vault backup: 2026-09-21 23:37:10

00 - META/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,25 +1,72 @@
-- 2026-09-21T2139 · [[_manifest]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[_manifest]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Edmund Thompson]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Robert Keenan]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Kenneth A. Kress]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Hal Puthoff]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[George H.W. Bush]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Jack Vorona]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Angela Dellafiora]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Charlie Rose]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[John B. Alexander]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Jim Channon]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[First Earth Battalion]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Project Deep Quest]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[Jessica Utts]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]
+- 2026-09-21T2336 · [[STARGATE PROJECT]]
+- 2026-09-21T2329 · [[Andrija Puharich]]
+- 2026-09-21T2329 · [[Uri Geller]]
+- 2026-09-21T2328 · [[Albert Stubblebine]]
+- 2026-09-21T2328 · [[Monroe Institute]]
+- 2026-09-21T2328 · [[Robert Monroe]]
+- 2026-09-21T2328 · [[Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[Future Enterprises]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[David Morehouse]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[Murray Watt]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[Frederick Atwater]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[Office of Technical Service]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[Peter Maris]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[Norm Everheart]]
+- 2026-09-21T2325 · [[Nick Clancy]]
+- 2026-09-21T2323 · [[Dale Graff]]
+- 2026-09-21T2323 · [[Jim Channon]]
+- 2026-09-21T2323 · [[First Earth Battalion]]
+- 2026-09-21T2317 · [[_NOTES_Parallel_psi_programs]]
+- 2026-09-21T2317 · [[_NOTES_Stargate_people]]
+- 2026-09-21T2317 · [[_backup_STARGATE_PROJECT_pre_rewrite]]
+- 2026-09-21T2316 · [[_NOTES_Stargate_program_documents]]
+- 2026-09-21T2314 · [[Edwin May]]
+- 2026-09-21T2314 · [[Ray Hyman]]
+- 2026-09-21T2314 · [[American Institutes for Research]]
+- 2026-09-21T2314 · [[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]
+- 2026-09-21T2310 · [[_NOTES_Stargate_AIR_and_science]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Vernon Walters]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Héctor Orozco]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Raúl Iturriaga Neumann]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Cuban Nationalist Movement]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Nilo Floody]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[DINA]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Ronald McIntyre]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Rolando Mosqueira]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Michael Townley]]
+- 2026-09-21T2259 · [[Armando Fernandez Larios]]
+- 2026-09-21T2255 · [[Eugene Propper]]
+- 2026-09-21T2255 · [[Rolando Otero]]
+- 2026-09-21T2255 · [[Guillermo Novo]]
+- 2026-09-21T2255 · [[René Riveros]]
+- 2026-09-21T2255 · [[Ronald McIntyre]]
+- 2026-09-21T2255 · [[Nilo Floody]]
+- 2026-09-21T2252 · [[_NOTES_Causa_Contreras_Espinoza_1991]]
 - 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Mariana Callejas]]
-- 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Eugene Propper]]
-- 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Rolando Otero]]
 - 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Pedro Espinoza]]
 - 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Manuel Contreras]]
 - 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Audio Intelligence Devices]]
-- 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Michael Townley]]
-- 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Héctor Orozco]]
-- 2026-09-21T2139 · [[René Riveros]]
-- 2026-09-21T2139 · [[Rolando Mosqueira]]
-- 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Cuban Nationalist Movement]]
-- 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Guillermo Novo]]
 - 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Ricardo Morales Navarrete]]
 - 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Jose Dionisio Suarez]]
-- 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Raúl Iturriaga Neumann]]
-- 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Armando Fernandez Larios]]
-- 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Vernon Walters]]
 - 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Rolando Mosqueira]]
 - 2026-09-21T2134 · [[René Riveros]]
 - 2026-09-21T2134 · [[Héctor Orozco]]
-- 2026-09-21T2130 · [[_NOTES_Causa_Contreras_Espinoza_1991]]
 - 2026-09-21T2129 · [[Domestic Contact Service]]
 - 2026-09-21T2129 · [[Justin Gleichauf]]
 - 2026-09-21T2129 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]]
@@ -51,50 +98,3 @@
 - 2026-09-21T2032 · [[Johnny Roselli]]
 - 2026-09-21T2031 · [[William Harvey]]
 - 2026-09-21T2031 · [[John McCone]]
-- 2026-09-21T2031 · [[William Colby]]
-- 2026-09-21T2031 · [[Lowell Jensen]]
-- 2026-09-21T2031 · [[Operation Condor]]
-- 2026-09-21T2031 · [[DINA]]
-- 2026-09-21T2029 · [[Lee Pennington]]
-- 2026-09-21T2028 · [[1958 C-118 shootdown over Azerbaijan]]
-- 2026-09-21T2028 · [[1958 C-118 shootdown over Azerbaijan]]
-- 2026-09-21T2027 · [[James McCord]]
-- 2026-09-21T2017 · [[William Bradford Huie]]
-- 2026-09-21T2016 · [[Raymond Rocca]]
-- 2026-09-21T2016 · [[Paul Gaynor]]
-- 2026-09-21T2016 · [[Elizabeth Dunlevy]]
-- 2026-09-21T2016 · [[Raymond Rocca]]
-- 2026-09-21T2016 · [[Paul Gaynor]]
-- 2026-09-21T2015 · [[Howard Hunt]]
-- 2026-09-21T2015 · [[Percy Foreman]]
-- 2026-09-21T2015 · [[Arthur Hanes]]
-- 2026-09-21T2015 · [[Elizabeth Dunlevy]]
-- 2026-09-21T2015 · [[William Bradford Huie]]
-- 2026-09-21T2014 · [[_NOTES_Wackenhut_CIA_file]]
-- 2026-09-21T2013 · [[Bruce Solie]]
-- 2026-09-21T2013 · [[_NOTES_Watergate_round2]]
-- 2026-09-21T2010 · [[José Zara]]
-- 2026-09-21T2010 · [[George de Mohrenschildt]]
-- 2026-09-21T2010 · [[David Popper]]
-- 2026-09-21T2010 · [[José Zara]]
-- 2026-09-21T2010 · [[William Luers]]
-- 2026-09-21T2010 · [[David Popper]]
-- 2026-09-21T2008 · [[Walter Sheridan]]
-- 2026-09-21T2008 · [[Cubana Flight 455 bombing]]
-- 2026-09-21T2008 · [[CIA Office of Security]]
-- 2026-09-21T2008 · [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]]
-- 2026-09-21T2008 · [[Frank Castro]]
-- 2026-09-21T2008 · [[Lawrence Houston]]
-- 2026-09-21T2008 · [[Garrison Group]]
-- 2026-09-21T2007 · [[_NOTES_Condor_round3]]
-- 2026-09-21T1957 · [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]
-- 2026-09-21T1954 · [[Edward Wegmann]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[Florida]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[Opa Locka]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[JM-WAVE]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[Bay of Pigs]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[Orlando Bosch]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[Luis D. Elizondo III]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[Danilo Blandon]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[Allen Dulles]]
-- 2026-09-21T1950 · [[Orlando García Vásquez]]

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Angela Dellafiora.md

@@ -5,11 +5,15 @@ tags:
   - RemoteViewer
   - DIA
   - STARGATE
-summary: "Angela Dellafiora (later Ford) was a Defense Intelligence Agency analyst and STAR GATE remote viewer hired in 1986 who developed a distinctive automatic writing technique known as Written Remote Viewing (WRV) and testified as an expert witness in the 1994 David Morehouse court-martial."
+summary: "INSCOM analyst who joined the DIA's remote-viewing unit at Fort Meade in 1986, worked by automatic writing, and gave the location of the fugitive customs agent Charles Jordan in 1989."
 created: 2026-05-14
-updated: 2026-05-14
+updated: 2026-09-21
 location: "Maryland, USA"
+alias:
+  - Angela Dellafiora Ford
+  - Angela Ford
 ---
+
 Angela Dellafiora, later known as Angela Ford after marriage, was a [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) intelligence analyst based in Maryland. The DIA hired her in 1986 to participate in [[STARGATE PROJECT|Project STAR GATE]], the government's classified remote-viewing program, in which she worked for nine years.[^1]
 
 ### Written Remote Viewing
@@ -30,8 +34,18 @@ In the winter of 1994, [[Al Girard]], who had succeeded [[Dale Graff]] as head o
 
 After leaving government service, Dellafiora marketed herself publicly as a medium offering connections with spirit guides and deceased individuals.
 
+### The Documents
+
+Angela Dellafiora, later Ford, was a civilian analyst on Latin America at [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] who joined the DIA's remote-viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]], then called [[Sun Streak]], in early 1986, and stayed until the program closed in 1995. She worked by automatic writing in a trance, attributing the results to figures she called George, Dr. Einstein, and Maurice.[^4]
+
+### The Jordan Case
+
+In the spring of 1989 the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Service]] asked the unit for help finding Charles Jordan, a customs agent in south Florida who had fled under suspicion of taking bribes; eighteen sessions were logged that year. Dale Graff, who ran the unit, later wrote that she placed him in "an area of northern Wyoming near a campground," or "near a place that sounds like Lowell, an Indian burial place nearby," and that "our data was not acted upon"; a former customs official said "I made sure that the police in Wyoming were made aware of the possibility." The skeptic [[Joe Nickell]], reviewing the accounts in 2001, found "no official, detailed record to specify just what information was supplied," Graff conceding that "some of the pieces are not in the files," and noted that police had separately spotted Jordan's vehicle near [[Denver]]. Of the forty viewings of 1994 and 1995 rated by customers for the AIR review, those for one organization, "concerned with tracking people," scored higher than the rest.[^4][^5]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
 [^2]: "Remotely Viewed? The Charlie Jordan Case," *Skeptical Inquirer,* Center for Inquiry. https://skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/remotely-viewed-the-charlie-jordan-case/
 [^3]: "Angela Ford - A Deep Dive Into Automatic Writing with a Project Star Gate Remote Viewer," Global Meditation Podcast, Spotify. https://open.spotify.com/episode/53JbXdjiXJNyzoh1cePQYq
+[^4]: Nickell, Joe. "Remotely Viewed? The Charlie Jordan Case," *Skeptical Inquirer,* c. 2001, read in summary, citing Graff, Dale. *Tracks in the Psychic Wilderness* (1998) and *River Dreams* (2000), and Anderson and Moller, *Washington Post,* 1996.
+[^5]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, p. 4-14.

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Armando Fernandez Larios.md

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ In July 1976 Fernández and [[Michael Townley]] went to [[Paraguay]] for false p
 
 In his statement of March 22, 1978, Fernández said that in mid-July 1976, while at the National Intelligence School, he was ordered to DINA headquarters, where Espinoza "told me I would have to go to Paraguay to obtain Paraguayan passports," accompanied "by a gringo" who "would serve as my interpreter and support," and that "once in the US I had to speak with a CIA chief named [[Vernon Walters]], because he was going to give me a list of people sympathetic to Chile for purposes of presenting the Chilean position before the United Nations." On the flight the gringo "began a real interrogation about my status as a military officer, my rank, time in rank, and my chances of promotion." He recalled signing the Paraguayan passport as Alejandro Romeral himself. His sister, Rose Marie Fernández Larios de Guest, interviewed informally by Propper and Barcella, said his travelling companion in September 1976 had called herself Iliana Walker and that he left for Chile about September 9; the Chilean court asked whether she had been told that her brother "should seek asylum or leave the territory of the Republic of Chile, since he could suffer an accident or be violently eliminated."[^3]
 
+In a second statement on March 26, 1978, he said he had travelled to the United States in late August 1976 as Armando Faúndez Lyon (the transcript of his statement gives the first name as Alejandro; the ticket records and the foreign ministry's list give Armando) with a DINA agent whose cover name was Liliana Walker, remembering the surname from a set of silver rings the two had engraved with the false names at the Portal Fernández Concha; that at Kennedy airport "Mike" had changed the tickets from economy to first class; that in early March 1978 he went to Contreras's house at Rocas de Santo Domingo, where Contreras "replied that the matter would not have much significance" and told him "not to say that I had traveled to the US; he did not specify why, nor did I ask him"; and that his sister had told him "the FBI had advised her that it would be best for me to seek asylum because they knew I had nothing to do with the matter," since "at any moment I might turn up dead, in a motorcycle accident, or a suicide, or disappeared." He had known the biochemist [[Eugenio Berríos]], "Hermes," in his unit, "a man of disciplined conduct" whose "ideas are exaggeratedly militaristic."[^4]
+
 ### The 1987 Arrangement
 
 In mid-January 1987 he met American officials secretly in [[Santiago]] for ten hours. He left for [[Brazil]] on January 22, was questioned there by officers of the [[Department of State|State Department]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], and was brought to the United States. Polygraph examinations found "consistent signs of deception" in his denial that he had known the purpose of the mission. A [[State Department]] memorandum of January 26 declared that "Fernandez is not a murderer" and that "the foreign policy benefits are substantial." On February 4 he pleaded guilty before Judge [[Barrington Parker]] to being an accessory after the fact. The government promised that it "would neither seek to deport [him] to Chile nor to cooperate in his extradition to Chile." Parker sentenced him on May 6 to up to seven years. In July the State Department's lawyer [[Michael Kozak]] wrote to the parole commission: "I personally have come to know Mr. Fernandez Larios and his character well." He was paroled on September 11, 1987, after five months.[^1][^2]
@@ -41,3 +43,4 @@ In 2005 he applied without success for the visa given to foreign informants. On
 [^1]: Cabello v. Fernandez-Larios, 402 F.3d 1148 (11th Cir. 2005).
 [^2]: Kornbluh, Peter, and Sebastian Santana. "'Worst of the Worst': ICE and the Case of Chilean Intelligence Operative Armando Fernandez Larios," National Security Archive, July 10, 2026. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2026-07-10/worst-worst-ice-and-case-chilean-intelligence-operative-armando
 [^3]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaraciones of Armando Fernández Larios, March 22 and April 12, 1978, and resolution before May 4, 1978; Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, memorandum of Eugene M. Propper and E. Lawrence Barcella, June 5, 1978.
+[^4]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, ampliación of the declaración of Armando Fernández Larios, March 26, 1978.

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dale Graff.md

@@ -18,10 +18,13 @@ Graff's interest in [[Psi|psi]] phenomena stemmed from a personal experience in
 
 He authored the 1977 report "[[Paraphysics R&D - Warsaw Pact]]," which highlighted Soviet research in electromagnetic fields, quantum physics, and [[Psychokinesis]]. This report, along with his advocacy, contributed to the DoD's decision to officially fund a psychic research program.[^1]
 
-Graff was instrumental in the establishment and management of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]] program. He collaborated with [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] of [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] and oversaw the remote viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]]. He was involved in numerous operational taskings, including the successful remote viewing of a new Chinese nuclear device and the location of a lost Soviet bomber in Zaire.[^1]
+Graff was instrumental in the establishment and management of the Grill Flame program. He collaborated with [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] of [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] and oversaw the remote viewing unit at [[Fort Meade]]. He was involved in numerous operational taskings, including the successful remote viewing of a new Chinese nuclear device and the location of a lost Soviet bomber in Zaire.[^1]
 
-Graff later became the overall manager of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Stargate Project]] under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]], where he sought to develop a general theory for psychic phenomena. He also played a role in the program's involvement in the Iran hostage crisis and the search for General Dozier.[^1]
+Graff later became the overall manager of the Stargate Project under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]], where he sought to develop a general theory for psychic phenomena. He also played a role in the program's involvement in the Iran hostage crisis and the search for General Dozier.[^1]
 
----
+Graff attended the first meeting of the Defense Department's Grill Flame committee on November 28, 1978, and the committee's minutes of 1979 list him at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, the Air Force Foreign Technology Division, reporting to the group in July 1979 "that the Japanese student who effects photographic film is to visit the US."[^2]
+
+### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Frederick Atwater.md

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Frederick Atwater
 aliases:
   - Frederick Atwater
   - Skip Atwater
   - Frederick Holmes Atwater
+  - F. Holmes Atwater
+  - Frederick H. Atwater
 tags:
   - Person
   - Military
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ tags:
   - 1970s
   - 1980s
 category: "Military"
-summary: "Frederick 'Skip' Atwater was the U.S. Army intelligence officer who proposed and organized the military remote viewing program at Fort Meade in 1977, recruited and managed the original STARGATE viewers including Joe McMoneagle and Mel Riley, and served as the program's operations officer until his retirement in 1987."
+summary: "Army lieutenant of the 902d Military Intelligence Group attached to Grill Flame in 1978 for his earlier research, who screened the first Army remote viewers and was acting project manager of Center Lane in 1983."
 born: 1947-01-01
 location: "Glendale, California"
 ---
@@ -45,7 +47,14 @@ Atwater retired from the Army approximately in 1987. He subsequently joined the
 
 He published a memoir, *Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul: Living with Guidance* (Hampton Roads, 2001), describing his Army remote viewing career and subsequent work at the Monroe Institute. In 2024, he published *Project 8200: UFO/UAP Bases and Activities: The Original Remote Viewing Transcripts*, presenting declassified STARGATE session transcripts.
 
+### The Documents
+
+Frederick H. Atwater, known as Skip, was a lieutenant in the Special Security Detachment of the 902d Military Intelligence Group at Fort Meade when INSCOM began its remote-viewing project in October 1978. The project manager, Major Murray Watt, reported in February 1979 that "the initial concern of the Project Manager (PM) was to develop a full understanding of parapsychology and the various aspects of the phenomena. Towards this end, the PM has been greatly assisted by Lieutenant Frederick H. Atwater. LT Atwater, although assigned to the Special Security Detachment, 902d MI Group, was attached to the GRILL FLAME project because of previous research into this area during work on a separate project." Watt and Atwater "were busy preparing a method that would help them select the INSCOM personnel who would volunteer for participation," considering 251 and interviewing 117, and on January 12, 1979, the two visited the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], which was running its own tests of the SRI protocol.[^1]
+
+He remained the unit's operations officer through Grill Flame and [[Center Lane]]. INSCOM's chronology records for August 1983: "CPT Frederick Atwater assumes duties as Acting Project Manager," between Lieutenant Colonel Robert Jachim's departure and Lieutenant Colonel Brian Buzby's arrival on August 15. Published accounts by participants credit him with recruiting the first six viewers, among them Joe McMoneagle and Mel Riley, and with the unit's training in [[Robert Monroe]]'s Hemi-Sync method, which the Center Lane briefing dates to the end of 1980. After retiring from the Army in 1988 he became research director of the Monroe Institute's laboratory and, in 2006, its president, and was a founder and president of the International Remote Viewing Association.[^1][^2][^3]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017, pp. 103-130 (comprehensive account of Atwater's STARGATE role). Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997, pp. 135-170.
-[^2]: Atwater, Frederick Holmes. *Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul: Living with Guidance.* Hampton Roads, 2001.
+[^1]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: Monroe Institute and International Remote Viewing Association biographical notices, and Atwater, F. Holmes. *Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul.* Hampton Roads, 2001, not read; McMoneagle, Joseph. *The Stargate Chronicles.* Hampton Roads, 2002.

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George H.W. Bush.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ aliases:
   - Bush 41
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 created: 2024-04-25
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 tags:
   - Person
   - Israel
@@ -30,8 +30,11 @@ The [[Medellin Cartel|Medellín Cartel]] reportedly made a deal with Vice Presid
 
 At the same time Reagan and Bush were publicly whipping the American public into a frenzy over street-corner crack dealers, [[Oliver North]] and other top administration officials were livid that Contra-connected drug trafficker General [[Jose Bueso Rosa]] had even been charged with a crime. North's computer messages about Bueso Rosa illustrated how skewed the Reagan administration's sense of justice had become regarding its "War on Drugs." [[Scott Weekly]], a figure connected to the CIA and the Hasenfus shootdown, claimed on tape that he reported to people who reported to Bush.[^3]
 
+As director of central intelligence in 1976 Bush was briefed on the CIA's remote-viewing research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] after the agency learned that Soviet visitors were "questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI," and left office before reacting. As vice president, on August 3, 1983, he "was briefed for thirty minutes concerning [[Center Lane|CENTER LANE]] related activities by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]], DIA," the Army's remote-viewing unit, with "Adm. Murphy, C/S," and "Mr. Gregg" present; INSCOM's chronology records that "the briefing was well received and the Vice President was interested and impressed."[^4]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
 [^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
 [^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter"
+[^4]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified, document NSA-RDP96X00790R000100010031-3; reprinted with the author's postscript of January 1999 in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 13, no. 1, 1999. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jim Channon.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - JimChannon
+  - FirstEarthBattalion
+  - TaskForceDelta
+  - TRADOC
+  - HumanPotentialMovement
+alias:
+  - James B. Channon
+  - Lt. Col. Jim Channon
+summary: "Army lieutenant colonel who wrote the First Earth Battalion concept paper for TRADOC's Task Force Delta in 1979 and was named in its foreword the battalion's commanding officer."
+location: "Fort Monroe, Virginia"
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+James B. Channon, an infantry officer of the [[United States Army|Army]] from 1962 to 1982 who served two tours in [[Vietnam]] with the 173rd Airborne Brigade, wrote *[[First Earth Battalion|The First Earth Battalion]]* in 1979 as a concept paper of Task Force Delta at Headquarters, [[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command|Training and Doctrine Command]], [[Fort Monroe]], [[Virginia]], after a period studying the human potential movement, including visits to the [[Esalen Institute]]. The paper's title page gives him as "LTC James B. Channon," with Colonel D. H. Malone as author of the foreword and Major M. M. Ischinger and Malone (spelled Melone in the sponsors' line) as sponsors, and its disclaimer states that its views "do not purport to reflect the positions or policies of the Department of the Army." Malone's foreword ends: "Jim Channon is hereby appointed C.O., First Earth Battalion, responsible for assimilating, integrating, and communicating what the future may hold for our Army."[^1][^2]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Channon, James B., Lieutenant Colonel. *The First Earth Battalion,* Task Force Delta concept paper, Headquarters, US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, Virginia, 1979, foreword by Colonel D. H. Malone; scan at archive.org/details/FirstEarthBattalionManual, front matter and foreword read.
+[^2]: Service dates and Esalen visits from Ronson, Jon. *The Men Who Stare at Goats.* Simon and Schuster, 2004, as summarized; not verified against service records.

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/John B. Alexander.md

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: John B. Alexander
 aliases:
   - John B. Alexander
   - Lieutenant Colonel John B. Alexander
   - Colonel John Alexander
+  - Col. John B. Alexander
+  - John Alexander
 category: "Military"
 tags:
   - Person
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ tags:
   - Army
   - 1980s
   - 1990s
-summary: "John B. Alexander was a Green Beret colonel and Special Forces Vietnam veteran who authored the 1980 Military Review article on psychic warfare, ran INSCOM's Advanced Human Technology Office under Albert Stubblebine, and became one of the most prominent advocates for non-lethal weapons and anomalous phenomena research within the U.S. military establishment."
+summary: "Army lieutenant colonel who published The New Mental Battlefield in Military Review in 1980, served under Stubblebine at INSCOM during Center Lane, and later ran non-lethal weapons work at Los Alamos."
 born: 1937-01-01
 location: "New York, New York"
 ---
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ Lieutenant Colonel John B. Alexander is a former Green Beret and Special Forces
 
 In December 1980, Alexander authored an article titled "The New Mental Battlefield: Beam Me Up, Spock," published in *Military Review*, an official U.S. Army publication. This article was the first time [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] were discussed in an official Army publication, asserting that "there are weapons systems that operate on the power of the mind whose lethal capacity has already been demonstrated"[^1]. The article, based on personal experience and open-source information, gained national attention after *Washington Post* columnist [[Jack Anderson]] wrote about it under the heading "Voodoo Warriors of the Pentagon"[^1].
 
-Alexander's esoteric interests caught the attention of Task Force Delta, a high-level Army organization. In 1981, [[Richard G. Stilwell]], the deputy undersecretary of defense, arranged for Alexander's transfer to [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] under Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]]. Here, Alexander was put in charge of the Advanced Human Technology Office, interacting with Stubblebine's High Performance Task Force[^1].
+Alexander's esoteric interests caught the attention of [[First Earth Battalion|Task Force Delta]], a high-level Army organization. In 1981, [[Richard G. Stilwell]], the deputy undersecretary of defense, arranged for Alexander's transfer to [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] under Major General [[Albert Stubblebine]]. Here, Alexander was put in charge of the Advanced Human Technology Office, interacting with Stubblebine's High Performance Task Force[^1].
 
 Alexander's work at INSCOM focused on developing human technologies to enhance soldier performance and narrow the "human technology gap." He explored various new age and self-help programs, including sleep discipline, neurolinguistic programming, and Silva Mind Control[^1].
 
@@ -36,5 +38,21 @@ After retiring from the military, Alexander joined [[Psi]]'s corporate board in
 ### Publications
 *   "The New Mental Battlefield: Beam Me Up, Spock" (*Military Review*, 1980)
 
+### The Documents
+
+John B. Alexander, a lieutenant colonel of the [[United States Army|Army]] who had served with the Special Forces in Thailand and Vietnam, published "The New Mental Battlefield: 'Beam Me Up, Spock'" in *[[Military Review]]* in December 1980. Its author note placed him on the staff of the Army's inspector general in Washington after heading the human resources division of the organizational effectiveness office at [[Fort McPherson]].[^2]
+
+### INSCOM
+
+He served under Major General Albert Stubblebine at INSCOM during the [[Center Lane]] years. The project manager's record of a meeting with Stubblebine on November 30, 1983, notes "an update on the RAPT training" and that the general "confirmed his decision to hold a 'bonding' ceremony and that it would be lead by LTC Alexander." At a meeting on January 6, 1984, the "recent LTC Alexander problem concerning the debriefing of Russell Targ" was raised: "The CG stated that he was unaware that there was a problem as he had not instructed LTC Alexander to debrief [[Russell Targ|Targ]] because Alexander was not a trained intelligence officer. The CG stated that he would get with Alexander and resolve the issue."[^3]
+
+### Afterward
+
+He retired as a colonel in 1988, his last post the advanced systems concepts office of the Army Laboratory Command, and went to [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], where he worked on non-lethal weapons with [[Janet Morris]] of the [[U.S. Global Strategy Council]], the body chaired by [[Ray Cline]]. His books include *The Warrior's Edge* (1990, with Richard Groller and Janet Morris), *Future War* (1999), and *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities* (2011).[^4]
+
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: *Military Review,* vol. 60, 1980, annual index, archive.org item sim_military-review_1980_60_index; the December 1980 issue itself was not obtained. Author note as summarized in search results, not read in the original.
+[^3]: Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Career details from Alexander's own books and publishers' biographical notes, not verified against service records.

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nick Clancy.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
 summary: "Nick Clancy was a CIA officer whose job for several years had been to conduct technical penetrations of embassies in Africa, southern Europe, and the Middle East."
 ---
 
-Nick Clancy was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officer whose job for several years had been to conduct technical penetrations of embassies in Africa, southern Europe, and the [[Middle East]]. He worked closely with [[Ken Kress]] and was involved in the testing of [[Pat Price]]'s remote viewing abilities.[^1]
+Nick Clancy was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officer whose job for several years had been to conduct technical penetrations of embassies in Africa, southern Europe, and the [[Middle East]]. He worked closely with [[Kenneth A. Kress|Ken Kress]] and was involved in the testing of [[Pat Price]]'s remote viewing abilities.[^1]
 
 Clancy was present during Price's three preliminary tests for Staff D, designed to assess Price's suitability for a high-stakes operation involving a Chinese Embassy basement. He witnessed Price's remarkable accuracy in describing the layout of the Chinese Embassy in Africa, including details like a poorly lit hallway that Clancy himself had experienced during an operation. He was so shaken by Price's accuracy that he described the evening as an "eight-martini evening."[^1]
 

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nilo Floody.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - NiloFloody
+  - Chile
+  - ChileanArmy
+  - OrlandoLetelier
+  - VernonWalters
+alias:
+  - Nilo Floody Buxton
+summary: "Chilean division general who headed the military mission in Washington in 1976, received the two DINA captains at his home in late August, and had his secretary telephone Vernon Walters's office."
+location: "Washington, D.C."
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+Nilo Floody Buxton, a division general of the [[Chile|Chilean]] army, was in 1976 head of the Chilean military mission in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], military attaché to the embassy, and head of the delegation to the [[Inter-American Defense Board]]. Answering under oath the written questions of the military prosecutor [[Héctor Orozco]] after March 27, 1978, he said that "in late August 1976, Lieutenants [[Rolando Mosqueira]] and [[René Riveros]] were at my home," that "the reason for the officers' visit to my home was to greet me," that "I did not know what mission the officers were carrying out on their visit to the USA," and that "they did not hand me any classified documentation, nor did they explain to me the reason for another mission in Washington D.C." He had known General [[Vernon Walters]] "of the United States Army since 1974. It is true that I had my secretary telephone General Walter's offices to find out whether he was in Washington D.C. I was informed that he was out of town, that he no longer belonged to the CIA, and that upon his return he would presumably rejoin the Army." Riveros had testified that the two captains, unable to reach Walters, called on a general Mosqueira knew, "giving our true names and ranks, but without revealing the true link and content of our mission," and that Floody's office could not obtain the contact for them.[^1]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, oficio of General Nilo Floody Buxton to the military prosecutor, in reply to oficio 1595/10 of March 27, 1978; declaración of René Miguel Riveros Valderrama, March 22, 1978.

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Norm Everheart.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ summary: "Norm Everheart was a CIA technical operations specialist with nearly a
 ---
 Norm Everheart was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] technical operations specialist with nearly a quarter-century of service by the mid-1970s. In 1950, at the age of twenty, he was recruited by the fledgling intelligence agency as a television engineer and sent to Greece as a clandestine radio operator. He subsequently worked in the Agency's Office of Communications and the Technical Services Division (TSD), which later became the Office of Technical Service (OTS). His last posting before becoming a coordinator for Grill Flame was chief of OTS's regional tech base in Athens.[^1]
 
-In late 1974 or early 1975, Everheart was appointed liaison to "Staff D" (later the Office of SIGINT Operations), an office specializing in small-scale signals intelligence collection. It was in this role that he was introduced to the remote viewing program by [[Ken Kress]], who had initiated [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI)'s first psi research contract. Everheart, initially unfamiliar with remote viewing, was urged to consider how it might benefit Staff D operations, particularly through the abilities of [[Pat Price]].[^1]
+In late 1974 or early 1975, Everheart was appointed liaison to "Staff D" (later the Office of SIGINT Operations), an office specializing in small-scale signals intelligence collection. It was in this role that he was introduced to the remote viewing program by [[Kenneth A. Kress|Ken Kress]], who had initiated [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI)'s first psi research contract. Everheart, initially unfamiliar with remote viewing, was urged to consider how it might benefit Staff D operations, particularly through the abilities of [[Pat Price]].[^1]
 
 Everheart became the chief coordinator for [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]] taskings from the CIA's Operations Directorate, working alongside his superior [[John McMahon]], the CIA's deputy director for operations. He was a pragmatic and relatively open-minded individual in the often "cold and conniving" world of intelligence. He employed an "oblique targeting method," where the remote viewer was given minimal information about the target, which helped build confidence in the accuracy of psychic data when it matched unknown facts.[^1]
 

10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Uri Geller.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Uri Geller
 aliases:
   - Uri Geller
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tags:
   - RemoteViewing
   - 1970s
   - 1980s
-summary: "Uri Geller is an Israeli-British illusionist and psychic claimant who was tested by Stanford Research Institute under CIA contract in 1972-1973, reportedly worked for Israeli military intelligence on clairvoyance taskings, and became the most publicly known subject of the U.S. government's parapsychology program."
+summary: "Israeli performer tested at Stanford Research Institute in 1972 and 1973 with Technical Services Division money, whom a CIA reviewer thought no more than a skillful magician."
 born: 1946-12-20
 location: "Tel Aviv, British Mandate Palestine"
 ---
@@ -34,7 +34,12 @@ After leaving SRI, Geller continued his career as an entertainer and reportedly
 
 In the winter of 1975, Geller was tested by a group of nuclear physicists and engineers from [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]. The tests, which included attempts to interfere with laser beams and erase magnetic computer program cards, were conducted to assess the potential threat of psychokinesis to nuclear weapons systems. While the scientists concluded that Geller's abilities were not effective over long distances, they experienced a series of bizarre, hallucination-inducing phenomena after their involvement with him, which became known as the "[[Geller Effect]]."[^2]
 
+### The 1973 Memorandum
+
+On January 23, 1973, Russell Targ and Hal Puthoff showed a CIA audience a film of their experiments with "Uri Geller, an Israeli magician with claimed capabilities in ESP." The Office of Research and Development's memorandum of the next day recorded that "the SRI work with Geller has been supported by Edgar Mitchell's foundation, by something with a name like Mind Science Institute of Los Angeles, and by TSD," the [[Technical Services Division]]. The film showed Geller reproducing sealed drawings, calling dice, finding metal or water in one of twelve containers, "and bending spoons by touching them with apparently much less force than would be required normally." The writer added: "On the basis of meetings I have attended at ARPA, whose Drs. Austin Kibler and George Lawrence have been to SRI to observe Geller, Puthoff and Targ in action, there is serious doubt that Geller's accomplishment transcends the range of activities a skillful magician can perform and much concern that Puthoff's and Targ's own experimental bias in favor of successful outcomes is undermining their objectivity in designing properly controlled experimental procedures. Geller's connections with Dr. A. Puharich, with whom many unsavory reports have been linked, also is disturbing." He recommended asking TSD about "their plans for future research at SRI, both with Geller and with other subjects such as Ingo Swann," and noted that one manager in the science and technology directorate had said he was "humbled" by the film. A further file, "Experiments - Uri Geller at SRI, August 4-11, 1973," is in the same collection.[^3]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997.
-[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. "Experiments - Uri Geller at SRI, August 4-11, 1973," CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110003-2, not read.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/David Morehouse.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ David Morehouse was a [[U.S. Army]] Lieutenant Colonel and Ranger-qualified airb
 
 Morehouse underwent [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV) training and served in the unit during the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Sun Streak]] and STAR GATE phases. He was one of the viewers working with a more formal administrative structure than the unit's early years, when the program was operating under [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] sponsorship through the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory direction of [[Edwin May]].
 
-His service in the unit was complicated by personal conduct issues. Fellow viewer [[Lyn Buchanan]] and others in the unit noticed Morehouse operating a construction business on the side while on active duty and observed what they characterized as erratic behavior. A formal military investigation led to a court-martial proceeding. The case attracted some attention because of its connection to the remote viewing program; Angela Dellafiora served as a witness in the proceeding. Morehouse received a discharge that was later characterized as a general discharge under honorable conditions after plea arrangements.[^1]
+His service in the unit was complicated by personal conduct issues. Fellow viewer [[Lyn Buchanan]] and others in the unit noticed Morehouse operating a construction business on the side while on active duty and observed what they characterized as erratic behavior. A formal military investigation led to a court-martial proceeding. The case attracted some attention because of its connection to the remote viewing program; [[Angela Dellafiora]] served as a witness in the proceeding. Morehouse received a discharge that was later characterized as a general discharge under honorable conditions after plea arrangements.[^1]
 
 ### Psychic Warrior and Public Career
 

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Edwin May.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Edwin May
 aliases:
   - Edwin May
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ tags:
   - 1980s
   - 1990s
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
-summary: "Edwin May is a particle physicist who succeeded Hal Puthoff as principal investigator of the government's remote viewing research program in 1985, moved the program from SRI to SAIC in 1991, and directed the program's final phase until its 1995 declassification and termination."
+summary: "Particle physicist who succeeded Puthoff as principal investigator of the remote-viewing research at SRI in 1985, moved it to SAIC in 1991, and chose the ten experiments the 1995 AIR panel reviewed."
 location: "Palo Alto, California"
 ---
 
@@ -34,9 +34,7 @@ In 1991, SRI withdrew from the remote viewing research contract. May negotiated
 
 ### AIR Evaluation and Termination
 
-When the CIA, which had taken over program management from DIA in 1991, commissioned the [[American Institutes for Research]] to evaluate the STAR GATE program in 1995, May's experimental database from the SAIC phase provided the primary data for [[Jessica Utts]]'s positive assessment. Utts, a University of California Davis statistician, concluded that May's experimental results met the statistical standard for establishing an anomalous effect. [[Ray Hyman]], the skeptical evaluator, acknowledged the statistical results but argued that methodological weaknesses precluded firm conclusions.
-
-The AIR report recommended termination. May disagreed with this recommendation but accepted that the decision had been made. He argued that the program was ended before the science had matured sufficiently to determine whether operational applications were feasible, and that the AIR evaluation's split findings indicated genuine uncertainty rather than a resolved negative conclusion.
+When the CIA, which had taken custody of the program from the DIA in 1995 at the direction of Congress, contracted the American Institutes for Research in June 1995 to evaluate it ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), May, as principal investigator, was asked "to list those studies which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 National Research Council report. His memorandum of July 25, 1995, listed ten SAIC experiments, among them "Entropy II" (90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8), "ERD AC Behavior" (70 trials, 0.303), "Remote observation" (48 trials, 0.361), and "AC with binary coding" (40 trials, −0.067). [[Jessica Utts]] took them, with the 1988 analysis of the SRI database, as establishing that "psychic functioning has been well established"; [[Ray Hyman]] agreed the effects were "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes" but held that ten experiments from one laboratory could not establish a phenomenon. May told the panel that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," and AIR noted that throughout the experiments "only one judge, apparently the Principal Investigator, was used in assessing matches." The report of September 29, 1995, recommended against continuing the operational program. May's commentary in the *Journal of Parapsychology* the next year described the review as the result of "a Congressionally Directed Activity" and gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^1]
 
 ### Post-STARGATE Research
 
@@ -46,5 +44,4 @@ May continued to serve as a consultant on anomalous cognition research for acade
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017, pp. 266-310. Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997, pp. 362-390.
-[^2]: Hyman, Ray, and Jessica Utts. "An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications." American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995 (declassified; the evaluation of the May-era SAIC research). May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STARGATE Program." *Journal of Parapsychology* 60 (1996): 3-23.
+[^1]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract only.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Kenneth A. Kress.md

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 aliases:
   - Kenneth A. Kress
   - Ken Kress
+  - Kenneth Kress
 category: "Key Figures"
 tags:
   - Person
@@ -13,19 +14,35 @@ tags:
 summary: "Kress was the lead analyst assigned to the operation involving Pat Price's Remote Viewing of URDF-3, a highly classified Soviet research and development facility in Kazakhstan."
 ---
 
-Kenneth A. Kress was a physicist, engineer, and analyst with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. He is considered by some to be the "father of America's remote-viewing program" as he was responsible for giving [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] its first [[Psi]] research contract in 1972[^1]. Kress, then a young, dark-haired engineer, was instrumental in bringing [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Ingo Swann]] into the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s orbit for psychic research[^1].
+Kenneth A. Kress was a physicist, engineer, and analyst with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. He is considered by some to be the "father of America's remote-viewing program" as he was responsible for giving [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] its first [[Psi]] research contract in 1972[^1]. Kress, then a young, dark-haired engineer, was instrumental in bringing [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Ingo Swann]] into the Central Intelligence Agency's orbit for psychic research[^1].
 
-Kress was the lead analyst assigned to the operation involving [[Pat Price]]'s [[Remote Viewing]] of [[URDF-3]], a highly classified [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] research and development facility in [[Kazakhstan]][^1]. In July 1974, after Price remotely viewed URDF-3, Kress compared Price's descriptions to classified satellite imagery. He found that reconnaissance photographs confirmed the presence of rails for railroad cars and a huge crane, as described by Price. However, some details, like the spheres Price mentioned, were not locatable, which agitated the [[Central Intelligence Agency]][^1].
+Kress was the lead analyst assigned to the operation involving [[Pat Price]]'s [[Remote Viewing]] of [[URDF-3]], a highly classified [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] research and development facility in [[Kazakhstan]][^1]. In July 1974, after Price remotely viewed URDF-3, Kress compared Price's descriptions to classified satellite imagery. He found that reconnaissance photographs confirmed the presence of rails for railroad cars and a huge crane, as described by Price. However, some details, like the spheres Price mentioned, were not locatable, which agitated the Central Intelligence Agency[^1].
 
-Kress flew to [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] to brief [[Hal Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] on URDF-3 and to get additional information from Price. When Kress met Price in person, he tested him by asking if Price knew him. Price correctly identified Kress by name and stated his occupation as working for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], which was significant as Kress was a covert employee[^1]. Kress also questioned Price about details he missed, such as four derricks. Price responded that he didn't see them because "they are not there anymore," a statement that was later corroborated when rechecked reconnaissance data showed the derricks partially disassembled[^1].
+Kress flew to SRI to brief Hal Puthoff and [[Russell Targ]] on URDF-3 and to get additional information from Price. When Kress met Price in person, he tested him by asking if Price knew him. Price correctly identified Kress by name and stated his occupation as working for the Central Intelligence Agency, which was significant as Kress was a covert employee[^1]. Kress also questioned Price about details he missed, such as four derricks. Price responded that he didn't see them because "they are not there anymore," a statement that was later corroborated when rechecked reconnaissance data showed the derricks partially disassembled[^1].
 
 Despite the accuracy of some of Price's information, Kress noted that Price also produced bad data. He also became concerned about the possibility of a [[KGB]] disinformation campaign, suggesting that Price could have been supplied data for disinformation purposes. This led Kress to question his own objectivity, as he observed that individuals who supported pro-paranormal data often had "conversion" experiences[^1].
 
-Kress played a crucial role in the early stages of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]] program, particularly as a handler for [[Pat Price]]. He was involved in presenting Price with targets and evaluating his remote viewing data. Kress, along with [[Peter Maris]], was the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] official who tasked Price with remote viewing the secret Soviet military research facility at Semipalatinsk (URDF-3), a session that yielded remarkably accurate details later confirmed by satellite photography. Kress and Maris initially didn't know what to make of Price's descriptions of a large crane and metal spheres, but later confirmed them with satellite photos, which became a key piece of evidence for the program's effectiveness[^1].
+Kress played a crucial role in the early stages of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]] program, particularly as a handler for Pat Price. He was involved in presenting Price with targets and evaluating his remote viewing data. Kress, along with [[Peter Maris]], was the Central Intelligence Agency official who tasked Price with remote viewing the secret Soviet military research facility at Semipalatinsk (URDF-3), a session that yielded remarkably accurate details later confirmed by satellite photography. Kress and Maris initially didn't know what to make of Price's descriptions of a large crane and metal spheres, but later confirmed them with satellite photos, which became a key piece of evidence for the program's effectiveness[^1].
 
-He also worked closely with [[Norm Everheart]], encouraging him to explore how remote viewing could assist Staff D operations. Kress was present during Price's three tests for Staff D, witnessing Price's accurate remote viewing of the Chinese Embassy in Africa and the Chinese consular building in Rome. He also served as a liaison for [[Uri Geller]]'s visits to [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]], and was the recipient of information from [[Hal Puthoff]] regarding Geller's activities and potential security concerns[^1].
+He also worked closely with [[Norm Everheart]], encouraging him to explore how remote viewing could assist Staff D operations. Kress was present during Price's three tests for Staff D, witnessing Price's accurate remote viewing of the Chinese Embassy in Africa and the Chinese consular building in Rome. He also served as a liaison for [[Uri Geller]]'s visits to SRI, and was the recipient of information from Hal Puthoff regarding Geller's activities and potential security concerns[^1].
 
-At Kress's suggestion, the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] contracted with an outside scientist to evaluate the psychic research program, who concluded that "a large body of reliable experimental evidence points to the inescapable conclusion that [[Extrasensory Perception|extrasensory perception]] does exist as a real phenomenon, albeit characterized by rarity and lack of reliability"[^1].
+At Kress's suggestion, the Central Intelligence Agency contracted with an outside scientist to evaluate the psychic research program, who concluded that "a large body of reliable experimental evidence points to the inescapable conclusion that [[Extrasensory Perception|extrasensory perception]] does exist as a real phenomenon, albeit characterized by rarity and lack of reliability"[^1].
+
+### The Documents
+
+Kenneth A. Kress was a physicist in the CIA's [[CIA Office of Technical Service|Office of Technical Service]]. "By October, 1972, I was the Project Officer" for the agency's contract with Stanford Research Institute on parapsychology, he wrote; "I was chosen because of my physics background to work with the physicists from SRI," Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ. He "was then a covert employee."[^2]
+
+### SCANATE
+
+The office had spent 874 dollars on a few days' work in August 1972 and 2,500 more before it "funded a $50,000 expanded effort in parapsychology" on October 1, 1972. Kress carried the project through the review of April and May 1973, when [[William Colby]] sent it to the Executive Management Committee and the matter went to the director, [[James Schlesinger]]; \"I was soon told not to increase the scope of the project,\" and into the joint program with the Office of Research and Development that began on February 1, 1974. He wrote that at one point "I began to have serious feelings of being involved with a fraud," and had the agency's computer office re-analyze the SRI random-number machine, finding "no evidence of nonrandomness." In July 1974 he designed the test of Pat Price against [[Semipalatinsk]], choosing "the tall crane and the four structures resembling oil well derricks" as the checks, and concluded that "as proof of remote viewing, the data are at best inconclusive." When the program was reviewed in 1975 he was "judged to be a positively biased advocate of paranormal functioning" and removed from evaluation; the research support was dropped as "not productive or even competent." An OTS memorandum of January 1975 nonetheless recorded "definite potential for operational application of paranormal abilities demonstrated by persons in the program," and a dissemination memorandum recommended that Kress, "as project officer of the SRI investigation," control who saw the reports.[^2][^3]
+
+### The Article
+
+His review, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," appeared in the classified *Studies in Intelligence* in the winter of 1977 and was declassified in 1996. It recorded the briefing of Director [[George H.W. Bush|George Bush]] in 1976, [[Stansfield Turner]]'s public acknowledgment of 1977, and the state of interest at DIA, DARPA, the Navy, and the Air Force, and ended: "This is not to say that parapsychology is a proven intelligence tool; it is to say that the evaluation is not yet complete and more research is needed." In a postscript of January 1999 for its reprinting he mentioned a later "secure line call from a person who identified himself as an FBI agent" and wrote: "Me, I remain a skeptical agnostic." Representative [[Charles Rose]] was briefed at OTS by its chief, David Brandwein, on February 9, 1978.[^2][^4]
 
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified, document NSA-RDP96X00790R000100010031-3; reprinted with the author's postscript of January 1999 in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 13, no. 1, 1999.
+[^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Technical Service, memoranda of January 1975 on the SRI project and on dissemination, CIA FOIA Reading Room, seen only in catalogue summaries; the documents themselves were not read.
+[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, "Briefing of Representative Charles Rose (D., N.C.), Member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 9 February 1978," OLC 78-0576, CIA-RDP81M00980R000600250087-4, first page only.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Peter Maris.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ summary: "Peter Maris was a CIA physicist who, along with Ken Kress, an engineer
 ---
 
 
-Peter Maris was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] physicist who, along with [[Ken Kress]], an engineer from the Office of Technical Service (OTS), tasked [[Pat Price]] with remote viewing the mysterious Soviet military research facility at Semipalatinsk (URDF-3). Maris and Kress were the CIA officials who brought in the coordinates for the site, which was also known as P-NUTS (probable nuclear underground test site) by Air Force intelligence. They knew little about the facility, only that it was a "research facility."[^1]
+Peter Maris was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] physicist who, along with [[Kenneth A. Kress|Ken Kress]], an engineer from the Office of Technical Service (OTS), tasked [[Pat Price]] with remote viewing the mysterious Soviet military research facility at Semipalatinsk (URDF-3). Maris and Kress were the CIA officials who brought in the coordinates for the site, which was also known as P-NUTS (probable nuclear underground test site) by Air Force intelligence. They knew little about the facility, only that it was a "research facility."[^1]
 
 Maris was present during Price's remote viewing sessions of Semipalatinsk, where Price described a large gantry crane, the construction of large metal spheres, and unique welding techniques. Initially, Maris and Kress were unsure what to make of Price's descriptions, but they later confirmed the existence of the crane and the spheres through satellite photography. The accuracy of Price's remote viewing, particularly his description of the crane, was so impressive that it helped secure funding for SRI's psi research for several years.[^1]
 

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ray Hyman.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Ray Hyman
 aliases:
   - Ray Hyman
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ tags:
   - SRI
   - 1970s
   - 1990s
-summary: "Ray Hyman is a University of Oregon psychologist and scientific skeptic who evaluated Uri Geller for DARPA in 1973, criticized SRI remote viewing methodology throughout the 1970s-80s, and wrote the skeptical half of the 1995 AIR evaluation of STAR GATE, concluding that methodological flaws precluded accepting the data as evidence for remote viewing."
+summary: "University of Oregon psychologist and skeptic who evaluated Uri Geller for DARPA in 1973 and, for the 1995 AIR review, judged ten SAIC experiments too few to establish remote viewing."
 born: 1928-06-23
 location: "Chelsea, Massachusetts"
 ---
@@ -25,7 +25,14 @@ Hyman, along with [[Martin Gardner]], joined forces in an anti-Geller crusade. H
 
 In 1983, Hyman weighed in on the [[James Randi]] hoax against the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research, stating that Randi was "very upset by Geller’s using trickery to deceive scientists. He thought it was very immoral. And he felt that it was a prostitution of his beloved magic"[^1].
 
-In 1995, Hyman was one of the team leaders for the [[American Institutes for Research]]'s evaluation of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Star Gate program]], which ultimately recommended its cancellation. However, this evaluation was criticized for its limited scope and the researchers' pre-existing skeptical biases[^1].
+### The 1995 Evaluation
+
+In 1995 the [[American Institutes for Research]], under contract to the CIA, engaged Hyman and the statistician [[Jessica Utts]] to review the research of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Star Gate program]] ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]). His report of September 11, 1995, took the ten [[Science Applications International Corporation|SAIC]] experiments as "the only ones for which we have adequate documentation," agreed with Utts that they "were free of the methodological weaknesses that plagued the early SRI research" and that "the effect sizes reported in the SAIC experiments are too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes," and then answered no to three questions: whether the effects established anomalous cognition, whether "the possibility of methodological flaws" had been "completely eliminated," and whether the results were consistent with other laboratories. "Ten experiments, especially from one laboratory," he wrote, "is far too few to establish reliable relationships in almost any area of inquiry." He compared the field's negatively defined anomaly with the discovery of Neptune from the perturbations of Uranus, and told anyone relying on operational hits to read [[David Marks]] and Richard Kammann on subjective validation. Of operations he recorded [[Edwin May]]'s estimate that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate": "If May is correct, then 80% of all the information supplied by this talented viewer will be erroneous."[^2]
+
+Writing in the *Skeptical Inquirer* in 1996, he said the CIA "abandoned this program in the late 1970s because it showed no promise," that under the DIA it "consisted of three components," one tracking foreign work, an operations program of "six, and later three, psychics on the government payroll," and the laboratory research at SRI and SAIC; that "because of some controversies within the program, a Senate committee decided to transfer the program from the DIA back to the CIA"; that "May helped identify the ten best studies for Utts and me to evaluate"; and that the panel "all agreed that any scientifically meaningful evaluation of these operational psychic intelligence uses was impossible." He ended: "It is premature to draw any conclusions. We will simply have to wait and see. If history is a guide, then this will be a long wait, indeed."[^3]
 
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena," September 11, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-41 to 3-75, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 31-58. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf
+[^3]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Raúl Iturriaga Neumann.md

@@ -20,24 +20,29 @@ updated: 2026-09-21
 
 Raúl Iturriaga Neumann was an officer of [[DINA]], the secret police of [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s [[Chile]], and by 1975 head of its foreign operations. The prosecutors of the Letelier case knew him as Eduardo Iturriaga.[^1][^2]
 
+### The 1978 Statements
+
 Townley told the Chilean military prosecutor in 1978 that he had met "then-Major Eduardo Iturriaga" in 1974 to "coordinate the information I had on anti-Castro organizations in the US" and build "a coherent network of informants and sub-informants," and that early in 1975 Iturriaga took a telephone call in his presence and asked whether he knew [[Orlando Bosch]], [[Guillermo Novo]], and [[Jose Dionisio Suarez|Dionisio Suárez]]. Espinoza testified that for the 1976 mission to General [[Vernon Walters]] "the name of the second man was suggested by then-Major Iturriaga, under the name Andrés Wilson." On April 10, 1978, the prosecutor ordered Iturriaga re-examined with Espinoza and Townley on the code names Quetropillán and Avispa.[^3]
 
+In his own statement of April 1, 1978, Iturriaga said he had met Townley "in late 1974 or, more probably, in the first months of 1975," and that their contacts increased when he took charge of the exterior department, where "I necessarily had to make contact with foreigners, among them Americans and Cubans. Of the latter, many Cubans came to the country unofficially but with the aim of making anticommunist contacts." He "especially" recalled "a group linked to the M.N.C., which presented a well-drafted, printed and illustrated pamphlet containing a kind of draft proposal for future relations between them and Chile, covering topics such as the possibility of their having a headquarters in Chile and Chile's recognition of the Cuban Government in exile. This did not materialize." The names Bosch, Novo, and Suárez "certainly sound familiar, since I believe they all came to Chile." He had met the group at a downtown hotel, "I believe I consulted Townley about the background and trustworthiness of the Cubans behind the pamphlet," and had a second meeting; the scan breaks off there. On June 1 he described Townley as a secondary informant and denied knowing the names Quetropillán and Avispa.[^4]
+
 ### Buenos Aires
 
-In late July 1974 he "traveled to [[Buenos Aires]] with a bag of cash to hire assassins and to coordinate the operation with the Argentine service, [[Secretaría de Inteligencia del Estado|SIDE]]." The station chief, [[Enrique Arancibia Clavel]], paid 20,000 dollars to men who did nothing; "the Argentines didn't have the guts to kill them," [[Michael Townley]] said. Townley's own bomb killed General [[Carlos Prats]] and his wife on September 30. In 2010 the Chilean courts convicted Iturriaga, [[Manuel Contreras]], [[Pedro Espinoza]], and [[José Zara]] of the murders.[^1][^4]
+In late July 1974 he "traveled to [[Buenos Aires]] with a bag of cash to hire assassins and to coordinate the operation with the Argentine service, [[Secretaría de Inteligencia del Estado|SIDE]]." The station chief, [[Enrique Arancibia Clavel]], paid 20,000 dollars to men who did nothing; "the Argentines didn't have the guts to kill them," [[Michael Townley]] said. Townley's own bomb killed General [[Carlos Prats]] and his wife on September 30. In 2010 the Chilean courts convicted Iturriaga, [[Manuel Contreras]], [[Pedro Espinoza]], and [[José Zara]] of the murders.[^1][^5]
 
 ### Rome
 
-In 1975 he "added a new name to Townley's hit list: [[Bernardo Leighton]], the grandfatherly Christian Democrat who was working in [[Rome]] to forge an alliance between his party and the remnants of Allende's forces," and ordered Townley to enlist the organization of [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]]. Leighton and his wife were shot on October 6, 1975, and lived. An Italian court later convicted Iturriaga in his absence on Townley's testimony; he has said that Townley is the only accuser and that he never met the Italians.[^1][^4]
+In 1975 he "added a new name to Townley's hit list: [[Bernardo Leighton]], the grandfatherly Christian Democrat who was working in [[Rome]] to forge an alliance between his party and the remnants of Allende's forces," and ordered Townley to enlist the organization of [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]]. Leighton and his wife were shot on October 6, 1975, and lived. An Italian court later convicted Iturriaga in his absence on Townley's testimony; he has said that Townley is the only accuser and that he never met the Italians.[^1][^5]
 
 ### Washington
 
-Iturriaga briefed Townley on the mission against [[Orlando Letelier]] in 1976 and approved his taking [[Virgilio Paz]] of the [[Cuban Nationalist Movement]]. When the Chilean police came for Townley in 1978, Iturriaga led the search party into his house. On June 15, 2026, Judge [[Paola Plaza]] sentenced him, Espinoza, and Zara to fifteen years each for the death of [[Ronni Moffitt]]. He was then 88 and serving cumulative sentences of 500 years.[^2][^5]
+Iturriaga briefed Townley on the mission against [[Orlando Letelier]] in 1976 and approved his taking [[Virgilio Paz]] of the [[Cuban Nationalist Movement]]. When the Chilean police came for Townley in 1978, Iturriaga led the search party into his house. On June 15, 2026, Judge [[Paola Plaza]] sentenced him, Espinoza, and Zara to fifteen years each for the death of [[Ronni Moffitt]]. He was then 88 and serving cumulative sentences of 500 years.[^2][^6]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Dinges, John. *The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents*. New Press, 2004, pp. 74, 130.
 [^2]: Branch, Taylor, and Eugene M. Propper. *Labyrinth*. Viking, 1982, pp. 303, 464.
 [^3]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaraciones of Michael Vernon Townley Welch (March 29, 1978) and Pedro Espinoza Bravo (April 24, 1978); resolution of April 10, 1978.
-[^4]: Chilean press reports of the 2010 judgments of Judge Alejandro Solís and the Supreme Court and of the 2022 court resolution on DINA's exterior department (La Tercera, CNN Chile, El Mostrador), not read in full.
-[^5]: Kornbluh, Peter. "A Modicum of Justice for Ronni Karpen Moffitt," *The Nation,* September 2026.
+[^4]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaraciones of Raúl Eduardo Iturriaga Neumann, April 1 and June 1, 1978.
+[^5]: Chilean press reports of the 2010 judgments of Judge Alejandro Solís and the Supreme Court and of the 2022 court resolution on DINA's exterior department (La Tercera, CNN Chile, El Mostrador), not read in full.
+[^6]: Kornbluh, Peter. "A Modicum of Justice for Ronni Karpen Moffitt," *The Nation,* September 2026.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Keenan.md

@@ -5,11 +5,20 @@ tags:
   - RemoteViewer
   - Military
 summary: "Colonel Robert Keenan was the commanding officer of the Systems Exploitation Detachment (SED) under the command of United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM)."
+alias:
+  - Robert E. Keenan
 ---
 
 Colonel Robert Keenan was the commanding officer of the [[Systems Exploitation Detachment]] (SED) under the command of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM). In this role (July 1978 - May 1980[^1]), he was responsible for overseeing the activities and personnel within the detachment. When [[Frederick Atwater]] proposed the idea of forming a remote viewing team within the Army, it was Keenan who had the authority to approve or reject the proposal.
 
 Keenan ultimately approved Atwater's proposal, which led to the establishment of the remote viewing program in 1977. This decision marked a significant step in the Army's exploration of paranormal phenomena for intelligence gathering purposes.
+
+### The Documents
+
+The memorandum of September 25, 1978, gives Robert E. Keenan as a lieutenant colonel in the Security Support Detachment of the 902d Military Intelligence Group at [[Fort Meade]] (the accounts above, from published sources, call him a colonel commanding the Systems Exploitation Detachment), the INSCOM element that had run the Gondola Wish program on the Soviet "psychoenergetic" threat since September 1977. His memorandum of September 25, 1978, "Grill Flame," addressed through Colonel Littlefield to Brigadier General Smith, records that "COL Littlefield and LTC Keenan met with COL Capps, DAMI-ISH, to discuss the 902d's participation in the development of a training program in Para-Psychology Phenomena." Capps told them that the 902d's concept, Gondola Wish, was being cancelled; that the [[Monroe Institute]] was "not cleared"; that a training contract "must be cleared through an office at HEW"; that DARCOM, the Army's materiel command, had a contract with [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] to which the training could be attached, with 15,000 dollars from the assistant chief of staff for intelligence and 50,000 from INSCOM; that SRI would write the protocol for selecting subjects; that a Defense Department working group would be formed; and that the commander of INSCOM, Major General [[William Rolya]], "briefed and approved all of the above." Published accounts by participants describe Keenan as the officer to whom Lieutenant Frederick Atwater first proposed the Army unit.[^2][^3]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: [Annual Historical Review, U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), FY 1980]([https://www.governmentattic.org/30docs/USAINSCOMhistoryFY_1980.pdf)
+[^1]: [Annual Historical Review, U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), FY 1980]([https://www.governmentattic.org/30docs/USAINSCOMhistoryFY_1980.pdf)
+[^2]: Keenan, Robert E., memorandum "GRILL FLAME," 902d Military Intelligence Group, Fort Meade, September 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240011-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: McMoneagle, Joseph. *The Stargate Chronicles.* Hampton Roads, 2002; Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers.* Dell, 1997.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Monroe.md

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ location: "Lexington, Kentucky, USA"
 
 [[Robert Monroe]] was an American businessman and explorer of human consciousness. He is known for his extensive personal experiences with out-of-body experiences (OBEs) and for founding [[Monroe Institute|The Monroe Institute]], a non-profit organization dedicated to the exploration of human consciousness through various techniques, including Hemi-Sync audio technology. While not directly involved in the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Stargate Project]], his work and institute became a post-military career path for figures like [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]], who became president of the Institute.[^1]
 
----
+An INSCOM information paper of January 5, 1984, gave his particulars: "Born on 30 Oct 1915, in [[Wabash, Indiana]], Robert A. Monroe received a BA degree from [[Ohio State University]] in 1937," was "the author of the book *Journeys Out of the Body,* published in 1971," and "has a DoD SECRET security clearance based on a NAC completed on 18 January 1980." The Army's association with his institute dated from 1978, and by 1984 its Hemi-Sync process was in use in the [[Center Lane]] unit's training and collection missions.[^2]
 
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, information paper "The Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences," ITAGPA-F-SD, January 5, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270004-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Rolando Mosqueira.md

@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ The two flew to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] by Aeroperú on August 21, 1976,
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: The Foreign Ministry's list gives the Romeral passport as 523/76 and Williams Rose as 529/76; the court's inspection gives Williams Rose as 528/76 and the American letter rogatory gives Romeral as 529/76. Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaración of Rolando Mosqueira Jarpa, March 20, 1978; declaración of Luis Humberto García González, April 12, 1978; oficio of the Ministry of Foreign Relations on the custody of official passports 523/76 and 529/76.
+[^1]: The foreign minister's denuncia of March 7, 1978, gives the two passports as 527/76 and 528/76; the Foreign Ministry's later list gives the Romeral passport as 523/76 and Williams Rose as 529/76; the court's inspection gives Williams Rose as 528/76 and the American letter rogatory gives Romeral as 529/76. Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaración of Rolando Mosqueira Jarpa, March 20, 1978; declaración of Luis Humberto García González, April 12, 1978; oficio of the Ministry of Foreign Relations on the custody of official passports 523/76 and 529/76.
 [^2]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaración of Armando Fernández Larios, April 12, 1978.
 [^3]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaración of René Miguel Riveros Valderrama, March 22, 1978; letter rogatory, Exp. 20931; Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, ticketing reconstruction of August 1976 departures through Exprinter S.A.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ronald McIntyre.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - RonaldMcIntyre
+  - Chile
+  - ChileanNavy
+  - Brigade2506
+  - OrlandoLetelier
+  - CubanExiles
+alias:
+  - Ronald McIntyre
+  - Ronald Mc Intyre
+summary: "Chilean admiral at the naval mission in Washington from 1976 to 1978 who met the leadership of Brigade 2506 in September 1976 to enlist Miami Cubans as a lobby for Chile."
+location: "Washington, D.C."
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+Ronald McIntyre, an admiral of the [[Chile|Chilean]] navy, served at the Chilean naval mission in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] from January 1976 to the end of January 1978. In a sworn statement to the military prosecutor [[Héctor Orozco]] in 1978 he explained that "the political campaign against our country was always active, causing many difficulties for diplomatic work and, in the case of the military missions, serious repercussions on military equipment sales," so that he "personally contacted our regular suppliers who know the reality of our country, urging them to speak or write to their representatives and senators." One of the suppliers told him that "a distinguished Cuban businessman, Mr. M. Camargo, had influence in [[Miami]] over the Cuban electorate in that state," which "could therefore influence their political representatives (as in the case of Senator [[Richard Stone|Stone]], who, being a liberal Democrat, supports our cause)."[^1]
+
+### Brigade 2506
+
+In early September 1976, three weeks before the killing of [[Orlando Letelier]], Manuel Camargo telephoned to say he was in Washington with the leadership of [[Brigade 2506]]. McIntyre asked the embassy for an official, and Tomás Amenábar sent Rafael Otero; he also called in the deputy naval attaché, Commander Fernando Lazcano, and Commander Lautaro Sazo. The Brigade's president, Roberto Carballo, Camargo, and [[Bernardo de Torres]] came to his office. "The leadership stated they were committed to uniting all anti-Castro Cubans. That it was in their interest to end all the acts of terrorism that infiltrated small Cuban groups were carrying out in Miami. That they believed their efforts had succeeded since no bombings had occurred since they took over the leadership." The "only discordant note" was Carballo's feeling "over the detention in Chile and handover to US authorities of the Cuban [[Rolando Otero|Otero]] (today sentenced as a terrorist in Miami)." "The Cuban group in New Jersey" had sent him a copy of a letter to the Chilean consul in [[New York City|New York]] declining to attend the visit of the training ship Esmeralda in July 1976 "precisely because of the handover of Otero"; "this letter was signed by [[Guillermo Novo|Novo]], one of the brothers implicated in the Letelier crime. This letter was not answered." He had "no knowledge of the death of Mr. Orlando Letelier," and the facts "are known to Prosecutor [[Eugene Propper|Propper]]." On June 22, 1978, the prosecutor asked the CNI to have the Cuban participants questioned.[^1]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, sworn declaration of Admiral Ronald McIntyre to the military prosecutor, 1978, and resolution of June 22, 1978.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Albert Stubblebine.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Albert Stubblebine
 aliases:
   - Albert Stubblebine
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ tags:
   - RemoteViewing
   - 1980s
 category: "Military"
-summary: "Major General Albert Stubblebine III was the U.S. Army INSCOM commander from 1981 to 1984 who was the military's most senior advocate of psychic research for intelligence applications, personally believed in training soldiers for anomalous physical feats, and provided high-level Army support that kept the STARGATE remote viewing program funded through its critical early operational phase."
+summary: "INSCOM commander from 1981 to 1984 who kept the Army's remote-viewing unit alive as Center Lane with security funds after Congress cut it, and pursued spoon bending and other human performance experiments."
 born: 1930-02-06
 died: 2017-02-06
 location: "New York, New York"
 ---
 
-Major General Albert Newton Stubblebine III (February 6, 1930 - February 6, 2017) was a U.S. Army general who served as commanding general of the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] from 1981 to 1984, during which he was the most senior American military officer publicly associated with belief in psychic phenomena and their military applications. His command authority provided the institutional protection that allowed the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]] and [[STARGATE PROJECT|Center Lane]] remote viewing programs to survive bureaucratic resistance and continue operating through the early 1980s. He died on his 87th birthday.
+Major General Albert Newton Stubblebine III (February 6, 1930 - February 6, 2017) was a U.S. Army general who served as commanding general of the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] from 1981 to 1984, during which he was the most senior American military officer publicly associated with belief in psychic phenomena and their military applications. His command authority provided the institutional protection that allowed the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]] and Center Lane remote viewing programs to survive bureaucratic resistance and continue operating through the early 1980s. He died on his 87th birthday.
 
 ### Military Career
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Stubblebine was a genuine believer in the potential of unconventional human capa
 
 Reports from officers who served under him described Stubblebine attempting to walk through the wall of his Pentagon office, based on his conviction that this was theoretically achievable through the right mental training. These reports, which circulated within the Army intelligence community and later became part of the broader cultural record of the STARGATE era documented in Jon Ronson's *The Men Who Stare at Goats* (2004), illustrated both the sincerity of his beliefs and the distance between those beliefs and mainstream military culture.
 
-He pushed for expanded use of psychics throughout Army intelligence and organized training programs intended to develop soldiers' latent psychic capabilities. These included consciousness training exercises at [[Fort Bragg]] for special operations personnel. The cultural environment these programs created - sometimes called the "First Earth Battalion" culture after Lieutenant Colonel Jim Channon's influential 1979 concept paper proposing a psychic warrior force - was an institutional artifact of Stubblebine's INSCOM command.
+He pushed for expanded use of psychics throughout Army intelligence and organized training programs intended to develop soldiers' latent psychic capabilities. These included consciousness training exercises at [[Fort Bragg]] for special operations personnel. The cultural environment these programs created - sometimes called the "[[First Earth Battalion]]" culture after Lieutenant Colonel Jim Channon's influential 1979 concept paper proposing a psychic warrior force - was an institutional artifact of Stubblebine's INSCOM command.
 
 ### Support for STARGATE
 
@@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ His advocacy also had limits: the program's credibility within mainstream Army i
 
 Stubblebine was relieved of the INSCOM command in 1984 and retired from the Army. After his departure, the program continued but lost some of its most senior Army champion. The DIA subsequently took over primary program management.
 
+### The Record
+
+Stubblebine received his first Grill Flame briefing as incoming commander of INSCOM on June 30, 1981, from the outgoing project manager, Lieutenant Colonel [[Murray Watt]], and his successor, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Jachim. After the Senate intelligence committee's budget subcommittee cut the Army's psychoenergetic operations from the National Foreign Intelligence Program at the end of fiscal 1982, he "decided to continue INSCOM's project and provide funding with Security and Investigative Activities (S&IA) monies" under the provisional special access program [[Center Lane]]. The project manager's records of his meetings show him on November 30, 1983, confirming "his decision to hold a 'bonding' ceremony" for the RAPT training, to be led by Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Alexander|John Alexander]], and on January 6, 1984, saying of Alexander's unauthorized debriefing of [[Russell Targ]] that "he had not instructed LTC Alexander to debrief Targ because Alexander was not a trained intelligence officer."[^1]
+
+At the briefing of June 30, 1981, attended by Brigadier General Flynn, Colonel Weinstein, Colonel White, and the two project managers, "MG Stubblebine instructed us to ensure that there were no legal problems concerning our joint contractual effort with DIA, especially to be watchful of mixing OM&A and R&D monies," and, reviewing the customer evaluations, "expressed the thought that the evaluations were a clear indication that we were on to something and that work in this area had to continue."[^2]
+
 ### Post-Military Career
 
 After retirement, Stubblebine became involved in alternative health movements and supplement businesses. He married psychiatrist Rima Laibow, and the two became prominent voices in alternative medicine and health freedom advocacy, including campaigns against mandatory vaccination and opposition to pharmaceutical industry regulation. This later career was distant in character from his military intelligence background but reflected a consistent pattern of skepticism toward mainstream institutional authority.
@@ -55,5 +61,5 @@ Stubblebine died February 6, 2017 - his 87th birthday - at his home in [[New Mex
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017, pp. 160-185 (covers Stubblebine's INSCOM command and its role in the remote viewing program). Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997, pp. 210-240.
-[^2]: Ronson, Jon. *The Men Who Stare at Goats.* Simon & Schuster, 2004 (Stubblebine is a central figure; documents the wall-walking incidents and the Grill Flame culture under his command). Channon, Jim. "First Earth Battalion Operations Manual." U.S. Army document, 1979 (the concept paper that articulated the psychic warrior vision Stubblebine embraced).
+[^1]: Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^2]: Memorandum for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981," July 1, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Andrija Puharich.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-15
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Andrija Puharich
 aliases:
   - Andrija Puharich
@@ -19,42 +19,46 @@ tags:
   - 1950s
   - 1960s
   - 1970s
-summary: "Andrija Puharich was a physician and parapsychologist who founded the Round Table Foundation in 1949, conducted Army-contracted ESP research at Edgewood Arsenal, brought Uri Geller to Stanford Research Institute for CIA-funded testing in 1972, and died alone and impoverished in 1995."
+summary: "Physician and parapsychologist who lectured the Pentagon on ESP in psychological warfare in 1952, founded the Round Table Foundation, and brought Uri Geller to Stanford Research Institute in 1972."
 born: 1918-02-19
 died: 1995-01-03
 location: "Chicago, Illinois"
 ---
-Henry Karel "Andrija" Puharich (1918–1995) was a prominent American physician, research scientist, and parapsychologist who became a central figure in the U.S. government's investigations into [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] during the [[Cold War]]. His lifelong quest to understand the nature of consciousness and anomalous mental phenomena led him to explore the intersection of science, mysticism, and the supernatural[^1].
+Henry Karel "Andrija" Puharich (1918-1995) was a prominent American physician, research scientist, and parapsychologist who became a central figure in the U.S. government's investigations into [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]] during the [[Cold War]]. His lifelong quest to understand the nature of consciousness and anomalous mental phenomena led him to explore the intersection of science, mysticism, and the supernatural[^1].
 
 Born in Chicago on February 19, 1918, to poor Yugoslavian immigrants, Puharich had an early experience that shaped his future. As a milk delivery boy, he claimed to have calmed a vicious dog by sending "feelings of calmness and peace," leading him to believe in [[Telepathy|mind-to-mind telepathy]] and inspiring him to pursue medicine to understand the biological basis of such phenomena[^1]. He excelled academically, attending [[Northwestern University]] for philosophy and premedical studies before entering medical school. During his studies, he deeply contemplated the nature of the mind and consciousness, stating, "Understanding the nature of man’s consciousness... is my lifelong quest"[^1].
 
 After completing his medical degree in 1947, Puharich worked with leading physicians, including his mentor, Dr. Andrew C. Ivy. During his residency at the Permanente Research Foundation, he formulated the Puharich Theory, which posited an unknown energy force linking the brain and nervous system to cells, with instructions flowing between them as "dynamics." He believed this energy radiated on the [[Electromagnetic Spectrum|electromagnetic spectrum]] but was beyond current measurement technology. His theory gained traction when [[Lloyd H. Beck]] and [[Walter S. Miles]] of Yale University reported that the olfactory nerve of a bee radiated energy in the infrared spectrum[^1].
 
-Inspired by microbiologist [[Paul De Kruif]], who warned him to "Beware the Establishment!"[^1], Puharich began lecturing on his ideas, merging philosophy, mysticism, and science. This attracted wealthy benefactors, notably [[Joyce Borden Balokovic]] and [[Zlatko Balokovic]], and later [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] and [[Marcella Miller du Pont]]. With their financial backing, Puharich established the [[Round Table Foundation]] in Glen Cove, Maine, in 1949. The foundation, named in homage to King Arthur, aimed to conduct experiments on [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and related phenomena[^1].
+Inspired by microbiologist [[Paul De Kruif]], who warned him to "Beware the Establishment!"[^1], Puharich began lecturing on his ideas, merging philosophy, mysticism, and science. This attracted wealthy benefactors, notably [[Joyce Borden Balokovic]] and [[Zlatko Balokovic]], and later [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] and [[Marcella Miller du Pont]]. With their financial backing, Puharich established the [[Round Table Foundation]] in Glen Cove, Maine, in 1949. The foundation, named in homage to King Arthur, aimed to conduct experiments on ESP and related phenomena[^1].
 
 The Warrenton Estate, Puharich's home and laboratory, became the center of his research. Here, he conducted experiments on audio waves and human hearing, collaborating with ear surgeon [[Samuel Rosen]], whose accidental discovery of the "Rosen stapes" operation brought prestige and grants to the foundation[^1]. Puharich's mystical beliefs deepened through his mentorship with [[John Hays Hammond Jr.]], a wealthy inventor and ESP advocate. Hammond, influenced by [[Nikola Tesla]], believed scientific inspiration could come from an unknown energy force in dreams. Together, they built a [[Faraday Cage]] to test ESP on [[Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Waves|ELF waves]]. Their "Project I" involved psychics like [[Eileen Garrett]], whose ESP abilities reportedly increased inside the cage[^1].
 
 Puharich also investigated audio aberrations, collaborating with [[Warren S. McCulloch]], a cybernetics founder and [[Central Intelligence Agency]] asset. They discovered that a machinist hearing voices was actually picking up radio signals due to carborundum dust on his dental fillings, a finding that garnered attention from *[[The New York Times]]* and the [[U.S. Navy]][^1].
 
-Puharich's work caught the attention of the [[Pentagon]]. In 1952, Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Stanley]] of the [[U.S. Army]]'s Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare, who also served as an Army liaison to the CIA, met with Puharich. This led to Puharich delivering classified briefings and being recalled to military service in March 1953, where he worked at the [[U.S. Army Chemical Center]] in Edgewood, Maryland[^1]. His task was to find a drug that could enhance ESP, mirroring the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s quest for a truth serum[^1].
+Puharich's work caught the attention of the [[Pentagon]]. In 1952, Lieutenant Colonel [[John B. Stanley]] of the [[U.S. Army]]'s Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare, who also served as an Army liaison to the CIA, met with Puharich. This led to Puharich delivering classified briefings and being recalled to military service in March 1953, where he worked at the [[U.S. Army Chemical Center]] in Edgewood, Maryland[^1]. His task was to find a drug that could enhance ESP, mirroring the Central Intelligence Agency's quest for a truth serum[^1].
 
-During this period, Puharich became obsessed with the hallucinogenic mushroom *teonanáctl* (God's flesh), after [[Alice Astor Bouverie]] informed him of [[Harry Stump]]'s channeling of an "Egyptian persona" that spoke of such a drug. Puharich learned of [[R. Gordon Wasson]]'s expeditions to Mexico in search of the mushroom and briefed his Army superiors on it[^1]. However, the CIA, through [[James Moore]], bypassed Puharich and approached Wasson directly, leading to Puharich being sidelined from the [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]][^1].
+During this period, Puharich became obsessed with the hallucinogenic mushroom *teonanáctl* (God's flesh), after Alice Astor Bouverie informed him of [[Harry Stump]]'s channeling of an "Egyptian persona" that spoke of such a drug. Puharich learned of [[R. Gordon Wasson]]'s expeditions to Mexico in search of the mushroom and briefed his Army superiors on it[^1]. However, the CIA, through [[James Moore]], bypassed Puharich and approached Wasson directly, leading to Puharich being sidelined from the [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA Subproject 58]][^1].
 
 Puharich's personal life suffered during his Army service. His wife, Jinny, battled severe depression and underwent insulin shock therapy. After their divorce, Jinny died by suicide in 1959[^1]. Puharich later married Bep Hermans.
 
-Upon his return to civilian life in 1955, Puharich continued his research at the [[Round Table Foundation]]. He experimented with *teonanáctl* on himself and others, including [[Harry Stump]], with [[Aldous Huxley]] as a witness. While the experiments did not yield the divinatory powers Puharich hoped for in Stump, they highlighted the ethical complexities of his research[^1].
+Upon his return to civilian life in 1955, Puharich continued his research at the Round Table Foundation. He experimented with *teonanáctl* on himself and others, including Harry Stump, with [[Aldous Huxley]] as a witness. While the experiments did not yield the divinatory powers Puharich hoped for in Stump, they highlighted the ethical complexities of his research[^1].
 
-After the death of [[Alice Astor Bouverie]], a key financial supporter, and growing paranoia about CIA interest in his research, Puharich and [[Peter Hurkos]] traveled to Mexico in search of more mushrooms. The [[Round Table Foundation]] eventually closed in 1957[^1].
+After the death of Alice Astor Bouverie, a key financial supporter, and growing paranoia about CIA interest in his research, Puharich and [[Peter Hurkos]] traveled to Mexico in search of more mushrooms. The Round Table Foundation eventually closed in 1957[^1].
 
 Puharich continued to work on secret government contracts, including for [[NASA]] and the [[Air Force Systems Command]], exploring concepts like "skin reading" - the idea that the skin could function as an organ of sensory communication beyond touch. He demonstrated this with deaf individuals, convincing [[Paul S. Henshaw]] of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]] of its legitimacy[^1].
 
 His interests also extended to psychic healing, leading him to Brazil to study [[Arigo]], a healer who reportedly performed surgeries with a pocketknife. Puharich documented Arigo's work, hoping to secure military interest in "psychic healing on the battlefield," though without success[^1].
 
-In 1970, Puharich met [[Itzhak Bentov]], who introduced him to [[Uri Geller]], an Israeli with extraordinary psychokinetic and telepathic abilities. Puharich became obsessed with Geller, believing he could secure a government research contract if he could test him under laboratory conditions. His efforts led to Geller being tested by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI), though the CIA viewed Puharich as a "potential liability"[^1]. Puharich acted as Geller's official manager, often involving the press, which complicated the CIA's desire for secrecy[^1].
+In 1970, Puharich met [[Itzhak Bentov]], who introduced him to [[Uri Geller]], an Israeli with extraordinary psychokinetic and telepathic abilities. Puharich became obsessed with Geller, believing he could secure a government research contract if he could test him under laboratory conditions. His efforts led to Geller being tested by the Central Intelligence Agency at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI), though the CIA viewed Puharich as a "potential liability"[^1]. Puharich acted as Geller's official manager, often involving the press, which complicated the CIA's desire for secrecy[^1].
 
-Throughout his life, Puharich maintained a theory that extraterrestrials were trying to send messages to humans through psychic people, and that [[Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Waves|ELF waves]] were responsible for the sicknesses of the age[^1].
+Throughout his life, Puharich maintained a theory that extraterrestrials were trying to send messages to humans through psychic people, and that ELF waves were responsible for the sicknesses of the age[^1].
 
 Andrija Puharich died tragically in 1995, alone and impoverished, under threat of eviction from the estate of his last benefactor, [[R. J. Reynolds]]. He was 76 and suffering from dementia, kidney failure, and gangrene[^1].
 
+The CIA's own history of its interest in parapsychology, written in 1977, began with Puharich: "in 1952 the Department of Defense was lectured on the possible usefulness of extrasensory perception in psychological warfare," citing his paper "On the Possible Usefulness of Extrasensory Perception in Psychological Warfare" to a Pentagon conference of that year, which "induced one of the earliest U.S. Government parapsychology investigations" when the chief of the [[Technical Services Division]] commissioned a review from Stephen Abrams of the parapsychology laboratory at [[Oxford University|Oxford]]. In January 1973 an officer of the Office of Research and Development, reviewing the SRI film of Uri Geller, wrote that "Geller's connections with Dr. A. Puharich, with whom many unsavory reports have been linked, also is disturbing."[^2]
+
 ### Footnotes
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+
+[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified. Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, memorandum ORD-413-73, "Briefing by Stanford Research Institute," January 24, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000400070029-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Charlie Rose.md

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ aliases:
   - Charlie Rose
   - Charlie Rose (NC)
   - Charles Grandison Rose III
+  - Charles G. Rose III
+  - Charles Rose
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-18
+updated: 2026-09-21
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
 tags:
   - Person
@@ -16,8 +18,8 @@ tags:
   - Stargate
 born: 1939-08-10
 died: 2012-09-04
-location: "Fayetteville, North Carolina"
-summary: "Charles Grandison Rose III (1939-2012) was a Democratic congressman from North Carolina who chaired the House Intelligence Committee's Evaluation Subcommittee, publicly championed the Grill Flame remote viewing program in the late 1970s, and later applied congressional pressure that helped reopen the DOJ inquiry into The Finders."
+location: "North Carolina"
+summary: "North Carolina congressman on the House intelligence committee, briefed on the CIA and Army remote-viewing programs from 1978 to 1981, who pressed for their funding and later on the Finders case."
 ---
 
 Charles Grandison Rose III (August 10, 1939 - September 4, 2012) was a Democratic congressman who represented [[North Carolina]]'s 7th congressional district for twenty-four years, from 1973 to 1997. He became a vocal public advocate for the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]] remote viewing program and later, alongside Rep. [[Tom Lewis]] (R-FL), applied congressional pressure that contributed to the Department of Justice reopening its inquiry into [[The Finders]] case.[^1][^2]
@@ -36,8 +38,34 @@ In a 1979 interview for *Omni* magazine, Rose condemned skeptics and "publicity-
 
 In October 1993, private consultant [[Henry "Skip" Clements]] provided Rose and Rep. Tom Lewis with copies of U.S. Customs Special Agent [[Ramon J. Martinez]]'s 1987 reports on The Finders. Rose and Lewis applied congressional pressure on the DOJ. The CIA's response was dismissive - a CIA spokesman told Rose, "This story is a non-story. I think of it as a nothing-burger." Nevertheless, the combined congressional pressure and the prospect of a CBS 48 Hours segment prompted the DOJ's October 26, 1993 memo from Acting Assistant Attorney General John C. Keeney to FBI Assistant Director Larry A. Potts, tasking the FBI with a preliminary inquiry.[^3]
 
+### The Documents
+
+Charles Rose, a Democrat, represented North Carolina's seventh district in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] from 1973 to 1997 and chaired the evaluation subcommittee of the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]. He died on September 3, 2012, at 73.[^4]
+
+### Briefings
+
+On February 9, 1978, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s legislative counsel met Rose and his aide Dick Giza at the agency's front entrance for four briefings, one of them at the [[CIA Office of Technical Service|Office of Technical Service]], the office that had funded the SRI remote-viewing work, "largely handled by the Chief of OTS, Mr. David S. Brandwein." In July 1979 the chairman of the Defense Department's Grill Flame committee, Jack Vorona of the DIA, missed its meeting because he "was briefing Congressman Rose on DoD efforts and interest in parapsychology"; Rose and Representative Young "were primarily interested in the funding of such projects within the DoD." The committee's minutes of January 10, 1980, recorded that "as a result of that interest, arrangements were made to present the INSCOM briefing," that "Congressional concern and support were expressed for funding the program in FY 80, 81, and 82," and that "Congressman Rose will be on the CIA Life Science Panel." The Army's assistant chief of staff for intelligence, Major General Edmund Thompson, wrote in an eyes-only memorandum: "Congressman Rose is a topic worth discussion. It has been about three months since he was briefed on program specifics, and we should keep in mind his oft-repeated desire to be kept up to date on a continuing basis. A situation as before in which the last briefing was done at his instigation, forcing us to be reactors rather than action takers, should be avoided." INSCOM's chronology lists him briefed on January 16, 1980, January 14, 1981, and, "on human use issue," April 16, 1981.[^5][^6][^7]
+
+### April 16, 1981
+
+At 10:30 that morning Lieutenant Colonel [[Murray Watt]], the project manager, briefed him at Fort Meade with Thompson, Giza, a committee staffer, Annette Smiley, and officers of the Army's congressional liaison. "Congressman Rose opened the meeting with the comments that he was concerned that research into this field had to continue in an orderly manner and that the program had to be funded properly." He had lately visited SRI and been briefed by [[Hal Puthoff]] and the DIA representative there, and "had come away with the impression that perhaps the Army would like to break off future contacts with SRI-I"; Thompson and Watt "informed the Congressman that Army was still very much interested in working with SRI-I," and Thompson said that [[Ingo Swann]] "had expressed similar thoughts to him." Rose "stated, again, that Remote Viewing potentially was a most valuable asset for the intelligence community and that work in that area had to continue," was "willing to help in any way that he could, but mentioned the commitment one makes when one 'signs his name on the line,'" and "expressed concern with us being operational on what might be a premature basis." He "told us to keep-up the outstanding work," and the meeting ended at 11:45.[^6]
+
+### Afterward
+
+A 1979 magazine article identified him as chairman of the House subcommittee on intelligence evaluation and oversight, and CIA files preserve his public remark that "I've seen some incredible examples of remote viewing, so much so that I think we ought to pay close attention to developments in this field and especially to what the Soviets are doing." When the program was made public in 1995 he was reported as declining to discuss it: "Most of what I have seen in this area has been classified."[^8]
+
+### The Finders
+
+In October 1993 the Florida consultant [[Henry Skip Clements|Henry "Skip" Clements]], who had obtained the 1987 Customs reports of Ramon J. Martinez on The Finders, met Rose and Representative Tom Lewis of Florida, and the two "subsequently applied pressure to the Department of Justice"; the acting assistant attorney general, John C. Keeney, tasked the FBI with a preliminary inquiry on October 26, 1993.[^9]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
 [^2]: Wikipedia, "Charlie Rose (politician)."
 [^3]: Witkin, Gordon, Peter Cary, and Angel Martinez. "Through a glass, very darkly: Cops, spies and a very odd investigation." U.S. News & World Report, December 27, 1993 / January 3, 1994. Also: FBI Vault, "The Finders," FOIA case number 1372462-0, vault.fbi.gov/the-finders.
+[^4]: Congress.gov, member record, Charles Rose; "Former U.S. Rep. Charlie Rose, 12-term N.C. congressman, dies at 73," *Washington Post,* September 2012, headline and lede only.
+[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, "Briefing of Representative Charles Rose (D., N.C.), Member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 9 February 1978," OLC 78-0576, CIA-RDP81M00980R000600250087-4, first page only. Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^6]: Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^7]: Thompson, E. R., Major General, memorandum "GRILL FLAME Steering Committee" to Dr. La Berge, eyes only, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250013-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^8]: *Omni,* 1979, and press accounts of the November 1995 disclosure, seen only in search summaries; the CIA file quoting him was not read.
+[^9]: Witkin, Gordon, Peter Cary, and Angel Martinez. "Through a glass, very darkly: Cops, spies and a very odd investigation," *U.S. News & World Report,* December 27, 1993; Keeney, John C., memorandum to Larry A. Potts, October 26, 1993, as cited on the vault pages for Clements and The Finders.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Eugene Propper.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] began sending him classified files, most
 
 Newspaper clippings filed by the defense in 1978 reported that Propper, Assistant Attorney General [[Stanley Pottinger]], and the director of central intelligence, George Bush, had "met to determine to what extent that agency could help in the investigation," and that "a carefully worded agreement placing the Letelier case in a 'national security' status allowed that cooperation." During the trial Townley telephoned Chile from Propper's office, with his consent for calls about the extradition proceedings, and once, on January 30, 1979, without it, a call that was taped at the other end and given to the defense.[^3]
 
-The letter rogatory that carried the investigation to Chile, signed by Chief Judge William B. Bryant and certified by [[Cyrus Vance]] and [[Griffin Bell]], asked the Supreme Court of Chile to have "[[René Riveros|Juan Williams Rose]]" and "[[Rolando Mosqueira|Alejandro Romeral Jara]]" answer 55 written questions under oath, with Propper present. It stated that "at least one of these men met with one of the persons believed to be responsible" for the murders. The Chilean prosecutor in turn asked for a statement from Vernon Walters; Propper had already noted on June 9 that Walters had retired on July 2, 1976, and "was no longer there at the time either mission to the United States by DINA personnel took place"; he and Barcella sent the FBI's interview of June 14 on June 22.[^4]
+The letter rogatory that carried the investigation to Chile, signed by Chief Judge William B. Bryant and certified by [[Cyrus Vance]] and [[Griffin Bell]], asked the Supreme Court of Chile to have "[[René Riveros|Juan Williams Rose]]" and "[[Rolando Mosqueira|Alejandro Romeral Jara]]" answer 55 written questions under oath, with Propper present; the foreign ministry's legal adviser, Gustavo Chamorro, advised on March 3, 1978, that the secrecy of the Chilean sumario did not allow his attendance. It stated that "at least one of these men met with one of the persons believed to be responsible" for the murders. The Chilean prosecutor in turn asked for a statement from Vernon Walters; Propper had already noted on June 9 that Walters had retired on July 2, 1976, and "was no longer there at the time either mission to the United States by DINA personnel took place"; he and Barcella sent the FBI's interview of June 14 on June 22.[^4]
 
 ### Afterward
 

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Guillermo Novo.md

@@ -35,20 +35,23 @@ On September 10, 1976, at Union City, Townley "outlined my DINA mission to assas
 
 Asked by the prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]] and the agent [[Carter Cornick]] where he had been the night before the bombing, Novo said: "That is my trump card. That is the ace up my sleeve." The informant [[Ricardo Morales Navarrete|Ricardo Morales]], then an officer of the Venezuelan [[DISIP]], had planted a story that Bosch was telling associates the "Novo brothers" had killed Letelier. "Bosch is a liar and a traitor to freedom," Novo said.[^1]
 
+An undated memorandum to Contreras from Washington, written after the second Carter-Ford debate of October 1976 and enclosing photocopies of Letelier's diary then in the hands of the *Washington Star* reporter [[Jeremiah O'Leary]], reported: "Some friends from over there tell me again that the FBI reached the conclusion that the perpetrators of the attack on Letelier were 4 members of Brigade 2506, whose names are as follows: Roberto Carvallo, Carlos Pascual, Vicente Vásquez, and Guillermo Novo. They would have been deceived and paid by a Castro agent."[^4]
+
 ### Trials
 
-Indicted on August 1, 1978, Novo was tried with Alvin Ross and his brother Ignacio Novo from January 8, 1979. Michael Townley, who had pleaded, testified that DINA "ordered him to secure assistance from the CNM" so as to isolate itself, and that Novo had insisted Townley take part personally. A jailhouse informant, Antonio Polytarides, testified to Novo's admissions. The defense argued that Townley "was in fact an agent of the United States Central Intelligence Agency which had planned the assassination of Letelier." On February 14, 1979, the jury convicted all three. On March 23 Judge [[Barrington Parker]] sentenced Novo and Ross to concurrent life terms for conspiracy, for killing a foreign official, for the murder of Letelier under District of Columbia law, and for destroying a vehicle in interstate commerce, and a consecutive life term for the murder of Moffitt under District law; the judgment on the third count was vacated on March 27. Novo received five years, concurrent, on each count of false declarations; Ignacio received eight years. Polytarides's evidence was one sentence Novo spoke to him in mid-December 1978, when Polytarides was reporting to a customs agent on gun purchases: "I have been betrayed by some persons in my case, but we will pay them back." On September 15, 1980, the court of appeals reversed under *[[United States v. Henry]]*, decided that June, which barred testimony from informants cultivated by the government among pretrial detainees; Ignacio's conviction fell for want of a separate trial. The government's petition for rehearing was denied on December 9, 1980. Novo, held at [[Leavenworth]], and Ross, at [[Marion, Illinois|Marion]], were moved to Washington for the retrial; Parker refused on December 23, 1980, to hand the case to another judge and let their bail applications lie for weeks. At the retrial of May 1981 the jury acquitted Novo and Ross of the murders and convicted Novo of the false declarations. On June 26, 1981, his lawyer asked that another judge sentence him, since Parker "sentenced this defendant to two life sentences in the first case"; Parker refused and gave him 54 months with credit for the three years served, recommending a minimum-security prison near New York. In October 1981 he was released from federal prison by mistake, officials having confused him with his brother. An FBI informant had reported in January 1978 that he was organizing [[CORU]] cells in Union City "for military action in the U.S. and against the country of Venezuela."[^4][^5]
+Indicted on August 1, 1978, Novo was tried with Alvin Ross and his brother Ignacio Novo from January 8, 1979. Michael Townley, who had pleaded, testified that DINA "ordered him to secure assistance from the CNM" so as to isolate itself, and that Novo had insisted Townley take part personally. A jailhouse informant, Antonio Polytarides, testified to Novo's admissions. The defense argued that Townley "was in fact an agent of the United States Central Intelligence Agency which had planned the assassination of Letelier." On February 14, 1979, the jury convicted all three. On March 23 Judge [[Barrington Parker]] sentenced Novo and Ross to concurrent life terms for conspiracy, for killing a foreign official, for the murder of Letelier under District of Columbia law, and for destroying a vehicle in interstate commerce, and a consecutive life term for the murder of Moffitt under District law; the judgment on the third count was vacated on March 27. Novo received five years, concurrent, on each count of false declarations; Ignacio received eight years. Polytarides's evidence was one sentence Novo spoke to him in mid-December 1978, when Polytarides was reporting to a customs agent on gun purchases: "I have been betrayed by some persons in my case, but we will pay them back." On September 15, 1980, the court of appeals reversed under *[[United States v. Henry]]*, decided that June, which barred testimony from informants cultivated by the government among pretrial detainees; Ignacio's conviction fell for want of a separate trial. The government's petition for rehearing was denied on December 9, 1980. Novo, held at [[Leavenworth]], and Ross, at [[Marion, Illinois|Marion]], were moved to Washington for the retrial; Parker refused on December 23, 1980, to hand the case to another judge and let their bail applications lie for weeks. At the retrial of May 1981 the jury acquitted Novo and Ross of the murders and convicted Novo of the false declarations. On June 26, 1981, his lawyer asked that another judge sentence him, since Parker "sentenced this defendant to two life sentences in the first case"; Parker refused and gave him 54 months with credit for the three years served, recommending a minimum-security prison near New York. In October 1981 he was released from federal prison by mistake, officials having confused him with his brother. An FBI informant had reported in January 1978 that he was organizing [[CORU]] cells in Union City "for military action in the U.S. and against the country of Venezuela."[^5][^6]
 
 ### The CIA Defense
 
-Defense counsel told the jury in opening that "the CIA and not the Chilean government masterminded the Letelier assassination." Parker ruled: "I'm not going to let you put the CIA on trial in this case," and barred cross-examination of government witnesses on the subject, so that the prosecutor could ask Senator [[George McGovern]] what Letelier had said to him about the agency ("Nothing that I can recall") while the defense could not follow. The appeal brief rested the theory on "Townley's admissions that he had had several contacts with the CIA," on discovery material showing he "had been interviewed by the CIA and had been given 'operational status,'" on the absence from the agency's folder on Townley of any indication that he had worked for DINA, and on "a CIA front organization" in [[Florida]] said to have "attempted to establish an alibi for Townley on the day of the Letelier assassination." The organization was [[Audio Intelligence Devices]] of John Holcomb in [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], where Townley, by his own testimony, spent several hours on the morning of September 21, "signing in and out as was required," while the bomb went off in Washington. The government answered that Townley had twice telephoned the agency's public office in [[Miami]], in 1970 and 1973, and "never did any work whatsoever for the CIA"; that its director of security, [[Robert Gambino]], had testified he did not know whether there were agents in Chile in the early 1970s; and that Audio Intelligence Devices "has never been a 'front,' proprietary, or any other type of sub-organization owing allegiance to the CIA," while quoting a study of freelance operators to the effect that Holcomb "won't talk about any connections he may have to the CIA, but creates the impression that the ties are there, and binding." Newspaper clippings the defense filed to show prejudicial publicity reported that Propper, Assistant Attorney General [[Stanley Pottinger]], and the director of central intelligence, [[George H.W. Bush|George Bush]], had met to decide how far the agency could help, under "a carefully worded agreement placing the Letelier case in a 'national security' status."[^6][^7]
+Defense counsel told the jury in opening that "the CIA and not the Chilean government masterminded the Letelier assassination." Parker ruled: "I'm not going to let you put the CIA on trial in this case," and barred cross-examination of government witnesses on the subject, so that the prosecutor could ask Senator [[George McGovern]] what Letelier had said to him about the agency ("Nothing that I can recall") while the defense could not follow. The appeal brief rested the theory on "Townley's admissions that he had had several contacts with the CIA," on discovery material showing he "had been interviewed by the CIA and had been given 'operational status,'" on the absence from the agency's folder on Townley of any indication that he had worked for DINA, and on "a CIA front organization" in [[Florida]] said to have "attempted to establish an alibi for Townley on the day of the Letelier assassination." The organization was [[Audio Intelligence Devices]] of John Holcomb in [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], where Townley, by his own testimony, spent several hours on the morning of September 21, "signing in and out as was required," while the bomb went off in Washington. The government answered that Townley had twice telephoned the agency's public office in [[Miami]], in 1970 and 1973, and "never did any work whatsoever for the CIA"; that its director of security, [[Robert Gambino]], had testified he did not know whether there were agents in Chile in the early 1970s; and that Audio Intelligence Devices "has never been a 'front,' proprietary, or any other type of sub-organization owing allegiance to the CIA," while quoting a study of freelance operators to the effect that Holcomb "won't talk about any connections he may have to the CIA, but creates the impression that the ties are there, and binding." Newspaper clippings the defense filed to show prejudicial publicity reported that Propper, Assistant Attorney General [[Stanley Pottinger]], and the director of central intelligence, [[George H.W. Bush|George Bush]], had met to decide how far the agency could help, under "a carefully worded agreement placing the Letelier case in a 'national security' status."[^7][^8]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Branch, Taylor, and Eugene M. Propper. *Labyrinth*. Viking, 1982, pp. 101-108.
 [^2]: Dinges, John, and Saul Landau. *Assassination on Embassy Row*. McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp. 9-21, 147-152, 240.
 [^3]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, CNI ficha on Guillermo Novo Sampol; declaración of Admiral McIntyre, 1978; Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaración of Michael Vernon Townley Welch, March 29, 1978.
-[^4]: *United States v. Sampol,* 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
-[^5]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami, file 2-471, "CORU," August 16, 1978. National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book 153, document 13. "Wrong Man Freed in Letelier Case," *Washington Post,* October 21, 1981, as summarized.
-[^6]: Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf, points on cross-examination and discovery, citing trial transcript pp. 1233, 1262, 1348-1360, 1474, 4657-4668, 5019, 5061; Brief for Appellee, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-brief-appellee.pdf, citing trial transcript pp. 1584-1590, 4995, 5024-5031, and footnote 72; Motion for change of venue, *United States v. Contreras Sepulveda et al.,* Crim. No. 78-367 (D.D.C. 1978), with newspaper clippings attached as exhibits, legible only in fragments, https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-venue.pdf.
-[^7]: Petition of the United States for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir., October 29, 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-rehearing.pdf, footnote 4; Transcript of sentencing, *United States v. Guillermo Novo Sampol,* Crim. No. 78-367 (D.D.C., June 26, 1981), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-novo-sentence.pdf; Motion for bail and for reassignment, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir., 1981), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-bail.pdf; Motion for bail, defendant Alvin Ross Diaz, Crim. No. 78-367 (D.D.C., 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-alvin-bail.pdf; Orders of transfer, *United States v. Contreras Sepulveda et al.,* Crim. No. 78-367 (D.D.C., August 1978 and 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-transfer-2.pdf and Letelier-transfer.pdf.
+[^4]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, memorandum "Caso Letelier" to Colonel Manuel Contreras, signature read as Gregorio Amunátegui, undated.
+[^5]: *United States v. Sampol,* 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
+[^6]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami, file 2-471, "CORU," August 16, 1978. National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book 153, document 13. "Wrong Man Freed in Letelier Case," *Washington Post,* October 21, 1981, as summarized.
+[^7]: Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf, points on cross-examination and discovery, citing trial transcript pp. 1233, 1262, 1348-1360, 1474, 4657-4668, 5019, 5061; Brief for Appellee, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-brief-appellee.pdf, citing trial transcript pp. 1584-1590, 4995, 5024-5031, and footnote 72; Motion for change of venue, *United States v. Contreras Sepulveda et al.,* Crim. No. 78-367 (D.D.C. 1978), with newspaper clippings attached as exhibits, legible only in fragments, https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-venue.pdf.
+[^8]: Petition of the United States for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir., October 29, 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-rehearing.pdf, footnote 4; Transcript of sentencing, *United States v. Guillermo Novo Sampol,* Crim. No. 78-367 (D.D.C., June 26, 1981), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-novo-sentence.pdf; Motion for bail and for reassignment, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir., 1981), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-bail.pdf; Motion for bail, defendant Alvin Ross Diaz, Crim. No. 78-367 (D.D.C., 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-alvin-bail.pdf; Orders of transfer, *United States v. Contreras Sepulveda et al.,* Crim. No. 78-367 (D.D.C., August 1978 and 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-transfer-2.pdf and Letelier-transfer.pdf.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Hal Puthoff.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Hal Puthoff
 aliases:
   - Hal Puthoff
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ tags:
   - 1990s
   - 2000s
 category: "Intelligence & Government"
-summary: "Harold E. 'Hal' Puthoff is a physicist who co-founded the Stanford Research Institute remote viewing program with Russell Targ in 1972 under CIA contract, served as its principal investigator through 1985, and later contributed technical research to the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program."
+summary: "Physicist who founded the CIA-funded remote-viewing program at Stanford Research Institute in 1972 with Russell Targ, ran it until 1985, and later worked on the Pentagon's AATIP."
 born: 1936-06-20
 location: "Chicago, Illinois"
 ---
@@ -45,14 +45,20 @@ On June 27, 1972, Puthoff wrote formally to [[Kit Green]] at the CIA's Life Scie
 
 Puthoff hired Targ as a research colleague, and together they developed the remote viewing experimental protocol: a subject remained at SRI while a second experimenter traveled to a randomly selected target site; the subject attempted to describe the target through verbal description and drawings; independent judges blindly matched transcripts to target sites.
 
+### The 1996 Account
+
+After the CIA declassified 270 pages of SRI reports in July 1995, Puthoff published his own account. In early 1972, doing laser research at SRI, he had written a proposal that Ingo Swann saw at [[Cleve Backster]]'s laboratory and wrote to him, and Puthoff invited him for a week in June 1972. He arranged access to "a well-shielded magnetometer used in a quark-detection experiment in the Physics Department at Stanford University," in a vault beneath the floor "shielded by mu-metal shielding, an aluminum container, copper shielding and a superconducting shield"; Swann "appeared to perturb the operation of the magnetometer" and then "went on to 'remote view' the interior of the apparatus, rendering by drawing a reasonable facsimile of its rather complex (and heretofore unpublished) construction." Within weeks "a pair of visitors showed up at SRI with the above report in hand. Their credentials showed them to be from the CIA. They knew of my previous background as a Naval Intelligence Officer and then civilian employee at the National Security Agency," and spoke of "increasing concern in the intelligence community about the level of effort in Soviet parapsychology being funded by the Soviet security services." An eight-month "Biofield Measurements Program" of 49,909 dollars followed, and Russell Targ joined; the second year, January 1974 to February 1975, was funded at 149,555 dollars. The first coordinate target, "the West Virginia Site," produced from one subject "a detailed map of the building and grounds layout" and from the other "information about the interior including codewords, data subsequently verified by sponsor sources"; Pat Price then "went on to scan the other side of the globe for a Communist Bloc equivalent and found one located in the Urals," also "verified by personnel in the sponsor organization as being substantially correct." The [[Semipalatinsk]] experiment of July 1974, "carried out in three phases," was "under direct control of the COTR," and "several details concerning the salient technology of the Semipalatinsk site appeared to dovetail with data from other sources, and a number of specific large structural elements were correctly described." The CIA "dropped out as a major player in the mid-seventies due to pressure on the Agency (unrelated to the RV Program) from the Church-Pike Congressional Committee," and Major General [[Edmund Thompson]], the Army's assistant chief of staff for intelligence from 1977 to 1981, said: "I had one or more briefings by SRI and was impressed. The decision I made was to set up a small, in-house, low-cost effort in remote viewing." One application, Puthoff noted, "yielded not only a published, statistically significant result, but also a return of $26,000 in 30 days in the silver futures market." The article does not mention [[Scientology]].[^1]
+
 ### Protocol Development and Pat Price
 
 Swann's suggestion to use geographic coordinates rather than outbound experimenters as the targeting mechanism - initially resisted by Puthoff and Targ as theoretically implausible - proved to generate consistent results and became the basis of Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV), the structured methodology used throughout the government program.
 
-Pat Price, a retired Burbank police commissioner introduced to the program in 1973, produced what Puthoff considered the most operationally significant results of the SRI period. Price's remote viewing of the Soviet URDF-3 facility near [[Semipalatinsk]] - describing a large gantry crane, spherical metal objects estimated at 60 feet in diameter under construction, and a novel welding technique - was subsequently evaluated against classified satellite photography and assessed as substantially accurate. Price and Swann's subsequent remote viewing of the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] signals intelligence facility at Sugar Grove, West Virginia, triggered an NSA security investigation into whether remote viewing, if genuine, represented a vulnerability for classified installations.
+Pat Price, a retired Burbank police commissioner introduced to the program in 1973, produced what Puthoff considered the most operationally significant results of the SRI period. Price's remote viewing of the Soviet URDF-3 facility near Semipalatinsk - describing a large gantry crane, spherical metal objects estimated at 60 feet in diameter under construction, and a novel welding technique - was subsequently evaluated against classified satellite photography and assessed as substantially accurate. Price and Swann's subsequent remote viewing of the NSA signals intelligence facility at Sugar Grove, West Virginia, triggered an NSA security investigation into whether remote viewing, if genuine, represented a vulnerability for classified installations.
 
 Price died of a reported heart attack in [[Las Vegas]] in July 1975, under circumstances Puthoff considered potentially suspicious. His suitcase of remote viewing notes and CIA materials disappeared before Puthoff arrived in Las Vegas. No evidence of foul play was established.
 
+On September 26, 1977, Puthoff sent Dave Johnson, whose office the memorandum does not give, the reply of Senator [[William Proxmire]] to a letter from a Wisconsin-born colleague: "Since fear of the 'Proxmire Effect' is often cited in discussions with sponsors and potential sponsors, I asked a friend of mine in psychoenergetics research to query his senator with regard to this field."[^2]
+
 ### Published Research
 
 Puthoff and Targ published the SRI program's experimental results in two major peer-reviewed venues: "Information Transmission Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding" in *Nature* (October 1974, volume 251, pages 602-607), and "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research" in *Proceedings of the IEEE* (March 1976, volume 64, number 3, pages 329-354). Both papers presented statistical significance claims for anomalous information transfer under controlled conditions and triggered extensive methodological debate in both journals' correspondence sections.
@@ -73,6 +79,5 @@ Puthoff became a founding member and scientific advisor to To the Stars Academy
 
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017, pp. 28-90 (comprehensive account of Puthoff's SRI career). Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "Information Transmission Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding." *Nature* 251 (October 1974): 602-607. Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances." *Proceedings of the IEEE* 64, no. 3 (March 1976): 329-354.
-[^2]: CIA FOIA Reading Room, document CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030006-8 (Puthoff letter to Green, June 27, 1972). Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997.
-[^3]: Elizondo, Luis. *IMMINENT: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs.* William Morrow, 2024. Lacatski, James T., Colm A. Kelleher, and George Knapp. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon: An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UAP Program.* RTMA, 2021.
+[^1]: Puthoff, H. E. "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 63-76. Read in a mirror copy; the journal's own site refused the fetch.
+[^2]: Puthoff, H. E., memorandum to Dave Johnson, "Proxmire Response Re Psychoenergetics," September 26, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020042-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Héctor Orozco.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ tags:
 alias:
   - Héctor Orozco Sepúlveda
   - Hector Orozco
-summary: "Chilean army general named ad hoc military prosecutor in March 1978 for the Letelier passport case, who took the DINA officers' statements and had the FBI interview Vernon Walters."
+summary: "Chilean brigade general named ad hoc military prosecutor in March 1978 for the Letelier passport case, who took the DINA officers' statements and had the FBI interview Vernon Walters."
 location: "Santiago, Chile"
 created: 2026-09-21
 updated: 2026-09-21
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ Héctor Orozco Sepúlveda was appointed ad hoc military prosecutor of causa 192-
 
 His file holds the sworn statements of [[Manuel Contreras]], [[Armando Fernandez Larios|Armando Fernández Larios]], [[René Riveros]], and [[Rolando Mosqueira]] (March 22), [[Michael Townley]] (March 29), [[Mariana Callejas]] (April 4), [[Pedro Espinoza]] (April 24), and [[DINA]]'s passport clerk (April 12); Mosqueira had already testified before the civilian judge on March 20. On March 23 he widened the investigation with requests to Enrique Montero, General Odlanier Mena of the CNI, General Washington Carrasco, General Nilo Floody, and the military mission in Washington. On April 10 he ordered Espinoza, [[Raúl Iturriaga Neumann]], Townley, and others re-examined on the code names Quetropillán and Avispa, a confrontation between Townley and Espinoza "as to who assigned Townley each of the operations he carried out abroad," and a handwriting sample from Callejas against a document in the file. Before May 1 he asked the American authorities for a sworn statement from General [[Vernon Walters]], or failing that his answers to whether "in exercising his duties as former Deputy Director of the CIA, he asked General Contreras to send him some contacts to receive the names of certain lobbyists." The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] interviewed Walters on June 14, 1978, and the Chilean embassy reported by secret telex that this had been done "acceding to Fiscal Orozco's request." His oficio of June 23 explained that routine requests went through the CNI to the FBI, while letters rogatory were reserved for the sworn interrogatories. On March 14, 1979, the military judge Enrique Morel replaced him with General Santiago Sinclair, a month after Contreras and Espinoza, through [[Sergio Miranda Carrington]], had asked the Supreme Court for access to the file in the extradition proceedings.[^2]
 
+His oficio of June 23, 1978, listed his requests to the FBI through the CNI: on April 27 for everything "relating to the planning of the death of Orlando Letelier, the trip of Captains Riveros and Mosqueira to the United States, their possible contacts with General Vernon Walters, and the contacts of Michael Townley with various American, Croatian, or Cuban organizations and individuals"; on May 4 for the interrogation of Fernández Larios's sister, her husband, and the FBI agents who had questioned her; and on May 8 for "everything relating to various Cuban citizens allegedly implicated in the Letelier case," whom his order of that day named as [[Jose Dionisio Suarez|Dionisio Suárez]], [[Rolando Otero]], [[Orlando Bosch]], [[Guillermo Novo]], [[Felipe Rivero]], [[Frank Castro]], "El Gorilita," and "Mono Navarrete." He also obtained sworn written answers from the diplomats in Washington, General [[Nilo Floody]] and Admiral [[Ronald McIntyre]].[^3]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, decree of March 21, 1978, and order of March 23, 1978.
 [^2]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, resolutions of April 10 and before May 1, 1978, and the declaraciones cited; Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, oficio of June 23, 1978; telex of the Chilean embassy in Washington; decree of Enrique Morel Donoso, March 14, 1979; pleading of February 19, 1979.
+[^3]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, oficio of June 23, 1978; Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, resolution of May 8, 1978.

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/René Riveros.md

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ They could not find Walters, who was giving up his post and on leave; "finally a
 
 ### The Letters Rogatory
 
-A letter rogatory of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, signed by Chief Judge William B. Bryant and certified by Secretary of State [[Cyrus Vance]] and Attorney General [[Griffin Bell]], was delivered unsealed to the Chilean foreign ministry by the chargé d'affaires, Thomas Boyatt, and forwarded to the Supreme Court on February 27, 1978. It stated that "two members of the Chilean armed forces entered the United States one month before the murder of Mr. Letelier and Mrs. Moffitt. At least one of these men met with one of the persons believed to be responsible for the acts in question. Previously, both had obtained visas to enter the United States by using fraudulent documents from a country other than Chile," the Paraguayan passports of Townley and Fernández Larios, and asked that "Juan Williams Rose" and "Alejandro Romeral Jara" answer 55 written questions under oath with [[Eugene Propper]] present: who gave the orders; whether they had discussed the mission with Contreras or with "the President of Chile, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, or with any of his direct subordinates"; their contacts with [[Guillermo Novo]], [[Ignacio Novo]], [[Jose Dionisio Suarez|José Dionisio Suárez]], [[Alvin Ross]], [[Orlando Bosch]], and [[Felipe Rivero]]; whether they had brought explosives; whether they had stayed at the Chilean embassy or military mission; and a meeting in February 1976 with [[Rolando Otero]], "at that time a fugitive from United States law," attended by "a man who introduced himself as Major Torres of DINA" and another calling himself Marcelo Estobel. Chile's Supreme Court noted that no treaty on letters rogatory existed between the two countries. General Nilo Floody, the officer the two captains had called on in Washington, reported to the prosecutor that they had visited him. In March 1978 the civilian judge Marcos Libedinsky, who had taken the statements of the two captains on March 20 and released them on bond, found that the passports "were used in August 1976 to travel to the United States and then return to Chile by two Army Captains, in fulfillment of a confidential mission assigned to them by their superiors," and sent the case to the military courts, where on March 23 it was joined to the file of the ad hoc military prosecutor [[Héctor Orozco]], before whom Riveros testified on March 22.[^4]
+A letter rogatory of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, signed by Chief Judge William B. Bryant and certified by Secretary of State [[Cyrus Vance]] and Attorney General [[Griffin Bell]], was delivered unsealed to the Chilean foreign ministry by the chargé d'affaires, Thomas Boyatt, and forwarded to the Supreme Court on February 27, 1978. It stated that "two members of the Chilean armed forces entered the United States one month before the murder of Mr. Letelier and Mrs. Moffitt. At least one of these men met with one of the persons believed to be responsible for the acts in question. Previously, both had obtained visas to enter the United States by using fraudulent documents from a country other than Chile," the Paraguayan passports of Townley and Fernández Larios, and asked that "Juan Williams Rose" and "Alejandro Romeral Jara" answer 55 written questions under oath with [[Eugene Propper]] present: who gave the orders; whether they had discussed the mission with Contreras or with "the President of Chile, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, or with any of his direct subordinates"; their contacts with [[Guillermo Novo]], [[Ignacio Novo]], [[Jose Dionisio Suarez|José Dionisio Suárez]], [[Alvin Ross]], [[Orlando Bosch]], and [[Felipe Rivero]]; whether they had brought explosives; whether they had stayed at the Chilean embassy or military mission; and a meeting in February 1976 with [[Rolando Otero]], "at that time a fugitive from United States law," attended by "a man who introduced himself as Major Torres of DINA" and another calling himself Marcelo Estobel. Chile's Supreme Court noted that no treaty on letters rogatory existed between the two countries. General [[Nilo Floody]], head of the military mission in Washington, answered the prosecutor that the two were at his home in late August "to greet me," that he did not know their mission, and that his secretary, telephoning Walters's office at his request, was told "that he no longer belonged to the CIA." In March 1978 the civilian judge Marcos Libedinsky, who had taken the statements of the two captains on March 20 and released them on bond, found that the passports "were used in August 1976 to travel to the United States and then return to Chile by two Army Captains, in fulfillment of a confidential mission assigned to them by their superiors," and sent the case to the military courts, where on March 23 it was joined to the file of the ad hoc military prosecutor [[Héctor Orozco]], before whom Riveros testified on March 22.[^4]
 
 ### Footnotes
 

10 - PEOPLE/(N-S)/Rolando Otero.md

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ Otero fled to [[Chile]]. In 1976 the FBI's legal attaché in [[Buenos Aires]], [
 
 The letter rogatory sent by the federal court in Washington to Chile in February 1978 put to the bearer of the name Juan Williams Rose, which Michael Townley had carried on a Paraguayan passport in July 1976 and Captain [[René Riveros]] of DINA on a Chilean one in August: "In February 1976, you met with Rolando Otero Hernández, who at that time was a fugitive from United States law. Present at that meeting was a man who introduced himself as Major Torres of DINA," and another "under the name Marcelo Estobel," and asked their true names. Townley testified that at the meetings in Union City in September 1976 the talk included "spreading rumors to justify and explain Otero's arrest in Chile and his subsequent handover to the FBI. The idea was to blame Otero himself for his 'blunder.'"[^5]
 
+Admiral [[Ronald McIntyre]] of the Chilean naval mission testified that when the leadership of [[Brigade 2506]] came to his office in early September 1976 "the only discordant note" was the feeling of its president, Roberto Carballo, "over the detention in Chile and handover to US authorities of the Cuban Otero," and that the New Jersey group had refused to attend the visit of the training ship Esmeralda in July "precisely because of the handover of Otero," in a letter signed by Novo.[^6]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: *United States v. Otero-Hernandez,* 418 F. Supp. 572 (M.D. Fla. 1976).
@@ -31,3 +33,4 @@ The letter rogatory sent by the federal court in Washington to Chile in February
 [^3]: Dinges, John, and Saul Landau. *Assassination on Embassy Row*. McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp. 9-10, 130.
 [^4]: Deposition of Ricardo Morales Navarrete, Dade County Circuit Court, criminal case 81-17247, index.
 [^5]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, letter rogatory, Exp. 20931, questionnaire; declaración of Michael Vernon Townley Welch, March 29, 1978.
+[^6]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, sworn declaration of Admiral Ronald McIntyre, 1978.

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Edmund Thompson.md

@@ -4,19 +4,20 @@ aliases:
   - Edmund Thompson
   - Edmund R. Thompson
   - Ed Thompson
+  - E. R. Thompson
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-18
+updated: 2026-09-21
 category: "Key Figures"
 tags:
   - Person
   - Stargate
   - Military
   - ArmyIntelligence
-summary: "Major General Edmund R. Thompson served as U.S. Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) from 1977 to 1981 and was the key early supporter of the Grill Flame remote viewing program, approving the Fort Meade unit, augmenting its budget, and personally participating in remote viewing sessions."
+summary: "Army assistant chief of staff for intelligence from 1977 to 1981 who cancelled Gondola Wish in 1978, put the Army's psychic work under the code name Grill Flame, and ordered INSCOM to build a remote-viewing unit."
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 ---
 
-Major General Edmund R. "Ed" Thompson served as the [[U.S. Army]] Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) from 1977 to 1981. He was a key figure in the establishment and early support of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Stargate Project]], then codenamed [[STARGATE PROJECT|Gondola Wish]] and later [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]], having developed a personal interest in [[Psi|psi]] phenomena after reading [[Arthur Koestler]]'s pro-paranormal book *The Roots of Coincidence*.[^1]
+Major General Edmund R. "Ed" Thompson served as the [[U.S. Army]] Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) from 1977 to 1981. He was a key figure in the establishment and early support of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Stargate Project]], then codenamed Gondola Wish and later Grill Flame, having developed a personal interest in [[Psi|psi]] phenomena after reading [[Arthur Koestler]]'s pro-paranormal book *The Roots of Coincidence*.[^1]
 
 Thompson approved [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]]'s proposal to assemble a remote viewing team at [[Fort Meade]], seeing it as an opportunity to involve the Army in psychic spying without relying too heavily on the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] or [[Stanford Research Institute]]. He provided initial funding, assigned Major [[Murray Watt|Scotty Watt]] to lead the unit alongside Atwater, and later augmented the unit's resources by increasing the budget and allocating positions for three full-time remote viewers. His support was crucial in the project's early survival despite the skepticism of many within the military and intelligence communities, including his successor [[William Odom]].[^1]
 
@@ -24,6 +25,16 @@ Thompson participated in a remote viewing session himself, attempting to remote-
 
 Later in his career Thompson expressed concerns about [[Albert Stubblebine]]'s management of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]].[^1]
 
+### The Documents
+
+Major General Edmund R. Thompson was the [[United States Army|Army]]'s assistant chief of staff for intelligence from 1977 to 1981. By the spring of 1978 he "concluded there was sufficient evidence to warrant the development of a comprehensive program" in remote viewing; he "cancelled the Gondola Wish effort, placed a complete security envelope over Army's interest in psychoenergetics, and implemented a new program directed towards intelligence collection using remote viewing," and in October 1978 tasked INSCOM to build it, verbally. He told a British television series: "I had one or more briefings by SRI and was impressed. The decision I made was to set up a small, in-house, low-cost effort in remote viewing." He sat on the Grill Flame oversight committee formed on November 28, 1978, with Jack Vorona of DIA, Rear Admiral S. Shapiro, commander of the Naval Intelligence Command, Major General J. L. Brown of Air Force intelligence, and Lowell Dailey for the under secretary for research, "responsible for insuring that research and experiments fall within the legal guidelines."[^2][^3]
+
+His eyes-only memorandum on the steering committee warned that Representative Charles Rose had an "oft-repeated desire to be kept up to date on a continuing basis" and that "a situation as before in which the last briefing was done at his instigation, forcing us to be reactors rather than action takers, should be avoided." By January 1980 he "has briefed the DDO on the INSCOM program." On April 16, 1981, he sat with Lieutenant Colonel Murray Watt to brief Rose, assuring him that the Army wished to keep working with SRI, and on May 8, 1981, asked the Secretary of the Army to approve work with civilian contractors under Procedure 18 of the Defense Department's rules on human subjects, granted on May 27 on condition that it serve "an important foreign intelligence or counterintelligence purpose." In 1981 his office transferred management of the project to INSCOM.[^4][^5]
+
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Puthoff, H. E. "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, quoting the Channel 4 series *Equinox*.
+[^3]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^4]: Thompson, E. R., Major General, memorandum "GRILL FLAME Steering Committee" to Dr. La Berge, eyes only, undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000250013-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Grill Flame - Action Memorandum," December 11, 1981, with the memorandum of Major General E. R. Thompson of May 8, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100240001-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jack Vorona.md

@@ -16,18 +16,24 @@ Jack Vorona was the Assistant Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence
 
 In 1981, Vorona contacted [[Dale Graff]] and brought him to Washington, D.C., to help run a classified program called [[Psychoenergetics]]. The main goals of this project were "to evaluate the threat that foreign psychoenergetics achievements might pose to US national security, and to explore the potential of psychoenergetics for use in US intelligence collection"[^2]. Vorona believed that with the resources of the DIA, genuine progress could be made toward a general theory of [[Extrasensory Perception|ESP]] and [[Psychokinesis|PK]][^2].
 
-Vorona oversaw the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]] program and later the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Sun Streak]] program, which aimed to train military personnel in [[Remote Viewing]]. He made administrative changes, converting the branch chief and operations officer positions from military to civilian, and reducing training time[^2].
+Vorona oversaw the Grill Flame program and later the Sun Streak program, which aimed to train military personnel in [[Remote Viewing]]. He made administrative changes, converting the branch chief and operations officer positions from military to civilian, and reducing training time[^2].
 
 He was also involved in high-priority operational tasks, such as the effort to locate [[William Richard Higgins]], a Marine Lieutenant Colonel abducted in [[Lebanon]], and the tracking of [[Muammar Qaddafi]]'s alleged chemical weapons stockpile. In the latter case, Vorona sat with [[Angela Dellafiora]] in the viewing room at [[Fort Meade]], demonstrating the high-level attention given to her abilities[^2].
 
-Vorona chaired the Remote Viewing Tasking Group for Sun Streak, which included representatives from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], [[NSA|NSA]], [[State Department]], and various military and intelligence agencies. This group handled targets such as underground tunnels in [[Korea]], [[Silkworm Missile]] launch facilities in [[Iran]], and the errant nuclear-powered [[Cosmos 1900]] satellite[^2].
+Vorona chaired the Remote Viewing Tasking Group for Sun Streak, which included representatives from the CIA, [[NSA|NSA]], [[State Department]], and various military and intelligence agencies. This group handled targets such as underground tunnels in [[Korea]], [[Silkworm Missile]] launch facilities in [[Iran]], and the errant nuclear-powered [[Cosmos 1900]] satellite[^2].
 
 He received [[Hal Puthoff]]'s sixty-page classified report, "Psychoenergetics Research in the People’s Republic of China (1982)," which confirmed the extensive research into [[Extraordinary Human Body Function|EHBF]] and its military applications in [[China]], driven by [[Qian Xuesen|H. S. Tsien]][^2].
 
-Vorona, along with General [[Edmund Thompson]], briefed Congressman [[Charlie Rose]] on the Grill Flame program in the late 1970s. He accompanied Rose on tours of the remote viewing facilities at both [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] and [[Fort Meade]], and was a staunch supporter of the program, despite the skepticism it faced[^1].
+Vorona, along with General [[Edmund Thompson]], briefed Congressman [[Charlie Rose]] on the Grill Flame program in the late 1970s. He accompanied Rose on tours of the remote viewing facilities at both [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] and Fort Meade, and was a staunch supporter of the program, despite the skepticism it faced[^1].
 
 Jack Vorona retired after twenty-five years of service at DIA and was inducted into the DIA's Torch Bearers Hall in 2011[^2].
 
+### The Committee
+
+Vorona chaired the Defense Department's Grill Flame committee from its first meeting at DIA on November 28, 1978, where he "cautioned the Committee to maintain a low profile with minimal fanfare," "urged the development of experimental protocol and methods for validating experiments," and saw it agree "that all documents originating as a result of the GRILL FLAME program would undergo downgrading review only after 20 years." He missed the meeting of July 12, 1979, because he "was briefing Congressman Rose on DoD efforts and interest in parapsychology." In November 1979 the committee asked him to demand sight of the "Gale Committee's" outside report before anyone else saw it, the working group holding it "misleading and inadequate." INSCOM's chronology records that on August 3, 1983, "the Honorable [[George H.W. Bush|George Bush]], Vice President of the United States, was briefed for thirty minutes concerning CENTER LANE related activities by Dr. Vorona, DIA," "Adm. Murphy, C/S," and "Mr. Gregg, Assistant to the Vice President, National Security Affairs," present: "The briefing was well received and the Vice President was interested and impressed."[^3]
+
 ### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
 [^2]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^3]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Jessica Utts.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Jessica Utts
 aliases:
   - Jessica Utts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ tags:
   - 1990s
   - 2000s
 category: "Scientists & Researchers"
-summary: "Jessica Utts is a statistician at the University of California, Davis, who wrote the pro-psi half of the 1995 American Institutes for Research evaluation of the STAR GATE program, concluding that the remote viewing data showed a statistically significant and replicable anomalous effect warranting serious scientific investigation."
+summary: "Statistician at the University of California, Davis, whose 1995 review for the American Institutes for Research concluded that psychic functioning had been well established, against Ray Hyman's dissent."
 born: 1952-01-01
 location: "Davis, California"
 ---
@@ -28,25 +28,14 @@ Utts became involved in parapsychology research assessment through her statistic
 
 ### 1995 AIR Evaluation
 
-When the CIA commissioned the AIR to evaluate STAR GATE, AIR project director Edwin May provided Utts and Hyman with the program's experimental database - the accumulated laboratory remote viewing sessions from the program's SRI and SAIC phases, including the work of [[Edwin May]]'s Cognitive Sciences Laboratory at SAIC.
-
-Utts concluded in her assessment that the data showed "a genuine anomalous transfer of information" with an effect size large enough to be meaningful and replicable across independent laboratories. She calculated that the probability of obtaining the observed results by chance was less than one in a billion. She argued that the program's laboratory effect was real and that further scientific investigation was warranted, while acknowledging that the mechanism was unknown and the operational application was a separate question from the laboratory finding.
-
-Her assessment explicitly compared the remote viewing effect size to other accepted but unexplained phenomena and argued that the scientific standard for accepting or rejecting the data should be the same as in any other field of inquiry.[^2]
+In June 1995 the CIA contracted the American Institutes for Research to review the DIA's Star Gate program, and AIR engaged Utts, then statistical editor of the *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research*, and Ray Hyman as its two research reviewers, with Lincoln Moses of Stanford advising on statistics. The CIA supplied about 80 publications; the principal investigator, [[Edwin May]], was asked to name the studies he thought strongest. Utts's report of September 1, 1995, concluded: "Using the standards applied to any other area of science, it is concluded that psychic functioning has been well established. The statistical results of the studies examined are far beyond what is expected by chance. Arguments that these results could be due to methodological flaws in the experiments are soundly refuted. Effects of similar magnitude to those found in government-sponsored research at SRI and SAIC have been replicated at a number of laboratories across the world." She placed the effect "in the range between what social scientists call a small and medium effect," explained that with five-choice rank-order judging "the effect size for a series of remote viewings is (3.0 - average rank)/2," cited the 1988 analysis of 154 SRI experiments and 26,000 trials with a p-value below 10^-20, tabulated May's ten SAIC experiments (Entropy II: 90 trials, effect size 0.550), and compared novice and experienced viewers at SRI (0.164 and 0.385) with the ganzfeld results at the [[Psychophysical Research Laboratories]] (0.17 and 0.35). "It is recommended that future experiments focus on understanding how this phenomenon works," she wrote; "there is little benefit to continuing experiments designed to offer proof."[^2]
 
 ### Hyman Disagreement
 
-Ray Hyman's independent assessment reached opposite conclusions from the same data. Hyman acknowledged that the results could not be explained by chance, but argued that methodological issues - primarily potential experimenter effects, inadequate controls against sensory leakage, and inadequate blind conditions - provided alternative explanations that precluded accepting the data as evidence for remote viewing.
-
-The AIR's final report, drawing on both assessments, found no demonstrated practical intelligence utility and recommended termination. Utts disputed the operational conclusions, maintaining that the laboratory evidence was real and had been overshadowed by the question of whether operational military applications had been demonstrated.
-
-Both assessments were subsequently published in the [[Journal of Scientific Exploration]] in 1996, where they have served as reference papers for the psi debate.[^2]
-
-### Significance
-
-Utts's 1995 AIR assessment is frequently cited in parapsychology literature as the most rigorous statistician's endorsement of a psi effect in a government-funded context. Critics, including Hyman, maintain that her analysis did not adequately account for methodological confounds; supporters cite her credentials and statistical methodology as making her conclusions difficult to dismiss on purely methodological grounds. The exchange between Utts and Hyman in the Journal of Scientific Exploration remains the most focused technical debate over the STAR GATE experimental data.[^2]
+Hyman's report of September 11 agreed that the SAIC experiments "were free of the methodological weaknesses that plagued the early SRI research" and that their effect sizes were "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes," but answered no to whether they established anomalous cognition, whether flaws had been eliminated, and whether they matched other laboratories, "ten experiments, especially from one laboratory," being "far too few." Utts's reply cited the psychologist Sybo Schouten's estimate that all parapsychology funding since 1882 "is at best equivalent to the expenditures devoted to fewer than two months of research in conventional psychology in the United States," and the Physicians Health Study of aspirin: "had it been conducted on only 2,200 men with the same reduction in heart attacks, it would not have achieved statistical significance." AIR's own synthesis found that "the two reviewers agreed far more than they disagreed," and that the significant results rested on "the same remote viewers, the same judge, the same target set, and the same scoring procedures." The report of September 29 recommended against continuing the operational program. Both reviews were published in the *Journal of Scientific Exploration* in 1996.[^3]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^2]: Utts, Jessica. "An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning." *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 10, no. 1 (1996): 3-30. Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of a Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena." *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 10, no. 1 (1996): 31-58.
+[^2]: Utts, Jessica. "An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning," September 1, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-2 to 3-40, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-30. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf
+[^3]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena," September 11, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-41 to 3-75, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 31-58. Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 3-76 to 3-84.

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Michael Townley.md

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ He was born in Waterloo, [[Iowa]], first worked in Chile in the early 1960s as a
 
 In a sworn statement of March 29, 1978, in the file of the military prosecutor [[Héctor Orozco]] in Santiago, Townley gave his profession as electronics technician and expert in hydraulic mechanics and said that on joining DINA he had met "then-Major Eduardo Iturriaga": "we first tried to coordinate the information I had on anti-Castro organizations in the US, and then look at how to use this information and my contacts to expand them and build a coherent network of informants and sub-informants." In late January or early February 1975, in Iturriaga's office, "he received a phone call in connection with which he asked me if I knew [[Orlando Bosch]], [[Guillermo Novo]] and [[Jose Dionisio Suarez|Dionisio Suárez]]. I told him I only knew of Orlando Bosch by reference and that I didn't like him," because "his group had been infiltrated by the CIA, the FBI, and specifically by a certain 'Mono' [[Ricardo Morales Navarrete|Navarrete]]. My final recommendation was that the service not make contact with this group." He had obtained an American passport as Kenneth Enyart in October 1973 "to return safely to Chile" after the Concepción affair; the real Enyart, a memorandum of the American prosecutors recorded, "knew Michael Townley only because Enyart took his car to be repaired at the shop where Mr. Townley worked in 1973" and did not know Townley had briefly taken his driver's license. In December 1974 Townley went to the United States as Enyart "to explore the possibility of acquiring electronic countermeasure equipment"; [[Jack Holcomb]] of [[Audio Intelligence Devices]] identified his photograph to American investigators as the "Enyart" who had presented a purchase authorization "purportedly signed by Enrique Montero" and given the name of General Washington Carrasco as a reference. Callejas testified that she had seen the document in her husband's office "bearing stamps and a signature but otherwise blank," meant "for purchasing electronic equipment whose sale in the US was restricted to governments and their security departments," and had helped him fill it in. Of September 1976 he said he met Novo, "whose nom de guerre is Santiago Otero," at the restaurant La Estrella in Union City, and that the movement's directorate asked "What can you give us in Chile," wanting "a quiet place, preferably in the countryside," to train; his conversation with [[Felipe Rivero]] "was short and quite cold," his contacts with [[Ignacio Novo]] in Miami "very friendly." Contreras told the same prosecutor: "I know this individual as Andrés Wilson and only recently learned from the press that he had this other name. Wilson was a good informant of my Service and acted as an informant to one of my Officers."[^4]
 
+A CNI secretary, Alejandra Damiani, who had joined DINA on May 1, 1976, described him as "a paid DINA informant, whose duties, though secondary, consisted of listening to shortwave and longwave radio, as well as monitoring ham radio operators," and said that on visiting his house at Vía Naranja 4925 she saw only his wife, "who devoted herself to literary activities." [[Eugenio Berríos]], who worked with him on boldine and plastics, said the nickname Hermes "was simply the jocular result of a conversation with Michael Townley, in which we spoke of him being Andrés [the name is read uncertainly in the scan], which struck me as odd, that someone would have two names, and I would then be Hermes, referring to the great god of Alchemy," and "that under these conditions we would both come to dominate the world." An army intelligence memorandum of March 1978 from Valdivia reported a salesman who said he had known "Williams Rose," the name on Townley's Paraguayan passport, in Valdivia from 1971 to 1973, when he had a yacht built at his brother's shipyard, and had seen in 1972 a passport in a name the scan renders as "Maik Tolowy"; the man thought "Chile should try to help Williams Rose, since he did a lot for Chile during the Unidad Popular, if he really is involved in that assassination."[^5]
+
 ### Prats
 
 In June 1974 Pinochet ordered the DINA director, Colonel [[Manuel Contreras]], to eliminate Prats, his predecessor as army commander, who was living in exile in Buenos Aires under restrictions the CIA reported he had "faithfully carried out." The DINA station chief in [[Argentina]], [[Enrique Arancibia Clavel]], failed to arrange it through Argentine paramilitaries, and Contreras's deputy, Colonel [[Pedro Espinoza]], turned to Townley. "It was a patriotic request," Townley told an Argentine judge in 1999. "So, I did it." He and Callejas arrived on September 10, 1974. He followed Prats into a park and decided against shooting him because "there were too many people around." On September 29 he entered the garage of the general's building and fixed two cartridges of C4 to the chassis of his Fiat 125. Four days before the killing the Chilean foreign ministry told its consul that it would be "inconvenient" to issue the couple passports to leave for [[Brazil]]. Prats and [[Sofía Cuthbert]] returned from visiting friends just after midnight on September 30. Callejas pressed the detonator, "but it did not function," Townley said. "I took it from her, pressed it, and it worked."[^2]
@@ -46,11 +48,11 @@ DINA gave Townley 30,000 dollars for missions in [[Mexico]] and Europe, with whi
 
 Under a project codenamed ANDREA Townley manufactured [[sarin]] in his basement and planned to make soman and tabun. He recorded that it was used to kill a DINA employee who had been arrested for car theft and had talked to the police, and who was taken from custody to the [[Clínica Londres]], a DINA medical facility, where he died "almost instantaneously," and to kill [[René León Zenteno]], a property registrar who had refused to transfer titles illegally to DINA. Townley suggested that the body be exhumed and tested. The Spanish [[United Nations]] official [[Carmelo Soria]] was beaten to death by Mulchén Brigade agents in Townley's front yard.[^1]
 
-The equipment for the laboratory, a large microwave oven and gas canisters, was bought in Miami and paid for from an account of a fictitious DINA company, Prosin Ltd., at the Southeast First National Bank. The chemist [[Eugenio Berríos]], code name Hermes, worked with him. An FBI report states that the nerve gas "was to be utilized against Argentina and [[Peru]] in the event of hostilities," that members of the [[Cuban Nationalist Movement]] who were shown the laboratory "requested that the Cuban Nationalist Movement be furnished a supply of nerve gas to utilize in their terrorist activities," and that Townley carried a quantity to the United States on a LAN-Chile flight in a Chanel No. 5 bottle.[^3]
+The equipment for the laboratory, a large microwave oven and gas canisters, was bought in Miami and paid for from an account of a fictitious DINA company, Prosin Ltd., at the Southeast First National Bank. The chemist Eugenio Berríos, code name Hermes, worked with him. An FBI report states that the nerve gas "was to be utilized against Argentina and [[Peru]] in the event of hostilities," that members of the [[Cuban Nationalist Movement]] who were shown the laboratory "requested that the Cuban Nationalist Movement be furnished a supply of nerve gas to utilize in their terrorist activities," and that Townley carried a quantity to the United States on a LAN-Chile flight in a Chanel No. 5 bottle.[^3]
 
 ### Letelier
 
-Townley wrote that Espinoza's orders were explicit: "Find Letelier's home and workplace and contact the Cuban group to eliminate him, or use SARIN gas, or orchestrate an accident, or in the end by whatever method, but the government of Chile wanted Letelier dead." He first went to [[Paraguay]] for false documents and American visas, which the United States canceled. He entered the United States on September 9, 1976, and met the leaders of the Cuban Nationalist Movement in a hotel room in [[New Jersey]] the next day: Guillermo Novo, [[Alvin Ross Díaz|Alvin Ross]], [[Virgilio Paz]], and [[José Dionisio Suárez]]. Novo told him the group would cooperate but insisted that Townley take part in person. Townley, Paz, and Suárez assembled the device in Washington, and at midnight on September 18 Townley taped it to the cross member under the driver's seat of Letelier's car. It was detonated by remote control at [[Sheridan Circle]] on September 21.[^1][^5]
+Townley wrote that Espinoza's orders were explicit: "Find Letelier's home and workplace and contact the Cuban group to eliminate him, or use SARIN gas, or orchestrate an accident, or in the end by whatever method, but the government of Chile wanted Letelier dead." He first went to [[Paraguay]] for false documents and American visas, which the United States canceled. He entered the United States on September 9, 1976, and met the leaders of the Cuban Nationalist Movement in a hotel room in [[New Jersey]] the next day: Guillermo Novo, [[Alvin Ross Díaz|Alvin Ross]], [[Virgilio Paz]], and [[José Dionisio Suárez]]. Novo told him the group would cooperate but insisted that Townley take part in person. Townley, Paz, and Suárez assembled the device in Washington, and at midnight on September 18 Townley taped it to the cross member under the driver's seat of Letelier's car. It was detonated by remote control at [[Sheridan Circle]] on September 21.[^1][^6]
 
 ### The Insurance File
 
@@ -58,13 +60,13 @@ In March 1978, after the American and Chilean press had named him, Townley wrote
 
 ### Trials
 
-Novo and Ross were convicted of murder in 1979 and Novo's brother Ignacio of lying to the grand jury. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|court of appeals]] reversed all three convictions in 1980, because the government had used the testimony of jailhouse informants, one of whom said Ross had told him he was involved in the murder "together with generals in DINA." At the retrial in May 1981 Townley, "now serving 3½ to 10 years," admitted on the stand that he had lied to a Chilean military investigator and given a false statement of innocence to [[El Mercurio]]. In 1983 the Prats daughters came to Washington to support an Argentine request for his extradition. A federal judge ruled that his plea agreement barred it. The Argentine judge [[María Servini de Cubría|María Servini]] deposed him in the United States in 1999. Chilean courts convicted Contreras and Espinoza of the Letelier murder in 1993 and of the Prats murders in June 2010. Arancibia Clavel was imprisoned in Argentina for almost two decades.[^1][^2][^5][^6]
+Novo and Ross were convicted of murder in 1979 and Novo's brother Ignacio of lying to the grand jury. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|court of appeals]] reversed all three convictions in 1980, because the government had used the testimony of jailhouse informants, one of whom said Ross had told him he was involved in the murder "together with generals in DINA." At the retrial in May 1981 Townley, "now serving 3½ to 10 years," admitted on the stand that he had lied to a Chilean military investigator and given a false statement of innocence to [[El Mercurio]]. In 1983 the Prats daughters came to Washington to support an Argentine request for his extradition. A federal judge ruled that his plea agreement barred it. The Argentine judge [[María Servini de Cubría|María Servini]] deposed him in the United States in 1999. Chilean courts convicted Contreras and Espinoza of the Letelier murder in 1993 and of the Prats murders in June 2010. Arancibia Clavel was imprisoned in Argentina for almost two decades.[^1][^2][^6][^7]
 
 ### The Telephone
 
-During the trial persons connected with the Cuban defendants gave reporters a cassette, brought from Chile by [[Sergio Miranda Carrington]], the lawyer for Contreras, of a call Townley had made on January 30, 1979, from the office of the prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]] to Gustavo Etchepare in Santiago, "a former member of 'Patria y Libertad'" with "connections with DINA." Interviewed by [[Robert Scherrer]] and [[Carter Cornick]] on February 6, 8, and 16, Townley denied threatening Judge [[Barrington Parker]] or asking anyone to, and denied that any agent had suggested it. He said he had made the call without authorization, by direct dialing from Propper's desk while the prosecutors were in court, and that Propper on returning "ordered him to terminate his conversation." He had made other calls to Chile from the same office with Propper's or [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.|Barcella]]'s consent, to Etchepare for information on the extradition proceedings against Contreras, Espinoza, and Fernández, and to his Chilean lawyer Manuel Acuña about his property and the civil suit brought by Letelier's widow, reimbursing the government for the personal ones, since the marshals' safe house could not dial Chile direct. He recalled telling Etchepare that Miranda Carrington's actions on Contreras's behalf might be read in Washington as an attempt by the Chilean government to discredit him for the Cubans' benefit, and that "Contreras' free-wheeling activities had to be curtailed," since they "would severely damage the credibility and image of the Chilean Government." The defendants' appeal quoted his own account of the tape: "That was one of the things that was talked about confidentially with people from the FBI ... how many friends we all had who could ... make threatening phone calls to the judge to get him to withdraw from the case."[^7]
+During the trial persons connected with the Cuban defendants gave reporters a cassette, brought from Chile by [[Sergio Miranda Carrington]], the lawyer for Contreras, of a call Townley had made on January 30, 1979, from the office of the prosecutor [[Eugene Propper]] to Gustavo Etchepare in Santiago, "a former member of 'Patria y Libertad'" with "connections with DINA." Interviewed by [[Robert Scherrer]] and [[Carter Cornick]] on February 6, 8, and 16, Townley denied threatening Judge [[Barrington Parker]] or asking anyone to, and denied that any agent had suggested it. He said he had made the call without authorization, by direct dialing from Propper's desk while the prosecutors were in court, and that Propper on returning "ordered him to terminate his conversation." He had made other calls to Chile from the same office with Propper's or [[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.|Barcella]]'s consent, to Etchepare for information on the extradition proceedings against Contreras, Espinoza, and Fernández, and to his Chilean lawyer Manuel Acuña about his property and the civil suit brought by Letelier's widow, reimbursing the government for the personal ones, since the marshals' safe house could not dial Chile direct. He recalled telling Etchepare that Miranda Carrington's actions on Contreras's behalf might be read in Washington as an attempt by the Chilean government to discredit him for the Cubans' benefit, and that "Contreras' free-wheeling activities had to be curtailed," since they "would severely damage the credibility and image of the Chilean Government." The defendants' appeal quoted his own account of the tape: "That was one of the things that was talked about confidentially with people from the FBI ... how many friends we all had who could ... make threatening phone calls to the judge to get him to withdraw from the case."[^8]
 
-In its brief on appeal the government gave its account of his dealings with the CIA: before leaving for Chile in late 1970 "he called the public office of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Miami," an employee came to his workplace, Townley offered to supply information, and "he heard nothing further"; in 1973, in Miami between March and September, he called again "at the request of people he had been working with in Chile who wanted CIA help in their opposition to Allende," and "no further relationship developed." The defense had argued from discovery material that he "had been given 'operational status.'"[^8]
+In its brief on appeal the government gave its account of his dealings with the CIA: before leaving for Chile in late 1970 "he called the public office of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Miami," an employee came to his workplace, Townley offered to supply information, and "he heard nothing further"; in 1973, in Miami between March and September, he called again "at the request of people he had been working with in Chile who wanted CIA help in their opposition to Allende," and "no further relationship developed." The defense had argued from discovery material that he "had been given 'operational status.'"[^9]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -72,7 +74,8 @@ In its brief on appeal the government gave its account of his dealings with the
 [^2]: Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The Pinochet Regime at 50: The Assassination of General Carlos Prats and Sofía Cuthbert," National Security Archive, October 1, 2024. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2024-10-01/pinochet-regime-50-assassination-general-carlos-prats-and-sofia
 [^3]: Kornbluh, Peter. *The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability*. New Press, 2003, pp. 167-171, 195-196.
 [^4]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaraciones of Michael Vernon Townley Welch (March 29, 1978), Mariana Callejas (April 4, 1978), and Manuel Contreras (March 22, 1978); Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, memorandum of Eugene M. Propper and E. Lawrence Barcella, June 5, 1978.
-[^5]: United States v. Novo Sampol, 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
-[^6]: Kiernan, Laura A. "Townley Admits Lying to Chilean Questioners," *The Washington Post,* May 17, 1981, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000606730006-5.
-[^7]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington field office, file 185-425, reports of interviews of Michael Vernon Townley by Special Agents Robert W. Scherrer and L. Carter Cornick, February 6, 8, and 16, 1979, https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-townley-phone.pdf; Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf, citing appendix 3 and trial transcript pp. 5072-5077.
-[^8]: Brief for Appellee, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-brief-appellee.pdf, citing trial transcript pp. 1584-1590; Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf.
+[^5]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaraciones of Alejandra Damiani Serrano (March 27, 1978) and Eugenio Antonio Berríos Sagredo (June 1, 1978); memorandum of the IV División, Valdivia, March 23, 1978, on Fernando Roberto Lara Larreta, the name on the passport read uncertainly in the scan.
+[^6]: United States v. Novo Sampol, 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
+[^7]: Kiernan, Laura A. "Townley Admits Lying to Chilean Questioners," *The Washington Post,* May 17, 1981, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000606730006-5.
+[^8]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington field office, file 185-425, reports of interviews of Michael Vernon Townley by Special Agents Robert W. Scherrer and L. Carter Cornick, February 6, 8, and 16, 1979, https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-townley-phone.pdf; Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf, citing appendix 3 and trial transcript pp. 5072-5077.
+[^9]: Brief for Appellee, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-brief-appellee.pdf, citing trial transcript pp. 1584-1590; Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol,* Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf.

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Murray Watt.md

@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ tags:
   - Military
   - Stargate
 summary: "Watt, along with Atwater, was responsible for selecting and training the initial remote viewers for the program."
+alias:
+  - Murray B. Watt
+  - Scotty Watt
 ---
 
-
-Murray B. "Scotty" Watt was a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel and the first commander of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Gondola Wish]] (later [[STARGATE PROJECT|Grill Flame]]) remote viewing unit. He was two decades older than [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]], described as a tall and husky man with a bulbous nose and a Boston accent. Watt had a reputation for a volcanic temper, which was said to have hindered his career progression after an incident in Panama where he struck a fellow officer. He was chosen for this obscure and potentially controversial assignment because it was felt he had "little to lose."[^1]
+Murray B. "Scotty" Watt was a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel and the first commander of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Gondola Wish]] (later Grill Flame) remote viewing unit. He was two decades older than [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]], described as a tall and husky man with a bulbous nose and a Boston accent. Watt had a reputation for a volcanic temper, which was said to have hindered his career progression after an incident in Panama where he struck a fellow officer. He was chosen for this obscure and potentially controversial assignment because it was felt he had "little to lose."[^1]
 
 Watt, along with Atwater, was responsible for selecting and training the initial remote viewers for the program. He handled the bureaucratic aspects of the unit, maintaining contact with the network of Grill Flame customers and ensuring the unit's operations adhered to necessary protocols. He was concerned about maintaining the appearance of scientific rigor and avoiding any perception of cheating within the program.[^1]
 
@@ -18,4 +20,15 @@ Watt was present during many key remote viewing sessions, including the initial
 Despite his initial lack of interest in the paranormal, Watt was instrumental in the establishment and early operations of the Army's psychic spying program. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel during his tenure with the unit. He eventually transferred out of the unit, but not before helping to establish it on a firm footing.[^1]
 
 
+
+### The Documents
+
+Murray B. Watt, called Scotty, was a major of military intelligence in the human intelligence office of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] at [[Fort Meade]]. "Sometime during the month of October 1978, Colonel A. W. Hamel, ADCSOPS-HUMINT, INSCOM, was tasked by the DCSOPS, INSCOM, to provide a Project Officer for a new program that INSCOM was becoming involved in at the direction of the ACSI. Major Murray B. Watt was selected to be the INSCOM Project Manager (PM) and on 27 October 1978 was so notified." The tasking was verbal: "There exists no written tasking between OACSI and HQ, INSCOM." His first progress report, of February 21, 1979, records his visits to [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] on November 15 to 17, 1978, where he met [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Russell Targ]], the psychologist [[Charles Tart]], and [[Edwin May]], and on December 12 to 15, where he met Puthoff and [[Ingo Swann]]; the first meeting of the Defense Department's Grill Flame committee on November 28, 1978, at which he joined the working groups on objectives and on protocols; the visit with Lieutenant Frederick Atwater to [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] on January 12, 1979; and the screening of INSCOM personnel for viewers, 251 considered and 117 interviewed, unit by unit.[^2]
+
+Watt briefed the committee on "INSCOM training and operational application of the remote viewing phenomenon" on November 27, 1979, and, as a lieutenant colonel, briefed Representative [[Charlie Rose|Charles Rose]] with General [[Edmund Thompson]] on April 16, 1981, writing the record of it. On June 30, 1981, as "outgoing project manager," he gave the first Grill Flame briefing to the new commander of INSCOM, [[Albert Stubblebine]], alongside his successor, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Jachim.[^3]
+
+### Footnotes
+
 [^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+[^2]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," February 21, 1979, with enclosures, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: Defense Intelligence Agency, minutes of the DoD Grill Flame Committee, November 28, 1978 (enclosed in Progress Report #1), July 12, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130008-9), November 27, 1979 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130015-1), and January 10, 1980 (CIA-RDP96-00788R002000100009-1). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Watt, Murray B., memorandum for the record, "INSCOM GRILL FLAME Briefing for Congressman Rose, 16 April 1981," April 17, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100190007-4. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. Buzby, Brian, memoranda for the record, "Initial Grill Flame Briefing to MG Stubblebine as CG, INSCOM, 30 June 1981" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220001-0), "Meeting With MG Stubblebine on 30 November 1983" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220010-0), and "Meeting with MG Stubblebine on 6 January 1984" (CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220009-2). Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

10 - PEOPLE/(T-Z)/Vernon Walters.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ tags:
   - LatinAmerica
   - Watergate
   - ColdWar
-summary: The US military attaché in Brazil whose personal relationships with coup-plotting generals helped ensure the 1964 overthrow of Joao Goulart succeeded, and who went on to become Deputy Director of the CIA under Nixon.
+summary: "US military attaché in Brazil whose personal relationships with coup-plotting generals helped ensure the 1964 overthrow of João Goulart, and who went on to become deputy director of the CIA under Nixon."
 born: 1917-01-03
 died: 2002-02-10
 location: New York, NY / Washington, DC / Rio de Janeiro
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ In June 1976 Walters went to [[Paraguay]] to remove the CIA station chief, who h
 
 One of the two, Captain René Riveros Valderrama, gave a sworn statement in Santiago on March 22, 1978, to the Chilean court investigating Contreras and Espinoza. He and Captain Rolando Mosqueira Jarpa had left for Washington on August 21, 1976, on official passports in the names Juan Williams Rose and Alejandro Romeral Jara, prepared by DINA's passport section, on a mission given them by Contreras "to make contact with the North American General Don Vernon Walters in order to receive certain information relating to the names of certain persons." They could not reach him: he was handing over his post and on leave, and "finally a CIA secretary whom we could not identify told us that General Walters no longer worked at that intelligence agency." They then called on a Chilean general Mosqueira knew, giving their real names and ranks but not their errand, and when every approach failed telephoned Espinoza, DINA's chief of operations, who authorized them to return.[^21]
 
-Contreras told the Chilean military prosecutor on March 22, 1978, that "around June or early July 1976, CIA Chile informed me that the Deputy Director of the CIA, General Vernon Walters, needed a contact in the US to give us a list of lobbyists and people who could cooperate with Chile before the US Senate and also for the UN's forthcoming session that year." Espinoza testified on April 24 that Contreras ordered him to designate an agent for the mission with a companion fluent in English; he chose Fernández Larios, and "the name of the second man was suggested by then-Major [[Raúl Iturriaga Neumann|Iturriaga]], under the name Andrés Wilson," who "turned out to be the same person I had known since November or December 1974 as Michael Townley." Fernández Larios said he was told "once in the US I had to speak with a CIA chief named Vernon Walters, because he was going to give me a list of people sympathetic to Chile for purposes of presenting the Chilean position before the United Nations." The second pair, Captains [[René Riveros]] and [[Rolando Mosqueira]], could not find him. The FBI interviewed Walters on June 14, 1978, at the Chilean prosecutor's request. "When told that several DINA officials were claiming that their trip to the US in August of 1976 was to see him, the General laughed and dismissed the idea as being ludicrous on its face, saying it was impossible since he had retired during the previous month." He said his trip to Paraguay "had been completely unrelated to the Letelier assassination," that "at no time had he discussed with any Paraguayan officials the issuance of false passports," that his only contact with Contreras had been the 1975 visit, and he "offered to take a polygraph examination." Propper added: "I have been advised by the CIA that General Vernon Walters retired from the CIA on July 2, 1976. He was no longer there at the time either mission to the United States by DINA personnel took place."[^22]
+Contreras told the Chilean military prosecutor on March 22, 1978, that "around June or early July 1976, CIA Chile informed me that the Deputy Director of the CIA, General Vernon Walters, needed a contact in the US to give us a list of lobbyists and people who could cooperate with Chile before the US Senate and also for the UN's forthcoming session that year." Espinoza testified on April 24 that Contreras ordered him to designate an agent for the mission with a companion fluent in English; he chose Fernández Larios, and "the name of the second man was suggested by then-Major [[Raúl Iturriaga Neumann|Iturriaga]], under the name Andrés Wilson," who "turned out to be the same person I had known since November or December 1974 as Michael Townley." Fernández Larios said he was told "once in the US I had to speak with a CIA chief named Vernon Walters, because he was going to give me a list of people sympathetic to Chile for purposes of presenting the Chilean position before the United Nations." The second pair, Captains [[René Riveros]] and [[Rolando Mosqueira]], could not find him; General [[Nilo Floody]] of the Chilean military mission, who had known Walters since 1974, had his secretary telephone Walters's office and was told "that he was out of town, that he no longer belonged to the CIA, and that upon his return he would presumably rejoin the Army." The FBI interviewed Walters on June 14, 1978, at the Chilean prosecutor's request. "When told that several DINA officials were claiming that their trip to the US in August of 1976 was to see him, the General laughed and dismissed the idea as being ludicrous on its face, saying it was impossible since he had retired during the previous month." He said his trip to Paraguay "had been completely unrelated to the Letelier assassination," that "at no time had he discussed with any Paraguayan officials the issuance of false passports," that his only contact with Contreras had been the 1975 visit, and he "offered to take a polygraph examination." Propper added: "I have been advised by the CIA that General Vernon Walters retired from the CIA on July 2, 1976. He was no longer there at the time either mission to the United States by DINA personnel took place."[^22]
 
 As ambassador at large for President [[Ronald Reagan]], Walters visited Pinochet in February 1981. "We spoke as old friends," he reported. "He offered full support and said he would do anything we wanted to help us in the Salvadoran situation." He told a congressional committee that the Letelier bombing had been "a mistake," like [[Napoleon]]'s execution of the Duke of Enghien: "You can't rub their noses in it forever."[^19]
 

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/INTERNATIONAL/DINA.md

@@ -25,15 +25,20 @@ The Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional was the secret police of the government
 
 General [[Carlos Prats]] and his wife, [[Sofía Cuthbert]], were killed in [[Buenos Aires]] on September 30, 1974, by a bomb built by the American-born agent [[Michael Townley]]. The [[National Security Archive]] describes it as the service's first assassination outside Chile. On October 6, 1975, the [[Christian Democratic Party (Chile)|Christian Democratic]] leader [[Bernardo Leighton]] and his wife were shot and gravely wounded in [[Rome]] by Italian fascists led by [[Stefano delle Chiaie]], whom Townley had recruited. In July 1976 agents of the [[Mulchén Brigade]] beat to death [[Carmelo Soria]], a Spanish official of the [[United Nations]] in [[Santiago]], in the front yard of Townley's house. On September 21, 1976, Townley's bomb, placed with members of the [[Cuban Nationalist Movement]], killed [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt]] in Washington.[^2]
 
+### Passports
+
+Humberto Álvarez Johannsen, sub-director of the consular directorate of the foreign ministry in 1976 and 1977, testified in March 1978 that for DINA officers "there existed a request, as far as I understand an official one, that the passport registry ledger not record any data concerning the actual holder of the passport issued," omitting photograph and identifying details, so that "the Consular Department kept no record whatsoever of the issuance of the passport to these officials," and the number given "approximated whatever was current on the day." The service kept its own office of tickets and freight, whose clerk Luis Humberto García González and his junior Sergio Molina described the mechanics of issuing false-name passports and buying tickets through the agency Exprinter. The two official passports carried to Washington in August 1976 by [[René Riveros]] and [[Rolando Mosqueira]] were, Riveros said, "handed to us ready by the passport staff at DINA"; the foreign minister, Admiral [[Patricio Carvajal]], denounced them to the Supreme Court on March 7, 1978, as passports 527/76 and 528/76, the civil registry reported on March 10 that no persons of those names existed, and the military prosecutor [[Héctor Orozco]] ordered the international police on May 1 to establish "what system the former DINA followed, in general, to obtain documentation to travel abroad."[^3]
+
 ### The CIA
 
-The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] reported to Congress in 2000 that it had kept up liaison with Contreras from 1974 to 1977. By April 1975 its own reporting called him "the principal obstacle to a reasonable human rights policy" within the junta. An interagency committee directed that the relationship continue. A proposal to put Contreras on the payroll was overruled, and one payment was made to him in 1975 all the same. He met the deputy director, General [[Vernon Walters]], that August. The Archive's summary of the report was that "the head of Chile's feared secret police, DINA, was a paid CIA asset in 1975," and that contact went on after his agents had been to Washington to kill Letelier. It ended in November 1977.[^3]
+The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] reported to Congress in 2000 that it had kept up liaison with Contreras from 1974 to 1977. By April 1975 its own reporting called him "the principal obstacle to a reasonable human rights policy" within the junta. An interagency committee directed that the relationship continue. A proposal to put Contreras on the payroll was overruled, and one payment was made to him in 1975 all the same. He met the deputy director, General [[Vernon Walters]], that August. The Archive's summary of the report was that "the head of Chile's feared secret police, DINA, was a paid CIA asset in 1975," and that contact went on after his agents had been to Washington to kill Letelier. It ended in November 1977.[^4]
 
-Townley pleaded guilty in Washington in August 1978 and testified against Contreras, Espinoza, [[Armando Fernandez Larios|Armando Fernández Larios]], and five Cubans. He served 62 months and entered the [[Witness Protection Program|witness protection program]]. [[Argentina]]'s request for his extradition in the Prats case was not granted. Contreras was convicted in Chile in 1995 and died in a military hospital on August 7, 2015, under sentences that came to more than 500 years.[^2][^4]
+Townley pleaded guilty in Washington in August 1978 and testified against Contreras, Espinoza, [[Armando Fernandez Larios|Armando Fernández Larios]], and five Cubans. He served 62 months and entered the [[Witness Protection Program|witness protection program]]. [[Argentina]]'s request for his extradition in the Prats case was not granted. Contreras was convicted in Chile in 1995 and died in a military hospital on August 7, 2015, under sentences that came to more than 500 years.[^2][^5]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Activities in Chile," report to Congress under section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, September 18, 2000. https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/chile/index.html
 [^2]: National Security Archive, "The Pinochet Regime at 50: The Assassination of General Carlos Prats and Sofia Cuthbert," October 1, 2024. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2024-10-01/pinochet-regime-50-assassination-general-carlos-prats-and-sofia ; Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The Pinochet Dictatorship Declassified: Confessions of a DINA Hit Man," National Security Archive, November 22, 2023. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-11-22/pinochet-dictatorship-declassified-confessions-dina-hit-man
-[^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Activities in Chile," report to Congress under section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, September 18, 2000. https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/chile/index.html National Security Archive, "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression," September 19, 2000. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/news/20000919/index.html
-[^4]: "Ex-Chile spy chief dies while serving 500-year sentence," Al Jazeera, August 8, 2015.
+[^3]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaraciones of Humberto Álvarez Johannsen (March 20, 1978), Luis Humberto García González (April 12 and June 5, 1978), and Sergio Donato Molina Espinoza (June 1, 1978); denuncia of Patricio Carvajal Prado, March 7, 1978; Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* tomo 2, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991-2.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, orden amplia de investigar, May 1, 1978.
+[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Activities in Chile," report to Congress under section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, September 18, 2000. https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/chile/index.html National Security Archive, "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression," September 19, 2000. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/news/20000919/index.html
+[^5]: "Ex-Chile spy chief dies while serving 500-year sentence," Al Jazeera, August 8, 2015.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Central Intelligence Agency.md

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ The CIA, particularly through its Photographic Intelligence Division, was instru
 
 The CIA's interest in psi research dates back to the early 1970s, partly in response to rumors of extensive Soviet psi research. Following a number of scandals in the mid-1970s, including revelations of domestic spying, the CIA came under unprecedented scrutiny from Congress. This led to a preference for "clean" spying methods, making psychic intelligence an appealing, low-profile alternative to traditional human intelligence (HUMINT).[^1]
 
-In 1972, the CIA, through officials like [[Ken Kress]] from the Technical Services Division (TSD) (later the Office of Technical Service, OTS), provided the initial funding for [[Hal Puthoff]]'s psi research program at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI). This funding, initially $50,000 for eight months, was contingent on the researchers demonstrating a repeatable psi phenomenon. The Office of Research and Development (ORD) also jointly managed the funding and contract.[^1] In the late 1960s, the CIA had approached Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ at Stanford University to develop a program to counter a similar effort in the Soviet Union, which led to the creation of the [[Stargate Project]], a program that trained individuals in [[Remote Viewing]] to spy on foreign targets. The program was reportedly highly successful, and Puthoff reported directly to the Director of the CIA and the [[White House]].[^11]
+In 1972, the CIA, through officials like [[Kenneth A. Kress|Ken Kress]] from the Technical Services Division (TSD) (later the Office of Technical Service, OTS), provided the initial funding for [[Hal Puthoff]]'s psi research program at [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI). This funding, initially $50,000 for eight months, was contingent on the researchers demonstrating a repeatable psi phenomenon. The Office of Research and Development (ORD) also jointly managed the funding and contract.[^1] In the late 1960s, the CIA had approached Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ at Stanford University to develop a program to counter a similar effort in the Soviet Union, which led to the creation of the [[Stargate Project]], a program that trained individuals in [[Remote Viewing]] to spy on foreign targets. The program was reportedly highly successful, and Puthoff reported directly to the Director of the CIA and the [[White House]].[^11]
 
 ### The Search for Behavioral Control
 

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/GOVERNMENT/USA/Office of Technical Service.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ summary: "The Office of Technical Service (OTS) was a CIA division responsible f
 
 The [[Office of Technical Service]] (OTS) was a division within the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] responsible for technical assistance to spying and covert-action operations. It was previously known as the Technical Services Division (TSD). OTS was often referred to as the "Q Branch" of the CIA, akin to the gadget-strewn division in the James Bond films.[^1]
 
-OTS played a significant role in the early funding and management of the CIA's psi research, including the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Stargate Project]]. [[Ken Kress]], an OTS engineer, was responsible for giving [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] its first psi research contract in 1972. [[Norm Everheart]] served as the chief of OTS's regional "tech base" in Athens before becoming a liaison to [[Staff D]] and a key coordinator for Grill Flame taskings from the CIA's Operations Directorate.[^1]
+OTS played a significant role in the early funding and management of the CIA's psi research, including the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Stargate Project]]. [[Kenneth A. Kress|Ken Kress]], an OTS engineer, was responsible for giving [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] its first psi research contract in 1972. [[Norm Everheart]] served as the chief of OTS's regional "tech base" in Athens before becoming a liaison to [[Staff D]] and a key coordinator for Grill Flame taskings from the CIA's Operations Directorate.[^1]
 
 [[John McMahon]], the CIA's deputy director for operations, was also the head of OTS, indicating the importance of this office in technical and covert operations, including those involving psychic intelligence.[^1]
 

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PARAMILITARY/Cuban Nationalist Movement.md

@@ -29,11 +29,13 @@ Michael Townley testified that in the summer of 1976 DINA assigned him to go to
 
 Townley told the Chilean prosecutor in 1978 that early in 1975 DINA had asked him about Bosch, Novo, and Suárez and he had advised against contact, and that at a meeting with the movement's directorate in September 1976, at which he believed Alvin Ross was present, "they asked some specific questions, such as: 'What can you give us in Chile.' We need a quiet place, preferably in the countryside, to have our 'sick' people, to train. Weapons or war material were not discussed at all. I did not commit to anything and only offered to pass the request up through regular channels."[^5]
 
+[[Raúl Iturriaga Neumann]], head of DINA's exterior department, testified in 1978 that a group linked to the movement had presented him in Santiago with "a well-drafted, printed and illustrated pamphlet containing a kind of draft proposal for future relations between them and Chile," including "a headquarters in Chile and Chile's recognition of the Cuban Government in exile," which "did not materialize." A memorandum to Contreras, apparently from Washington and written after the second Carter-Ford debate of October 1976, reported that "some friends from over there tell me again that the FBI reached the conclusion that the perpetrators of the attack on Letelier were 4 members of Brigade 2506," naming Roberto Carvallo, Carlos Pascual, Vicente Vásquez, and Guillermo Novo, who "would have been deceived and paid by a Castro agent."[^6]
+
 ### Trials
 
 Novo and Ross were convicted in 1979 of murder, murder of a foreign official, and conspiracy, and Novo's brother [[Ignacio Novo]] of lying to the grand jury. Part of the evidence came from jailhouse informants working with the government. One of them, [[Sherman Kaminsky]], testified that Ross "told me that he was involved in the murder of Orlando Letelier together with generals in DINA, Sepulveda, Michael Townley, and other members of the Cuban Nationalist Movement in this country." In 1980 the Supreme Court held such testimony inadmissible in [[United States v. Henry]], and the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|court of appeals]] reversed the convictions of Novo and Ross and ordered a new trial. It reversed Ignacio Novo's for the failure to try him separately.[^1]
 
-At the retrial in May 1981 the defense undertook to prove "that Townley and DINA alone plotted to kill Letelier." Townley, the government's witness, admitted that he had lied to a Chilean military investigator and had given [[El Mercurio]] a false statement that he had nothing to do with the killing. Paz and Suárez were not tried with them.[^6]
+At the retrial in May 1981 the defense undertook to prove "that Townley and DINA alone plotted to kill Letelier." Townley, the government's witness, admitted that he had lied to a Chilean military investigator and had given [[El Mercurio]] a false statement that he had nothing to do with the killing. Paz and Suárez were not tried with them.[^7]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -42,4 +44,5 @@ At the retrial in May 1981 the defense undertook to prove "that Townley and DINA
 [^3]: Dinges, John, and Saul Landau. *Assassination on Embassy Row*. McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp. 147-151, 240.
 [^4]: Marina, Gloria. "Citan a Felipe Rivero en el caso Letelier," *El Miami Herald,* May 3, 1977, scan at latinamericanstudies.org/belligerence/Rivero-Letelier.pdf
 [^5]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78 (fiscal Héctor Orozco), as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaración of Michael Vernon Townley Welch, March 29, 1978.
-[^6]: Kiernan, Laura A. "Townley Admits Lying to Chilean Questioners," *The Washington Post,* May 17, 1981, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000606730006-5.
+[^6]: Fiscalía Militar Ad-Hoc, Santiago, causa 192-78, as reproduced in *Proceso contra Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda y Pedro Espinoza Bravo,* ministro instructor Adolfo Bañados, tomo 1, scan at https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Causa-Contreras-Espinoza-1991.pdf. Quotations translated from the Spanish, declaración of Raúl Eduardo Iturriaga Neumann, April 1, 1978; memorandum "Caso Letelier" to Colonel Manuel Contreras, signature read as Gregorio Amunátegui, undated, with reference to the second Carter-Ford debate.
+[^7]: Kiernan, Laura A. "Townley Admits Lying to Chilean Questioners," *The Washington Post,* May 17, 1981, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000606730006-5.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/American Institutes for Research.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
   - AIR
   - American Institutes for Research
 created: 2026-05-17
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 category: "Research Organization"
 tags:
   - Organization
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ start: 1946-01-01
 location: "Washington, D.C."
 ---
 
-The American Institutes for Research (AIR) is a nonprofit behavioral and social science research organization founded in 1946, headquartered in the Washington, D.C. area. It conducts applied research in education, health, workforce development, and related fields under government and private contracts. AIR's primary relevance to intelligence history is its 1995 evaluation of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|STAR GATE]] program, the classified remote viewing research effort that had operated under various designations since 1978 under [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and, from 1991, [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] sponsorship.[^1]
+The American Institutes for Research (AIR) is a nonprofit behavioral and social science research organization founded in 1946, headquartered in the Washington, D.C. area. It conducts applied research in education, health, workforce development, and related fields under government and private contracts. AIR's primary relevance to intelligence history is its 1995 evaluation of the [[STARGATE PROJECT|STAR GATE]] program, the classified remote viewing research effort that had operated under various designations since 1978 under Army and [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] sponsorship, and passed to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] in 1995.[^1]
 
 ### Cold War Classified Military Psychology Work
 
@@ -26,23 +26,10 @@ Long before the STAR GATE evaluation, AIR appeared in the classified military-ps
 
 ### The 1995 STAR GATE Evaluation
 
-When the CIA took over management of the STAR GATE program in 1991 and began a review of its scientific and operational value, it contracted AIR to conduct an independent assessment. The evaluation was led by two researchers with opposing predispositions toward the subject: Ray Hyman, a University of Oregon cognitive psychologist and longtime skeptic of parapsychology who had evaluated [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] remote viewing research since 1973, and Jessica Utts, a University of California Davis statistician with expertise in experimental design and more open views on the statistical evidence for psi phenomena.[^1]
-
-The AIR report, formally titled "An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications," was delivered to the CIA on September 29, 1995. [[Jessica Utts]] concluded in her portion of the report that the statistical evidence across the accumulated STAR GATE experiments was sufficiently robust to warrant the conclusion that some form of anomalous cognition was occurring - she found the effect size comparable to that considered sufficient for publication in mainstream behavioral science. [[Ray Hyman]]'s portion of the report argued that the experimental protocols contained sufficient methodological weaknesses, including inadequate controls against sensory leakage and experimenter bias, that no firm conclusions could be drawn.[^1]
-
-The overall AIR assessment, reconciling these divided conclusions, recommended against continuing the program. The CIA accepted this recommendation. STAR GATE was declassified and formally terminated in 1995, with the program's archives transferred to the American Institute of Research and later made available through declassification requests. Approximately 80,000 pages of documents were eventually released by the CIA.[^1]
-
-### Significance of the Split Finding
-
-The divided Utts-Hyman finding reflected a genuine methodological disagreement that had characterized the entire history of parapsychology research: whether statistically significant but small effect sizes in carefully controlled experiments constitute evidence for anomalous phenomena, or whether undetected methodological artifacts explain such results. Utts's positive assessment was unusual in that she was a mainstream academic statistician, not a parapsychology proponent; her endorsement of the statistical case attracted attention from researchers on both sides of the debate.
-
-The AIR evaluation was criticized from multiple directions. Proponents of the research, including former program participants and researchers at Stanford Research Institute, argued that Hyman's portion of the review applied higher methodological standards than would be applied to equivalent evidence in other fields, and that the operational record - instances of remote viewing that had produced actionable intelligence - was not adequately weighted. Skeptics argued that any positive finding was the product of accumulated methodological weaknesses that neither evaluator had fully identified.[^1]
-
-### Role of Ray Hyman
-
-Ray Hyman had been involved in government-sponsored evaluations of parapsychology research since 1973, when the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency|DARPA]] contracted him to evaluate [[Uri Geller]]'s sessions at SRI. His consistent position was that methodological controls in remote viewing research were insufficient to rule out conventional explanations. The 1995 AIR evaluation represented the culmination of more than two decades of his critical engagement with the field. His portion of the report documented specific methodological concerns about the protocols used in STAR GATE's operational and research phases and argued that the database did not support conclusions about anomalous information transfer.[^1]
+In June 1995 the CIA's Office of Research and Development, having taken custody of the DIA's Star Gate program at the direction of Congress and declassified its own 1970s parapsychology work "to facilitate a new, external review," contracted AIR to evaluate the program's research and operations ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]). Michael Mumford and Andrew Rose of AIR conducted the operational review, interviewing seven customer representatives, three viewers, and the program manager; David Goslin, AIR's president, coordinated; the research review went to [[Jessica Utts]] and [[Ray Hyman]], with Lincoln Moses of Stanford as statistical adviser. One program document stayed classified during the review and Mumford summarized it for the panel. The report, "An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications," was delivered on September 29, 1995. It found "a statistically significant 'anomaly'" in the laboratory work, no "convincing demonstration that a paranormal ability is involved," and that remote viewing "has not been shown to have value in intelligence operations"; the customer ratings of forty viewings from 1994 and 1995 averaged 3.0 on a six-point accuracy scale and 3.5 on a five-point value scale. Its last conclusion read: "Continued support for the operational component of the current program is not justified." The report was released publicly on November 28, 1995.[^3]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017, pp. 303-320. Hyman, Ray, and Jessica Utts. "An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications." American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995 (declassified). Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997.
 [^2]: Peter Watson, *War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology*. Basic Books, 1978, Appendix I and Appendix II.
+[^3]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. E-1 to E-5, 1-4, 2-3 to 2-8, 4-13, 5-1 to 5-5. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf Release date from May, Edwin C., *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, abstract.

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Future Enterprises.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Whether CIA employees who received computer training at Future Enterprises had a
 
 ### The 1993 DOJ Investigation
 
-The Future Enterprises connection was a central element of the 1993 Department of Justice and FBI reinvestigation of The Finders, prompted by congressional pressure from Representatives Tom Lewis (R-FL) and Charlie Rose (D-NC). Reporter Paul M. Rodriguez of the *Washington Times* published the key investigative article on December 17, 1993, citing the MPD document identifying Future Enterprises as "Finders Corp."[^1] The *U.S. News & World Report* contemporaneous investigation also cited the CIA training relationship as one of three documented overlaps between The Finders and the intelligence community, alongside [[Isabelle Pettie]]'s CIA employment and [[George Pettie|George Pettie's]] work for [[Air America]].[^1]
+The Future Enterprises connection was a central element of the 1993 Department of Justice and FBI reinvestigation of The Finders, prompted by congressional pressure from Representatives Tom Lewis (R-FL) and [[Charlie Rose]] (D-NC). Reporter Paul M. Rodriguez of the *Washington Times* published the key investigative article on December 17, 1993, citing the MPD document identifying Future Enterprises as "Finders Corp."[^1] The *U.S. News & World Report* contemporaneous investigation also cited the CIA training relationship as one of three documented overlaps between The Finders and the intelligence community, alongside [[Isabelle Pettie]]'s CIA employment and [[George Pettie|George Pettie's]] work for [[Air America]].[^1]
 
 The DOJ inquiry concluded without criminal charges. The CIA maintained its characterization of the training relationship as an incidental procurement arrangement.
 

20 - ORGANIZATIONS/PRIVATE/Monroe Institute.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2025-07-22
-updated: 2025-07-22
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Monroe Institute
 tags:
   - organization
@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ location: "Faber, Virginia, USA"
 
 The [[Monroe Institute]] is a non-profit organization dedicated to the exploration of human consciousness, known for its Hemi-Sync audio technology. It was founded by [[Robert Monroe]]. In the context of the *Remote Viewers* narrative, [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]] became the director of research for the Institute after retiring from the [[U.S. Army]], and later served as its president. The Institute is mentioned as a place where Atwater continued his work in consciousness research, building upon his experiences with remote viewing.[^1]
 
----
+### The Army Record
 
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+A memorandum of the 902d Military Intelligence Group of September 25, 1978, recording the arrangements that turned Gondola Wish into Grill Flame, noted that the institute was "not cleared." An INSCOM information paper of January 5, 1984, stated: "USAINSCOM association with MIAS dates to 1978, when the potentials of the Hemi-Sync process were considered for application within INSCOM's initial psychoenergetic efforts." By then "CENTER LANE Advanced Training with MIAS consists of four progressive phases that lead to full use of the Hemi-Sync process during CENTER LANE intelligence collection missions," and "Rapid Acquisition Personnel Training (RAPT) is an application of the Hemi-Sync process designed to improve managerial and intra-personal relations skills," "used to screen prospective source personnel and sensitize intelligence managers and consumers to intelligence applications of psychoenergetics"; INSCOM's Center for Excellence planned to use the tapes "for accelerated learning of foreign language skills." The Center Lane briefing dated the unit's advanced training with Hemi-Sync to the end of 1980, and an INSCOM request of about 1981 asked to write the institute's "Frequency Following Response" and "Hemispheric Synchronization" tapes into the Grill Flame protocol, "3-5 times per week," at no more than 20 decibels. The institute of "Nellys Ford, VA" appears in the vendor roster of INSCOM's High Performance Task Force report of March 1983, *Beyond Excellence,* beside the Pacific Institute, neuro-linguistic programming, and "New Age Thinking," its technique described as "a machine aided process which more closely aligns brain wave activity (frequency/amplitude) in both left and right brain hemispheres."[^2]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+[^2]: Keenan, Robert E., memorandum "GRILL FLAME," 902d Military Intelligence Group, September 25, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240011-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, information paper "The Monroe Institute of Applied Sciences," ITAGPA-F-SD, January 5, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270004-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command. *An INSCOM Beyond Excellence: Army High Performance Task Force Report,* March 1983, archive.org item INSCOMHPTFReport. "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM Grill Flame Protocol," c. 1981-83, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.

30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2025-07-22
-updated: 2025-07-22
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR
 tags:
   - report
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ The report, with what was described as "almost comical blandness," outlined the
 
 This report, along with other intelligence, contributed to the U.S. intelligence community's increased interest in and funding of its own psi research, including the [[STARGATE PROJECT|Stargate Project]].[^1]
 
----
+### The Report
 
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+The report, ST-CS-01-169-72, was prepared by the Medical Intelligence Office of the Army Surgeon General under DIA task T72-01-14, with an information cutoff of January 31, 1972, and published in July 1972. Its summary stated: "Today, it is reported that the USSR has twenty or more centers for the study of parapsychological phenomena, with an annual budget estimated at 21 million dollars," and elsewhere "over 12 million rubles (13 million dollars) and reported to be as high as 21 million dollars" for 1967. It traced the Soviet work to [[Leonid Vasiliev|L. L. Vasilev]] of [[Leningrad]] University, whose book of 1959 was followed in 1960 by state funds for telepathy laboratories, and quoted his address of April 1960 on the reported American experiments aboard the submarine [[The Nautilus (Telepathy Project)|Nautilus]]: "Today the American Navy is testing telepathy on their atomic submarines. Soviet scientists conducted a great many successful telepathy tests over a quarter of a century ago. It's urgent that we throw off our prejudices." After Vasilev's death in 1965 or 1966 the work passed to I. Kogan of the Popov institute in [[Moscow]], "still trying to wed telepathy to the electromagnetic spectrum," and to E. K. Naumov. Genady Sergeyev of the Uktomskii military institute in Leningrad studied [[Nina Kulagina]], registering "heightened biological luminescence radiating from Kulagina's eyes"; a confidential paragraph added: "Scientists report that Kulagina has been able to stop the beating of a frog's heart in solution and to re-activate it! This is perhaps the most significant PK test done and its military implications in controlled offensive behavior, if true, are extremely important." A roster listed researchers by institute, among them Terletsky of Moscow University, Gulyaev of the Bekhterev Brain Institute, and V. Adamenko, inventor of a device measuring "the acupuncture points of traditional Chinese medicine." The report's conclusion: "Based on their 'head start' and financial support, it could be concluded that Soviet knowledge in this field is superior to that of the US." An Army history later stated that "the US Army's interest in psychoenergetics goes back to 1972," to these studies.[^2]
+
+LaMothe's second report with Louis F. Maire III, *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research* of September 1975, described Vasilev's experiments of 1920 to 1943 in "telepathic mental suggestion," Serov and Troskin of Sverdlovsk raising and lowering white blood cell counts by suggestion, the Polish theorist Manczarski's prediction "that the field of telepathy will open new avenues for spreading propaganda," and Western concern "with the detrimental effects of subliminal perception techniques being targeted against US or allied personnel in nuclear missile silos." It concluded: "Control and manipulation of the human consciousness must be considered a primary goal." SRI's report to DIA of January 1983 added that in 1975 "a high-level commission was officially established in the USSR to review psychoenergetics research," under a vice president of the Academy of Sciences, whose recommendations after three years produced a coordinating group with Ministry of Defense representatives, "a member of SKB VYMPEL (the antiballistic missile design bureau), and at least one laboratory leader who is believed to be KGB affiliated," attached to a new Bioelectronics Laboratory that "serves a screening function for identifying people from the general population, throughout the USSR, who can perform well on psi tasks."[^3]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers*. Dell, 1997.
+[^2]: LaMothe, John D., Captain, Medical Service Corps. *Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR,* Defense Intelligence Agency, ST-CS-01-169-72, July 1972, prepared by the Medical Intelligence Office, Office of the Surgeon General, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300020001-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "The US Army's Interest in Psychoenergetics," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100370005-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
+[^3]: Maire, Louis F., III, and J. D. LaMothe. *Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research,* Defense Intelligence Agency, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, pp. 29-31, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600320004-3, read in a four-page excerpt. Puthoff, H. E., E. C. May, B. S. Humphrey, and L. A. Lavelle. *Project Grill Flame,* SRI International, Radio Physics Laboratory, for the Defense Intelligence Agency, January 1983, SRI/GF-0225, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800060001-7.

30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/First Earth Battalion.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+category: "PSI Research Program"
+tags:
+  - Program
+  - FirstEarthBattalion
+  - TaskForceDelta
+  - TRADOC
+  - JimChannon
+  - HumanPotentialMovement
+  - Army
+alias:
+  - The First Earth Battalion
+  - Task Force Delta
+summary: "A 1979 concept paper by Lieutenant Colonel Jim Channon, issued through TRADOC's Task Force Delta at Fort Monroe, proposing an Army battalion of warrior monks drawn from the human potential movement."
+start: 1979
+location: "Fort Monroe, Virginia"
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+*The First Earth Battalion* was a concept paper written by Lieutenant Colonel [[Jim Channon]] and issued in 1979 in the concept-paper series of Task Force Delta at Headquarters, [[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command|Training and Doctrine Command]], [[Fort Monroe]], [[Virginia]]. Its title page names Colonel D. H. Malone as author of the foreword and Major M. M. Ischinger and Colonel Malone (spelled Melone in the sponsors' line) as sponsors, and its disclaimer reads: "The views expressed in this concept paper are those of the author(s) and do not purport to reflect the positions or policies of the Department of the Army or of the Department of Defense. Requests for additional information or clarification regarding this concept paper should be addressed to HQ TRADOC, ATTN: ATCS-SO, Ft. Monroe, VA." The foreword calls it "a place to dream," "an 'Earth' battalion because of what we know about a shrinking world, and about interdependencies among men, and nations, and natural resources," and appoints Channon "C.O., First Earth Battalion, responsible for assimilating, integrating, and communicating what the future may hold for our Army."[^1]
+
+Later accounts date Task Force Delta variously to 1979, as a briefing to commanders at [[Fort Knox]], and to 1983, as a think tank convened at [[Fort Leavenworth]], and relate it to the human performance programs that [[Albert Stubblebine]]'s [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] ran, such as the High Performance Task Force of 1983, whose report does not mention it.[^1][^2]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Channon, James B., Lieutenant Colonel. *The First Earth Battalion,* Task Force Delta concept paper, Headquarters, US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, Virginia, 1979, foreword by Colonel D. H. Malone; scan at archive.org/details/FirstEarthBattalionManual, front matter and foreword read.
+[^2]: Ronson, Jon. *The Men Who Stare at Goats.* Simon and Schuster, 2004, and later journalism, as summarized; not read for this page.

30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/Project Deep Quest.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2025-07-23
-updated: 2025-07-23
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: Project Deep Quest
 tags:
   - program
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ The project had two main elements: an unclassified one focused on locating a shi
 
 The project successfully located a previously unidentified shipwreck, marking the first time psychics had located an underwater archaeological site from inside a submersible. The classified portion, designed to test remote viewing for emergency military scenarios, also yielded positive results, suggesting the potential for [[PSI-INT]] in operational contexts.[^1]
 
----
+The Navy's only recorded funding of the SRI program, 74,000 dollars from the Naval Electronic Systems Command in 1975 and 1976, was "to measure physiological (EEG) correlates to RV," and by 1981 "the Navy expressed no interest in participating in any discussions" of the joint services program. SRI's report to DIA of January 1983 recorded that "SRI researchers cooperated with a private group (Mobius Group, Los Angeles, CA) to conduct a mass RV screening test, with psychological profiling, through a major magazine publication," Schwartz and DeMattei's "Psi-Q Test II" in *Omni* of October 1982; the dive itself is known only from Stephan Schwartz's later accounts.[^2]
+
+### Footnotes
 
 [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
+[^2]: Puthoff, H. E., E. C. May, B. S. Humphrey, and L. A. Lavelle. *Project Grill Flame,* SRI International, Radio Physics Laboratory, for the Defense Intelligence Agency, January 1983, SRI/GF-0225, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800060001-7. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "The US Army's Interest in Psychoenergetics," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100370005-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.

30 - PROGRAMS & PROJECTS/PSI_RESEARCH_PROGRAMS/STARGATE PROJECT.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 created: 2024-08-26
-updated: 2026-05-17
+updated: 2026-09-21
 title: STARGATE PROJECT
 aliases:
   - STARGATE PROJECT
@@ -26,75 +26,76 @@ tags:
   - 1980s
   - 1990s
 category: "PSI Research Program"
-summary: "STARGATE PROJECT was the umbrella designation for the U.S. Army and DIA remote viewing programs at Fort Meade, Maryland (1977-1995), progressing through code names Gondola Wish, Grill Flame, Center Lane, Sun Streak, and STAR GATE before termination following the 1995 American Institutes for Research evaluation."
+summary: "Army, DIA, and CIA remote-viewing programs of 1972 to 1995, run under the names SCANATE, Gondola Wish, Grill Flame, Center Lane, Sun Streak, and Star Gate, closed after the 1995 AIR evaluation."
 start: 1977-01-01
 end: 1995-12-31
 location: "Fort Meade, Maryland"
 ---
+Star Gate was the last of the names given to the [[United States]] government's programs in [[Remote Viewing|remote viewing]], the attempt to describe distant or hidden targets by mental means, which ran from a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contract with [[Stanford Research Institute]] in 1972 to the CIA's closure of the program in 1995. The Army's part began at [[Fort Meade]], [[Maryland]], in 1977 under the name Gondola Wish, became Grill Flame in 1978, [[Center Lane]] in 1983, and [[Sun Streak]] under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] in 1985 or 1986; Congress authorized a new DIA program in the defense authorization act for fiscal 1991, which DIA named Star Gate, and moved it to the CIA in 1995. The agency's own history of the matter, written that autumn, ran: "CIA's program began in 1972, but was discontinued in 1977. DIA's direct involvement began later and continued until Star Gate was transferred to CIA this July."[^1]
 
-STARGATE PROJECT was a series of classified U.S. government programs investigating [[Remote Viewing|remote viewing]] and psychic phenomena for military intelligence applications, operating at [[Fort Meade]], Maryland, from 1977 to 1995. The program passed through five successive code names reflecting changing organizational sponsors: Gondola Wish (1977-1978), Grill Flame (1978-1983), Center Lane (1983-1985), Sun Streak (1985-1991), and STAR GATE (1991-1995). Parallel civilian research under [[Central Intelligence Agency]] contract was conducted by [[Stanford Research Institute]] beginning in 1972 under the code name [[SCANATE]]. The programs were terminated in 1995 following an evaluation by the [[American Institutes for Research]] that found no demonstrated practical intelligence utility despite statistically anomalous laboratory results.[^1]
+### SCANATE
 
-### CIA Origins and SRI Contract
+The agency's interest went back to the 1950s. After [[Andrija Puharich]] lectured a Pentagon conference in 1952 on "the possible usefulness of extrasensory perception in psychological warfare," the chief of the [[Technical Services Division]] had Stephen Abrams of the parapsychology laboratory at [[Oxford University|Oxford]] prepare a review, under a project the declassified scan renders as "Project ULTRA," which "claimed ESP was demonstrated but not understood or controllable" and "produced no further action for another" decade.[^2]
 
-The CIA's involvement with remote viewing research began in 1972, when physicist [[Hal Puthoff]] at SRI contacted CIA officer [[Kit Green]] in the Life Sciences Division to propose a psi research program. A formal contract was negotiated through October 1972, and the program was designated SCANATE ("scan by coordinate"), reflecting [[Ingo Swann]]'s method of targeting remote viewing sessions via geographic coordinates.
+[[Russell Targ]], a laser physicist "avocationally interested" in parapsychology, met officers of the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence in April 1972 and showed them Soviet films of psychokinesis; the office referred him to the Office of Research and Development and the [[CIA Office of Technical Service|Office of Technical Service]], and Targ, who had just joined SRI, proposed work with [[Hal Puthoff]]. "For a cost of $874, one OTS and one ORD representative worked with Targ and Puthoff for a few days in August, 1972"; the director of OTS "approved another $2,500 work order"; and on October 1, 1972, OTS "funded a $50,000 expanded effort in parapsychology" under contract 8473, with [[Kenneth A. Kress|Ken Kress]] as project officer. [[Pat Price]] became the third subject in the spring of 1973. On April 24, 1973, [[William Colby]] "decided that the Executive Management Committee should pass judgment," and by mid-May the question reached the director, [[James Schlesinger]]. "I was soon told not to increase the scope of the project," Kress wrote. "The project was too sensitive and potentially embarrassing. It should be tabled." A joint ORD and OTS program began on February 1, 1974, ORD funding basic research and OTS the tests of operational use. Puthoff's account gives the first contract as an eight-month "Biofield Measurements Program" of 49,909 dollars and the second year, January 1974 to February 1975, as 149,555 dollars; an SRI table gives the CIA's total for 1971 to 1975 as 195,000 dollars.[^2][^3]
 
-Key results under SCANATE included [[Pat Price]]'s 1974 viewing of the Soviet weapons research facility at Semipalatinsk (URDF-3), which CIA analysts assessed as substantially accurate against satellite imagery - Price described a gantry crane, spherical objects under construction, and unusual welding techniques consistent with imagery. Price's subsequent viewing of a secret [[National Security Agency|NSA]] signals intelligence facility at Sugar Grove, West Virginia, triggered an NSA security investigation of SRI that established the researchers had acted without foreknowledge of the site. SRI researchers [[Russell Targ]] and Puthoff published a 1974 paper in *Nature* and a 1976 paper in *Proceedings of the IEEE* documenting experimental results.[^1][^2]
+In the summer of 1973 a test on "a vacation property in the eastern United States" led Price to "a sensitive government installation a few miles from the vacation property," and, tasked on its interior, he produced project titles and the site's code name, "data subsequently verified by sponsor sources," with wrong personnel names. Price then "went on to scan the other side of the globe for a Communist Bloc equivalent and found one located in the Urals." In July 1974 the target was "the [[Semipalatinsk]] Unidentified Research and Development Facility-3 (URDF-3, formerly known as PNUTS)." Kress chose "the tall crane and the four structures resembling oil well derricks" as checks; Price said of the derricks, "I didn't see them because they are not there any more," and new photography weeks later showed "two derricks were partially disassembled." A photo interpreter and a nuclear analyst at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]] judged his crane drawing accurate, the latter writing that either "he, the subject, actually saw it through remote viewing, or two: he was informed what to draw by someone knowledgeable of URDF-3." Kress concluded: "since there was so much bad information mixed in with the good, the overall result was not considered useful. As proof of remote viewing, the data are at best inconclusive." An internal summary of the same four days was harsher: "The remote-viewing experiment of URDF-3 by [Price] proved to be unsuccessful," since besides the crane he drew "several landmark-type objects that simply did not exist" and, shown the surface features of an underground building, denied that anything lay beneath, "his most negative evidence yet." Price also "correctly located the coderooms" of two foreign embassies already known to the agency's audio teams, and described a Libyan site as "a guerrilla training site" with "a related underwater sabotage training facility," partly confirmed by reconnaissance. "Price died of a heart attack a few days later, and the program stopped."[^2][^4]
 
-### Establishment at Fort Meade
+The agency's reasons, as Kress gave them in 1977: "the research was not productive or even competent; therefore, research support to SRI was dropped. The Director of OTS felt the OTS charter would not support research; therefore, all Agency funding in paranormal research stopped"; operational utility was "considered questionable but deserved further testing"; the contractor tests gave way to "a personal services contract with Price"; and Kress himself, "judged to be a positively biased advocate," was taken off evaluation. Director [[George H.W. Bush|George Bush]] was briefed in 1976 after learning that Soviet visitors were "questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI," and left before reacting; [[Stansfield Turner]] acknowledged an "operational interest in parapsychology" in August 1977. Puthoff attributed the withdrawal to "pressure on the Agency (unrelated to the RV Program) from the Church-Pike Congressional Committee." By 1977 DIA "remains interested on a low priority basis," the Navy had funded a brief replication and stopped over "mind warfare" concerns, DARPA had held "a hostile confrontation briefing," and "active funding has shifted to the Air Force's Foreign Technology Division." SRI's later accounting of these years: NAVELEX 74,000 dollars (1975-76), the Foreign Technology Division at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base|Wright-Patterson]] 300,000 (1976-79), the Missile Intelligence Agency at [[Redstone Arsenal]] 281,000 (1977-80) for "remote perturbation," the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity 230,000 (1978-80), DIA 228,000 (1978-80).[^2][^3][^5]
 
-In 1977, Army captain [[Frederick Atwater|Frederick "Skip" Atwater]], assigned to the [[Systems Exploitation Detachment]] (SED) at Fort Meade, proposed an Army remote viewing program to Colonel [[Robert Keenan]]. The proposal was approved by Major General [[Edmund Thompson]]. Atwater and Major [[Murray Watt|Murray "Scotty" Watt]] visited SRI to understand viewer selection criteria, learning that Puthoff and Targ prioritized visual-spatial intelligence and artistic rendering ability over claimed psychic experience.
+### Gondola Wish and Grill Flame
 
-Atwater recruited six Army personnel as the initial unit: [[Joe McMoneagle]], [[Mel Riley]], [[Ken Bell]], [[Nancy Stern]], [[Fernand Gauvin]], and [[Hartleigh Trent]]. The program was codenamed Gondola Wish and operated from building 4554 at Fort Meade, later moving to buildings 2560 and 2561 on Llewellyn Street. Initial categorization as "human use experimentation" required Army human use review board oversight and informed consent from participants, a designation driven partly by institutional caution in the aftermath of [[Project MKUltra]].[^1]
+"The US Army Intelligence and Security Command's involvement with psychoenergetics began in September 1977. At that time, an INSCOM element implemented the Gondola Wish program which was designed to integrate the Soviet and East European psychoenergetic intelligence collection threat into the all-source operations security (OPSEC) support scenario." By the spring of 1978 the assistant chief of staff for intelligence, Major General [[Edmund Thompson]], "concluded there was sufficient evidence to warrant the development of a comprehensive program," cancelled Gondola Wish, "placed a complete security envelope over Army's interest in psychoenergetics," and began "a new program directed towards intelligence collection using remote viewing." A message of July 6, 1978, issued "the unclassified code name GRILL FLAME to replace any open reference to US Army involvement in parapsychology." In October 1978 Colonel A. W. Hamel of [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|INSCOM]] was told to find a project officer, and Major [[Murray Watt]] was named on October 27. "There exists no written tasking between OACSI and HQ, INSCOM," the first progress report recorded; three INSCOM men were to be trained at SRI. In parallel the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], after Puthoff's lectures of March 21, 1978, ran twenty sessions of its own to test "confirmation and/or rejection of the SRI remote viewing protocol," renaming "subject" as "remote viewer" and "experiment" as "session," and found that "our replication of the protocol did not result in statistical significance." Its acknowledgments include General [[Lewis Walt]] and the physicist [[Evan Harris Walker]].[^6][^7]
 
-### Code Names and Organizational History
+On February 15, 1979, the Army general counsel found that Grill Flame involved testing on human subjects and halted the AMSAA work. A subcommittee of the surgeon general's review board met on March 26 with Puthoff, Targ, and Colonel Garrison Rapmund of [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research|Walter Reed]] and ruled the SRI work "technology transfer rather than research," while noting that "there clearly is no fixed and formally appointed professional oversight for work being done under 'Grill Flame.'" On November 20, with [[Edwin May]] attending as "Grill Flame Project Leader," it found that the revised protocols "did constitute human use," recommended that consent forms warn subjects they might "lose the esteem or respect from certain colleagues," and noted that some subjects had believed they could use the ability "for personal financial gain in games of chance/investment." The under secretary of the Army approved continuation in April 1980, and the secretary renewed it on January 14, 1981, February 1, 1982, and September 1, 1983. A memorandum of understanding of 1981 set up a Grill Flame committee of two voting members each from DIA and the Army, with 150,000 dollars from INSCOM and 300,000 from DIA in fiscal 1981; Thompson's request of May 8, 1981, to use civilian contractors under Procedure 18 of the Defense Department's intelligence rules was approved on May 27 on condition that the work serve "an important foreign intelligence or counterintelligence purpose."[^7]
 
-Gondola Wish became Grill Flame in late 1978 as the unit transitioned from experimental to operational tasking. McMoneagle, Riley, and Bell became the three full-time viewers designated as the Special Action Branch. The unit received tasking from CIA, NSA, the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], and the [[National Security Council]] during this period. [[Albert Stubblebine]], INSCOM commander from 1981 to 1984, provided command-level protection for the program and was personally convinced of the utility of anomalous human capabilities. Grill Flame viewers were tasked during the 1979-1981 Iran hostage crisis hundreds of times; the relentless monotonous repetition caused viewer burnout that program managers identified as a structural operational problem.
+"During 1979, we conducted 79 operational missions, 43 of which were dedicated to assisting the intelligence community during the Iranian hostage crisis. During 1980 we were able to increase our production to 386 operational missions, 154 of which were still dedicated to Iran." A session report of the [[Iran Hostage Crisis|hostage crisis]] states that it was "conducted in compliance with a request from SOD, J3, OJCS, Pentagon," the special operations division of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], and that "the remote viewer's impressions of the target are provided as raw intelligence data and as such have not been subjected to any intermediate analysis, evaluation or collation." The unit began in 1979 with five people, two of them viewers; "by the end of 1980, we began an advanced training program using the hemispheric synchronization (Hemi-Sync) process developed by [[Robert Monroe|Robert A. Monroe]] and used at the [[Monroe Institute]]," whose tapes INSCOM later asked to write into the protocol, "3-5 times per week," and "in mid 1982, we began a new training program in [[Coordinate Remote Viewing|coordinate remote viewing]] with SRI." In March 1980 the under secretary of defense for research, [[William Perry]], "ordered curtailment of all P6 monies supporting the program."[^7] After Brigadier General [[James Dozier]] was kidnapped in Italy on December 17, 1981, "on 18 December, we conducted our first session"; DIA told the Secretary of Defense that data had gone "to U.S. authorities for discreet release to Italian officials with no source attribution given," adding, "we can not at this time attest to the method's accuracy or usefulness." A drawing from the first session was used by a DIA analyst to brief the commander in Italy "that the search for General Dozier should be concentrated in the Padua area," two days before the rescue there; a session of January 20, 1982, named Padua but "was not forwarded to Italy," because the Italian police "were having difficulty with information they were getting from psychics all over the world." A memorandum in the file records that Dozier was briefed on the program on February 9, 1982, and shown the sketches.[^6][^8][^9]
 
-The program was renamed Center Lane in 1983 following Stubblebine's departure and amid concerns about public profile after a Jack Anderson syndicated newspaper column disclosed the program's existence in 1984. It became Sun Streak in 1985 when DIA took the primary sponsorship role. Puthoff left SRI the same year, and [[Edwin May]], a particle physicist who had joined the SRI program in 1976, became principal investigator and consolidated management under the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory.
+The three-year joint program of fiscal 1981 to 1983 cost 1,475,500 dollars, 962,000 of it from DIA, 313,500 from INSCOM, and 200,000 from DARPA, of which 575,000 went to training. DIA's report of October 19, 1983, found: "Remote viewing is a real phenomenon, and is not degraded by distance or shielding. Remote viewing ability can be improved by appropriate training procedures. Remote viewing has potential for US intelligence applications. However, at this stage of development, descriptive content (e.g., sketches, configurations) is more reliable than analytic content." It reported that INSCOM's viewers "detected the remote site successfully in 50 percent of their projects (89 sites)," and that "a potential threat to US national security exists from foreign achievements in psychoenergetics. In the USSR and in China, this research is well funded." SRI's list of clients served included "a secret NSA facility, including codeword retrieval" and "Soviet R&D facility at Semipalatinsk (PNUTS)."[^3][^10]
 
-The final designation STAR GATE followed the transfer of most contracting from SRI to [[Science Applications International Corporation]] (SAIC) in 1991. May ran the program from SAIC's facilities in Menlo Park, California, maintaining a small operational unit at Fort Meade separately under DIA management.[^1][^3]
+### Center Lane
 
-### Notable Operational Sessions
+In 1981 the ACSI "transferred total management responsibility for the project to INSCOM," and a joint services committee of DIA, the Air Force, and the Army was formed; "the Navy expressed no interest and later the Air Force Chief of Staff directed that the Air Force withdraw." At the end of fiscal 1982 "the budget subcommittee of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (Senator [[Malcolm Wallop|Wallop]]) curtailed all psychoenergetic operational activities conducted by the Army in the National Foreign Intelligence Program." The commander of INSCOM, [[Albert Stubblebine]], "decided to continue INSCOM's project and provide funding with Security and Investigative Activities (S&IA) monies," under "a provisional special access program nicknamed Center Lane," registered as a Department of the Army special access program on September 1, 1983, with a compartment called "Center Lane Level 4." Its mission statement ran: "Conduct intelligence collection and counterintelligence operations utilizing all psychoenergetic processes applicable," and "expand operational capabilities and training beyond the confines of information collection into the fields of psychoenergetic communication and psychokinesis." By the end of fiscal 1984 it had nine operational and two support personnel, and "in the past five years we have conducted over 750 operational intelligence collection missions."[^6]
 
-Soviet Typhoon-class submarine (1979): McMoneagle, working from geographic coordinates only, described a massive submarine under construction at Severodvinsk, accurately characterizing its double hull, canted missile tubes, and approximate dimensions months before public reporting. His prediction that the Soviets would need to dynamite a new channel to launch the vessel was confirmed by subsequent satellite imagery.
+From March 21 to April 20, 1984, the unit "conducted 11 remote viewing interviews at the request of the Central Intelligence Agency" on [[William Buckley]], the station chief kidnapped in [[Beirut]] on March 16: where he was, his condition, his captors, and "CIA point of contact for release negotiation." A CIA memorandum of May 1, 1984, over the title block of the deputy director for operations, stated: "CIA's relationship with the US Army activities covered under the designator of CENTER LANE has been that of a customer. We have no Agency people or funds assigned to or otherwise designated in support of those activities." Its sources "have often 'made contact' far beyond what might be expected by probabilities and coincidence," with "a less than hoped for signal-to-noise ratio and a less than photographic resolution, as well as some outright misses"; "we would like to continue to call upon CENTER LANE." The overview of May 4, 1984, by Lieutenant Colonel Brian Buzby recommended that the work continue within INSCOM. A memorandum chain of November and December 1984 recorded that the fiscal 1983 appropriation language "directed that future parapsychological experimentation be conducted outside the NFIP," that DIA's funds for 1984 and 1985 were 79,000 dollars each for "evaluation of foreign research only," that DARPA had put in 600,000 dollars in 1984, that the Army surgeon general anticipated two million for 1985, and that DIA planned "to detail the operational remote viewing unit from HQDA/INSCOM to DIA."[^10][^11]
 
-Chinese nuclear device at Lop Nor (1979): McMoneagle and Riley independently described an "hourglass on its side" shape as a central design element of a new Chinese nuclear device. Air Force analysts later assessed this as substantially accurate. Both viewers also indicated the device did not successfully detonate, which matched the absence of any detected nuclear test at the site.
+### The Science Panel
 
-B-2 Stealth bomber (opsec tasking, early 1980s): In an Army operations security test - intended to identify information security vulnerabilities in classified programs - Riley described a "strange batlike flying-wing shape" with a "bulbous cockpit" and fiber-optic control mechanisms. The description corresponded to design elements of the then-classified B-2 bomber that the tasking Air Force officials confirmed as accurate but had not expected the remote viewers to perceive.
+A "congressionally directed independent scientific review" met in August and September 1983 and reported on March 1, 1984, over the signatures of W. Ross Adey, [[Donald M. Kerr]], and F. Zachariasen: "The evidence shown to us is too impressive to dismiss as mere coincidence. Certain similarities between the SRI and Princeton results, obtained in very different circumstances by unrelated investigators, are particularly compelling." The panel "found no obvious evidence of cueing or collusion," thought "remote viewing is either real or due to some sort of experimental interference from one or some of the participants," found that "repeated attempts to elicit a rational basis" for [[Ingo Swann]]'s coordinate training "were uniformly unsuccessful," and concluded "that Dr. Puthoff's team warrants cautious continued fiscal support, and that the research should be conducted as much as possible in an open unclassified mode." DIA was still citing the report in 1993.[^12]
 
-Crashed Navy A-6 aircraft (1979): Bell, tasked with locating a downed aircraft, described it as being on something named "bald" at a few hundred miles from Fort Meade. The aircraft was found on Bald Knob in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia.
+### Sun Streak
 
-Skylab reentry zone (1979): McMoneagle accurately identified the reentry trajectory and general debris field of the Skylab station over western Australia. Skylab reentered on July 11, 1979, on a trajectory matching McMoneagle's description.
+"In January 1985, Project GRILL FLAME was transferred to DIA and was placed under the staff cognizance of the former Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence. Moreover, a 5-year psychoenergetics program (FY 1986-1990), using Army medical research and development funds authorized by the then U.S. Army Surgeon General, was begun at SRI," to "document that psychoenergetic phenomena are real and reproducible, to determine the underlying mechanisms, and to bring psychoenergetics research into the mainstream of human performance research." The Fort Meade unit "was transferred to DIA in 1986 when 12 billets were authorized in the GDIP budget for this activity. A Special Access Program (SAP), SUN STREAK, was established in order to protect identity of the individuals." It worked 192 projects from 1986 to 1989. A Military Intelligence Board review of 1989 and 1990 found "potential applications exist for certain project types: counternarcotics (CN), counterterrorism (CT), counterintelligence (CI)," "limited potential" for detailed data, and "low potential" for prediction; in a 1990 Army counternarcotics test, of 32 projects with ground truth "about one third of all projects were judged to have provided data of good quality." The Army surgeon general's money ran 1.9 million dollars in 1985-86, 2.3 million in 1987, 1.15 million in 1988, and one million in 1989. "The effort at SRI was discontinued in 1990."[^13]
 
-Soviet T-72 tank acquisition: Viewers including Riley tracked the movement of a Soviet T-72 tank being covertly acquired by the U.S. government, correctly perceiving the tank on a rail car and later aboard a ship. McMoneagle additionally perceived details of a staged operational cover story for the acquisition.[^1]
+### Star Gate
 
-### 1995 AIR Evaluation and Termination
+"In the FY 1991 Defense Authorization Act, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) was identified as executive agent for initiating a new program to investigate parapsychological/anomalous phenomena. A funding level of $2 million was authorized," repeated in the fiscal 1992 appropriation, which also ordered DIA to "realign 10 civilian billets" and to assess foreign "weaponization." The project "was formally established as a limited dissemination (LIMDIS) project early-on and given the official project name, STAR GATE," and the research went to the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory of [[Science Applications International Corporation]] in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]] under May. DIA's budget paper of March 1995 listed among the customers [[United States Special Operations Command|USSOCOM]], [[United States Central Command|CENTCOM]], the Joint Interagency Task Forces East and West, JTF-6, and the [[El Paso Intelligence Center]], and gave DIA's own funding as 600,000 dollars in 1993, 500,000 in 1994, and 650,000 in 1995; "since FY 1980, the manpower structure devoted to Project STAR GATE remained constant (10 billets)." Congress in fiscal 1994 required a plan "to determine whether the STAR GATE program can show results that are cost-effective," subject "to peer review by neutral scientific experts"; the SAIC contract expired in May 1994 and was twice extended without cost to the end of the year, and 45 SRI and SAIC reports were approved for declassification. SAIC's own assessment, quoted by DIA: "The evidence for a valid information transfer anomaly (anomalous cognition (AC)) meets all recognized statistical and methodological criteria," its size "medium-to-large when compared to other known human behaviors," and "approximately 1 percent of the general population appears to meet strict statistical criteria for exhibiting a robust AC ability."[^14]
 
-In 1995 the CIA commissioned the [[American Institutes for Research]] to evaluate the STAR GATE program. The AIR assigned independent assessments to statistician [[Jessica Utts]] of the University of California, Davis, and skeptic [[Ray Hyman]] of the University of Oregon. Utts concluded that the laboratory data showed a statistically significant anomalous effect - an effect size replicable across independent laboratories - and that the results warranted serious scientific investigation. Hyman concluded that methodological issues in the research, particularly inadequate safeguards against sensory leakage and experimenter bias, made it impossible to accept the results as evidence for remote viewing, though he acknowledged the effect could not be explained by chance.
+"From 1986 to the first quarter of FY 1995, the DoD paranormal psychology program received more than 200 tasks from operational military organizations." Only in 1994 did it adopt a numerical evaluation. By May 1, 1995, its three viewers, all full-time government employees, had answered 40 tasks from five organizations, 26 of them from DIA in support of two joint task forces, others on "North Korean (NK) capabilities and leadership." Of 99 accuracy scores on a six-point scale, 55 were 2s and 3s and 13 were 1s; of 100 value scores on a five-point scale, none was "major significance." The program office concluded: "The utility of RV for operational intelligence collection cannot be substantiated. The ambiguous and subjective nature of the process actually creates a need for additional efforts of questionable operational return."[^15]
 
-The joint AIR report found no demonstrated practical intelligence utility for operational applications. The CIA declassified and terminated the program in November 1995. [[Edwin May]] disputed the AIR operational conclusions, arguing that the evaluation conflated the question of methodologically sound laboratory results with the separate operational question of intelligence utility, and that the program's actual intelligence contributions had not been adequately assessed.[^1][^3]
+### Termination
 
-### Scientific Context and Skepticism
+"In early 1995, Senate conferees directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to transfer the 'Star Gate' program from the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to CIA. Specifically, the conferees directed the transfer of ten civilian billets and $500,000 in Star Gate program resources by July 1, 1995," together with "a technical review of Star Gate going back twenty years, a declassification review, and establishment of a cooperative activity with the Russians in parapsychology." The Senate Appropriations Committee had already required "a retrospective review and technical analysis of the data that has been produced by the program since its inception 20 years ago." DIA told the CIA on May 10 that "any decision on declassification actions regarding Project STAR GATE should be made by the CIA" and that it had "no objection to a declassification of the 'fact of' a DIA program to employ paranormal phenomena for intelligence purposes"; 38 boxes of files were transferred in July and receipted on October 10. The CIA contracted the [[American Institutes for Research]] in June ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), whose report of September 29 it quoted in its management paper: "the information provided by remote viewing is vague and ambiguous, making it difficult if not impossible for the technique to yield information of sufficient quality and accuracy for actionable intelligence," and "it remains unclear whether the existence of a paranormal phenomenon, remote viewing, has been demonstrated." The paper recommended terminating both operations and research, adding that "this does not mean that research in parapsychology is not important or that it should not continue in the public domain," a declassification review of "at least five different programs including Star Gate, Grill Flame, Center Lane, Sun Streak, and SCANATE," some "43 document boxes," and, on the advice of the Directorate of Intelligence and the [[National Intelligence Council]], "no resources to the assessment of foreign developments in parapsychology": "we view developments in parapsychology as a relatively low threat to the United States," and "in none of this Russian research do we see credible evidence of developments that could significantly add to the threat that Russia currently poses."[^14][^16]
 
-The program operated against persistent skepticism within both the scientific community and the intelligence agencies. Program managers used the phrase "Giggle Factor" to describe the reflexive ridicule psi research attracted from mainstream intelligence officers, which limited the program's ability to integrate findings into routine analytical products. Critics including [[James Randi]] and the [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]] argued that the SRI experiments permitted sensory leakage and that positive results reflected inadequate experimental controls rather than genuine psi.
+### Other Accounts
 
-The Soviet justification for U.S. psi research was partly built on a fabricated "Nautilus telepathy experiment" - a story published in a French popular science magazine in 1959 by a journalist who later acknowledged inventing it - which had significantly influenced U.S. policymakers' perception of a Soviet psi gap. Genuine Soviet psi research did exist, conducted through military laboratories and institutions studied in DIA assessments, but its scale and results were difficult for U.S. analysts to independently verify.[^1]
+Other operational sessions are known from the accounts of participants: [[Joe McMoneagle]]'s 1979 description of a large submarine under construction at Severodvinsk, later identified as the Typhoon class; his and [[Mel Riley]]'s "hourglass on its side" for a Chinese device at Lop Nor; Riley's "batlike flying-wing" in an operations security test on the B-2; [[Ken Bell]]'s location of a crashed Navy aircraft on Bald Knob in [[Virginia]]; McMoneagle on Skylab's reentry; and the tracking of a Soviet T-72 tank. The same accounts give the original unit as McMoneagle, Riley, Bell, [[Nancy Stern]], [[Fernand Gauvin]], and [[Hartleigh Trent]], recruited by Captain [[Frederick Atwater]] of the Systems Exploitation Detachment, and a 1984 [[Jack Anderson]] column as the first public disclosure. Targ and Puthoff had published the SRI work in *Nature* in 1974 and in the *Proceedings of the IEEE* in 1976.[^17][^18]
 
 ### Key Personnel
 
 Military figures:
 
-- [[Frederick Atwater|Skip Atwater]] - SED operations officer, recruited original viewers, later president of the [[Monroe Institute]]
-- [[Albert Stubblebine]] - INSCOM commander 1981-1984, program's strongest command-level supporter
-- [[Murray Watt|Murray "Scotty" Watt]] - first commanding officer of the remote viewing unit
+- Skip Atwater - SED operations officer, recruited original viewers, later president of the Monroe Institute
+- Albert Stubblebine - INSCOM commander 1981-1984, program's strongest command-level supporter
+- Murray "Scotty" Watt - first commanding officer of the remote viewing unit
 - [[Robert Keenan]] - SED commander, approved the original program proposal
-- [[Edmund Thompson]] - Major General, approved the Fort Meade program
-- [[Joe McMoneagle]] - Viewer 518, one of the original six, known as the program's most prolific operational viewer
-- [[Mel Riley]] - original viewer, known for artistic rendering of sessions
-- [[Ken Bell]] - original viewer
-- [[Nancy Stern]] - original Army civilian viewer
-- [[Fernand Gauvin]] - original viewer, civilian counterintelligence specialist
-- [[Hartleigh Trent]] - original viewer, former Navy petty officer
+- Edmund Thompson - Major General, approved the Fort Meade program
+- Joe McMoneagle - Viewer 518, one of the original six, known as the program's most prolific operational viewer
+- Mel Riley - original viewer, known for artistic rendering of sessions
+- Ken Bell - original viewer
+- Nancy Stern - original Army civilian viewer
+- Fernand Gauvin - original viewer, civilian counterintelligence specialist
+- Hartleigh Trent - original viewer, former Navy petty officer
 - [[David Morehouse]] - viewer, later wrote *Psychic Warrior* (1996)
 - [[Ed Dames]] - session monitor and analyst, later active in the commercial remote viewing community
 - [[Harry Soyster]] - INSCOM commander who ended Army's direct participation
@@ -106,11 +107,11 @@ Military figures:
 
 Civilian researchers:
 
-- [[Hal Puthoff]] - co-principal investigator, SRI 1972-1985, co-developed coordinate remote viewing protocols with Swann
-- [[Russell Targ]] - co-principal investigator, SRI 1972-1982
-- [[Edwin May]] - principal investigator, SRI 1976-1991, then SAIC Cognitive Sciences Laboratory 1991-1995
-- [[Ingo Swann]] - remote viewer, coined the term "remote viewing," developed the Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) protocol; trained Army viewers including Riley and [[Lyn Buchanan]] beginning in 1984
-- [[Pat Price]] - remote viewer, Semipalatinsk and Sugar Grove sessions; died July 1975
+- Hal Puthoff - co-principal investigator, SRI 1972-1985, co-developed coordinate remote viewing protocols with Swann
+- Russell Targ - co-principal investigator, SRI 1972-1982
+- Edwin May - principal investigator, SRI 1976-1991, then SAIC Cognitive Sciences Laboratory 1991-1995
+- Ingo Swann - remote viewer, coined the term "remote viewing," developed the Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) protocol; trained Army viewers including Riley and [[Lyn Buchanan]] beginning in 1984
+- Pat Price - remote viewer, Semipalatinsk and Sugar Grove sessions; died July 1975
 - [[Uri Geller]] - Israeli psychic tested by SRI under CIA contract 1972-1973
 - [[Hella Hammid]] - photographer, demonstrated exceptional results in SRI blind experiments
 - [[Angela Dellafiora]] - DIA STAR GATE viewer hired 1986, practiced Written Remote Viewing (WRV)
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ Civilian researchers:
 Government officials and liaisons:
 
 - [[Kit Green]] - CIA Life Sciences Division, received Puthoff's 1972 letter, SRI program overseer
-- [[Ken Kress]] - CIA engineer, negotiated the first CIA-SRI psi research contract
+- Ken Kress - CIA engineer, negotiated the first CIA-SRI psi research contract
 - [[Richard Kennett]] - CIA analyst, key liaison and evaluator
 - [[Peter Maris]] - CIA physicist, tasked Price with the Semipalatinsk viewing
 - [[Bill O'Donnell]] - CIA officer who inadvertently provided coordinates for Sugar Grove
@@ -128,46 +129,23 @@ Government officials and liaisons:
 - [[Jessica Utts]] - UC Davis statistician, wrote the AIR evaluation's positive assessment
 - [[Ray Hyman]] - University of Oregon psychologist, wrote the AIR evaluation's skeptical assessment
 
-### Organizational Connections
-
-- [[Stanford Research Institute]] - primary civilian contractor 1972-1991
-- [[Science Applications International Corporation]] (SAIC) - took over most contracting 1991-1995
-- [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] - primary government sponsor through the Sun Streak and STAR GATE phases
-- [[Systems Exploitation Detachment]] - the Army unit that housed the program at Fort Meade
-- [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) - parent command
-- [[Monroe Institute]] - consciousness exploration organization; several program personnel affiliated, including Atwater and McMoneagle (who married into the Monroe family)
-- [[American Institutes for Research]] - conducted the 1995 termination evaluation
-- [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]] - funded Geller's SRI visit; separately funded parapsychology research
-- [[American Society for Psychical Research]] - Swann was a research subject at ASPR before SRI
-
-### Program Timeline
-
-1972: CIA initiates SCANATE program; SRI begins testing psychics under CIA contract, including Ingo Swann and later Pat Price
-
-1974: Price's Semipalatinsk session assessed substantially accurate; *Nature* publishes Puthoff-Targ paper
-
-1976: Remote viewer [[Rosemary Smith]] locates a downed Soviet aircraft; *Proceedings of the IEEE* publishes SRI remote viewing experimental results
-
-1977: Gondola Wish established at Fort Meade; original six viewers recruited
-
-1978: Unit redesignated Grill Flame; operational tasking begins
-
-1979: Typhoon submarine, Chinese nuclear device, Skylab, and A-6 sessions
-
-1980-1981: Hundreds of Iran hostage crisis taskings; viewer burnout identified as operational problem
-
-1983: Redesignated Center Lane following Stubblebine's departure
-
-1984: Jack Anderson column publicly discloses the program's existence
-
-1985: Redesignated Sun Streak; Puthoff leaves SRI, May becomes principal investigator
-
-1991: Contracting transferred primarily to SAIC; redesignated STAR GATE
-
-1995: AIR evaluation delivered; CIA declassifies and terminates program in November
-
 ### Footnotes
 
-[^1]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997. Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
-[^2]: Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research." *Proceedings of the IEEE* 64, no. 3 (March 1976): 329-354. Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transfer under Conditions of Sensory Shielding." *Nature* 251 (October 18, 1974): 602-607.
-[^3]: Utts, Jessica. "An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning." *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 10, no. 1 (1996): 3-30. Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of a Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena." *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 10, no. 1 (1996): 31-58. May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary." *Journal of Parapsychology* 60 (1996): 3-23.
+[^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Proposed Star Gate Management Strategy," c. October 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100150002-0; Defense Intelligence Agency, "Declassification and Cooperation in Response to Congressionally Directed STAR GATE Program Review," May 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100010001-6, and "Transfer of Project STAR GATE Files," October 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200290001-5.
+[^2]: Kress, Kenneth A. "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 21, no. 4, winter 1977, declassified 2011, document NSA-RDP96X00790R000100010031-3.
+[^3]: Puthoff, H. E., and L. A. Lavelle, "Project Grill Flame Operational Tasks," SRI International for DIA/DT-5A, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100340001-3. Puthoff, H. E. "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 63-76.
+[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Summary RV URDF-3 Experiment," c. 1974-75, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100500001-2. Kress cites Strand, W. T., memorandum for the Director of OTS, "Evaluation of Data on Semipalatinsk Unidentified R&D Facility No. 5, USSR," August 20, 1974, and Stillman, D., Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, "An Analysis of a Remote Viewing Experiment of URDF-3," December 4, 1975 (CIA-RDP96-00791R000200240001-0).
+[^5]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "FY 1995 Congressional Budget - Star Gate," March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010003-2.
+[^6]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "Briefing - Project Center Lane," c. 1984, CIA document CIA-RDP96-00789R002100180002-8.
+[^7]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "The US Army's Interest in Psychoenergetics," undated, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100370005-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "INSCOM Project Grill Flame: Progress Report #1," memorandum for the record, February 21, 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100070001-3. US Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity, "Project Grill Flame AMSAA Phase I Efforts," Interim Note No. 15, July 1979, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100080005-8. "Human Use Review of Project Grill Flame," memoranda of 1979 to 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440028-3; Defense Intelligence Agency, "Grill Flame - Action Memorandum," December 11, 1981, with the Grill Flame memorandum of understanding and the memorandum of Major General E. R. Thompson of May 8, 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100240001-4.
+[^8]: "Iran Hostage Situation Grill Flame RV Session CC12, Viewer 27.5," c. 1980, CIA-RDP96-00788R000800070001-7, one of about 250 session reports in the collection. Buzby, Brian, Lieutenant Colonel, "Purpose: To Provide an Overview of Center Lane," May 4, 1984, with the summary of information on the Buckley case and the CIA memorandum "Comments on Recent CENTER LANE Experience," May 1, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220003-8; "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM Grill Flame Protocol," c. 1981-83, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.
+[^9]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Special Intelligence Support Relating to the Kidnapping of BG Dozier," information memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, December 1981, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130001-1; "1983 Briefing Papers - Use of Center Lane, Relocation of BG Dozier in Italy," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700370002-3. "Conversation with BG Dozier," February 22, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000700130019-2, and "Debriefing, B.G. Dozier, Tape 1102, Grill Flame," February 9, 1982, CIA-RDP96-00788R000100250014-0, both known from the index and not read.
+[^10]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "Grill Flame Project Report," October 19, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001000410001-6; "Grill Flame - Activity," memoranda of November 21 to December 4, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800070002-5.
+[^11]: Buzby, Brian, Lieutenant Colonel, "Purpose: To Provide an Overview of Center Lane," May 4, 1984, with the summary of information on the Buckley case and the CIA memorandum "Comments on Recent CENTER LANE Experience," May 1, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700220003-8; "Request for Administrative Review of INSCOM Grill Flame Protocol," c. 1981-83, CIA-RDP96-00788R001100200005-4.
+[^12]: "Science Panel Report: SRI Studies in Remote Viewing: A Program Review," March 1, 1984, signed by W. Ross Adey, Donald M. Kerr, and F. Zachariasen, reproduced as appendix B of Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," DTI-S-1056-SL, April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2.
+[^13]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "FY 1995 Congressional Budget - Star Gate," March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010003-2. Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2.
+[^14]: Defense Intelligence Agency, "Star Gate Project: An Overview," April 30, 1993, CIA-RDP96-00789R002800180001-2. Defense Intelligence Agency, "FY 1995 Congressional Budget - Star Gate," March 15, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000300010003-2.
+[^15]: "Summary Report. Star Gate Operational Tasking and Evaluation (An Extract)," 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200300002-2.
+[^16]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Proposed Star Gate Management Strategy," c. October 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100150002-0; Defense Intelligence Agency, "Declassification and Cooperation in Response to Congressionally Directed STAR GATE Program Review," May 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100010001-6, and "Transfer of Project STAR GATE Files," October 10, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200290001-5. All CIA documents cited are in the STARGATE collection of the CIA FOIA Reading Room and were read in the archive.org mirror of that collection (archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-<id>).
+[^17]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* Dell, 1997; Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis.* Little, Brown, 2017; McMoneagle, Joseph. *The Stargate Chronicles.* Hampton Roads, 2002. Participant and journalistic accounts, not verified against the documents.
+[^18]: Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff. "Information Transfer under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," *Nature,* vol. 251, October 18, 1974, pp. 602-607; Puthoff, Harold E., and Russell Targ. "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer over Kilometer Distances," *Proceedings of the IEEE,* vol. 64, no. 3, March 1976, pp. 329-354.

40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+---
+category: "Intelligence Scandal"
+tags:
+  - Event
+  - AIREvaluation
+  - StarGate
+  - RemoteViewing
+  - CIA
+  - DIA
+  - AmericanInstitutesForResearch
+  - JessicaUtts
+  - RayHyman
+alias:
+  - AIR evaluation
+  - An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications
+summary: "The CIA-commissioned 1995 review of the DIA's Star Gate remote-viewing program, delivered September 29, 1995, which found a statistically significant laboratory anomaly and no intelligence value, and recommended against continuing operations."
+start: 1995-06-01
+end: 1995-11-28
+location: "Washington, D.C."
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+In 1995, following a directive from Congress, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] took custody of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]]'s [[STARGATE PROJECT|Star Gate]] program, "which involved the use of paranormal phenomena, primarily 'remote viewing,' for intelligence collection," declassified its own parapsychology work of the 1970s "in order to facilitate a new, external review," and in June contracted the [[American Institutes for Research]] through its Office of Research and Development to evaluate it. The program had three parts: "'Operations,' using remote viewing to collect intelligence against foreign targets; 'Research and Development,' using laboratory studies to find new ways to improve remote viewing for use in the intelligence world; and 'Foreign Assessment,' the analysis of foreign activities to develop or exploit the paranormal." The foreign assessment part was excluded from the review. Operations "continued until the Spring of 1995, when the program was suspended."[^1]
+
+### The Panel
+
+The research review was given to two outside reviewers, [[Jessica Utts]], professor of statistics at the [[University of California, Davis]] and statistical editor of the *Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research*, and [[Ray Hyman]], professor of psychology at the [[University of Oregon]], who had served on the National Research Council committee on human performance; Lincoln Moses of [[Stanford University]] advised on statistics and David Goslin, president of AIR, coordinated. The CIA transferred "all reports and documents relevant to the review," about 80 publications; one document "remained classified during the period of this review," and Michael Mumford of AIR read it and gave the panel an unclassified synopsis. The principal investigator of the research contract, [[Edwin May]], was asked to list the studies "which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 National Research Council report. Hyman wrote afterward: "May helped identify the ten best studies for Utts and me to evaluate." The operational review was done by AIR's own psychologists, who interviewed seven representatives of customer organizations, three remote viewers, and the program manager in July and August 1995.[^1][^2]
+
+### The Research Reviews
+
+Utts's report of September 1 opened: "Using the standards applied to any other area of science, it is concluded that psychic functioning has been well established. The statistical results of the studies examined are far beyond what is expected by chance. Arguments that these results could be due to methodological flaws in the experiments are soundly refuted." She put the effect "in the range between what social scientists call a small and medium effect," cited the 1988 analysis of all 154 experiments at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] from 1973, "over 26,000 individual trials" and 227 subjects, with a p-value "less than 10^-20," and tabulated May's ten [[Science Applications International Corporation|SAIC]] experiments: among them "Entropy II," 90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8, and "AC with binary coding," 40 trials, effect size −0.067. Novices at SRI showed an effect size of 0.164 against 0.17 for novices in the ganzfeld experiments at the [[Psychophysical Research Laboratories]]; experienced viewers 0.385 against 0.35. She recommended that "future experiments focus on understanding how this phenomenon works," since "there is little benefit to continuing experiments designed to offer proof."[^3]
+
+Hyman's report of September 11 confined itself to the ten SAIC experiments, "the only ones for which we have adequate documentation." He and Utts "both agree that the SAIC experiments were free of the methodological weaknesses that plagued the early SRI research" and "that the effect sizes reported in the SAIC experiments are too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes," and disagreed on whether the effects established anomalous cognition, whether flaws had been eliminated, and whether the results matched other laboratories; he answered no to all three, noting that "ten experiments, especially from one laboratory," were "far too few." On operations he recorded May's own estimate that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," so that "80% of all the information supplied by this talented viewer will be erroneous," and warned that "subjective validation is well known to generate compelling, but false, convictions." Utts replied that the whole of parapsychology's funding since 1882 was "at best equivalent to the expenditures devoted to fewer than two months of research in conventional psychology," and that the Physicians Health Study of aspirin, with 22,000 men, "had it been conducted on only 2,200 men with the same reduction in heart attacks, would not have achieved statistical significance." AIR's synthesis found that "the two reviewers agreed far more than they disagreed" and that "most if not all significant findings have been obtained by using the same remote viewers, the same judge, the same target set, and the same scoring procedures," the judge being "apparently the Principal Investigator."[^1][^4]
+
+### The Operational Review
+
+The end users said the information was "stated in broad, vague terms," accurate "with regard to general stereotypical characteristics," inaccurate "with regard to concrete specifics," and inconsistent between viewers; "the viewings were never used as a primary source of evidence in making decisions." The viewers told AIR "that their written reports were occasionally inconsistent with their viewings. They themselves considered it appropriate to make the written reports consistent with known characteristics of the target," and "that previous managers also changed viewers' reports." Customer evaluations had been collected since 1994 for forty viewings: on a six-point accuracy scale the mean was 3.0, on a five-point value scale 3.5, and all three viewers scored within a tenth of a standard deviation of each other. Two organizations, "one concerned with tracking people and one concerned with combat intelligence," reported better results, where "the viewers had substantial general background information concerning the targets." A separate government review of the same forty tasks, printed as an appendix, found that "normally, much of the data provided by the RV(s) is either wrong or irrelevant although one cannot always tell which is which without further investigation," that scores were higher where targets were specific, "e.g., the North Korean targets," and that "as an admitted neophyte in this area of endeavor, I categorize the field as a kind of religion." Its own appendix is marked missing from the declassified copy.[^5]
+
+### Conclusions
+
+The report found "a statistically significant 'anomaly'" in the laboratory, no "convincing demonstration that a paranormal ability is involved," no identification of "the nature and source of the effect," and "no evidence that the phenomenon would prove useful in intelligence gathering." Its history of the program stated that "CIA's program began in 1972, but was discontinued in 1977," and that "DIA's direct involvement began about 1985." It observed of "some well-publicized cases of dramatic hits" that "there is reason to suspect that substantially more background information was available than one might at first assume." The last line of the body read: "Continued support for the operational component of the current program is not justified." Hyman wrote in 1996 that "because of some controversies within the program, a Senate committee decided to transfer the program from the DIA back to the CIA," that the operations program "involved six, and later three, psychics on the government payroll who were available to any government agency that wanted to use their services," and that the panel "all agreed that any scientifically meaningful evaluation of these operational psychic intelligence uses was impossible." [[Hal Puthoff]] quoted the report's count of "more than 200 tasks from operational military organizations" between 1986 and the first quarter of fiscal 1995, and cited a CIA public affairs statement on remote viewing of September 6, 1995. May's commentary of 1996 gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^6]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. E-1 to E-5, 1-4 to 1-5, 2-1 to 2-8 and note 2, 3-80 to 3-84. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf
+[^2]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.
+[^3]: Utts, Jessica. "An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning," September 1, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-2 to 3-40, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-30. Pages 3-2, 3-3, 3-9, 3-14 to 3-19 of the report.
+[^4]: Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena," September 11, 1995, reproduced in the AIR report, pp. 3-41 to 3-75, and published in *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 31-58. Pages 3-41 to 3-44, 3-67, 3-72 to 3-79 of the report, including Utts's "Response to Ray Hyman's Report of September 11, 1995."
+[^5]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 4-7 to 4-15 and appendix D, pp. D-12 to D-16.
+[^6]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 1-4, 3-84, 5-1 to 5-5; Hyman, Ray. "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-Year Program on Psychic Spying," *Skeptical Inquirer,* March-April 1996, pp. 21-23.; Puthoff, H. E. "CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research Institute," *Journal of Scientific Exploration,* vol. 10, no. 1, 1996, pp. 63-76., note 10 and reference 1; May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract only.