vault backup: 2026-09-21 20:24:41

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Armando Fernandez Larios.md

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
----
-category: "Intelligence & Government"
-tags:
-  - Person
-  - ArmandoFernandezLarios
-  - DINA
-  - Chile
-  - OrlandoLetelier
-  - CaravanOfDeath
-  - PleaBargain
-  - ImmigrationAndCustomsEnforcement
-alias:
-  - Armando Fernández Larios
-  - Alejandro Romeral
-summary: "Chilean army officer of the 1973 Caravan of Death and DINA's advance man in the Letelier murder, who defected to the United States in 1987, served five months, and was detained by ICE in 2025."
-location: "Florida, United States"
-created: 2026-09-21
-updated: 2026-09-21
----
-
-Armando Fernández Larios was an officer of the [[Chile|Chilean]] army and of [[DINA]]. He left the army in January 1987 with the rank of major and has lived since in the [[United States]].[^1]
-
-### The Caravan of Death
-
-In October 1973 he was one of the squad of General [[Sergio Arellano Stark]] that toured provincial garrisons removing prisoners for execution. A federal appeals court recorded that on October 17 at [[Copiapó]] the squad chose thirteen prisoners, "drove the thirteen prisoners ten minutes outside of Copiapo toward the City of La Serena, ordered the prisoners out of the truck, and executed each by gunfire or by stabbing." The economist [[Winston Cabello]] "refused to leave the truck and was stabbed to death by Fernandez who slashed Cabello with a corvo, a short, curved knife that is designed to inflict fatal wounds while causing a prolonged and painful death." Fernández denied at trial that he had been present. In 2003 a federal jury awarded Cabello's family four million dollars under the [[Alien Tort Claims Act]] and the [[Torture Victim Protection Act]], and the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|Eleventh Circuit]] affirmed in 2005.[^1]
-
-### Letelier
-
-In July 1976 Fernández and [[Michael Townley]] went to [[Paraguay]] for false passports in the names Alejandro Romeral and Juan Williams, which Ambassador [[George Landau]] photographed. That September he went ahead of Townley to Washington to watch [[Orlando Letelier]], and met Townley at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|Kennedy Airport]] on September 9. Letelier and [[Ronni Moffitt]] were killed on September 21. A Washington grand jury indicted Fernández in 1978 with [[Manuel Contreras]] and [[Pedro Espinoza]], and Chile refused to extradite them.[^2]
-
-### The 1987 Arrangement
-
-In mid-January 1987 he met American officials secretly in [[Santiago]] for ten hours. He left for [[Brazil]] on January 22, was questioned there by officers of the [[Department of State|State Department]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], and was brought to the United States. Polygraph examinations found "consistent signs of deception" in his denial that he had known the purpose of the mission. A [[State Department]] memorandum of January 26 declared that "Fernandez is not a murderer" and that "the foreign policy benefits are substantial." On February 4 he pleaded guilty before Judge [[Barrington Parker]] to being an accessory after the fact. The government promised that it "would neither seek to deport [him] to Chile nor to cooperate in his extradition to Chile." Parker sentenced him on May 6 to up to seven years. In July the State Department's lawyer [[Michael Kozak]] wrote to the parole commission: "I personally have come to know Mr. Fernandez Larios and his character well." He was paroled on September 11, 1987, after five months.[^1][^2]
-
-In 2005 he applied without success for the visa given to foreign informants. On October 27, 2025, agents of [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] detained him in [[Florida]] and held him at the [[Krome Detention Center]], and in January 2026 the [[Department of Homeland Security]] put him on a published list of the "worst of the worst." He petitioned for habeas corpus on February 20, pleading the promise of 1987. Chief Judge [[Cecilia Altonaga]] ordered the government to answer by March 19. It released him that day instead, and she dismissed the case as moot on March 30.[^2]
-
-### Footnotes
-
-[^1]: Cabello v. Fernandez-Larios, 402 F.3d 1148 (11th Cir. 2005).
-[^2]: Kornbluh, Peter, and Sebastian Santana. "'Worst of the Worst': ICE and the Case of Chilean Intelligence Operative Armando Fernandez Larios," National Security Archive, July 10, 2026. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2026-07-10/worst-worst-ice-and-case-chilean-intelligence-operative-armando

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Arthur Hanes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - ArthurHanes
+  - FBI
+  - CIA
+  - Birmingham
+  - JamesEarlRay
+  - BayOfPigs
+alias:
+  - Arthur J. Hanes
+  - Arthur Hanes Sr.
+summary: "Former FBI agent, CIA confidential correspondent from 1952 to 1959 and recruiter of Alabama Guard pilots for the Bay of Pigs, mayor of Birmingham with Bull Connor, and James Earl Ray's first lawyer."
+location: "Birmingham, Alabama"
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+Arthur J. Hanes was a special agent of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and from August 1951 to November 1961 a contract administrator at the [[Hayes Aircraft Corporation]] of [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]. He was elected mayor of Birmingham and served during the 1963 demonstrations with the police commissioner, [[Bull Connor]].[^1]
+
+### The Agency
+
+A memorandum of the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] signed by [[James O'Connell]] on October 15, 1968, records: "From May 1952 through February 1959, Hanes served as a Confidential Correspondent with this Office. He resigned due to the pressure of his regular employment." On August 14, 1961, the general counsel's office "received a covert security clearance" to use him on its Cleared Attorneys Panel. "It is believed that Hanes was instrumental in recruiting several [[Alabama Air National Guard|Alabama National Guard]] pilots during the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay of Pigs]] incident. Several lost their lives during this period." The memorandum was prompted by word that a *[[New York Times]]* reporter was writing on "the use of Hanes by the Agency in connection with the recruitment of pilots." It closed: "There is no current Agency interest in Mr. Hanes."[^1]
+
+### Ray
+
+In July 1968, while [[James Earl Ray]] awaited extradition in [[London]], Hanes and his son met him there. On July 5 Ray signed a power of attorney and an agreement, supplied by the writer [[William Bradford Huie]], giving Hanes 40 percent of what Ray would receive from Huie's book. Three days later Hanes, Ray, and Huie contracted for Huie to pay Ray and Hanes each 30 percent of his receipts. Ray dismissed Hanes in November 1968 for [[Percy Foreman]]. Huie paid Hanes 30,000 dollars in fees and expenses and 1,000 dollars for an article, "For Conspiracy."[^2]
+
+The Sixth Circuit recited in 1974 that Hanes "was apparently concerned about whether Ray would be able to pay his fee. Consequently, he was receptive to the suggestion of author William Bradford Huie." The London agreements gave Hanes "complete power of attorney for Ray" and made him "exclusive agent and attorney" for the sale "of any and all rights to information or privacy which he may have in and to his life." Ray alleged that when he asked for a professional investigator Hanes refused, that Hanes said "Why give testimony away when we can sell it?" and that Hanes would not seek a continuance "because the contract with Huie provided that they must go to trial within a certain number of days." The court: "The entire record reeks with ethical, moral and professional irregularities."[^3]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, memorandum for the record, "HANES, Arthur J.," October 15, 1968, signed James P. O'Connell, Deputy Director of Security. Record 104-10117-10312, National Archives, released July 21, 2025.
+[^2]: *Ray v. Rose,* 535 F.2d 966 (6th Cir. 1976); *Ray v. Foreman,* 441 F.2d 1266 (6th Cir. 1971).
+[^3]: *Ray v. Rose,* 491 F.2d 285 (6th Cir. 1974).

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/George de Mohrenschildt.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ George Sergius de Mohrenschildt (April 17, 1911 - March 29, 1977) was a Russian-
 
 ### Background
 
-De Mohrenschildt was born in Mozyr, Czarist Russia, to a noble family with oil industry connections; his father managed Nobel family oil interests in Baku. He emigrated to the [[United States]] in 1938 via [[Belgium]] and [[France]]. A [[Department of State|State Department]] "lookout" notation dated October 8, 1942, flagged him as a possible Nazi agent; he was expelled from [[Mexico]] as persona non grata in 1942. He subsequently earned a doctorate in petroleum geology from the University of Texas and taught at Texas colleges while working as an independent petroleum consultant, accumulating a broad social network in Dallas spanning the White Russian emigre community, the Texas oil industry, and, through his travels, U.S. government contacts.[^1]
+De Mohrenschildt was born in Mozyr, Czarist Russia, to a noble family with oil industry connections; his father managed Nobel family oil interests in Baku. He emigrated to the [[United States]] in 1938 via [[Belgium]] and [[France]]. A [[Department of State|State Department]] "lookout" notation dated October 8, 1942, flagged him as a possible Nazi agent; he was expelled from [[Mexico]] as persona non grata in 1942. He subsequently earned a doctorate in petroleum geology from the [[University of Texas]] and taught at Texas colleges while working as an independent petroleum consultant, accumulating a broad social network in Dallas spanning the White Russian emigre community, the Texas oil industry, and, through his travels, U.S. government contacts.[^1]
 
 ### CIA Contact: J. Walton Moore
 

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Howard Hunt.md

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Hunt also managed the political exile leadership, working to maintain cohesion a
 
 ### Bay of Pigs
 
-Hunt was assigned as the CIA's political officer for the Bay of Pigs invasion, responsible for the Cuban Revolutionary Council - the exile political organization that would form a provisional government after the expected overthrow of [[Fidel Castro]]. He worked with the exile leadership in [[Miami]] and later in [[New York]], managing their political expectations and organizational disputes.
+Hunt was assigned as the CIA's political officer for the Bay of Pigs invasion, responsible for the [[Cuban Revolutionary Council]] - the exile political organization that would form a provisional government after the expected overthrow of [[Fidel Castro]]. He worked with the exile leadership in [[Miami]] and later in [[New York]], managing their political expectations and organizational disputes.
 
 The Bay of Pigs was a catastrophic failure, and Hunt's political operation collapsed along with the military operation. The exile political leadership was not told the operation was under way until it had already failed, and Hunt's management of their expectations was blamed by exile leaders for contributing to the political disorder. His role in the operation was not publicly acknowledged.[^1]
 
@@ -66,6 +66,10 @@ On the night of June 17, 1972, Hunt organized and directed the team that broke i
 
 Hunt was convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping and sentenced to 35 years, subsequently reduced. He served approximately 33 months in federal prison. His wife Dorothy died in a plane crash in December 1972, with some researchers suggesting the crash was not accidental; the official ruling was that it was an accident.[^7]
 
+The [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] reported to the inspector general on May 22, 1975, for the [[Church Committee]], that in November 1963 Hunt "was assigned to DDP/CA Staff, Office of the Chief, Headquarters; however, apparently Mr. Hunt had collateral duties with DDP/Domestic Operations Division/Facilities Branch," from November 1961 to February 1965, and that "neither Mr. Hunt nor Mr. McCord were in charge of Mexican operations at the time of the Kennedy assassination."[^8]
+
+Helms's secretary [[Elizabeth Dunlevy]] testified in 1974 that Hunt "had always been grateful to her for arranging a loan in connection with the terrible financial strain involving his daughter"; the agency's observer noted that Helms had placed the call that produced a loan of about 12,000 dollars.[^9]
+
 ### Kennedy Assassination Statements
 
 In his final years, Hunt made a series of statements about the Kennedy assassination that attracted significant attention. In a 2007 article in *Rolling Stone* based on a recorded conversation with his son Saint John Hunt, Hunt implicated several CIA figures - including [[Cord Meyer]] and [[David Phillips]] - as having known about or participated in a conspiracy. Hunt's account was inconsistent across tellings and was disputed by the individuals named; his health had declined severely before the statements were made.
@@ -83,3 +87,5 @@ Hunt died of pneumonia on January 23, 2007, in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]].[^1]
 [^5]: "E. Howard Hunt: Utilization by Central Cover Staff," 1970, CIA Reading Room document C00660613; Gahagen, Robert D., "Request for CSA concerning E. Howard Hunt," June 3, 1970, C00297384; "Letter of Recommendation Written by Mr. Helms," July 20, 1973, C00609297.
 [^6]: House Committee on Armed Services, Special Subcommittee on Intelligence, *Inquiry into the Alleged Involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters,* 93rd Cong., 1973; Ruth, Henry S., Jr., letter to John S. Warner, July 26, 1973, C01482382; "Inquiry Regarding Possible ITT Association with CIA and Robert R. Mullen and Company," August 7, 1973, C01367838.
 [^7]: Summers, Anthony. *The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon.* Viking, 2000. Hougan, Jim. *Secret Agenda: Watergate, Deep Throat, and the CIA.* Random House, 1984.
+[^8]: Kane, Charles W., Director of Security. Memorandum for the Inspector General, "Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Operations, Request," May 22, 1975, JFK record 104-10106-10619.
+[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, memorandum for the record, "Select Committee Testimony of 6 February 1974," OLC 74-0197, February 6, 1974. CIA Reading Room, document 01474420.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/James McCord.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+---
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - JamesMcCord
+  - Watergate
+  - CIA
+  - CIAOfficeOfSecurity
+  - LeePennington
+alias:
+  - James W. McCord Jr.
+  - James W. McCord
+summary: "CIA Office of Security officer from 1951 to 1970, arrested inside the Watergate in June 1972, whose letter to Judge Sirica broke the cover-up and whose papers a paid CIA informant watched being burned."
+born: 1924-01-26
+died: 2017-06-15
+location: "Rockville, Maryland"
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+James Walter McCord Jr. was born at [[Waurika, Oklahoma]], on January 26, 1924, and finished high school at [[Electra, Texas]], in 1940. He kept books at the Electra State Bank, joined the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] in March 1942 as a radio technician, served as a bombardier in the Army Air Corps from November 1943 to November 1945, took a business degree at the [[University of Texas]] in 1948, and was an FBI special agent in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[San Diego]], and [[San Francisco]] from October 1948 to February 1951. He joined the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] on August 22, 1951, and served in the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] until August 31, 1970. The agency's summary of his service records two years as an investigator, seven years "engaged in research and report writing," appointment in May 1957 as deputy chief "of a research staff of some six professional and clerical personnel," two years abroad as "Chief of a regional staff of some ten professional and clerical personnel providing a full spectrum of security support," a year at the [[Air War College]] from August 1964, command of the technical security division from 1965 to 1968, "some 40 professional and clerical personnel," and from October 1968 command of the physical security division of about 70, which "produced for the Agency a physical security posture of pre-eminent quality within the US Government." A personnel form of July 2, 1970, records his separation as "Retirement (Involuntary) Under CIA Retirement and Disability System," at grade GS-15, step 8, salary 24,228 dollars, "pursuant to a request from the Head of the Security Career Service." [[Richard Helms]] wrote to him at Rockville on August 19: "Your faithful and loyal support has measured up to the high ideals and traditions of the Federal service."[^1] On an [[Atomic Energy Commission]] security questionnaire of May 1962 he reported official trips to Britain and the Continent every year from 1955 to 1961.[^2] An agency cable after his arrest shows it had been "concerned with McCord's emotional stability prior to his retirement."[^3]
+
+From June 1962 to June 1964 he was chief of the agency's Regional Security Support Staff in [[Frankfurt]]. The director of security told the inspector general in 1975, answering a question from the [[Church Committee]], that "neither Mr. Hunt nor Mr. McCord were in charge of Mexican operations at the time of the Kennedy assassination."[^4]
+
+### The Arrest
+
+McCord was among the five men arrested inside the [[Democratic National Committee]] offices at the [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] on June 17, 1972. "On June 17, 1972, I recorded on the Metropolitan Police records the fact of my CIA retirement," he wrote in 1974. "There was no effort made to hide that fact." The agency's cables of the same day record that [[Michael Mastrovito]] of the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] "agreed to downplay McCord's Agency employment." In the days after, [[Lee Pennington]], a retired FBI inspector paid by the Office of Security, visited Mrs. McCord and "found her burning papers and documents." Pennington's report reached the agency, was written up, and "for more than a year and a half, it lay in the CIA files like a paper bomb." In November and December 1972 Pennington gave his case officer "a memorandum allegedly written by McCord about [[Jack Anderson]] and others."[^3][^5]
+
+### Havana
+
+In July 1974 the agency's operations directorate examined whether McCord had had a part in the effort to free three officers of its [[Technical Services Division]] "who were jailed as a result of the [[Xinhua News Agency|NCNA]] Havana audio operation compromise." [[Ted Shackley]], chief of the East Asia Division, reported on July 5 that the operation against the New China News Agency in [[Havana]] was STESCALADE, that a similar one against the [[Bank of China]] there, STVOLUME, "was planned but never executed," that the files "contain no reference to McCord," that a further file of "sensitive non-CS record material" on the operation existed but was not accessible to his division, and that a contingency plan "for the provision of black air transport for the three TDS detainees in the event of their release" named no one. A Western Hemisphere officer on the file thought it "plausible" that "the Office of Security and TSD might have tried to work something out in terms of a rescue operation." A note on the routing sheet reads: "O/Sec has turned up material on McCord's involvement and we will be getting a memo on this. Something should go forward from O/Sec to FBI correcting our earlier reports to the Bureau, per DCI instructions." The officer who traced the file asked "that he not be credited as the source of this."[^6]
+
+### The Letter
+
+In March 1973, awaiting sentence, McCord wrote to Judge [[John Sirica]] that "there was political pressure applied to the defendants to plead guilty and remain silent," that "perjury occurred during the trial," and that "others involved in the Watergate operation were not identified during the trial." He wrote that members of his family "have expressed fear for my life if I disclose knowledge of the facts in this matter."[^7]
+
+### The Letters to Langley
+
+On July 29, 1972, McCord "sent an unsigned letter to Mr. Richard Helms, then Director of Central Intelligence, enclosing correspondence purportedly addressed to his attorney expressing concern over a 'ploy' to lay Watergate at the doorstep of CIA." From December 22, 1972, he wrote a series of unsigned letters to [[Paul Gaynor]] of the Security Research Staff, "with whom McCord was formerly associated," referring to the "tremendous pressure" to put the operation on the CIA, "alleged wiretaps on his home, McCord's decision to release his lawyer, and more litany on attempts to involve the CIA in the Watergate." The agency "retained this correspondence on file, recognizing that it came from McCord, but nothing was done to bring it to light until after the subcommittee commenced its hearings on May 11, 1973." McCord told the subcommittee that at the Monocle restaurant on December 21, 1972, his lawyer Gerald Alch had proposed a CIA defense, "that they would doctor McCord's CIA records to show a recall to duty; that the new Director, Dr. Schlesinger, 'would go along with it.'" Alch denied it "in the strongest of terms" and said Hunt's lawyer [[William Bittman]] had first raised such a defense. "This subcommittee cannot unravel the direct conflict of evidence in the testimony of Mr. McCord and Mr. Alch."[^8]
+
+### Pennington
+
+The Senate committee's minority staff, under Senator [[Howard Baker]], found that the agency "had in its possession, as early as June of 1972, information that one of their paid" informants had witnessed the destruction "of documents which might show a link between McCord and the CIA," and that when the FBI asked in August 1972 about a "Pennington" the agency answered with the name of a different employee. The information reached the committee only on February 22, 1974, after an employee of the Personnel Security Division copied the memoranda into his own safe for fear they would be destroyed. A five-inch reel of tape labeled "McCord Incident/18-19 June 1972" was found in the Office of Security on March 1, 1974, and had not been played for the committee when it reported. [[Howard Osborn]], the director of security, retired on February 26.[^3]
+
+McCord answered the *[[Washington Star]]* on July 3, 1974: "There was no breaking and entering, no burglary, and no destruction of evidence. This 60-year old gentleman, Lee Pennington, was a personal friend; he came over to bring food to my family; they invited him in; he destroyed no evidence; and in fact the documents in question, the papers in my CIA retirement folder, were still there when I returned home three days later." He copied the letter to Pennington, who "is planning legal action against your publication."[^5]
+
+In June 1976 McCord asked the agency under the Freedom of Information Act for documents and "a copy of a deposition which according to the request the DCI is to present to a District Court on 8 July 1976" in the suit of [[R. Spencer Oliver]], the Democratic official whose telephone had been tapped at the Watergate, against the [[Committee to Re-elect the President]]. The privacy staff found that "no one is aware of what McCord is referring to." [[Bruce Solie]] of the Office of Security identified Oliver for them from a 1972 newspaper article, and noted that "action by the Office of Security may be later requested if it is determined that the DCI or the Agency has any involvement in the 'Spencer Oliver vs. CREEP' lawsuit."[^9]
+
+McCord died at his home in [[Douglassville, Pennsylvania]] on June 15, 2017, at 93. His death was not reported for nearly two years.[^10]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Summary of Agency Employment, James W. McCord, Jr.," August 31, 1970, JFK record 104-10123-10387; request for personnel action, July 2, 1970, JFK record 104-10123-10394; Helms, Richard, letter to James W. McCord Jr., August 19, 1970, JFK record 104-10123-10372.
+[^2]: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, personnel security questionnaire of James Walter McCord Jr., May 20, 1962, JFK record 104-10123-10337; CIA clearance sheet, July 10, 1958, JFK record 104-10123-10334.
+[^3]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, minority staff, "CIA Investigation," memorandum of Senator Howard H. Baker Jr., 1974, later printed in *Final Report,* S. Rept. 93-981, pp. 1115-1165. CIA Reading Room copy, document 01481990.
+[^4]: Kane, Charles W., Director of Security. Memorandum for the Inspector General, "Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Operations, Request," May 22, 1975, JFK record 104-10106-10619.
+[^5]: McCord, James W., Jr. Letter to the editor, *Washington Star-News,* July 3, 1974. CIA Reading Room, document 01482011.
+[^6]: Shackley, Theodore G., Chief, East Asia Division. Memorandum for the Deputy Director for Operations, "James McCord Involvement in Cuban Operations," July 5, 1974, with routing sheet and note of July 2, 1974, JFK record 104-10095-10272.
+[^7]: McCord, James W., Jr. Letter to Judge John J. Sirica, March 1973, as quoted in contemporaneous press reports.
+[^8]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, Special Subcommittee on Intelligence. *Inquiry into the Alleged Involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters.* 93rd Cong., 1st sess., October 23, 1973
+[^9]: Solie, Bruce L., Chief, Security Analysis Group. Memorandum for the file, "McCord, James Walter, Jr.," June 23, 1976, JFK record 104-10123-10362.
+[^10]: "Watergate burglar James McCord died in 2017, and no one noticed," *San Francisco Chronicle,* 2019.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lawrence Houston.md

@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ On May 7, 1962, Houston and the director of security, [[Sheffield Edwards]], bri
 
 The agency's own account of the confinement of [[Yuri Nosenko]] states that the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] "together with the Office of General Counsel became increasingly concerned with the illegality of the Agency's position," and that their representations to Helms ended it in October 1967.[^5]
 
-On March 3, 1967, two days after [[Jim Garrison]] arrested [[Clay Shaw]], the chief of the [[Domestic Contact Service]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Lloyd Ray]], recommended that Houston be briefed on Shaw's past reporting "to be on the safe side." On May 1 [[Herbert J. Miller Jr.|Jack Miller]], a former assistant attorney general, telephoned Houston with information "from within Garrison's office" supplied by [[Walter Sheridan]] of [[NBC]]. His memorandum of October 2, written as the agency's [[Garrison Group]] considered its response, recommended doing nothing beyond resisting subpoenas.[^6]
+On March 3, 1967, two days after [[Jim Garrison]] arrested [[Clay Shaw]], the chief of the [[Domestic Contact Service]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Lloyd Ray]], recommended that Houston be briefed on Shaw's past reporting "to be on the safe side." On May 1 [[Herbert J. Miller Jr.|Jack Miller]], a former assistant attorney general, telephoned Houston with information "from within Garrison's office" supplied by [[Walter Sheridan]] of [[NBC]]. His memorandum of October 2, written as the agency's Garrison Group considered its response, recommended doing nothing beyond resisting subpoenas.[^6]
+
+At the first meeting of the [[Garrison Group]] on September 20, 1967, Houston "discussed his dealings with Justice and the desire of Shaw's lawyers to make contact with the Agency." His paper for the director of September 29 found that Garrison, needing an overt act with Oswald and Ferrie dead, "may well be able to involve CIA in the Shaw trial," set out what the agency knew of each Cuban Garrison had questioned, and concluded: "At the present time, therefore, there is no action we can recommend for the Director or the Agency to take. If during the trial it appears that Shaw may be convicted on information that could be refuted by CIA, we may be in for some difficult decisions."[^7]
 
 ### Footnotes
 
@@ -43,3 +45,4 @@ On March 3, 1967, two days after [[Jim Garrison]] arrested [[Clay Shaw]], the ch
 [^4]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963,* vol. X, Cuba, document 337, memorandum for the record by Sheffield Edwards, May 14, 1962, with source note.
 [^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Family Jewels," memorandum of Howard J. Osborn, Director of Security, to the Executive Secretary, CIA Management Committee, May 16, 1973, with attachments, p. 00023.
 [^6]: Holland, Max. "The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination," *Studies in Intelligence,* vol. 45, no. 5, 2001.
+[^7]: Janney, F.W.M. Memorandum for the record, "Garrison Group Meeting No. 1 - 20 September 1967," JFK record 104-10428-10023. Houston, Lawrence R. Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Clay L. Shaw's Trial and the Central Intelligence Agency," OGC 67-1877, September 29, 1967, forwarded to the Director October 2, 1967, JFK record 104-10104-10280.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Raúl Iturriaga Neumann.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+---
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - RaulIturriagaNeumann
+  - DINA
+  - OperationCondor
+  - CarlosPrats
+  - BernardoLeighton
+  - RonniMoffitt
+alias:
+  - Raul Iturriaga Neumann
+  - Raúl Iturriaga
+  - Eduardo Iturriaga
+summary: "DINA officer who carried cash to Buenos Aires for the Prats killing in 1974, set Townley on Bernardo Leighton in 1975, and by 2026 held sentences of 500 years, the last for Ronni Moffitt."
+location: "Santiago, Chile"
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+Raúl Iturriaga Neumann was an officer of [[DINA]], the secret police of [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s [[Chile]], and by 1975 head of its foreign operations. The prosecutors of the Letelier case knew him as Eduardo Iturriaga.[^1][^2]
+
+### Buenos Aires
+
+In late July 1974 he "traveled to [[Buenos Aires]] with a bag of cash to hire assassins and to coordinate the operation with the Argentine service, [[Secretaría de Inteligencia del Estado|SIDE]]." The station chief, [[Enrique Arancibia Clavel]], paid 20,000 dollars to men who did nothing; "the Argentines didn't have the guts to kill them," [[Michael Townley]] said. Townley's own bomb killed General [[Carlos Prats]] and his wife on September 30. In 2010 the Chilean courts convicted Iturriaga, [[Manuel Contreras]], [[Pedro Espinoza]], and [[José Zara]] of the murders.[^1][^3]
+
+### Rome
+
+In 1975 he "added a new name to Townley's hit list: [[Bernardo Leighton]], the grandfatherly Christian Democrat who was working in [[Rome]] to forge an alliance between his party and the remnants of Allende's forces," and ordered Townley to enlist the organization of [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]]. Leighton and his wife were shot on October 6, 1975, and lived. An Italian court later convicted Iturriaga in his absence on Townley's testimony; he has said that Townley is the only accuser and that he never met the Italians.[^1][^3]
+
+### Washington
+
+Iturriaga briefed Townley on the mission against [[Orlando Letelier]] in 1976 and approved his taking [[Virgilio Paz]] of the [[Cuban Nationalist Movement]]. When the Chilean police came for Townley in 1978, Iturriaga led the search party into his house. On June 15, 2026, Judge [[Paola Plaza]] sentenced him, Espinoza, and Zara to fifteen years each for the death of [[Ronni Moffitt]]. He was then 88 and serving cumulative sentences of 500 years.[^2][^4]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Dinges, John. *The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents*. New Press, 2004, pp. 74, 130.
+[^2]: Branch, Taylor, and Eugene M. Propper. *Labyrinth*. Viking, 1982, pp. 303, 464.
+[^3]: Chilean press reports of the 2010 judgments of Judge Alejandro Solís and the Supreme Court and of the 2022 court resolution on DINA's exterior department (La Tercera, CNN Chile, El Mostrador), not read in full.
+[^4]: Kornbluh, Peter. "A Modicum of Justice for Ronni Karpen Moffitt," *The Nation,* September 2026.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ricardo Morales Navarrete.md

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+---
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - RicardoMoralesNavarrete
+  - DISIP
+  - CIA
+  - FBI
+  - CubanExiles
+  - CubanaFlight455
+alias:
+  - Ricardo Morales
+  - El Mono
+  - Comisario Moises
+summary: "Cuban exile, CIA contract agent, FBI informant, and DISIP counterintelligence chief who sat in the Caracas meetings that planned the 1976 Cubana bombing, told a Miami detective about them, and was shot dead in 1982."
+died: 1982-12-20
+location: "Miami, Florida"
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+Ricardo Morales Navarrete, called El Mono, gave his birth as [[Havana]], June 14, 1939, in his 1981 deposition. In 1968 he helped [[Orlando Bosch]] with instruction in bombs "and then suddenly surfaced in court as an FBI informant and as the chief witness against the baby doctor, who went to jail." By 1976 he was a comisario of [[DISIP]], the Venezuelan security police, in charge of Section D-54, its counterintelligence section, under the code name Comisario Moises.[^1][^2]
+
+### Caracas
+
+On September 8, 1976, he, [[Luis Posada Carriles]], and [[Orlando García Vásquez]] met Bosch at Maiquetía airport and dined with him that night. Morales lived at the Anauco Hilton. In late October he told Detective Raúl Díaz of the Dade County organized crime bureau, who had come to persuade him to testify at the trial of [[Rolando Otero]], that the [[Cubana Flight 455 bombing|bombing of the Cubana airliner]] had been discussed at the hotel bar by [[Frank Castro]], Gustavo Castillo, Posada, and himself, and again in his apartment, and that after the second meeting he "had nothing more to do with this matter." "Some people in the Venezuelan government are involved in this airplane bombing," he said, "and if Posada Carriles talks, then Morales Navarrete and others in the Venezuelan government will 'go down the tube.'" He passed on Bosch's claim that [[Orlando Letelier]]'s death "was the result of an agreement between [[Guillermo Novo]] and the [[Patria y Libertad]] organization," and named Castillo's group, "Youth of the Star," for four Miami bombings of 1975. After the strategy meeting of October 15 he signed the DISIP arrest warrant for Bosch and went with the party that escorted him to prison. On October 27 the government announced that there was no Morales in DISIP. He telephoned a friend in Miami and told her not to call, since "he does not exist." In January 1977 he was replaced by Mario Jiménez Rojo.[^2][^3][^4]
+
+### Miami
+
+An FBI source reported in December 1977 that Morales, back in Miami, was the go-between for Frank Castro and [[Rafael Villaverde]] in negotiations over the release of Bosch and Posada until the two fell out, and that he was seeking explosives to retaliate for attacks on Venezuelan interests. In January 1978 he was linked by an informant to the young [[CORU]] cell of [[Alvin Ross]] and Raciel Rodríguez. When the writer [[Taylor Branch]] tried to reach Bosch in Venezuela in 1976, "at five o'clock in the morning, Branch had been dragged out of bed and thrown out of the country by none other than Ricardo Morales." His deposition in Dade County criminal case 81-17247 ran to nine volumes. He was shot dead in a bar in [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]] on December 20, 1982.[^1][^4][^5]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Branch, Taylor, and Eugene M. Propper. *Labyrinth*. Viking, 1982, pp. 101, 113.
+[^2]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami, teletype to Director, "Bombing of Cubana Airlines DC-8 Near Barbados, West Indies, October 6, 1976," November 2, 1976, JFK Assassination Records Collection. National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book 153, document 10.
+[^3]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami, file 2-471, "CORU," August 16, 1978. National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book 153, document 13.
+[^4]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Miami, file 2-471, "Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU)," January 24, 1977. National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book 153, document 12.
+[^5]: Deposition of Ricardo Morales Navarrete, Dade County Circuit Court, criminal case 81-17247, index; death date from press accounts, not read in full.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard Kleindienst.md

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+---
+category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - RichardKleindienst
+  - DepartmentOfJustice
+  - Watergate
+  - ITT
+  - Arizona
+  - HuntFamily
+alias:
+  - Richard G. Kleindienst
+summary: "Deputy attorney general and then attorney general under Nixon, sworn in five days before the Watergate break-in, who pleaded guilty in 1974 to not answering the Senate fully about the ITT antitrust settlement."
+born: 1923-08-05
+died: 2000-02-03
+location: "Prescott, Arizona"
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+Richard Kleindienst was born at [[Winslow, Arizona]], on August 5, 1923, attended the [[University of Arizona]], and was an early supporter of [[Barry Goldwater]]. He ran for governor of [[Arizona]] in 1964 against Sam Goddard. After [[Richard Nixon]]'s election he became deputy attorney general under [[John Mitchell]], and attorney general five days before the [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] break-in of June 1972.[^1]
+
+### ITT
+
+At his confirmation hearings in 1972 the Senate asked him about the settlement of the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]'s antitrust cases against the [[ITT Corporation|International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation]]. "In 1974, Kleindienst pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge after he was accused by the Watergate special prosecutor of failing to fully testify at his Senate confirmation hearing." He said: "I was wrong in not having been more candid with the committee and I sincerely regret it."[^1]
+
+### The Hunts
+
+"Nelson Bunker and his father met President Nixon at the celebrated barbecue at [[John Connally]]'s Floresville ranch in the autumn of 1972. Soon after, [[Nelson Bunker Hunt|Nelson Bunker]] huddled with Richard Kleindienst, then the new boss of the Justice Department, at the plantation of Mississippi Senator [[James Eastland]]." The [[Hunt brothers]] were indicted for wiretapping their father's employees "only after a curiously long time lag," and a Dallas grand jury later investigated the three-year delay. The account of the meeting came from Hunt sources.[^2]
+
+### Arizona
+
+In Tucson "he was accused and acquitted of lying under oath during an investigation by the State Bar of Arizona for his role in a 1976 scam to siphon money from the Teamsters Union Health and Welfare Fund. The Arizona Supreme Court later suspended him from practicing law for one year." He died at [[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]] on February 3, 2000.[^1]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Volante, Enric. "Kleindienst, Watergate figure, dies at 76," *Arizona Daily Star,* February 2000.
+[^2]: Porterfield, Bill. "H.L. Hunt's Long Goodbye," *Texas Monthly,* March 1975.

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William Bradford Huie.md

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+---
+category: "Authors & Journalists"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - WilliamBradfordHuie
+  - JamesEarlRay
+  - MartinLutherKing
+  - CIA
+  - Journalism
+  - Alabama
+summary: "Writer who in 1951 pressed the CIA on a 50,000 dollar bribe to French Communists and in 1968 bought James Earl Ray's story through his lawyers, paying Hanes and Foreman shares a court found irregular."
+born: 1910-11-13
+died: 1986-11-22
+location: "Guntersville, Alabama"
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+William Bradford Huie was born at [[Hartselle, Alabama]], on November 13, 1910, graduated from the [[University of Alabama]] in 1930, reported for the *Birmingham Post* from 1932 to 1936, became an editor of *[[The American Mercury]]*, and served as a Navy lieutenant from 1943 to 1945. He wrote more than twenty books, six of them filmed, among them *The Americanization of Emily* and *The Execution of Private Slovik*.[^1][^2]
+
+### 1951
+
+On September 14, 1951, on the *Mercury*'s letterhead, Huie wrote to the director of central intelligence, [[Walter Bedell Smith]]: "In both The American Mercury and the current Cosmopolitan, I have reported how [[James Forrestal|Jim Forrestal]] employed a $50,000 bribe to help settle the French railway strike in 1947. The facts are known to a number of Americans. The money was raised very quickly at the Brook Club in New York, in fact, it became known as 'Operation Brook Club.' The money was then carried to France by a naval intelligence agent, and paid to certain members of the Communist Party. Admiral [[Roscoe Hillenkoetter|Hillenkoetter]] arranged to make these contributions deductible." *[[Le Figaro]]* had bought the Forrestal papers and wanted the omitted episode. "Is there any valid reason why I should not question the intelligence agent who handled the payment?" [[Allen Dulles]], as acting director, answered on September 22 that "it is the policy of CIA to decline comment on any statement that may relate to activities imputed to this Agency. This silence carries no implication as to the truth or falsity of the statement." A routing slip in the file reads: "Please speak to me about the attached at your convenience. A.W.D."[^1]
+
+### Ray
+
+In June 1968 [[James Earl Ray]], awaiting extradition in [[London]], wrote to [[Arthur Hanes]] of Birmingham. Hanes "was apparently concerned about whether Ray would be able to pay his fee. Consequently, he was receptive to the suggestion of author William Bradford Huie that Hanes persuade Ray to give Huie exclusive rights to information about Ray and, presumably, the assassination." Ray gave Hanes power of attorney and 40 percent of what would come from Huie, and Hanes and Huie contracted for Ray and Hanes to supply information on "the assassination of [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King, Jr.]], the alleged participation of Ray therein, and the life and activities of Ray," for 30 percent each of Huie's gross receipts. When [[Percy Foreman]] replaced Hanes, new agreements of January 29 and February 3, 1969, gave Foreman 60 percent. Two Huie articles ran in *[[Look (magazine)|Look]]* before Ray pleaded guilty on March 10, 1969, and a book followed. Ray alleged that Hanes had said, "Why give testimony away when we can sell it?" and that Huie offered "to pay $12,000 either to him or his family if he would refuse to take the witness stand." The Sixth Circuit wrote in 1974: "The entire record reeks with ethical, moral and professional irregularities, demanding a full scale judicial inquiry." Huie received 67,000 dollars in royalties and paid 40,000 to the two lawyers.[^3][^4]
+
+He was found dead at his office in [[Guntersville, Alabama]], on November 22, 1986, after an apparent heart attack.[^2]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: Huie, William Bradford. Letter to Walter Bedell Smith, September 14, 1951, and reply of Allen W. Dulles, Acting Director, September 22, 1951, with Who's Who clipping. CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80R01731R003100020068-6.
+[^2]: "William Bradford Huie, 76, Writer And Crusader for Civil Rights, Dies," *Washington Post,* November 24, 1986.
+[^3]: *Ray v. Rose,* 491 F.2d 285 (6th Cir. 1974).
+[^4]: *Ray v. Rose,* 535 F.2d 966 (6th Cir. 1976).

10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/William Luers.md

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+---
+category: "Intelligence & Government"
+tags:
+  - Person
+  - WilliamLuers
+  - StateDepartment
+  - OperationCondor
+  - HenryKissinger
+  - OrlandoLetelier
+alias:
+  - William H. Luers
+summary: "Deputy assistant secretary of state who drafted the August 1976 cable warning the Condor governments against assassination abroad, pressed for its delivery, and was told on September 20 to take no further action."
+location: "Washington, D.C."
+created: 2026-09-21
+updated: 2026-09-21
+---
+
+William H. Luers was a deputy to [[Harry Shlaudeman]], assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs, in 1976.[^1]
+
+### The Cable
+
+Shlaudeman's memorandum to [[Henry A. Kissinger|Henry Kissinger]] of August 5, 1976, warned that the [[Southern Cone]] governments "have established Operation Condor to find and kill terrorists" in their own countries and in Europe. Luers and Shlaudeman's other deputy, [[Hewson Ryan]], drafted the response over three weeks. Cable 209192 of August 23, drafted by R. Zimmerman and Luers, cleared by Shlaudeman, R. Kirk, and the under secretary [[Philip Habib]], and approved by Kissinger, went by the Roger Channel to the embassies in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Montevideo]], and [[Santiago]]. "Government planned and directed assassinations within and outside the territory of Condor members has most serious implications which we must face squarely and rapidly." There were "rumors that this cooperation may extend beyond information exchange to include plans for the assassination of subversives, politicians and prominent figures both within the national borders of certain Southern Cone countries and abroad." The ambassadors were to "seek appointment as soon as possible with highest appropriate official, preferably the chief of state." The embassy at [[La Paz]] was told: "We are not repeat not instructing you to make the specific demarche on Condor."[^1][^2]
+
+Popper replied on August 24: "I seriously doubt that an approach to President Pinochet is the best way to achieve it. It is quite possible, even probable, that Pinochet has no knowledge whatever of Operation Condor." He proposed that the CIA station chief tell Contreras instead, "in the context of having heard a rumor which he cannot believe."[^3]
+
+### No Further Action
+
+Ambassador [[Ernest Siracusa]] in Montevideo declined to deliver it and asked for instructions; the ambassadors in Chile and Argentina raised concerns. Luers spent the following weeks pressing Ambassador [[David Popper]] to deliver the message to [[Augusto Pinochet]] or through the CIA to [[Manuel Contreras]]. On September 16 Kissinger cabled from [[Lusaka]] that he "declined to approve message to Montevideo" and "instructed that no further action be taken on this matter." On September 19 Luers cabled Shlaudeman in [[Costa Rica]] on how to proceed; the cable remains classified. On September 20 Shlaudeman directed Luers "to instruct the ambassadors to take no further action, noting that there have been no reports in some weeks indicating an intention to activate the Condor scheme." [[Orlando Letelier]] and [[Ronni Moffitt]] were killed in Washington the next morning.[^1]
+
+### Footnotes
+
+[^1]: National Security Archive, "Operation Condor Verdict: GUILTY!," Electronic Briefing Book, May 27, 2016, with the memorandum of Harry Shlaudeman to the Secretary of State, August 5, 1976, the memorandum of conversation of Kissinger and César Guzzetti, June 10, 1976, and cables of September 16 and 20, 1976.
+[^2]: U.S. Department of State, cable 209192 to the embassies at Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Santiago, "Operation Condor," August 23, 1976, Secret, Roger Channel. National Security Archive, document 04 in "Operation Condor Verdict: GUILTY!," Electronic Briefing Book, May 27, 2016.
+[^3]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976,* vol. E-11, part 2, Documents on South America, 1973-1976, document 242, telegram 8210 from Santiago, August 24, 1976.