vault backup: 2026-10-09 21:03:20

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Andrija Puharich.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-10-03
+updated: 2026-10-09
 title: Andrija Puharich
 aliases:
   - Andrija Puharich
@@ -24,6 +24,22 @@ summary: "Physician and parapsychologist who lectured the Pentagon on ESP in psy
 born: 1918-02-19
 died: 1995-01-03
 location: "Chicago, Illinois"
+relations:
+  - type: founded
+    with: "[[Round Table Foundation]]"
+    start: 1948
+    fn: 2
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Round Table Foundation]]"
+    role: "director of research"
+    start: 1949
+    end: 1958
+    fn: 6
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Intelectron Corporation]]"
+    role: "president and director of medical research"
+    start: 1961
+    fn: 10
 ---
 Henry Karel "Andrija" Puharich (1918-1995) was a prominent American physician, research scientist, and parapsychologist who became a central figure in the [[United States|U.S. government]]'s investigations into [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] during the [[Cold War]]. His lifelong quest to understand the nature of consciousness and anomalous mental phenomena led him to explore the intersection of science, mysticism, and the supernatural[^1].
 
@@ -31,7 +47,7 @@ Born in [[Chicago]] on February 19, 1918, to poor [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]] imm
 
 After completing his medical degree in 1947, Puharich worked with leading physicians, including his mentor, Dr. [[Andrew C. Ivy]]. During his residency at the [[Permanente Research Foundation]], he formulated the Puharich Theory, which posited an unknown energy force linking the brain and nervous system to cells, with instructions flowing between them as "dynamics." He believed this energy radiated on the [[Electromagnetic Spectrum|electromagnetic spectrum]] but was beyond current measurement technology. His theory gained traction when [[Lloyd H. Beck]] and [[Walter S. Miles]] of [[Yale University]] reported that the olfactory nerve of a bee radiated energy in the infrared spectrum[^1].
 
-Inspired by microbiologist [[Paul De Kruif]], who warned him to "Beware the Establishment!"[^1], Puharich began lecturing on his ideas, merging philosophy, mysticism, and science. This attracted wealthy benefactors, notably [[Joyce Borden Balokovic]] and [[Zlatko Balokovic]], and later [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] and [[Marcella Miller du Pont]]. With their financial backing, Puharich established the [[Round Table Foundation]] in [[Glen Cove, Maine]], in 1949. The foundation, named in homage to King Arthur, aimed to conduct experiments on ESP and related phenomena[^1].
+Inspired by microbiologist [[Paul De Kruif]], who warned him to "Beware the Establishment!"[^1], Puharich began lecturing on his ideas, merging philosophy, mysticism, and science. This attracted wealthy benefactors, notably [[Joyce Borden Balokovic]] and [[Zlatko Balokovic]], and later [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] and [[Marcella Miller du Pont]]. With their financial backing, Puharich established the [[Round Table Foundation]] in [[Glen Cove, Maine]]. His curriculum vitae gives the start of his directorship as 1948, and his trial testimony gives 1949.[^2] The foundation, named in homage to King Arthur, aimed to conduct experiments on ESP and related phenomena[^1].
 
 The [[Warrenton Estate]], Puharich's home and laboratory, became the center of his research. Here, he conducted experiments on audio waves and human hearing, collaborating with ear surgeon [[Samuel Rosen]], whose accidental discovery of the "Rosen stapes" operation brought prestige and grants to the foundation[^1]. Puharich's mystical beliefs deepened through his mentorship with [[John Hays Hammond Jr.]], a wealthy inventor and ESP advocate. Hammond, influenced by [[Nikola Tesla]], believed scientific inspiration could come from an unknown energy force in dreams. Together, they built a [[Faraday Cage]] to test ESP on [[Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Waves|ELF waves]]. Their "Project I" involved psychics like [[Eileen Garrett]], whose ESP abilities reportedly increased inside the cage[^1].
 
@@ -39,13 +55,15 @@ Puharich also investigated audio aberrations, collaborating with [[Warren S. McC
 
 Puharich's work caught the attention of the [[Pentagon]]. In 1952, Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Stanley]] of the [[U.S. Army]]'s [[Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare]], who also served as an Army liaison to the CIA, met with Puharich. This led to Puharich delivering classified briefings and being recalled to military service in March 1953, where he worked at the [[U.S. Army Chemical Center]] in [[Edgewood Arsenal|Edgewood, Maryland]][^1]. His task was to find a drug that could enhance ESP, mirroring the Central Intelligence Agency's quest for a truth serum[^1].
 
+Puharich testified in 1968 that the Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare of the Army approached him in 1952 and early 1953 to run a test (photographs sealed in opaque envelopes, held by a subject who described the contents), and that the results were given in confidence to the Army officers involved.[^3] From 1953 to 1955 he served as a captain in the Medical Corps and chief of the outpatient service at the U.S. Army Dispensary, Army Chemical Center, Maryland, where his curriculum vitae lists specialized training in chemical, radiological and biological warfare and classified responsibilities.[^4] [[Roger A. Beaumont]] wrote in [[Signal (magazine)|Signal]] in January 1982 that Puharich worked at the Army's Chemical and Biological Warfare Center at Ft. Detrick, Md., in the early 1950s.[^5]
+
 During this period, Puharich became obsessed with the hallucinogenic mushroom *teonanáctl* (God's flesh), after Alice Astor Bouverie informed him of [[Harry Stump]]'s channeling of an "Egyptian persona" that spoke of such a drug. Puharich learned of [[R. Gordon Wasson]]'s expeditions to [[Mexico]] in search of the mushroom and briefed his Army superiors on it[^1]. However, the CIA, through [[James Moore]], bypassed Puharich and approached Wasson directly, leading to Puharich being sidelined from the [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]][^1].
 
 Puharich's personal life suffered during his Army service. His wife, Jinny, battled severe depression and underwent insulin shock therapy. After their divorce, Jinny died by suicide in 1959[^1]. Puharich later married [[Bep Hermans]].
 
 Upon his return to civilian life in 1955, Puharich continued his research at the Round Table Foundation. He experimented with *teonanáctl* on himself and others, including Harry Stump, with [[Aldous Huxley]] as a witness. While the experiments did not yield the divinatory powers Puharich hoped for in Stump, they highlighted the ethical complexities of his research[^1].
 
-After the death of Alice Astor Bouverie, a key financial supporter, and growing paranoia about CIA interest in his research, Puharich and [[Peter Hurkos]] traveled to Mexico in search of more mushrooms. The Round Table Foundation eventually closed in 1957[^1].
+After the death of Alice Astor Bouverie, a key financial supporter, and growing paranoia about CIA interest in his research, Puharich and [[Peter Hurkos]] traveled to Mexico in search of more mushrooms. The Round Table Foundation eventually closed in 1957[^1]. A Down East magazine account also gives 1957 as the year the foundation shut down, and Puharich's own curriculum vitae and trial testimony give 1958 as the end of his directorship.[^6]
 
 Puharich continued to work on secret government contracts, including for [[NASA]] and the [[Air Force Systems Command]], exploring concepts like "skin reading" - the idea that the skin could function as an organ of sensory communication beyond touch. He demonstrated this with deaf individuals, convincing [[Paul S. Henshaw]] of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] of its legitimacy[^1].
 
@@ -57,24 +75,39 @@ Throughout his life, Puharich maintained a theory that extraterrestrials were tr
 
 Andrija Puharich died tragically in 1995, alone and impoverished, under threat of eviction from the estate of his last benefactor, [[R. J. Reynolds]]. He was 76 and suffering from dementia, kidney failure, and gangrene[^1].
 
-The CIA's own history of its interest in parapsychology, written in 1977, began with Puharich: "in 1952 the [[Department of Defense]] was lectured on the possible usefulness of extrasensory perception in psychological warfare," citing his paper "On the Possible Usefulness of Extrasensory Perception in Psychological Warfare" to a Pentagon conference of that year, which "induced one of the earliest U.S. Government parapsychology investigations" when the chief of the [[Technical Services Division]] commissioned a review from [[Stephen Abrams]] of the parapsychology laboratory at [[Oxford University|Oxford]]. In January 1973 an officer of the [[Office of Research and Development (CIA)|Office of Research and Development]], reviewing the SRI film of Uri Geller, wrote that "Geller's connections with Dr. A. Puharich, with whom many unsavory reports have been linked, also is disturbing."[^2]
+The CIA's own history of its interest in parapsychology, written in 1977, began with Puharich: "in 1952 the [[Department of Defense]] was lectured on the possible usefulness of extrasensory perception in psychological warfare," citing his paper "On the Possible Usefulness of Extrasensory Perception in Psychological Warfare" as "delivered to a 1952 Pentagon conference." Kress states that parapsychology "induced one of the earliest U. S. Government parapsychology investigations" when the chief of the CIA's [[Office of Technical Service]] became interested in ESP, and that technical project officers then contacted [[Stephen Abrams]] of [[Oxford University|Oxford]], who prepared a review under [[Project ULTRA]] (draft report, December 14, 1965). Puharich's curriculum vitae dates the paper November 23, 1952, presented to a conference on psychological warfare, Department of Defense, Pentagon.[^7] The Kress footnote cites a Washington Post item of August 7, 1977 (J. Wilhelm, "Psychic Spying?"). In January 1973 an officer of the [[Office of Research and Development (CIA)|Office of Research and Development]], reviewing the SRI film of Uri Geller, wrote that "Geller's connections with Dr. A. Puharich, with whom many unsavory reports have been linked, also is disturbing."[^8]
+
+### Patent litigation
+
+In 1963 Puharich applied for a patent, Serial No. 291,096, on a Method and Apparatus for Creating a Controlled Condition for the Observation of the Sensory Abilities of a Human Subject. The Patent Office rejected the claims and the Board of Appeals affirmed. The district court entered judgment for the Commissioner of Patents, and on June 25, 1969 the D.C. Circuit affirmed, Circuit Judge [[Leventhal]] writing that the device was "a kind of cage."[^9] From 1961 Puharich was president and director of medical research of the [[Intelectron Corporation]] in New York, which he testified was formed "to develop and market certain of my ideas and patents in the field of hearing."[^10]
 
 ### Round Table Foundation in CIA Records
 
-A questionnaire submitted in 1952 by the Select Committee of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] created by House Resolution 561, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, to investigate tax-exempt foundations and comparable organizations (the [[Cox Committee]]) is held in CIA records as a 78-page copy approved for release on December 5, 2001. The foundation address list in the questionnaire includes "Round Table Foundation," Glen Cove, Maine, between the [[Religious Education Foundation]] and the [[Rubicon Foundation]].[^3]
+A questionnaire submitted in 1952 by the Select Committee of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] created by House Resolution 561, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, to investigate tax-exempt foundations and comparable organizations (the [[Cox Committee]]) is held in CIA records as a 78-page copy approved for release on December 5, 2001. The foundation address list in the questionnaire includes "Round Table Foundation," Glen Cove, Maine, between the [[Religious Education Foundation]] and the [[Rubicon Foundation]].[^11]
+
+An anonymous mid-1960s paper in the CIA's files, "The World of the Supra-Sensory," states that Puharich "was director of a nonprofit foundation in Maine for several years where he studied various sensitives under 'scientific' conditions" and "was responsible for bringing Peter Hurkos to this country."[^12]
 
 ### Round Table Foundation in the Maine Press, 1949
 
-The [[Portland Press Herald]] (Sunday Telegram section) of January 9, 1949 carried a staff-written story by [[Jim Moore]], datelined [[Camden, Maine|Camden]], headed "Secrets Of Life." It reported that Dr. Henry K. Puharich, a Chicago physician then about thirty, with his wife Virginia (born Jackson) and their daughter Svetlana, aged eighteen months, had settled at Camden, near Zlatko Balokovic and his wife, and had set up the "Round Table Foundation Laboratory of experimental electrobiology" in a converted barn on the [[Bald Mountain]] retreat. The story gave his schooling as a bachelor's degree in philosophy and a medical degree from Northwestern University, followed by a rotating internship at [[Permanente Hospital]] in [[Oakland, California]], and described Mrs. Puharich as a former [[Office of War Information]] editor and Northwestern laboratory assistant. It stated his theory, which it said he had presented in 1946 to a zoology seminar at the [[University of California]] and to the [[Society of Junior Fellows]] at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], that nerve units radiate and receive energy waves, with the "plasma membrane" acting as a piezo-electric crystal that behaves as a radio receiver and transmitter. The story added that the theory might explain the microphonics of the ear and might account for mental telepathy by electronic equipment "which may not yet be developed," and that his crystal work was done with Dr. [[Raymond C. Tibbetts]] of Camden.[^4]
+The [[Portland Press Herald]] (Sunday Telegram section) of January 9, 1949 carried a staff-written story by [[Jim Moore]], datelined [[Camden, Maine|Camden]], headed "Secrets Of Life." It reported that Dr. Henry K. Puharich, a Chicago physician then about thirty, with his wife Virginia (born Jackson) and their daughter Svetlana, aged eighteen months, had settled at Camden, near Zlatko Balokovic and his wife, and had set up the "Round Table Foundation Laboratory of experimental electrobiology" in a converted barn on the [[Bald Mountain]] retreat. The story gave his schooling as a bachelor's degree in philosophy and a medical degree from Northwestern University, followed by a rotating internship at [[Permanente Hospital]] in [[Oakland, California]], and described Mrs. Puharich as a former [[Office of War Information]] editor and Northwestern laboratory assistant. It stated his theory, which it said he had presented in 1946 to a zoology seminar at the [[University of California]] and to the [[Society of Junior Fellows]] at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], that nerve units radiate and receive energy waves, with the "plasma membrane" acting as a piezo-electric crystal that behaves as a radio receiver and transmitter. The story added that the theory might explain the microphonics of the ear and might account for mental telepathy by electronic equipment "which may not yet be developed," and that his crystal work was done with Dr. [[Raymond C. Tibbetts]] of Camden.[^13]
 
 ### Reference in the Scott Jones papers
 
-The finding aid of the C. B. "Scott" Jones papers at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] lists, in Series 6 ("Special Assistant to [[Claiborne Pell|Senator Claiborne Pell]]"), under Reports and organizations, a file titled "National Science Foundation: Andrija Puharich reports and correspondence." The saved container tree gives the title only, without dates or box number.[^5]
+The finding aid of the C. B. "Scott" Jones papers at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] lists, in Series 6 ("Special Assistant to [[Claiborne Pell|Senator Claiborne Pell]]"), under Reports and organizations, a file titled "National Science Foundation: Andrija Puharich reports and correspondence." The saved container tree gives the title only, without dates or box number.[^14]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^2]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified. Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^3]: "Questionnaire submitted by the Select Committee of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, created by House Resolution 561, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, to investigate tax-exempt foundations and comparable organizations," CIA-RDP91-00682R000300080029-3, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00682r000300080029-3. The document page carries OCR text only; the PDF has no text layer, and the foundation name is read from that OCR.
-[^4]: Jim Moore, "Secrets Of Life," *Portland Press Herald* (Portland, Me.), January 9, 1949, p. 61, https://www.newspapers.com/image/848421406/.
-[^5]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, collection COU:4004 (the C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers), ArchivesSpace resource 346, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, container tree for Series 6, fetched October 3, 2026 from the vault owner's browser.
+[^2]: Henry K. Puharich, curriculum vitae and direct testimony, Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), Appx. 22a and the curriculum vitae in the appendix. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
+[^3]: Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appx. 66a-67a.
+[^4]: Curriculum vitae, Transcript of Record, Appendix, and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100190001-2.
+[^5]: Roger A. Beaumont, "On the Strategic Potential of ESP," Signal, January 1982, p. 39, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3.
+[^6]: Henry K. Puharich, curriculum vitae and direct testimony, Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, Appx. 22a; Down East, "When a Shadowy Maine Estate Was an Epicenter of Psychics and Psychedelics," https://downeast.com/history/psych-out
+[^7]: Curriculum vitae, Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appendix, list of papers; CIA-RDP96-00787R000100190001-2.
+[^8]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified. Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2.
+[^9]: Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286, Appendix; Puharich v. Brenner, 415 F.2d 979 (D.C. Cir. 1969), https://static.case.law/f2d/415/cases/0979-01.json.
+[^10]: Henry K. Puharich, curriculum vitae and direct testimony, Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.). https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
+[^11]: "Questionnaire submitted by the Select Committee of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, created by House Resolution 561, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, to investigate tax-exempt foundations and comparable organizations," CIA-RDP91-00682R000300080029-3, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00682r000300080029-3.
+[^12]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," anonymous typescript, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400040032-1.
+[^13]: Jim Moore, "Secrets Of Life," *Portland Press Herald* (Portland, Me.), January 9, 1949, p. 61, https://www.newspapers.com/image/848421406/.
+[^14]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, collection COU:4004 (the C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers), ArchivesSpace resource 346, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, container tree for Series 6.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Frank Nugan.md

@@ -8,9 +8,34 @@ summary: "Co-founder of Nugan Hand Bank in Australia, linked to CIA-connected Ai
 born: 1942-12-30
 died: 1980-01-27
 location: "Griffith, New South Wales, Australia"
+relations:
+  - type: founded
+    with: "[[Nugan Hand Bank]]"
+    start: 1973
+    fn: 3
+  - type: partner_of
+    with: "[[Michael Hand]]"
+    start: 1970
+    fn: 3
 ---
-[[Frank Nugan]] was a co-founder of [[Nugan Hand Bank]] in [[Australia]], along with [[Michael Hand]] and officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-owned [[Air America]].[^1]
+[[Frank Nugan]] was a co-founder of [[Nugan Hand Bank]] in [[Australia]], along with [[Michael Hand]] and four shareholders who gave [[Air America]] as their business address.[^1] Seymour wrote that the founders included officials of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-owned Air America.[^2]
+
+### Early career
+
+Francis John Nugan was born on December 30, 1942, at Griffith, New South Wales, the son of a fruit packer. He took an LL.B. at the University of Sydney in 1964 and an LL.M. at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1965. He was admitted as a solicitor in Sydney in 1968. He was a director of Meekatharra Minerals N.L. from 1970 to 1972. The Australian Dictionary of Biography says that "with a New Yorker named Michael Hand, Nugan engaged in land-deals and share-trading," and that the two set up the merchant bank Nugan Hand Ltd in 1973 with a nominal paid-up capital of $1 million.[^3]
+
+### Death
+
+Nugan was found dead in his car on January 27, 1980, with a bullet wound and a rifle beside him. The New York Times gave his age as 37.[^4] The Wall Street Journal's report of May 1, 1980 gave it as 35. An inquest ruled the death a suicide, and a lawyer for the insurers of his life told the inquest that the position of the body indicated he could not have shot himself. A business card for [[William Colby]] was among the items found on the body.[^5]
+
+### Corporate Affairs Commission
+
+The Australian Dictionary of Biography reports that the New South Wales [[Corporate Affairs Commission]] concluded in 1983 that Nugan had been involved in "massive international and local fraud" and had deliberately falsified the bank's accounts to conceal debt.[^3]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^1]: "Failed Bank Linked to CIA Ripoffs." New York Daily News, February 13, 1981, Washington News Bureau report. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820040-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820040-5
+[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^3]: Farrell, Frank. "Nugan, Francis John (1942-1980)." Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 15, 2000. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nugan-francis-john-11266
+[^4]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7
+[^5]: "An Australian Bank Faces Many Charges in Fiction-Like Case" (subhead "Nugan Hand Chairman Found Dead, Accused of Stealing; CIA Link Is Alleged"). Wall Street Journal, May 1, 1980. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820048-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820048-7

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Frank Press.md

@@ -8,9 +8,20 @@ summary: "Frank Press was the presidential science adviser during the Carter adm
 born: 1924-12-04
 died: 2020-01-29
 location: "Brooklyn, New York, USA"
+relations:
+  - type: appointed
+    with: "[[Jack P. Ruina]]"
+    role: "appointed chairman of the outside panel on the September 22 Event"
+    start: 1979-10
+    end: 1980-05-23
+    fn: 2
 ---
-Frank Press was the presidential science adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration. He was a seismologist who had worked for years on classified nuclear detection issues and knew the [[VELA Satellite]] program well. After a VELA satellite recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion on September 22, 1979, Press suggested convening an unbiased outside study to determine if it was a test. He was concerned about the political implications if it leaked that the administration had concluded there had been a nuclear explosion.[^1]
+Frank Press was the presidential science adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration. He was a seismologist who had worked for years on classified nuclear detection issues and knew the [[VELA Satellite]] program well. After a VELA satellite recorded probable evidence of a nuclear explosion on September 22, 1979, Press, in Hersh's account, suggested convening an unbiased outside study to determine if it was a test. He was concerned about the political implications if it leaked that the administration had concluded there had been a nuclear explosion.[^1]
+
+Press appointed the outside panel in late October 1979 and chose [[Jack P. Ruina]], a former director of the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]], to chair it. The panel was to examine whether a nuclear explosion occurred, and it was limited to technical questions about natural causes and false alarm. In a letter of January 17, 1980 to [[Henry Owen]] and [[Gerard C. Smith]], Press wrote that "we cannot exclude the possibility that this continuing data gathering and analysis may turn up some corroborative evidence in the future if a nuclear explosion had actually taken place."[^2] Press described it in that letter as "the panel that I brought together at your request." [[Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr.|Spurgeon Keeny]] told [[Leonard Weiss]] in a 2004 interview that the idea for the outside panel was his.[^3]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
+[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
+[^2]: Press, Frank, letter to Henry Owen and Gerard Smith, "South Atlantic Event," January 17, 1980, Secret. Document 32 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016, and the posting's note on the panel charter (Document 14). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test
+[^3]: Weiss, Leonard. "Flash from the Past: Why an Apparent Israeli Nuclear Test in 1979 Matters Today." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015. https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/George K. Pender.md

@@ -2,18 +2,107 @@
 category: "Business & Finance"
 tags:
   - Person
-  - Politician
-summary: "Pender played a significant role in FIDCO's activities in Lebanon."
+  - Engineer
+  - Executive
+  - FIDCO
+  - Lebanon
+  - Octopus
+  - PROMIS
+  - Inslaw
+aliases:
+  - George K. Pender
+  - George Pender
+  - George Keyburn Pender
+summary: "Engineer who founded First Intercontinental Development Corporation in 1970, according to his 1999 obituary, and signed the 1983 FIDCO letters on the reconstruction of Lebanon that Cheri Seymour published."
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: founded
+    with: "[[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]"
+    start: 1970
+    fn: 1
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]"
+    role: "president and chief executive officer"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: director_of
+    with: "[[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]]"
+    role: "director"
+    start: 1983
+    fn: 4
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Burns & Roe, Inc.]]"
+    role: "sales representative; established West Coast division"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Aerojet]]"
+    role: "set up architectural engineering division of General Aerojet Corporation"
+    start: 1957
+    fn: 1
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[General Electric]]"
+    role: "apprentice course; jet propulsion division, Lockland plant"
+    end: 1957
+    fn: 1
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
+    reverse: true
+    role: "Los Angeles field office name check and file review, Major Case 90 (Front Door); closed without interview"
+    start: 1990
+    end: 1990
+    fn: 3
 ---
-[[George K. Pender]] was a Director of [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]] and a former Director of the [[Pacific Ocean]] area for Burns & Roe, Inc., an international engineering and construction corporation. He also served as a Senior Engineer Consultant to Burns & Roe, Inc.[^1]
+[[George K. Pender]] (George Keyburn Pender, died January 6, 1999, at age 86) was an engineer who founded [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]] in 1970 and served as its president and chief executive officer, according to his obituary in the [[College of the Holy Cross|Holy Cross Magazine]].[^1] [[Cheri Seymour]] wrote that he was a Director of FIDCO, a former Director of the [[Pacific Ocean]] area for [[Burns & Roe, Inc.]], an international engineering and construction corporation, and a Senior Engineer Consultant to that firm.[^2] The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s [[Los Angeles]] office described him in 1990 as the chairman of FIDCO and a self-employed consulting engineer.[^3]
 
-Pender played a significant role in [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]]'s activities in [[Lebanon]]. A letter dated July 12, 1983, from Pender to [[Amin Gamayel]], the president of [[Lebanon]], indicated [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]]'s interest in arranging financing for the redevelopment of [[Lebanon]], specifically mentioning the rebuilding of Damour and Alkhyam. This letter also noted that Pender had previously visited Beirut in February and May 1983 to discuss [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]]'s participation, with meetings held with the Chamouns, [[Maurice Ghanem]], and Mourad Baroudy.[^1]
+### Engineering career
 
-Pender's letter to President Gamayel also notably listed [[Robert Booth Nichols]]' telex number (652483 RBN ASSOCS LSA) for responses, indicating a close operational link between Pender and Nichols. The Arab Bank Limited in Amman, [[Jordan]], responded positively to a potential financial transaction of "US$ three billion or more" for the reconstruction of [[Lebanon]], though the text suggests it is unlikely such reconstruction fully materialized.[^1]
+The obituary states that he worked for his family's clothing store in [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts|Pittsfield]], Massachusetts, at the start of his career. After completing the apprentice course at [[General Electric]] he worked in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], New York. In 1947 he was transferred to [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], Ohio, where he was part of a group that established the jet propulsion division at the [[Lockland, Ohio|Lockland]] plant. In 1957 he moved to Los Angeles, California, where he set up the architectural engineering division of [[Aerojet|General Aerojet Corporation]]. He then joined Burns & Roe, Inc. in [[Oradell, New Jersey|Oradell]], New Jersey, as a sales representative, and was responsible for establishing a West Coast division for the firm.[^1] The obituary names a design engineering project in [[Cairo]], Egypt, as his most recent work, and records his death in Pittsfield. It appears in the magazine's list of deaths among the class of 1934.[^1]
 
-[[Michael Riconosciuto]] claimed to have worked directly under [[Maurice Ghanem]] and [[George K. Pender]] in [[Lebanon]], further linking Pender to the alleged drug/intelligence operations in the region. Riconosciuto also stated that [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation|FIDCO]] had a companion company called Euramae Trading, which operated throughout the [[Middle East]] and was involved in the drug trade, allegedly as a [[National Security Council|NSC]]-directed operation.[^1]
+Seymour listed the Burns & Roe positions as "former Director of Pacific Ocean area of Burns & Roe, Inc., an international engineering & construction corporation with active projects on all seven continents of the world" and "Senior engineer consultant to Burns & Roe, Inc."; the same list gave [[Kenneth A. Roe]] as chairman and president of the firm.[^2]
+
+### First Intercontinental Development Corporation
+
+The obituary describes FIDCO as "a consulting and engineering firm he founded in 1970."[^1] A 2016 FOIA request filed by [[Emma Best]] with the FBI describes the company as "founded by George K. Pender in 1970" and lists its board of directors as of January 11, 1983 as including [[Robert Maheu]], [[Michael A. McManus]], [[Robert Booth Nichols]], George K. Pender, Kenneth A. Roe, [[Frances T. Fox]], [[Clint W. Murchison, Jr.]], [[William M. Pender]] and [[Glen R. Shockley]].[^4] Seymour lists the same nine as the board, from FIDCO corporate documents she obtained through a contact of [[Michael Riconosciuto]], together with a letter dated January 11, 1983, on FIDCO letterhead from Santa Monica, California, to Nichols in Marina del Rey, signed by Pender, referring to a resolution of the board.[^2] William M. Pender is listed as Director and Senior Vice President and as a licensed contractor in California; records found do not state whether he is related to George K. Pender.[^2]
+
+The FBI reported no responsive documents on the 2016 request for FIDCO records (FBI number 1344462-000), and on appeal the Department of Justice Office of Information Policy recorded the final disposition on June 21, 2016, as affirmed on appeal with no records.[^4] A California stock corporation named First Intercontinental Development Corporation, company number 0871867, is recorded in the OpenCorporates registry.[^5]
+
+### FBI Los Angeles file, 1990
+
+An FBI airtel from the Special Agent in Charge, Los Angeles, to the Director, dated December 3, 1990, captioned "Front Door; Major Case 90," resubmitted findings on leads set out in a Bureau teletype of August 13, 1990, after a file review found the earlier findings missing from the file. Item 3 of the findings is headed "George K. Pender, Chairman of First Intercontinental Development Cooperation." It states that confidential indices were searched on August 16, 1990, and Elsur indices on August 17, 1990, with negative results, and that a search of the general indices and FOIMS on August 15, 1990, "revealed three references." The review of those files uncovered information identifiable with a George Keyburn Pender. The airtel gives a Santa Monica residence and a business address in Santa Monica and states that investigation "revealed PENDER to be a self-employed consulting engineer," that "No derogatory information was developed, nor was there any indication that he was a security risk," and that "The case was closed without any interview of PENDER." The remaining paragraphs of the page are redacted under exemptions b6 and b7C.[^3]
+
+The FBI released these two pages on June 24, 2019, in response to a request Emma Best filed on January 30, 2016, for records on Pender (FBI numbers 1344385-000 and 1344385-002). The FBI's release letter, dated June 20, 2019, states that four pages were reviewed and two released and that the enclosures are the final release. An appeal of the fee category assigned to the request (DOJ-AP-2018-008427) had been decided on October 18, 2018, as "Completely Reversed/Remanded."[^6]
+
+### Lebanon, 1983
+
+Seymour published three letters from the summer and autumn of 1983. The first, on [[White House]] letterhead and dated June 29, 1983, was from McManus, Assistant to the President ([[Ronald Reagan]]), to Pender in Santa Monica: "I appreciate the update you and your associates gave me concerning the status of your efforts in the rebuilding of Lebanon," and "Without question FIDCO seems to have a considerable role to offer particularly in the massive financial participation being made available to the government of Lebanon."[^2]
+
+The second, on FIDCO letterhead and dated July 12, 1983, was from Pender, signing as President of FIDCO, to [[Amin Gamayel]], president of [[Lebanon]]. Pender wrote that he had visited [[Beirut]] in February and May 1983 to discuss FIDCO participation in the redevelopment of Lebanon, in meetings with the Chamouns, [[Maurice Ghanem]] and Mourad Baroudy; that FIDCO offered to arrange financing for projects in the government sector; that he had expressed specific interest in the rebuilding of Damour and Alkhyam; and that FIDCO had presented these projects to "an international Trust with whom we have a close relationship." He asked to meet Gamayel in Washington, D.C., on July 21, 1983, and wrote "As per copy of attached letter, the White House is actively interested in our efforts." The letter states that Pender was "a good friend of Bechir" ([[Bashir Gemayel]]), was with him in Beirut in 1976 when the Syrian Army came in, and went with his wife to [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]], Massachusetts, to meet him during a speaking tour of the United States. It gives the telex number "652483 RBN [Robert Booth Nichols] ASSOCS LSA" for replies.[^2]
+
+The third, on [[Arab Bank Limited]] letterhead and dated November 23, 1983, was from [[Abdul Majeed Shoman]], chairman and general manager of the bank in [[Jordan|Amman]], to Pender in Santa Monica. Shoman wrote that "Mr. Ahmad has talked to me about the fund to reconstruct Lebanon and we the Arab Bank together with a group of other banks will be glad to cooperate with you," and that "You have mentioned in your letter to Mr. Ahmad on September 27th that this fund amounts to US$ three billion or more. There is no problem to take care of this by the Arab Bank and the other group of banks," subject to conditions in Lebanon and "the approval and counter guarantees of the Lebanese Authority." Seymour wrote that it was unlikely any reconstruction funded by FIDCO took place in Lebanon, and that only a congressional investigation could determine what the three billion dollars was used for.[^2]
+
+Seymour wrote that Nichols and Pender, when not in Lebanon, operated a [[National Security Council]] listening post from a condominium at Marina del Rey, which she described as allegedly the American end of the operation in [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]].[^2]
+
+### Reports of CIA and intelligence ties
+
+Seymour wrote that Riconosciuto often stated that Pender and Glen Shockley were [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officials, which she later corroborated through [[Peter Zokosky]], a partner of Nichols. In a February 14, 2001, interview with Seymour and [[Kelly O'Meara]], Zokosky said FIDCO was a [[National Security Agency|NSA]] front corporation used in Lebanon, that all its corporate directors were intelligence people, and that the $3 billion mentioned in the "White House" documents bearing the names of McManus, Pender and Nichols was used to pay the president of Lebanon for the release of an American prisoner.[^7]
+
+The cast of characters for [[Danny Casolaro]]'s "Octopus" manuscript, faxed in July 1991, lists "George Pender - former CIA agent."[^8]
+
+An [[INSLAW]] memorandum to the record dated July 18, 1990, summarizing statements by Riconosciuto, reported that for a 1980 mission to [[Iran]] [[Earl Brian]] "liaised with George Pender, whom we have later discovered was Chairman of the First Intercontinental Development Corporation (FIDCO)." It reported Riconosciuto's statement that FIDCO had [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] Royal Family money for rebuilding Beirut and that Mr. and Mrs. Reagan owned shares in FIDCO through proxies held by Pender, his daughter or McManus. Citing a former colleague of Riconosciuto who served on the FIDCO board, the memorandum stated that Pender was then in his seventies, lived in Southern California and "may" well have known [[William J. Casey]], Brian and Reagan, that FIDCO was engaged in part in covert intelligence-related operations such as building an electronic listening post in Nigeria under the guise of building a steel mill, and that the memorandum's authors inferred that Pender served as Casey's project manager for the 1980 mission to Iran.[^9]
+
+### Riconosciuto's account
+
+Michael Riconosciuto told Seymour in telephone calls that he worked directly under Maurice Ghanem and Pender in Lebanon, that Ghanem was CIA "in country," and that "George Pender and Bob Clark were the high level contacts on all of this," later "George Pender and McFarland and Michael McManus." He said the CEO of FIDCO was Pender and that "FIDCO was an NSC [National Security Council] corporate cutout," created to secure financing for the reconstruction of Beirut and Damour and working out of an office in Nicosia. He said FIDCO had a companion company, [[Euramae Trading Company]], which operated throughout the [[Middle East]] and was involved in the drug trade, and that he was in a warehouse near [[Larnaca]] where [[Michael T. Hurley]], Pender and a third man told him that upwards of twenty-two tons of heroin was stored. He said he handled communications protocol and financial transactions for the operation. Riconosciuto also said that in 1983 Pender, [[Ted Gunderson]], Nichols, Zokosky and others were together at a country club in Indio, California, where Nichols spoke of Shockley and [[Jose Londono]] having 3,500 "soldiers," and he listed Pender among the people for whom he handled gold transfers and money laundering before his arrest.[^10]
 
 ---
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
+[^1]: College of the Holy Cross, *Holy Cross Magazine*, "In Memoriam," Summer 1999, entry for George K. Pender (died Jan. 6, 1999). Archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/20040812105331/http://www.holycross.edu/departments/publicaffairs/hcm/summer99/in_memoriam/1927.html
+[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010, chapter 7 (FIDCO board list; letters of June 29, July 12 and November 23, 1983; Marina del Rey listening post; Riconosciuto and Zokosky on Pender and Shockley).
+[^3]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Los Angeles, airtel to the Director, "Front Door; Major Case 90," December 3, 1990, page 2, item 3, "George K. Pender, Chairman of First Intercontinental Development Cooperation," released June 2019 in FBI file 1344385-002 (pages 6 and 7 of the release PDF cited in note 4).
+[^4]: Best, Emma. FOIA request "FIDCO," submitted February 9, 2016, to the Federal Bureau of Investigation through MuckRock (FBI number 1344462-000; appeal DOJ-AP-2016-002797, final disposition June 21, 2016). The founding date and board list are as stated in the request text. https://web.archive.org/web/20191224043712/https://www.muckrock.com/foi/united-states-of-america-10/fidco-23873/
+[^5]: OpenCorporates, First Intercontinental Development Corporation, California company number 0871867. https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/0871867
+[^6]: Best, Emma. FOIA request "Freedom of Information Request: George K. Pender," submitted January 30, 2016, to the Federal Bureau of Investigation through MuckRock (request 23694; FBI numbers 1344385-000 and 1344385-002; appeal DOJ-AP-2018-008427, final disposition October 18, 2018; FBI release letter of June 20, 2019, posted June 24, 2019). The request text quotes the 1999 obituary. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530151228/https://www.muckrock.com/foi/united-states-of-america-10/george-k-pender-23694/ ; release: https://cdn.muckrock.com/foia_files/2019/07/01/6-24-19_MR23694.pdf
+[^7]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 22, "The Octopus Exposed" (interview of Peter Zokosky, February 14, 2001).
+[^8]: Casolaro, Danny, "The Octopus," cast of characters (fax dated July 22, 1991), in John C. Dwyer Miscellaneous Inslaw Papers, NW 15457, DocID 70098640, pages 72 and 82. https://archive.org/details/JohnC.DwyerMiscellaneousInslawPapers
+[^9]: INSLAW, Inc., Memorandum to the Record, July 18, 1990, in "Inslaw - Press Releases," Internet Archive item InslawPressReleases. https://archive.org/details/InslawPressReleases
+[^10]: Seymour, *The Last Circle*, chapter 6 (telephone calls with Michael Riconosciuto).

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gerald G. Oplinger.md

@@ -5,10 +5,22 @@ tags:
   - CIA
   - DIA
   - Israel
-summary: "Aide to National Security Advisor Brzezinski present at the White House situation room meeting responding to the 1979 Vela satellite nuclear test detection."
+summary: "Aide to National Security Advisor Brzezinski who, in Hersh's account, attended the White House situation room meeting on the 1979 Vela satellite double flash and wrote to Henry Owen in January 1980."
+relations:
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
+    role: "National Security Council staff, wrote to Henry Owen holding the press release and congressional consultations"
+    start: 1980-01-23
+    end: 1980-01-23
+    fn: 4
 ---
-Gerald G. Oplinger was an aide to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] for global issues. He had retired from the Foreign Service and worked at the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|NRC]] before joining Brzezinski's staff. Oplinger was summoned back to an urgent meeting in the [[White House]] situation room after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded two distinctive bright flashes of light over the South Indian Ocean on September 22, 1979, probable evidence of a nuclear explosion. He recalled that [[Zbigniew Brzezinski|Brzezinski]] was present at the meeting, where the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] stated that the odds were at least ninety percent that it had been a nuclear explosion. Oplinger personally had no doubt that it was a nuclear event.[^1]
+Gerald G. Oplinger was an aide to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] for global issues. He had retired from the Foreign Service and worked at the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|NRC]] before joining Brzezinski's staff. Oplinger was summoned back to an urgent meeting in the [[White House]] situation room after a [[VELA Satellite]] recorded a double flash of light on September 22, 1979, from a region that included the southern Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the southern tip of Africa.[^1] [[Seymour Hersh]] wrote that Oplinger recalled that Brzezinski was present at the meeting, where the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] stated that the odds were at least ninety percent that it had been a nuclear explosion, and that Oplinger personally had no doubt that it was a nuclear event.[^2] The mini-Special Coordination Committee meeting of September 22, 1979 in the Situation Room is summarized in the Foreign Relations of the United States, which lists [[Henry Owen]], Odom, Schecter and Funk for the National Security Council.[^3]
+
+In a memorandum of January 23, 1980 to Owen, Oplinger wrote that he had told the State Department to put the press release and congressional consultations on hold, and that the [[Department of Energy]], the [[Department of Defense]] and technical people within the intelligence community had "sufficient doubts about the Press panel report to make it very dangerous to proceed without another look." He wrote that [[John Deutch]] and Dan Murphy felt strongly that unless the questions were given "a further airing, there will be continued internal dissent and an appearance that policy people (including the White House) did a whitewash for political reasons."[^4]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
+[^1]: Richelson, Jeffrey T., ed., "The Vela Incident: Nuclear Test or Meteoroid?" National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 190, May 5, 2006, narrative. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/index.htm
+[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
+[^3]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, vol. XVI, Southern Africa, Document 361. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v16/d361
+[^4]: Oplinger, Jerry, memorandum to Henry Owen, "South Atlantic Event," January 23, 1980, Secret. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, NLC-28-32-4-16-5; Document 33 in Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Gertrude Schmeidler.md

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ relations:
   - type: member_of
     with: "[[Parapsychological Association]]"
     start: 1957
-    role: "charter member; vice-president 1958 and 1960; president 1959"
+    role: "charter member; vice-president 1957, 1958 and 1960; president 1959 and 1971"
     fn: 2
   - type: funded
     with: "[[Parapsychology Foundation]]"
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ relations:
     fn: 2
     reverse: true
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-10-05
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
 Gertrude Raffel Schmeidler was born on July 15, 1912, in [[Long Branch]], New Jersey, and died on March 9, 2009. She was an experimental psychologist at the [[City College of New York]] (CCNY) with a doctorate from [[Radcliffe College]] and [[Harvard University]], who ran card-guessing experiments in the 1940s in which subjects were classed by their stated attitude to extrasensory perception as "sheep" or "goats," and in 1971 to 1973 tested the psychokinetic abilities of [[Ingo Swann]] on temperature recorders. Her papers are held at [[Duke University]] with those of the [[Duke University Parapsychology Laboratory]].[^1]
@@ -63,50 +63,54 @@ Gertrude Raffel Schmeidler was born on July 15, 1912, in [[Long Branch]], New Je
 
 A reference entry drawn from [[Helene Pleasants]]'s *Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology* (1964) and from Arthur and Joyce Berger's *Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research* (1991) states that she took a B.A. magna cum laude at [[Smith College]] in 1932, an M.A. at [[Clark University]] in 1933, and a Ph.D. at Radcliffe College and Harvard in 1935; that she first met parapsychology through a just-published copy of [[J. B. Rhine]]'s *Extra-Sensory Perception* in 1934 and took a course in psychical research with [[Gardner Murphy]] before completing her degree; that she taught at [[Monmouth College]] in Long Branch, New Jersey (1935 to 1937), was a research associate at Harvard (1942 to 1944) and a research officer of the [[American Society for Psychical Research]] (1945 to 1946), and began a long tenure at the City College of New York in 1945; that she was a charter member of the [[Parapsychological Association]], elected vice-president in 1958 and 1960 and president in 1959; and that she received a research grant from the [[Parapsychology Foundation]] for 1955 to 1959. Her books listed there include *ESP and Personality Patterns* (with [[Robert A. McConnell]], [[Yale University Press]], 1958), *ESP in Relation to Rorschach Test Evaluation* (Parapsychology Foundation, 1960), *Extrasensory Perception* ([[Atherton Press]], 1969), *Parapsychology: Its Relation to Physics, Biology, Psychology, and Psychiatry* ([[Scarecrow Press]], 1976) and *Parapsychology and Psychology: Matches and Mismatches* ([[McFarland]], 1988).[^2]
 
+At the founding in June 1957, when the founding council was chosen at Duke University, she was elected vice-president of the Parapsychological Association.[^3] The association's convention table lists her as president for 1959 (New York City) and 1971 (Durham, North Carolina).[^4]
+
 The Duke finding aid to her papers calls Murphy "Schmeidler's mentor and the person who first interested her in psychical research," and describes the collection as consisting chiefly of research data gathered "through her work with students and colleagues as an experimental psychologist and parapsychologist" at City College.[^1]
 
 ### The sheep and goats, 1942 to 1945
 
-Schmeidler's first report, "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Preliminary Report," appeared in the *[[Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research]]* in July 1943 (vol. 37, pp. 103 to 110), and "A Final Report" in October 1943 (pp. 210 to 221). The final report states that the experiment "was conducted for Dr. Gardner Murphy, and made possible by moneys available to him from the [[Richard Hodgson Fund|Hodgson Fund]] of Harvard University," and that his advice "determined the topic of the research."[^3]
+Schmeidler's first report, "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Preliminary Report," appeared in the *[[Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research]]* in July 1943 (vol. 37, pp. 103 to 110), and "A Final Report" in October 1943 (pp. 210 to 221). The final report states that the experiment "was conducted for Dr. Gardner Murphy, and made possible by moneys available to him from the [[Richard Hodgson Fund|Hodgson Fund]] of Harvard University," and that his advice "determined the topic of the research."[^5]
 
-The report describes the design. Subjects used standard ESP cards, 25 to a deck, with five hits expected by chance. Each was asked whether he had experienced telepathy, premonitions or crossed letters, or at least heard of such experiences, and then: "When that happens (or when you hear or read about it) is your first reaction, 'Oh, it was just a coincidence,' or do you first think, 'How interesting!' and then, 'Maybe it was a coincidence.'" Subjects who described themselves as uniformly skeptical were classed as goats, and those who admitted even a momentary "How interesting!" were classed with those who wholeheartedly embraced the ESP hypothesis, the sheep. Once classified, subjects "were exposed to a standard set of agreeable or disagreeable physical conditions." Goats made fifty successive runs without knowledge of their scores, were not offered cigarettes or candy, were signalled by "a rather raucous buzzer," filled out sheets on which many runs were crowded together, and sat in a "dark room" with no windows and battered furniture. Sheep were shown their score after each run and encouraged to discuss the procedure, were limited to ten runs a session, could stop when they pleased, were offered cigarettes and sometimes candy, were signalled by a small light, received a new record sheet for each run, and sat in "a reasonably pleasant office." The report states that it was predicted that sheep "would on the whole score better than five" and that goats "would make scores at the level of chance or lower."[^3]
+The report describes the design. Subjects used standard ESP cards, 25 to a deck, with five hits expected by chance. Each was asked whether he had experienced telepathy, premonitions or crossed letters, or at least heard of such experiences, and then: "When that happens (or when you hear or read about it) is your first reaction, 'Oh, it was just a coincidence,' or do you first think, 'How interesting!' and then, 'Maybe it was a coincidence.'" Subjects who described themselves as uniformly skeptical were classed as goats, and those who admitted even a momentary "How interesting!" were classed with those who wholeheartedly embraced the ESP hypothesis, the sheep. Once classified, subjects "were exposed to a standard set of agreeable or disagreeable physical conditions." Goats made fifty successive runs without knowledge of their scores, were not offered cigarettes or candy, were signalled by "a rather raucous buzzer," filled out sheets on which many runs were crowded together, and sat in a "dark room" with no windows and battered furniture. Sheep were shown their score after each run and encouraged to discuss the procedure, were limited to ten runs a session, could stop when they pleased, were offered cigarettes and sometimes candy, were signalled by a small light, received a new record sheet for each run, and sat in "a reasonably pleasant office." The report states that it was predicted that sheep "would on the whole score better than five" and that goats "would make scores at the level of chance or lower."[^5]
 
-Three series were run, repeated, in the report's words, until the difference "either became non-significant or became unmistakably significant," with a criterion of a probability of one in a thousand. In the first series the open-minded subjects made 129 decks with a deviation of +56 (mean 5.43) and the subjects who expected chance scores 200 decks with a deviation of -10 (mean 4.95); the second series gave +33 over 127 decks (5.26) against -12 over 175 decks (4.93); and the third +31 over 133 decks (5.23). Combined, the open-minded subjects made 389 decks with a deviation of +120, a mean of 5.308, a critical ratio of 3.04 and a probability of .001, and the experiment was closed. Schmeidler drew the conclusion that "subjects who hope to score above chance in card-guessing tend to do so when tested under agreeable conditions; but that subjects who expect only chance scores and are tested under disagreeable conditions will tend to score at or below chance." She wrote that negative results "are to be expected if subjects are skeptical and bored, or uncooperative for some other reason, such as a too formal approach on the part of the experimenter." A footnote records that two subjects tested beyond the planned number, and one who presented himself after the third series, were discarded.[^3]
+Three series were run, repeated, in the report's words, until the difference "either became non-significant or became unmistakably significant," with a criterion of a probability of one in a thousand. In the first series the open-minded subjects made 129 decks with a deviation of +56 (mean 5.43) and the subjects who expected chance scores 200 decks with a deviation of -10 (mean 4.95); the second series gave +33 over 127 decks (5.26) against -12 over 175 decks (4.93); and the third +31 over 133 decks (5.23). Combined, the open-minded subjects made 389 decks with a deviation of +120, a mean of 5.308, a critical ratio of 3.04 and a probability of .001, and the experiment was closed. Schmeidler drew the conclusion that "subjects who hope to score above chance in card-guessing tend to do so when tested under agreeable conditions; but that subjects who expect only chance scores and are tested under disagreeable conditions will tend to score at or below chance." She wrote that negative results "are to be expected if subjects are skeptical and bored, or uncooperative for some other reason, such as a too formal approach on the part of the experimenter." A footnote records that two subjects tested beyond the planned number, and one who presented himself after the third series, were discarded.[^5]
 
-[[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote in *Phenomena* (2017) that Schmeidler conducted an experiment in 1942 with psychology students at the City University of New York, coined the terms "sheep" and "goats" from her analysis of the data, and that sheep were those confident of the possible reality of ESP and psychokinesis and goats those who doubted it. Jacobsen added that "this explicit difference between believers and disbelievers has existed in the upper echelons of the U.S. military and intelligence communities since World War II."[^4]
+[[Annie Jacobsen]] wrote in *Phenomena* (2017) that Schmeidler conducted an experiment in 1942 with psychology students at the City University of New York, coined the terms "sheep" and "goats" from her analysis of the data, and that sheep were those confident of the possible reality of ESP and psychokinesis and goats those who doubted it. Jacobsen added that "this explicit difference between believers and disbelievers has existed in the upper echelons of the U.S. military and intelligence communities since World War II."[^6]
 
-A review of 1958 for the Parapsychology Foundation, a copy of which is in the CIA's STARGATE collection, by [[Gordon L. Mangan]] of [[Victoria University of Wellington]] collated published attempts to repeat the finding and reported that "in 5 out of 6 cases, the sheep had higher ESP scores than the goats," while noting that "Schmeidler herself changed the criterion" of classification as her experiments progressed; in the series of 1943 subjects "were merely questioned as to their attitude to psychic phenomena in general."[^5] The Duke finding aid lists sheep and goat inspection records for 1950 and 1951 and ESP record sheets from August 1941 to 1951, and notes later work on the series by [[Murray Melnick]] and [[Christopher Scott]].[^1]
+A review of 1958 for the Parapsychology Foundation, a copy of which is in the CIA's STARGATE collection, by [[Gordon L. Mangan]] of [[Victoria University of Wellington]] collated published attempts to repeat the finding and reported that "in 5 out of 6 cases, the sheep had higher ESP scores than the goats," while noting that "Schmeidler herself changed the criterion" of classification as her experiments progressed; in the series of 1943 subjects "were merely questioned as to their attitude to psychic phenomena in general."[^7] The Duke finding aid lists sheep and goat inspection records for 1950 and 1951 and ESP record sheets from August 1941 to 1951, and notes later work on the series by [[Murray Melnick]] and [[Christopher Scott]].[^1]
 
-Jacobsen also reported that [[Martin Gardner]] noted that psychic researchers often held that psychics were harmed by the presence of "goats," quoting Rhine: "The subtlest influences seem to disturb the operation of these [psychic] abilities... If the scientist is a disbeliever it will upset the delicate operation of the subject's [psychic] abilities."[^4]
+Jacobsen also reported that [[Martin Gardner]] noted that psychic researchers often held that psychics were harmed by the presence of "goats," quoting Rhine: "The subtlest influences seem to disturb the operation of these [psychic] abilities... If the scientist is a disbeliever it will upset the delicate operation of the subject's [psychic] abilities."[^6]
 
 ### Eileen Garrett, Duke and Rhine
 
-The Duke finding aid lists correspondence with the medium [[Eileen Garrett]], president of the Parapsychology Foundation, for 1953 to 1955, and proxy sittings with Garrett and with the medium [[Caroline Chapman]] whose results for Garrett were never published; correspondence with [[J. G. Pratt]] of the Duke laboratory about the Chapman sittings in the mid-1950s; with [[Betty Humphrey]], who worked in the Duke laboratory in the late 1940s and early 1950s; and with [[Charles E. Ozanne]] for 1953 to 1956. It states that "there is scattered correspondence between Schmeidler and J. B. and [[Louisa Rhine]], but not a substantial amount."[^1] The finding aid of the Parapsychology Laboratory records lists Schmeidler among the correspondents of Rhine from the postwar period.[^6]
+The Duke finding aid lists correspondence with the medium [[Eileen Garrett]], president of the Parapsychology Foundation, for 1953 to 1955, and proxy sittings with Garrett and with the medium [[Caroline Chapman]] whose results for Garrett were never published; correspondence with [[J. G. Pratt]] of the Duke laboratory about the Chapman sittings in the mid-1950s; with [[Betty Humphrey]], who worked in the Duke laboratory in the late 1940s and early 1950s; and with [[Charles E. Ozanne]] for 1953 to 1956. It states that "there is scattered correspondence between Schmeidler and J. B. and [[Louisa Rhine]], but not a substantial amount."[^1] The finding aid of the Parapsychology Laboratory records lists Schmeidler among the correspondents of Rhine from the postwar period.[^8]
 
 ### Ingo Swann and the thermistors, 1971 to 1973
 
-The Duke finding aid lists Swann among the correspondents "who studied PK (psychokinesis) effects on temperature" and states that Schmeidler "collaborated with Swann" and co-authored journal articles from the research.[^1] Her paper "PK effects upon continuously recorded temperature" appeared in the *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* in 1973 (vol. 67, p. 325).[^7] In their paper in the *Proceedings of the IEEE* in March 1976, [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] wrote that Swann "had come to our laboratory fresh from a lengthy and apparently successful series of experiments with Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler at City College of New York."[^8] Jacobsen wrote that Swann cited the City College experiments in writing to Puthoff about investigating the boundary between the physics of the animate and the inanimate.[^4]
+The Duke finding aid lists Swann among the correspondents "who studied PK (psychokinesis) effects on temperature" and states that Schmeidler "collaborated with Swann" and co-authored journal articles from the research.[^1] Her paper "PK effects upon continuously recorded temperature" appeared in the *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research* in 1973 (vol. 67, p. 325).[^9] In their paper in the *Proceedings of the IEEE* in March 1976, [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] wrote that Swann "had come to our laboratory fresh from a lengthy and apparently successful series of experiments with Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler at City College of New York."[^10] Jacobsen wrote that Swann cited the City College experiments in writing to Puthoff about investigating the boundary between the physics of the animate and the inanimate.[^6]
 
-In the *[[Princeton Alumni Weekly]]* of December 4, 1978, [[Robert G. Jahn]] of [[Princeton University]] wrote that he and an undergraduate, [[Carol Kay Curry]], "chose to replicate an experiment using thermistors that was performed by Gertrude Schmeidler and the psychic Ingo Swann at the City University of New York a few years ago": two thermistors in vacuum bottles, tied into a balanced electrical bridge, with the subject attempting to make one reading rise or fall relative to the other.[^9]
+In the *[[Princeton Alumni Weekly]]* of December 4, 1978, [[Robert G. Jahn]] of [[Princeton University]] wrote that he and an undergraduate, [[Carol Kay Curry]], "chose to replicate an experiment using thermistors that was performed by Gertrude Schmeidler and the psychic Ingo Swann at the City University of New York a few years ago": two thermistors in vacuum bottles, tied into a balanced electrical bridge, with the subject attempting to make one reading rise or fall relative to the other.[^11]
 
 ### In the files of the STARGATE program
 
-An unsigned paper in the CIA's STARGATE collection, "The World of the Supra-Sensory," undated but citing events as late as 1965, names "Dr. Gertrude Schneidler [sic], City College, New York" among "the better known individuals" associated with J. B. Rhine's group and the Parapsychological Association, alongside [[Carroll B. Nash]] of St. Joseph's College in Philadelphia, [[John Freeman]] of the Institute of Parapsychology in Durham, [[Sally Feather]], Robert A. McConnell of the University of Pittsburgh, [[Montague Ullman]], [[Rhea White]] and "Dr. Lawrence Cusler" of City College.[^10]
+An unsigned paper in the CIA's STARGATE collection, "The World of the Supra-Sensory," undated but citing events as late as 1965, names "Dr. Gertrude Schneidler [sic], City College, New York" among "the better known individuals" associated with J. B. Rhine's group and the Parapsychological Association, alongside [[Carroll B. Nash]] of St. Joseph's College in Philadelphia, [[John Freeman]] of the Institute of Parapsychology in Durham, [[Sally Feather]], Robert A. McConnell of the University of Pittsburgh, [[Montague Ullman]], [[Rhea White]] and "Dr. Lawrence Cusler" of City College.[^12]
 
-SRI's *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey* of November 1983, by [[Beverly Humphrey]] and [[Edwin May]] for the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] under contract MDA908-82-C-0034, lists Schmeidler's "Moods and ESP Scores in Group Testing" (July 1972) among its entries.[^11] An SRI final report of December 1988 on enhanced human performance investigations cites Schmeidler (1984) among "many excellent examples" of descriptive literature reviews in parapsychology.[^12] In a letter of May 13, 1995 to a CIA officer, May described a *[[NOVA]]* program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," in which "Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics,'" and called the result "some of the strongest evidence (in the clear) for an anomaly in the field to that date."[^13]
+SRI's *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey* of November 1983, by [[Beverly Humphrey]] and [[Edwin May]] for the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] under contract MDA908-82-C-0034, lists Schmeidler's "Moods and ESP Scores in Group Testing" (July 1972) among its entries.[^13] An SRI final report of December 1988 on enhanced human performance investigations cites Schmeidler (1984) among "many excellent examples" of descriptive literature reviews in parapsychology.[^14] In a letter of May 13, 1995 to a CIA officer, May described a *[[NOVA]]* program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," in which "Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics,'" and called the result "some of the strongest evidence (in the clear) for an anomaly in the field to that date."[^15]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Guide to the Gertrude Raffel Schmeidler Papers, 1943-1983, RL.01147, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University (30.8 linear feet, about 24,000 items), read in the Wayback Machine capture of September 5, 2019 of https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/schmeid/
 [^2]: "Schmeidler, Gertrude Raffel (1912-)," *Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology* (Gale), citing Berger and Berger, *The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research* (New York: Paragon House, 1991), and Pleasants, ed., *Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology* (New York: Helix Press, 1964). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schmeidler-gertrude-raffel-1912
-[^3]: Schmeidler, Gertrude Raffel. "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Final Report." *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,* vol. 37, no. 4, October 1943, pp. 210-221, with reference to the preliminary report, vol. 37, July 1943, pp. 103-110. Read in the archive.org scan https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-society-for-psychical-research_1943-10_37_4
-[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^5]: Mangan, Gordon L. *A Review of Published Research on the Relationship of Some Personality Variables to ESP Scoring Level,* Parapsychological Monographs no. 1, Parapsychology Foundation, 1958, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100014-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^6]: Guide to the Parapsychology Laboratory Records, 1893-1984, RL.00992, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, scope note on postwar correspondents, read in the Wayback Machine capture of 2019 of https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/paralab/
-[^7]: Schmeidler, G. R. "PK effects upon continuously recorded temperature." *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,* vol. 67, 1973, p. 325, as cited in Jahn, Robert G., "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," *Princeton Alumni Weekly,* December 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500380004-4, and in Puthoff and Targ's 1976 *Proceedings* paper, reference 56.
-[^8]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research." *Proceedings of the IEEE* 64, no. 3 (March 1976), section on learner subject S4, read in CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6, archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^9]: Jahn, Robert G. "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," *Princeton Alumni Weekly,* special report, December 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500380004-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^10]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," unsigned and undated paper, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^11]: Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey,* final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^12]: *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations,* SRI final report, December 1988 (period November 1983 to October 1985), CIA-RDP96-00789R002200400001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^13]: May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: "Announcement of Formation of the Parapsychological Association," Journal of Parapsychology 21, no. 4 (December 1957), pp. 315-316. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_1957-12_21_4
+[^4]: "PA Convention History," Parapsychological Association website, archived December 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/23/convention_history.aspx
+[^5]: Schmeidler, Gertrude Raffel. "Predicting Good and Bad Scores in a Clairvoyance Experiment: A Final Report." *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,* vol. 37, no. 4, October 1943, pp. 210-221, with reference to the preliminary report, vol. 37, July 1943, pp. 103-110. Read in the archive.org scan https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-society-for-psychical-research_1943-10_37_4
+[^6]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^7]: Mangan, Gordon L. *A Review of Published Research on the Relationship of Some Personality Variables to ESP Scoring Level,* Parapsychological Monographs no. 1, Parapsychology Foundation, 1958, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400100014-4.
+[^8]: Guide to the Parapsychology Laboratory Records, 1893-1984, RL.00992, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, scope note on postwar correspondents, read in the Wayback Machine capture of 2019 of https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/paralab/
+[^9]: Schmeidler, G. R. "PK effects upon continuously recorded temperature." *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,* vol. 67, 1973, p. 325, as cited in Jahn, Robert G., "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," *Princeton Alumni Weekly,* December 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500380004-4, and in Puthoff and Targ's 1976 *Proceedings* paper, reference 56.
+[^10]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research." *Proceedings of the IEEE* 64, no. 3 (March 1976), section on learner subject S4, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6.
+[^11]: Jahn, Robert G. "Psychic Process, Energy Transfer, and Things That Go Bump in the Night," *Princeton Alumni Weekly,* special report, December 4, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500380004-4.
+[^12]: "The World of the Supra-Sensory," unsigned and undated paper, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1.
+[^13]: Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey,* final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9.
+[^14]: *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations,* SRI final report, December 1988 (period November 1983 to October 1985), CIA-RDP96-00789R002200400001-3.
+[^15]: May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hans Speier.md

@@ -80,11 +80,11 @@ relations:
     end: 1951-02
     fn: 39
   - type: participant_in
-    with: "[[Quantico I and II]]"
+    with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
     role: "panel member, Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel"
     start: 1955-06
     end: 1955-06
-    fn: 49
+    fn: 50
   - type: employed_by
     with: "[[Ford Foundation]]"
     role: "consultant on the Behavioral Sciences Program"
@@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ relations:
     with: "[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]"
     role: "professor of sociology"
     start: 1969
-    fn: 51
+    fn: 52
 ---
 
-Hans Speier (February 3, 1905 to February 17, 1990) was a German sociologist who emigrated in 1933, helped found the Graduate Faculty (the University in Exile) at the [[New School for Social Research]], co-directed a Rockefeller-funded study of Nazi radio propaganda, and then moved through the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]], the [[Office of War Information]] and the [[U.S. Department of State]] into the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from 1948 to 1960. He sat on the State Department's [[Project Troy]] panel in 1950 and 1951 and on the 1955 [[Quantico I and II|Quantico]] panel convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], and he drafted the plan that became the [[Ford Foundation]]'s Behavioral Sciences Program and Stanford's [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]].[^1]
+Hans Speier (February 3, 1905 to February 17, 1990) was a German sociologist who emigrated in 1933, helped found the Graduate Faculty (the University in Exile) at the [[New School for Social Research]], co-directed a Rockefeller-funded study of Nazi radio propaganda, and then moved through the [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]], the [[Office of War Information]] and the [[U.S. Department of State]] into the [[Rand Corporation]], where he headed the Social Science Division from 1948 to 1960. He sat on the State Department's [[Project Troy]] panel in 1950 and 1951 and on the 1955 [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]] panel convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], and he drafted the plan that became the [[Ford Foundation]]'s Behavioral Sciences Program and Stanford's [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]].[^1]
 
 ### Berlin and Heidelberg
 
@@ -181,15 +181,15 @@ For the MIT program, Speier visited Millikan in February 1952, and in the spring
 
 ### Quantico I
 
-Nelson Rockefeller, then Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning, invited Speier on May 25, 1955. The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel met at the Marine Corps Schools from June 5 to 10, 1955, with [[Henry Kissinger]] and members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the National Security Council attending some sessions. Its report lists Speier as of the RAND Corporation. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of MIT; the other members were Frederick Dunn, [[C. D. Jackson]], Ellis Johnson, Paul Linebarger, Max Millikan, Philip Mosely, George Pettee, Stefan Possony, Speier and Charles A. H. Thomson. On June 13, 1955, Rockefeller sent [[Allen Dulles]] a copy (Copy No. 42), thanking him for the participation of members of his agency in the panel discussions; on July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum drawing attention to Ellis Johnson's supporting paper on the requirements for the United States and NATO to win the arms race. Its report, stamped Secret, recommends proposals including "a proposed agreement for mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments" and a convention on the right of aircraft to fly over any country. Speier's memorandum for the panel held that the Soviets would use the Geneva summit for advantage in "the international struggle for power" and that the United States should "force them to retreat." Rockefeller handed Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection on July 6 and sent him a memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," on July 11. On July 21, 1955, Eisenhower proposed Open Skies, and Rockefeller cabled panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction." Speier did not attend Quantico II (September 25 to 29, 1955), because he was in Germany for RAND; Kissinger attended in his place, and Rockefeller became Kissinger's patron. According to Bessner, Speier never again consulted for the executive branch.[^49]
+Nelson Rockefeller, then Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning, invited Speier on May 25, 1955. The Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel met at the Marine Corps Schools from June 5 to 10, 1955, with [[Henry Kissinger]] and members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the National Security Council attending some sessions. Its report lists Speier as of the RAND Corporation. Its chairman was [[Walt Rostow]] of MIT, whom the editorial note in the Foreign Relations volume designates "the panel chairman";[^49] the other members were Frederick Dunn, [[C. D. Jackson]], Ellis Johnson, Paul Linebarger, Max Millikan, Philip Mosely, George Pettee, Stefan Possony, Speier and Charles A. H. Thomson. On June 13, 1955, Rockefeller sent [[Allen Dulles]] a copy (Copy No. 42), thanking him for the participation of members of his agency in the panel discussions; on July 25, 1955, [[Richard Bissell]], Special Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence for Planning and Coordination, sent the Assistant Director for National Estimates a memorandum drawing attention to Ellis Johnson's supporting paper on the requirements for the United States and NATO to win the arms race. Its report, stamped Secret, recommends proposals including "a proposed agreement for mutual inspection of military installations, forces, and armaments" and a convention on the right of aircraft to fly over any country. Speier's memorandum for the panel held that the Soviets would use the Geneva summit for advantage in "the international struggle for power" and that the United States should "force them to retreat." Rockefeller handed Eisenhower a note recommending mutual aerial inspection on July 6 and sent him a memorandum, "Psychological Strategy at Geneva," on July 11. On July 21, 1955, Eisenhower proposed Open Skies, and Rockefeller cabled panel members that they "should be reading newspapers tonight with great pride and satisfaction." Speier did not attend Quantico II (September 25 to 29, 1955), because he was in Germany for RAND; Kissinger attended in his place, and Rockefeller became Kissinger's patron. According to Bessner, Speier never again consulted for the executive branch.[^50]
 
 ### The Political Game
 
-With Herbert Goldhamer, Speier developed a free-form political simulation, played four times at RAND in 1955 and 1956 and presented to the Social Science Research Council, the Army War College and West Point. Players took national roles, wrote justifications for each move and met random events refereed by staff; State Department officials joined the fourth game. In 1960 CENIS held the game POLEX II, the Joint War Games Agency adopted it, and in September and October 1961 two Berlin crisis games directed by [[Thomas Schelling]] were played by officials including McGeorge Bundy, Alain Enthoven, Carl Kaysen, Henry Kissinger, Robert Komer and John McNaughton's aide Henry Rowen. Kaysen briefed President Kennedy on the results.[^50]
+With Herbert Goldhamer, Speier developed a free-form political simulation, played four times at RAND in 1955 and 1956 and presented to the Social Science Research Council, the Army War College and West Point. Players took national roles, wrote justifications for each move and met random events refereed by staff; State Department officials joined the fourth game. In 1960 CENIS held the game POLEX II, the Joint War Games Agency adopted it, and in September and October 1961 two Berlin crisis games directed by [[Thomas Schelling]] were played by officials including McGeorge Bundy, Alain Enthoven, Carl Kaysen, Henry Kissinger, Robert Komer and John McNaughton's aide Henry Rowen. Kaysen briefed President Kennedy on the results.[^51]
 
 ### Later Career
 
-Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and Berlin (Divided Berlin, 1961), held a Senior Fellowship at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1964 at the request of [[John J. McCloy]], and left for a professorship in sociology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1969. He later edited with Lasswell and [[Daniel Lerner]] the three-volume Propaganda and Communication in World History (1979 to 1980), and was named professor emeritus of the New School's Graduate Faculty. He died in Sarasota, Florida.[^51]
+Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and Berlin (Divided Berlin, 1961), held a Senior Fellowship at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in 1964 at the request of [[John J. McCloy]], and left for a professorship in sociology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1969. He later edited with Lasswell and [[Daniel Lerner]] the three-volume Propaganda and Communication in World History (1979 to 1980), and was named professor emeritus of the New School's Graduate Faculty. He died in Sarasota, Florida.[^52]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ Speier remained in RAND's Research Council until 1968, wrote on West Germany and
 [^46]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 241-246 and notes 54-76, citing Carroll and Speier, "Psychological Warfare in Germany," December 1, 1950, RG 466, National Archives II, and PSB D-21, FRUS 1952-1954, vol. 7, Document 156; Bessner observes at p. 245 that the appendix tasks echoed the Speier and Carroll report.
 [^47]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 247-255 and notes 82-104, citing Speier, Marquis and Berelson, "The Ford Foundation Behavioral Sciences Program: Proposed Plan," December 1951 (Ford Foundation Archives, Report 002072). Speier's CASBS year is given as 1956 to 1957 by Bessner (p. 255) and by University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm); Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans," gives 1957 and 1958. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), chronology: "1951 Consultant, Ford Foundation."
 [^48]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 255-258 and notes 106-116 (trustees' grant "in the spring of 1952"; Pool as research director after Speier declined, p. 257 note 110), citing Speier et al., Research in International Communication: An Advisory Report of the Planning Committee (MIT Center for International Studies, June 1953), and Blackmer, Donald L. M., The MIT Center for International Studies: The Founding Years, 1951-1969 (2002).
-[^49]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rockefeller's letter to Allen W. Dulles of June 13, 1955 and Richard M. Bissell's memorandum of July 25, 1955 (CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5), CIA Reading Room. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 260-266 and notes 126-148, citing Rockefeller to Speier, May 25, July 21 and August 16, 1955, Rockefeller to Eisenhower, July 11, 1955 (FRUS 1955-1957, vol. 5, Document 154), and Speier, "U.S. Strategy at the Forthcoming Conference," Speier Papers Box 4, Folder 60. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), container list (folders for Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1955-1956, and the Rockefeller Foundation, 1944 and 1975, Box 4).
-[^50]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 266-278 and notes 152-187, citing Goldhamer and Speier, "Some Observations on Political Gaming," World Politics 12, no. 1 (October 1959), and Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, The Worlds of Herman Kahn (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapter 6.
-[^51]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 283, 303, 307 (Council on Foreign Relations fellowship at McCloy's request; move to the University of Massachusetts in 1969; Propaganda and Communication in World History). Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (NDB 24, 2010; sfz123260), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz123260.html, dates his Amherst teaching 1969 to 1973 and the RAND Research Council 1960 to 1968, and gives the death as February 17, 1990, in Sarasota, Florida; University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), adds that he died while vacationing there.
+[^49]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26. Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, transmittal letter signed "W. W. Rostow (Center of International Studies, MIT) Panel Chairman," CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5
+[^50]: Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rockefeller's letter to Allen W. Dulles of June 13, 1955 and Richard M. Bissell's memorandum of July 25, 1955 (CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5), CIA Reading Room. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5. Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 260-266 and notes 126-148, citing Rockefeller to Speier, May 25, July 21 and August 16, 1955, Rockefeller to Eisenhower, July 11, 1955 (FRUS 1955-1957, vol. 5, Document 154), and Speier, "U.S. Strategy at the Forthcoming Conference," Speier Papers Box 4, Folder 60. University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), container list (folders for Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1955-1956, and the Rockefeller Foundation, 1944 and 1975, Box 4).
+[^51]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 266-278 and notes 152-187, citing Goldhamer and Speier, "Some Observations on Political Gaming," World Politics 12, no. 1 (October 1959), and Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, The Worlds of Herman Kahn (Harvard University Press, 2005), chapter 6.
+[^52]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 283, 303, 307 (Council on Foreign Relations fellowship at McCloy's request; move to the University of Massachusetts in 1969; Propaganda and Communication in World History). Deutsche Biographie, "Speier, Hans" (NDB 24, 2010; sfz123260), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz123260.html, dates his Amherst teaching 1969 to 1973 and the RAND Research Council 1960 to 1968, and gives the death as February 17, 1990, in Sarasota, Florida; University at Albany, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, Hans Speier Papers, 1922-1989 (GER-084), finding aid, chronology and box and folder list (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger084.htm), adds that he died while vacationing there.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Harry Stump.md

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 ---
 aliases:
 - Harry Stump
+- Harry Stone
 category: "Psychics & Remote Viewers"
 tags:
   - Psi
   - Person
   - RemoteViewer
-summary: "Harry Stump was a Dutch sculptor and channeler who gained the attention of Andrija Puharich and his wealthy benefactors due to his purported psychic abilities, particularly his capacity to enter trance states and produce automatic writings and drawings."
+summary: "Harry Stump was a Dutch sculptor and channeler whose trance states, automatic writing and drawings drew the attention of Andrija Puharich and his wealthy benefactors."
 born: 1923
 died: 1998
 location: "Netherlands"
@@ -17,9 +18,17 @@ Stump was a [[World War II]] resistance fighter in his native Holland, honored b
 
 Puharich met Stump at a dinner party hosted by [[Alice Astor Bouverie]]. In June 1954, Bouverie contacted Puharich about an incident where Stump, after handling a 3,400-year-old scarab-shaped necklace, entered a trance state and began drawing Egyptian hieroglyphs and speaking in a guttural voice, seemingly channeling an entity from ancient Egypt. During this trance, Stump spoke of "a drug that would stimulate one's psychic faculties" and drew a picture of a mushroom, which Puharich later identified as *Amanita muscaria*[^1]. This event was significant as it provided the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] with a key lead in their year-long, unsuccessful quest to locate the *teonanáctl* mushroom for [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]][^1].
 
+Puharich testified in 1968 that Stump was one of nine principal subjects he tested at the Round Table Foundation.[^2]
+
 Puharich became obsessed with Stump's channeling abilities and the hallucinogenic mushroom. He brought Stump to the [[Round Table Foundation]] and, in August 1955, attempted to drug him with *teonanáctl* to test its divinatory powers, with [[Aldous Huxley]] as a witness. The experiment did not yield the desired results, with Stump appearing drunk and confused[^1].
 
+On September 29 and 30, 1956, Puharich ran a demonstration at the foundation for members of the Psychic Research Society of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. The demonstration included split Matching Abacus Test series between [[Peter Hurkos]] and Stump, each in a separate [[Faraday cage]] about 18 feet apart. Most runs scored at chance; for Demonstration No. 11 (50 trials, 18 on-target hits) the report states that the results "were considered evidence for the existence of telepathic interaction on the part of Mr. Stone and Mr. Hurkos."[^3] The report writes the subject's name "Mr. Stone"; appellant's counsel writes "Harry Stone," and Puharich's testimony spells it "Harry Stump."[^4]
+
 Stump's psychic powers began to wane, and the "Egyptian persona" rarely appeared. He became depressed as his trance powers vanished, and his traditional sculpture and painting work suffered[^1].
 
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), Appx. 66a-67a. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
+[^3]: Plaintiff's Exhibit 7, Puharich report, Transcript of Record, Puharich v. Brenner, Appendix, sections 8.80 to 8.85 (Appx. p. 178a). https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner
+[^4]: Transcript of Record, Appendix, Puharich v. Brenner, No. 22286 (D.C. Cir.), Appx. 66a-67a and the Plaintiff's Exhibit 7 report. https://archive.org/details/dc_circ_1968_22286_henry_k_puharich_v_edward_j_brenner

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ingo Swann.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-09
 title: Ingo Swann
 aliases:
   - Ingo Swann
@@ -45,20 +45,22 @@ Swann participated in the initial [[SCANATE]] experiments under CIA contract fro
 
 Swann's most significant contribution to the program was the coordinate targeting method that became CRV. He proposed using geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude - as the only targeting information provided to a viewer, hypothesizing that coordinates served as an access key to the location rather than as descriptive information about it. Puthoff and Targ initially resisted this as theoretically implausible, but experiments using coordinates as the sole targeting information produced results the team assessed as anomalous, and the technique became the program's standard approach.
 
-After Price's death in 1975, Swann returned to SRI and worked with Puthoff to formalize CRV into a six-stage structured protocol. The protocol trained viewers to progress through stages from initial ideogram responses (reflexive markings produced in response to presented coordinates) through increasingly specific descriptive and analytical phases. The design was intended to minimize contamination from imagination and prior knowledge by structuring viewer responses before analytical interpretation was introduced. Swann believed remote viewing was a natural perceptual ability that could be developed through disciplined training.
+After Price's death in 1975, Swann returned to SRI and worked with Puthoff to formalize CRV into a six-stage structured protocol. The protocol trained viewers to progress through stages from initial ideogram responses (reflexive markings produced in response to presented coordinates) through increasingly specific descriptive and analytical phases. The design was intended to minimize contamination from imagination and prior knowledge by structuring viewer responses before analytical interpretation was introduced. Swann believed remote viewing was a natural perceptual ability that could be developed through disciplined training. The October 1984 training plan credits Swann with the name: "Ingo Swann, who coined the term CRV."[^6]
 
 ### The SCANATE Sessions
 
-SRI's SCANATE report records that "as a result of the experimentation carried out on what might be termed micro-abilities, Swann expressed the opinion that the insights obtained had strengthened a macro-ability which had been researched prior to his joining the SRI program; namely, the ability to view remote locations." In a training series "100 targets on the earth's surface, ten per day for ten days, were chosen at random," Swann "being given a target location by latitude and longitude only," each run of ten finished "in less than thirty minutes"; the report itself cautioned that "an individual could, in principle, obtain good results on the basis of memory" or "subliminally from an experimenter who knows the target location." On May 29, 1973, at 4:34 in the afternoon, Hal Puthoff gave him coordinates supplied by the sponsor, 38°23'N, 79°25'W, "described simply as being in [[West Virginia]]," with no maps, on videotape: "This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and some smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like the lawns that one would find around a military base, but I get the impression that there are either some old bunkers around, or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole, some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east, to the south more city." The next morning: "Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular building (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former Nike base or something like that? I seem to get the impression of something underground, but I'm not sure." On July 21, 1973, given 49°20'S, 70°14'E, he said: "My initial response is that it's an island, maybe a mountain sticking up through a cloud cover," with buildings "rather mathematically laid out," one orange, "something like a radar antenna, a round disc," two white cylindrical tanks, and "to the northwest a small airstrip," and the next day mapped its coastline. Later, surprised in a New York hotel room with an abacus locked in the adjoining room, bought as "a target analogous to a cipher machine of particular interest," he drew its outline "in approximately one minute" and called it "a game box with little balls." The 1975 final report's West Virginia sessions are coded to subject S3.[^6]
+SRI's SCANATE report records that "as a result of the experimentation carried out on what might be termed micro-abilities, Swann expressed the opinion that the insights obtained had strengthened a macro-ability which had been researched prior to his joining the SRI program; namely, the ability to view remote locations." In a training series "100 targets on the earth's surface, ten per day for ten days, were chosen at random," Swann "being given a target location by latitude and longitude only," each run of ten finished "in less than thirty minutes"; the report itself cautioned that "an individual could, in principle, obtain good results on the basis of memory" or "subliminally from an experimenter who knows the target location." On May 29, 1973, at 4:34 in the afternoon, Hal Puthoff gave him coordinates supplied by the sponsor, 38°23'N, 79°25'W, "described simply as being in [[West Virginia]]," with no maps, on videotape: "This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and some smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like the lawns that one would find around a military base, but I get the impression that there are either some old bunkers around, or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole, some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east, to the south more city." The next morning: "Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular building (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former Nike base or something like that? I seem to get the impression of something underground, but I'm not sure." On July 21, 1973, given 49°20'S, 70°14'E, he said: "My initial response is that it's an island, maybe a mountain sticking up through a cloud cover," with buildings "rather mathematically laid out," one orange, "something like a radar antenna, a round disc," two white cylindrical tanks, and "to the northwest a small airstrip," and the next day mapped its coastline. Later, surprised in a New York hotel room with an abacus locked in the adjoining room, bought as "a target analogous to a cipher machine of particular interest," he drew its outline "in approximately one minute" and called it "a game box with little balls." The 1975 final report's West Virginia sessions are coded to subject S3.[^7]
 
-At [[Maimonides Medical Center]], in an experiment reported to the American Physical Society in February 1976, [[Edwin May]] and [[Charles Honorton]] had him attempt to influence a noise-driven binary random generator: 29 runs gave a mean of 493 against 500 expected (p = 0.011), improving as he was moved twelve feet away behind "two double steel walls," while a control run after he left gave 499.7. "We conclude that Mr. Swann was successful in exerting a psychokinetic influence on the instrument." The SRI final report's instrumented magnetometer series of 1974 and 1975, thirteen ten-trial runs on a Develco gradiometer at four metres giving p = 0.004, was run with subject S1, the code that matches Pat Price's sessions, not S3; the "early research (1972)" perturbation "of a Josephson effect magnetometer" is described there as a pilot study of "a few hours" that "prevented a proper investigation." He visited the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] on October 17, 1978, and was still reporting to Puthoff as a consultant in April 1984.[^7]
+At [[Maimonides Medical Center]], in an experiment reported to the American Physical Society in February 1976, [[Edwin May]] and [[Charles Honorton]] had him attempt to influence a noise-driven binary random generator: 29 runs gave a mean of 493 against 500 expected (p = 0.011), improving as he was moved twelve feet away behind "two double steel walls," while a control run after he left gave 499.7. "We conclude that Mr. Swann was successful in exerting a psychokinetic influence on the instrument." The SRI final report's instrumented magnetometer series of 1974 and 1975, thirteen ten-trial runs on a Develco gradiometer at four metres giving p = 0.004, was run with subject S1, the code that matches Pat Price's sessions, not S3; the "early research (1972)" perturbation "of a Josephson effect magnetometer" is described there as a pilot study of "a few hours" that "prevented a proper investigation." He visited the [[Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity]] on October 17, 1978, and was still reporting to Puthoff as a consultant in April 1984.[^8]
 
-The report of the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] of December 1979 recorded that "in July 1978, DIA sponsored a series of four unique experiments" in which "the DIA Project Officer had prepared three sets of Soviet/Bloc target coordinates, and one US control set," and that "Swann provided a 'moderate to high', lengthy description of the last target, a Soviet strategic missile field east of Moscow... Swann passed through a silo cover, 'traveling' down until reaching a connecting tunnel. Going through this passageway he entered a command and control room. One comment, among many, stands out: 'The floors are paved in "white tiles".'" The same report put SRI's experiments with him at "7000+," "only a fraction" of them published.[^8]
+The report of the Army's [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] of December 1979 recorded that "in July 1978, DIA sponsored a series of four unique experiments" in which "the DIA Project Officer had prepared three sets of Soviet/Bloc target coordinates, and one US control set," and that "Swann provided a 'moderate to high', lengthy description of the last target, a Soviet strategic missile field east of Moscow... Swann passed through a silo cover, 'traveling' down until reaching a connecting tunnel. Going through this passageway he entered a command and control room. One comment, among many, stands out: 'The floors are paved in "white tiles".'" The same report put SRI's experiments with him at "7000+," "only a fraction" of them published.[^9]
 
 ### Training the Army Program
 
 From 1984, Swann traveled to [[Fort Meade]] to train the Army's operational remote viewing unit - the military successor to the SRI research, operating under the code names [[Center Lane]] and [[Sun Streak]] - in the CRV protocol. He trained the initial Army cadre in the six-stage method, including viewers who became the operational core of the program in its final decade before declassification.
 
+The Army's chronology records that [[Grill Flame]] personnel began training at SRI-International in the new CRV method in July 1982, two years before the Fort Meade work described above.[^10] An INSCOM training plan dated October 22, 1984 states that CRV training "is conducted at SRI-International facilities in Menlo Park, CA and New York, NY."[^6] Schnabel wrote in 1995 that "Swann taught the technique to five new recruits to the Fort Meade unit."[^11]
+
 ### Writing and Later Career
 
 Swann published several books articulating his theoretical and experiential framework: *To Kiss Earth Goodbye* (1975), *Natural ESP: A Layman's Guide to Unlocking the Extra Sensory Power of Your Mind* (Bantam, 1987), *Everybody's Guide to Natural ESP* (Tarcher, 1991), and *Penetration: The Question of Extraterrestrial and Human Telepathy* (Ingo Swann Books, 1998). The last described alleged remote viewings of artificial structures on the Moon's surface and contact with what Swann interpreted as non-human intelligence monitoring the program; it was controversial among program participants and former government officials who considered it an embarrassment to the program's credibility.
@@ -70,8 +72,11 @@ Swann maintained an active painting career throughout his life, exhibiting abstr
 [^1]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), passage on Scientology following the Time cover story; chapter note "Puthoff and Swann resign: Puthoff; Swann." https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2
 [^2]: Leon Jaroff, "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," *Time*, March 4, 1974 (CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100030002-8
 [^3]: John L. Wilhelm, "The Scientology Link," *Washington Post*, 1977, in CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700360003-3
-[^4]: Tony Ortega, as cited on the vault page Scientology for the paper's title and the 1973 conference (not independently opened; coordinator should reopen before merging). Sole source for the passages so cited.
+[^4]: Tony Ortega, cited for the paper's title and the 1973 conference.
 [^5]: "Preliminary Group Report for the Psychological Testing of Subjects from the Parapsychology Study at Stanford Research Institute," unsigned (CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200140007-0
-[^6]: Stanford Research Institute, "Project SCANATE, Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100480002-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
-[^7]: May, Edwin C., and Charles Honorton. "A Dynamic PK Experiment with Ingo Swann," Maimonides Medical Center, abstract for the American Physical Society meeting of February 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130005-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part one, executive summary, SRI Project 3183, covering January 1974 to February 1975, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100420001-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Visit of Ingo Swann to AMSAA, 17 October 1978," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240010-3, and "Memo to Dr. H.E. Puthoff from I. Swann, Consultant, Subject: Work Report," April 15, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140033-6, titles only.
-[^8]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^6]: Memorandum for record, IAGPA-F-SD, "Training Plan 1 October 1984 - 31 December 1984," October 22, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090053-0. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500090053-0.pdf.
+[^7]: Stanford Research Institute, "Project SCANATE, Exploratory Research in Remote Viewing," 1973, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100480002-4. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report.
+[^8]: May, Edwin C., and Charles Honorton. "A Dynamic PK Experiment with Ingo Swann," Maimonides Medical Center, abstract for the American Physical Society meeting of February 1976, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130005-3. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part one, executive summary, SRI Project 3183, covering January 1974 to February 1975, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100420001-1. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. *Perceptual Augmentation Techniques,* final report, part two, research report, December 1, 1975, SRI Project 3183, 153 pp., CIA-RDP96-00791R000100410001-2. The report codes its subjects; S3 and S1 are identified as Swann and Price by matching their responses to the named sessions in the SCANATE report. "Visit of Ingo Swann to AMSAA, 17 October 1978," CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240010-3, and "Memo to Dr. H.E. Puthoff from I. Swann, Consultant, Subject: Work Report," April 15, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00792R000100140033-6, titles only.
+[^9]: *Report by the Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee,* December 1979, Manfred Gale, chairman, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300120001-5.
+[^10]: "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," Army chronology, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.pdf. Entry "JULY 82": "Grill Flame personnel begin training at SRI-International in the new Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) method."
+[^11]: Jim Schnabel, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," *Independent on Sunday*, August 27, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5. cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5.pdf.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jack P. Ruina.md

@@ -8,12 +8,23 @@ summary: "His panel's assignment was carefully weighted towards investigating th
 born: 1923-08-19
 died: 2015-02-04
 location: "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts"
+relations:
+  - type: investigated
+    with: "[[VELA Satellite]]"
+    role: "chairman of the Ad Hoc Panel on the September 22 Event"
+    start: 1979-11-01
+    end: 1980-05-23
+    fn: 2
 ---
 
 Jack P. Ruina was a professor of electrical engineering at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and a longtime consultant to the [[Pentagon]] on military and scientific issues. He was chosen by [[Frank Press]] to direct an outside panel to study the [[VELA Satellite]] data after a probable nuclear explosion was detected on September 22, 1979. Ruina held many sensitive clearances and was known for his discretion.[^1]
 
-His panel's assignment was carefully weighted towards investigating the possibility that the VELA sighting had been a false alarm. The panel concluded that the VELA sighting "contains sufficient internal inconsistency to cast serious doubt whether that signal originated from a nuclear explosion or in fact from any light sources in the proximity of the VELA satellite." They also found no collateral signs of a nuclear event. The panel eventually reported in July 1980 that the flash was "probably not from a nuclear explosion," suggesting it might have been a "zoo event" (a signal of unknown cause), possibly a meteoroid impact.[^1]
+[[Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr.|Spurgeon Keeny]] told [[Leonard Weiss]] in a 2004 interview that the idea for an outside panel was his. The panel was formed in late October 1979 under Press, began work on November 1, 1979, and was chaired by Ruina.[^2]
+
+His panel's assignment was carefully weighted towards investigating the possibility that the VELA sighting had been a false alarm. The panel concluded that the VELA sighting "contains sufficient internal inconsistency to cast serious doubt whether that signal originated from a nuclear explosion or in fact from any light source not in the proximity of the VELA satellite." They also found no collateral signs of a nuclear event. The panel's report is dated May 23, 1980, and a declassified version appeared in July 1980.[^3] It stated that the signal was "probably not from a nuclear explosion," suggesting it might have been a "zoo event" (a signal of unknown cause), possibly a meteoroid impact.[^1]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
+[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 20.
+[^2]: Burr, William, and Avner Cohen, "The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 570, December 6, 2016, narrative and Document 14. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test ; Weiss, Leonard, "Flash from the Past," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8, 2015 (Keeny interview of July 30, 2004). https://thebulletin.org/2015/09/flash-from-the-past-why-an-apparent-israeli-nuclear-test-in-1979-matters-today/
+[^3]: Office of Science and Technology Policy, "Ad Hoc Panel Report on the September 22 Event," May 23, 1980, Secret, partially declassified, p. 19 and cover. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/09.pdf ; Wright, Christopher M., and Lars-Erik De Geer, "The 22 September 1979 Vela Incident: The Detected Double-Flash," Science & Global Security, vol. 25, no. 3 (2017), reference 7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2017.1394047

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jean-Michel Nihoul.md

@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ Through the Confrérie des Maîtres Brasseurs, the free radio Radio Activité, o
 
 ### Informant
 
-In 1995 and 1996 Nihoul was an informant of the gendarmerie's BSR in Dinant; the gendarmerie had registered him as a coded informant. In May 1995 he passed on information, obtained through [[Michel Lelievre|Michel Lelièvre]], about a stolen car and collected a 30,000-franc reward from the insurer Royale Belge; he later introduced Lelièvre to his handlers. The BSR took no action against Lelièvre in the first half of 1996, though he was wanted to serve a prison sentence and though, the commission found, there were indications that the BSR knew he and Dutroux had stolen a truck in 1995; Nihoul had asked his handler to leave Lelièvre alone. "In the end," the commission wrote, "it was the informant who directed his handlers and not the reverse." Its first report had listed eight indications of protection for Nihoul, among them witnesses who testified under oath that two associates from the entourage of a former minister protected him, and his hold as an informant over a policeman who failed to arrest Lelièvre before Lelièvre took part in the abductions of [[Sabine Dardenne]] and [[Laetitia Delhez]]. The commission concluded that "the Nihoul movement" had operated amid "the relaxation of norms and corrupting behavior" and in that sense had received and granted protection, "rarely in a very spectacular way and, most of the time, in the context of services between friends."[^1]
+In 1995 and 1996 Nihoul was an informant of the gendarmerie's BSR in Dinant; the gendarmerie had registered him as a coded informant. In May 1995 he passed on information, obtained through [[Michel Lelievre|Michel Lelièvre]], about a stolen car and collected a 30,000-franc reward from the insurer Royale Belge; he later introduced Lelièvre to his handlers. The BSR took no action against Lelièvre in the first half of 1996, though he was wanted to serve a prison sentence and though, the commission found, there were indications that the BSR knew he and Dutroux had stolen a truck in 1995; Nihoul had asked his handler to leave Lelièvre alone. "In the end," the commission wrote, "it was the informant who directed his handlers and not the reverse." Its first report had listed eight indications of protection for Nihoul, among them witnesses who testified under oath that two associates from the entourage of a former minister protected him, and his hold as an informant over a policeman who failed to arrest Lelièvre before Lelièvre took part in the abductions of two girls aged 12 and 14. The commission concluded that "the Nihoul movement" had operated amid "the relaxation of norms and corrupting behavior" and in that sense had received and granted protection, "rarely in a very spectacular way and, most of the time, in the context of services between friends."[^1]
 
 ### ASCO and the Dutroux Case
 
-[[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO) was founded on July 2, 1991, at Wasmes by the operator of Le Dolo, Nihoul's companion and a third Dolo client, went into voluntary liquidation on June 23, 1995, and was declared bankrupt by the commercial court of Mons on October 9, 1995; Nihoul was at least its de facto manager in 1994, and the commission linked the company to the reports of white Mercedes cars.[^1] He had met Dutroux a year before his arrest through Lelièvre, to whom he sold drugs. [[Michelle Martin]] told investigators that Dutroux had been in frequent contact with Nihoul around the abduction of Laetitia Delhez, and Dutroux said Nihoul was looking for girls for a Belgian prostitution network. Nihoul was led from the courthouse at Neufchâteau on August 16, 1996, to shouts of "à mort." His companion [[Marleen De Cokere]] was arrested in late September. His warrant in the Dutroux case was lifted in January 1997.[^3][^4] In an interview with *Der Spiegel* in 2001, in his two-room flat in Jette with De Cokere beside him, Nihoul said of children, "I never did anything with children. I love children," and that Dutroux had taken the girls "for his own consumption." The magazine reported that the investigation files showed Dutroux had asked his advice on getting into the trade in girls and that Nihoul had advised him to organize sadomasochistic parties, which Nihoul said he had understood to mean adults. He spoke of the group-sex parties he and De Cokere had organized, "but with style," attended by influential politicians and officials at Le Dolo and Faulx-les-Tombes, and said: "Ich habe die Regierung in der Hand" (I have the government in hand). For 20,000 marks more he offered "a sitting minister who is involved in a murder," and, for a six-figure sum, a photograph of the then Prince Albert with a naked sixteen-year-old taken on the second floor of the Mirano club twenty years earlier.[^5] [[Regina Louf]], the witness X1, alleged that he organized parties at which children were abused; the prosecutors-general closed the files opened on her testimony in April 1998.[^6]
+[[Achats Services Commerces]] (ASCO) was founded on July 2, 1991, at Wasmes by the operator of Le Dolo, Nihoul's companion and a third Dolo client, went into voluntary liquidation on June 23, 1995, and was declared bankrupt by the commercial court of Mons on October 9, 1995; Nihoul was at least its de facto manager in 1994, and the commission linked the company to the reports of white Mercedes cars.[^1] He had met Dutroux a year before his arrest through Lelièvre, to whom he sold drugs. [[Michelle Martin]] told investigators that Dutroux had been in frequent contact with Nihoul around the abduction of a 14-year-old girl, and Dutroux said Nihoul was looking for girls for a Belgian prostitution network. Nihoul was led from the courthouse at Neufchâteau on August 16, 1996, to shouts of "à mort." His companion [[Marleen De Cokere]] was arrested in late September. His warrant in the Dutroux case was lifted in January 1997.[^3][^4] In an interview with *Der Spiegel* in 2001, in his two-room flat in Jette with De Cokere beside him, Nihoul said of children, "I never did anything with children. I love children," and that Dutroux had taken the girls "for his own consumption." The magazine reported that the investigation files showed Dutroux had asked his advice on getting into the trade in girls and that Nihoul had advised him to organize sadomasochistic parties, which Nihoul said he had understood to mean adults. He spoke of the group-sex parties he and De Cokere had organized, "but with style," attended by influential politicians and officials at Le Dolo and Faulx-les-Tombes, and said: "Ich habe die Regierung in der Hand" (I have the government in hand). For 20,000 marks more he offered "a sitting minister who is involved in a murder," and, for a six-figure sum, a photograph of the then Prince Albert with a naked sixteen-year-old taken on the second floor of the Mirano club twenty years earlier.[^5] [[Regina Louf]], the witness X1, alleged that he organized parties at which children were abused; the prosecutors-general closed the files opened on her testimony in April 1998.[^6]
 
 At the trial in Arlon in 2004, Dutroux accused Nihoul of being his link to a ring kidnapping girls for prostitution, which Nihoul denied. Véronique Laurent, convicted of ordering the killing of her husband, [[Michel Piro]], testified that Nihoul had come to their bar, La Terrasse, four or five times.[^7] Only seven of the twelve jurors found him guilty of the abductions, and the professional judges acquitted him of every charge connected with the children; the court had returned the jury to consider a lesser charge of complicity in the kidnappings, on which it acquitted him, and the jury convicted him of membership of a gang that smuggled drugs and people into Belgium.[^8] On June 22, 2004, he was sentenced to five years for drug trafficking and criminal association. He left Saint-Gilles prison on parole on April 28, 2006, and retired with his companion to the Belgian coast, where he died on October 23, 2019.[^3][^8]
 

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Jim Schnabel.md

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+---
+aliases:
+  - Jim Schnabel
+  - James Schnabel
+  - James Schnabel (writer)
+category: "Authors & Journalists"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - JimSchnabel
+  - RemoteViewing
+  - StargateProject
+  - CropCircles
+  - UFOAbduction
+  - Journalism
+  - ScienceWriting
+  - Books
+summary: "Writer whose books Round in Circles (1993), Dark White (1994) and Remote Viewers (1997) cover crop circles, alien abduction claims and the American remote-viewing program."
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[The Real X-Files]]"
+    role: "writer and narrator of the Channel 4 documentary"
+    start: 1995-08-27
+    fn: 11
+---
+
+Jim Schnabel is a journalist, author and science writer who published Round in Circles (1993), on the crop formations of [[Wiltshire]] and the people drawn to them, Dark White (1994), on alien abduction claims, Remote Viewers (1997), a history of the [[Stargate Project]], and Forever Young (1998), on the science of aging. He wrote and narrated the [[Channel 4]] documentary The Real X-Files, first broadcast in 1995, and has written science articles for [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], [[Science (journal)|Science]] and [[New Scientist]].[^1]
+
+### Books
+
+Round in Circles: Poltergeists, Pranksters, and the Secret History of the Cropwatchers was published in [[London]] by [[Hamish Hamilton]] in 1993 and in [[Amherst, New York]] by [[Prometheus Books]] in 1994. The Prometheus edition runs to xi and 293 pages with eight pages of plates.[^2]
+
+Dark White: Aliens, Abductions, and the UFO Obsession was published in London by Hamish Hamilton in 1994 (303 pages) and later issued by [[Penguin Books]].[^3]
+
+Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies was published by [[Dell Publishing]] in January 1997. Schnabel has described the research and writing as taking place from 1993 to 1996. The book follows the program from the [[Stanford Research Institute]] contract work that [[Hal Puthoff]] began in 1972 through the [[U.S. Army]] unit at [[Fort Meade]].[^4]
+
+Forever Young: Science and the Search for Immortality was published by [[Bloomsbury]] in 1998. A German edition of Remote Viewers, Geheimwaffe Gehirn: Die PSI-Agenten des CIA, was published by [[Herbig]] in 1998.[^5]
+
+### Remote Viewers and its sources
+
+The list of interview sources in Remote Viewers includes [[Frederick Atwater|Fred "Skip" Atwater]], Hal Puthoff, [[Ingo Swann]], [[Joe McMoneagle]], [[Uri Geller]], [[Keith Harary]] and [[Michael Persinger]], among others. The list states that a number of sources who spoke on background are not named in it, and that not all those listed spoke on the record all the time.[^6]
+
+The acknowledgments single out Atwater, Puthoff, [[Mel Riley]] and Edith Riley, and [[Edmund Thompson]] as "heroically cooperative" sources to whom the author owed "a special debt."[^6]
+
+The book uses pseudonyms for a number of the people it names. Its notes state that certain names in the text are pseudonyms, and a "Pseudonyms" page near the end of the book identifies them.[^7]
+
+The acknowledgments thank the [[U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] Freedom of Information Act office and the [[Fort Bragg]] FOIA office. The chapter notes describe a set of memoranda summarizing Project Landbroker, cited under 1984, as "Released to the author after a FOIA request, 1995. Pages heavily redacted." The notes on the case of [[David Morehouse]] describe the court-martial case file and a set of INSCOM investigation documents as "available by requests under the Freedom of Information Act."[^8]
+
+### The Real X-Files and the Stargate records of 1995
+
+In a memorandum of May 30, 1995, Joe McMoneagle described a series of calls from Schnabel over the preceding eight months, six or seven by his count, and wrote that Schnabel had at first said he was interested only in the science side of the subject. McMoneagle wrote that he learned Schnabel would attend a Gateway seminar at the [[Monroe Institute]] in May 1995 and had seen his name on the participant list. He wrote that Schnabel gave himself as the writer of a program for Channel 4 on the history of remote viewing, covering the CIA's Project Scanate and the Army unit at Fort Meade, with a live remote viewing to close the second part.[^9]
+
+McMoneagle wrote that he declined to take part, and that he believed Schnabel "wasn't entirely open and honest with me during those conversations." He wrote that Schnabel told him the producer would guarantee in writing that McMoneagle would not be linked to military or Cold War issues if he performed the live remote viewing. He wrote that Schnabel said he had made promises to protect others, naming Puthoff among them, and that Schnabel said he had spoken with Harary. McMoneagle also wrote that Schnabel said he had a film of three experimental remote viewings McMoneagle had done at the Monroe Institute in 1983, which had been forwarded to Schnabel by a person whose name is redacted.[^9]
+
+On May 31, 1995, [[Edwin May]] of the [[Cognitive Sciences Laboratory]] in [[Palo Alto]] wrote a memorandum about Schnabel's approach to the program. May wrote that Schnabel was preparing a piece for Channel 4 that would cover Project Scanate and the Army's remote-viewing unit, that Schnabel listed five individuals by name, all retired from the program, and that Schnabel had also named some current personnel and retired senior officials. May wrote that it was his impression that Schnabel and Channel 4 were interested in an exposé.[^10]
+
+Schnabel wrote and narrated The Real X-Files, a one-hour documentary for Channel 4 directed by [[Bill Eagles]], with [[Alex Graham]] of [[Wall to Wall]] as executive producer. It was first broadcast on August 27, 1995. An edited version was broadcast in the [[United States]] on the [[Discovery Channel]] on March 12, 1996.[^11]
+
+His article "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi" ran in the [[The Independent|Independent on Sunday]]'s Sunday Review on August 27, 1995, pages 10 to 13. A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] memorandum of August 28, 1995, filed in the STARGATE collection, circulated a [[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]] transcription of the article. The reference line of the memorandum reads "FYI. Interesting stuff."[^12] Schnabel has written that the feature "got some official attention."[^4]
+
+In a memorandum of September 21, 1995, May wrote that he had obtained a videotape of the program, that it presented Schnabel's written piece in video form and featured Mel Riley and [[Ed Dames]] with interviews of Thompson, Adm. Turner, Puthoff, [[Lyn Buchanan]] and [[John Alexander]], and that in his opinion "the show is sensational and makes no attempt to separate fact from fiction." May added that he had been told the producers of [[ABC News]] 20/20 had seen the Schnabel tape.[^13]
+
+### Crop circles
+
+Round in Circles examines crop circles around the world and the people drawn to them.[^2]
+
+In July 1992 Schnabel took second place in a circlemaking competition held at West Wycombe on July 11 and 12, and wrote "The Art of Circular Science" for The Cerealogist no. 7 (Harvest 1992). In November 1992 the [[MUFON]] UFO Journal, edited by [[Dennis Stacy]], printed his article "Confessions of a Crop Circle Spy," five pages long, which recounts telephone conversations with a caller using the name Ntumba, whom Schnabel wrote that the photographer [[Rob Irving]] recognized as Henry Azadehdel, also known as [[Armen Victorian]]. Schnabel wrote that in a light-hearted moment he had suggested to the caller "that yes, it was all true, he was indeed a spy."[^14]
+
+The Circular, the journal of the [[Centre for Crop Circle Studies]] edited by [[George Wingfield]], prepared an interview with Schnabel recorded by Victorian. The introduction to that interview, as reprinted by [[Bill Eatwell]] in the HUFON Report of the Houston UFO Network, stated that Schnabel had written an item in [[The Washington Post]] in 1991, had collaborated with Irving on a piece for the Independent Magazine implying that many major mid-Wiltshire formations were the work of the UBI group, and was a postgraduate student in sociology at the [[University of Bath]], with a connection to [[Lincoln College, Oxford]] that the college had said at the beginning of 1992 no longer existed. The introduction presented the recording as Schnabel revealing himself as a paid disinformation agent for an unnamed Western intelligence organization, and stated that Schnabel now denied it and had telephoned to say he had been "winding up" Victorian.[^14]
+
+Eatwell wrote that Wingfield gave him a copy of the interview in October 1992 and said that his English publisher, Michael Green, had pulled it from The Circular. Eatwell wrote that on comparing the interview with Schnabel's account of it, some sentences were not word for word, and that Schnabel's article contained a statement about "ultra-secret Stars Wars weapons testing" that he could not find in the interview text.[^14]
+
+### Journalism
+
+A Science article listed on Schnabel's website is "New Alzheimer's therapy suggested," published June 18, 1993, pages 1719 to 1720.[^15] Later articles by Schnabel in Nature include "The sounds of silent movies" (August 5, 2008), "Neuroscience: Standard model" (August 2008), "Protein folding: The dark side of proteins" (April 7, 2010) and "Amyloid: Little proteins, big clues" (July 2011, in a Nature Outlook supplement).[^16] His website also lists articles for New Scientist, the Scripps Research magazine Endeavor, NYU Physician and the UNC Gillings School of Public Health, and the books Everything and Nothing: an introduction to quantum probability (Natura, 2012; revised as Quantum Theory and the Structure of Reality, 2023) and Age of Despair: Toxic Science and the End of History (Natura, 2024).[^1]
+
+### Reception
+
+[[Susan Blackmore]] reviewed Dark White in Nature under the title "Minds possessed" on November 17, 1994.[^17] Praise for Dark White quoted on Schnabel's website is attributed to Anthony Clare in The Sunday Times ("His ironic, wry account contains all the classic UFO stories"), Boyd Tonkin in The New Statesman & Society and Jonathan Sale in the Independent on Sunday.[^18]
+
+[[Anthony Campbell]]'s review of Dark White, carrying a 1999 copyright line, called the book "an excellent book on a difficult subject." Campbell wrote that the epilogue states Schnabel's position: "Here he makes it clear that he discounts the extra-terrestrial hypothesis."[^19]
+
+[[Robin Ramsay]] reviewed Remote Viewers in [[Lobster (magazine)|Lobster]] in the summer of 1997. He wrote that he approached the book "with some caution," that Armen Victorian and others were intensely suspicious of Schnabel's activities in the UFO and paranormal fields and "some suspect him of being a CIA asset," and that "On this I am an agnostic." He concluded: "But whatever Schnabel's role, he has written a very good book."[^20]
+
+[^1]: Jim Schnabel, personal website, "I've been a journalist, author and science writer/editor since the 1990s," with listed articles and books, https://jimschnabel.github.io/.
+
+[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Round in Circles: Poltergeists, Pranksters, and the Secret History of the Cropwatchers* (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993; Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1994). Catalog records, Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825562W, and Internet Archive lending copy, https://archive.org/details/roundincirclespo0000schn (xi, 293 pages, [8] pages of plates).
+
+[^3]: Jim Schnabel, *Dark White: Aliens, Abductions, and the UFO Obsession* (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994), 303 pages per Internet Archive record https://archive.org/details/darkwhitealiensa0000schn; Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825561W. Listing in *Nature* for the review cited in note 17 gives "Hamish Hamilton: 1994. Pp. 304." Campbell's review (note 19) gives a Penguin edition, London, 1995.
+
+[^4]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (New York: Dell, 1997), "Copyright © 1997 by Jim Schnabel." Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825559W. Schnabel's description of the research period, the January 1997 publication and the Independent feature is on his website, https://jimschnabel.github.io/remote-viewers/.
+
+[^5]: Jim Schnabel, *Forever Young: Science and the Search for Immortality* (London: Bloomsbury, 1998), listed at https://jimschnabel.github.io/forever-young/ and Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825560W; *Geheimwaffe Gehirn: Die PSI-Agenten des CIA* (Herbig, 1998), Open Library, https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2825557W.
+
+[^6]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), acknowledgments and "Interview Sources."
+
+[^7]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), chapter note on the first appearance of pseudonymous names ("These are pseudonyms. See this page for a complete list of pseudonyms."), and the "Pseudonyms" page at the back of the book.
+
+[^8]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), acknowledgments; chapter notes on the Morehouse case and on the Project Landbroker memoranda, including the citation "Released to the author after a FOIA request, 1995. Pages heavily redacted."
+
+[^9]: Joseph W. McMoneagle, memorandum on a production for British television, May 30, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190069-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190069-2. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+
+[^10]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200190068-3. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+
+[^11]: Jim Schnabel and Bill Eagles, *The Real X-Files*, one-hour documentary for Channel Four (U.K.), first broadcast August 27, 1995, with a U.S. broadcast on the Discovery Channel on March 12, 1996; Schnabel writer and narrator, Eagles director, Alex Graham of Wall to Wall TV executive producer. Bibliography of Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997).
+
+[^12]: Jim Schnabel, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," *The Independent on Sunday*, Sunday Review, August 27, 1995, pp. 10-13, as transcribed by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service and filed in CIA memorandum "US Use of 'Psychic Spies' Reported," August 28, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030073-5. Online edition, https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tinker-tailor-soldier-psi-1598203.html.
+
+[^13]: Edwin C. May, memorandum "Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1. Sole source for the passages so cited.
+
+[^14]: Bill Eatwell, "Crop Circle Update - Field of Schemes I," *HUFON Report* (Houston UFO Network), posted by the MUFONET-BBS network January 29, 1993, and to Usenet February 11, 1993, https://docs.google.com/document/d/16wziNWOWDT9wAMM4RbrzUuMBboEDxWrX/export?format=txt, reproducing the introduction to the interview prepared for *The Circular*, a reply by George Wingfield, and Eatwell's summary of Jim Schnabel, "Confessions of a Crop Circle Spy," *MUFON UFO Journal*, November 1992. Sole source for the passages so cited; the contents of the MUFON article are as summarized by Eatwell.
+
+[^15]: Jim Schnabel, "New Alzheimer's therapy suggested," *Science* 260 (June 18, 1993): 1719-20, PubMed 8323582, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8323582/.
+
+[^16]: Jim Schnabel, "The sounds of silent movies," *Nature* news, August 5, 2008, https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2008.1014; "Neuroscience: Standard model," *Nature* 454 (2008), https://www.nature.com/articles/454682a; "Protein folding: The dark side of proteins," *Nature* 464 (April 7, 2010), https://www.nature.com/articles/464828a; "Amyloid: Little proteins, big clues," *Nature* 475 supplement (July 2011), https://www.nature.com/articles/475S12a.
+
+[^17]: Susan Blackmore, "Minds possessed," review of *Dark White: Aliens, Abductions and the UFO Obsessions* by Jim Schnabel, *Nature* 372, 290 (November 17, 1994), https://doi.org/10.1038/372290a0.
+
+[^18]: Jim Schnabel, personal website, "Dark White," https://jimschnabel.github.io/dark-white/, quoting Anthony Clare, *The Sunday Times*; Boyd Tonkin, *The New Statesman & Society*; Jonathan Sale, *The Independent on Sunday*. The quotations are as printed on the author's site.
+
+[^19]: Anthony Campbell, review of *Dark White* by Jim Schnabel, copyright 1999, https://acampbell.org.uk/bookreviews/r/schnabel.html.
+
+[^20]: Robin Ramsay, review of *Remote Viewers*, *Lobster* 33 (Summer 1997), https://lobster-magazine.co.uk/article/issue/33/remote-viewers-psychic-warrior.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/John Palmer.md

@@ -7,13 +7,27 @@ tags:
   - JohnPalmer
   - Parapsychology
   - RhineResearchCenter
-summary: "Parapsychologist and Rhine Research Center research director, three times president of the Parapsychological Association, who wrote a 1985 assessment of the field for the Army Research Institute and was among the reviewers the NRC named for Star Gate in 1995."
+summary: "Parapsychologist, Rhine Research Center research director and Parapsychological Association president in 1979 and 1992, who wrote a 1985 Army Research Institute assessment of the field."
+relations:
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Parapsychological Association]]"
+    start: 1979
+    end: 1979
+    role: "president, convention year 1979 (Moraga, California)"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[Parapsychological Association]]"
+    start: 1992
+    end: 1992
+    role: "president, convention year 1992 (Las Vegas, Nevada)"
+    fn: 1
 created: 2026-09-22
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
-John A. Palmer graduated from [[Duke University]] in psychology, took his doctorate at the University of Texas at Austin, spent two years on the psychology faculty at [[McGill University]] and "entered parapsychology on a full-time basis," heading the graduate program in parapsychology at John F. Kennedy University from 1977 to 1981 and holding research posts at the [[University of Virginia]], the [[University of California, Davis]] and the University of Utrecht. He was president of the Parapsychological Association in 1971, 1979 and 1992, and became director of research at the [[Rhine Research Center]] in Durham, editor of the *Journal of Parapsychology* and director of its summer study program. His publications include, with Whitson, Bogart and [[Charles Tart]], "Preliminary experiments in group 'remote viewing'" (Proceedings of the IEEE, 1976), "In defense of parapsychology: A reply to [[James Alcock|James E. Alcock]]" (*Zetetic Scholar,* 1983), "An evaluative report on the current status of parapsychology," under contract DAJA 45-84-M-0405 for the [[United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences|U.S. Army Research Institute]] (1985), and, with [[Charles Honorton]] and [[Jessica Utts]], the Parapsychological Association's reply to the [[National Research Council]]'s 1988 report. The CIA's chronology of the Star Gate transfer records that on March 15, 1995, "Jessica Utts, John Palmer, James Alcock, and Ray Hyman contacted by NRC and agree to act as commissioned reviewers," and that on May 10 the NRC "formally rejects" the study.[^1]
+John A. Palmer graduated from [[Duke University]] in psychology, took his doctorate at the University of Texas at Austin, spent two years on the psychology faculty at [[McGill University]] and "entered parapsychology on a full-time basis," heading the graduate program in parapsychology at John F. Kennedy University from 1977 to 1981 and holding research posts at the [[University of Virginia]], the [[University of California, Davis]] and the University of Utrecht. The association's member directory states that he was president of the Parapsychological Association in 1971, 1979 and 1992; the association's convention table lists Gertrude Schmeidler as president for 1971 and Palmer for 1979 and 1992.[^1] He became director of research at the [[Rhine Research Center]] in Durham, editor of the *Journal of Parapsychology* and director of its summer study program. His publications include, with Whitson, Bogart and [[Charles Tart]], "Preliminary experiments in group 'remote viewing'" (Proceedings of the IEEE, 1976), "In defense of parapsychology: A reply to [[James Alcock|James E. Alcock]]" (*Zetetic Scholar,* 1983), "An evaluative report on the current status of parapsychology," under contract DAJA 45-84-M-0405 for the [[United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences|U.S. Army Research Institute]] (1985), and, with [[Charles Honorton]] and [[Jessica Utts]], the Parapsychological Association's reply to the [[National Research Council]]'s 1988 report. The CIA's chronology of the Star Gate transfer records that on March 15, 1995, "Jessica Utts, John Palmer, James Alcock, and Ray Hyman contacted by NRC and agree to act as commissioned reviewers," and that on May 10 the NRC "formally rejects" the study.[^2]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: "Who is John Palmer?" Parapsychological Association member directory, archived.parapsych.org/members/j_palmer.html, Wayback Machine capture of 2020. "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^1]: "PA Convention History," Parapsychological Association website, archived December 29, 2016, listing John Palmer as president for the 1979 convention (Moraga, California) and the 1992 convention (Las Vegas, Nevada) and Gertrude Schmeidler for 1971. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231222/http://www.parapsych.org/section/23/convention_history.aspx
+[^2]: "Who is John Palmer?" Parapsychological Association member directory, archived.parapsych.org/members/j_palmer.html, Wayback Machine capture of 2020. "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Melissa Russo.md

@@ -15,24 +15,24 @@ relations:
     role: "abducted June 24, 1995; body found August 17, 1996"
     start: 1995-06-24
     end: 1996-08-17
-    fn: 2
+    fn: 1
 created: 2026-04-28
-updated: 2026-09-22
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
-Melissa Russo, aged eight, was abducted with her friend [[Julie Lejeune]] on Saturday, June 24, 1995, between five and seven in the evening, from the fields beside her family's house at Grâce-Hollogne, near [[Liège]].[^2][^3] The gendarmerie had passed information on [[Marc Dutroux]] as a suspect between its Charleroi and Liège units from July 7, 1995, and a confidential report of August 10, 1995, recorded an informant's account that Dutroux sold girls for 100,000 to 150,000 francs and had described the work in his cellars as hiding places for abducted children. The surveillance of Dutroux, [[Operation Othello]], led by the gendarme [[Rene Michaux]], did not find the girls.[^1][^2]
+Melissa Russo, aged eight, was abducted with her friend [[Julie Lejeune]] on Saturday, June 24, 1995, between five and seven in the evening, from the fields beside her family's house at Grâce-Hollogne, near [[Liège]].[^1][^2] The gendarmerie had passed information on [[Marc Dutroux]] as a suspect between its Charleroi and Liège units from July 7, 1995, and a confidential report of August 10, 1995, recorded an informant's account that Dutroux sold girls for 100,000 to 150,000 francs and had described the work in his cellars as hiding places for abducted children. The surveillance of Dutroux, [[Operation Othello]], led by the gendarme [[Rene Michaux]], did not find the girls.[^1][^3]
 
-The two were held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. When Dutroux was arrested on December 13, 1995, in a separate matter, the gendarmerie searched his houses and reported that the cellar work had no connection with "the fitting out of transit cells for the abduction of children." He was released on March 20, 1996. The girls starved to death during his imprisonment; his wife, [[Michelle Martin]], testified that she had been too afraid to go downstairs to feed them.[^2][^4] Their bodies were found at Sars-la-Buissière on August 17, 1996, five days after the arrest of Dutroux, Martin and [[Michel Lelievre]] and two days after the rescue of [[Sabine Dardenne]] and [[Laetitia Delhez]].[^2]
+The two were held in a concealed cell in the cellar of Dutroux's house at [[Marcinelle, Belgium|Marcinelle]]. When Dutroux was arrested on December 13, 1995, in a separate matter, the gendarmerie searched his houses and reported that the cellar work had no connection with "the fitting out of transit cells for the abduction of children." He was released on March 20, 1996. The girls starved to death during his imprisonment; his wife, [[Michelle Martin]], testified that she had been too afraid to go downstairs to feed them.[^1][^4] Their bodies were found at Sars-la-Buissière on August 17, 1996, five days after the arrest of Dutroux, Martin and [[Michel Lelievre]] and two days after the rescue of two girls aged 12 and 14.[^1]
 
 On June 17, 2004, the jury at Arlon convicted Dutroux of the abduction of Julie and Melissa and Martin of their sequestration with torture causing death, and acquitted [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] of the abduction charges, adopting the investigating judge Jacques Langlois's view that Dutroux had acted as an isolated predator.[^4][^5]
 
 ### The Cellar and the Searches
 
-The parliamentary commission found that during the December 1995 search of the Marcinelle house [[Rene Michaux]], alone in the cellar, heard children's voices that stopped when he called for silence, and attributed them, as the locksmith suggested, to children in the street. It also found that he had taken chloroform, a speculum and vaginal cream from the house, that these items were missing from the investigating judge's inventory, and that he told the commission he had later handed them to the lawyer of Dutroux's wife.[^2] The writer S. Dovey wrote that the cellar was built in 1993 with the help of [[Claude Thirault]] under the guise of drainage work, with soundproofed cells behind shelving; that the Othello team eliminated Dutroux as a suspect in January 1996 and missed the abduction of [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] on August 22, 1995, while he was under surveillance; that white vans registered to Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces|ASCO]] carried victims, that more than twenty calls passed between Nihoul and Dutroux around the Delhez abduction, and that payments reached accounts of Dutroux in several European countries; and that a letter from Dutroux to Julie's father said the abduction served an organized "snuff orgy." The removal of Judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] in October 1996 was followed by the White March; Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]] had approved Dutroux's release in 1992.[^1]
+The parliamentary commission found that during the December 1995 search of the Marcinelle house Rene Michaux, alone in the cellar, heard children's voices that stopped when he called for silence, and attributed them, as the locksmith suggested, to children in the street. It also found that he had taken chloroform, a speculum and vaginal cream from the house, that these items were missing from the investigating judge's inventory, and that he told the commission he had later handed them to the lawyer of Dutroux's wife.[^1] The writer S. Dovey wrote that the cellar was built in 1993 with the help of [[Claude Thirault]] under the guise of drainage work, with soundproofed cells behind shelving; that the Othello team eliminated Dutroux as a suspect in January 1996 and missed the abduction of [[An Marchal]] and [[Eefje Lambrecks]] on August 22, 1995, while he was under surveillance; that white vans registered to Nihoul's company [[Achats Services Commerces|ASCO]] carried victims, that more than twenty calls passed between Nihoul and Dutroux around the August 1996 abduction at Bertrix, and that payments reached accounts of Dutroux in several European countries; and that a letter from Dutroux to Julie's father said the abduction served an organized "snuff orgy." The removal of Judge [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] in October 1996 was followed by the White March; Justice Minister [[Melchior Wathelet]] had approved Dutroux's release in 1992.[^3]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its account of the abduction (July 22, 1995, from Charleroi, "for over a year" of captivity), Dutroux's arrest (August 13, 1996) and the exhumation (September 16, 1996) is contradicted by the commission's chronology. Sole source for the passages so cited.
-[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, table 4, and the chronologies of December 1995, March 1996 and August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
-[^3]: Planchar, Roland. "Arlon, 22 juin 2004, l'épilogue..." *La Libre Belgique,* June 22, 2005. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2005/06/22/arlon-22-juin-2004-lepilogue-BW2M2Z52HRFRFJL4PLKBLTDEHE/
+[^1]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 47-48, table 4, and the chronologies of December 1995, March 1996 and August 1996; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
+[^2]: Planchar, Roland. "Arlon, 22 juin 2004, l'épilogue..." *La Libre Belgique,* June 22, 2005. https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2005/06/22/arlon-22-juin-2004-lepilogue-BW2M2Z52HRFRFJL4PLKBLTDEHE/
+[^3]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its account of the abduction (July 22, 1995, from Charleroi, "for over a year" of captivity), Dutroux's arrest (August 13, 1996) and the exhumation (September 16, 1996) is contradicted by the commission's chronology.
 [^4]: "Notorious child rapist-murderer convicted." NBC News and Associated Press, June 17, 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5233011
 [^5]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Michael Riconosciuto.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags:
   - Person
   - PROMIS
   - CIA
-summary: "Michael Riconosciuto is a computer scientist and self-proclaimed former CIA asset who claimed to have modified the PROMIS software for worldwide intelligence distribution through the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture, becoming a central source for Danny Casolaro's Octopus investigation."
+summary: "Michael Riconosciuto is a computer scientist and self-proclaimed former CIA asset who claimed to have modified the PROMIS software through the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture and became a central source for Danny Casolaro's Octopus investigation."
 ---
 [[Michael Riconosciuto]] is a computer scientist and self-proclaimed former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] asset, known for his involvement in various clandestine operations and his claims regarding the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]]. He was described as a child prodigy, wiring his parents' neighborhood with a private telephone system at age 10 and winning science fairs with laser technology, leading to a summer research assistantship at Stanford's Cooper Vaper Laser Laboratory.[^1]
 

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Nelson Rockefeller.md

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ In 1953, Rockefeller accepted appointment as chair of the President's Advisory C
 
 On March 3, 1955, Bureau of the Budget Director Rowland Hughes recommended that Eisenhower designate Rockefeller as a member and vice chairman of the OCB and as chairman of a new Planning Coordination Group. Eisenhower approved these recommendations on March 10, 1955. The Planning Coordination Group (PCG), operating within the framework of [[NSC 5412]] governing covert operations, comprised Rockefeller as chairman, the Under Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Director of Central Intelligence. Its function was to "advise and assist the responsible operating agencies in the coordinated development of plans and programs" and to serve as the "normal channel for giving policy approval" for CIA covert operations. CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] and State Department officials refused to cooperate, and their obstruction stymied the PCG's initiatives. Rockefeller recommended the group's abolishment in September 1955 and resigned as Special Assistant to the President in December 1955.[^23]
 
-In this role, he commissioned and partly directed the [[Quantico I and II]] strategy panels. Quantico I convened June 5-10, 1955, at the Marine Corps School in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], where eleven experts in Soviet-American relations (including [[W.W. Rostow]] of [[MIT]] as panel chairman, [[C.D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]], and [[Hans Speier]] of the [[RAND Corporation]]) assessed the US position in the psychological dimensions of the Cold War and developed the "Open Skies" proposal that Eisenhower then brought to the Geneva Summit. Quantico II met in late August 1955 in Washington and Quantico to examine the psychological aspects of US national security policy. He brought [[Henry Kissinger]], then a young Harvard academic, in as director of the Special Studies Project of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], whose six panel reports appeared between January 1958 and September 1960; Kissinger directed the project until June 30, 1958.[^24] Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote that the reports shaped the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency strategy.[^25]
+In this role, he commissioned and partly directed the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico I and II]] strategy panels. Quantico I convened June 5-10, 1955, at the Marine Corps School in [[Quantico]], [[Virginia]], where eleven experts in Soviet-American relations (including [[W.W. Rostow]] of [[MIT]] as panel chairman, [[C.D. Jackson]] of [[Time-Life]], and [[Hans Speier]] of the [[RAND Corporation]]) assessed the US position in the psychological dimensions of the Cold War and developed the "Open Skies" proposal that Eisenhower then brought to the Geneva Summit. Quantico II met in late August 1955 in Washington and Quantico to examine the psychological aspects of US national security policy. He brought [[Henry Kissinger]], then a young Harvard academic, in as director of the Special Studies Project of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]], whose six panel reports appeared between January 1958 and September 1960; Kissinger directed the project until June 30, 1958.[^24] Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote that the reports shaped the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency strategy.[^25]
 
 ### Brazil and the 1964 Coup
 

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Stafford Sands.md

@@ -13,16 +13,19 @@ tags:
 summary: "Bahamian minister and lawyer who arranged casino exemptions for clients tied to Meyer Lansky, was disgraced by a 1967 royal commission, and was kept as a client by Wackenhut during its Florida war on crime."
 location: "Nassau, Bahamas"
 created: 2026-09-21
-updated: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-10-09
 ---
 
 Sir Stafford Sands was a lawyer and minister in the government of the [[Bahamas]] before 1967. He acted for [[Wallace Groves]] at Freeport, and when [[James Crosby]]'s [[Mary Carter Paint Company]] bought [[Paradise Island]] it acquired "the legal services of Sir Stafford Sands." Crosby called him "a very impressive intellectual." In the middle of 1965 Sands "arranged permission for the construction of the desired bridge connecting Paradise to [[Nassau]], and obtained transfer of the Bahamian Club's certificate of exemption" from the gambling laws to the new casino.[^1]
 
 After the election of [[Lynden Pindling]]'s government in 1967 a royal commission under Sir [[Ranulph Bacon]] examined the casinos. "Sir Stafford Sands, disgraced by revelations of the millions that he'd made drafting legislation for Mob-connected entrepreneurs, retired to his castle in [[Spain]]."[^1]
 
-In February 1967 the crime reporter [[Hank Messick]] resigned from the [[Wackenhut Corporation]], which Governor [[Claude Kirk]] had hired to fight organized crime in [[Florida]], because the company kept Sands as a private client while it was supposed to be pursuing [[Meyer Lansky]]. "I quit the Wackenhut Corp. because I have reluctantly concluded a cruel hoax is being perpetrated upon the people of Florida," he said.[^2]
+The commission also took testimony on Lansky's approaches to Sands. Sands later acknowledged to the commission that [[Meyer Lansky]] had offered him a payment in 1960 to permit gambling on [[Grand Bahama]], and that he turned the offer down.[^2]
+
+In February 1967 the crime reporter [[Hank Messick]] resigned from the [[Wackenhut Corporation]], which Governor [[Claude Kirk]] had hired to fight organized crime in [[Florida]], because the company kept Sands as a private client while it was supposed to be pursuing Meyer Lansky. "I quit the Wackenhut Corp. because I have reluctantly concluded a cruel hoax is being perpetrated upon the people of Florida," he said.[^3]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Hougan, Jim. *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents*. William Morrow, 1978, pp. 381-382, 392-393.
-[^2]: "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" *The Tampa Tribune,* February 17, 1967, and *St. Petersburg Times* clipping, in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Tampa file on the Wackenhut Corporation. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation
+[^2]: FBI file 92-2831 (Meyer Lansky, Miami office), Section 16, undated newspaper article on the Lucayan Beach casino and the Groves companies, including Sands's acknowledgment to the commission. https://archive.org/details/MeyerLansky
+[^3]: "Wackenhut Aide Quits; 'Cruel Hoax,'" *The Tampa Tribune,* February 17, 1967, and *St. Petersburg Times* clipping, in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Tampa file on the Wackenhut Corporation. https://archive.org/details/WackenhutCorporation

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Ted Shackley.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ aliases:
   - Theodore Shackley
   - The Blond Ghost
 created: 2026-05-14
-updated: 2026-10-08
+updated: 2026-10-09
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
   - Person
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ tags:
   - 1960s
   - 1970s
   - 1980s
-summary: "Ted Shackley (1927-2002), ‘The Blond Ghost,’ was a CIA operations officer who served as station chief at JMWAVE, Laos, and Saigon, rose to Associate Deputy Director for Operations, was forced out by DCI Turner in 1979, and became a central node in the Safari Club and Iran-Contra private network."
+summary: "Ted Shackley (1927-2002), 'The Blond Ghost,' was a CIA operations officer who ran JMWAVE, Laos and Saigon stations, rose to Associate Deputy Director for Operations, and left in 1979."
 born: 1927-07-16
 died: 2002-12-09
 location: "Springfield, Massachusetts"
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Shackley’s transformation from capable officer to major CIA figure came with h
 
 After an interim Domestic Operations Division assignment, Shackley was appointed CIA station chief in Laos in 1966, directing what was then the largest covert paramilitary operation in CIA history. The Laos operation - officially concealed because the United States had signed the 1962 Geneva Accords neutralizing Laos - centered on the Hmong irregular army commanded by General Vang Pao, which was funded, supplied, and advised by CIA as a proxy force fighting the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese infiltrators who used the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laotian territory. At its peak the Hmong force numbered approximately 36,000 fighters. Shackley oversaw air operations through Air America and Continental Air Services, the CIA-affiliated airlines that supplied the Hmong forces and that were later implicated in transporting opium from the Golden Triangle cultivation areas controlled by Hmong and other tribal leaders.[^1]
 
-[[Michael Hand]], the Australian Special Forces veteran and future co-founder of the Nugan Hand Bank, first encountered the CIA network through Laos operations during this period. Hand’s connection to Shackley’s network was the initial link that would eventually tie the Nugan Hand Bank to CIA financial operations.[^2]
+[[Michael Hand]], the Australian Special Forces veteran and future co-founder of the Nugan Hand Bank, first encountered the CIA network through Laos operations during this period, according to Seymour, who wrote that Hand moved to the clandestine CIA war in Laos after his first tour in Vietnam.[^2]
 
 ### Saigon (1968-1972)
 
@@ -65,7 +65,9 @@ Shackley’s network intersected with the Iran-Contra Affair through multiple ch
 
 Shackley was also connected through Michael Hand to the Nugan Hand Bank (Sydney, founded 1973, collapsed 1980), an Australian merchant bank that multiple sources identified as a CIA financial conduit. The bank’s board and senior advisers included former CIA Director William Colby (in a legal advisory role) and a number of Shackley-connected U.S. military and intelligence veterans. Its collapse after co-founder Frank Nugan’s death in January 1980 and Hand’s subsequent disappearance generated significant Australian investigative journalism about CIA connections to the bank.[^2]
 
-[[David Corn]] writes that [[Barbara Studley]], a former Miami talk-show host, and [[John Singlaub]], who had worked with Shackley in Laos, had created [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]], a weapons firm, and that Studley came to Shackley for advice on the arms market in Latin America.[^3]
+The Australian Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking's report, as described by Keith Schneider in the New York Times in March 1987, named Shackley and [[Tom Clines]] as the two top officers of the CIA's Laotian station during the late 1960s. Schneider wrote that Hand served in Laos in the late 1960s with [[Air America]], and that the report said [[Richard Secord]], Shackley, Clines and [[Rafael Quintero]] were close to Hand.[^3] The Wall Street Journal reported in August 1983 that the report named Shackley among the people newly connected with Nugan Hand. Shackley declined to be interviewed, and his attorney said that an Australian detective who helped compile the report had "formally advised" Shackley that he was not suspected of any illegalities.[^4]
+
+[[David Corn]] writes that [[Barbara Studley]], a former Miami talk-show host, and [[John Singlaub]], who had worked with Shackley in Laos, had created [[GeoMiliTech Consultants Corp.]], a weapons firm, and that Studley came to Shackley for advice on the arms market in Latin America.[^5]
 
 ### Publications
 
@@ -75,4 +77,6 @@ Shackley authored *The Third Option: An American View of Counterinsurgency Opera
 
 [^1]: Corn, David, and Jeff Goldberg. "The Old Boy Network." *Mother Jones*, October 1994 (on Shackley’s post-CIA network). Shackley, Theodore G. *The Third Option: An American View of Counterinsurgency Operations*. Reader’s Digest Press, 1981. Weiner, Tim. *Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA*. Doubleday, 2007, pp. 316-320, 361-368.
 [^2]: Trento, Joseph. *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America’s Private Intelligence Network*. Carroll & Graf, 2005, pp. 55-85. Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. TrineDay, 2010.
-[^3]: David Corn, *Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades* (Simon & Schuster, 1994).
+[^3]: Schneider, Keith. "North's Aides Linked to Australia Study." New York Times, March 8, 1987. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00965R000605740024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000605740024-7
+[^4]: Kwitny, Jonathan. "Nugan Hand." Wall Street Journal, August 16, 1983. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP90-00552R000302510001-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000302510001-1
+[^5]: David Corn, *Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's Crusades* (Simon & Schuster, 1994).

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Walt Rostow.md

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+---
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags: [OSS, EnemyObjectivesUnit, AirTargeting, MITCenterForInternationalStudies, QuanticoVulnerabilitiesPanel, OpenSkies, KennedyAdministration, JohnsonAdministration, VietnamWar, BombingOfNorthVietnam, PolicyPlanning, NationalSecurityCouncil, SecurityClearance, UniversityOfTexas]
+aliases: [Walt Rostow, Walt Whitman Rostow, Walter W. Rostow, W. W. Rostow, W.W. Rostow, Walter Rostow]
+summary: "American economist who served in the OSS Enemy Objectives Unit in London, chaired the State Department Policy Planning Council from 1961 to 1966, and was Johnson's national security adviser from 1966 to 1969."
+created: 2026-10-09
+updated: 2026-10-09
+relations:
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]"
+    role: "professor of economic history"
+    start: "1950"
+    end: "1961"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
+    role: "staff member"
+    start: "1951"
+    end: "1961"
+    fn: 2
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
+    role: "consultant to the Office of Research and Reports"
+    start: "1951-03"
+    end: "1953-06"
+    fn: 7
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Enemy Objectives Unit]]"
+    role: "intelligence analyst, London"
+    start: "1942-09-13"
+    end: "1945"
+    fn: 3
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
+    role: "chairman"
+    start: "1955-06-05"
+    end: "1955-06-10"
+    fn: 16
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Special Studies Project]]"
+    role: "consultant and author"
+    fn: 19
+  - type: participant_in
+    with: "[[Taylor Mission to Vietnam]]"
+    role: "member, with General Maxwell Taylor"
+    start: "1961-10-15"
+    end: "1961-11-03"
+    fn: 24
+  - type: appointed
+    with: "[[John F. Kennedy]]"
+    role: "Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs"
+    start: "1961"
+    end: "1961"
+    fn: 20
+  - type: head_of
+    with: "[[State Department]]"
+    role: "chairman of the Policy Planning Council; director of the Policy Planning Staff from 1962; counselor of the department from 1962"
+    start: "1961-12"
+    end: "1966"
+    fn: 26
+  - type: appointed
+    with: "[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]"
+    role: "Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs"
+    start: "1966"
+    end: "1969"
+    fn: 29
+  - type: employed_by
+    with: "[[University of Texas at Austin]]"
+    role: "professor of economics"
+    start: "1969"
+    end: "2003"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: spouse_of
+    with: "[[Elspeth Davies Rostow]]"
+    fn: 1
+  - type: relative_of
+    with: "[[Eugene V. Rostow]]"
+    role: "brother"
+    fn: 1
+---
+
+Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003) was an American economist who worked in the London office of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] during the Second World War, taught economic history at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], and served under [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] as a White House adviser on national security affairs.[^1] He took a Yale doctorate in economics in 1940, taught at [[Columbia University]] that year, and served as a major in the OSS from 1942 to 1945.[^2]
+
+### Enemy Objectives Unit and bombing target selection
+
+Rostow reached London on September 13, 1942, with [[Chandler Morse]], who was chief of the [[Enemy Objectives Unit]], and [[Roselene Honerkamp]], the unit's secretary. The unit was formally part of the Economic Warfare Division of the American Embassy and was housed at 40 Berkeley Square, whose door, by Rostow's account, was barred to all but the American ambassador and a few designated Air Force officers.[^3] He wrote that the unit "was the child of Air Corps Col. [[Richard D'Oyly Hughes]]," and that its task was "to develop and apply criteria for the selection of one target system versus another," and, where a target was large enough and bombing precise enough, one aiming point versus another.[^3]
+
+Rostow described the intellectual level of development of these criteria on the unit's arrival in London as "quite primitive."[^3] Within the unit's first six months, he wrote, it developed concepts that "came close to constituting a general theory of strategic air bombardment," and several of its terms entered the air intelligence vocabulary: "target system, interdiction, cushion, depth, pattern of consumption, pipeline."[^4] The unit's target studies examined eleven factors for each target system, among them the importance of indirect effect, ease of repair and the possibility of substitution, the last two addressing what the unit called the cushion.[^5] In an essay on the beginnings of air targeting, written in 1963 and later released by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], Rostow wrote: "In strategic bombing the target is the vast structure of economic and civil life which supports the military effort."[^4]
+
+[[Charles Kindleberger]] took over from Morse as chief of the unit in February 1943 and left in May 1944, ultimately to join General Bradley's staff.[^3] The unit's 285 aiming point reports earned it a favorable reputation in the Eighth Air Force and the Fifteenth Air Force, and Rostow wrote that the unit "probably had its greatest operational impact through [[Operation Octopus]]."[^5] Rostow's account of the 1944 decision on bombing priorities was published as [[Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy]] (University of Texas Press, 1981). A draft chapter sent to [[Richard M. Bissell Jr.]] in 1980 carried the title "Marshalling Yards vs. Oil: General Eisenhower's Decision of March 25, 1944."[^6]
+
+### Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Center for International Studies
+
+Rostow was appointed professor of economic history at MIT in 1950 and in 1951 became a staff member of the [[Center for International Studies]] there, holding both posts until 1961.[^2] A memorandum of the CIA Office of Security dated April 11, 1958 records that the agency approved him as a consultant to its Office of Research and Reports in March 1951 and extended the status to June 1953; that in May and June 1953 an Agency Employment Review Board and Loyalty Board processed his case with a favorable finding; and that his contract as a consultant was not renewed after it expired in June 1953.[^7] A letter that [[Max Millikan]], then assistant director of the agency for research and reports, signed on November 26, 1951 says that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^8] He gave a talk in Moscow on May 25, 1959, titled "The Stages of Economic Growth and the Problems of Peaceful Coexistence," a copy of which is in the Bissell papers.[^6]
+
+In 1953 W. W. Norton published *The Dynamics of Soviet Society*, a 282-page book credited to "W. W. Rostow in collaboration with Alfred Levin, and with the assistance of others at the Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology," with a preface by Millikan as the center's director.[^9] A paperback edition followed from Mentor Books in 1954 under the subtitle "An Expert Analysis of the World Behind the Iron Curtain."[^9]
+
+The MIT Center for International Studies, which Millikan directed, was described by [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 as "set up in 1951 with CIA money," with Millikan, "a former assistant director of the agency," as its first director. The same report said that the agency had financed a related project on Soviet scientists through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^10] In a letter to Senator [[Styles Bridges]] in October 1957, [[Alfred Kohlberg]] criticized the agency for supporting the center and criticized Rostow in particular, as the CIA Office of Security recorded in its memorandum of April 11, 1958.[^7]
+
+A CIA memorandum of February 16, 1959 from the Assistant to the Director forwards the text of an item in the [[National Review]] Bulletin. The item names [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Robert Amory]] and reads: "Bissell and his favored CIA teammate, Robert Amory, lean ideologically on CIA's outriding auxiliary at MIT, the Center for International Studies. They have been particularly influenced by the neo-Marxian theories of W. W. Rostow, director of the Center."[^11] The MIT President's report for 1962 to 1963 refers to "Max F. Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies," and the center's section of the 1963 to 1964 report is signed by Millikan.[^12][^13] The 1958 to 1959 President's report lists Rostow and Elspeth Davies Rostow on leave at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], England.[^14]
+
+In June 1977 the [[Harvard Crimson]], in an article on Harvard's offer to [[Henry Kissinger]], wrote that Rostow "left MIT in the 1960s to work for former President Johnson as chairman of the Policy Planning Council during the Vietnam war and was not invited back to MIT in part because of his involvement with the war." The same article quoted an unnamed Harvard source on the invitation to Kissinger: "We didn't want a Rostow in our faculty."[^15]
+
+### Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel and Open Skies
+
+In June 1955 [[Nelson Rockefeller]], then Special Assistant to the President, invited eleven experts to Quantico, Virginia, to explore methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. Its members were [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]] of Time-Life, [[Ellis A. Johnson]] and [[George Pettee]] of the Operations Research Office, [[Paul Linebarger]], Max Millikan, [[Philip Mosely]], [[Stefan Possony]] of the Department of the Air Force, [[Hans Speier]] of the [[Rand Corporation]], [[Charles A. H. Thomson]] of the [[Brookings Institution]], and Rostow of the MIT Center, who was designated the chairman of the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]. Rostow transmitted the report to Rockefeller under a letter of June 10 that he signed as panel chairman. The letter reported "the unanimous belief of the Panel members that the U.S. now enjoys a significant but transitory period of over-all strength vis-a-vis the Soviet bloc." The report included ten papers by individual members; Rostow's was titled "Asia Policy."[^16]
+
+The Eisenhower Library holds a folder titled "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955" in its Miscellaneous Series.[^17] The papers of C. D. Jackson include a 1955 log entry titled "From Quantico to Geneva" and a file on "Rostow, Walt W."[^18] Rostow's own draft, "President Eisenhower's Open Skies Proposal: July 21, 1955," dated March 12, 1981, is in the Bissell papers.[^6]
+
+### Special Studies Project
+
+Rostow is listed among the "Consultants and Authors" of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project in *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (1961). His brother [[Eugene V. Rostow]], dean of the Yale Law School, is listed as a member of Panel IV, which dealt with the American economy.[^19]
+
+### Kennedy administration and the Taylor mission
+
+By January 1961 Rostow was Kennedy's deputy special assistant for national security affairs, writing memoranda to [[McGeorge Bundy]].[^20] In July 1961 he sent [[Dean Rusk]] a memorandum on [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] that said "we must know quite precisely what kind of international action we want," and on July 21 he wrote a paper titled "Evaluation of Positive and Negative Forces in Viet-Nam."[^21]
+
+On October 11, 1961, Kennedy decided to send a mission headed by [[Maxwell Taylor]] with Rostow, General [[Edward Lansdale]], a Joint Chiefs representative, and officials from State and Defense. The memorandum for the record by Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Roswell L. Gilpatric|Roswell Gilpatric]] records that Taylor, "accompanied by Dr. Rostow from the White House," General Lansdale, a representative of the Joint Chiefs, Mr. Cottrell from State and probably someone from ISA would leave for Vietnam over the weekend. The editorial note to the document reproduces a telegram from General Lemnitzer reporting that the mission planned to leave Washington on October 15 and spend about two weeks in Vietnam.[^22] A paper prepared by the mission, datelined Saigon on October 18, is printed alongside, and on October 16 Rostow sent Taylor a memorandum from Honolulu.[^22][^23] In Taylor's letter to Kennedy of November 3, he wrote: "In addition to Dr. Rostow, the members of my party included representatives of State, ICA, Defense, JCS, and CIA."[^24] On November 11 Rostow urged Kennedy to place "some minimal U.S. ground force in Viet Nam as part of the initial package," a step that "commits us-in our minds-to a full scale U.S. effort to save that country."[^25]
+
+### Policy Planning Council
+
+The State Department record lists Rostow as chairman of the Policy Planning Council in December 1961, as director of the Policy Planning Staff in April 1962, and as counselor of the department in September 1962.[^26]
+
+On February 15, 1965, Rostow sent Assistant Secretary [[William Bundy]] three points on a possible negotiation. He thought [[Hanoi]] might be driving for a settlement, that a "land grab" was likely, perhaps in the [[Laos]] corridor, and that the United States should consider a preemptive ground force move in that area and inside [[South Vietnam]], because air and naval power would be hard to use during a negotiation.[^27] Eight days earlier McGeorge Bundy's memorandum from Saigon had set out a "policy of sustained reprisal", described in Annex A as "graduated and continuing reprisal" against [[North Vietnam]].[^28]
+
+### National Security Adviser, 1966 to 1969
+
+By April 1966 Rostow was the President's special assistant, as the headings of his memoranda show.[^29]
+
+#### POL strikes, June 1966
+
+On June 14, 1966, Johnson wrote [[Harold Wilson]] that Rusk had discussed "the problem of POL in Haiphong and Hanoi" with him. POL is the standard abbreviation for petroleum, oil and lubricants.[^30] At the National Security Council meeting of June 17, Rostow argued: "Striking the POL targets is an extension of our bombing program, not a change in our policy." He added that "our bombing program is forcing the North Vietnamese to divert laborers to the repair of roads and bridges." [[Arthur Goldberg]] argued that the risk of widening the bombing to POL targets was too great. Rostow's memorandum to Johnson of the previous day said he had "marched carefully through all the considerations" with Goldberg.[^31] On June 28 [[Robert McNamara]] telephoned Johnson and asked for authority to strike the two major POL storage installations in the Hanoi-Haiphong area that evening.[^32] On July 5 a telegram from the acting secretary of state reported that "Bob McNamara and Walt Rostow are going to the Ranch tomorrow." On July 7 Rostow wrote Johnson that the speech at Omaha on June 30 had been "a personal breakthrough, against the background of your decision to go for POL."[^32][^33]
+
+#### The Rostow thesis
+
+In a memorandum of September 15, 1966, Rostow set out the case that bombing imposed a cumulative burden on Hanoi, and that without it Hanoi had no incentive to stop. He wrote that bombing "has imposed a severe but not decisive general burden on the North Vietnamese." He listed its effects: it engaged a large amount of civilian manpower for repair and air defense, caused economic stagnation or decline, imposed "a political and psychological burden and morale problems which have, on firm evidence, increased with the passage of time," limited shipping, and left most foreign aid shoring up the North rather than the South. "Put another way," he wrote, "without the bombing, Hanoi could keep the war going without any significant incentive to knock it off." He cited a 1962 interview with Hanoi leaders published in the [[Saturday Evening Post]], whose "punch line" was: "Americans do not like long, inconclusive wars, and this is going to be a long, inconclusive war. Thus we are sure to win."[^34]
+
+#### Tet, 1968
+
+On January 31, 1968, Rostow sent Rusk an outline of headings for a presidential speech on Asia. A marginal note in an unknown hand reads "This is WWR not LBJ."[^35] On February 5 he gave Johnson a written account of the fighting, which he said was in answer to a question from [[Elspeth Davies Rostow]], his wife. He described the attacks on the cities and at [[Khe Sanh]] as the enemy committing a large part of its "capital," its pools of military forces and firepower, on the believed vulnerability of the South Vietnamese government and of American public opinion.[^36] On February 6 he reported the findings from captured prisoners and documents. One prisoner captured on January 31 said that the attack "was to create conditions which would bring the U.S. Government to negotiate in order to proceed with peace."[^36]
+
+#### Israel, 1967
+
+On May 25, 1967, Rostow sent Johnson an Israeli intelligence estimate with a CIA appraisal attached. The appraisal, he noted, "throws a great deal of cold water on the Israeli estimate."[^37] On June 5 Rostow telephoned Johnson to read him a draft statement on the outbreak of fighting.[^38] His covering memorandum on a meeting among [[Meir Amit]], [[Walworth Barbour]] and [[Harry C. McPherson Jr.]] said that Amit's account was consistent with [[Levi Eshkol]]'s, and added: "At least that's his story."[^39]
+
+### Security clearance
+
+A CIA Office of Security memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence dated April 11, 1958, furnished in case Mr. Dillon should seek the agency's opinion of "Rostow's record and security standing," states that Rostow "has twice been denied clearance for OCB employment by the NSC Security Office," that he "was also disapproved for employment by Under Secretary of State, Herbert Hoover," and that he "has been denied a security clearance by the Office of the Secretary of Defense." The memorandum adds that in 1953 a CIA employee, since resigned, had threatened to take Rostow's case to the McCarran Committee.[^7]
+
+In October 1967 Senator [[Strom Thurmond]] reported in his column in *The Clinton Chronicle* on a brief filed for [[Otto Otepka]], a State Department security officer, before a departmental hearing officer. The column stated that under the Eisenhower administration Rostow had twice been denied a State Department clearance "to handle" sensitive data, that Otepka had expressed reservations in 1960 about a proposed clearance for Rostow and had indicated to Dean Rusk and Attorney General-designate [[Robert F. Kennedy]] that he would probably still evaluate the file in the same manner, and that Rostow was then given immediate clearance as a White House aide.[^40] *Human Events* of October 23, 1967 reported the brief's account that the Air Force "had previously made a security finding adverse to Mr. Rostow" and that Under Secretary of State [[Herbert Hoover Jr.]], as chairman of the Operations Coordinating Board, decided that Rostow would not be used as an employee or consultant by the State Department in connection with a psychological warfare project.[^41]
+
+The Associated Press reported that Rostow denied the account. "From 1951 onward," he told a reporter, "I had continuous security clearance from various agencies of the federal government." The Associated Press noted that he did not say what assignment in 1951 had required clearance, and that his Who's Who entry listed him as a staff member of the Center for International Studies from 1951 to 1960.[^42]
+
+On December 19, 1967 the CIA Director of Security, replying to an inquiry of December 15, wrote that Rostow "was granted a Special Intelligence Clearance by this Agency on 3 February 1961 based on a favorable investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1960."[^43]
+
+### Later career and death
+
+Rostow taught economics at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] from 1969 until his death in Austin on February 13, 2003.[^1] His official files are in the National Security File, "Memos to the President," at the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library]], which the Foreign Relations volumes cite as "Memos to the President-Walt W. Rostow."[^30][^36] Drafts and correspondence by and about Rostow, including drafts of his historical manuscripts, are in the Bissell papers at the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]].[^6]
+
+### Family
+
+His brother Eugene V. Rostow (1913-2002) became Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. A 1967 letter from the Under Secretary to the Israeli ambassador was drafted by Eugene Rostow and cleared by Walt Rostow.[^44] In January 1983, as director of the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency]], Eugene was told by [[George Shultz]] that the President wanted his resignation. Spokesmen for the State Department and the White House, as reported by Joseph C. Harsch in the *Christian Science Monitor*, said that he "had not been a team player."[^45] Another brother, [[Ralph Waldo Emerson Rostow]] (1920-2006), is listed in the same family memorial record.[^1]
+
+His wife, Elspeth Davies Rostow (1917-2007), is listed as his spouse in the same memorial record.[^1]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Find a Grave, "Dr. Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003)," memorial 62181838, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62181838 (birth October 7, 1916; death February 13, 2003; Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx; siblings Eugene Victor Debs Rostow (1913-2002) and Ralph Waldo Emerson Rostow (1920-2006); spouse Elspeth Vaughan Davies Rostow (1917-2007); biography lists professorships at Oxford, MIT and Columbia, and professor of economics at the University of Texas, 1969 to 2003).
+[^2]: Encyclopedia.com, "Rostow, Walt Whitman (1916-2003)," Gale biography, https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/walt-whitman-rostow (Ph.D. in economics, Yale, 1940; taught economics at Columbia that year; major in the Office of Strategic Services during World War II, 1942-45).
+[^3]: Walt W. Rostow, "Waging Economic Warfare From London," *Studies in Intelligence*, 1992, from an essay given July 11, 1991, at an OSS symposium at the National Archives, https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Waging-Economic-Warfare-London.pdf (arrival in London "on 13 September 1942" with Chandler Morse and Roselene Honerkamp; criteria "quite primitive" on arrival; Kindleberger took over from Morse as chief in February 1943 and left in May 1944; Economic Warfare Division of the American Embassy; 40 Berkeley Square; "the child of Air Corps Col. Richard D'Oyly Hughes"; "selection of one target system versus another"; the unpublished history "Economic Outpost with Economic Warfare Division," volume 5 of the OSS London war diary, located in the National Archives).
+[^4]: Walt W. Rostow, "The Beginnings of Air Targeting," CIA Historical Review Program, released September 22, 1993, https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Beginnings-of-Air-Targeting.pdf (the essay appeared earlier in *Studies in Intelligence* 7, no. 1, Winter 1963, as cited in Ballew, note 18; also the "general theory of strategic air bombardment" and "target system, interdiction, cushion, depth, pattern of consumption, pipeline" passages).
+[^5]: Brian P. Ballew, *The Enemy Objectives Unit in World War II: Selecting Targets for Aerial Bombardment that Support the Political Purpose of War*, School of Advanced Military Studies monograph, Fort Leavenworth, AY 2011, DTIC ADA545102, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA545102 (the eleven target-system factors, including importance of indirect effect, ease of repair and possibility of substitution, with "cushion" as the unit's term for redundancy; 285 aiming point reports and the favorable reputation in the Eighth and Fifteenth Air Forces; the "Operation Octopus" quotation from Rostow, citing Rostow, *Concept and Controversy: Sixty Years of Taking Ideas to Market* (University of Texas Press, 2003), and Rostow, *Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy* (University of Texas Press, 1981)).
+[^6]: Eisenhower Presidential Library, finding aid, "Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers, Walt and Eugene Rostow Series," 1945-1993, Boxes 1-3, https://eisenhower.archives.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/bissell-richard-m-jr-papers/walt-and-eugene-rostow-series.pdf (drafts "Marshalling Yards vs. Oil: General Eisenhower's Decision of March 25, 1944," January 7, 1980; "President Eisenhower's Open Skies Proposal: July 21, 1955," March 12, 1981; "The Stages of Economic Growth and the Problems of Peaceful Coexistence," talk delivered in Moscow, May 25, 1959).
+[^7]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Walt Whittman Rostow," April 11, 1958, CIA reading room document 0001477407, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407 (paragraphs 4 to 7: consultant to the Office of Research and Reports from March 1951, status extended to June 1953; favorable Employment Review Board and Loyalty Board finding, May-June 1953, and contract not renewed; twice denied clearance for Operations Coordinating Board employment by the NSC Security Office; disapproved for employment by Under Secretary of State Herbert Hoover; denied a security clearance by the Office of the Secretary of Defense; Alfred Kohlberg's October 1957 letter to Senator Bridges criticizing the agency for supporting CENIS and Rostow; the 1953 threat to take the case to the McCarran Committee).
+[^8]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951 (addressee redacted), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
+[^9]: W. W. Rostow, *The Dynamics of Soviet Society* (New York: W. W. Norton, 1953), xvi, 282 pp., https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoviet0000rost ; Mentor Book edition, 1954, subtitle "An Expert Analysis of the World Behind the Iron Curtain," https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoviet0000walt ; title-page credit as given in the review listing in the *American Historical Review* 60, no. 1 (1955), https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/60/1/107/148629 ; A. S., review, *The New International* 20, no. 4 (July-August 1954), pp. 222-224, https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol20/no04/stein2.html (describes Millikan's preface and the study as the outgrowth of a collective effort at the Center for International Studies).
+[^10]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
+[^11]: CIA, memorandum from the Assistant to the Director, February 16, 1959, forwarding a National Review Bulletin item, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100260064-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100260064-9
+[^12]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue for the year ending July 1, 1963, p. 165, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160055
+[^13]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue 1963 to 1964, Center for International Studies section, pp. 255 to 257, signed Max F. Millikan. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160044
+[^14]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President, 1959 (MIT Bulletin, November 1959), School of Humanities and Social Science, "Comings and Goings," p. 153: "To Cambridge, England - Professor Walt W. Rostow and Assistant Professor Elspeth D. Rostow on a year's leave of absence." https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160021
+[^15]: *The Harvard Crimson*, June 1, 1977, article on Harvard's offer to Henry Kissinger, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1977/6/1/kissinger-is-cool-to-harvard-offer/ (the statement about Rostow and MIT carries no attribution to a named person).
+[^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26 (eleven experts, June 5-10, 1955; membership list; Rostow "designated the panel chairman"); Report of the Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, June 10, 1955, with Rostow's transmittal letter signed as Panel Chairman and Tab 3(b), "Asia Policy" by W. W. Rostow, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP86B00269R000800070001-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000800070001-5
+[^17]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, finding aid, "Dwight D. Eisenhower: Papers as President, Miscellaneous Series," container list, "Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel 1955 (1)(2)," https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/eisenhower-dwight-papers-as-president/miscellaneous-series.pdf
+[^18]: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, subject guide, "'Open Skies' and the 1955 Geneva Summit," listing the C. D. Jackson Papers, box 56 (1955 log, "From Quantico to Geneva") and box 75 ("Rostow, Walt W."), https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/subject-guides/pdf/cold-war-open-skies-1955-geneva-conference.pdf
+[^19]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Garden City: Doubleday, 1961), "Consultants and Authors" (listing "Walt W. Rostow") and the Panel IV member list ("Eugene Rostow, dean, Yale University Law School"), https://archive.org/details/prospect-for-america-the-rockefeller-panel-reports
+[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume I, Vietnam, 1961*, document 4, memorandum from the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Rostow) to McGeorge Bundy, January 30, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d4
+[^21]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 88 (Rostow to Rusk, July 13, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d88 ; document 102 (paper by Rostow, July 21, 1961, "Evaluation of Positive and Negative Forces in Viet-Nam"), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d102
+[^22]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 156, memorandum for the record by Gilpatric, October 11, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d156 ; document 173, paper prepared by the Taylor mission, Saigon, October 18, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d173
+[^23]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 170, memorandum from Rostow to Taylor, Honolulu, October 16, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d170
+[^24]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 210, letter from Taylor to Kennedy, November 3, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d210
+[^25]: *FRUS 1961-1963, Volume I*, document 233, memorandum from Rostow to Kennedy, November 11, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d233
+[^26]: *FRUS 1961-1963*, Volume I, document 335 ("Chairman of the Policy Planning Council," December 22, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d335 ; Volume II, document 140 ("Director of the Policy Planning Staff," April 3, 1962), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v02/d140, and document 275 ("Counselor of the Department of State," September 5, 1962), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v02/d275; Volume III, document 206 ("Counselor and Chairman of the Policy Planning Council," July 4, 1963), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d206
+[^27]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume II, Vietnam, January-June 1965*, document 121, memorandum from Rostow to Bundy, February 15, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d121
+[^28]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume II*, document 84, memorandum from Bundy to Johnson, "The Situation in Vietnam," February 7, 1965, with Annex A, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d84
+[^29]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV, Vietnam, 1966*, document 115, memorandum from the President's Special Assistant (Rostow) to Johnson, April 5, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d115
+[^30]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 156, message from Johnson to Wilson, June 14, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d156 (source line: "Johnson Library, National Security File, Memos to the President-Walt W. Rostow").
+[^31]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 159, summary notes of the 559th National Security Council meeting, June 17, 1966, with footnote on Rostow's memorandum of June 16, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d159
+[^32]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 164, editorial note on McNamara's telephone call to Johnson, June 28, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d164 ; document 173, telegram from the Department of State to Rusk, July 5, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d173
+[^33]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 176, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, "Reflections on Omaha and Los Angeles," July 7, 1966, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d176
+[^34]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume IV*, document 232, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, September 15, 1966, "A reflection on bombing the North," quoting Bernard B. Fall, "Master of the Red Jab," *Saturday Evening Post* 235 (November 24, 1962), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v04/d232
+[^35]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume VI, Vietnam, January-August 1968*, document 42, memorandum from Rostow to Rusk, January 31, 1968, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v06/d42
+[^36]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume VI*, document 55, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, February 5, 1968, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v06/d55 ; document 57, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, February 6, 1968, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v06/d57
+[^37]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967*, document 61, memorandum from Rostow to Johnson, May 25, 1967, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61
+[^38]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XIX*, editorial note on Rostow's telephone call to Johnson, June 5, 1967, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d152
+[^39]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XIX*, document 158, telegram from the Embassy in Israel, with Rostow's covering memorandum to Johnson, June 5, 1967, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d158
+[^40]: Senator Strom Thurmond, column in *The Clinton Chronicle*, October 19, 1967, p. 19, "Otepka and Rostow," https://historicnewspapers.sc.edu/lccn/sn86063780/1967-10-19/ed-1/seq-19/ (the column reports the brief's claims, and describes Rostow as "Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs").
+[^41]: "The Rostow Story," *Human Events*, October 23, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000600040001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000600040001-4
+[^42]: Associated Press, "Rostow Denies Report on Security Clearance," as printed in newspaper clippings of October 1967, CIA reading room documents CIA-RDP75-00149R000700080008-2 and CIA-RDP75-00149R000700080006-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700080008-2
+[^43]: Howard J. Osborn, Director of Security, CIA, letter of December 19, 1967 replying to an inquiry of December 15, 1967, regarding "Mr. Walter Whitman Rostow," CIA reading room document 0001475810, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001475810
+[^44]: *FRUS 1964-1968, Volume XIX*, document 36, letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Eugene Rostow) to the Israeli ambassador (Harman), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d36 (drafted by Eugene Rostow, Meeker and Robert T. Grey; cleared by Rusk, Walt Rostow and others).
+[^45]: Joseph C. Harsch, "The Rostow affair," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 20, 1983, https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0120/012025.html (Eugene Rostow summoned to the office of Secretary of State Shultz and told the President wanted his resignation; "had not been a team player").