abducted with her friend [[Melissa Russo]] on Saturday, June 24, 1995, between five and seven in the evening, while the two were playing in the fields beside the Russo family's house at Grâce-Hollogne, near [[Liège]]; the gendarmerie brigade at Grâce-Hollogne opened the case that day. A witness saw the children get into a car.[^1][^2] Her mother was Louisa Lejeune.[^3]
### The Investigation of 1995
The gendarmerie of Charleroi had passed information on [[Marc Dutroux]] as a suspect to the gendarmerie of Liège from July 7, 1995. A confidential report sent to the Charleroi gendarmerie command on August 10, 1995, and passed to the national criminal intelligence bureau (BCR), recorded two informants who did not know each other. The first said Dutroux had offered him work at Sars-la-Buissière and asked him to take part in abducting children in the Mechelen area. The second, adding to what he had reported in 1993, said Dutroux had told him of young girls, "c'est frais, ça se vend bien et rapporte beaucoup" ("they're fresh, they sell well and bring in a lot"), that the price was between 100,000 and 150,000 francs, and that in about October 1993 Dutroux had explained that the work in his cellars at Marchienne-Docherie was to make hiding places for abducted children; at the end of June 1995 Dutroux had asked him to keep watch during a job. The witness at Grâce-Hollogne recognized the type of car described by the informants.[^2] The surveillance of Dutroux under the name [[Operation Othello]], led by the gendarme [[Rene Michaux]], did not find the girls.[^1][^2]
The gendarmerie of Charleroi had passed information on [[Marc Dutroux]] as a suspect to the gendarmerie of Liège from July 7, 1995. A confidential report sent to the Charleroi gendarmerie command on August 10, 1995, and passed to the national criminal intelligence bureau (BCR), recorded two informants who did not know each other. The first said Dutroux had offered him work at Sars-la-Buissière and asked him to take part in abducting children in the Mechelen area. The second, adding to what he had reported in 1993, said Dutroux had told him of young girls, "c'est frais, ça se vend bien et rapporte beaucoup" ("they're fresh, they sell well and bring in a lot"), that the price was between 100,000 and 150,000 francs, and that in about October 1993 Dutroux had explained that the work in his cellars at Marchienne-Docherie was to make hiding places for abducted children; at the end of June 1995 Dutroux had asked him to keep watch during a job. The witness at Grâce-Hollogne recognized the type of car described by the informants.[^1] The surveillance of Dutroux under the name [[Operation Othello]], led by the gendarme [[Rene Michaux]], did not find the girls.[^1][^4]
Lejeune and Russo were held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. Dutroux was arrested on December 13, 1995, on a warrant from the Charleroi investigating judge Lorent for violent theft and illegal detention in a separate matter; his accomplice [[Bernard Weinstein]] was listed as on the run. The gendarmerie obtained warrants to search his houses and reported that work was indeed being done in the cellars, "but without any connection with the content of the information in our possession, namely the fitting out of transit cells for the abduction of children." Lorent released Dutroux on March 20, 1996, and the prosecutor's office did not appeal. During his imprisonment the two girls starved to death in the cell; his wife, [[Michelle Martin]], testified that she had been too afraid to go downstairs to feed them.[^2][^4]
Lejeune and Russo were held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. Dutroux was arrested on December 13, 1995, on a warrant from the Charleroi investigating judge Lorent for violent theft and illegal detention in a separate matter; his accomplice [[Bernard Weinstein]] was listed as on the run. The gendarmerie obtained warrants to search his houses and reported that work was indeed being done in the cellars, "but without any connection with the content of the information in our possession, namely the fitting out of transit cells for the abduction of children." Lorent released Dutroux on March 20, 1996, and the prosecutor's office did not appeal. During his imprisonment the two girls starved to death in the cell; his wife, [[Michelle Martin]], testified that she had been too afraid to go downstairs to feed them.[^1][^3]
After the arrest of Dutroux, Martin and [[Michel Lelievre]] on August 12, 1996, and the rescue of [[Sabine Dardenne]] and [[Laetitia Delhez]] on August 15, the bodies of Julie and Melissa were found at Sars-la-Buissière on Saturday, August 17, 1996.[^2]
After the arrest of Dutroux, Martin and [[Michel Lelievre]] on August 12, 1996, and the rescue of two girls, aged 12 and 14, on August 15, the bodies of Julie and Melissa were found at Sars-la-Buissière on Saturday, August 17, 1996.[^1]
### The Trial
At the assize court in Arlon, the jury on June 17, 2004, convicted Dutroux of the abduction of Julie and Melissa, rejecting his defense that Lelièvre, one Pierre Rochow or members of "the Courcelles gang" were responsible. Martin was convicted of their sequestration, with the aggravating circumstance that it was accompanied by torture causing death. [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] was acquitted of the abduction charges: only seven jurors voted to convict, one short of the majority of eight, and the professional judges then sided with the minority; a second deliberation on complicity also acquitted him. The verdict adopted the view of the investigating judge Jacques Langlois that Dutroux was an isolated predator, and set aside the "network" thesis argued by the prosecution and the families' lawyers. Louisa Lejeune said: "This has confirmed what I thought: They worked together."[^4][^5]
At the assize court in Arlon, the jury on June 17, 2004, convicted Dutroux of the abduction of Julie and Melissa, rejecting his defense that Lelièvre, one Pierre Rochow or members of "the Courcelles gang" were responsible. Martin was convicted of their sequestration, with the aggravating circumstance that it was accompanied by torture causing death. [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] was acquitted of the abduction charges: only seven jurors voted to convict, one short of the majority of eight, and the professional judges then sided with the minority; a second deliberation on complicity also acquitted him. The verdict adopted the view of the investigating judge Jacques Langlois that Dutroux was an isolated predator, and set aside the "network" thesis argued by the prosecution and the families' lawyers. Louisa Lejeune said: "This has confirmed what I thought: They worked together."[^3][^5]
### The Cellar and Nihoul
The parliamentary commission recorded that during the search of 128 rue de Philippeville in December 1995 [[Rene Michaux]], alone in the cellar, heard children's voices, which fell silent when he called for quiet, and that he put them down to children in the street, as the locksmith suggested; cassettes seized in the searches were sent to Brussels, and the question of who had viewed them was never answered.[^2] The writer S. Dovey wrote that Lejeune and Russo were lured into a white van driven by Dutroux and Lelièvre, who had been scouting victims on the instructions of Nihoul; that the cell was built in 1993 with the help of a handyman, [[Claude Thirault]], who reported Dutroux's plans to kidnap girls for profit; that Dutroux, on his release, found the girls dead and buried them at Sars-la-Buissière beside Weinstein, whom he had killed in November 1995; that the autopsies showed malnutrition, restraint and sexual trauma; that phone records showed more than twenty calls between Dutroux and Nihoul in early August 1996 and investigators of Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO) found vehicles matching witness descriptions; and that a letter to Lejeune's father described the abduction as ordered for a "snuff orgy." Nihoul, the lawyer [[Annie Bouty]] and [[Marleen De Cokere]] were charged as accomplices in the Delhez abduction. The [[X-Dossier]], compiled under the prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]] and the investigating judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]], linked the case to the murder of [[Christine Van Hees]]; [[Regina Louf]] (X1) described abductions for blackmail parties at venues linked to [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]] and [[Count Leopold Lippens]]; and the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] reported possible matches of Lejeune in pornography connected to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] and [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]]'s Zandvoort files, and to [[Apollo Disks]]. Connerotte's removal in October 1996 was followed by the White March; Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]] had approved Dutroux's early release in 1992.[^1]
The parliamentary commission recorded that during the search of 128 rue de Philippeville in December 1995 Rene Michaux, alone in the cellar, heard children's voices, which fell silent when he called for quiet, and that he put them down to children in the street, as the locksmith suggested; cassettes seized in the searches were sent to Brussels, and the question of who had viewed them was never answered.[^1] The writer S. Dovey wrote that Lejeune and Russo were lured into a white van driven by Dutroux and Lelièvre, who had been scouting victims on the instructions of Nihoul; that the cell was built in 1993 with the help of a handyman, [[Claude Thirault]], who reported Dutroux's plans to kidnap girls for profit; that Dutroux, on his release, found the girls dead and buried them at Sars-la-Buissière beside Weinstein, whom he had killed in November 1995; that the autopsies showed malnutrition, restraint and sexual trauma; that phone records showed more than twenty calls between Dutroux and Nihoul in early August 1996 and investigators of Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO) found vehicles matching witness descriptions; and that a letter to Lejeune's father described the abduction as ordered for a "snuff orgy." Nihoul, the lawyer [[Annie Bouty]] and [[Marleen De Cokere]] were charged as accomplices in the August 1996 abduction of the 14-year-old girl at Bertrix. The [[X-Dossier]], compiled under the prosecutor [[Michel Bourlet]] and the investigating judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]], linked the case to the murder of [[Christine Van Hees]]; [[Regina Louf]] (X1) described abductions for blackmail parties at venues linked to [[Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin]] and [[Count Leopold Lippens]]; and the [[Morkhoven Workgroup]] reported possible matches of Lejeune in pornography connected to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] and [[Gerrit-Jan Ulrich]]'s Zandvoort files, and to [[Apollo Disks]]. Connerotte's removal in October 1996 was followed by the White March; Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]] had approved Dutroux's early release in 1992.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its November 1995 date for Weinstein's death sits uneasily with the commission's listing of him as a fugitive on December 13, 1995. Its dates for the abduction (July 9, 1995, from Charleroi) and for the discovery of the bodies (August 18, 1996) are contradicted by the commission's chronology; it describes Nihoul's 2004 acquittal as "despite jury conviction," which the verdict does not bear out. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, table 4 ("Julie et Mélissa, du 24 juin au 24 août 1995") and the chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^3]: Planchar, Roland. "Arlon, 22 juin 2004, l'épilogue..." *La Libre Belgique,* June 22, 2005. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2005/06/22/arlon-22-juin-2004-lepilogue-BW2M2Z52HRFRFJL4PLKBLTDEHE/
[^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^1]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, table 4 ("Julie et Mélissa, du 24 juin au 24 août 1995") and the chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^2]: Planchar, Roland. "Arlon, 22 juin 2004, l'épilogue..." *La Libre Belgique,* June 22, 2005. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2005/06/22/arlon-22-juin-2004-lepilogue-BW2M2Z52HRFRFJL4PLKBLTDEHE/
[^3]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^4]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its November 1995 date for Weinstein's death sits uneasily with the commission's listing of him as a fugitive on December 13, 1995. Its dates for the abduction (July 9, 1995, from Charleroi) and for the discovery of the bodies (August 18, 1996) are contradicted by the commission's chronology; it describes Nihoul's 2004 acquittal as "despite jury conviction," which the verdict does not bear out.
[^5]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/

77
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Karel Maasdam.md
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@ -1,33 +1,86 @@
---
category: "Criminals & Offenders"
tags:
- AbuseNetworks
- Person
- Netherlands
- PedophileNetwork
- BoyProstitution
- BellBoys
- RolodexInvestigation
summary: "Karel Maasdam, alias 'Alex Privee,' ran the Bell Boys callboy service in the Netherlands in the 1980s, which supplied underage male prostitutes to Dutch judicial and political figures, and is named in the Rolodex Investigation."
- PedophileNetwork
aliases:
- Karel Maasdam
- Alex Privee
summary: "Karel Maasdam, alias 'Alex Privee,' was described by Nick Davies in 1998 as the owner of the Bell Boys escort agency in the Netherlands."
created: 2026-05-14
updated: 2026-10-09
location: "Netherlands"
relations:
- type: owned
with: "[[Bell Boys]]"
start: 1998
role: "owner of the escort agency, as described by Nick Davies"
fn: 1
---
Karel Maasdam, using the alias "Alex Privee," operated the [[Bell Boys]] callboy service in the [[Netherlands]] during the 1980s, a commercial sexual abuse enterprise that provided underage boys to clients drawn from the Dutch legal, judicial, and political establishment. Maasdam also operated the [[Festival Bar]], a venue connected to the networks documented in Dutch pedophile investigations of the period. His operations were connected to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] through companies including [[Korper and Korver]] and [[Adonis]].[^1]
Karel Maasdam is a man in the [[Netherlands]] whom the journalist [[Nick Davies]] identified in 1998 as the owner of the [[Bell Boys]] escort agency, known in [[Amsterdam]] as "Alex Privee."[^1] The Dutch government's account of a 1997 to 1999 probe of an Amsterdam brothel for homosexual clients with an attached escort agency refers to the brothel's owner only as "A."[^2]
### Bell Boys and Dutch Judicial Network
### Bell Boys and the alias
The [[Rolodex Investigation]], a Dutch police inquiry into organized boy prostitution, identified Maasdam as a central figure in the supply of minors to high-profile clients. A rolodex discovered during the investigation, kept by a professor who served as an intermediary, contained the private contact details of senior Dutch justice officials alongside Maasdam's operation. The presence of serving judicial and prosecutorial figures in the client records created the institutional dimension that gave the case its political sensitivity and has been cited as a reason the investigation stalled.[^1]
Nick Davies wrote in 1998 of a search for a missing German boy that took him to the [[Paardenstraat]] in Amsterdam, where he found three bars, the [[Festival Bar]], the [[Music Box]] and the [[Cupido]]. In the same passage he wrote of finding "a man who looked like Fagin in a flat hat," and of that man: "His real name is Karel Maasdam but he is known here as Alex Privee, owner of the Bell Boys escort agency, producer of boy pornography, close friend of [[Lothar Glandorf]]."[^1]
[[Henry Hans Holthuis]], who served as Chief Prosecutor of the [[International Criminal Court|International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] from 2003 to 2007, is among the prominent Dutch officials named in connection with the Bell Boys investigation. [[Robert Jan Warmerdam]], a witness in Dutch investigations, described attending events connected to Maasdam's network and provided testimony linking the Bell Boys service to the broader international pedophile infrastructure centered on [[Amsterdam]].[^1]
Davies wrote that Maasdam did not say he had never met the missing boy, nor that the boy had never been seen in the Paardenstraat. According to Davies, Maasdam said he had come across a boy who looked very like the missing boy, that he had checked it out and that he was sure it was only a lookalike.[^1] Davies also wrote that an Englishman he interviewed in Amsterdam, who is not named, said a boy who worked as an escort for "Alex Privee's agency, Bell Boys" had mentioned seeing the missing boy in Glandorf's clubs in [[Rotterdam]].[^1]
### International Connections
[[Het Parool]] carried classified advertisements headed "Bell Boys" in its "Diverse clubs" column from December 24, 1983 ("BELL BOYS. 24 uur escorts") through at least October 28, 1985, among them "Bell Boys 24-uurs Escort" on January 30 and February 1, 1984.[^3] On March 4, 6 and 8, 1985, the same newspaper carried an advertisement signed "Alex Privee. 5 Leuke jongens ontvangen u in gezellige sfeer. Ook Peter. S/M."[^4] The two sets of advertisements carry different telephone numbers.
Maasdam's Festival Bar and Bell Boys service intersected with the broader international pedophile network centered on Amsterdam, including [[PAN Magazine]] distribution networks and the [[Pedophile Information Exchange|PIE]]-connected organizations that used Amsterdam as a publishing and organizational base. The [[G-Force nightclub]] in Amsterdam - connected through company structures to Maasdam's enterprises - was also investigated as a venue whose management had links to the [[Gero-Video]] and [[TAG Films]] production networks connected to [[Warwick Spinks]].[^1]
### Rolodex investigation
The Dutch government's summary of December 23, 2013 states that the [[Rolodex Investigation]] was the third assignment of a multidisciplinary team formed in Amsterdam on August 25, 1998 under the responsibility of the Amsterdam chief prosecutor. The underlying probe of the brothel had begun in February 1997, was halted for tactical reasons and was reopened in May 1998, after a man under investigation in an unrelated sex-offence case began to describe the brothel in detail. On July 17, 1998, that witness said he had seen the names of two chief prosecutors on a rolodex, a card file of the clients of the brothel owner "A."[^2] The summary states that the rolodex was never found in searches of the suspects' homes and premises.[^2]
The main case ended in the prosecution and conviction of the owner, "A," and of a recruiter, "B." The [[Rechtbank Amsterdam]] sentenced them on February 26, 1999, to three years and fifteen months respectively, the latter with six months suspended.[^2] A letter from the Minister of Veiligheid en Justitie to the [[Tweede Kamer]] in July 2015 gives the same sentences for a conviction in 1999, without naming either man.[^5]
The [[College of Procurators-General]] concluded provisionally on March 24, 1999 that the allegations against the two chief prosecutors rested on the statements of one person, whom the police regarded as unreliable, and that the two could not be regarded as suspects. After the [[Rijksrecherche]] heard the two, the College saw no reason on May 26, 1999 to change that conclusion. The summary records that two other officials with legal government functions came into view during the probe, that findings of the main investigation (witness statements, wiretaps and observations) indicated that they were customers of the brothel's homosexual services, and that on September 21, 1999 the College found it had not been shown that they committed offences.[^2] The 2015 letter repeats that findings showed these two to be customers of the brothel.[^5]
Former detective [[Leendert de Koter]] testified on March 5, 2014 before an examining magistrate in Utrecht. He said the Rijksrecherche had supplied the names of [[Joris Demmink]] and of three chief prosecutors, which he gave as [[Jan Wolter Wabeke]], [[Henry Hans Holthuis]] and [[Wooldrik]], and that the suspicion against the four was repeated sexual abuse of minors. He said the probe produced no further indications against Demmink and did not elaborate on the prosecutors.[^6][^7] De Koter said that searches at the home of a university professor, the person on whom the probe concentrated, found the computer, video recorder and videotapes gone, and that a request for an observation team on Demmink and the prosecutors was refused. He also said [[Fred Teeven]], then the chief prosecutor for criminal intelligence in Amsterdam, led working meetings of the investigation team and knew the names.[^6][^7] Jaap Hoek, a former head of the Amsterdam youth and vice police who was heard the same day, said he did not remember Demmink's name or the names of chief prosecutors appearing in the Rolodex investigation.[^7]
A ministerial letter of March 27, 2014 states that the former secretary-general of the ministry did not appear in the Rolodex file in any way, and that no information came forward on two chief prosecutors named in the investigation that would justify a criminal investigation.[^8] The start date is given as 1997 by De Koter, who worked on the probe, and as August 1998 in that letter.[^6][^8]
### Civil hearings, 2016
In April 2016 [[DutchNews]] reported that "Charles Maasdam, who was sentenced in 1998 for operating a child brothel in Amsterdam's Oost neighbourhood, is expected to give evidence" at hearings in Amsterdam at which witnesses testified to allegations that politicians used underage male prostitutes in the 1980s.[^9] [[NL Times]] reported the same day: "Charles Maasdam, who owned a youth brothel in the capital for years, is also set to testify."[^10] The government summary dates the judgment against the brothel owner to February 26, 1999. Records found do not establish whether the Charles Maasdam in these reports is the Karel Maasdam described by Davies.[^2][^9]
### Name in the X-Dossier
A Brussels magistrate identified in X-Dossier witness statements only by the first name Karel (PV 117.535, November 19, 1996) is not identified in those statements as Karel Maasdam.[^2]
A [[Brussels]] magistrate identified in [[X-Dossier]] witness statements only by the first name Karel (PV 117.535, November 19, 1996) is not identified in those statements as Karel Maasdam.[^11]
### Accounts in the Dovey book
S. Dovey wrote that Maasdam had a bookkeeper who told the Dutch current-affairs programme EenVandaag that [[Warwick Spinks]] frequently supplied boys to Demmink and Holthuis, and that Maasdam's accountant gave Dutch intelligence services a dossier identifying [[Gero-Video]] as a distributor of child pornography. Dovey also wrote that Glandorf was investigated alongside associates such as Maasdam.[^12]
The Morkhoven Workgroup dossier, as reported by Dovey, identified the owner of the [[G-Force nightclub]] in Amsterdam as an American named John Edward Mullaney and linked him through a company called [[Korper and Korver]] to [[John Stamford]]'s [[Spartacus Network]] and through a company called [[Adonis]] to Maasdam. Dovey also wrote that Gero-Video was linked to [[TAG Films]].[^12] The Dutch commercial register lists a J.E. Mullaney Holding B.V., registered in Amsterdam and no longer active, and an active Korper B.V. and Adonis B.V.; the register entries do not state who held the companies.[^13]
### Footnotes
[^1]: "Belgian X-Dossiers of the Dutroux Affair: the Accused," Institute for the Study of Globalization and Covert Politics, 2007. https://www.isgp-studies.com/belgian-x-dossiers-of-the-marc-dutroux-affair-the-accused
[^2]: "Dutroux case and X-Dossier victim-witnesses," crimesandconsequences.com, updated 2021. https://crimesandconsequences.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/dutroux-case-and-x-dossier-victim-witnesses.pdf
[^1]: Nick Davies, "Paedophile network trafficks young boys across Europe," nickdavies.net, dated October 1, 1998 and marked previously unpublished. https://www.nickdavies.net/1998/10/01/paedophile-network-trafficks-young-boys-across-europe/
[^2]: "Samenvatting van de aanleiding, het verloop, de resultaten en de besluitvorming in het Rolodex-onderzoek," December 23, 2013, enclosure to a letter of the Minister van Veiligheid en Justitie to the Tweede Kamer (Kamerstuk 33 750 VI, nr. 116), Eerste Kamer copy. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vjigib8p5szh
[^3]: Het Parool, classified advertisements, December 24, 1983 (ABCDDD:010846300:mpeg21:a0137), January 30, 1984 (ABCDDD:010833158:mpeg21:a0039), February 1, 1984 (ABCDDD:010833236:mpeg21:a0079) and October 28, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831481:mpeg21:a0029), Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Delpher. http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010846300:mpeg21:a0137
[^4]: Het Parool, classified advertisements, March 4, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831409:mpeg21:a0033), March 6, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831411:mpeg21:a0060) and March 8, 1985 (ABCDDD:010831413:mpeg21:a0023), Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Delpher. http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010831413:mpeg21:a0023
[^5]: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, Kamerstuk 31 015, nr. 115, letter of the Minister van Veiligheid en Justitie, July 1, 2015, answers to questions 2 and 8. https://eerstekamer.nl/9370000/1/j4nvi0xeni9vr2l_j9vvkfvj6b325az/vme26leaeuex/f=/vjvdn6hc42z9.pdf
[^6]: "Politie onderzocht Demmink in '97," NOS, March 5, 2014. https://nos.nl/artikel/619220-politie-onderzocht-demmink-in-97
[^7]: "Oud-hoofdofficier justitie Jan Wolter Wabeke uit Best genoemd in zedenzaak Joris Demmink," Omroep Brabant, March 5, 2014. https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/1720283/oud-hoofdofficier-justitie-jan-wolter-wabeke-uit-best-genoemd-in-zedenzaak-joris-demmink
[^8]: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, Kamerstuk 33 750 VI, nr. 116, letter of the Minister van Veiligheid en Justitie, March 27, 2014. https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/20140327/brief_regering/document3/f=/vjifeja4nlzk.pdf
[^9]: "Politicians and officials named in court as 'boy brothel' case begins," DutchNews.nl, April 18, 2016. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2016/04/politicians-and-officials-named-in-court-as-boy-brothel-case-begins/
[^10]: "Forced child prostitution case: Netherlands elite, royalty under microscope," NL Times, April 18, 2016. https://nltimes.nl/node/28758
[^11]: "Dutroux case and X-Dossier victim-witnesses," crimesandconsequences.com, updated 2021. PV 117.535, November 19, 1996, as quoted in the document. https://crimesandconsequences.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/dutroux-case-and-x-dossier-victim-witnesses.pdf
[^12]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^13]: Kamer van Koophandel, Handelsregister, entries 33304101, 65922646 and 09208081. https://opencorporates.com/companies/nl/33304101

14
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Margaret Mead.md
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@ -10,8 +10,16 @@ location: "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"
---
Margaret Mead was a renowned American cultural anthropologist. In 1969, she delivered a rousing conference speech that contributed to the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]'s decision to admit the [[Parapsychological Association]] to its ranks of approved disciplines. Her support helped lend a degree of legitimacy to the field of parapsychology, which had long struggled for scientific acceptance.[^1]
Margaret Mead was a renowned American cultural anthropologist. [[Jim Schnabel]] wrote that in 1969 she delivered a rousing conference speech that contributed to the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]'s decision to admit the [[Parapsychological Association]] to its ranks of approved disciplines. Her support helped lend a degree of legitimacy to the field of parapsychology, which had long struggled for scientific acceptance.[^1]
---
The AAAS Council met on December 30, 1969, in the ballroom of the Statler-Hilton Hotel in Boston, with [[Bentley Glass]], the AAAS president for 1969, in the chair.[^2] The Board of Directors had approved the Parapsychological Association's application. [[E. Douglas Dean]], a former president of the association who had pressed the application since 1967, wrote that Mead spoke after Glass asked for further comments. In his report she said that for the previous ten years the Council had been discussing what science and scientific method are and which societies make use of them, and had changed its rules as a result; that the association used statistical methods, blinding, placebos, double-blind procedures and other standard methods; and that the history of scientific progress was full of scientists who investigated phenomena the scientific establishment held not to exist. She proposed that the Council vote in favor of the society's work.[^3] Glass called a show of hands, which Dean estimated at 160 to 180 in favor and 30 to 35 opposed, and declared the motion carried.[^3] Science reported that the Council voted to grant affiliation to the American Orthopsychiatric Association and to the Parapsychological Association.[^2]
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[[John Archibald Wheeler]], who had voted against the admission as a member of the AAAS Board of Directors, wrote to the AAAS in 1979: "I know that the views of our late and beloved Margaret Mead were strong in getting parapsychology admitted to the AAAS. I was present at the meeting where it happened."[^4] [[Martin Gardner]] wrote in the [[New York Review of Books]] that the decision was made "at the insistence of Margaret Mead."[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
[^2]: Dael Wolfle, "AAAS Council Meeting, 1969," Science 167, no. 3921 (February 20, 1970), pp. 1151-1153. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3921.1151
[^3]: E. Douglas Dean, "Die Parapsychological Association, affiliiertes Mitglied der American Association for the Advancement of Science," Zeitschrift für Anomalistik 15 (2015), pp. 47-54, account of the December 1969 Council session; an English typescript is in the STARGATE collection, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040024-0. https://www.anomalistik.de/images/pdf/zfa/zfa2015_12_047_dean.pdf
[^4]: John Archibald Wheeler, letter to William D. Carey, "'A Decade of Permissiveness'," New York Review of Books, May 17, 1979. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/05/17/a-decade-of-permissiveness/
[^5]: Martin Gardner, "Quantum Theory and Quack Theory," New York Review of Books, May 17, 1979. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1979/05/17/quantum-theory-and-quack-theory/

38
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max Millikan.md
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@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ relations:
with: "[[Robert Andrews Millikan]]"
role: son
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "member"
start: 1955-06-05
end: 1955-06-10
fn: 16
---
Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952.
@ -80,15 +86,25 @@ Bessner says that soon after Millikan arrived at the center he asked Gaither of
In April 1956 the Office of National Estimates of the CIA circulated to its Board, and proposed possibly to pass to the Director of Central Intelligence, Millikan's comments, sent on the center's letterhead, on the draft National Intelligence Estimate 100-3-56, "Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas." They were accompanied by an imaginary statement by Molotov written by Walt Rostow.[^12]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^13]
Millikan wrote the preface to Rostow's *The Dynamics of Soviet Society* (W. W. Norton, 1953) as director of the center, which the title page credits to "W. W. Rostow in collaboration with Alfred Levin, and with the assistance of others at the Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."[^13] A CIA Office of Security memorandum of April 11, 1958 records that Rostow was approved as a consultant to the agency's Office of Research and Reports in March 1951, with status extended to June 1953, and that [[Alfred Kohlberg]] wrote to Senator [[Styles Bridges]] in October 1957 criticizing the agency for supporting the center.[^14]
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and that he expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, when Millikan would review the center's first ten years.[^15]
### Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, 1955
In June 1955 Millikan was one of eleven experts whom [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited to [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]], Virginia, to study methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. [[Walt Rostow]] of the Center for International Studies was designated its chairman, and the other members included [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Philip Mosely]] and Hans Speier.[^16]
### Funding
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^14] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^15] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether [[Walt Rostow]] was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^16]
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^17] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^18] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Walt Rostow was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^19]
A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files, headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts.[^20] A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead and sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA." The writer places the break with the agency: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^21]
### Death
MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^17]
MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^22]
The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56, and the Dean's report for that year calls him "A valued member of both the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science."[^23]
### Footnotes
@ -104,8 +120,14 @@ MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of th
[^10]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD diss., Duke University, 2013), p. 255 (CENIS, the fall 1951 start, Millikan's CIA year and February 1952 appointment), and p. 256 and notes 107 to 109 (Millikan's request to Gaither, Speier's February 1952 visit, the $875,000 grant), citing Donald L. M. Blackmer, The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951 to 1969 (Cambridge: MIT Center for International Studies, 2002), as cited there. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/232a76ac-f2d8-4827-99fe-50b3b109fa6c/content
[^11]: MIT Center for International Studies, "History." https://cis.mit.edu/about/history
[^12]: CIA Office of National Estimates, Staff Memorandum No. 33-56, "Views of Max Millikan on NIE 100-3-56: Sino-Soviet Policy and Its Probable Effects in Underdeveloped Areas," April 26, 1956, J. C. Graham, with attached letter from Millikan of April 25, 1956, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79R01012A008400030013-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79r01012a008400030013-4
[^13]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^14]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^15]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^16]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^17]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917
[^13]: A. S., review, *The New International* 20, no. 4 (July-August 1954), pp. 222-224, https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol20/no04/stein2.html ; title-page credit as listed in the *American Historical Review* 60, no. 1 (1955), https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/60/1/107/148629
[^14]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, April 11, 1958, CIA reading room document 0001477407, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407
[^15]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26
[^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^18]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^20]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
[^21]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
[^22]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917
[^23]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, p. 218, and report of the Dean of Humanities and Social Science, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013

138
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Meyer Lansky.md
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@ -1,16 +1,146 @@
---
aliases:
- Meyer Lansky
- Maier Suchowljansky
- Maier Suchowljanski
- Little Meyer
category: "Organized Crime"
tags:
- Person
- PROMIS
summary: "Prominent Florida mobster whose Fremont Hotel in Las Vegas was financed through Jimmy Hoffa loans and linked to Bobby Baker networks."
- MeyerLansky
- Gambling
- Casinos
- LasVegas
- Cuba
- Israel
- Bahamas
- KefauverCommittee
- OperationUnderworld
- Flamingo
summary: "Florida gambling operator whose casino interests ran from Las Vegas to Havana and the Bahamas, and whose 1972 expulsion from Israel was upheld by the Israeli Supreme Court."
born: 1902
died: 1983
location: "Grodno, Russian Empire (now Belarus)"
created: 2025-08-05
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Operation Underworld]]"
role: "intermediary between Charles Luciano in prison and Naval Intelligence contacts"
start: 1942-05
end: 1944
fn: 2
- type: investigated
with: "[[Kefauver Committee]]"
reverse: true
role: "witness who invoked the Fifth Amendment on questions about Las Vegas and Florida gambling"
start: 1950-10
fn: 4
- type: prosecuted
with: "[[Department of Justice]]"
reverse: true
role: "criminal contempt, income tax and Flamingo skimming charges, Southern District of Florida"
start: 1971-03-24
end: 1974-08-22
fn: 19
- type: investigated
with: "[[Bahamas Commission of Inquiry into Gambling]]"
reverse: true
role: "named by Louis Chesler as the adviser who reviewed casino staff for Grand Bahama"
start: 1967-04
fn: 24
---
[[Meyer Lansky]] was a prominent Florida mobster. His Fremont Hotel in [[Las Vegas]] was financed through a [[Jimmy Hoffa|Hoffa]] loan. [[Edward Levinson]], a Las Vegas gambler, was a lieutenant of Lansky. Through [[Bobby Baker]], Levinson became acquainted with [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]].[^1]
---
Meyer Lansky (1902 to 1983) was a [[Florida]] gambling operator whose casino interests ran through [[Las Vegas]], [[Havana]], and the [[Bahamas]]. During the Second World War the [[New York County District Attorney's Office]] and the [[U.S. Navy]] used his access to the imprisoned [[Charles Luciano]] and to Italian-American waterfront contacts. [[Israel]] refused him an immigrant's visa under the Law of Return, and in September 1972 the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] upheld his expulsion. He was born in [[Grodno]] in the Russian Empire, on July 4, 1902 according to the FBI's files.[^1]
### Wartime work with Naval Intelligence
In 1942 the New York County district attorney's office and [[Charles R. Haffenden]], a Naval Intelligence officer, sought access to the waterfront and to Italian-American contacts there. The plan used [[Moses Polakoff]], Luciano's lawyer, who proposed Lansky as the man to carry messages between Luciano and his outside associates. Luciano was moved from [[Clinton Correctional Facility]] to [[Great Meadow Correctional Facility]] on May 12, 1942. For about two years Lansky, Polakoff, [[Joe Lanza]], [[Mike Lascari]], [[Frank Costello]], [[Willie Moretti]], and others visited him there to carry his instructions to the outside. [[William B. Herlands]], the New York State Commissioner of Investigation whose 1954 report reviewed the arrangement, recorded that when Gurfein asked whether he would take part, Lansky said he "definitely would."[^2]
Herlands also recorded Lansky's own account, given to the inquiry, that through these associates he was given a number of Italians whom he brought to the [[Hotel Astor]] and, on two or three occasions, to Haffenden's office at [[90 Church Street]]. He said that Haffenden turned those men over to his assistants, and that at times he himself listened to the discussions, which covered the coastline and the terrain off Sicily before the invasion. Lansky testified that each of the associates who accompanied him on his visits to Luciano later cooperated with Naval Intelligence. Herlands reported that [[Johnny Dunn]] complained to Polakoff that ships were being loaded in a way that let a bomb be placed aboard them, and that it was decided Lansky would take Dunn to Haffenden to give the information directly.[^3]
Herlands called the arrangement the War-Aid Project. A letter from [[Carl F. Espe]], Director of Naval Intelligence, to Herlands, dated July 26, 1954, confirmed it, and Herlands reproduced the letter in his report.[^3]
### Kefauver Committee testimony
The [[Kefauver Committee]] questioned Lansky in executive session in [[New York City]] on October 11, 1950, with the questioning resuming the next morning. He declined to answer many questions on the ground that the answers might tend to incriminate him. Asked "Did you ever have an interest in the Flamingo Hotel at Las Vegas?" he answered, "I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me," and he gave the same answer when asked whether he had ever been in Las Vegas, Nevada.[^4]
### Cuba under Batista
An FBI memorandum in the Lansky file describes him as spending most of his time in Havana in late 1957. The same memorandum describes him as having organized [[Cuba]]'s gambling arrangements for [[Fulgencio Batista]].[^5]
In February 1958 a [[New York Mirror]] item reported a Havana dispatch quoting Cuba's Interior Minister, [[Santiago Rey]], to the effect that Lansky would not be readmitted to Cuba because of charges pending against him in the United States. Lansky told the paper that he would like to return because of his gambling interests.[^6]
In a telephone call to the Legal Attaché in Havana on January 4, 1959, Lansky said he was still in Havana looking after hotel personnel, and he wanted the American embassy to have a record that he remained there. In a later interview with an FBI agent, he admitted a connection with the Riviera casino in Havana but said he did not own it and expected to acquire an interest. He denied any interest in the National casino, which he had worked for before it was sold in early October 1958 to New York interests. He said that under the Batista government it had been necessary to pay off government officials, and that he was surprised at how many casino employees turned out to be members of the July 26th Movement.[^7]
The [[Las Vegas Sun]] interviewed Lansky on January 5, 1959. Its staff writer, [[Alan Jarlson]], reported that Lansky hoped the new government would emerge from Fidel Castro's liberation of Cuba and would continue to permit American gamblers to operate. The paper described him as holed up at his "$16,000,000.00 Habana Riviera," with an associate, [[Charles Baron]], whom it described as his right-hand man at the Riviera. The same FBI memorandum quotes another report of that date that the Lanskys also operated the Internacional casino in the [[Hotel Nacional]].[^8]
An undated newspaper article in the file describes a Cuban law that allowed gambling only in hotels worth a million dollars or more, which the article says Lansky's interests had arranged so that his dealers would be classed as "valuable technicians."[^9]
### Israel, 1970 to 1972
Lansky arrived in Israel in July 1970 on a visitor's visa and announced that he intended to apply for an immigrant's visa. A [[Miami Herald]] article by [[James Savage]], which the FBI copied into the file, reported that he had been living in [[Tel Aviv]] and traveling in Israel's resort areas for four months, and that unconfirmed rumors said he would apply for citizenship. The article quoted state and federal organized-crime experts describing a stay in Israel as a voluntary exile from the United States, and noted that a federal grand jury in [[Miami]] was examining his financial dealings in Las Vegas.[^10]
His lawyer, [[Yoram Alroy]], stated that the Minister of the Interior, [[Yosef Burg]], was weighing whether to grant the immigrant's visa, and that the Minister then informed Lansky at the end of December 1970 that he had decided not to grant it or renew the visitor's visa. On September 23, 1971 the Ministry refused to extend his tourist visa. The Ministry relied on section 2 of the [[Law of Return]], which allows the Minister to refuse an immigrant's visa to a person with a criminal past who is likely to endanger public welfare.[^11]
On November 14, 1971 the Supreme Court issued a temporary order against his expulsion and an order nisi requiring Burg to show cause why he should not grant the visa or reverse the extension refusal. The [[Jerusalem Post]] reported the interim order on November 15, 1971. The Ministry's later reply to the court said that it was prepared to issue Lansky a laissez-passer to enter any country willing to accept him.[^11]
The FBI recorded on September 12, 1972 that the Supreme Court of Israel had decided that Lansky must leave Israel, with the decision dated September 11, 1972.[^12] The Chief Justice, [[Shimon Agranat]], wrote an 83-page decision, which [[TIME]] magazine described as unanimous and precedent-setting. TIME quoted Agranat as writing that "the particular phenomenon of organized crime as it has developed in the U.S. has not yet struck root here in Israel. Heaven forbid that we should encourage opening a door for it." A government spokesman told TIME that if Lansky lingered he would be taken to the airport and asked to choose a flight.[^13] A case note by [[Claude Klein]], titled "The Lansky Case," appeared in the [[Israel Law Review]] in 1973.[^14]
The Jerusalem Post staff writer [[David Landau]] wrote on November 8, 1972 that the expulsion treated a Jew unfairly under the Law of Return. He compared Lansky's rejection by one country after another on November 5 and 6, 1972 to the wandering homeless Jews of earlier decades. The column is summarized in the FBI file, which records that it attacked the Interior Minister and the State Attorney, [[Gabriel Bach]].[^15]
Lansky left Tel Aviv on November 5, 1972 on Swissair, by way of [[Geneva]], for [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Brazilian authorities refused to admit him. He then flew on to [[Buenos Aires]] and was placed on a Braniff flight that stopped at several Latin American capitals and reached Miami on November 7, 1972. The FBI had recorded an allegation that he had obtained a Paraguayan immigrant visa in Israel. Agents took him into custody at Miami International Airport on a warrant for criminal contempt of the Miami grand jury, issued March 24, 1971.[^16]
### Las Vegas, the Flamingo, and the Fremont
[[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that the [[Fremont Hotel]] in Las Vegas was financed through a loan from [[Jimmy Hoffa]]. She described [[Edward Levinson]], a Las Vegas gambler, as a lieutenant of Lansky, and wrote that through [[Bobby Baker]] Levinson became acquainted with [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]].[^17]
An FBI informant's report recorded on April 30, 1963 stated that Lansky owned large shares of the [[Sands Hotel]], the Fremont, the [[Horseshoe Hotel]], and the Flamingo casinos.[^18]
On March 25, 1971 a federal grand jury in Miami indicted Lansky, [[Morris Lansburgh]], and [[Sam Cohen]] on a charge of conspiring to skim proceeds from the Flamingo casino in Las Vegas during 1960 to 1967, in order to avoid taxes on the skimmed money. The indictment named [[Louis Poller]] as an unindicted co-conspirator. A Las Vegas grand jury returned a superseding indictment on October 22, 1971.[^19]
Lansburgh and Cohen pleaded guilty, and on April 27, 1973 each was sentenced to one year in prison. Lansky's trial was postponed to January 7, 1974 because of his health.[^19] On August 22, 1974 Judge [[Roger D. Foley]] of the United States District Court in Las Vegas granted a sixth continuance and, in the order, stated that the case would lie dormant on the court calendar until Lansky died or government counsel dismissed the indictment; the FBI summary adds that Foley stated the case should be dismissed, after medical evidence indicated that Lansky would never be well enough to stand trial. A newspaper report in the same file says the indictment was dismissed.[^20]
On July 25, 1973 Lansky was acquitted, as the FBI summary records, of income tax evasion. That charge concerned gambling debts of customers of the Colony Sporting Club in London, which he was accused of not reporting as income.[^21]
Separately, Lansky was charged with criminal contempt on March 24, 1971 for failing to answer a grand jury subpoena. He was found guilty on February 28, 1973, and on June 14, 1973 he was sentenced to one year and a day at the federal medical center in [[Springfield, Missouri]]. On June 28, 1974 the [[Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals]] reversed the contempt conviction, holding that he should not have been convicted for failing to answer the subpoena.[^22]
### The Bahamas
The [[Wall Street Journal]] reported on October 5, 1965, in an article titled "Las Vegas East," that Lansky's associates [[Dino Cellini]] and [[George Sadlow]] figured prominently in the operation of the casino at the [[Lucayan Beach Hotel]] on [[Grand Bahama]]. The article quoted an unnamed man in a position to know the casino's operations, who said that Cellini and Sadlow were Lansky's men.[^23]
[[Louis Chesler]], a Canadian promoter, appeared before the Bahamian commission of inquiry into gambling and testified on April 18, 1967 that he had met Lansky and Lansky's brother at the [[Fontainebleau Hotel]] in [[Miami Beach]] about April 1, 1963, to seek advice on hiring staff for the Monte Carlo casino at [[Freeport, Bahamas|Freeport]]. Chesler said he went to Lansky because, "from what I was told," Lansky was "the dean of gambling - the most knowledgeable man to ask," and that Lansky looked over a list of prospective employees. Chesler testified that Lansky then offered the services of Sadlow, who was eighty, and that Sadlow controlled hiring and firing when the casino opened. Chesler also insisted that he had never done business with Lansky. The Miami Herald and the Wall Street Journal reported the testimony on April 19, 1967, and the [[New York Times]] reported further testimony before the commission on April 22, 1967.[^24]
The commission also heard [[Stafford Sands]]. An undated newspaper article in the FBI file reports that Sands later acknowledged to the commission that Lansky had offered him a payment in 1960 to permit gambling on Grand Bahama, and that Sands turned the offer down.[^25]
In an FBI interview arranged for May 21, 1963 at Hollywood, Florida, Lansky said that the FBI, by painting him as a hoodlum, had succeeded in keeping him out of any Bahamian venture. He added that he thought gambling there would be a lucrative business, though one that would hurt the Miami Beach hotels.[^26]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^1]: FBI file 62-97928 and file 92-2831 Section 01 (birth recorded as July 4, 1902, Grodno; a school record in Section 02 gives August 28, 1902). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^2]: William B. Herlands, report to Governor Thomas E. Dewey on the commutation of the sentence of Charles Luciano, September 17, 1954, introduction and "Synopsis of the Evidence," pp. 1 to 8, and pp. 45 to 46 (printed pagination). Thomas E. Dewey Papers, Series 13, University of Rochester Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. https://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
[^3]: Herlands report, September 17, 1954, pp. 45 to 46 and 65 to 66 (Polakoff, the Haffenden meetings, Lansky's testimony, the informants and Dunn), and "Official Confirmation of the War-Aid Project," p. 11, Espe letter of July 26, 1954. https://www.lib.rochester.edu/IN/RBSCP/ATTACHMENTS/Series-13-17-2-Herlands-report.pdf
[^4]: U.S. Senate, Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, *Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce*, Hearings, 82nd Congress, 1st session, Part 7 (New York-New Jersey), testimony of Meyer Lansky, executive session of October 11, 1950, pp. 149 to 153 (Flamingo and Las Vegas questions at p. 152; Lansky's testimony indexed at pp. 138 to 163). https://archive.org/details/investigationofo07unit
[^5]: FBI file 62-97928 and file 92-2831, Section 01 and Section 09 (memorandum quoting the *Las Vegas Sun* on Lansky's organization of Batista's casinos). Meyer Lansky FBI Files, Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^6]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 02, memorandum citing "Cuba to Bar Lansky," Havana dispatch of February 20, 1958, and *New York Mirror*, February 22, 1958, p. 5. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^7]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 03, Legal Attaché Havana memorandum of January 4, 1959 (telephone call from Lansky), and FBI memorandum of an interview with Lansky, 1959. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^8]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 09, quoting *Las Vegas Sun*, January 5, 1959, interview by Alan Jarlson. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^9]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 16, undated newspaper article on Cuban gambling law. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky.
[^10]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 16, article by James Savage, *Miami Herald*, undated (written after Lansky had lived in Israel for about four months). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^11]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 18 (decision of September 23, 1971 against extending the tourist visa) and Section 19, FBI letter of May 9, 1972 enclosing the *Jerusalem Post* of November 15, 1971 (interim order, Supreme Court of Israel, November 14, 1971), and a later *Jerusalem Post* report of the Interior Ministry's reply to the order nisi, quoting the petition of Lansky's counsel Yoram Alroy. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^12]: FBI teletype, Miami to Director, September 12, 1972, file 92-2831, Section 19 (Israeli Supreme Court decision of September 11, 1972). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^13]: "The World: Non-Returnable Lansky," *TIME*, September 25, 1972. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0%2C33009%2C903591%2C00.html
[^14]: Claude Klein, "The Lansky Case," *Israel Law Review*, vol. 8, no. 2 (April 1973), pp. 286 to 295. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223700004167
[^15]: David Landau, "Lansky's Odyssey and the Law of Return, Personal Opinion," *Jerusalem Post*, November 8, 1972, as summarized in FBI file 92-2831, Section 19. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^16]: FBI teletypes and memoranda of November 5 to 7, 1972, file 92-2831, Section 19 (departure from Tel Aviv, Brazilian refusal, Paraguayan visa allegation, arrest at Miami International Airport on a warrant of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida, March 24, 1971, Title 18, section 401). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^17]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^18]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 10, informant report recorded April 30, 1963. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky. Informant report.
[^19]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 17 (indictment of March 25, 1971 as printed in a Florida newspaper of March 29, 1971) and Section 20 (summary of the Flamingo skimming indictment, its superseding return on October 22, 1971, and the April 27, 1973 sentences). https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^20]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 20, order of Judge Roger D. Foley, August 22, 1974, and a newspaper report of the dismissal reproduced in the same section. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^21]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 20, summary of the July 25, 1973 acquittal on income tax evasion charges arising from the Colony Sporting Club debts. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^22]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 19 and Section 20, summary of the contempt case (sentence of June 14, 1973, Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, Springfield, Missouri) and of the Fifth Circuit ruling of June 28, 1974. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^23]: "Las Vegas East," *Wall Street Journal*, October 5, 1965, by Monroe W. Karmin and Stanley Penn, as summarized in FBI file 92-2831, Section 13. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^24]: Louis Chesler testimony before the Bahamian commission of inquiry, April 18, 1967, as reported in *Miami Herald*, April 19, 1967 (Clarence Jones), *Wall Street Journal*, April 19, 1967 (Monroe W. Karmin), and *New York Times*, April 22, 1967, "Gambling Ties Traced in Nassau," as summarized in FBI file 92-2831, Sections 12 and 13. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
[^25]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 16, undated newspaper article on the Lucayan Beach casino and Groves companies, including Sands's acknowledgment to the commission. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky.
[^26]: FBI file 92-2831, Section 10, FBI interview with Meyer Lansky arranged for May 21, 1963, Hollywood, Florida. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky

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---
category: "Intelligence & Government"
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- CIA
- Military
summary: "After his first tour in Vietnam, Hand moved to the clandestine CIA war in Laos, according to Ted Shackley, a former station chief in Indo-China."
- SpecialForces
- NuganHandBank
- AirAmerica
- GoldenTriangle
- Fugitive
aliases:
- Michael Hand
- Michael J. Hand
- Michael John Hand
- Michael Jon Hand
- Jon Michael Hand
- Michael Jon Fuller
summary: "Michael Hand, a decorated Green Beret who co-founded Nugan Hand Bank in Sydney, disappeared from Australia in June 1980 and was reported living in Idaho under another surname in 2015."
born: 1941-12-08
location: "New York City, New York, USA"
location: "The Bronx, New York, USA"
created: 2025-08-05
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Nugan Hand Bank]]"
start: 1973
fn: 10
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Frank Nugan]]"
start: 1970
fn: 6
- type: director_of
with: "[[Nugan Hand Bank]]"
role: chairman
start: 1980
fn: 11
- type: contractor_to
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: CIA contract agent, according to Jonathan Kwitny; contractor operative, according to an Australian investigation as reported by ProPublica
fn: 2
---
[[Michael Hand]] was a highly decorated Special Forces Green Beret soldier in [[Vietnam]]. He later co-founded [[Nugan Hand Bank]] in [[Australia]] with [[Frank Nugan]] and officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-owned [[Air America]]. Hand had special knowledge of intelligence operations in the [[Golden Triangle]].[^1]
Michael Hand (born December 8, 1941, in the [[Bronx]], New York) was a [[United States Army Special Forces|Special Forces]] soldier in [[Vietnam]] who co-founded the [[Sydney]] merchant bank [[Nugan Hand Bank]] with [[Frank Nugan]]. The bank collapsed in 1980 after Nugan was found dead and Hand left [[Australia]]. In 2015 the Australian writer [[Peter Butt]] reported that Hand had been living in [[Idaho]] under the surname Fuller.[^1]
After his first tour in [[Vietnam]], Hand moved to the clandestine [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] war in [[Laos]], according to [[Ted Shackley]], a former station chief in Indo-China.[^1]
### Military service
[[Nugan Hand Bank]], a primary [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation in the Pacific area, reportedly laundered profits from drug trafficking in the [[Golden Triangle]]. These laundered profits, in turn, financed subversive paramilitary activities in Southeast [[Asia]]. The bank collapsed in 1980, $5 billion in debt, and Michael Hand disappeared.[^1]
[[Jonathan Kwitny]] wrote that Hand completed a one-year course at the New York State Ranger School in 1961, a school attached to Syracuse University, and that in 1962 Hand wrote to his instructor that he was managing a swim and sports school in Palos Verdes Estates, California.[^2] Hand enlisted in the Army in May 1963 and volunteered for the Green Berets.[^3] He served with the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), 1st Special Forces. The [[Military Times]] Hall of Valor transcribes the Distinguished Service Cross citation (General Orders No. 23, 1966, Headquarters, U.S. Army, Pacific) as presented to Private First Class Michael John Hand for "exceptionally valorous actions on 9 and 10 June 1965 during a 1-hour communist attack on the Special Forces compound at Dong Ha." The transcription continues that he "braved a barrage of fire in an attempt to rescue a wounded comrade, then darted into a building and dragged to safety a wounded American captain and a Seabee," was wounded by shrapnel, "found a machine gun and raked the enemy until the weapon jammed," and, hit by a second blast and ordered to withdraw, volunteered to rescue another wounded man.[^4] Kwitny wrote that, according to the citation, Hand on June 9, 1965 "almost single-handedly held off a fourteen-hour Vietcong attack on the Special Forces compound at Dong Xaoi."[^2] [[Bob Bottom]] wrote that, according to contemporary reports, Hand was one of six survivors of a 200-member unit that held out against 1,200 North Vietnamese at [[Dong Xoai]], 135 kilometres north of [[Saigon]].[^5]
According to the book *The Crimes of Patriots* by [[Jonathan Kwitny]], Michael Hand reportedly fled [[Australia]] under a false identity on June 14, 1980, on a flight to [[Fiji]]. He was allegedly helped to escape by an American code-named "[[Codename Charlie|Charlie]]," identified by Kwitny as a former member of the [[United States Army Special Forces|U.S. Special Forces]] and ex-[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operative.[^1]
[[Jonathan Marshall]], writing in [[Inquiry]] in November 1980, gave a different account of the decoration. He wrote that Hand won it for rescuing his commanding officer during a savage firefight in the highlands of central Vietnam. Marshall also wrote that Hand studied forestry at [[Syracuse University]], worked briefly as a teacher in [[Los Angeles]], went to Vietnam in 1965, and left in 1968 to settle in Sydney.[^6] [[Raymond Bonner]] of [[ProPublica]] wrote that Hand studied forestry for a year before enlisting in 1963 and was awarded a Purple Heart, a Silver Star and the Distinguished Service Cross.[^1] Kwitny wrote that a resume Hand later submitted to the State Department gave his date of leaving the Army as May 1966 and the next entry as "1966-1967, worked directly for U.S. Government," that banking associates said Hand sometimes referred to undercover activities in Laos during those years, that men who said they had encountered him described him training Montagnards and working closely with the Air America crews that supplied them, and that Hand migrated to Australia in September 1967.[^2]
In 1991, Australian journalist [[Brian Toohey]] reported in his *The Eye* magazine that Michael Hand had a postal drop at a suite in NE Bellevue, Washington State, and his wife was reportedly living with him there. [[Michael Riconosciuto]], who was living near Tacoma, Washington State, when he was arrested in 1991, claimed to have been in direct communication with Michael Hand before and after Hand's disappearance, and that he had handled money transfers for Hand when he fled [[Australia]].[^1]
[[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that [[Ted Shackley]], a former station chief in Indo-China, said Hand moved to the clandestine [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] war in [[Laos]] after his first tour in Vietnam.[^7] Seymour also wrote that Hand had special knowledge of intelligence operations in the [[Golden Triangle]].[^7] [[Keith Schneider]] of the [[New York Times]] wrote in March 1987 that the Australian Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking report noted that Hand did extensive business with American intelligence officers in Southeast Asia in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and said there was "evidence" that "Hand retained his U.S. intelligence ties through the 1970's and probably the 1980s," evidence that remained classified. Schneider described Hand as a former Army Green Beret and military intelligence officer who served in Laos during the late 1960s with [[Air America]], the CIA-owned airline, in the period when [[Richard Secord]] played a large role in directing Air America's operations. Schneider wrote that the report said Ted Shackley and [[Tom Clines]] were the two top officers of the CIA's Laotian station in that period, and that Secord, Shackley, Clines and [[Rafael Quintero]] were close to Hand.[^8]
The Task Force was told by an American witness that Hand was involved in a 1976 shipment of 10 million rounds of ammunition and 3,000 weapons, including rifles and machine guns, that left Boston by way of Africa and was delivered to U.S.-supported forces in [[Angola]]. The report also said that Hand and the bank took part in the movement by the United States Navy of a spy ship to [[Iran]] in 1976. Both transactions are linked in the report to [[Edwin Wilson]], a former CIA officer who worked for a Navy intelligence group known as [[Task Force 157]].[^8][^9]
### Nugan Hand Bank
Seymour wrote that Nugan Hand Bank was a primary CIA operation in the Pacific area, that it reportedly laundered profits from drug trafficking in the Golden Triangle, and that these profits financed subversive paramilitary activities in Southeast Asia.[^7]
Hand and Nugan entered a partnership in 1970 as investment advisers. Most of their clients were American servicemen whom Hand had met in Vietnam or in Sydney bars, and the pair made money in land and mining speculation during the boom of the early 1970s.[^6] A 1981 Washington News Bureau report printed in the [[New York Daily News]] said that Nugan and Hand began in 1969 with a company called [[Australasian and Pacific Holding]], and that four shareholders in the venture gave their business address as Air America.[^3] Kwitny wrote that the list of thirty-seven shareholders filed with the government in May 1970 showed four with the address "c/o Air America, A.P.O. San Francisco," one with the address "c/o Continental Air Service," and five reachable through the U.S. Agency for International Development.[^2] The [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]] says that the two set up the merchant bank Nugan Hand Ltd in 1973 with a nominal paid-up capital of $1 million.[^10] Bonner gave the starting capital as $80.[^1]
The bank operated offices in several countries. The Task Force report, as Schneider summarized it, counted offices and mail drops in 13 countries in two hemispheres during the seven years the bank was in business.[^8] Its senior staff included retired officers. The [[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]] reported in May 1980 that [[Edwin Black]], a former general, had acted as the company's representative in [[Hawaii]], that retired Navy admiral [[Earl P. Yates]] headed the Washington office, and that Donald Beazley was president of U.S. operations.[^11] The Task Force report, as reported by Kwitny in the Journal in August 1983, described Yates as then president of the Nugan Hand Bank.[^9] Kwitny wrote in his book that Black became president of Nugan Hand, Inc., Hawaii in 1977, and that Yates had been president of the Nugan Hand Bank for nearly three years and helped maintain a Washington office.[^2] According to the Daily News, [[George Farris]], a former Green Beret buddy of Hand, worked in the bank's Washington office.[^3]
[[William Colby]], the former CIA director, confirmed to the Journal that he had done legal work for Nugan and said that this was the extent of their relationship.[^11] The Daily News reported Colby as saying that Nugan told him he wanted to expand into the United States, and that he had "no idea" how the bank had prospered so rapidly.[^3]
[[Bernie Houghton]], an American who had lived in Sydney since 1967, was described by [[The Bulletin]] in June 1984 as the man behind Nugan Hand's [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian]] operations.[^12]
### Frank Nugan's death and the 1980 disappearance
Nugan was found dead in his car on a lonely road outside Sydney on January 27, 1980, with a bullet wound in his head and a rifle beside the body.[^11] Australian police described the wound as self-inflicted.[^3] The coroner's inquest recorded that he died "of the effects of a gunshot wound, self-inflicted and with the intention of taking his own life."[^10] A lawyer for two insurance companies that had insured Nugan's life told the inquest that the position of the body showed that he could not have shot himself, as police had assumed.[^11] A business card for William Colby was among the items found on the body.[^11] After a reported sighting of Nugan in the United States, his body was exhumed, and a second inquest in March 1981 confirmed the earlier findings on the basis of dental evidence.[^10]
At the same inquest Hand, by then chairman of the bank, said that Nugan had misappropriated several million dollars and had made loans of $3.3 million to persons and groups whose identity was not known. He also said: "The company is insolvent and unable to pay its debts as they fall due."[^11] Bonner reported that Hand testified the bank was insolvent and owed investors, large and small, some $50 million.[^1] Seymour wrote that the bank collapsed in 1980, $5 billion in debt, and that Hand disappeared.[^7]
A Sydney butcher and friend of Hand, who was granted immunity from prosecution in 1981, told [[Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking|Task Force]] investigators that in late February 1980 he met Bernie Houghton and George Shaw, a director of the bank, on the eighth floor of the bank's headquarters at 55 Macquarie Street, and was told to go to the [[AMP Centre]] in Bridge Street. He said that in an office in room 1709 Shaw filled about fifteen boxes with records from the filing cabinets, and that the boxes were moved to a flat in [[Ultimo]] and later to a cold store. Hand had told him not to tell him where the records had been moved, because he did not want to know.[^12] [[Kevin Woods]], a Task Force investigator, told the butcher that Hand had stated in his [[Corporate Affairs Commission]] cross-examination that he helped remove the records.[^12]
Hand left Australia in June 1980. The butcher told investigators that Hand's own attempts to obtain an Australian passport in another name had failed, and that the butcher then obtained one in the name of an employee, through a travel agent, after Hand gave him cash for a round-the-world ticket. The passport was issued in the name of Alan Glen Winter.[^12] Kwitny wrote that the passport application was lodged on June 5.[^2] The butcher said an American he knew only as "Charlie," white, six foot one, about 180 pounds, with dark hair, probably about 35, came from the United States, provided a false beard, moustache and glasses, and was with Hand when he left for [[Vancouver]] by way of [[Fiji]] and [[Honolulu]]; Hand told him he was flying to Canada because from there he could enter the United States without a visa, and that he left "on the long weekend in June."[^12]
Kwitny quoted the Task Force report of March 1983 as saying that "Charlie" was James Oswald Spencer, who was resident in [[Arizona]], "a former member of the U.S. Special Forces" who "like Hand was loaned to the Central Intelligence Agency during the latter half of the 1960s for operations in the Southeast Asian conflict." Kwitny wrote that Spencer arrived in Australia on May 14, 1980 and left on June 14 on the same Fiji-bound flight as Hand, who travelled as Alan Winter; that the FBI interviewed Spencer in November 1982 at the request of the Task Force; that Spencer said he had last seen Hand "several years ago when Hand was in the CIA" and declined other questions; and that the Task Force rejected Spencer's denial and concluded that he was Charlie.[^2] Kwitny reported in the Journal in August 1983 that the report said Hand was smuggled out of Australia by another former CIA operative, Spencer, whom investigators found in Arizona, and that Spencer said Hand "was in the CIA" at the time.[^9] [[The Nation]] reported in March 1984 that the Australians had identified Charlie as Spencer, a former Special Forces member "loaned" to the CIA during the Vietnam War, and that Spencer was interviewed by the FBI but refused to talk about his dealings with Hand.[^13] ProPublica wrote in 2015 that Hand fled in June 1980 with the assistance of a former CIA officer, flying to Fiji and then to Canada.[^1]
The New York Daily News reported on February 13, 1981 that "Australian police have a fugitive warrant out for Hand, who took key bank deposit records with him," and that they wanted him on a conspiracy charge.[^3] The same report said that the [[United States Customs Service]] was investigating the bank's currency transactions and that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] had quietly begun investigating the bank in [[Manila]] and Honolulu.[^3]
### Official investigations
The Commonwealth and New South Wales Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking produced a report on Nugan Hand in parts. Volume 2 (Part I) is dated June 1982 and Volume 4 (Part II) was completed in March 1983.[^14] The Journal reported in November 1982 that a cabinet minister had called the report's material "compelling evidence" that the bank was engaged in widespread criminal activity, and that the report said there were "strong grounds to believe" that bank officers were involved with U.S. and Australian intelligence agencies, but that there was not conclusive proof that the bank was connected to an intelligence operation.[^15] Kwitny quoted the report as saying that "if the CIA or any other intelligence organization had intended to use Nugan Hand as a cover for covert operations, it was a clumsy attempt."[^9]
On February 24, 1983 the Prime Minister's office announced that the [[Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking]] under Mr Justice [[Donald Stewart]] would be extended, and that the Commonwealth was discussing terms of reference for an inquiry into Nugan Hand.[^16] Special Minister of State Mr Young told the House of Representatives on November 27, 1985 that on March 28, 1983 the terms of reference of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking had been extended to allow Mr Justice Stewart to inquire into the activities of the Nugan Hand Group; that the first interim report was presented to the government on October 13, 1983 and tabled on December 6, 1983; and that the second was presented on December 13, 1984 and tabled on March 20, 1985.[^17] The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group issued its final report in 1985.[^10] According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, the Corporate Affairs Commission reported in 1983 that Nugan had been involved in massive international and local fraud and had deliberately falsified the bank's accounts to conceal debt.[^10]
The Australian Dictionary of Biography says that the 1983 to 1985 royal commission "uncovered little new information."[^10] The New York Times reported that the 1985 report disputed some of the Task Force conclusions.[^8] In the same statement Mr Young said the Commission found that the allegations of CIA involvement "lacked substance," that the Royal Commissioner found it inherently implausible that the CIA would have used a group with the shortcomings of Nugan Hand, and that "there was simply no objective evidence that the CIA used or was used by the Nugan Hand group in, or in connection with, any of the group's activities." He said the Commission found "no evidence to support the allegation that the office in Chiang Mai was established to attract deposits from drug producers of the so-called 'Golden Triangle'," concluded that on at least one occasion the group transferred money overseas for collection by a member of the Mr Asia drug syndicate, and noted that evidence could not be obtained from Hand.[^17] Bonner wrote that one Australian investigation found links between Hand and the CIA, while another did not.[^1]
The CIA's public response was a terse "no comment" when asked about the bank in February 1981, according to the Daily News.[^3] The Nation reported in 1984 that the agency had flatly denied any connection with Nugan Hand but had refused to cooperate with the Australian inquiry.[^13] In a letter to [[Time]] in January 1982, [[John H. Holdridge]], Assistant Secretary of State, wrote that [[George H.W. Bush|George H. W. Bush]] had confirmed during a visit to Australia that there had been no CIA involvement, and that [[Frank Church]] had said his Senate Select Committee on Intelligence found no evidence implicating the agency.[^18] A CBS broadcast of September 22, 1982 quoted former bank executive [[Neil Evans]], who had been given immunity from prosecution, as saying: "We were to become the paymasters for the CIA around the world."[^19]
### 1980s and later sightings
[[Brian Toohey]] reported in [[The Eye]] in 1991 that Hand had a postal drop at a suite in northeast [[Bellevue]], Washington, and that his wife was reportedly living with him there.[^20] Seymour wrote that [[Michael Riconosciuto]], who was living near [[Tacoma]], Washington, when he was arrested in 1991, claimed to have been in direct communication with Hand before and after the disappearance, and to have handled money transfers for Hand when he fled Australia.[^7]
In November 2015 Peter Butt, the author of *Merchants of Menace*, reported that Hand had been living in a small town in Idaho as Michael Jon Fuller, having changed his name only slightly. Butt said Hand had not obtained a new Social Security number.[^1] The Idaho company [[G.M.I. Manufacturing]], registered with the [[Idaho Secretary of State]], was described by Butt as manufacturing tactical weapons for U.S. Special Forces, special operations groups and hunters.[^1] The Idaho Secretary of State's business records list a G.M.I. Manufacturing, Inc., a general business corporation filed on January 4, 1999 and recorded as dissolved on March 9, 2023; the record names a registered agent and a mailing address in Ucon, Idaho, and records found do not establish whether it is the company Butt described.[^21] ProPublica reported, citing an Australian intelligence document declassified earlier in 2015, that in 1982 Hand was working as a military adviser in the region of [[Nicaragua]] where the anti-Sandinista contras were based. The CIA has previously denied any links to Hand.[^1] The Australian program [[60 Minutes]] filmed Hand, identified as Fuller, in [[Idaho Falls]], and reported that he refused to answer questions. The FBI did not immediately respond to a request for comment.[^1]
---
### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^1]: Bonner, Raymond. "Decades After Disappearing From Australia, a CIA-Linked Fugitive Is Found in Idaho." ProPublica, November 10, 2015 (co-published with The Daily Beast). https://www.propublica.org/article/after-disappearing-from-australia-a-cia-linked-fugitive-found-in-idaho
[^2]: Kwitny, Jonathan. *The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA*. W.W. Norton, 1987 (Touchstone edition, 1988, pp. 41-42, 46, 54-55, 73, 85, 159, 336-339).
[^3]: "Failed Bank Linked to CIA Ripoffs." New York Daily News, February 13, 1981, Washington News Bureau report. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820040-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820040-5
[^4]: Military Times Hall of Valor, "Michael Hand," Distinguished Service Cross, Vietnam War, General Orders No. 23 (1966), Headquarters, U.S. Army, Pacific. https://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient/recipient-4866/
[^5]: Bottom, Bob. *Connections 1*, excerpt "The Nugan Hand Connection," Sydney Crime Museum. https://sydneycrimemuseum.com/crime-stories/the-nugan-hand-connection/
[^6]: Marshall, "The Friends of Michael Hand," Inquiry, November 24, 1980. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510007-5
[^7]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
[^8]: Schneider, "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study," New York Times, March 8, 1987. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7
[^9]: Kwitny, Jonathan. "Nugan Hand." Wall Street Journal, August 16, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510001-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510001-1
[^10]: Farrell, Frank. "Nugan, Francis John (1942-1980)." Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 15, 2000. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nugan-francis-john-11266
[^11]: "An Australian Bank Faces Many Charges in Fiction-Like Case" (subhead "Nugan Hand Chairman Found Dead, Accused of Stealing; CIA Link Is Alleged"). Wall Street Journal, May 1, 1980. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820048-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820048-7
[^12]: Stannard, Bruce. "Nugan Hand from the Inside." The Bulletin (Sydney), June 5, 1984, pp. 22-27, reproducing the Task Force interviews of Robert Wallace Gehring (May 29, 1981) and Maurice Bernard Houghton (June 9, 1981); reproduced in Cabinet Documents on the Inquiry into the Nugan-Hand Group, Government of the Commonwealth of Australia, Part 1. https://archive.org/details/Nugan-Hand
[^13]: "Dispatches: The Nugan Hand Investigation." The Nation, March 3, 1984. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820008-1
[^14]: New South Wales Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking, Volume 2 (June 1982) and Volume 4 (March 1983). Dates from the Wellcome Collection catalogue (https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jzzwv5ng) and Schneider, New York Times, March 8, 1987.
[^15]: "Australian Probe Links Nugan Hand to Illegalities." Wall Street Journal, November 12, 1982. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510003-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510003-9
[^16]: Fraser, Malcolm. Prime Minister's media release, "Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking," February 24, 1983. PM Transcripts, Transcript 6034. https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/original/00006034.pdf
[^17]: Young, Michael. Ministerial statement, "Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group: Report and Ministerial Statement," Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, November 27, 1985, pp. 3784-3786.
[^18]: Holdridge, John H. Letter, "Australian Intrigue," Time, January 3, 1982. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820017-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820017-1
[^19]: CBS, "The Nugan Hand Bank," transcript of the Evening News segment, September 22, 1982, by Gary Shepard. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6
[^20]: Toohey, Brian. "The Eye," 1991.
[^21]: Idaho Secretary of State, business entity search, G.M.I. Manufacturing, Inc. (file 388708). https://sosbiz.idaho.gov/search/business

18
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michel Lelievre.md
View file

@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ relations:
end: 1996-08-12
fn: 3
created: 2026-04-28
updated: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-10-09
---
Michel Lelièvre was arrested with [[Marc Dutroux]] and [[Michelle Martin]] at about five in the afternoon on August 12, 1996, three days after the abduction of [[Laetitia Delhez]] at Bertrix, when a witness had remembered three digits of a license plate.[^2] At the trial in Arlon he admitted abducting [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] in August 1995 but denied raping or killing them.[^4] Dutroux told the court that Lelièvre and [[Bernard Weinstein]] had come to take the two young women from his house after fifteen days, and he attributed the abduction of [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] to Lelièvre and one Pierre Rochow, a defense the jury rejected.[^3][^5]
Michel Lelièvre was arrested with [[Marc Dutroux]] and [[Michelle Martin]] at about five in the afternoon on August 12, 1996, three days after the abduction of a 14-year-old girl at Bertrix, when a witness had remembered three digits of a license plate.[^1] At the trial in Arlon he admitted abducting [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] in August 1995 but denied raping or killing them.[^2] Dutroux told the court that Lelièvre and [[Bernard Weinstein]] had come to take the two young women from his house after fifteen days, and he attributed the abduction of [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]] to Lelièvre and one Pierre Rochow, a defense the jury rejected.[^3][^4]
On June 17, 2004, the jury convicted Lelièvre of taking part in a criminal association engaged in abducting children and in one engaged in selling drugs and trafficking human beings, and of the abduction of An, [[Sabine Dardenne]] and Laetitia, which he did not deny. It also convicted him of the sequestration of the young victims, rejecting his lawyer Slusny's argument that he had never met some of them at Dutroux's house in [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]], and found for An and Eefje the aggravating circumstance of torture causing death.[^5] He was sentenced to 25 years. The Brussels sentence-enforcement court granted him conditional release at the end of September 2019 over the unfavorable opinion of the Brussels prosecutor's office, with about a dozen conditions including training or work and compensation of the civil parties, and he left prison on December 2, 2019.[^6]
On June 17, 2004, the jury convicted Lelièvre of taking part in a criminal association engaged in abducting children and in one engaged in selling drugs and trafficking human beings, and of the abduction of An and of two girls aged 12 and 14, which he did not deny. It also convicted him of the sequestration of the young victims, rejecting his lawyer Slusny's argument that he had never met some of them at Dutroux's house in [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]], and found for An and Eefje the aggravating circumstance of torture causing death.[^4] He was sentenced to 25 years. The Brussels sentence-enforcement court granted him conditional release at the end of September 2019 over the unfavorable opinion of the Brussels prosecutor's office, with about a dozen conditions including training or work and compensation of the civil parties, and he left prison on December 2, 2019.[^5]
### Statements Attributed to Him
The writer S. Dovey wrote that he was born in 1967, met Dutroux in 1995 through a mutual acquaintance, was an unemployed man with a minor record, and was paid in drugs; that he blocked Sabine's path near her school while Dutroux seized her and waited in the vehicle during Laetitia's abduction; and that he told investigators of Dutroux's drugging and hypnosis of victims, of seeing An and Eefje naked and made to clean tiles, of a man in a Mercedes who came to the house demanding money after seeing them, of girls ordered by [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] from [[Slovakia]] and the Czech Republic, and of Dutroux's boast of raping and abandoning a girl near Trenčín.[^1]
The writer S. Dovey wrote that he was born in 1967, met Dutroux in 1995 through a mutual acquaintance, was an unemployed man with a minor record, and was paid in drugs; that he blocked the path of a 12-year-old girl near her school while Dutroux seized her and waited in the vehicle during the abduction of a 14-year-old girl; and that he told investigators of Dutroux's drugging and hypnosis of victims, of seeing An and Eefje naked and made to clean tiles, of a man in a Mercedes who came to the house demanding money after seeing them, of girls ordered by [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] from [[Slovakia]] and the Czech Republic, and of Dutroux's boast of raping and abandoning a girl near Trenčín.[^6]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its statements that his involvement began only after Dutroux's release in March 1996 and that he was paroled in 2005 are contradicted by his conviction for the August 1995 abduction of An Marchal and by his release in December 2019; its dates for the Dardenne abduction and Dutroux's arrest are contradicted by the commission's chronology. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^1]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, chronology of August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^2]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^3]: Fleury, Elisabeth. "Le calvaire d'An et Eefje." *Le Parisien,* April 5, 2004. https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/le-calvaire-d-an-et-eefje-05-04-2004-2004887724.php
[^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
[^5]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/
[^6]: "Belgique. 'L'homme à tout faire' de Marc Dutroux, Michel Lelièvre, est sorti de prison." *Ouest-France,* December 2, 2019; translated from the French. https://www.ouest-france.fr/europe/belgique/belgique-l-homme-tout-faire-de-marc-dutroux-michel-lelievre-est-sorti-de-prison-6634935
[^4]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/
[^5]: "Belgique. 'L'homme à tout faire' de Marc Dutroux, Michel Lelièvre, est sorti de prison." *Ouest-France,* December 2, 2019; translated from the French. https://www.ouest-france.fr/europe/belgique/belgique-l-homme-tout-faire-de-marc-dutroux-michel-lelievre-est-sorti-de-prison-6634935
[^6]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its statements that his involvement began only after Dutroux's release in March 1996 and that he was paroled in 2005 are contradicted by his conviction for the August 1995 abduction of An Marchal and by his release in December 2019; its dates for the May 1996 abduction and Dutroux's arrest are contradicted by the commission's chronology.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Michelle Martin.md
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@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ relations:
with: "[[Marc Dutroux]]"
fn: 4
created: 2026-05-14
updated: 2026-09-22
updated: 2026-10-09
---
Michelle Martin was the wife of [[Marc Dutroux]] and one of his accomplices. [[Julie Lejeune]] and [[Melissa Russo]], both eight, were abducted at Grâce-Hollogne on June 24, 1995, and held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]].[^1] While Dutroux was in prison on a separate charge from December 13, 1995, to March 20, 1996, the two girls starved to death; Martin testified that she had been too frightened to go into the cellar to feed them.[^1][^2] She was arrested with Dutroux and [[Michel Lelievre]] on August 12, 1996.[^1]
On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted her of taking part in a criminal association engaged in abducting and sequestering children, and of the sequestration of [[Laetitia Delhez]], [[Sabine Dardenne]], [[An Marchal]], [[Eefje Lambrecks]], Melissa and Julie, with the aggravating circumstance for Julie and Melissa that their detention was accompanied by torture causing death, and for some counts of death threats. She was also convicted of the rape of Yancka Mackova, having admitted putting the antipsychotic Haldol in the young woman's food. The jury rejected her defense that she had committed no positive act of participation.[^3] She was sentenced to 30 years.[^4] Martin apologized to the court for not feeding Julie and Melissa. Dutroux accused [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] of being his link to a ring kidnapping girls in eastern Europe for prostitution, a scenario the prosecutors said they had found no evidence for; the jury acquitted Nihoul of the abduction charges and adopted the view that Dutroux had acted as an isolated predator.[^2][^3]
On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted her of taking part in a criminal association engaged in abducting and sequestering children, and of the sequestration of two girls aged 14 and 12, [[An Marchal]], [[Eefje Lambrecks]], Melissa and Julie, with the aggravating circumstance for Julie and Melissa that their detention was accompanied by torture causing death, and for some counts of death threats. She was also convicted of the rape of a young woman, having admitted putting the antipsychotic Haldol in her food. The jury rejected her defense that she had committed no positive act of participation.[^3] She was sentenced to 30 years.[^4] Martin apologized to the court for not feeding Julie and Melissa. Dutroux accused [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] of being his link to a ring kidnapping girls in eastern Europe for prostitution, a scenario the prosecutors said they had found no evidence for; the jury acquitted Nihoul of the abduction charges and adopted the view that Dutroux had acted as an isolated predator.[^2][^3]
Martin was granted early release in 2012 after serving 16 years and moved to a convent. She was released without conditions in August 2022.[^4]

16
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Peter Hurkos.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Peter Hurkos
aliases:
- Peter Hurkos
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ tags:
- Parapsychology
- 1950s
- 1960s
summary: "Peter Hurkos was a Dutch psychic who gained international fame for psychometry - divining information from objects by touch - and was studied by Andrija Puharich at the Round Table Foundation in 1956 before achieving notoriety as a police psychic consultant in the United States."
summary: "Peter Hurkos was a Dutch psychic known for psychometry, studied by Andrija Puharich at the Round Table Foundation in 1956 before becoming a police psychic consultant in the United States."
born: 1911-05-21
died: 1988-06-01
location: "Dordrecht, Netherlands"
@ -21,15 +21,21 @@ location: "Dordrecht, Netherlands"
Peter Hurkos was a Dutch psychic who gained international fame for his purported abilities, particularly psychometry - the claimed ability to divine information from an object through touch. A former house painter, Hurkos claimed his psychic powers manifested after he suffered a traumatic brain injury from a fall in 1941[^1].
In the fall of 1956, Hurkos was brought to the [[Round Table Foundation]] in Maine by [[Henry Belk]], a department store tycoon and one of [[Andrija Puharich]]'s investors. Hurkos's arrival boosted morale at the foundation, and he formed a close bond with [[Harry Stump]], another psychic working there[^1].
In the fall of 1956, Hurkos was brought to the [[Round Table Foundation]] in Maine by [[Henry Belk]], a department store tycoon and one of [[Andrija Puharich]]'s investors. Hurkos's arrival boosted morale at the foundation, and he formed a close bond with [[Harry Stump]], another psychic working there[^1]. An anonymous mid-1960s paper in the CIA's files states that Puharich, director of a nonprofit foundation in Maine, "was responsible for bringing Peter Hurkos to this country."[^2]
Hurkos took part in a demonstration for members of the Psychic Research Society of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] at the foundation on September 29 and 30, 1956. In split Matching Abacus Test series, Hurkos and a second subject (Harry Stump, written "Mr. Stone" in the report) sat in separate Faraday cages about 18 feet apart and tried to reproduce each other's arrangements of symbols. Most runs scored at chance; for Demonstration No. 11 (50 trials, 18 on-target hits) the report states that the results "were considered evidence for the existence of telepathic interaction on the part of Mr. Stone and Mr. Hurkos."[^3]
Puharich began regularly dosing Hurkos with hallucinogenic mushrooms, specifically *teonanáctl*, using himself as a control. Under the influence, Hurkos became fixated on outer space, claiming to see a flying saucer and extraterrestrials on Owl's Head beach. He also reported seeing ghosts and experiencing premonitions, including a poltergeist incident that coincided with the unexpected death of [[Alice Astor Bouverie]], a key financial supporter of the foundation[^1].
Hurkos's psychometric talents were observed by [[Bep Hermans]], Puharich's au pair and later wife. Hermans recalled that Hurkos, while blindfolded, could provide detailed information about the owner of an object simply by touching it[^1].
After the death of [[Alice Astor Bouverie]], Puharich and Hurkos traveled to Mexico in search of more *God's flesh* mushrooms. Despite the turmoil, the [[Round Table Foundation]] continued its activities, with Hurkos participating in experiments involving [[Telepathy]], [[Dowsing]], palmistry, and [[Eyeless Sight]][^1].
After the death of Alice Astor Bouverie, Puharich and Hurkos traveled to Mexico in search of more *God's flesh* mushrooms. Despite the turmoil, the Round Table Foundation continued its activities, with Hurkos participating in experiments involving [[Telepathy]], [[Dowsing]], palmistry, and [[Eyeless Sight]][^1].
In the 1960s, Puharich and Hurkos traveled to the Sixth Naval District Personnel Conference in Charleston, [[South Carolina]], to demonstrate [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and psychometry to submariners[^1].
In November 1959, Puharich and Hurkos traveled to the Sixth Naval District Personnel Conference in Charleston, [[South Carolina]], to demonstrate [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and psychometry to submariners[^1]. Puharich's curriculum vitae titles the talk "Demonstration of ESP by Peter Hurkos, and an Explanation by Dr. Puharich," presented at the conference on November 6 and 7, 1959, and published in the Navy's Guidelines in December 1959.[^4]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," anonymous typescript, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040032-1.
[^3]: Plaintiff's Exhibit 7, Puharich report, Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), Appendix, section 8.80 and following. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
[^4]: Curriculum vitae, Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appendix; CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100190001-2.

17
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr..md
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@ -7,10 +7,25 @@ summary: "Deputy director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency who was tro
born: 1924-10-24
died: 2012-08-10
location: "New York City, New York, USA"
relations:
- type: investigated
with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
role: "deputy director, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, forwarded Garwin's proposal for a longer review"
start: 1979-10-19
end: 1980-02-27
fn: 2
---
Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr. was the deputy director of the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency|ACDA]]. He was a senior bureaucrat involved in high-level scientific issues since the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration. Keeny realized that he and his colleagues needed to "buy some time" after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion on September 22, 1979. He was troubled by the intelligence community's assurance that its assessment was 90 percent accurate, believing that middle-level bureaucrats could not know all the facts. Keeny claimed it was his idea to set up an outside panel to study the VELA data and ensure the satellite had not made an error with enormous political consequences.[^1]
Keeny sent Ambassador [[Henry Owen]] on October 19, 1979 a copy of a letter from [[Richard Garwin]] dated October 18, with a note that he continued to believe there was merit in a more detailed review of the technical data "by a group of senior scientists of the type suggested by Garwin." Garwin's letter said he would "bet 2 to 1 in favor of the hypothesis," called for "another one- or two-day meeting of a group of skeptical critical experts," and named [[Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky|Panofsky]], [[Richard Muller]], [[Luis Alvarez]] and [[Burton Richter|Burt Richter]].[^2] In a January 17, 1980 letter to Owen and [[Gerard C. Smith]], [[Frank Press]] called the panel "the panel that I brought together at your request."[^3]
Keeny's claim to have proposed the panel is reported by [[Leonard Weiss]] from a 2004 interview.[^4] Keeny was dismissive of a February 1980 account, relayed through [[Jack P. Ruina|Jack Ruina]], that an Israeli missile expert at MIT had described the event as an Israeli-South African operation.[^5]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
[^2]: Keeny, Spurgeon, memorandum transmitting Garwin letter to Henry Owen, October 19, 1979, Secret. Document 11 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^3]: Press, Frank, letter to Henry Owen and Gerard Smith, January 17, 1980, Document 32 in Burr and Cohen. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
[^4]: Weiss, Leonard, "Flash from the Past: Why an Apparent Israeli Nuclear Test in 1979 Matters Today," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015. https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/
[^5]: Burr and Cohen, Briefing Book No. 570, Documents 38A and 38B (State Department telegrams of February 25 and 27, 1980, Vienna), and Document 32 note. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test

32
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Tom McNear.md
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@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ relations:
role: "counterintelligence and counterespionage officer; retired in uniform in 1997 as a lieutenant colonel, then a civilian intelligence officer until 2019"
fn: 1
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-05
updated: 2026-10-09
---
Thomas M. McNear was a captain of military intelligence who became, with [[Rob Cowart]], one of the first two soldiers trained by [[Ingo Swann]] in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV). The [[Omega Institute]] describes him as a retired lieutenant colonel who served in the Army's remote viewing program from 1981 to 1985, the first member of the program personally trained by Swann in CRV and the only member Swann trained through what the biography calls Stage VII (phonetics).[^1] [[Jim Schnabel]] gave him the pseudonym "Tom Nance" in *Remote Viewers* (1997); the book's list of pseudonyms includes the name, and an Omega Institute biography of McNear quotes Schnabel's passage on Swann's "true protégé" as "Tom (McNear)."[^2]
@ -60,21 +60,23 @@ A third trip report records Stage Three training at SRI, [[Menlo Park, Californi
On April 13, 1984 the INSCOM commander, Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]], toured the Center Lane buildings and "spent approximately 10 minutes in a one-to-one session with CPT McNear behind closed doors."[^9] On April 24, 1984 Buzby wrote to Puthoff that "upon completion of Stage IV training by Tom McNear" under the contract he had not received the written evaluations of the trainee's progress after each two-week session or the final report within 30 days of each stage, and he asked about the status of research on Stage V and about "the trainee currently in Stage VI with regard to Stage V."[^10]
In May 1984, Schnabel wrote, near the close of his formal training, Swann put McNear through a valedictory series of sessions that were bound into a red folder and shown to Army and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] officials. Schnabel listed among the targets [[Grand Coulee Dam]], drawn accurately and modeled in white clay, with an SRI photographer later sent to photograph the dam from the same angle; a site in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] that McNear took by Stage Four for a university and named as [[Oral Roberts University]]; [[Bunker Hill Monument]]; [[Grant's Tomb]]; and a ruin in [[Mexico]] for which, in Stage Seven phonics, he produced "Tuh," "too," "luh," "loo," and the name "Tulum." Schnabel noted that Swann gave constant feedback during such sessions and apparently was not blinded to the targets. He wrote that Swann considered McNear his true protégé, "the formal prototype for the CRV-trained military remote viewer," with training begun in late 1982 that would not end until Swann's contract with INSCOM expired two years later.[^11]
SRI's July 1984 report on Stage IV, covering February 1983 to April 1984, describes a trainee identified only as Trainee #059. The trainee began Stage IV in December 1983 and "completed the requirements for S-IV on 22 March 1984."[^11] Puthoff's December 1984 report on Stages V and VI calls the same trainee "Army INSCOM Trainee #059," the "first individual to complete the six-stage training package described in this report."[^12] The reports do not name the trainee. The Stage IV completion date falls within a month of the April 24, 1984 letter's reference to "completion of Stage IV training by Tom McNear," and the program, unit and stage sequence match. The records found do not establish whether Trainee #059 is McNear.
A DIA memorandum of April 23, 1985, signed by Buzby, states that SRI-International's training of three source personnel by its subcontractor ended in December 1984 "upon completion of the training contract" and that in-house training modeled on Swann's procedure, with its progressive multi-stage acquisition process, took over in January 1985.[^12]
In May 1984, Schnabel wrote, near the close of his formal training, Swann put McNear through a valedictory series of sessions that were bound into a red folder and shown to Army and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] officials. Schnabel listed among the targets [[Grand Coulee Dam]], drawn accurately and modeled in white clay, with an SRI photographer later sent to photograph the dam from the same angle; a site in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] that McNear took by Stage Four for a university and named as [[Oral Roberts University]]; [[Bunker Hill Monument]]; [[Grant's Tomb]]; and a ruin in [[Mexico]] for which, in Stage Seven phonics, he produced "Tuh," "too," "luh," "loo," and the name "Tulum." Schnabel noted that Swann gave constant feedback during such sessions and apparently was not blinded to the targets. He wrote that Swann considered McNear his true protégé, "the formal prototype for the CRV-trained military remote viewer," with training begun in late 1982 that would not end until Swann's contract with INSCOM expired two years later.[^13]
The Omega Institute biography adds that McNear was a member of Swann's five-person team that on June 15, 1984 remote viewed the planet [[Mars]]. A transcript in the CIA collection headed "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984" records a monitor and a subject, the subject not named, given a sealed envelope reading "The planet Mars. Time of interest approximately 1 million years B.C." and the geographic coordinates "40.89 degrees north, 9.55 degrees west"; the subject reported "a pyramid or pyramid form" and "very large people," "very tall...thin."[^13] [[Annie Jacobsen]] reported that McNear needed two and a half years to reach Stage Six, the stage in which the viewer builds a three-dimensional clay model of the target; that photographs of his models beside pictures of the targets were used in briefings of the [[National Security Council]]; and that Swann told colleagues McNear was "better than me."[^14]
A DIA memorandum of April 23, 1985, signed by Buzby, states that SRI-International's training of three source personnel by its subcontractor ended in December 1984 "upon completion of the training contract" and that in-house training modeled on Swann's procedure, with its progressive multi-stage acquisition process, took over in January 1985.[^14]
The Omega Institute biography adds that McNear was a member of Swann's five-person team that on June 15, 1984 remote viewed the planet [[Mars]]. A transcript in the CIA collection headed "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984" records a monitor and a subject, the subject not named, given a sealed envelope reading "The planet Mars. Time of interest approximately 1 million years B.C." and the geographic coordinates "40.89 degrees north, 9.55 degrees west"; the subject reported "a pyramid or pyramid form" and "very large people," "very tall...thin."[^15] [[Annie Jacobsen]] reported that McNear needed two and a half years to reach Stage Six, the stage in which the viewer builds a three-dimensional clay model of the target; that photographs of his models beside pictures of the targets were used in briefings of the [[National Security Council]]; and that Swann told colleagues McNear was "better than me."[^16]
### The 1985 working paper
"Coordinate Remote Viewing, Stages I-VI and Beyond," dated February 1985 and marked as a working paper with "Project Officer" and the name withheld, runs to eleven chapters and a glossary. It is written in the first person. Its introduction says it provides "the basics that have been learned in the past three years of training" and that CRV "must be learned by doing." Its sample session, a Stage I to Stage VII sequence, ends with ideograms and phonetic sounds ("tooloo," "the site is the Mayan Temple at Tolum") and a photograph of the Stage VI model, captioned as the Tulum ruins in Mexico. A Stage V example used the site of [[Grant's Farm]] outside [[St. Louis]].[^15]
"Coordinate Remote Viewing, Stages I-VI and Beyond," dated February 1985 and marked as a working paper with "Project Officer" and the name withheld, runs to eleven chapters and a glossary. It is written in the first person. Its introduction says it provides "the basics that have been learned in the past three years of training" and that CRV "must be learned by doing." Its sample session, a Stage I to Stage VII sequence, ends with ideograms and phonetic sounds ("tooloo," "the site is the Mayan Temple at Tolum") and a photograph of the Stage VI model, captioned as the Tulum ruins in Mexico. A Stage V example used the site of [[Grant's Farm]] outside [[St. Louis]].[^17]
Its tenth chapter, headed "Future Stages," is presented as "the personal thoughts of the writer," the product of "the last three and one-half years of training." It proposes Stage VII "Analytics," the ability to make yes/no decisions without analytical overlay, developed by Swann; Stage VIII "Phonetics/Sonics," with the example of "Carribah," produced when tasked against [[Kariba Dam]]; Stage IX "Telepathic Signals," in two phases, receiving and transmitting; Stage X "Remote Action," or psychokinesis, with phases of interaction with objects at the site and teleportation of things from and to it; and Stage XI "Altering the Dimensionality at the Site," in which time at the site "could be frozen, moved forward, or moved back." The writer says: "I realize these concepts are difficult to grasp and impossible to believe, but, they are a natural flow of the signal." The conclusions state: "After four years of training I know the CRV training program is a usable program for instructing personnel to RV."[^15] Jacobsen reported that a forty-one-page [[Department of Defense|Defense Department]] how-to manual of 1985 with this title was by McNear and was declassified in 2000.[^14]
Its tenth chapter, headed "Future Stages," is presented as "the personal thoughts of the writer," the product of "the last three and one-half years of training." It proposes Stage VII "Analytics," the ability to make yes/no decisions without analytical overlay, developed by Swann; Stage VIII "Phonetics/Sonics," with the example of "Carribah," produced when tasked against [[Kariba Dam]]; Stage IX "Telepathic Signals," in two phases, receiving and transmitting; Stage X "Remote Action," or psychokinesis, with phases of interaction with objects at the site and teleportation of things from and to it; and Stage XI "Altering the Dimensionality at the Site," in which time at the site "could be frozen, moved forward, or moved back." The writer says: "I realize these concepts are difficult to grasp and impossible to believe, but, they are a natural flow of the signal." The conclusions state: "After four years of training I know the CRV training program is a usable program for instructing personnel to RV."[^17] Jacobsen reported that a forty-one-page [[Department of Defense|Defense Department]] how-to manual of 1985 with this title was by McNear and was declassified in 2000.[^16]
### Departure and later career
McNear did not wish to remain at Fort Meade. In Jacobsen's account he cited the program's inconsistent funding, the deaths of two members from cancer, and the medical retirement for cancer of Cowart, his fellow trainee and friend; he said he had become very withdrawn; and the Army granted his transfer. Schnabel wrote that "Nance" was gone by the end of 1985, that he left "to get back to ordinary life," that his marriage and Army career had suffered from the remote viewing work, and that he took a post overseas; Schnabel also recorded that, after Nance's divorce, he and Swann traveled together to the [[Yucatan Peninsula|Yucatan]], where Nance visited Tulum and experienced "a certain strange thrill that told him he had already been there."[^16] Shortly afterward, Schnabel wrote, a viewer in the unit circulated memoranda about "the loss of their comrade, Tom," in the context of the hostility General [[William Odom|Odom]] directed at the unit.[^16]
McNear did not wish to remain at Fort Meade. In Jacobsen's account he cited the program's inconsistent funding, the deaths of two members from cancer, and the medical retirement for cancer of Cowart, his fellow trainee and friend; he said he had become very withdrawn; and the Army granted his transfer. Schnabel wrote that "Nance" was gone by the end of 1985, that he left "to get back to ordinary life," that his marriage and Army career had suffered from the remote viewing work, and that he took a post overseas; Schnabel also recorded that, after Nance's divorce, he and Swann traveled together to the [[Yucatan Peninsula|Yucatan]], where Nance visited Tulum and experienced "a certain strange thrill that told him he had already been there."[^18] Shortly afterward, Schnabel wrote, a viewer in the unit circulated memoranda about "the loss of their comrade, Tom," in the context of the hostility General [[William Odom|Odom]] directed at the unit.[^18]
The Omega Institute states that McNear continued in counterintelligence and counterespionage and "was the leader of a team that neutralized eight persons committing espionage against the United States," retired from uniformed service in 1997, served as a civilian intelligence officer until 2019, "culminating in 45 years of service," and holds a master's degree in counseling psychology from [[Saint Mary's University]] in [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]].[^1]
@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ The Omega Institute states that McNear continued in counterintelligence and coun
[^1]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," teacher biography, https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/thomas-tom-mcnear.
[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2; Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/thomas-tom-mcnear.
[^3]: McNear, Thomas M., "Purchasing of Maps," memorandum for the record, March 16, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060026-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200060026-6; "Briefing for Mr. Doug Olin," memorandum for the record, April 12, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100270001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100270001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
[^3]: McNear, Thomas M., "Purchasing of Maps," memorandum for the record, March 16, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060026-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200060026-6; "Briefing for Mr. Doug Olin," memorandum for the record, April 12, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100270001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100270001-1.
[^4]: Schnabel, Jim, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*, Dell, 1997, chapters on the arrival of Nance and Cowart and on Swann's training program; Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear," quoting Schnabel.
[^5]: McNear, Thomas M., "CRV Stage Three Training," March 24, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220006-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220006-0; McNear, Thomas M., "CRV Stage Three Training," April 18, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220005-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220005-1; "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001100020001-8; Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997. The trip report of July 6 to 22, 1982 is cited in both 1983 memoranda.
[^6]: McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 21 Aug-2 Sep 83," October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220002-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220002-4; McNear, Thomas M., "Trip Report 27-28 Sep 83," October 5, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200220001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001200220001-5.
@ -90,9 +92,11 @@ The Omega Institute states that McNear continued in counterintelligence and coun
[^8]: INSCOM, "Personnel Assignments," October 3, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700300005-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700300005-7.
[^9]: "Visit by CG, INSCOM 13 Apr 84," memorandum for record, April 16, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220008-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700220008-3.
[^10]: Buzby, Brian, letter to Dr. Harold E. Puthoff, "Contract Requirements," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500120028-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001500120028-4.
[^11]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on Swann's training program, including its footnotes on Swann's feedback to Nance.
[^12]: Buzby, Brian, "SUN STREAK Training Report," memorandum for Dr. Vorona, April 23, 1985, with the "Training Report, First Quarter 1985," CIA-RDP96-00789R002100160001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r002100160001-1.
[^13]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear"; "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984," transcript, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900760001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001900760001-9.
[^14]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^15]: "Coordinate Remote Viewing: Stages I-VI and Beyond," working paper, February 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000400001-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001000400001-7.
[^16]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Swann's training program and on the unit's decline; Jacobsen, *Phenomena*, 2017.
[^11]: SRI International, "Special Orientation Techniques: S-IV," final report, SRI Project 5590, covering February 1, 1983 to April 30, 1984, July 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800200001-1. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001800200001-1.pdf.
[^12]: Harold E. Puthoff, "Special Orientation Techniques: S-V, S-VI," CENTER LANE-3 final report, December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800280001-3. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001800280001-3.pdf.
[^13]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on Swann's training program, including its footnotes on Swann's feedback to Nance.
[^14]: Buzby, Brian, "SUN STREAK Training Report," memorandum for Dr. Vorona, April 23, 1985, with the "Training Report, First Quarter 1985," CIA-RDP96-00789R002100160001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00789r002100160001-1.
[^15]: Omega Institute, "Thomas (Tom) McNear"; "Mars Exploration, May 22, 1984," transcript, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900760001-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001900760001-9.
[^16]: Jacobsen, Annie, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*, Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^17]: "Coordinate Remote Viewing: Stages I-VI and Beyond," working paper, February 1985, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000400001-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001000400001-7.
[^18]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapters on Swann's training program and on the unit's decline; Jacobsen, *Phenomena*, 2017.