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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Allen Dulles.md
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---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-15
updated: 2026-10-26
title: Allen Dulles
aliases:
- Allen Welsh Dulles
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ relations:
with: "[[Warren Commission]]"
start: 1963-11-29
end: 1964-09-24
fn: 19
fn: 20
---
Allen Welsh Dulles (April 7, 1893 - January 29, 1969) served as [[Director of Central Intelligence]] from February 26, 1953, to November 29, 1961 - the longest tenure of any DCI, the first civilian DCI, and the only brother of a sitting Secretary of State to hold the position. Dulles built the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] into the instrument of Cold War covert action that executed [[Operation AJAX]] in [[Iran]] (1953), [[Operation PBSUCCESS]] in [[Guatemala]] (1954), and the [[Bay of Pigs]] invasion of [[Cuba]] (1961). The Bay of Pigs disaster cost him his position - President [[John F. Kennedy]] forced his resignation, along with [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Charles P. Cabell|C.P. Cabell]] - and his subsequent appointment by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] to the [[Warren Commission]] investigating Kennedy's assassination placed him in the remarkable position of overseeing the investigation of the event that had ended both his patron's life and his own career.[^1]
@ -72,17 +72,17 @@ On August 26, 1960 Dulles cabled the Leopoldville station that the station offic
### Correspondence with Senator McCarthy, 1953
In July 1953 [[Joseph McCarthy]], as chairman of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]], wrote to Dulles about [[William P. Bundy]], an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency, whom McCarthy linked to a $400 contribution to the defense of [[Alger Hiss]].[^11] McCarthy's letter of July 27, 1953 said the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency."[^12] The CIA reply of July 22, 1953, signed by [[Alba W. Doan]] as director, gave the agency's account of Bundy's disclosure on his March 1951 application and of the field investigation and loyalty determinations that followed. It deferred comment on the reasons Bundy gave for the contribution until a review was complete.[^11] A newspaper article by [[Allen Drury]] dated August 4, 1953 reported that Dulles had refused to tell McCarthy Bundy's explanation.[^13] McCarthy replied on August 3 that Bundy's contributions to Hiss predated his CIA employment and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers.[^14]
In July 1953 [[Joseph McCarthy]], as chairman of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]], wrote to Dulles about [[William P. Bundy]], an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency, whom McCarthy linked to a $400 contribution to the defense of [[Alger Hiss]].[^11] McCarthy's letter of July 27, 1953 said the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency."[^12] The CIA reply of July 22, 1953, signed by [[Alba W. Doan]] as director, gave the agency's account of Bundy's disclosure on his March 1951 application and of the field investigation and loyalty determinations that followed. It deferred comment on the reasons Bundy gave for the contribution until a review was complete.[^11] A newspaper article by [[Allen Drury]] dated August 4, 1953 reported that Dulles had refused to tell McCarthy Bundy's explanation, and reported that on July 22 Dulles informed McCarthy of the results of a CIA security check on Bundy and of Bundy's 1940 membership in the United Public Workers of America.[^13] Dulles's reply of August 1, 1953, as quoted in that article, read: "After most careful consideration of your letter, I feel that the proper course to pursue is to follow the procedure described in the President's executive order," and he declined to comment on certain phases of the matter pending the conclusion of those proceedings.[^13] McCarthy replied on August 3 that Bundy's contributions to Hiss predated his CIA employment and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers.[^14] An FBI memorandum of July 10, 1953 recorded that Dulles told the Bureau's liaison agent [[Sam Papich]] he had taken the position that permitting CIA employees to testify before the McCarthy committee would be prejudicial to the interests of the United States, that he had been in touch with the White House about the position and had its support, and that he wanted to know where McCarthy obtained his information; Papich answered that the Bureau was not supplying it.[^15]
On October 22, 1953 Dulles wrote to McCarthy that a check of the agency's reproduction facilities had found that "no classified CIA material is printed in the main GPO plant." The letter answered press reports that CIA classified material had been printed at the [[Government Printing Office]]. It said the agency's legislative counsel had informed the subcommittee's staff of these facts on August 12, 1953, and it asked that the letter be placed in the record.[^15]
On October 22, 1953 Dulles wrote to McCarthy that a check of the agency's reproduction facilities had found that "no classified CIA material is printed in the main GPO plant." The letter answered press reports that CIA classified material had been printed at the [[Government Printing Office]]. It said the agency's legislative counsel had informed the subcommittee's staff of these facts on August 12, 1953, and it asked that the letter be placed in the record.[^16]
### MKULTRA: The Sandoz Panic and the Olson Death
Dulles approved MKULTRA on April 13, 1953, ten days after Richard Helms proposed a program for the "covert use of biological and chemical materials," with an initial $300,000 exempt from normal financial controls and payable blindly on the signatures of Gottlieb and TSS chief [[Willis Gibbons]]. Acting in a climate of Cold War urgency, that same month Dulles approved a $240,000 payment after an intelligence report claimed [[Sandoz]] wanted to sell 10 kilograms of [[LSD]] on the open market; CIA officers flew to Switzerland with a black bag of cash only to learn Sandoz had produced barely 40 grams in fifteen years, the entire panic stemming from a military attaché who confused milligrams with kilograms. When [[Frank Olson]] died in November 1953 after Gottlieb dosed him with LSD at [[Deep Creek Lodge]], Dulles ordered Inspector General [[Lyman Kirkpatrick]] to investigate; the resulting reprimands were softened through six drafts and placed in no personnel file.[^16]
Dulles approved MKULTRA on April 13, 1953, ten days after Richard Helms proposed a program for the "covert use of biological and chemical materials," with an initial $300,000 exempt from normal financial controls and payable blindly on the signatures of Gottlieb and TSS chief [[Willis Gibbons]]. Acting in a climate of Cold War urgency, that same month Dulles approved a $240,000 payment after an intelligence report claimed [[Sandoz]] wanted to sell 10 kilograms of [[LSD]] on the open market; CIA officers flew to Switzerland with a black bag of cash only to learn Sandoz had produced barely 40 grams in fifteen years, the entire panic stemming from a military attaché who confused milligrams with kilograms. When [[Frank Olson]] died in November 1953 after Gottlieb dosed him with LSD at [[Deep Creek Lodge]], Dulles ordered Inspector General [[Lyman Kirkpatrick]] to investigate; the resulting reprimands were softened through six drafts and placed in no personnel file.[^17]
### Rockefeller's Special Group and the Human Ecology Front
Under Eisenhower, Dulles reported all CIA covert operations, including MKULTRA, the coups, and assassination planning, to the NSC "[[Special Group]]" chaired by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], the structure formalized by NSC 5412/2 in December 1955 that gave the president plausible deniability; in a 1955 "Family Jewels" briefing Dulles described the full range of covert programs to Rockefeller's board. When MKULTRA needed a research hospital, Dulles sought Rockefeller's approval for a scheme to channel CIA money through private foundations to win matching federal grants for a wing at [[Georgetown University Hospital]]. The program's primary funding front, the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], was organized at Dulles's initiative through [[Harold Wolff]], the Cornell neurologist who had treated Dulles's brain-damaged son; Dulles attended one of its first board meetings. His relationship with [[D. Ewen Cameron]] predated the funding: in November 1945, still with the OSS, Dulles had sent Cameron to Nuremberg to assess whether [[Rudolf Hess]] was fit to stand trial.[^17]
Under Eisenhower, Dulles reported all CIA covert operations, including MKULTRA, the coups, and assassination planning, to the NSC "[[Special Group]]" chaired by [[Nelson Rockefeller]], the structure formalized by NSC 5412/2 in December 1955 that gave the president plausible deniability; in a 1955 "Family Jewels" briefing Dulles described the full range of covert programs to Rockefeller's board. When MKULTRA needed a research hospital, Dulles sought Rockefeller's approval for a scheme to channel CIA money through private foundations to win matching federal grants for a wing at [[Georgetown University Hospital]]. The program's primary funding front, the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]], was organized at Dulles's initiative through [[Harold Wolff]], the Cornell neurologist who had treated Dulles's brain-damaged son; Dulles attended one of its first board meetings. His relationship with [[D. Ewen Cameron]] predated the funding: in November 1945, still with the OSS, Dulles had sent Cameron to Nuremberg to assess whether [[Rudolf Hess]] was fit to stand trial.[^18]
### Bay of Pigs and Forced Resignation
@ -90,25 +90,31 @@ The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 17-19, 1961 was the catastrophic failure that
Kennedy publicly accepted responsibility but was privately furious. He reportedly told aide [[Ted Sorensen]] that he wanted to "splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds" - a remark almost certainly apocryphal in its precise wording but consistent with his documented anger. The Taylor Commission's findings and the classified Kirkpatrick IG report both pointed to fundamental CIA failures in planning, execution, and judgment.
Dulles submitted his resignation in September 1961; it was formally accepted November 29, 1961. He was replaced by [[John McCone]]. The CIA's own history states that a "humiliated President Kennedy did not wait for either report before cleaning house at CIA" and that he accepted resignations from Dulles and from Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell, who stayed at their posts until their successors were selected a few months later.[^18] Bissell and Cabell were also forced out. CIA veterans viewed their dismissal as Kennedy scapegoating the agency for a failure the [[White House]] had co-created by canceling the air strikes.[^1]
Dulles submitted his resignation in September 1961; it was formally accepted November 29, 1961. He was replaced by [[John McCone]]. The CIA's own history states that a "humiliated President Kennedy did not wait for either report before cleaning house at CIA" and that he accepted resignations from Dulles and from Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell, who stayed at their posts until their successors were selected a few months later.[^19] Bissell and Cabell were also forced out. CIA veterans viewed their dismissal as Kennedy scapegoating the agency for a failure the [[White House]] had co-created by canceling the air strikes.[^1]
### The Warren Commission
On November 29, 1963 - exactly two years after Dulles's forced resignation - President Lyndon Johnson appointed the Warren Commission to investigate Kennedy's assassination. Among the seven commissioners Johnson named was Allen Dulles despite Kennedy’s firing of Dulles.[^19]
On November 29, 1963 - exactly two years after Dulles's forced resignation - President Lyndon Johnson appointed the Warren Commission to investigate Kennedy's assassination. Among the seven commissioners Johnson named was Allen Dulles despite Kennedy’s firing of Dulles.[^20]
The investigation was examining whether CIA-connected parties (specifically the anti-Castro exile networks and organized crime figures that Dulles had directly overseen) had any role in the assassination. He was now in a position to shape what evidence the Commission sought, what witnesses it called, and what conclusions it reached regarding the CIA programs he had run.
Dulles was reportedly among the most active commissioners in shaping the investigation's scope. He briefed commissioners on CIA history and procedures. Book V of the Church Committee's final report states that, with the exception of Dulles, it is unlikely anyone on the Warren Commission knew of the CIA's assassination efforts, and that Dulles knew of the plots with underworld figures that had taken place during his tenure as Director of Central Intelligence.[^20] The Church Committee's 1975 interim report states that Dulles "did not inform the other members about the plots that had occurred during his term as DCI,"[^21] and also states that "it is not entirely certain that Dulles was ever made aware of the true nature of the underworld operation."[^22] The [[ZR/RIFLE]] assassination plotting program was, in the same period, not disclosed to the Commission at the agency level by [[Richard Helms]] as Deputy Director for Plans. Helms testified that Dulles "was sitting right there" in the Commission's deliberations and "knew about this," and that he did not know what Dulles had said to the Commission about the plots.[^23] The CIA's failure to disclose the assassination plots to the Warren Commission was documented by the Church Committee in 1975; Dulles's role as both a commissioner and the former DCI who had authorized the programs is the structural conflict of interest the Commission's composition created.
Dulles was reportedly among the most active commissioners in shaping the investigation's scope. He briefed commissioners on CIA history and procedures. Book V of the Church Committee's final report states that, with the exception of Dulles, it is unlikely anyone on the Warren Commission knew of the CIA's assassination efforts, and that Dulles knew of the plots with underworld figures that had taken place during his tenure as Director of Central Intelligence.[^21] The Church Committee's 1975 interim report states that Dulles "did not inform the other members about the plots that had occurred during his term as DCI,"[^22] and also states that "it is not entirely certain that Dulles was ever made aware of the true nature of the underworld operation."[^23] The [[ZR/RIFLE]] assassination plotting program was, in the same period, not disclosed to the Commission at the agency level by [[Richard Helms]] as Deputy Director for Plans. Helms testified that Dulles "was sitting right there" in the Commission's deliberations and "knew about this," and that he did not know what Dulles had said to the Commission about the plots.[^24] The CIA's failure to disclose the assassination plots to the Warren Commission was documented by the Church Committee in 1975; Dulles's role as both a commissioner and the former DCI who had authorized the programs is the structural conflict of interest the Commission's composition created.
Angleton testified that Dulles consulted him before agreeing to President Johnson's request that he serve, that the two were in frequent contact, and that they informally discussed the progress of the investigation and what further work the CIA could do.[^24] At the January 22, 1964 executive session, the Commission took up a report that [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] had been a paid FBI informant. Dulles asked whether the purpose of such a hire could have been to penetrate the [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]]. He said that practically any American could obtain a passport good for anywhere, and that the Passport Bureau had no record of Oswald's defection. Near the end of the meeting, Dulles said: "I think this record ought to be destroyed."[^25] FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]]'s files held an index card on Dulles that cross-referenced a November 29, 1963 memorandum.[^26]
Angleton testified that Dulles consulted him before agreeing to President Johnson's request that he serve, that the two were in frequent contact, and that they informally discussed the progress of the investigation and what further work the CIA could do.[^25] At the January 22, 1964 executive session, the Commission took up a report that [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] had been a paid FBI informant. Dulles asked whether the purpose of such a hire could have been to penetrate the [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]]. He said that practically any American could obtain a passport good for anywhere, and that the Passport Bureau had no record of Oswald's defection. Near the end of the meeting, Dulles said: "I think this record ought to be destroyed."[^26] FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]]'s files held an index card on Dulles that cross-referenced a November 29, 1963 memorandum.[^27]
The [[HSCA|House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979) found that the Warren Commission's failure to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy was "attributable in part to the failure of the Commission to receive all the relevant information that was in the possession of other agencies and departments of the Government," and that the CIA "was deficient in its collection and sharing of information both prior to and subsequent to the assassination."[^27] The report does not name Dulles in those findings. It states that the committee did not ignore the possibility that certain CIA officials who knew that close scrutiny of United States-Cuban relations could have exposed the CIA-Mafia plots might have tried to keep the CIA's or the Warren Commission's inquiry from the question of Cuban complicity, and that it determined that only Deputy Director Helms was in a position to have both the knowledge and the power to accomplish such a cover-up and was satisfied, on the basis of its investigation, that it was "highly unlikely he in fact did so."[^28] It found that the details of the AMLASH plot and the CIA-Mafia plots should have been provided to the Warren Commission.[^29]
The [[HSCA|House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979) found that the Warren Commission's failure to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy was "attributable in part to the failure of the Commission to receive all the relevant information that was in the possession of other agencies and departments of the Government," and that the CIA "was deficient in its collection and sharing of information both prior to and subsequent to the assassination."[^28] The report does not name Dulles in those findings. It states that the committee did not ignore the possibility that certain CIA officials who knew that close scrutiny of United States-Cuban relations could have exposed the CIA-Mafia plots might have tried to keep the CIA's or the Warren Commission's inquiry from the question of Cuban complicity, and that it determined that only Deputy Director Helms was in a position to have both the knowledge and the power to accomplish such a cover-up and was satisfied, on the basis of its investigation, that it was "highly unlikely he in fact did so."[^29] It found that the details of the AMLASH plot and the CIA-Mafia plots should have been provided to the Warren Commission.[^30]
### Dallas Council on World Affairs and Neil Mallon
A Dallas News editorial of October 27, 1953 refers to a meeting of the Dallas Council on World Affairs the previous week, which had drawn interest in what the head of the Central Intelligence Agency might say.[^31] On February 27, 1954, Dulles wrote to Vice President [[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]] that a Texas correspondent had sent him a copy of a February 24, 1954 letter that the correspondent had written to Nixon about the council. Dulles described the council as "an excellent forum of persons who take a deep interest in our foreign relations." He wrote that he had known [[Neil Mallon]] "for several years," and that Mallon had made "a real accomplishment in organizing the Council and keeping it a live and vigorous organization." The routing block of the letter shows a copy sent to Mallon.[^32] On February 5, 1958, the council's executive director, Roger Kennedy, wrote to Dulles asking him to speak in Dallas in April or May; Dulles's reply to Kennedy, dated February 13, 1958 (drafted February 7), declined the invitation at that time.[^33] The council's letterhead on Kennedy's letter lists [[Earle Cabell]] and "H. N. Mallon" (executive committee) among its members. The Handbook of Texas names Earle Cabell's brother as Charles Pearre Cabell, deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1953.[^34]
[[Anthony L. Kimery]]'s article in the CovertAction Information Bulletin (number 41, Summer 1992) states that Mallon, a Dresser Industries chairman, "steered prospective candidates for spy work to Dulles and often provided cover employment to CIA operatives." Kimery's article gives this as its own claim.[^35]
### Death and Legacy
Dulles spent his post-CIA years writing, lecturing, and defending the covert action programs he had built. His book *The Craft of Intelligence* (1963) was the first major public account of CIA operations by a former director. He died in Washington on January 29, 1969, of influenza complicated by pneumonia, eighteen months before the full extent of MKULTRA and the assassination plots became public.
The 2022 report of the United Nations Eminent Person summarized the argument of Greg Poulgrain's 2020 book, *JFK vs. Allen Dulles: Battleground Indonesia*, which posits that Dulles formed a motive to remove [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] following a policy conflict over the United Nations' intended intervention in the dispute over the sovereignty of West New Guinea.[^30] The report recorded Poulgrain's proposition that the Operation Celeste documents, which refer to a plan to kill Hammarskjöld by causing his plane to crash, mention Dulles by name, stating: "UNO is becoming troublesome and it is felt that Hammarskjöld should be removed. Allen Dulles agrees and has promised full cooperation from his people."[^30] Poulgrain compared this with the Church Committee's account of Dulles expressing a "wish [to] give every possible support" to a plan to kill Lumumba.[^30] The report stated that it was not necessary at that stage to assess the probative value of Poulgrain's information, and that it underscored the importance of "proving or disproving the veracity of the Operation Celeste hypothesis and Dulles's alleged involvement (as relied on by Poulgrain)."[^31]
The 2022 report of the United Nations Eminent Person summarized the argument of Greg Poulgrain's 2020 book, *JFK vs. Allen Dulles: Battleground Indonesia*, which posits that Dulles formed a motive to remove [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] following a policy conflict over the United Nations' intended intervention in the dispute over the sovereignty of West New Guinea.[^36] The report recorded Poulgrain's proposition that the Operation Celeste documents, which refer to a plan to kill Hammarskjöld by causing his plane to crash, mention Dulles by name, stating: "UNO is becoming troublesome and it is felt that Hammarskjöld should be removed. Allen Dulles agrees and has promised full cooperation from his people."[^36] Poulgrain compared this with the Church Committee's account of Dulles expressing a "wish [to] give every possible support" to a plan to kill Lumumba.[^36] The report stated that it was not necessary at that stage to assess the probative value of Poulgrain's information, and that it underscored the importance of "proving or disproving the veracity of the Operation Celeste hypothesis and Dulles's alleged involvement (as relied on by Poulgrain)."[^37]
### Footnotes
@ -126,20 +132,26 @@ The 2022 report of the United Nations Eminent Person summarized the argument of
[^12]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^13]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
[^14]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9
[^15]: Letter from Allen W. Dulles to Joseph R. McCarthy, October 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP86B00269R000100130103-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000100130103-2
[^16]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 4; "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification," Joint Senate Hearing, August 3, 1977.
[^17]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995, Ch. 18; John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 9.
[^18]: Warner, Michael, "The CIA's Internal Probe of the Bay of Pigs Affair: Lessons Unlearned," *Studies in Intelligence*, Winter 1998-1999. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Internal-Probe-Bay-Pigs.pdf
[^19]: Executive Order 11130, "Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy," November 29, 1963. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-11130-appointing-commission-report-upon-the-assassination-president-john-f
[^20]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, Final Report, April 23, 1976, pp. 67-68. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^21]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975, p. 269, note 1. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^22]: *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, p. 267. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^23]: Book V, p. 70 (Helms testimony of July 18, 1975). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^24]: Book V, p. 69 (note 134, Angleton testimony of February 6, 1976, pp. 31-34). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^25]: Warren Commission, executive session transcript, January 22, 1964, 5:30 to 7:00 p.m. https://aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcexec/pdf/WcEx0122.pdf
[^26]: U.S. Assassination Records Review Board, memorandum by Ronald G. Haron, "Assassination Records Among the Files of J. Edgar Hoover (FBI-36)," January 8, 1998. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/RHARON/HARON/FBIMEM.002.pdf
[^27]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, 95th Cong., 2d sess. (1979), summary Findings I.D.4 and I.D.5(b) (p. 4). https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^28]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, p. 128. https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^29]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, pp. 112-116. https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^30]: A/76/892, report of the Eminent Person, August 25, 2022, paragraphs 241 to 244. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F76%2F892&l=en&t=pdf
[^31]: A/76/892, paragraph 246. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F76%2F892&l=en&t=pdf
[^15]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, "Information Concerning Allen W. Dulles," July 10, 1953, FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31, https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^16]: Letter from Allen W. Dulles to Joseph R. McCarthy, October 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP86B00269R000100130103-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000100130103-2
[^17]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 4; "Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification," Joint Senate Hearing, August 3, 1977.
[^18]: Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon*. HarperCollins, 1995, Ch. 18; John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapter 9.
[^19]: Warner, Michael, "The CIA's Internal Probe of the Bay of Pigs Affair: Lessons Unlearned," *Studies in Intelligence*, Winter 1998-1999. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Internal-Probe-Bay-Pigs.pdf
[^20]: Executive Order 11130, "Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy," November 29, 1963. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-11130-appointing-commission-report-upon-the-assassination-president-john-f
[^21]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, Final Report, April 23, 1976, pp. 67-68. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^22]: U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, Senate Report No. 94-465, 1975, p. 269, note 1. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^23]: *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, p. 267. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^24]: Book V, p. 70 (Helms testimony of July 18, 1975). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^25]: Book V, p. 69 (note 134, Angleton testimony of February 6, 1976, pp. 31-34). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^26]: Warren Commission, executive session transcript, January 22, 1964, 5:30 to 7:00 p.m. https://aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcexec/pdf/WcEx0122.pdf
[^27]: U.S. Assassination Records Review Board, memorandum by Ronald G. Haron, "Assassination Records Among the Files of J. Edgar Hoover (FBI-36)," January 8, 1998. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/RHARON/HARON/FBIMEM.002.pdf
[^28]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, 95th Cong., 2d sess. (1979), summary Findings I.D.4 and I.D.5(b) (p. 4). https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^29]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, p. 128. https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^30]: House Select Committee on Assassinations, *Report,* H. Rept. 95-1828, pp. 112-116. https://archive.org/details/reportofselectco1979unit
[^31]: "World Affairs Council," editorial, Dallas News, October 27, 1953, CIA reading room clipping, CIA-RDP70-00058R000100080037-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp70-00058r000100080037-2
[^32]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to the Honorable Richard M. Nixon, Vice-President of the United States, February 27, 1954, with distribution "cc - Neil Mallon," CIA-RDP80R01731R000900110025-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000900110025-8
[^33]: Roger Kennedy, Executive Director, Dallas Council on World Affairs, letter of February 5, 1958 to Allen Dulles, Central Intelligence Agency, with council letterhead, and Dulles's reply to Kennedy drafted February 7 and dated February 13, 1958, CIA-RDP80B01676R003800110043-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800110043-4
[^34]: Michael V. Hazel, "Cabell, Earle," and "Cabell, Charles Pearre," Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association (brothers; sons of Ben E. and Sadie Pearre Cabell; Earle on the Dallas Council on World Affairs; Charles deputy director of the CIA from 1953). https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cabell-earle ; https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cabell-charles-pearre
[^35]: Anthony L. Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," CovertAction Information Bulletin no. 41 (Summer 1992), passage on Henry Neil Mallon, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^36]: A/76/892, report of the Eminent Person, August 25, 2022, paragraphs 241 to 244. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F76%2F892&l=en&t=pdf
[^37]: A/76/892, paragraph 246. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F76%2F892&l=en&t=pdf

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-10-26
title: Dean Acheson
aliases:
- Dean Gooderham Acheson
@ -22,6 +22,11 @@ relations:
role: "recipient of the report of February 1, 1951"
start: 1951-02
fn: 4
- type: relative_of
with: "[[William P. Bundy]]"
role: "son-in-law; William P. Bundy married Mary Acheson in 1943"
start: 1943
fn: 6
---
Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 - October 12, 1971) was [[United States|U.S.]] Secretary of State from 1949 to 1953 under President [[Harry Truman]], and one of the principal architects of American [[Cold War]] foreign policy. Acheson helped design the [[Truman Doctrine]], [[NATO]], and the [[Marshall Plan]], and was responsible for approving [[NSC-68]] - the 1950 policy document that militarized the "containment" strategy [[George Kennan]] had formulated, over Kennan's explicit objections. Acheson's memoir, *Present at the Creation* (Norton, 1969), took its title from his self-assessment of having helped build the postwar international order.[^1]
@ -54,9 +59,13 @@ The [[Korean War]] that began June 1950 dominated the second half of Acheson's t
The war eventually led to Truman's firing of General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in April 1951 after MacArthur publicly challenged Truman's authority over war strategy - a civil-military confrontation that Acheson supported Truman in resolving in favor of civilian control.[^5]
### Son-in-law, William P. Bundy
[[William P. Bundy]] married [[Mary Acheson]], Acheson's daughter, in 1943. He later held posts at the CIA, the Defense Department and the State Department.[^6] In July 1953 the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations chairman [[Joseph McCarthy]] pressed the CIA about Bundy's $400 contribution to the defense of [[Alger Hiss]]. A newspaper report of August 4, 1953 said that Bundy's stated reason for the contribution was to help his father-in-law, Dean Acheson, in clearing Hiss.[^7]
### Legacy
Acheson was a target of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]]'s attacks, primarily over the "loss" of [[China]] to communism - which McCarthy attributed to State Department subversion - and over Acheson's refusal to condemn former State Department official Alger Hiss following Hiss's conviction for perjury in connection with Soviet espionage. McCarthy called Acheson's State Department a "Dean Acheson College of Cowardly Communist Containment."
Acheson was a target of Senator Joseph McCarthy's attacks, primarily over the "loss" of [[China]] to communism - which McCarthy attributed to State Department subversion - and over Acheson's refusal to condemn former State Department official Alger Hiss following Hiss's conviction for perjury in connection with Soviet espionage. McCarthy called Acheson's State Department a "Dean Acheson College of Cowardly Communist Containment."
After leaving government, Acheson returned to law practice and remained influential in Democratic foreign policy circles, advising subsequent administrations informally. He won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for History in 1970 for *Present at the Creation*. He died at Sandy Spring, Maryland, on October 12, 1971.
@ -67,3 +76,5 @@ After leaving government, Acheson returned to law practice and remained influent
[^3]: FRUS 1950, volume IV, Document 127 (Truman to Acheson, March 1, 1950) and Document 131 (Barrett to Acheson, March 6, 1950) with the editorial note on Acheson's discussion with Truman. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v04/d131
[^4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," p. 238 (the report's final date and Acheson's receipt on February 15, 1951).
[^5]: Brands, H.W. *The General vs. the President: MacArthur and Truman at the Brink of Nuclear War.* Doubleday, 2016. Hogan, Michael J. *A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954.* Cambridge University Press, 1998.
[^6]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189
[^7]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4

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---
title: Donald Barr
aliases:
- Donald Barr
- Donald Barr (1921-2004)
- Donald Barr (educator)
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
category: "Scientists & Researchers"
tags:
- Person
- OSS
- Education
- Headmaster
- Dalton
- Hackley
- Columbia
- Epstein
- ScienceFiction
summary: "Donald Barr (1921-2004) was an OSS veteran, Columbia engineering dean and Science Honors Program director, headmaster of the Dalton School from 1964 to 1974 and of Hackley from 1975, and the father of William Barr."
location: "New York, New York"
born: 1921-08-02
died: 2004-02-05
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Columbia University]]"
end: 1964
role: "instructor in English, then assistant to the dean and assistant dean, School of Engineering"
fn: 2
- type: head_of
with: "[[Columbia University Science Honors Program]]"
start: 1958
end: 1964
role: "director"
fn: 7
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Office of Strategic Services]]"
role: "Army service with the OSS in Washington and Europe; Research and Analysis Branch (brief), per the CIA review of his son's memoir"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Dalton School]]"
start: 1964
end: 1974
role: "headmaster"
fn: 18
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hackley School]]"
start: 1975
role: "headmaster (still in post December 1985)"
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[National Council on Educational Research]]"
start: 1982
end: 1988
role: "member, nominated by Ronald Reagan May 28, 1982; reappointed December 11, 1985"
fn: 30
- type: appointed
with: "[[Jeffrey Epstein]]"
start: 1974
role: "teacher of mathematics and physics; hire attributed to Barr by some accounts, left open by others"
fn: 23
- type: relative_of
with: "[[William Barr]]"
role: "father"
fn: 4
---
Donald Barr (August 2, 1921 to February 5, 2004) was an American educator and writer. He served with the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) in the Second World War, ran the Science Honors Program at [[Columbia University]]'s School of Engineering, was headmaster of the [[Dalton School]] in [[New York City]] from 1964 to 1974 and of the [[Hackley School]] in [[Tarrytown, New York]] from 1975, and sat on the federal [[National Council on Educational Research]]. He wrote a book on American education, two science-fiction novels and children's science books. He was the father of [[William Barr]], who served as [[U.S. Attorney General|attorney general]] from 1991 to 1993 and again from 2019 to 2020.[^1][^2] He is a different man from [[Donald Barrios]], a Miami figure of a similar name.
### Columbia and the Office of Strategic Services
Barr was born in Manhattan, majored in mathematics and anthropology at [[Columbia College]] and graduated in 1941. He went into the Army and served with the OSS in Washington, D.C., and Europe.[^1][^2] [[Marie Brenner]] wrote in [[Vanity Fair]] that "during the war, Barr joined the OSS" and afterward taught English at Columbia.[^3] The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[Center for the Study of Intelligence]] review of his son's memoir, *One Damn Thing After Another* (William Morrow, 2022), refers to the elder Barr's "brief service in the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services during World War II."[^4] The Gale reference notice on his death says he "joined the Army as part of the OSS," without dates.[^5]
The [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] holds OSS personnel files in Record Group 226, Entry 224. Its name database, dated December 23, 2010, lists a "Barr, Donald" with a T-5 serial number 36647447 and, on the following line, a Pfc serial number 39227927, in box 38.[^6] The database gives no middle initial, birthplace or unit, and records found do not establish whether either serial belongs to the Columbia graduate.
After the war Barr returned to Columbia, taught in the English department, and received a master's degree from the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1950 in English and comparative literature while completing course requirements for a doctorate.[^2] The Gale notice gives the master's year as 1951 and says he completed coursework without writing a dissertation.[^5] He also taught field-work courses in sociology and political science at the School of Engineering. In 1955 the Engineering School asked him to oversee its efforts to identify promising elementary and secondary science students, and he moved into the Engineering Dean's Office.[^2] The Gale notice dates his service as assistant to the dean of the School of Engineering from 1956 to 1959, followed by about five years as assistant dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science.[^5]
### Science Honors Program
The Columbia School of Engineering announced the Science Honors Program on June 10, 1958: sixty selected high-school students from the New York area would attend Saturday classes and conferences on the Morningside Heights campus, taught by university faculty. The program ran under Columbia's Joint Program for Technical Education, which had been set up in 1956 with funds from the [[Hebrew Technical Institute]] of New York, and the institute made an additional grant of $25,000 to staff and equip it. [[John R. Dunning]], dean of the School of Engineering, explained the program at the announcement. The advisory board included the anthropologist [[Margaret Mead]], the educator [[Paul F. Brandwein]] and Barr, who was listed as director.[^7]
In September 1959 *Consulting Engineer* reported that the program had planned for 60 students, received about 220 nominees, and enlarged the first class to 75 and then to 150 after the [[Fund for the Advancement of Education]], a [[Ford Foundation]] subsidiary, matched the Hebrew Technical Institute grant. Barr, quoted as director, said of the intelligence tests used in selection, "We do not put a great deal of emphasis on the I.Q. tests, however," and described the first-semester lectures as ranging from "the genetics of marine fungi to switching theory."[^8] By 1963 *Nature and Science*, the magazine of the [[American Museum of Natural History]], listed him on its national board of editors as director of the Science Honors Program.[^9]
Barr became assistant dean of the Engineering faculty in 1959. In 1963 the [[National Science Foundation]], which had supported the Science Honors Program, asked him to administer its Cooperative College-School Program, which he did until he became headmaster at Dalton the following year.[^2] The 2004 New York Times obituary says the program he established "served as a model for similar programs elsewhere administered by the National Science Foundation."[^1]
In an October 30, 1976 paper for the [[National Institute of Education]], Barr recalled that roughly seventeen years earlier he had been directing a study of underachievement among high-ability students in New York City public high schools under a grant from a middle-sized foundation, and at the same time "a massive enrichment program for gifted high-school students at Columbia University" that had used up "its original grant from a very small foundation." He wrote that when he asked the middle-sized foundation for $50,000 for the enrichment program, its executive director declined and told him, "If you wanted to found a symphony orchestra of chimpanzees, I could get you $100,000 tomorrow."[^10]
### Writing
*Who Pushed Humpty Dumpty?*, a book on American education, was first published in 1971 by [[Atheneum Publishers]], with [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] also listed as a publisher.[^11] The 1972 printing carries the subtitle *Dilemmas in American Education Today*. In it Barr wrote that "in the spring of 1964" Dalton "hired me as headmaster."[^12] The [[SF Encyclopedia]] gives the title as *Who Pushed Humpty Dumpty, or The Education of a Headmaster*.[^13] The [[Dalton School Archives]] catalogues the book among publications by Dalton staff, and also an article by Barr, "Sex, Love, and Modern Education," in [[Columbia College Today]] for fall 1967.[^14]
*Space Relations: A Slightly Gothic Interplanetary Tale* was published in 1973 in New York by [[Charterhouse (publisher)|Charterhouse]], a division of [[David McKay Company]], with copyright in Barr's name and Library of Congress catalog card number 73-79958. A [[Fawcett Publications|Fawcett]] Crest paperback followed, first printed in February 1975. The dedication reads "To MAB. with thirty years' love," and is followed by a stanza from [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera *[[Tannhäuser]]* and two other epigraphs, one from [[Alfred North Whitehead]] on human sacrifice and slavery.[^15] The protagonist, John Armbruster Craig, is a 38-year-old official of the Extraterrestrial Service whose physiological record is held by the Health Executive's computer in Bethesda, with an identifier branded on his forearm (pp. 7-8). He is being examined before a mission to the planet Kossar to negotiate a treaty, and he had earlier spent two years as a slave in the mines of Treghast (pp. 11-13). Later chapters show people taken from ships listed by sex, approximate age and ship at a slave compound and sold at auction (pp. 38-39, 49-50). A woman addressed as Lady Morgan tells Craig she will give him the name Smitty and that he is "attached to my person" (excerpt on the front leaf).[^15] The SF Encyclopedia describes the novel as a space opera with literary analogues to its plot and lists a second novel, *A Planet in Arms* (Fawcett, 1981).[^13]
[[Wayne Madsen]], writing in September 2019, read the novel as a portrait of sexual slavery and as a parallel to the residences of [[Jeffrey Epstein]] in New York, New Mexico, Paris and the Virgin Islands, and read the Wagner epigraph as an admiration for fascism. He described the elder Barr as "influential in hiring" Epstein.[^16]
Barr's children's nonfiction includes *The How and Why Wonder Book of Atomic Energy* (1961) and *The How and Why Wonder Book of Building* (1964).[^5] The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association's notice adds that he wrote textbooks in science and mathematics while at Columbia.[^17]
### Dalton School, 1964 to 1974
*Time* reported on April 5, 1971 that "the board of trustees picked a stubborn new headmaster in 1964," a former assistant dean at Columbia's engineering school who "arrived at Dalton with a dim view of 'orthodox' progressive education's emphasis on emotional development." He carried out trustee decisions to make the all-girl high school coeducational and to more than double the school to 1,000 students, sent his own four sons to Horace Mann, added tests to supplement written evaluations, wrote on teenage sex, and tried to ban blue jeans and long hair on boys. In 1970 he expelled five sixth-graders, and at a November 1970 board meeting a faction of trustees asked for his removal; an evaluation committee was named and, two months later, the board voted unanimously to keep him. In March 1971 supporters circulated a 21-page memorandum naming the PTA president as a plotter against him, and a mail poll of parents run by the Honest Ballot Association went 435 to 300 against the PTA president.[^18] The Dalton School Archives holds a personnel series for Barr covering 1964 to 1972, and a folder of the 1971 *Time* items, a parent's letter of May 24, 1971 and "Education: Notes from a Controversialist" (August 1971).[^14] Brenner reported that a 1971 *New York* magazine article, "The Parents' Revolt at Dalton," covered the dispute.[^3]
On February 20, 1974 the [[New York Times]] reported, under the headline "Barr Quits Dalton School Post, Charging Trustees' Interference," that Barr had resigned "in protest of what he considers the trustee's interference with his leadership." In a letter to faculty and parents the day before he wrote, "I am not comfortable with the definition of board-head relations that I see becoming current in schools everywhere." The board said the resignation "was not requested and not expected." [[Richard Ravitch]], president of the board, said, "The issue is the prerogatives of the board and the headmaster." The article recalled that "a faction of the former board and some of the parents sought his ouster in 1971," and reported that in January 1974 the school had dismissed clerical and administrative staff and announced that more than half a dozen teaching positions would be eliminated in the fall, with the board having hired an outside committee to study the school. Barr said he would remain until June 7. Enrollment was 1,254.[^19]
Marie Brenner, interviewed by [[NPR]] in December 2019, said that Barr "began running afoul of many of the parents at the Dalton School because he became progressively more conservative," that parents and trustees mounted "an immense pushback against what many of them called the Captain Queeg who was running the Dalton School," and that his son watched him being "criticized quite publicly in The New York Times, in New York magazine, in the early 1970s." Of the end of his tenure she said, "he was allowed legally to resign."[^20] In *Vanity Fair* she quoted Ravitch: "I brought in the dean of the Harvard School of Education and the head of Teachers College to evaluate Barr... I fired him. It took years to get him out, but we did it." Brenner wrote that Barr announced his resignation "as part of an arrangement" and that the Dalton yearbook after his departure said, "The whole of Dalton owes a great debt to Donald Barr."[^3]
The 2004 obituary says his "sometimes stormy tenure ended in 1974 with his departure after disputes with the trustees over budget priorities and his disciplinarian approach to substance abuse."[^1] The Dalton archives hold the issues of the student newspaper, *The Daltonian*, of February 6 and March 14, 1974; the catalogue entry for the March 14 issue says it covers Barr's resignation.[^14] Peter Branch, then upper school director, was appointed interim headmaster; his appointment began July 1, 1974, and Barr's contract expired June 30, according to what Branch told [[Thomas Volscho]].[^21]
In his deposition before the [[House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]] on August 18, 2025, William Barr was asked whether his father's role as Dalton headmaster had been a consideration in the Ethics Office analysis of his continued involvement in the Epstein matters. He answered: "Actually, I don't even think... I don't know whether I was aware of that at that time. Obviously not. It's not pertinent at all."[^22]
### Jeffrey Epstein's hiring
The school's own newspaper is the earliest record. Volscho reported in the [[Daily Beast]] on July 12, 2019 that the September 1974 issue of *The Daltonian* announced Epstein had joined the mathematics department and would also teach physics, that Epstein's arrival followed the summer of 1974, and that Epstein later confirmed in a deposition that he taught there from 1974 to 1976. Volscho wrote that reports of a 1973 start are incorrect because the 1973-74 yearbook does not mention him, and that Barr resigned in February 1974, "seven months before Jeffrey Epstein began teaching there that fall." He wrote that "it is possible that Donald Barr may have hired Epstein, if he made personnel decisions long in advance," that *The Daltonian* showed the school lost four mathematics teachers before the 1974-75 year, and that the school may therefore have hired Epstein "in part, out of an urgent need to fill vacant positions." In an update Volscho added that Branch did not recall hiring Epstein and was relatively certain that Barr, or possibly the head of the mathematics department, had hired him, because hiring decisions were typically made in the spring; Branch also said Barr liked to hire unconventional teachers.[^21]
The New York Times reported on July 12, 2019 ([[Mike Baker]] and [[Amy Julia Harris]]) that Epstein, from Brooklyn, "was just 21 when he joined the faculty at Dalton, arriving without a college degree," and that the student newspaper reported in September 1974 that he was starting as a math and physics teacher. The article states: "In February 1974, Mr. Barr had announced that he was resigning as headmaster, protesting the meddling by the board of trustees, but that he would stay on until the end of the school year. It is unclear whether Mr. Barr hired Mr. Epstein during that time." It quotes Susan Semel, a Dalton social studies teacher from the 1960s into the 1980s and the author of a history of the school: "Barr didn't care about credentials as long as you were interesting and knew your stuff." It reports that Dalton officials did not respond to requests for comment.[^23] Semel told NPR in July 2019 that Barr made several unconventional hires, while NPR wrote that it was "unclear if he hired Epstein," and that "Donald Barr would hire young people, and not necessarily young people who had a lot of credentials."[^24]
Brenner wrote in *Vanity Fair* that for his teaching staff Barr "brought in photographers, White Russian aristocrats, anti-Castro Cuban grandees, and a group of gifted college dropouts, including one Jeffrey Epstein," and that William Barr "recently claimed he hadn't made the Dalton-Epstein connection until he read about it in the press."[^3] [[Calder McHugh]], writing for [[Yahoo Finance]] on July 13, 2019 from anonymous former students, stated that "Donald Barr, Dalton's headmaster and father of Attorney General Bill Barr, hired Epstein to teach math and science," placing Epstein at the school "in the early 1970s" for about two years, with appearances in Dalton yearbooks of 1975 and 1976; the article says the school did not respond to a request for comment.[^25]
On Epstein's departure, Branch told the Times that Epstein "was a young teacher who didn't come up to snuff... So, ultimately, he was asked to leave," and that he had no recollection of complaints about conduct.[^23] In the update to Volscho's article, Branch said that mathematics and science faculty had asked him what he was going to do about Epstein, that his teaching had not improved over the previous year, and that he then informed Epstein it was time to move on. Volscho also wrote that Epstein told the school he was not returning after the 1975-76 year, and that [[Edward Jay Epstein]] had been told by investigators from [[Kroll]], retained by [[L Brands]], that Epstein had faked his resume to obtain the Dalton job.[^21]
### Hackley School and federal advisory work
The 2004 obituary says that "the next year" Barr became headmaster of Hackley, "where he soon dismissed more than two dozen students for disruptive conduct and poor academic performance."[^1] Columbia College Today also dates the move to the year after his departure from Dalton.[^2] The Gale notice says he received stronger parental support at Hackley and strengthened programs in academic subjects and the arts.[^5] The New York Times reported on March 13, 1977, in "Barr Puts His Stamp on Hackley," that he had run a private school "in the cramped confines of Manhattan before becoming headmaster of the Hackley School on an 83-acre campus in Tarrytown."[^26]
At the National Institute of Education's November 17-19, 1976 Curriculum Development Conference in Washington, the conference report records Barr's warning to the institute about its wish for synthesis: "Don't treat our statements as data!"[^27] His paper of October 30, 1976 for the institute's Curriculum Development Task Force, signed from Hackley School, set out two models of sponsorship. The first, the "Culture Ministry" approach, he identified with "a congeries of governmental agencies, major foundations, big test publishers, big textbook publishers" and a network of consultants, in which projects are designed "de haut en bas." He recommended that the institute separate the initiation and funding of projects, limit grant size, and avoid "incursions into or arrangements with the private sector."[^10] The February 8, 1977 task force report on the institute's role lists him among those consulted,[^28] and a 1977 National School Boards Association report on career education carries his contribution under the heading "Beware of implementation which destroys the ideals."[^29]
President [[Ronald Reagan]] announced on May 28, 1982 his intention to nominate Barr, "headmaster of the Hackley School in Tarrytown, N.Y.," to the National Council on Educational Research, to succeed Helen S. Astin for the remainder of a term expiring in 1982 and then a full term.[^30] On December 11, 1985 Reagan reappointed him for a term expiring September 30, 1988; the announcement describes him as then headmaster of Hackley and gives his birth as August 2, 1921, in New York City.[^31]
### Death
Barr died on February 5, 2004, of heart failure, at a hospital in [[Langhorne, Pennsylvania]]. He was 82. His wife had died in 2001, and he was survived by four sons, among them William, and eight grandchildren.[^2][^17] The New York Times published an obituary on February 10, 2004, headed "Donald Barr, 82, Headmaster And Science Honors Educator."[^1]
[^1]: Wolfgang Saxon, "Donald Barr, 82, Headmaster And Science Honors Educator," *The New York Times*, February 10, 2004, section B, p. 8 (national edition). https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/10/nyregion/donald-barr-82-headmaster-and-science-honors-educator.html
[^2]: "Obituaries," *Columbia College Today*, May 2004, class of 1941 (compiled by Lisa Palladino). https://web.archive.org/web/20190905000723/https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/may04/obituaries1.html
[^3]: Marie Brenner, "'I Had No Problem Being Politically Different': Young William Barr Among the Manhattan Liberals," *Vanity Fair*, October 7, 2019 (December 2019 issue). https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/10/the-untold-tale-of-young-william-barr
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, review essay on William P. Barr, *One Damn Thing After Another: Memoirs of an Attorney General* (William Morrow, 2022), *Studies in Intelligence* 67, no. 1 (extracts, March 2023). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/4-Review-Essay-Barr-Memoir.pdf
[^5]: Gale, "Barr, Donald 1921-2004," obituary notice, *Something About the Author*, as reproduced at Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/scholarly-magazines/barr-donald-1921-2004
[^6]: National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Office of Strategic Services, RG 226, Entry 224, OSS Personnel Files, name database dated 12/23/2010. https://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-226-oss/personnel-database.pdf
[^7]: "College Science Courses for Gifted Secondary Pupils," *School and Society* 86, no. 2141 (November 22, 1958), p. 422. https://archive.org/details/sim_usa-today_1958-11-22_86_2141
[^8]: Marjorie Oden, "Field Notes," *Consulting Engineer* 13, no. 3 (September 1959), pp. 149-153. https://archive.org/details/sim_consulting-engineer_1959-09_13_3
[^9]: *Nature and Science* (American Museum of Natural History / Doubleday), national board of editors listing, 1963. https://archive.org/details/naturescience01amer
[^10]: Donald Barr, "Educational Policy and Curriculum Design," paper for the National Institute of Education Curriculum Development Task Force, October 30, 1976 (ERIC ED 170 251). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153549_0619
[^11]: Open Library, catalog record for *Who pushed Humpty Dumpty?* by Donald Barr, first publication year 1971, publishers Atheneum and Scribner. https://openlibrary.org/search.json?q=who+pushed+humpty+dumpty+barr
[^12]: Donald Barr, *Who Pushed Humpty Dumpty? Dilemmas in American Education Today* (Atheneum, 1972 printing). https://archive.org/details/whopushedhumptyd0000dona
[^13]: [JC], entry "Barr, Donald," *SF Encyclopedia*. https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/barr_donald
[^14]: Dalton School Archives, agent record "Barr, Donald, Headmaster, 1921-2004," personnel series 1964-1972, the 1971 *Time* items, *The Daltonian* issues of February 6 and March 14, 1974, and published-materials entries for *Who Pushed Humpty Dumpty?* (1971) and "Sex, Love, and Modern Education," *Columbia College Today*, fall 1967. https://daltonarchives.libraryhost.com/agents/people/276
[^15]: Donald Barr, *Space Relations: A Slightly Gothic Interplanetary Tale* (Charterhouse, New York, 1973; Fawcett Crest paperback, first printing February 1975), copyright page, dedication, epigraphs and text, pp. 7-13, 38-39, 49-50. https://archive.org/details/space-relations
[^16]: Wayne Madsen, "Daddy Dearest: the weirdness of Donald Barr, the father of Trump's mob lawyer Attorney General," *Wayne Madsen Report*, September 26, 2019. https://archive.org/details/Madsen190930
[^17]: Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association, "RIP: Donald Barr (1921-2004)," February 11, 2004. https://www.sfwa.org/2004/02/11/donald-barr-1921-2004
[^18]: "Education: The Dalton Brawl," *Time*, April 5, 1971, pp. 44-45. https://time.com/archive/6814618/education-the-dalton-brawl/
[^19]: Gene I. Maeroff, "Barr Quits Dalton School Post, Charging Trustees' Interference," *The New York Times*, February 20, 1974, p. 41. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/20/archives/barr-quits-dalton-school-post-charging-trustees-interference.html
[^20]: Rachel Martin, interview with Marie Brenner, "'Vanity Fair': Father-Son Dynamic May Explain Tenure Of AG Barr," NPR, December 10, 2019 (as carried by KJZZ). https://www.kjzz.org/politics/2019-12-10/vanity-fair-father-son-dynamic-may-explain-tenure-of-ag-barr
[^21]: Thomas Volscho, "Jeffrey Epstein Dodged Questions About Sex With His Dalton Prep School Students," *The Daily Beast*, July 12, 2019 (updated September 27, 2019). https://web.archive.org/web/20200117212831/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students
[^22]: Deposition of William P. Barr, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, August 18, 2025, p. 51. https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Barr-Transcript.pdf
[^23]: Mike Baker and Amy Julia Harris, "Jeffrey Epstein Taught at Dalton. His Behavior Was Noticed," *The New York Times*, July 12, 2019 (print: July 15, 2019, p. A16, "New Teacher in Gold Chains, and Lingering Questions Over Conduct"). https://web.archive.org/web/20200107115402/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-dalton-teacher.html
[^24]: Cat Schuknecht, "A Young Jeffrey Epstein Made An Impression On His High School Students," NPR, July 19, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/07/19/742725946/a-young-jeffrey-epstein-made-an-impression-on-his-high-school-students
[^25]: Calder McHugh, "Jeffrey Epstein's prep-school students remember their 'flamboyantly' dressed teacher," Yahoo Finance, July 13, 2019. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/jeffrey-epstein-dalton-school-math-teacher-yearbook-photos-125122535.html
[^26]: Gene I. Maeroff, "Barr Puts His Stamp on Hackley," *The New York Times*, March 13, 1977. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/13/archives/barr-puts-his-stamp-on-hackley.html
[^27]: Nel Noddings, *A Report of the NIE Curriculum Development Conference (Washington, D.C., November 17-19, 1976)*, National Institute of Education (ERIC ED 144 217). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153363_0430
[^28]: Jon Schaffarzick and Gary Sykes, *NIE's Role in Curriculum Development: Findings, Policy Options, and Recommendations*, National Institute of Education, February 8, 1977 (ERIC ED 140 401). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153432_0608
[^29]: National School Boards Association, *Career Education*, Research Report 1977-3 (ERIC ED 146 399), contents and section "Barr: Beware of implementation which destroys the ideals." https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153504_0724
[^30]: The American Presidency Project, "Nomination of 10 Members of the National Council on Educational Research, and Designation of Chairman," May 28, 1982. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/nomination-10-members-the-national-council-educational-research-and-designation-chairman
[^31]: The American Presidency Project, "Appointment of Three Members of the National Council on Educational Research," December 11, 1985. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/appointment-three-members-the-national-council-educational-research

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---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
aliases:
- F. Trubee Davison
- Trubee Davison
- Frederick Trubee Davison
- Fredrick Trubee Davison
- Brig. Gen. Trubee Davison
- F.T. Davison
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- SkullAndBones
- YaleUniversity
- FirstYaleUnit
- NavalAviation
- AssistantSecretaryOfWar
- AmericanMuseumOfNaturalHistory
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- PeacockPoint
- JPMorgan
- RedCross
- Geronimo
- NationalCrimeCommission
- ArmyAirForces
summary: "Founder of the First Yale Unit, Assistant Secretary of War for Air, president of the American Museum of Natural History and CIA Assistant Director for Personnel."
born: 1896-02-07
died: 1974-11-14
location: "Locust Valley, New York"
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1917
role: "member of the Yale class of 1918"
fn: 17
- type: founded
with: "[[First Yale Unit]]"
start: 1916
end: 1917
role: "organized the Yale volunteer aviation group that became the first unit of the Navy air reserve"
fn: 16
- type: appointed
with: "[[Calvin Coolidge]]"
start: 1926
end: 1933
role: "Assistant Secretary of War for Air, appointed July 16, 1926"
fn: 3
- type: member_of
with: "[[New York State Assembly]]"
start: 1922
end: 1926
role: "member for the Nassau County 2nd District"
fn: 39
- type: head_of
with: "[[American Museum of Natural History]]"
start: 1933
end: 1951
role: "president, elected January 1933 to succeed Henry Fairfield Osborn"
fn: 54
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1951
end: 1952
role: "Assistant Director for Personnel, assistant to Walter Bedell Smith"
fn: 61
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Walter Bedell Smith]]"
start: 1951
end: 1952
role: "assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence"
fn: 61
- type: member_of
with: "[[American Museum of Natural History]]"
start: 1923
role: "trustee, later honorary trustee"
fn: 52
- type: head_of
with: "[[National Crime Commission]]"
start: 1925
end: 1936
role: "chairman"
fn: 3
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Army Air Forces]]"
start: 1941
end: 1945
role: "colonel, later brigadier general (promoted June 3, 1945), Special Projects Division"
fn: 3
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Henry P. Davison]]"
role: "son"
fn: 7
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Henry P. Davison Jr.]]"
role: "younger brother"
fn: 7
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Artemus L. Gates]]"
role: "brother-in-law, husband of his sister Alice Davison"
fn: 7
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Dorothy Peabody Davison]]"
role: "wife"
fn: 69
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Endicott Peabody Davison]]"
role: "son"
fn: 20
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Daniel Pomeroy Davison]]"
role: "son"
fn: 19
---
Frederick Trubee Davison (February 7, 1896 to November 14, 1974) was born in [[New York City]], graduated from the [[Groton School]] in 1914, and was a member of [[Skull and Bones]] in the class of 1918 at [[Yale University]] and a graduate of [[Columbia Law School]] (1922). He organized the [[First Yale Unit]] of naval aviators, was a member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from 1922 to 1926 and [[Assistant Secretary of War]] for Air from 1926 to 1933, chaired the [[National Crime Commission]], and was president of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] from 1933 to 1951. He was promoted to brigadier general in the [[Army Air Forces]] on June 3, 1945, and from July 1951 to April 1952 served the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] as Assistant Director for Personnel.[^1][^2][^3][^4] He was the son of [[Henry P. Davison]], a senior partner of [[J. P. Morgan & Company]] and a chairman of the [[American Red Cross]] War Council.[^5]
### Family and the Morgan partnership
The family collection at the [[Pritzker Military Museum & Library]] records that Henry Pomeroy Davison was born in [[Troy, Pennsylvania]] in 1867 and began as a bookkeeper in a bank managed by a family member.[^5] He met his future wife, [[Mary Kate Trubee]], at a bank in [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], and they married on April 13, 1893.[^5] Three years later the couple moved to New York City, where Davison held a position at the [[Astor Place Bank]], later became president of the [[Liberty National Bank]] and took part in founding the [[Bankers Trust Company]].[^5] The finding aid states that he became a senior partner of J. P. Morgan & Company in 1909.[^5]
Kate Trubee Davison organized the Nassau County chapter of the American Red Cross in 1917 and chaired it for twenty-seven years, according to the same finding aid.[^6] The finding aid lists the children as Alice, born in 1899 and married to [[Artemus L. Gates]] in 1922; [[Henry P. Davison Jr.]], born April 3, 1898; Frances, born in 1903 and married to [[Ward Cheney]] in 1926; and Frederick Trubee, born February 7, 1896.[^7]
The finding aid traces the career of Henry Davison Jr. in some detail. He served in the [[American Ambulance Corps]] in France during the First World War and spent a year at [[Cambridge University]]. In 1929 he became a partner at J. P. Morgan & Company, in 1940 a vice president and director when the firm became an incorporated bank and trust company, in 1953 senior vice president, and in 1955 president. After the firm merged with [[Guaranty Trust Company]] he was elected vice chairman of [[Morgan Guaranty Trust]], and he died on July 2, 1961.[^8]
The finding aid says that Henry Davison attended a secret meeting at [[Jekyll Island]], Georgia, in 1910, and states: "Many believe this meeting led to the creation of the [[Federal Reserve]]."[^9]
[[Antony C. Sutton]]'s 1983 chart of families places the Davison family under J. P. Morgan, beside the [[Rockefeller family]] and the Payne family under [[Standard Oil]], the [[Harriman family]] under railroads and the [[Weyerhaeuser family]] under lumber.[^10] In his text Sutton wrote that "some of his partners were" members of the society, and that the senior Davison's "son H.P. Davison, Jr. was initiated in 1920."[^11]
On May 10, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] appointed a War Council for the American National Red Cross. In his 1919 history of the organization, Henry Davison wrote that "I was asked to take the chairmanship."[^12] He wrote that the council "went out of existence on February 28th, 1919."[^13] The first War Fund drive, held in the week of June 18 to June 25, 1917, reported subscriptions of approximately $114,000,000 according to the same appendix.[^13] Davison wrote that the council met at Red Cross headquarters during the day, and that in the evenings "we continued them at my house in Washington."[^14]
The family estate was at [[Peacock Point]], [[Locust Valley, New York]], on [[Long Island]]; a [[Yale News]] article reproduces a photograph captioned "Henry P. Davison in helmet, and Albert Ditman in glasses by F-boat at Peacock Point, Long Island, ca. 1916."[^15] The Navy history describes the Davison home at Locust Valley and the family memorabilia kept there.[^16]
### Yale and Skull and Bones
Davison entered Yale in the class of 1918, and the crew he joined in June 1916 became the core of the aviation group he went on to lead.[^1] Sutton's index of members by class year lists "Davison, Fredrick Trubee" under the class of 1918 and "Davison, Harry Pomeroy" under the class of 1920.[^17] The younger brother appears as "H.P. Davison, Jr." in Sutton's text.[^11]
The [[Yale Alumni Magazine]] reported in May 2006 that [[Marc Wortman]], researching Davison's war years in the F. Trubee Davison Papers at [[Sterling Memorial Library]], had found a letter dated June 7, 1918, from [[Winter Mead]], class of 1919, to Davison. The magazine quoted the letter's account of a skull "exhumed from its tomb at [[Fort Sill]] by your club," with the magazine's bracketed expansions of its abbreviations.[^18] The magazine reported that the yearbook entries for [[Charles C. Haffner Jr.]], Mead and Davison confirmed that all three were members of the society, and that Haffner's entry placed him at the artillery school at Fort Sill between August 1917 and July 1918.[^18] The magazine also stated that Mead was not at Fort Sill.[^18] The letter is one of the documents cited in the rumor that members took [[Geronimo]]'s skull from Fort Sill.
Davison's sons are also recorded as members. The [[Covert Action Information Bulletin]], in its 1990 article on the society, stated that two of Davison's sons, [[Endicott Peabody Davison]] and [[Daniel Pomeroy Davison]], were also Bonesmen.[^19] The Yale Alumni Magazine identified Endicott Peabody Davison, class of 1945, as a son of Trubee Davison, and reported that he took part in a meeting with the San Carlos Apache chairman [[Ned Anderson]] at which the Bonesmen produced a display case with a skull "like the one in the photo."[^20] Sutton's post-war list of Morgan partners includes Henry P. Davison, Jr. (The Order '20) and Daniel P. Davison (The Order '49).[^21]
Sutton's chart lists [[Henry L. Stimson]] among the old-line families, and the Yale obituary record for 1950 to 1951 lists Stimson, class of 1888, with Skull and Bones among his activities.[^10][^22]
### The First Yale Unit
The Navy's account of naval aviation in the First World War calls Davison "the young man most responsible for the formation of the unit."[^16] The Yale crew was in training on June 13, 1916, when President Woodrow Wilson ordered additional troops to the Mexican border. Davison recalled that "It could never be said that the race with Harvard was forgotten," adding that "it did lose magnitude as the prospect of war with Mexico loomed larger."[^16] Several crew members had agreed beforehand that they would enter aviation if war came.[^16]
The original group included [[Allan Ames]], Henry P. Davison Jr., [[John Farwell]], Artemus L. Gates, [[Erl Gould]], [[Robert A. Lovett]], [[Albert Sturtevant]], [[John Vorys]] and [[C. D. Wiman]]. The Navy history adds [[Wellesley Laud-Brown]] and Albert Ditman as the two non-Yale men.[^16] Among the men consulted about how the group could learn to fly was [[John Hays Hammond Jr.]], then governor of the [[Aero Club of America]], who referred the youths to [[Henry Woodhouse]]. Woodhouse and [[Robert Peary]] had proposed a line of air stations along the East Coast, and the Yale men were to be trained as pilots of the first Aerial Coastal Patrol Unit.[^16]
[[Rodman Wanamaker]], who ran a flying school at [[Port Washington, New York]], supplied one Curtiss flying boat and the instructor [[David McCulloch]].[^23] The Navy history describes the summer at Locust Valley and the unit's maneuvers off [[Sandy Hook]] with a fleet of battleships, destroyers and coastal patrol boats.[^23] That fall the unit received two seaplanes from friends and neighbors, one of them from Davison's father, then a partner in the J. P. Morgan firm.[^23]
The Navy history lists further members who joined as 1917 arrived, among them Charles Beach, Graham Brush, Reginald Coombe, [[David Ingalls]], Robert Ireland, Francis Lynch, [[Kenneth MacLeish]], Archibald McIlwaine, Curtis Read, Russell Read, [[William A. Rockefeller]], Kenneth Smith, W. P. Thompson, C. M. Stewart and Samuel Walker.[^23] Davison conceded that the coastal defense idea was remote from the trouble with Mexico, and said that "But the plan was essentially sound and during the World War I period was adopted by the Navy Department."[^16]
Davison had seen war-ravaged Paris on trips to Europe with his father, and in 1915 he joined the [[American Ambulance Field Service]], transporting soldiers to hospitals outside [[Paris]].[^24] The Yale News account states that on March 24, 1917, at the [[Naval Submarine Base New London]] in [[New London, Connecticut]], the pilots formally enlisted as the Navy's first air reserve squadron, and that Davison was given the rank of lieutenant, junior grade.[^24] Seven others were given the rank of ensign and the rest were made petty officers.[^24] In March 1917 the unit moved to [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], under a Navy lieutenant, [[E. O. McDonnell]], and its members were enrolled in the Navy.[^25] At Palm Beach the pilots flew solo, practiced shooting at kites with machine guns mounted in airplanes, dropped dummy bombs on targets and learned to land in tight spaces.[^26]
The Yale News account adds that the unit was also the subject of the society's tapping. On April 19, 1917, Tap Day in New Haven, two representatives from Yale arrived in Florida to tap students at noon. Davison was the first tapped for Skull and Bones, and eleven other members of the First Yale Unit were tapped with him.[^27]
The Yale News photograph captions record that Kenneth MacLeish was shot down over [[Belgium]] and was never found.[^28] The Navy history states that Sturtevant was the first naval aviator brought down in combat and that David Ingalls became the Navy's first ace.[^29]
### The crash of July 28, 1917
Paine records that the flying tests for naval aviators were to begin on July 28, 1917, before a board of [[Commander Read]], Lieutenant Commander Johnson and Lieutenant McDonnell.[^30] Davison was injured in a seaplane accident at [[Huntington, New York]] on that date, on his final examination flight.[^31] The Navy history states: "It was ironic that Davison was one of the few of the Yale unit who never earned his wings. He was injured in a crash on his final examination flight."[^31]
[[Ralph D. Paine]]'s 1925 history of the unit, *The First Yale Unit*, describes the flight. Davison climbed steadily, came down in a spiral toward a yacht near which he meant to alight, and appeared to stretch his glide too far on a turn. The machine side-slipped and pitched into the harbor, and Lieutenant McDonnell plunged in to free Davison's legs from the wires.[^30]
Paine quotes Davison's own report to the Commandant of the [[Third Naval District]], which reads: "I was injured in a seaplane accident on July 28th, 1917, while on duty with the detachment of the Naval Reserve Flying Corps at Huntington, Long Island, and was removed to [[St. Luke's Hospital]], New York."[^32] A Navy memorandum quoted by Paine states that a Board of Medical Survey recommended two months' sick leave, extended by periods of two months because the injury "would keep him unfit for duty for a considerable length of time."[^33] Paine describes him as "a man with a broken back," the fracture of a vertebra having injured the tissues of the spinal cord, and records six weeks in the hospital before he could be moved to his own home.[^34] The Air Force biography states that he was "badly injured, suffering a broken back, in the crash of a seaplane he was piloting on a training flight over Huntington Bay, New York," and that he was awarded the [[Navy Cross]] in 1919. The citation credits him with "exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility in the organization of the first Yale Aviation Unit which formed the nucleus of the first Naval Reserve Flying Corps, from which the U.S. Naval Aviation Force, Foreign Service, afterwards grew."[^3][^35]
Paine wrote that during the period of training "their able leader, Lieutenant Trubee Davison, crashed and broke his back," and that in spite of the handicap "he continued to direct and inspire his comrades."[^36] Paine also recalled Davison limping into his office in [[London]] after the Armistice, still badly crippled, to locate the grave of a member of the unit killed in France.[^37]
Davison never received his wings. In 1966, at the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the naval air reserve, Vice Admiral [[Paul Ramsey]], then Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air), presented him with a set of Navy wings and designated him an honorary Naval Aviator. The Navy history lists the wings among his memorabilia at Locust Valley, along with five college diplomas, his Army and Navy commissioning papers, a citation for the Navy Cross and his Yale letter for crew.[^38]
### New York State Assembly
The Nassau County 2nd District seat in the New York State Assembly is listed for "F. Trubee Davison" from 1922 to 1926, after [[Theodore Roosevelt]] held it for 1920 and 1921.[^39] The family finding aid gives the same span.[^2]
In August 1925 [[Time (magazine)|Time]] reported that the organizers of the National Crime Commission had chosen Davison as chairman, a man of twenty-nine who was then a member of the New York Assembly.[^40]
### Assistant Secretary of War for Air
The Air Force biography records that Davison "on July 16, 1926, was appointed Assistant Secretary of War, having previously spent five years in the New York Legislature," and lists "Assistant Secretary of War (Air) from 1926 to 1933."[^3] The Congressional Directory corrected to January 13, 1933 lists F. Trubee Davison as Assistant Secretary of War in the War Department, and the edition corrected to June 3, 1933 lists the office of Assistant Secretary of War as "[Vacant.]" beside a separate entry for The Assistant Secretary of War, Harry H. Woodring.[^41] A 1951 [[Associated Press]] item and the 1974 [[New York Times]] obituary both gave the span as 1926 to 1932. The Springfield Sun of July 1951 placed him in the "[[Calvin Coolidge|Coolidge]] and [[Herbert Hoover|Hoover]] Administrations," and the Navy history gives the service as "late in the '20's and early '30's," for six years.[^42][^43][^44][^45]
In August 1932 Time reported that David Ingalls had resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Aeronautics and taken the Republican nomination for Governor of Ohio, while Davison, "remaining in the Cabinet," had declared himself a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of New York, in a telegram to [[James L. Downey]], the Nassau County committeeman who had offered to withdraw as candidate for Attorney General to give Davison the head of the ticket.[^46]
A telegram of March 26, 1927, from the [[Secretary of State]] to the chargé in [[Haiti]], printed in the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] for 1927, opens with the words "For Secretary of War Davis." It relays a message to [[Admiral Williams]] that "Henderson with 1,500 marines will be sent, arriving [[Shanghai]] in about 30 days," and states that a regiment of infantry from [[Manila]] could reach Shanghai in seven days if the situation demanded. The message is signed "Davison," and the volume's editorial note identifies the signatory as "F. Trubee Davison, Assistant Secretary of War."[^47]
Other Yale Unit members held the parallel posts. David Ingalls was Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air from 1929 to 1932. Robert A. Lovett served as Assistant Secretary of War for Air in the Second World War and was Secretary of Defense from 1951 to 1953. Artemus L. Gates was Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air from September 1941 to July 1945.[^44] John Vorys, another member of the unit, served four terms as a Congressman from Ohio.[^44] Lovett's post was held in the War Department under Henry L. Stimson, who served as Secretary of War from July 10, 1940, to September 21, 1945.[^48]
Yale News reproduces a photograph taken December 12, 1928, of "Assistant Secretary of War for Aviation F. Trubee Davison, [[Charles Lindbergh]], [[Harry Guggenheim]], and [[Edward T. Warner]], assistant secretary of the Navy for aviation" in Washington.[^49] The Air Force biography adds that Davison was commissioned a colonel in the Specialist Reserve Corps of the Army on September 12, 1927, and that he was chairman of the National Crime Commission from 1925 to 1936; Time reported in August 1925 that the organizers of the commission had chosen him as chairman, at the age of twenty-nine.[^3][^40]
### Second World War
In June 1941 Davison was assigned to Headquarters, Air Force Combat Command, [[Bolling Field]], as Acting Deputy Chief of Staff and aide-de-camp to Lieutenant General [[Delos C. Emmons]]. In January 1943 he went to Headquarters, Army Air Forces, as A-1 of the Air Staff, later Special Projects Officer, and in March 1943 became Chief of the Special Projects Division, responsible for having ready "an adequate plan for demobilization of the Army." He represented the Army Air Forces on the Interdepartmental Group on Material Demobilization Planning and on the subcommittee on the disposal of transport aircraft under the "Baruch plan," and dealt with the Office of the Under Secretary of War on contract termination and the disposal of surpluses.[^3] The American Museum of Natural History recorded that on June 5, 1941 its president "was granted indefinite leave of absence in order to take up his duties as Colonel in the Air Corps, U. S. Army," and that an Administrative Committee of trustees (A. Perry Osborn, Malcolm P. Aldrich, Cleveland E. Dodge, [[E. Roland Harriman]] and H. B. Clark) was created to consult with the First Vice-President.[^50] He was promoted to brigadier general on June 3, 1945 and received the Army Distinguished Service Medal in October 1945.[^3] The Springfield Sun editorial of July 1951 describes the same service as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel under [[Henry H. Arnold]].[^51]
### American Museum of Natural History
The museum's roster of trustees lists "Davison, Frederick Trubee" from 1923, and "Davison, Henry P." from 1916 to 1922.[^52] The museum's annual report for 1922 records that his father, elected to the board on February 7, 1916, served as Treasurer and Chairman of the Finance Committee until his death on May 6, 1922, and that at his suggestion the board appointed an Advisory Committee on Investments of financial experts.[^53]
The annual report for 1933 states: "Upon the retirement of President [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] from the Presidency of the Museum, on January 9, 1933, in order that he might devote himself to his scientific researches, Professor Osborn was elected Honorary President for life. His resignation, after twenty-five years as President of the Board of Trustees, was accepted with great regret. Mr. Frederick Trubee Davison was elected to the Presidency."[^54] The 1932 report, in Osborn's final acknowledgments, welcomed "his warm personal friend, F. Trubee Davison, fifth President of the American Museum," and named the "Jesup-Morgan-Osborn principles" that the new administration was expected to continue.[^55] The 1933 volume opens with Davison's first report as president, written "entering upon its duties as a layman," which thanks "my distinguished predecessor, Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, who for twenty-five years exerted outstanding qualities of leadership." It states that the museum had 1,102,096 visitors in 1933; that the late Harry Payne Whitney's offer of $750,000 for the South Oceanic Bird Wing, conditioned on matching city funds, left the city a quarter of a million dollars short of its pledge, and that the trustees offered to buy $250,000 of city bonds to cover it; and that [[Charles Hayden]] and the [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] had made possible the Hayden Planetarium, the federal government agreeing to purchase bonds for its building.[^54] The report also records the donation by Colonel and Mrs. Lindbergh of the airplane they used on their Arctic and Pacific flights.[^54]
The museum held the Third International Congress of Eugenics in its halls from August 21 to 23, 1932, during Osborn's presidency, and partially opened its Hall of the Natural History of Man on that occasion; the same report lists Davison among the trustees re-elected to the Class of 1937.[^55] The 1933 report records the annual meeting of January 8, 1934, at which the officers re-elected were President F. Trubee Davison, First Vice-President [[J. P. Morgan Jr.]], Second Vice-President Cleveland E. Dodge, Treasurer James H. Perkins and Secretary Clarence L. Hay. It also records that [[John D. Rockefeller III]] was elected in 1933 to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of [[Frederick F. Brewster]], and that [[Frederick M. Warburg]] was elected to the vacancy left by his father, [[Felix Warburg]].[^54]
The 1933 report lists the "Davison African Expedition Fund" among the museum's special funds, with a balance of $50,561.04 under the name F. Trubee Davison, and states that "President F. Trubee Davison returned from Africa the middle of October with five elephants to complete the group in the new African Hall," "Financed by President Davison."[^54] The 1974 Times obituary adds that he and his wife, with [[Martin Johnson]] and [[Osa Johnson]], made the 1933 field trip to Africa.[^45] The annual report for 1952 describes the "Davison-Willis Expedition to Madagascar, organized by F. Trubee Davison," which brought back ethnographic objects, photographs and color-film records of native crafts and ceremonies to the Department of Anthropology.[^56]
The annual report for 1950 opens with the statement of his successor, [[Alexander M. White]]: "In June, 1951, a change of command took place at the Museum, Trubee Davison turning over the helm to me after eighteen years of leadership. They had not been easy years for any institution, covering as they did the depression period of the thirties and World War II." The report thanks Davison and the late A. Perry Osborn "for successfully piloting the ship through this stormy period." The officers for 1951 to 1952 list "President Emeritus, F. Trubee Davison," with White as president, Malcolm P. Aldrich as First Vice-President and E. Roland Harriman as Treasurer.[^57] The Navy history states that Davison retired in 1951 "after 18 years as president of the Museum of Natural History in New York," and the Springfield Sun editorial describes him as "president of the American Museum of Natural History for almost 18 years, and had planned to retire in October."[^38][^58] The Times obituary states that he remained an honorary trustee until his death and was "instrumental in the drive to obtain funds that helped the museum overcome many financial crises and eventually to build the Hayden Planetarium."[^45]
### Central Intelligence Agency
The Associated Press reported in July 1951 that "Brig. Gen. Trubee Davison, former Assistant Secretary of War for Air, will join the Central Intelligence Agency on July 16."[^59] The item states that a CIA spokesman confirmed he would become "a principal assistant" to "Lt. Gen. [[Walter Bedell Smith]], head of the agency," and that "He will not replace any other assistant." The spokesman added that Davison "probably would do personnel work."[^60] The 1974 Times obituary states that in July 1951 he became director of personnel of the Agency and assistant to Smith, and that "He left his post the following April, when it was announced that he had completed his mission of organizing the C.I.A.'s personnel."[^45]
The Springfield Sun editorial, headed "General Smith Names A Deputy," reports that Davison had "been appointed director of personnel and assistant to Lieut. General Walter Bedell Smith, chief of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^61] It says he had been "serving as a leader of civil defense in Nassau County, New York," and that in June 1941 he "became an Air Force colonel, retiring as a one-star general after serving as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel" under Arnold, whom it calls "the late General of the Air Force."[^51] The editorial describes him as "a flier, a lawyer, an administrator, a politician, a combat veteran of two wars."[^51] The same editorial says that the CIA "has been rather unfortunate in its chiefs."[^51]
In the Agency's own papers he appears as Assistant Director for Personnel. A memorandum of September 10, 1951 from [[Allen Dulles]], then Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, is addressed to "Trubee Davison, Esq. (Asst. Director, Personnel)" and asks whether he or a member of his staff could arrange to see an individual named in attached correspondence.[^62] A CIA official routing slip carries a memorandum dated September 11, 1951, from Davison to the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, whose text includes the line "I will see this fellow myself," followed by the initials "F.T.D."[^63]
Davison chaired the Agency's Career Service Committee. The minutes of its second meeting, on October 1, 1951, list "F. Trubee Davison - AD/Personnel, Chairman" with Matthew Baird, Director of Training. They record that the committee separated a "Trainee Program" from a "Career Service Program," that "the establishment of a Career Corps, as such, had been disapproved by the DCI," that of the first class of nineteen trainees sixteen had recently graduated and fourteen had been placed, and that a working group would take up a proposed two-year service requirement for selection.[^64] On October 3, 1951 the committee's executive secretary asked the Director of Personnel and the General Counsel to nominate representatives to five working groups (trainees, employee rating, rotation, career benefits and extension training), citing a memorandum "from General Davison entitled 'Career Service Committee'" of September 28, 1951.[^65] The minutes of the committee's fourteenth meeting, in January 1952, list Davison as AD/Personnel with Matthew Baird and [[Sherman Kent]], Assistant Director for National Estimates, and record the committee's review of a Personnel Evaluation Report and of "Selection Criteria for Participation in CIA Career Service Program."[^66]
The Covert Action Information Bulletin reported, citing the New York Times of July 5, 1951, that Davison was the agency's director of personnel in 1951.[^67] State Department papers of May 1951 in the same CIA files, concerning the working group on plans for the new Psychological Strategy Board, name W. P. Davison, executive secretary of the Psychological Operations Coordinating Board; he is a different person.[^68]
### Family after 1951 and death
The Yale News photograph of a 1966 reunion of the First Yale Unit identifies his wife as [[Dorothy Peabody Davison]].[^69] The Times obituary states that he died on the night of Thursday, November 14, 1974 at his home on Peacock Point, Locust Valley, aged 78; that he was survived by his widow and three sons, Endicott, Daniel and Gates; and that the funeral service was held at St. John's of Lattingtown Episcopal Church, Locust Valley. It states that he was "lamed for life by a plane crash during his service in World War I" and had taught himself to walk without crutches and ultimately without a cane.[^45] The Library of Congress name authority and the museum's archives catalog both give his dates as 1896 to 1974.[^70] The family finding aid at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library gives his death as 1976.[^71]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies: Yale's pioneering pilots form first naval aviation unit" (August 17, 2014), text on Frederick Trubee Davison, class of 1918 (1896 to 1974), with captions from the F. Trubee Davison papers, 1882 to 1961, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^2]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Frederick Trubee Davison (born February 7, 1896; First Yale Unit; New York State Assembly, Nassau County 2nd District, 1922 to 1926; Director of Personnel, CIA; Assistant Secretary of War in charge of aviation). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^3]: United States Air Force, "Brigadier General Frederick Trubee Davison," official biography (current as of October 2024): born New York, February 7, 1896; Groton 1914; Yale 1918; Columbia Law 1922; appointed Assistant Secretary of War July 16, 1926; Assistant Secretary of War (Air) 1926 to 1933; Chairman, National Crime Commission, 1925 to 1936; wartime assignments; brigadier general June 3, 1945; Navy Cross (1919) and Army Distinguished Service Medal (October 1945); July 28, 1917 crash. https://web.archive.org/web/20250401000815/https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/3928479/frederick-trubee-davison/
[^4]: United States Air Force biography and *New York Times*, November 16, 1974 (see the Air Force biography and Times obituary cited above). https://web.archive.org/web/20240107180328/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/16/archives/f-trubee-davison-dies-at-78-led-natural-history-museum-aviation.html
[^5]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection (PMML ID 320755, Call No. PAPERS 00013), biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison, finding aid written by Kathryn Hofherr (June 2008) and updated by Andrea Martinez (2018). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^6]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Kate Trubee Davison (Nassau County chapter, 1917, chairman for twenty-seven years). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^7]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on the children (Alice, Henry Jr., Frances, Frederick Trubee). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^8]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison Jr. (American Ambulance Corps in France; a year at Cambridge; partner at J. P. Morgan & Company 1929; vice president and director 1940; senior vice president 1953; president 1955; vice chairman after the merger with Guaranty Trust; died July 2, 1961). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^9]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Henry Pomeroy Davison (senior partner 1909; secret meeting at Jekyll Island, Georgia, the following year; "Many believe this meeting led to the creation of the Federal Reserve."). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf
[^10]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), chart "Hypothesis Number One," family list including "Davison (J. P. Morgan)," "Rockefeller and Payne (Standard Oil)," "Harriman (railroads)," "Weyerhaeuser (lumber)," and the old-line families including Stimson. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^11]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), text on the Morgan partnership ("some of his partners were"; "whose son H.P. Davison, Jr. was initiated in 1920"). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^12]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), pp. 7 to 8: "On the 10th of May, 1917, President Wilson appointed a War Council for the American National Red Cross, and I was asked to take the chairmanship." https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^13]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), appendix, "The Story in Figures": the War Council "went out of existence on February 28th, 1919." https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^14]: Henry P. Davison, *The American Red Cross in the Great War* (1919), chapter II, "Massing the Forces of Mercy," on the War Council's meetings at Headquarters and at the chairman's house in Washington. https://archive.org/details/americanredcross0000davi
[^15]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Henry P. Davison in helmet, and Albert Ditman in glasses by F-boat at Peacock Point, Long Island, ca. 1916," F. Trubee Davison papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^16]: Capt. Paul Jayson, USNR, "F. Trubee Davison, Founder of the First Yale Unit," in Adrian O. Van Wyen and the editors of Naval Aviation News, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 21 ("the young man most responsible for the formation of the unit"; June 13, 1916 training and Mexican border; Davison's Mexico quotation; Locust Valley memorabilia). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^17]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), index of members by class year: "Davison, Fredrick Trubee" under the class of 1918 and "Davison, Harry Pomeroy" under the class of 1920. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^18]: Kathrin Day Lassila and Mark Alden Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006 (Wayback Machine capture of June 14, 2006), including the letter of June 7, 1918 from Winter Mead '19 to Davison '18 quoted with the magazine's expansions, Mead's location, and the yearbook entries for Haffner, Mead and Davison. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^19]: "Bush's Boy's Club: Skull and Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin*, no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20 to 22, listing Endicott Peabody Davison and Daniel Pomeroy Davison among the members. https://archive.org/details/CAIB33
[^20]: Lassila and Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?," *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006 (Wayback Machine capture of June 14, 2006), on Endicott Peabody Davison '45, "a son of Trubee Davison," and the display case produced at the meeting with Ned Anderson. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^21]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), list of post-World War II partners of J. P. Morgan: "Henry P. Davison, Jr. (The Order '20)" and "Daniel P. Davison (The Order '49)." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^22]: *Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1950-1951*, entry "Henry Lewis Stimson, B.A. 1888," p. 11 (Skull and Bones among his activities).
[^23]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (crew list including Henry P. Davison Jr., Lovett, Gates and Vorys; non-Yale men; John Hayes Hammond Jr. and Henry Woodhouse; Woodhouse and Admiral Peary's coastal plan). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^24]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on Davison's service with the American Ambulance Field Service in 1915, the enlistment of the pilots at the Naval Submarine Base in New London on March 24, and his rank of lieutenant, junior grade. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^25]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (March 1917 transfer to West Palm Beach under Lieutenant E. O. McDonnell, enrolled in the Navy). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^26]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on the unit's training at Palm Beach, Florida, in 1917. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^27]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), text on Tap Day, April 19 (1917): two representatives from Yale arrived in Florida "to 'tap' their fellow students at noon"; Davison "was the first to be tapped (Skull & Bones) as were 11 other members of the First Yale Unit." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^28]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Kenneth MacLeish, who was shot down over Belgium, was never found, a casualty of war." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^29]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 22 (Sturtevant the first naval aviator brought down in combat; Ingalls the Navy's first ace). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^30]: Ralph D. Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), account of the flying tests set to begin July 28, the examining board, and the seaplane's descent and loss of control near the yacht at Huntington. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^31]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 23 ("It was ironic that Davison was one of the few of the Yale unit who never earned his wings. He was injured in a crash on his final examination flight."). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^32]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), quotation of Davison's report to the Commandant of the Third Naval District. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^33]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), Davison's report and the Board of Medical Survey recommendation of two months' sick leave, extended in two-month periods, "a broken back." https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^34]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), chapter "Trubee, the Crippled Leader" (the fracture of a vertebra; six weeks in St. Luke's Hospital before removal to his home). https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^35]: United States Air Force, "Brigadier General Frederick Trubee Davison," official biography (Navy Cross citation, 1919). https://web.archive.org/web/20250401000815/https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/3928479/frederick-trubee-davison/
[^36]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), text on the period of training ("their able leader, Lieutenant Trubee Davison, crashed and broke his back"; "he continued to direct and inspire his comrades"). https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^37]: Paine, *The First Yale Unit* (1925), author's recollection of Davison in London after the Armistice. https://archive.org/details/firstyaleunit0000ralp
[^38]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 21 (1966 presentation of Navy wings by Vice Admiral Paul Ramsey; retirement in 1951 "after 18 years as president of the Museum of Natural History in New York"; memorabilia list). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^39]: Political Graveyard, "Members of the New York State Assembly, 1920-29," Nassau County 2nd District: "Theodore Roosevelt 1920-21" and "F. Trubee Davison 1922-26." https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/asmbly1920s.html
[^40]: "Political Notes: Crime Chairman," *Time*, August 24, 1925 (National Crime Commission chairmanship; Davison identified as twenty-nine and a member of the New York Assembly). https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,720818,00.html
[^41]: *Official Congressional Directory*, 72nd Congress, 2nd session, edition corrected to January 13, 1933 (War Department listing for the Assistant Secretary of War, F. Trubee Davison), and 73rd Congress, 1st session, edition corrected to June 3, 1933 (Assistant Secretary of War, "[Vacant.]"; The Assistant Secretary of War, Harry H. Woodring). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1933-01-13/text/CDIR-1933-01-13.txt ; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-1933-06-03/text/CDIR-1933-06-03.txt
[^42]: Associated Press item, "F. Trubee Davison to Join CIA in Personnel Post," CIA reading room, document CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2 (released May 10, 2000): "Gen. Davison was Assistant Secretary of War for Air from 1926 to 1932. He has been president of the American Museum of Natural History in New York since 1933." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^43]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," editorial, *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "He was Assistant Secretary of War in the Coolidge and Hoover Administrations." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^44]: Jayson, *Naval Aviation in World War I* (1969), p. 23 (Davison as Assistant Secretary of War for Air, "late in the '20's and early '30's"; Ingalls as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air 1929 to 1932; Lovett as Assistant Secretary of War for Air and later Secretary of Defense 1951 to 1953; Gates as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air September 1941 to July 1945). https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash
[^45]: "F. Trubee Davison Dies at 78. Led Natural History Museum. Aviation Pioneer Served as Assistant War Secretary, C.I.A. Personnel Director," *New York Times*, November 16, 1974 (death on Thursday night at Peacock Point, Locust Valley; Assembly 1922 to 1926; "From 1926 to 1932 he was Assistant Secretary of War for Air"; museum trustee and president; CIA July 1951 to April 1952; 1933 Africa trip with Martin and Osa Johnson; survivors; funeral). https://web.archive.org/web/20240107180328/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/16/archives/f-trubee-davison-dies-at-78-led-natural-history-museum-aviation.html
[^46]: "National Affairs: Friends & Candidates," *Time*, August 15, 1932. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744164,00.html
[^47]: *Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1927*, vol. II, document 73, telegram from the Secretary of State to the Chargé in Haiti (Gross), Washington, March 26, 1927, with the editorial note identifying "F. Trubee Davison, Assistant Secretary of War." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1927v02/d73
[^48]: Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (1948), title page (Secretary of War 1940 to 1945).
[^49]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption: "Assistant Secretary of War for Aviation F. Trubee Davison, Colonel Charles Lindbergh, Harry Guggenheim, and Edward T. Warner, assistant secretary of the Navy for aviation in Washington, D.C.," Harris & Ewing, December 12, 1928, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^50]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1941*, report of the Secretary, p. 38 (leave of absence, June 5, 1941; Administrative Committee), and the First Vice-President's statement "on behalf of President F. Trubee Davison, who is on active war service." https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/8899eea9-1f49-4312-b3dd-8a4f579400f4
[^51]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "serving as a leader of civil defense in Nassau County, New York"; "in June of 1941 he became an Air Force colonel, retiring as a one-star general after serving as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in charge of personnel under the late General of the Air Force 'Hap' Arnold"; "a flier, a lawyer, an administrator, a politician, a combat veteran of two wars." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^52]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1922*, roster of trustees since 1869 ("Davison, Frederick Trubee 1923-"; "Davison, Henry P. 1916-1922"). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c9a7e200-0163-48f4-9d8c-9689e0992af6
[^53]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1922*, "Memorials to Trustees Davison and Cuyler and Curator Allen," pp. 20 to 21. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c9a7e200-0163-48f4-9d8c-9689e0992af6
[^54]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1933* (Sixty-fifth Annual Report), "Report of the President" (pp. 1 to 4), "Changes in the Board of Trustees" (pp. 53 to 54), expedition notes and Report of the Treasurer (Davison African Expedition Fund). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/03786359-9347-4dbf-a201-0a9319dccccd
[^55]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1932*, president's final acknowledgments (pp. 36 to 37), "Changes in the Board of Trustees" (p. 112), and the reports on the Third International Congress of Eugenics held in the Museum, August 21 to 23, 1932. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/4c320241-c3ab-4722-b36b-e0e13566adab
[^56]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1952*, Department of Anthropology (the Davison-Willis Expedition to Madagascar). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/c72e95f0-6528-44fc-96a4-e940d102b1dd
[^57]: American Museum of Natural History, *Annual Report for the Year 1950* (published 1951), statement of the President (Alexander M. White) and list of officers and trustees, 1951 to 1952. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/9c2b388c-1708-473d-b885-2ca62dcc2890
[^58]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "president of the American Museum of Natural History for almost 18 years, and had planned to retire in October." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^59]: Associated Press item, CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2: "Brig. Gen. Trubee Davison, former Assistant Secretary of War for Air, will join the Central Intelligence Agency on July 16." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^60]: Associated Press item, CIA-RDP78-04718A000500180115-2: "a principal assistant" to "Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, head of the agency"; "He will not replace any other assistant"; "probably would do personnel work." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a000500180115-2
[^61]: "General Smith Names A Deputy," *Springfield (Ohio) Sun*, July 1951, CIA-RDP75-00001R000300090028-6: "has been appointed director of personnel and assistant to Lieut. General Walter Bedell Smith, chief of the Central Intelligence Agency." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000300090028-6
[^62]: Memorandum from Allen W. Dulles to "Trubee Davison, Esq. (Asst. Director, Personnel)," September 10, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100020077-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100020077-6
[^63]: Memorandum from F. Trubee Davison dated September 11, 1951, "MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence," with the note "I will see this fellow myself," initialed "F.T.D.," on a Central Intelligence Agency Official Routing Slip, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100090067-0. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R003100090067-0
[^64]: "Minutes of 2nd Career Service Committee Meeting," October 1, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80-01826R000400090089-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400090089-6
[^65]: Memoranda of the Executive Secretary, Career Service Committee, "Career Service Working Groups," October 3, 1951, CIA reading room documents CIA-RDP80-01826R000400030018-0 and CIA-RDP80-01826R000400030022-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400030018-0 ; https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400030022-5
[^66]: "Minutes of 14th Career Service Committee Meeting," dated January 21, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80-01826R000400090006-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80-01826r000400090006-7
[^67]: "Bush's Boy's Club: Skull and Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin*, no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20 to 22, citing the *New York Times*, July 5, 1951, for Davison as the CIA's director of personnel in 1951. https://archive.org/details/CAIB33
[^68]: Memorandum from the Assistant Secretary of State (Edward W. Barrett) to Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, May 1951, "State Department Members for Working Group on Plans for Psychological Strategy Board," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003400010031-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003400010031-4
[^69]: Yale News, "Defending Allied skies" (August 17, 2014), photograph caption of Trubee Davison recalling the muster at the fiftieth anniversary reunion of the First Yale Unit in 1966, "His wife, Dorothy Peabody Davison, stands behind him." https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^70]: Library of Congress Name Authority File, "Davison, Frederick Trubee, 1896-1974" (n2001120423), and American Museum of Natural History Archives Catalog, "Davison, Frederick Trubee, 1896-1974." https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2001120423.html ; https://data.library.amnh.org/archives/agents/people/241
[^71]: Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Davison Family Collection, biographical note on Frederick Trubee Davison ("Trubee died in 1976."). https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/sites/default/files/files/Davison_Finding_Aid_Feb_2018.pdf

512
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George H.W. Bush.md
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@ -27,40 +27,40 @@ relations:
with: "[[Gerald R. Ford]]"
role: "Director of Central Intelligence"
start: 1976-01-30
fn: 31
fn: 37
- type: director_of
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "Director of Central Intelligence"
start: 1976-01-30
end: 1977-01-20
fn: 31
fn: 37
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Ronald Reagan]]"
role: "Vice President"
start: 1981-01-20
end: 1989-01-20
fn: 113
fn: 119
- type: head_of
with: "[[United States]]"
role: "President of the United States"
start: 1989-01-20
end: 1993-01-20
fn: 113
fn: 119
- type: subject_of
with: "[[October Surprise]]"
start: 1993-01-03
fn: 98
fn: 104
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
fn: 4
- type: employed_by
with: "[[The Carlyle Group]]"
role: "Senior adviser on Asia"
fn: 152
fn: 158
- type: participant_in
with: "[[South Florida Drug Task Force]]"
start: 1982-01-28
fn: 22
fn: 28
---
George H.W. Bush served as the Vice President under President [[Ronald Reagan]] and later as the 41st President of the United States. He was present at a meeting of Reagan's high command following the Israeli bombing of the Iraqi nuclear reactor at [[Osirak bombing]] in June 1981, where he agreed that some sanctions against [[Israel]] were essential.[^1] The same history of Israel's nuclear program includes the Vela incident of September 1979, the double flash recorded by an American Vela satellite over the South Atlantic.[^1]
@ -83,249 +83,255 @@ On October 20, 1942 at Washington, the [[Alien Property Custodian]], Leo T. Crow
Bush moved to Odessa, Texas in 1948, worked for Dresser Industries from 1950, and that year formed an oil development company in Midland that merged with another company three years later to create [[Zapata Petroleum]]. In 1954 he became president of the subsidiary Zapata Off-Shore Company and moved the company and his family to Houston.[^2] WhoWhatWhy reports that Zapata Petroleum began in 1953 "through joint efforts with Thomas J. Devine, a CIA staffer who had resigned his agency position that same year." The article quotes a CIA memorandum of November 29, 1975 that describes Devine as an "oil wild-catting associate of Mr. Bush."[^11] The same article quotes a 1968 memorandum that places Devine back in agency work under commercial cover from 1963.[^12] WhoWhatWhy also reports that the CIA documents were released in 1998 from a batch of records provided to the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]].[^12]
The corporation that later carried the Zapata name filed with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] under the former conformed names Zapata Off Shore Co, dated from January 15, 1969, and Zapata Norness Inc, dated from March 14, 1972. Its fiscal 1994 annual report states that "Zapata Corporation is a Delaware corporation organized in 1954."[^13] Electronic filings on EDGAR begin on February 8, 1994, and the company's record under Central Index Key 109177 starts from that period.[^14]
The CIA biographical sheet lists Bush as an oil field supply salesman for Dresser Industries in Midland, Texas, from 1948 to 1951, and records the formation of Bush-Overbey Oil Development, Inc., in 1951.[^13] The Miller Center biography dates his arrival in Midland to 1950, after an equipment-clerk job for an oil company in Odessa in 1948, and places the formation of the oil development company in 1950.[^2]
Two 1988 accounts tie the Dresser job to Neil Mallon, head of Dresser Industries. [[Bob Woodward]] and [[Walter Pincus]] reported that Mallon gave Bush his first job out of Yale.[^14] [[Randall Rothenberg]] reported that Bucky Bush described Mallon as a family friend who "could charm the fangs off a snake," and who offered George a bottom-of-the-ladder job at Dresser Industries in Midland, Texas.[^15] [[Anthony L. Kimery]] wrote that Bush began his career as a salesman for IDECO, a Dresser subsidiary.[^16]
In *All the Best*, Bush wrote that "I accepted the job from Neil Mallon and drove our 1947 Studebaker (a graduation gift from my parents) to Odessa, Texas," described Mallon as "Yale classmate of my Dad's" and "an intimate family friend," and wrote that the couple changed the name of their third son "from Henry to Neil" because "We wanted to name him for Neil Mallon, whose name was really Henry."[^17] In *Looking Forward* he called Mallon "a friend and a mentor second only to my father," and wrote that he became "a full-fledged Ideco salesman, selling drilling bits."[^18] On April 12, 1951 he wrote to "Mr. H.N. Mallon, Dresser Industries, Dallas, Texas": "Dear Neil, This will let you know that we are in business."[^17]
The corporation that later carried the Zapata name filed with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] under the former conformed names Zapata Off Shore Co, dated from January 15, 1969, and Zapata Norness Inc, dated from March 14, 1972. Its fiscal 1994 annual report states that "Zapata Corporation is a Delaware corporation organized in 1954."[^19] Electronic filings on EDGAR begin on February 8, 1994, and the company's record under Central Index Key 109177 starts from that period.[^20]
### The 1963 Hoover Memorandum
In 1997 the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] asked the CIA about a memorandum dated November 29, 1963 that carries the name of [[J. Edgar Hoover]]. The Review Board's letter of December 18, 1997 quotes the memorandum's statement that "the substance of the foregoing information [on the assassination of President Kennedy] was orally furnished to Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^15] The letter describes the document as "dated November 29,1963, prepared under the name of John Edgar Hoover."[^15]
In 1997 the [[Assassination Records Review Board]] asked the CIA about a memorandum dated November 29, 1963 that carries the name of [[J. Edgar Hoover]]. The Review Board's letter of December 18, 1997 quotes the memorandum's statement that "the substance of the foregoing information [on the assassination of President Kennedy] was orally furnished to Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency."[^21] The letter describes the document as "dated November 29,1963, prepared under the name of John Edgar Hoover."[^21]
The routing of the memorandum is recorded in two conflicting ways. A Review Board staff memorandum of January 8, 1998 describes it as concerning Hoover's conversation with President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] about the assassination, and says the memorandum is located in Johnson O&C File 92.[^16] A CIA memorandum by Michelle Combs to T. Jeremy Gunn, dated July 15, 1998, describes it as a memorandum from Hoover to the director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the State Department.[^17]
The routing of the memorandum is recorded in two conflicting ways. A Review Board staff memorandum of January 8, 1998 describes it as concerning Hoover's conversation with President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] about the assassination, and says the memorandum is located in Johnson O&C File 92.[^22] A CIA memorandum by Michelle Combs to T. Jeremy Gunn, dated July 15, 1998, describes it as a memorandum from Hoover to the director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the State Department.[^23]
The Review Board's letter quotes the CIA as having confirmed that "the search query included George Herbert Walker Bush prior to 1970." The letter asks the agency to determine whether George Herbert Walker Bush is the person to whom the memorandum refers.[^15] A CIA memorandum from J. Barry Harrelson to Gunn, dated February 25, 1998, states that the search "determined the Agency has no record of any association with George Herbert Walker Bush during the 1963 time period."[^18]
The Review Board's letter quotes the CIA as having confirmed that "the search query included George Herbert Walker Bush prior to 1970." The letter asks the agency to determine whether George Herbert Walker Bush is the person to whom the memorandum refers.[^21] A CIA memorandum from J. Barry Harrelson to Gunn, dated February 25, 1998, states that the search "determined the Agency has no record of any association with George Herbert Walker Bush during the 1963 time period."[^24]
The Combs memorandum records that the only other "George Bush" serving in the CIA in 1963 was a junior analyst who has repeatedly denied being the "George Bush" referenced in the memorandum. It also cites an entry in the calendar of Director [[Allen Dulles]] for October 4, 1961 that names an Army major general George Bush, with "no indication if this General Bush could be the referenced George Bush."[^17]
The Combs memorandum records that the only other "George Bush" serving in the CIA in 1963 was a junior analyst who has repeatedly denied being the "George Bush" referenced in the memorandum. It also cites an entry in the calendar of Director [[Allen Dulles]] for October 4, 1961 that names an Army major general George Bush, with "no indication if this General Bush could be the referenced George Bush."[^23]
An undated Review Board draft request bearing Gunn's name refers to an affidavit of George William Bush dated September 21, 1988.[^19]
An undated Review Board draft request bearing Gunn's name refers to an affidavit of George William Bush dated September 21, 1988.[^25]
In 1988 Stephen Hart issued a statement answering a report by [[Joseph McBride]] that appeared in The Nation on July 16, 1988. WhoWhatWhy quotes the statement as concluding: "Must be another George Bush."[^20] McBride described the response as "rather detailed for a ritual non-denial."[^20]
In 1988 Stephen Hart issued a statement answering a report by [[Joseph McBride]] that appeared in The Nation on July 16, 1988. WhoWhatWhy quotes the statement as concluding: "Must be another George Bush."[^26] McBride described the response as "rather detailed for a ritual non-denial."[^26]
The CIA's 1998 answer, the Review Board staff's account of it, the 1988 statement and the 1988 affidavit all concern the same name. The records do not establish which George Bush the memorandum means.
### The South Florida Drug Task Force and the Medellín Cartel
As Vice President, Bush oversaw anti-drug efforts as head of the South Florida Drug Task Force while the administration simultaneously protected Contra-connected drug traffickers. The contradiction between Bush's public anti-drug posture and the covert reality of the Contra supply chain became a recurring theme in the [[Dark Alliance]] narrative.[^21]
As Vice President, Bush oversaw anti-drug efforts as head of the South Florida Drug Task Force while the administration simultaneously protected Contra-connected drug traffickers. The contradiction between Bush's public anti-drug posture and the covert reality of the Contra supply chain became a recurring theme in the [[Dark Alliance]] narrative.[^27]
Reagan's statement of January 28, 1982 announced the federal anticrime task force for southern Florida: "To coordinate this effort, I am today announcing the establishment of a special task force, headed by Vice President George Bush, to analyze the problems and determine what steps we must take during the period of aggravated crime incidence."[^22] In a statement to a 1988 Senate subcommittee, Admiral [[Daniel Murphy]] said: "The President appointed Vice President Bush to direct the task force comprised of the Secretaries of State, Defense, Transportation, Treasury, Health and Human Service, and the Attorney General."[^23]
Reagan's statement of January 28, 1982 announced the federal anticrime task force for southern Florida: "To coordinate this effort, I am today announcing the establishment of a special task force, headed by Vice President George Bush, to analyze the problems and determine what steps we must take during the period of aggravated crime incidence."[^28] In a statement to a 1988 Senate subcommittee, Admiral [[Daniel Murphy]] said: "The President appointed Vice President Bush to direct the task force comprised of the Secretaries of State, Defense, Transportation, Treasury, Health and Human Service, and the Attorney General."[^29]
The [[Kerry Committee]] report, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (1988), states: "These cables led to a 1982 meeting between Vice President Bush, Admiral Daniel Murphy and Bahamian Prime Minister [[Lynden Pindling]], at which the Norman's Cay problem was raised. The Vice President chastised the Prime Minister for what was taking place."[^24]
The [[Kerry Committee]] report, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (1988), states: "These cables led to a 1982 meeting between Vice President Bush, Admiral Daniel Murphy and Bahamian Prime Minister [[Lynden Pindling]], at which the Norman's Cay problem was raised. The Vice President chastised the Prime Minister for what was taking place."[^30]
The [[Medellin Cartel|Medellín Cartel]] reportedly made a deal with Vice President Bush. Informant Allen Raul Rudd told federal officials that [[Pablo Escobar]] described "an agreement or relationship between Bush and the American government and members of the Medellín cartel which resulted in planes flying guns to the cartel in [[Colombia]]." Escobar claimed to have a picture of Bush posing with Medellín cartel leader [[Jorge Ochoa]] in front of suitcases full of money, held as blackmail to be released at "the appropriate time."[^21]
The [[Medellin Cartel|Medellín Cartel]] reportedly made a deal with Vice President Bush. Informant Allen Raul Rudd told federal officials that [[Pablo Escobar]] described "an agreement or relationship between Bush and the American government and members of the Medellín cartel which resulted in planes flying guns to the cartel in [[Colombia]]." Escobar claimed to have a picture of Bush posing with Medellín cartel leader [[Jorge Ochoa]] in front of suitcases full of money, held as blackmail to be released at "the appropriate time."[^27]
### Contra Connections and the War on Drugs
At the same time Reagan and Bush were publicly whipping the American public into a frenzy over street-corner crack dealers, [[Oliver North]] and other top administration officials were livid that Contra-connected drug trafficker General [[Jose Bueso Rosa]] had even been charged with a crime. North's computer messages about Bueso Rosa illustrated how skewed the Reagan administration's sense of justice had become regarding its "War on Drugs." [[Scott Weekly]], a figure connected to the CIA and the Hasenfus shootdown, claimed on tape that he reported to people who reported to Bush.[^25]
At the same time Reagan and Bush were publicly whipping the American public into a frenzy over street-corner crack dealers, [[Oliver North]] and other top administration officials were livid that Contra-connected drug trafficker General [[Jose Bueso Rosa]] had even been charged with a crime. North's computer messages about Bueso Rosa illustrated how skewed the Reagan administration's sense of justice had become regarding its "War on Drugs." [[Scott Weekly]], a figure connected to the CIA and the Hasenfus shootdown, claimed on tape that he reported to people who reported to Bush.[^31]
### Political Career Before the CIA
Bush became Republican Party chairman in Harris County, Texas, lost the 1964 Senate race to Ralph Yarborough, won the House seat for Houston's Seventh District in 1966 and was reelected in 1968. He lost the 1970 Senate race to [[Lloyd Bentsen]]. In December 1970 President [[Richard Nixon]] nominated him as ambassador to the [[United Nations]]; in 1973 Nixon moved him to the chairmanship of the [[Republican National Committee]], which he held through the Watergate period until Nixon's resignation in August 1974. President [[Gerald R. Ford]] then made him chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China, and in 1975 asked him to direct the CIA. After Ford lost in 1976, Bush offered to stay as director and [[Jimmy Carter]] declined.[^2] [[James C. Oberwetter]], the spokesman for [[Hunt Oil Company]] in a 1977 episode involving the FBI, had been press secretary to Congressman Bush.[^26]
Bush became Republican Party chairman in Harris County, Texas, lost the 1964 Senate race to Ralph Yarborough, won the House seat for Houston's Seventh District in 1966 and was reelected in 1968. He lost the 1970 Senate race to [[Lloyd Bentsen]]. In December 1970 President [[Richard Nixon]] nominated him as ambassador to the [[United Nations]]; in 1973 Nixon moved him to the chairmanship of the [[Republican National Committee]], which he held through the Watergate period until Nixon's resignation in August 1974. President [[Gerald R. Ford]] then made him chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China, and in 1975 asked him to direct the CIA. After Ford lost in 1976, Bush offered to stay as director and [[Jimmy Carter]] declined.[^2] [[James C. Oberwetter]], the spokesman for [[Hunt Oil Company]] in a 1977 episode involving the FBI, had been press secretary to Congressman Bush.[^32]
### Out of Office, 1977 to 1981
In January 1977, as chairman of the [[National Foreign Intelligence Board]], Bush wrote to Vice Admiral [[Bobby Ray Inman]], then vice director of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], thanking him for a year of advice to the board.[^27] [[U.S. News & World Report]] stated on April 7, 1980 that Bush was a present or former member of the [[Trilateral Commission]]; the magazine reported that he "resigned from the organization in 1978" and quoted him as saying that "to suggest that those that belong to the commission . . . are involved in a conspiracy is absurd."[^28] Bush announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination on May 1, 1979.[^2] [[William H. Draper III]] was national cochairman of the finance committee for Bush's 1980 presidential campaign, according to the White House announcement of March 18, 1981 nominating Draper to head the [[Export-Import Bank of the United States]].[^29] Bush ran on the Reagan ticket and won the vice presidency in the November 1980 election.[^2]
In January 1977, as chairman of the [[National Foreign Intelligence Board]], Bush wrote to Vice Admiral [[Bobby Ray Inman]], then vice director of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], thanking him for a year of advice to the board.[^33] [[U.S. News & World Report]] stated on April 7, 1980 that Bush was a present or former member of the [[Trilateral Commission]]; the magazine reported that he "resigned from the organization in 1978" and quoted him as saying that "to suggest that those that belong to the commission . . . are involved in a conspiracy is absurd."[^34] Bush announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination on May 1, 1979.[^2] [[William H. Draper III]] was national cochairman of the finance committee for Bush's 1980 presidential campaign, according to the White House announcement of March 18, 1981 nominating Draper to head the [[Export-Import Bank of the United States]].[^35] Bush ran on the Reagan ticket and won the vice presidency in the November 1980 election.[^2]
### Director of Central Intelligence, 1976 to 1977
On November 3, 1975 President Gerald R. Ford announced at a news conference that he intended to nominate Ambassador Bush, then the [[United States]] representative to the People's Republic of China, as [[Director of Central Intelligence]], succeeding [[William Colby]].[^30] Bush was sworn in as Director of Central Intelligence on January 30, 1976.[^31] As director of central intelligence in 1976 Bush was briefed on the CIA's remote-viewing research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] after the agency learned that Soviet visitors were "questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI," and left office before reacting.[^32]
On November 3, 1975 President Gerald R. Ford announced at a news conference that he intended to nominate Ambassador Bush, then the [[United States]] representative to the People's Republic of China, as [[Director of Central Intelligence]], succeeding [[William Colby]].[^36] Bush was sworn in as Director of Central Intelligence on January 30, 1976.[^37] As director of central intelligence in 1976 Bush was briefed on the CIA's remote-viewing research at [[Stanford Research Institute]] after the agency learned that Soviet visitors were "questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI," and left office before reacting.[^38]
The Senate Armed Services Committee reported the nomination through Senator [[John Tower]]. Hearings were held on December 15 and 16, 1975. Bush told the committee that "I do feel we need a covert capability," and pledged to "faithfully try to testify before the appropriate oversight committees of the U.S. Congress."[^33] The committee's report of December 18, 1975 recommends confirmation "subject to the nominee's commitment to respond to requests to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee."[^33] The committee approved him 12 to four. The full United States Senate followed in January with a 64 to 27 vote, after a two-hour debate, according to [[Studies in Intelligence]].[^34]
The Senate Armed Services Committee reported the nomination through Senator [[John Tower]]. Hearings were held on December 15 and 16, 1975. Bush told the committee that "I do feel we need a covert capability," and pledged to "faithfully try to testify before the appropriate oversight committees of the U.S. Congress."[^39] The committee's report of December 18, 1975 recommends confirmation "subject to the nominee's commitment to respond to requests to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee."[^39] The committee approved him 12 to four. The full United States Senate followed in January with a 64 to 27 vote, after a two-hour debate, according to [[Studies in Intelligence]].[^40]
In a memorandum to the recipients of National Intelligence Estimate 11-3/8-76, Bush called the estimate "the official appraisal of the Director of Central Intelligence." He wrote that "there is a negative aspect that is already clear and which concerns me deeply; namely, the selective leaks regarding the details of the process and, worse, the substantive conclusions developed by the 'Team B' panel that was concerned with Soviet strategic objectives." He added: "There is no truth to such allegations."[^35]
In a memorandum to the recipients of National Intelligence Estimate 11-3/8-76, Bush called the estimate "the official appraisal of the Director of Central Intelligence." He wrote that "there is a negative aspect that is already clear and which concerns me deeply; namely, the selective leaks regarding the details of the process and, worse, the substantive conclusions developed by the 'Team B' panel that was concerned with Soviet strategic objectives." He added: "There is no truth to such allegations."[^41]
The Team B report, "Soviet Strategic Objectives: An Alternative View," describes the experiment as "undertaken by the DCI on behalf of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]." It names [[Richard Pipes]] as team leader and lists William Van Cleave, [[Daniel O. Graham]], Thomas Wolfe and John Vogt as members. An advisory panel included Foy Kohler, Paul Nitze, Seymour Weiss, Jasper Welch and Paul Wolfowitz. The report states that its views "do not represent either coordinated National Intelligence or the views of the Director of Central Intelligence."[^36]
The Team B report, "Soviet Strategic Objectives: An Alternative View," describes the experiment as "undertaken by the DCI on behalf of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]." It names [[Richard Pipes]] as team leader and lists William Van Cleave, [[Daniel O. Graham]], Thomas Wolfe and John Vogt as members. An advisory panel included Foy Kohler, Paul Nitze, Seymour Weiss, Jasper Welch and Paul Wolfowitz. The report states that its views "do not represent either coordinated National Intelligence or the views of the Director of Central Intelligence."[^42]
William Beecher broke the Team B story in the [[Boston Globe]] on October 20, 1976, according to the editors' note in the Foreign Relations volume. A story by [[David Binder]] in the [[New York Times]] of December 26, 1976 reported the estimate's findings and drew in part on an interview with Bush.[^35] On January 19, 1977 Bush wrote to Cherne, chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, about Team B's recommendations.[^37]
William Beecher broke the Team B story in the [[Boston Globe]] on October 20, 1976, according to the editors' note in the Foreign Relations volume. A story by [[David Binder]] in the [[New York Times]] of December 26, 1976 reported the estimate's findings and drew in part on an interview with Bush.[^41] On January 19, 1977 Bush wrote to Cherne, chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, about Team B's recommendations.[^43]
On February 11, 1976 Bush announced new guidelines governing the agency's relations with the American press. The guideline states: "Effective immediately, CIA will not enter into any paid or contractual relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station."[^38] The report of the [[Church Committee]], chaired by [[Frank Church]], also states that the CIA had maintained covert relationships with about 50 journalists, and that Bush "undertook as one of his first actions to recognize the 'special status afforded the American media under our Constitution.'"[^39]
On February 11, 1976 Bush announced new guidelines governing the agency's relations with the American press. The guideline states: "Effective immediately, CIA will not enter into any paid or contractual relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station."[^44] The report of the [[Church Committee]], chaired by [[Frank Church]], also states that the CIA had maintained covert relationships with about 50 journalists, and that Bush "undertook as one of his first actions to recognize the 'special status afforded the American media under our Constitution.'"[^45]
On February 10, 1976 the [[Washington Star]] reported that Bush, according to a CIA spokesman, "has urged executives of The New York Times and CBS news to support the agency's efforts to keep secret the names of journalists who have aided intelligence operations."[^40]
On February 10, 1976 the [[Washington Star]] reported that Bush, according to a CIA spokesman, "has urged executives of The New York Times and CBS news to support the agency's efforts to keep secret the names of journalists who have aided intelligence operations."[^46]
In June 1976 the Washington Star reported that U.S. District Judge [[June Green]] ordered CIA Director Bush "not to destroy the files gathered by the CIA." Green also granted an appeal that the files be "protected" pending a civil action by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. The files were part of [[Operation CHAOS]] and had been gathered by the CIA at the request of Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, who feared extensive foreign influence on domestic unrest.[^41]
In June 1976 the Washington Star reported that U.S. District Judge [[June Green]] ordered CIA Director Bush "not to destroy the files gathered by the CIA." Green also granted an appeal that the files be "protected" pending a civil action by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. The files were part of [[Operation CHAOS]] and had been gathered by the CIA at the request of Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, who feared extensive foreign influence on domestic unrest.[^47]
The [[Letelier assassination]] in Washington in September 1976 brought Chile into the Director's correspondence. On September 29, 1976 Senator [[Daniel Inouye]] wrote to Bush thanking him for a briefing, and noted that [[Orlando Letelier]] "was recently discussed at a high-level policy meeting within the Chilean government."[^42] On October 9, 1976 [[U.S. Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Edward Levi]] wrote to Bush that "the Central Intelligence Agency may be in a position to obtain information bearing on these violent activities."[^43] [[Brent Scowcroft]] endorsed the request on October 21, 1976.[^43]
The [[Letelier assassination]] in Washington in September 1976 brought Chile into the Director's correspondence. On September 29, 1976 Senator [[Daniel Inouye]] wrote to Bush thanking him for a briefing, and noted that [[Orlando Letelier]] "was recently discussed at a high-level policy meeting within the Chilean government."[^48] On October 9, 1976 [[U.S. Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Edward Levi]] wrote to Bush that "the Central Intelligence Agency may be in a position to obtain information bearing on these violent activities."[^49] [[Brent Scowcroft]] endorsed the request on October 21, 1976.[^49]
A 1980 radio interview transcript in the CIA reading room quotes a speaker, identified only as "MAN," who refers to "our book" and says: "we've been able to establish that George Bush personally handled the information from Paraguay in this intervening week, and discussed it with [[Vernon Walters]], and together made the decision, first of all, to say, 'No, we have nothing to do with this mission.'"[^44] The transcript does not identify the speaker further.
A 1980 radio interview transcript in the CIA reading room quotes a speaker, identified only as "MAN," who refers to "our book" and says: "we've been able to establish that George Bush personally handled the information from Paraguay in this intervening week, and discussed it with [[Vernon Walters]], and together made the decision, first of all, to say, 'No, we have nothing to do with this mission.'"[^50] The transcript does not identify the speaker further.
The Paraguayan material concerned two Chileans traveling on Paraguayan passports under false names. A later Foreign Relations volume records that in July 1976 presidential adviser Conrado Pappalardo approached Ambassador [[George Landau|George W. Landau]] in Asunción about the two. Pappalardo said they would contact "then-U.S. Deputy Director of Central Intelligence General Vernon Walters."[^45] A memorandum by [[Eugene Propper|Propper]], quoted in the same volume, states that the CIA advised that Walters had retired from the agency on July 2, 1976.[^46]
The Paraguayan material concerned two Chileans traveling on Paraguayan passports under false names. A later Foreign Relations volume records that in July 1976 presidential adviser Conrado Pappalardo approached Ambassador [[George Landau|George W. Landau]] in Asunción about the two. Pappalardo said they would contact "then-U.S. Deputy Director of Central Intelligence General Vernon Walters."[^51] A memorandum by [[Eugene Propper|Propper]], quoted in the same volume, states that the CIA advised that Walters had retired from the agency on July 2, 1976.[^52]
On August 11, 1976 Bush wrote a memorandum headed "The Death of Roselli," concerning the murder of [[Johnny Roselli]]. In it he wrote, "I told him that I would like to see the FBI get into the Roselli case." He wrote that he was "most anxious to see the matter fully investigated so that the CIA would be officially exonerated."[^47]
On August 11, 1976 Bush wrote a memorandum headed "The Death of Roselli," concerning the murder of [[Johnny Roselli]]. In it he wrote, "I told him that I would like to see the FBI get into the Roselli case." He wrote that he was "most anxious to see the matter fully investigated so that the CIA would be officially exonerated."[^53]
The memorandum records that calls to Senators had suggested that the CIA was involved in the murder, and that he had asked Attorney General Levi to bring the FBI into the case.[^47]
The memorandum records that calls to Senators had suggested that the CIA was involved in the murder, and that he had asked Attorney General Levi to bring the FBI into the case.[^53]
On the Letelier investigation, Propper, Assistant Attorney General [[J. Stanley Pottinger]] and Bush met to decide how far the CIA could help with the Cuban exile side of the inquiry.[^48] Newspaper clippings that the defendants in *United States v. Sampol* filed to show prejudicial publicity described "a carefully worded agreement placing the Letelier case in a 'national security' status." Defense counsel for [[Guillermo Novo]] and others told the jury that "the CIA and not the Chilean government masterminded the Letelier assassination," and the appeal brief rested the theory on Michael Townley's CIA contacts and on a Fort Lauderdale firm, [[Audio Intelligence Devices]], where Townley spent the morning of September 21, 1976.[^49] The Washington Post reported on November 1, 1976 a belief at the CIA that Chilean operatives had not carried out the bombing, which Bush was said to have expressed to Secretary of State [[Henry A. Kissinger]] the week before.[^50] On November 5, 1976 Assistant Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]] asked the State Department to arrange interviews in Caracas of [[Orlando Bosch]], [[Luis Posada Carriles]] and two others held in connection with the [[Cubana Flight 455 bombing]], naming Propper and FBI special agents [[Carter Cornick]] and Raul Salinas as the investigators to be sent.[^51]
On the Letelier investigation, Propper, Assistant Attorney General [[J. Stanley Pottinger]] and Bush met to decide how far the CIA could help with the Cuban exile side of the inquiry.[^54] Newspaper clippings that the defendants in *United States v. Sampol* filed to show prejudicial publicity described "a carefully worded agreement placing the Letelier case in a 'national security' status." Defense counsel for [[Guillermo Novo]] and others told the jury that "the CIA and not the Chilean government masterminded the Letelier assassination," and the appeal brief rested the theory on Michael Townley's CIA contacts and on a Fort Lauderdale firm, [[Audio Intelligence Devices]], where Townley spent the morning of September 21, 1976.[^55] The Washington Post reported on November 1, 1976 a belief at the CIA that Chilean operatives had not carried out the bombing, which Bush was said to have expressed to Secretary of State [[Henry A. Kissinger]] the week before.[^56] On November 5, 1976 Assistant Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]] asked the State Department to arrange interviews in Caracas of [[Orlando Bosch]], [[Luis Posada Carriles]] and two others held in connection with the [[Cubana Flight 455 bombing]], naming Propper and FBI special agents [[Carter Cornick]] and Raul Salinas as the investigators to be sent.[^57]
When Bosch entered the United States on February 18, 1988, Acting Associate Attorney General [[Joe D. Whitley]] ordered him excluded on January 23, 1989, writing that "For 30 years Bosch has been resolute and unwavering in his advocacy of terrorist violence." In 1990, over the Justice Department's objection, the Bush White House released him.[^52] The Bush administration also agreed in 1990 to lift sanctions on Chile if the new civilian government prosecuted [[Manuel Contreras]] and [[Pedro Espinoza]] for the Letelier murder, in which [[Ronni Moffitt]] also died; the two served their terms at [[Punta Peuco]].[^53]
When Bosch entered the United States on February 18, 1988, Acting Associate Attorney General [[Joe D. Whitley]] ordered him excluded on January 23, 1989, writing that "For 30 years Bosch has been resolute and unwavering in his advocacy of terrorist violence." In 1990, over the Justice Department's objection, the Bush White House released him.[^58] The Bush administration also agreed in 1990 to lift sanctions on Chile if the new civilian government prosecuted [[Manuel Contreras]] and [[Pedro Espinoza]] for the Letelier murder, in which [[Ronni Moffitt]] also died; the two served their terms at [[Punta Peuco]].[^59]
The Foreign Relations volume on Panama prints a memorandum of conversation dated October 6, 1976 that is catalogued among the "DCI (Bush) Files on Noreiga." Its source note records "Three pages not declassified."[^54] The document concerns [[Manuel Noriega]], whose relations with the agency the volume documents.
The Foreign Relations volume on Panama prints a memorandum of conversation dated October 6, 1976 that is catalogued among the "DCI (Bush) Files on Noreiga." Its source note records "Three pages not declassified."[^60] The document concerns [[Manuel Noriega]], whose relations with the agency the volume documents.
On October 18, 1976 Bush wrote to Defense Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] on the subject of leaks, in a letter that refers to "where these vicious leaks came from."[^55]
On October 18, 1976 Bush wrote to Defense Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] on the subject of leaks, in a letter that refers to "where these vicious leaks came from."[^61]
[[Joseph Trento]] wrote in *Prelude to Terror* that in 1976, after the Church Committee hearings, [[Alexandre de Marenches]] of the French [[SDECE]] organized an informal consortium, the [[Safari Club]], in coordination with Bush. Trento lists its members as the SDECE, Saudi Arabia's General Intelligence Directorate under [[Kamal Adham]], Egypt's [[Mukhabarat]], Morocco's DST under Ahmed Dlimi, and the CIA, with the purpose of continuing anti-Soviet covert operations in Africa and the [[Middle East]] that congressional restrictions had made difficult for the agency; he places Egypt's service in the group as the supplier of Soviet-compatible weapons for operations in the Horn of Africa.[^56] De Marenches maintained personal relationships with American directors including Bush and [[William J. Casey]].[^57]
[[Joseph Trento]] wrote in *Prelude to Terror* that in 1976, after the Church Committee hearings, [[Alexandre de Marenches]] of the French [[SDECE]] organized an informal consortium, the [[Safari Club]], in coordination with Bush. Trento lists its members as the SDECE, Saudi Arabia's General Intelligence Directorate under [[Kamal Adham]], Egypt's [[Mukhabarat]], Morocco's DST under Ahmed Dlimi, and the CIA, with the purpose of continuing anti-Soviet covert operations in Africa and the [[Middle East]] that congressional restrictions had made difficult for the agency; he places Egypt's service in the group as the supplier of Soviet-compatible weapons for operations in the Horn of Africa.[^62] De Marenches maintained personal relationships with American directors including Bush and [[William J. Casey]].[^63]
In Angola the CIA's Operation IAFEATURE (1975 to 1976) supported [[UNITA]] and the [[FNLA]] against the [[MPLA]], with [[Congo|Zaire]] as the logistics base; the Church Committee and later writers record William Colby and then Bush as the directors who managed it. The program was ended by the [[Clark Amendment]], section 404 of Public Law 94-329, enacted June 30, 1976.[^58]
In Angola the CIA's Operation IAFEATURE (1975 to 1976) supported [[UNITA]] and the [[FNLA]] against the [[MPLA]], with [[Congo|Zaire]] as the logistics base; the Church Committee and later writers record William Colby and then Bush as the directors who managed it. The program was ended by the [[Clark Amendment]], section 404 of Public Law 94-329, enacted June 30, 1976.[^64]
[[William Barr|William P. Barr]] worked at the agency from 1973 to 1977 while attending law school, and as assistant legislative counsel under Director Bush in 1976 worked against legislation of Representatives [[Michael Harrington]] and [[Bella Abzug]] that would have required notice to people whose mail the agency had opened under [[HTLINGUAL]]. Barr later joined the White House domestic policy staff, where he worked with [[C. Boyden Gray]], counsel to Vice President Bush, and in 1988 helped screen vice-presidential candidates through [[Robert Kimmitt]].[^59]
[[William Barr|William P. Barr]] worked at the agency from 1973 to 1977 while attending law school, and as assistant legislative counsel under Director Bush in 1976 worked against legislation of Representatives [[Michael Harrington]] and [[Bella Abzug]] that would have required notice to people whose mail the agency had opened under [[HTLINGUAL]]. Barr later joined the White House domestic policy staff, where he worked with [[C. Boyden Gray]], counsel to Vice President Bush, and in 1988 helped screen vice-presidential candidates through [[Robert Kimmitt]].[^65]
### Israel's Nuclear Program and Israeli Channels
In March 1976 [[Carl E. Duckett]] openly discussed Israel's nuclear weapons at an informal seminar, stating that Israel was estimated to have ten to twenty nuclear weapons "available for use." Hersh wrote that the disclosure forced Bush, the newly installed director, to issue a public statement assuming "full responsibility," and that it led to Duckett's retirement. Duckett later acknowledged that rumors of his drinking were the stated reason for his departure but insisted that the real issue was Bush's unwillingness to promote him. Hersh adds that Duckett's 1974 estimate remained the official American estimate until the early 1980s.[^60]
In March 1976 [[Carl E. Duckett]] openly discussed Israel's nuclear weapons at an informal seminar, stating that Israel was estimated to have ten to twenty nuclear weapons "available for use." Hersh wrote that the disclosure forced Bush, the newly installed director, to issue a public statement assuming "full responsibility," and that it led to Duckett's retirement. Duckett later acknowledged that rumors of his drinking were the stated reason for his departure but insisted that the real issue was Bush's unwillingness to promote him. Hersh adds that Duckett's 1974 estimate remained the official American estimate until the early 1980s.[^66]
[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that he briefed [[Nachum Admoni]] in July 1986 on the Israeli intelligence network's arms sales to Iran for Vice President Bush.[^61] The Israeli arms dealer [[Al Schwimmer]], a special adviser to Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]] from September 1984 at a salary of one shekel a year, met President Reagan and Vice President Bush in that capacity.[^62] Ben-Menashe also wrote that Israeli intelligence believed [[Amiram Nir]]'s death in 1988 to have been a CIA operation intended to keep his testimony from embarrassing Peres, Reagan or Bush.[^61]
[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that he briefed [[Nachum Admoni]] in July 1986 on the Israeli intelligence network's arms sales to Iran for Vice President Bush.[^67] The Israeli arms dealer [[Al Schwimmer]], a special adviser to Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]] from September 1984 at a salary of one shekel a year, met President Reagan and Vice President Bush in that capacity.[^68] Ben-Menashe also wrote that Israeli intelligence believed [[Amiram Nir]]'s death in 1988 to have been a CIA operation intended to keep his testimony from embarrassing Peres, Reagan or Bush.[^67]
On January 20, 1991 President Bush telephoned Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] twice from Camp David, at 3 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. Washington time, to thank Israel for its "restraint" in not retaliating for the Iraqi Scud attacks. The spokesman [[Marlin Fitzwater]] quoted the president as telling Shamir: "I understand the anguish of your people and your Government." [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] and [[Paul Wolfowitz]] were sent to Israel, and American crews arrived to operate [[Patriot]] missile batteries.[^63] According to the counterintelligence history "Decade of the Spy," Bush denied clemency to [[Jonathan Pollard]] in January 1993.[^64]
On January 20, 1991 President Bush telephoned Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] twice from Camp David, at 3 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. Washington time, to thank Israel for its "restraint" in not retaliating for the Iraqi Scud attacks. The spokesman [[Marlin Fitzwater]] quoted the president as telling Shamir: "I understand the anguish of your people and your Government." [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] and [[Paul Wolfowitz]] were sent to Israel, and American crews arrived to operate [[Patriot]] missile batteries.[^69] According to the counterintelligence history "Decade of the Spy," Bush denied clemency to [[Jonathan Pollard]] in January 1993.[^70]
### Stargate, Center Lane, and the Army
The [[Stargate Project]] appears in the record through the agency's own accounts. [[Kenneth A. Kress]], writing in Studies in Intelligence for the winter of 1977, states that "During November of 1976, Director George Bush became aware that official Soviets were visiting and questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI about their work in parapsychology. Mr. Bush requested and received a briefing on CIA's investigations into parapsychology. Before there was any official reaction, he left the Agency."[^32]
The [[Stargate Project]] appears in the record through the agency's own accounts. [[Kenneth A. Kress]], writing in Studies in Intelligence for the winter of 1977, states that "During November of 1976, Director George Bush became aware that official Soviets were visiting and questioning Puthoff and Targ at SRI about their work in parapsychology. Mr. Bush requested and received a briefing on CIA's investigations into parapsychology. Before there was any official reaction, he left the Agency."[^38]
Kress also writes that Director [[Stansfield Turner]] stated publicly that the CIA "has had operational interest in parapsychology."[^65]
Kress also writes that Director [[Stansfield Turner]] stated publicly that the CIA "has had operational interest in parapsychology."[^71]
As vice president, in 1983 (the chronology's date reads as March 31 or August 3), Bush "was briefed for thirty minutes concerning [[Center Lane|CENTER LANE]] related activities by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]], DIA," the Army's remote-viewing unit, with "Adm. Murphy, C/S," and "Mr. Gregg" present ([[Donald Gregg]]). The [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) chronology records that "the briefing was well received and the Vice President was interested and impressed."[^66] A memorandum for the record by Major Gerald Fox dated April 1, 1983 lists the three projects used on March 31, 1983 to brief the Vice President, among them Project 8034, described as a "[[KGB]] agent."[^67] Vorona of the DIA is the first-named member of the November 1978 oversight group of the [[Grill Flame]] committee and the first-listed attendee in February 1979.[^68]
As vice president, in 1983 (the chronology's date reads as March 31 or August 3), Bush "was briefed for thirty minutes concerning [[Center Lane|CENTER LANE]] related activities by Dr. [[Jack Vorona]], DIA," the Army's remote-viewing unit, with "Adm. Murphy, C/S," and "Mr. Gregg" present ([[Donald Gregg]]). The [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) chronology records that "the briefing was well received and the Vice President was interested and impressed."[^72] A memorandum for the record by Major Gerald Fox dated April 1, 1983 lists the three projects used on March 31, 1983 to brief the Vice President, among them Project 8034, described as a "[[KGB]] agent."[^73] Vorona of the DIA is the first-named member of the November 1978 oversight group of the [[Grill Flame]] committee and the first-listed attendee in February 1979.[^74]
According to an Air War College research report by Dolan M. McKelvy citing Ronald McRae's *Mind Wars* (1984), CIA director Bush in 1976 enthusiastically gave [[Edgar Mitchell]] "permission to organize high-level seminars at the CIA to discuss possible intelligence applications" of parapsychology; the report says that interest waned in 1977 when Stansfield Turner replaced Bush.[^69]
According to an Air War College research report by Dolan M. McKelvy citing Ronald McRae's *Mind Wars* (1984), CIA director Bush in 1976 enthusiastically gave [[Edgar Mitchell]] "permission to organize high-level seminars at the CIA to discuss possible intelligence applications" of parapsychology; the report says that interest waned in 1977 when Stansfield Turner replaced Bush.[^75]
### The Vice President's Briefings and Travel
On April 2, 1982 Casey sent Secretary of State [[Alexander M. Haig, Jr.]] a "Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs" referring to "the Argentine invasion Friday," with a copy to Vice President Bush.[^70] In a letter to *Time* in January 1982, Assistant Secretary of State [[John H. Holdridge]] wrote that Bush had confirmed during a visit to Australia that there had been no CIA involvement in the [[Nugan Hand Bank]], and that Frank Church had said the Senate committee found no evidence implicating the agency. A CBS broadcast of September 22, 1982 quoted former bank executive [[Neil Evans]], who had immunity, as saying: "We were to become the paymasters for the CIA around the world."[^71] [[Michael Hand]] was the bank's co-founder.
On April 2, 1982 Casey sent Secretary of State [[Alexander M. Haig, Jr.]] a "Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs" referring to "the Argentine invasion Friday," with a copy to Vice President Bush.[^76] In a letter to *Time* in January 1982, Assistant Secretary of State [[John H. Holdridge]] wrote that Bush had confirmed during a visit to Australia that there had been no CIA involvement in the [[Nugan Hand Bank]], and that Frank Church had said the Senate committee found no evidence implicating the agency. A CBS broadcast of September 22, 1982 quoted former bank executive [[Neil Evans]], who had immunity, as saying: "We were to become the paymasters for the CIA around the world."[^77] [[Michael Hand]] was the bank's co-founder.
On April 12, 1986 Vice President Bush flew to Marib in North Yemen and dedicated the refinery of the Alif field that Hunt Oil had found in 1984, the first oil discovered in the country. [[Ray Hunt]], head of the company, sat on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 2001.[^72]
On April 12, 1986 Vice President Bush flew to Marib in North Yemen and dedicated the refinery of the Alif field that Hunt Oil had found in 1984, the first oil discovered in the country. [[Ray Hunt]], head of the company, sat on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 2001.[^78]
On January 20, 1987 Bush said that an American "in terrorist hands is tortured and, in the case of William Buckley, killed," referring to the CIA's Beirut station chief [[William Buckley]].[^73] On August 17, 1988 he called the death of Pakistan's President [[Zia ul-Haq]] in a [[C-130]] explosion "a great tragedy."[^74] [[Celerino Castillo]] said that on or about January 14, 1986 he tried to alert Vice President Bush at a U.S. embassy party in Guatemala that "something funny" was going on at [[Ilopango Airbase]], and described what followed: "But he just shook my hand, smiled and walked away from me."[^75]
On January 20, 1987 Bush said that an American "in terrorist hands is tortured and, in the case of William Buckley, killed," referring to the CIA's Beirut station chief [[William Buckley]].[^79] On August 17, 1988 he called the death of Pakistan's President [[Zia ul-Haq]] in a [[C-130]] explosion "a great tragedy."[^80] [[Celerino Castillo]] said that on or about January 14, 1986 he tried to alert Vice President Bush at a U.S. embassy party in Guatemala that "something funny" was going on at [[Ilopango Airbase]], and described what followed: "But he just shook my hand, smiled and walked away from me."[^81]
### Gregg, Rodriguez, and the Vice President's Office
At a February 1988 hearing on the testimony of [[Danilo Blandon]], Senator [[John Kerry]] addressed a call to Castro: "while Vice President Bush denied that he made the call, and I do accept his word, it also was learned last night on McNeil-Lehrer that a former NSC staffer admitted that, indeed, there was prior notice given to Castro."[^76]
At a February 1988 hearing on the testimony of [[Danilo Blandon]], Senator [[John Kerry]] addressed a call to Castro: "while Vice President Bush denied that he made the call, and I do accept his word, it also was learned last night on McNeil-Lehrer that a former NSC staffer admitted that, indeed, there was prior notice given to Castro."[^82]
Blandon also described [[Felix Rodriguez]] as "the liaison for providing weapons to the Contras in El Salvador."[^77] Walsh's chapter 29 states that Gregg "arranged for Rodriguez to meet Vice President Bush on January 22, 1985. According to Gregg, the purpose of the meeting was to inform Bush that Rodriguez wanted to work in El Salvador against the guerrillas."[^78] The meeting took place in the Old Executive Office Building, where Rodriguez was "watching a television report on the Bush family."[^78]
Blandon also described [[Felix Rodriguez]] as "the liaison for providing weapons to the Contras in El Salvador."[^83] Walsh's chapter 29 states that Gregg "arranged for Rodriguez to meet Vice President Bush on January 22, 1985. According to Gregg, the purpose of the meeting was to inform Bush that Rodriguez wanted to work in El Salvador against the guerrillas."[^84] The meeting took place in the Old Executive Office Building, where Rodriguez was "watching a television report on the Bush family."[^84]
The 1988 hearing record gives the date of that meeting as February 22, a month later than Walsh's date. In the July 1988 hearings Rodriguez said that he had passed to the FBI and CIA, early in 1985, information from [[Ramon Milian Rodriguez]], whom he called a liar, and in later questioning by Kerry said he met Vice President Bush on February 22.[^79] Rodriguez also answered a question from Kerry: "No, sir. I didn't go there that often as people have publicized."[^79]
The 1988 hearing record gives the date of that meeting as February 22, a month later than Walsh's date. In the July 1988 hearings Rodriguez said that he had passed to the FBI and CIA, early in 1985, information from [[Ramon Milian Rodriguez]], whom he called a liar, and in later questioning by Kerry said he met Vice President Bush on February 22.[^85] Rodriguez also answered a question from Kerry: "No, sir. I didn't go there that often as people have publicized."[^85]
Part IX of Walsh's report states that Gregg "claimed that, notwithstanding the Administration's interest in the success of the contras, he never mentioned any information regarding contra resupply to Vice President Bush."[^80] The Kerry report says that before Murphy's 1987 trips to Panama he met with officials including "the Vice President's National Security Advisor, Donald Gregg."[^81]
Part IX of Walsh's report states that Gregg "claimed that, notwithstanding the Administration's interest in the success of the contras, he never mentioned any information regarding contra resupply to Vice President Bush."[^86] The Kerry report says that before Murphy's 1987 trips to Panama he met with officials including "the Vice President's National Security Advisor, Donald Gregg."[^87]
### Iran-Contra and the Pardons
The executive summary of the final report of the [[Lawrence Walsh|Independent Counsel]] states that the investigation "did not develop evidence that proved that Vice President Bush violated any criminal statute. Contrary to his public pronouncements, however, he was fully aware of the Iran arms sales."[^82] The summary adds that "Bush was regularly briefed, along with the President, on the Iran arms sales, and he participated in discussions to obtain third-country support for the contras." It states that the Independent Counsel "obtained no evidence that Bush was aware of the diversion."[^82] The same summary says that the pardon of [[Caspar Weinberger]] on December 24, 1992 "pre-empted a trial in which defense counsel indicated that they intended to call Bush as a witness."[^82]
The executive summary of the final report of the [[Lawrence Walsh|Independent Counsel]] states that the investigation "did not develop evidence that proved that Vice President Bush violated any criminal statute. Contrary to his public pronouncements, however, he was fully aware of the Iran arms sales."[^88] The summary adds that "Bush was regularly briefed, along with the President, on the Iran arms sales, and he participated in discussions to obtain third-country support for the contras." It states that the Independent Counsel "obtained no evidence that Bush was aware of the diversion."[^88] The same summary says that the pardon of [[Caspar Weinberger]] on December 24, 1992 "pre-empted a trial in which defense counsel indicated that they intended to call Bush as a witness."[^88]
Chapter 28 of the report, headed "George Bush," records that Bush told the FBI in December 1986, and was deposed by the Independent Counsel on January 11, 1988, that he had been regularly informed of events connected with the arms sales, including the 1985 Israeli missile shipments. Walsh writes that these statements "conflicted with his more extreme public assertions that he was 'out of the loop' regarding the operational details of the Iran initiative."[^83] Walsh also writes that "The criminal investigation of Bush was regrettably incomplete."[^83]
Chapter 28 of the report, headed "George Bush," records that Bush told the FBI in December 1986, and was deposed by the Independent Counsel on January 11, 1988, that he had been regularly informed of events connected with the arms sales, including the 1985 Israeli missile shipments. Walsh writes that these statements "conflicted with his more extreme public assertions that he was 'out of the loop' regarding the operational details of the Iran initiative."[^89] Walsh also writes that "The criminal investigation of Bush was regrettably incomplete."[^89]
In 1988 Bush told the [[Washington Post]], "The President and I cooperated fully with the various investigations, turned over thousands of documents and directed our staffs to do the same."[^84] In September 1992 he said, "I have nothing to explain."[^84]
In 1988 Bush told the [[Washington Post]], "The President and I cooperated fully with the various investigations, turned over thousands of documents and directed our staffs to do the same."[^90] In September 1992 he said, "I have nothing to explain."[^90]
Part IX of the report, on the White House investigations, states that the Independent Counsel "concluded that no criminal charges should be brought against President Reagan, Vice President Bush, Meese or Regan because the belated production of notes and other documents delayed the investigation beyond the point where it could be effective."[^85] The same part states that senior advisers including Vice President Bush "were informed in 1985 of presidential approval of the transactions." It also says that the Independent Counsel "found considerable evidence that the President and the Vice President knew about and, in some instances, directly participated in contra-funding efforts during this period."[^85]
Part IX of the report, on the White House investigations, states that the Independent Counsel "concluded that no criminal charges should be brought against President Reagan, Vice President Bush, Meese or Regan because the belated production of notes and other documents delayed the investigation beyond the point where it could be effective."[^91] The same part states that senior advisers including Vice President Bush "were informed in 1985 of presidential approval of the transactions." It also says that the Independent Counsel "found considerable evidence that the President and the Vice President knew about and, in some instances, directly participated in contra-funding efforts during this period."[^91]
The diary is the subject of a separate passage. Walsh writes that "[t]he personal diary of Vice President Bush was disclosed to Independent Counsel only in December 1992, despite early and repeated requests for such documents."[^86] On December 11, 1992 [[Chester Paul Beach]], associate counsel to President Bush, informed the Independent Counsel that a diary kept by Bush from his vice presidency had not been produced. The report describes it as consisting of "Bush's nightly dictation concerning the events of the day."[^86] The first entry, dated November 4, 1986, describes "the beginning of what I hope will be an accurate diary." An entry for November 5, 1986 reads: "I'm one of the few people that know fully the details."[^87]
The diary is the subject of a separate passage. Walsh writes that "[t]he personal diary of Vice President Bush was disclosed to Independent Counsel only in December 1992, despite early and repeated requests for such documents."[^92] On December 11, 1992 [[Chester Paul Beach]], associate counsel to President Bush, informed the Independent Counsel that a diary kept by Bush from his vice presidency had not been produced. The report describes it as consisting of "Bush's nightly dictation concerning the events of the day."[^92] The first entry, dated November 4, 1986, describes "the beginning of what I hope will be an accurate diary." An entry for November 5, 1986 reads: "I'm one of the few people that know fully the details."[^93]
The report records a document request that reached the vice president's office. C. Boyden Gray and John Schmitz told office heads that the request "covers all personal and official records of OVP staff members."[^88]
The report records a document request that reached the vice president's office. C. Boyden Gray and John Schmitz told office heads that the request "covers all personal and official records of OVP staff members."[^94]
After the pardons, Bush refused to be interviewed unless the interview was limited to his non-production of the diary and personal notes. The Independent Counsel declined those conditions. In late February 1993 Bush's counsel set out six professed obstacles to a deposition.[^84] The report states that a grand jury subpoena was not issued because the office did not believe there was an appropriate likelihood of a criminal prosecution.[^86]
After the pardons, Bush refused to be interviewed unless the interview was limited to his non-production of the diary and personal notes. The Independent Counsel declined those conditions. In late February 1993 Bush's counsel set out six professed obstacles to a deposition.[^90] The report states that a grand jury subpoena was not issued because the office did not believe there was an appropriate likelihood of a criminal prosecution.[^92]
On December 24, 1992 Bush issued Proclamation 6518, granting pardons to Caspar Weinberger, [[Robert McFarlane]], [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Dewey Clarridge]], [[Clair George]] and [[Alan Fiers]]. In the proclamation Bush wrote that "the common denominator of their motivation ... was patriotism." He described the prosecutions as "a profoundly troubling development in the political and legal climate of our country: the criminalization of policy differences. ... The proper target is the President, not his subordinates; the proper forum is the voting booth, not the courtroom."[^89]
On December 24, 1992 Bush issued Proclamation 6518, granting pardons to Caspar Weinberger, [[Robert McFarlane]], [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Dewey Clarridge]], [[Clair George]] and [[Alan Fiers]]. In the proclamation Bush wrote that "the common denominator of their motivation ... was patriotism." He described the prosecutions as "a profoundly troubling development in the political and legal climate of our country: the criminalization of policy differences. ... The proper target is the President, not his subordinates; the proper forum is the voting booth, not the courtroom."[^95]
Walsh responded that the pardon of Weinberger "undermines the principle that no man is above the law."[^90] The Fourth Interim Report of February 8, 1993 includes the phrase "prevent full disclosure of some new key fact to the American people," and states that the pardon "thwarted the public airing of new and disturbing facts about the actions of Weinberger and other senior Executive Branch officials."[^91]
Walsh responded that the pardon of Weinberger "undermines the principle that no man is above the law."[^96] The Fourth Interim Report of February 8, 1993 includes the phrase "prevent full disclosure of some new key fact to the American people," and states that the pardon "thwarted the public airing of new and disturbing facts about the actions of Weinberger and other senior Executive Branch officials."[^97]
The [[Tower Commission]] also examined the Vice President's contacts with Israeli channels. Its report records that "The Vice President was in Israel on July 29. While there, he met with Nir." The Vice President told the board that, before the meeting, he had been uneasy and tried to call [[John Poindexter]].[^92] Bush related that his discussion with Amiram Nir "was generally about counterterrorism. There was no discussion of specifics relating to arms going to the Iranians, e.g., the price of TOW missiles was never raised."[^92] The report also contains the phrase that the interests of the United States were "in the grip of the Israelis."[^92]
The [[Tower Commission]] also examined the Vice President's contacts with Israeli channels. Its report records that "The Vice President was in Israel on July 29. While there, he met with Nir." The Vice President told the board that, before the meeting, he had been uneasy and tried to call [[John Poindexter]].[^98] Bush related that his discussion with Amiram Nir "was generally about counterterrorism. There was no discussion of specifics relating to arms going to the Iranians, e.g., the price of TOW missiles was never raised."[^98] The report also contains the phrase that the interests of the United States were "in the grip of the Israelis."[^98]
At the National Security Planning Group meeting of June 25, 1984, the minutes record Casey saying: "We need the legal opinion which makes clear that the US has the authority to facilitate third country funding for the anti-Sandinistas." Vice President Bush asked: "How can anyone object to the US encouraging third parties to provide help to the anti-Sandinistas under the finding? The only problem that might come up is if the United States were to promise to give these third parties something in return so that some people could interpret this as some kind of an exchange." Robert McFarlane proposed "that there be no authority for anyone to seek third party support for the anti-Sandinistas until we have the information we need," and Reagan said: "If such a story gets out, we'll all be hanging by our thumbs in front of the White House until we find out who did it." The meeting took place under the [[Boland Amendment]].[^93]
At the National Security Planning Group meeting of June 25, 1984, the minutes record Casey saying: "We need the legal opinion which makes clear that the US has the authority to facilitate third country funding for the anti-Sandinistas." Vice President Bush asked: "How can anyone object to the US encouraging third parties to provide help to the anti-Sandinistas under the finding? The only problem that might come up is if the United States were to promise to give these third parties something in return so that some people could interpret this as some kind of an exchange." Robert McFarlane proposed "that there be no authority for anyone to seek third party support for the anti-Sandinistas until we have the information we need," and Reagan said: "If such a story gets out, we'll all be hanging by our thumbs in front of the White House until we find out who did it." The meeting took place under the [[Boland Amendment]].[^99]
The [[The Enterprise (Iran-Contra)|Enterprise]] ran the Contra supply operation through the Ilopango Airbase in [[El Salvador]], where CIA Hangar No. 4 was turned over to its operations in 1985; Felix Rodriguez, who had connections to Gregg, then National Security Adviser to the Vice President, coordinated aircraft and logistics there.[^94]
The [[The Enterprise (Iran-Contra)|Enterprise]] ran the Contra supply operation through the Ilopango Airbase in [[El Salvador]], where CIA Hangar No. 4 was turned over to its operations in 1985; Felix Rodriguez, who had connections to Gregg, then National Security Adviser to the Vice President, coordinated aircraft and logistics there.[^100]
In 1992 Bush asked former Attorney General [[Griffin Bell]] to assist in seeking the release of Bush's Iran-Contra deposition, and on December 30, 1992 the White House press secretary issued a statement on the investigation.[^95] Barr later said that at the end of the administration he advised Bush to pardon Weinberger "and about five others," and of the Iran-Contra pardons: "I certainly did not oppose any of them."[^96] [[Christopher Drogoul]], the Atlanta BNL manager, was indicted on February 28, 1991, the day after Bush ordered the ceasefire in the [[Gulf War]].[^97]
In 1992 Bush asked former Attorney General [[Griffin Bell]] to assist in seeking the release of Bush's Iran-Contra deposition, and on December 30, 1992 the White House press secretary issued a statement on the investigation.[^101] Barr later said that at the end of the administration he advised Bush to pardon Weinberger "and about five others," and of the Iran-Contra pardons: "I certainly did not oppose any of them."[^102] [[Christopher Drogoul]], the Atlanta BNL manager, was indicted on February 28, 1991, the day after Bush ordered the ceasefire in the [[Gulf War]].[^103]
### The October Surprise
The October Surprise allegation concerns whether the 1980 Reagan campaign delayed the release of the American hostages held in Iran until after the election. The [[House October Surprise Task Force]] issued its joint report on January 3, 1993 as Calendar No. 634 of the 102d Congress.[^98]
The October Surprise allegation concerns whether the 1980 Reagan campaign delayed the release of the American hostages held in Iran until after the election. The [[House October Surprise Task Force]] issued its joint report on January 3, 1993 as Calendar No. 634 of the 102d Congress.[^104]
In the task force's account of Ari Ben-Menashe's claims about the Paris meetings of October 1980, he remained in the foyer, and "[j]ust prior to the meeting Mehdi Karrubi arrived, followed shortly by George Bush and William Casey by way of an elevator reserved for this purpose."[^99] The report records that Ben-Menashe "had told reporters for [[Newsweek]] magazine that he was positive he had seen George Bush at the Paris meetings on both October 19 and October 20, 1980." The report also notes that Sukkot fell on September 25 in 1980.[^99]
In the task force's account of Ari Ben-Menashe's claims about the Paris meetings of October 1980, he remained in the foyer, and "[j]ust prior to the meeting Mehdi Karrubi arrived, followed shortly by George Bush and William Casey by way of an elevator reserved for this purpose."[^105] The report records that Ben-Menashe "had told reporters for [[Newsweek]] magazine that he was positive he had seen George Bush at the Paris meetings on both October 19 and October 20, 1980." The report also notes that Sukkot fell on September 25 in 1980.[^105]
The task force concludes that Ben-Menashe's account of the October meetings, "like his other October Surprise allegations, is a total fabrication."[^99] On Ben-Menashe's account of a meeting at the L'Enfant Plaza hotel in Washington, which he tied to the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]], the task force wrote that "Ben-Menashe's account is demonstrably false from beginning to end."[^100] It states that the personnel records supplied by the Government of Israel, with Ben-Menashe's contemporaneous handwritten answers to the questions he had to answer for the External Relations Department when traveling abroad, showed that he did not travel outside Israel in October 1980, and that exit stamps on his civilian passport indicated the same.[^99]
The task force concludes that Ben-Menashe's account of the October meetings, "like his other October Surprise allegations, is a total fabrication."[^105] On Ben-Menashe's account of a meeting at the L'Enfant Plaza hotel in Washington, which he tied to the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]], the task force wrote that "Ben-Menashe's account is demonstrably false from beginning to end."[^106] It states that the personnel records supplied by the Government of Israel, with Ben-Menashe's contemporaneous handwritten answers to the questions he had to answer for the External Relations Department when traveling abroad, showed that he did not travel outside Israel in October 1980, and that exit stamps on his civilian passport indicated the same.[^105]
On Bush's whereabouts the task force reports that Secret Service records place him in Washington on October 19 and campaigning on October 20, 1980. It states that "these records and testimony conclusively prove candidate George Bush's whereabouts in October, 1980," and that "The Task Force has determined that Bush did not travel to Paris during the period of time in question as has been alleged by many October Surprise witnesses."[^101] The report generalizes the point: "In almost all instances, the evidence clearly establishes the presence of major alleged participants in Paris meetings to be someplace else, doing something else."[^102]
On Bush's whereabouts the task force reports that Secret Service records place him in Washington on October 19 and campaigning on October 20, 1980. It states that "these records and testimony conclusively prove candidate George Bush's whereabouts in October, 1980," and that "The Task Force has determined that Bush did not travel to Paris during the period of time in question as has been alleged by many October Surprise witnesses."[^107] The report generalizes the point: "In almost all instances, the evidence clearly establishes the presence of major alleged participants in Paris meetings to be someplace else, doing something else."[^108]
[[Richard Brenneke]] testified that a pilot, Rupp, flew Bush, Casey and others to Paris. The task force records that at Brenneke's trial in Oregon in 1990 he retracted his earlier testimony that he had seen Bush and Allen at the meeting.[^103] The task force states that "Brenneke's testimony that he was in Paris is false." Brenneke's 1980 daily calendar "indicates that he was in the Pacific Northwest when he claimed to have been in Paris."[^104] The report also says that Brenneke "played a central role in falsely propagating the October Surprise allegations for financial and personal reasons."[^104]
[[Richard Brenneke]] testified that a pilot, Rupp, flew Bush, Casey and others to Paris. The task force records that at Brenneke's trial in Oregon in 1990 he retracted his earlier testimony that he had seen Bush and Allen at the meeting.[^109] The task force states that "Brenneke's testimony that he was in Paris is false." Brenneke's 1980 daily calendar "indicates that he was in the Pacific Northwest when he claimed to have been in Paris."[^110] The report also says that Brenneke "played a central role in falsely propagating the October Surprise allegations for financial and personal reasons."[^110]
A 1988 Senate subcommittee report summarizes Brenneke's claims that he had "personally discussed the operation with members of the Vice President's staff." The subcommittee concluded that although Brenneke produced thousands of pages of documents relating to proposed arms deals, "there is no evidence that any of them ever came to fruition." It also found that Brenneke "received completely fabricated information about arms deals from undercover agents of the Customs Service."[^105]
A 1988 Senate subcommittee report summarizes Brenneke's claims that he had "personally discussed the operation with members of the Vice President's staff." The subcommittee concluded that although Brenneke produced thousands of pages of documents relating to proposed arms deals, "there is no evidence that any of them ever came to fruition." It also found that Brenneke "received completely fabricated information about arms deals from undercover agents of the Customs Service."[^111]
The task force examined the calendar of William J. Casey. It records a July 30, 1980 entry for a 6:45 p.m. dinner with George Bush at the Alibi Club.[^106] The report's analysis of Casey's movements states that "The evidence strongly indicates that Casey departed the United States on July 27, arrived in London on July 28, and departed London for the United States on July 29."[^107] Loose calendar pages for July 26 and 27, October 21, October 29, November 3 through 11, and November 13 are listed as missing. The task force states that "[t]he dates July 26th and October 21st are of particular interest to the Task Force."[^108]
The task force examined the calendar of William J. Casey. It records a July 30, 1980 entry for a 6:45 p.m. dinner with George Bush at the Alibi Club.[^112] The report's analysis of Casey's movements states that "The evidence strongly indicates that Casey departed the United States on July 27, arrived in London on July 28, and departed London for the United States on July 29."[^113] Loose calendar pages for July 26 and 27, October 21, October 29, November 3 through 11, and November 13 are listed as missing. The task force states that "[t]he dates July 26th and October 21st are of particular interest to the Task Force."[^114]
[[Robert Parry]] reported in 2011 on a memorandum for the record that Beach wrote on November 4, 1991. The memorandum records that State Department legal adviser Edwin D. Williamson told Beach that the department held material that included "a cable from the Madrid embassy indicating that Bill Casey was in town, for purposes unknown."[^109] Parry writes that "there's no indication that the White House told investigators about Williamson's information," and that the Bush library withholds nearly a quarter of its roughly 4,800 pages.[^109]
[[Robert Parry]] reported in 2011 on a memorandum for the record that Beach wrote on November 4, 1991. The memorandum records that State Department legal adviser Edwin D. Williamson told Beach that the department held material that included "a cable from the Madrid embassy indicating that Bill Casey was in town, for purposes unknown."[^115] Parry writes that "there's no indication that the White House told investigators about Williamson's information," and that the Bush library withholds nearly a quarter of its roughly 4,800 pages.[^115]
The task force also records Reagan's statements. In a June 15, 1991 interview Reagan said, "I did some things actually the other way, to try and be of help in getting those hostages." In a sworn written answer dated October 23, 1992 he wrote that "I and Reagan/Bush campaign officials made it clear by our conduct and statements during the campaign that we were supportive of the Carter administration efforts to secure the release of American hostages held in Iran."[^110]
The task force also records Reagan's statements. In a June 15, 1991 interview Reagan said, "I did some things actually the other way, to try and be of help in getting those hostages." In a sworn written answer dated October 23, 1992 he wrote that "I and Reagan/Bush campaign officials made it clear by our conduct and statements during the campaign that we were supportive of the Carter administration efforts to secure the release of American hostages held in Iran."[^116]
Ben-Menashe's account of the Paris meeting names others besides Bush and Casey. He wrote that [[George Cave]], Robert McFarlane and Donald Gregg attended; that [[Simon Gabbay]] coordinated the October 1980 meeting between Israeli and Iranian delegations that included Bush, Casey and [[Mehdi Karrubi]], with the aim of eliminating direct contact between Israeli and Iranian embassy personnel; and that [[Uri Simchoni]] was part of the Israeli delegation.[^61] Cave also attended a meeting in [[Santiago]] in late 1986, according to Ben-Menashe, where American officials reaffirmed their intention to maintain arms channels to Iraq.[^61] [[Barbara Honegger]] published *October Surprise* (Tudor Publishing, 1989), one of the first extended accounts of the allegations; she alleged meetings in Madrid in July 1980 and in Paris in October 1980 involving Casey, Bush and European intermediaries including de Marenches.[^111]
Ben-Menashe's account of the Paris meeting names others besides Bush and Casey. He wrote that [[George Cave]], Robert McFarlane and Donald Gregg attended; that [[Simon Gabbay]] coordinated the October 1980 meeting between Israeli and Iranian delegations that included Bush, Casey and [[Mehdi Karrubi]], with the aim of eliminating direct contact between Israeli and Iranian embassy personnel; and that [[Uri Simchoni]] was part of the Israeli delegation.[^67] Cave also attended a meeting in [[Santiago]] in late 1986, according to Ben-Menashe, where American officials reaffirmed their intention to maintain arms channels to Iraq.[^67] [[Barbara Honegger]] published *October Surprise* (Tudor Publishing, 1989), one of the first extended accounts of the allegations; she alleged meetings in Madrid in July 1980 and in Paris in October 1980 involving Casey, Bush and European intermediaries including de Marenches.[^117]
[[Cheri Seymour]] wrote in *The Last Circle* that the attorney [[Paul Wilcher]] believed his client [[Gunther Karl Russbacher]] to be a political prisoner persecuted because he allegedly flew former President Bush to Paris to meet leading Iranians to make a deal to supply Iran with weapons in exchange for keeping the 52 American hostages until after the November election. On or about May 21, 1993 Wilcher hand-delivered a 100-page letter to Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] claiming that holdover Justice Department employees from the Reagan-Bush era were responsible for government cover-ups; he was interviewed by [[Carl Stern]], Reno's public relations officer, on or about June 11, and his body was found in his apartment on June 23, 1993. [[Sarah McClendon]], a White House correspondent and friend of Wilcher, wrote that Wilcher held the Russbacher belief.[^112] Seymour also wrote that [[Michael Riconosciuto]], a source of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s investigation of [[The Octopus]], claimed that he and an associate named Brian personally carried $40 million to Iranian officials for that purpose.[^112]
[[Cheri Seymour]] wrote in *The Last Circle* that the attorney [[Paul Wilcher]] believed his client [[Gunther Karl Russbacher]] to be a political prisoner persecuted because he allegedly flew former President Bush to Paris to meet leading Iranians to make a deal to supply Iran with weapons in exchange for keeping the 52 American hostages until after the November election. On or about May 21, 1993 Wilcher hand-delivered a 100-page letter to Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] claiming that holdover Justice Department employees from the Reagan-Bush era were responsible for government cover-ups; he was interviewed by [[Carl Stern]], Reno's public relations officer, on or about June 11, and his body was found in his apartment on June 23, 1993. [[Sarah McClendon]], a White House correspondent and friend of Wilcher, wrote that Wilcher held the Russbacher belief.[^118] Seymour also wrote that [[Michael Riconosciuto]], a source of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s investigation of [[The Octopus]], claimed that he and an associate named Brian personally carried $40 million to Iranian officials for that purpose.[^118]
### The Presidency: Panama, Appointees and Executive Actions
Bush was inaugurated as the 41st President on January 20, 1989.[^113] [[Dick Cheney]] recalled in the Miller Center oral history of the Bush presidency that "Panama was a great training experience for us as an administration. We had the opportunity to have an objective, have to use force, coordinate with the Congress, deal with the public, all of those things that come with using the force." The invasion of [[Panama]] in December 1989 removed Manuel Noriega; [[Colin Powell]], then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in the same project: "Nobody even remembers the Panama war. You don't ever hear of it. But I viewed it as the template of how we should do things."[^114] Seymour wrote that the [[Cali Drug Cartel]] was contrasted with the Medellin Cartel, which Noriega chose to support, ultimately leading to his ousting by Bush; she wrote that the DEA's Centac 21 task force, which had targeted [[Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela]] and [[Jose Santacruz Londono]] in the 1978 indictments, was dismantled under the Reagan and Bush administrations, leaving disgruntled agents to suspect a CIA connection.[^112] Seymour added that Bush reportedly made secret visits to Damascus for hostage negotiations, and that after Desert Storm Bush and Secretary of State [[James A. Baker III]] encouraged [[Syria]] and Israel to recognize each other's Lebanese occupation zones under a 1990 accord that left Syria in control of the Bekaa Valley.[^112]
Bush was inaugurated as the 41st President on January 20, 1989.[^119] [[Dick Cheney]] recalled in the Miller Center oral history of the Bush presidency that "Panama was a great training experience for us as an administration. We had the opportunity to have an objective, have to use force, coordinate with the Congress, deal with the public, all of those things that come with using the force." The invasion of [[Panama]] in December 1989 removed Manuel Noriega; [[Colin Powell]], then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in the same project: "Nobody even remembers the Panama war. You don't ever hear of it. But I viewed it as the template of how we should do things."[^120] Seymour wrote that the [[Cali Drug Cartel]] was contrasted with the Medellin Cartel, which Noriega chose to support, ultimately leading to his ousting by Bush; she wrote that the DEA's Centac 21 task force, which had targeted [[Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela]] and [[Jose Santacruz Londono]] in the 1978 indictments, was dismantled under the Reagan and Bush administrations, leaving disgruntled agents to suspect a CIA connection.[^118] Seymour added that Bush reportedly made secret visits to Damascus for hostage negotiations, and that after Desert Storm Bush and Secretary of State [[James A. Baker III]] encouraged [[Syria]] and Israel to recognize each other's Lebanese occupation zones under a 1990 accord that left Syria in control of the Bekaa Valley.[^118]
The Cox Committee counted twelve national-interest determinations for launches of commercial satellites on Chinese rockets between 1989 and early 1998, three by President Bush and nine by [[Bill Clinton]]; the last, of February 18, 1998, applied to the Loral-built [[Chinasat-8]] satellite, a company then headed by [[Bernard L. Schwartz]].[^115] [[National Security Directive 67]], signed by Bush on March 30, 1992, replaced the lettered programs of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]] with three functional directorates, and the existence of the office was declassified on September 18, 1992.[^116] Bush's report to Congress of September 1991 under the [[Iraq Sanctions Act of 1990]] stated that "United States suppliers did not contribute directly to Iraq's conventional or nonconventional weapons capability." Gonzalez said that after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, [[SerVaas Inc.]] renegotiated a brass-plant contract with its Iraqi counterparts and sold it through a foreign holding company to escape the president's order freezing Iraqi assets.[^117] The prime minister of [[Jamaica]], [[Michael Manley]], sworn in again on February 13, 1989, said that he planned to travel to Washington to meet Bush, congressional leaders and officials of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]].[^118]
The Cox Committee counted twelve national-interest determinations for launches of commercial satellites on Chinese rockets between 1989 and early 1998, three by President Bush and nine by [[Bill Clinton]]; the last, of February 18, 1998, applied to the Loral-built [[Chinasat-8]] satellite, a company then headed by [[Bernard L. Schwartz]].[^121] [[National Security Directive 67]], signed by Bush on March 30, 1992, replaced the lettered programs of the [[National Reconnaissance Office]] with three functional directorates, and the existence of the office was declassified on September 18, 1992.[^122] Bush's report to Congress of September 1991 under the [[Iraq Sanctions Act of 1990]] stated that "United States suppliers did not contribute directly to Iraq's conventional or nonconventional weapons capability." Gonzalez said that after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, [[SerVaas Inc.]] renegotiated a brass-plant contract with its Iraqi counterparts and sold it through a foreign holding company to escape the president's order freezing Iraqi assets.[^123] The prime minister of [[Jamaica]], [[Michael Manley]], sworn in again on February 13, 1989, said that he planned to travel to Washington to meet Bush, congressional leaders and officials of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]].[^124]
Richard Thornburgh continued as Attorney General under Bush through 1991, resigning in August 1991 to run for the Senate.[^119] [[Kenneth Starr]] was the 39th Solicitor General from 1989 to 1993 under Bush.[^120] [[Steve Forbes|Malcolm S. Forbes Jr.]], president of [[Forbes]] magazine, was renominated to the Board for International Broadcasting, which oversees [[Radio Free Europe]], by the Bush White House on January 4, 1990 and again on June 19, 1992, each time with designation as chairman.[^121] [[Jay Lefkowitz]] served under Bush as deputy executive secretary of the [[Domestic Policy Council]] and director of cabinet affairs.[^122] [[Loretta Preska]] was appointed a judge of the [[U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York]] by Bush in 1992.[^123] Lawrence Eagleburger, president of [[Kissinger Associates]] from 1984 to 1989, was deputy secretary of state under Baker and secretary of state in the last weeks of the administration; Brent Scowcroft, vice chairman of the firm's Washington office, became national security adviser in January 1989.[^124]
Richard Thornburgh continued as Attorney General under Bush through 1991, resigning in August 1991 to run for the Senate.[^125] [[Kenneth Starr]] was the 39th Solicitor General from 1989 to 1993 under Bush.[^126] [[Steve Forbes|Malcolm S. Forbes Jr.]], president of [[Forbes]] magazine, was renominated to the Board for International Broadcasting, which oversees [[Radio Free Europe]], by the Bush White House on January 4, 1990 and again on June 19, 1992, each time with designation as chairman.[^127] [[Jay Lefkowitz]] served under Bush as deputy executive secretary of the [[Domestic Policy Council]] and director of cabinet affairs.[^128] [[Loretta Preska]] was appointed a judge of the [[U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York]] by Bush in 1992.[^129] Lawrence Eagleburger, president of [[Kissinger Associates]] from 1984 to 1989, was deputy secretary of state under Baker and secretary of state in the last weeks of the administration; Brent Scowcroft, vice chairman of the firm's Washington office, became national security adviser in January 1989.[^130]
### Iraq, Osirak, and the Teicher Declaration
The Teicher declaration of January 31, 1995, on the [[Iran-Iraq War]], filed in the Florida prosecution of [[Carlos Cardoen]] and others, states in paragraph 7 that a secret 1986 message from Reagan to [[Saddam Hussein]], urging a stepped-up air war against Iran, was delivered by Vice President Bush to [[Hosni Mubarak]], who passed it to Saddam Hussein. The declaration also states that Teicher wrote Bush's talking points for the 1986 meeting with Mubarak.[^125] A corrective declaration filed in October 1996 addresses paragraphs 15 through 18.[^126]
The Teicher declaration of January 31, 1995, on the [[Iran-Iraq War]], filed in the Florida prosecution of [[Carlos Cardoen]] and others, states in paragraph 7 that a secret 1986 message from Reagan to [[Saddam Hussein]], urging a stepped-up air war against Iran, was delivered by Vice President Bush to [[Hosni Mubarak]], who passed it to Saddam Hussein. The declaration also states that Teicher wrote Bush's talking points for the 1986 meeting with Mubarak.[^131] A corrective declaration filed in October 1996 addresses paragraphs 15 through 18.[^132]
### The BNL and Iraqgate Record
The Atlanta branch of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro extended credits to [[Iraq]] that the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] examined in February 1993. The committee reports that a National Security Council Deputies Committee meeting on May 29, 1990 was held "to resolve the issue of the second $500 million tranche," and that [[Robert M. Gates]] chaired it.[^127] Barr and Richard opposed going forward with the second tranche, citing the prosecutor's intent to indict Iraqi officials who were involved in "significant criminal violations." The meeting's conclusion was "that the Iraqi government simply be advised that the U.S. would not go forward with the second tranche until the investigation in Atlanta was completed."[^127] The indictment in Atlanta was returned on February 28, 1991.[^127]
The Atlanta branch of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro extended credits to [[Iraq]] that the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] examined in February 1993. The committee reports that a National Security Council Deputies Committee meeting on May 29, 1990 was held "to resolve the issue of the second $500 million tranche," and that [[Robert M. Gates]] chaired it.[^133] Barr and Richard opposed going forward with the second tranche, citing the prosecutor's intent to indict Iraqi officials who were involved in "significant criminal violations." The meeting's conclusion was "that the Iraqi government simply be advised that the U.S. would not go forward with the second tranche until the investigation in Atlanta was completed."[^133] The indictment in Atlanta was returned on February 28, 1991.[^133]
On October 2, 1989 Bush signed [[National Security Directive 26]], classified SECRET. It states that the government "should propose economic and political incentives for Iraq to moderate its behavior and to increase our influence with Iraq," and that "any illegal use of chemical and/or biological weapons will lead to economic and political sanctions."[^128]
On October 2, 1989 Bush signed [[National Security Directive 26]], classified SECRET. It states that the government "should propose economic and political incentives for Iraq to moderate its behavior and to increase our influence with Iraq," and that "any illegal use of chemical and/or biological weapons will lead to economic and political sanctions."[^134]
The [[Commodity Credit Corporation Iraq Program]] ran alongside the BNL loans. On October 6, 1989 Secretary of State Baker assured [[Tariq Aziz]] that American concern over proliferation was worldwide and not directed at Iraq; the department then offered Iraq 500 million dollars in guarantees, with a second 500 million to follow "after successful conclusion of the BNL investigation," a condition Iraq rejected.[^129] Friedman wrote in *Spider's Web* on the [[BNL Scandal]] that the House Banking Committee under Gonzalez documented the Reagan administration's and the early Bush administration's consistent support for Iraq's weapons procurement networks, including knowledge of chemical weapons use.[^130]
The [[Commodity Credit Corporation Iraq Program]] ran alongside the BNL loans. On October 6, 1989 Secretary of State Baker assured [[Tariq Aziz]] that American concern over proliferation was worldwide and not directed at Iraq; the department then offered Iraq 500 million dollars in guarantees, with a second 500 million to follow "after successful conclusion of the BNL investigation," a condition Iraq rejected.[^135] Friedman wrote in *Spider's Web* on the [[BNL Scandal]] that the House Banking Committee under Gonzalez documented the Reagan administration's and the early Bush administration's consistent support for Iraq's weapons procurement networks, including knowledge of chemical weapons use.[^136]
In a 1992 statement in the House, Representative [[Henry B. Gonzalez]] quoted the sentence "United States suppliers did not contribute directly to Iraq's conventional or nonconventional weapons capability." He added that "[s]everal Bush administration officials in a position to know the truth have testified before Congress about the United States role in enhancing Iraq's military capability."[^131] The White House's unclassified summary of September 1991 uses different language on the same question.[^132]
In a 1992 statement in the House, Representative [[Henry B. Gonzalez]] quoted the sentence "United States suppliers did not contribute directly to Iraq's conventional or nonconventional weapons capability." He added that "[s]everal Bush administration officials in a position to know the truth have testified before Congress about the United States role in enhancing Iraq's military capability."[^137] The White House's unclassified summary of September 1991 uses different language on the same question.[^138]
### BCCI and the Gulf Finance Network
The Senate report on the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, prepared by Senators John Kerry and [[Hank Brown]] and published in December 1992, describes a figure named Lake who "received $200,000 in payments from Abu Dhabi last fall in connection with this work." The report says he was performing, "as a volunteer, in an unpaid position," the job of "deputy manager to President Bush's re-election campaign."[^133] Kerry, then subcommittee chairman, said at a hearing on March 18, 1992: "I do not believe that Mr. Lake should be sitting in on White House campaign strategy meetings while he is also providing strategy to Sheikh Zayed on how to deal with problems arising out of his ownership of BCCI."[^133]
The Senate report on the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, prepared by Senators John Kerry and [[Hank Brown]] and published in December 1992, describes a figure named Lake who "received $200,000 in payments from Abu Dhabi last fall in connection with this work." The report says he was performing, "as a volunteer, in an unpaid position," the job of "deputy manager to President Bush's re-election campaign."[^139] Kerry, then subcommittee chairman, said at a hearing on March 18, 1992: "I do not believe that Mr. Lake should be sitting in on White House campaign strategy meetings while he is also providing strategy to Sheikh Zayed on how to deal with problems arising out of his ownership of BCCI."[^139]
The report's chapter on [[Ed Rogers]] quotes Rogers's resignation letter, which states that "The ethics atmosphere at the Bush White House was to go the extra mile...."[^134] The report places [[Sam Bamieh]] in Bush's Team 100 fundraising program in 1988.[^135] It also records that [[Richard Helms]] wrote to Vice President Bush on behalf of [[Mohammed Rahim Motaghi Irvani|Irvani]] on October 29, 1987.[^136]
The report's chapter on [[Ed Rogers]] quotes Rogers's resignation letter, which states that "The ethics atmosphere at the Bush White House was to go the extra mile...."[^140] The report places [[Sam Bamieh]] in Bush's Team 100 fundraising program in 1988.[^141] It also records that [[Richard Helms]] wrote to Vice President Bush on behalf of [[Mohammed Rahim Motaghi Irvani|Irvani]] on October 29, 1987.[^142]
The Justice Department's response to Kerry's inquiry about its February 1990 letters states that "The first letter by Mr. Saphos is obviously worded poorly."[^137] A July 24, 1990 letter from Deputy Assistant Attorney General [[Bruce Navarro]] to Kerry also appears in the record.[^138] The report asks whether the Customs undercover investigation of BCCI "is the kind of investigation that President Bush and the Congress desire."[^139]
The Justice Department's response to Kerry's inquiry about its February 1990 letters states that "The first letter by Mr. Saphos is obviously worded poorly."[^143] A July 24, 1990 letter from Deputy Assistant Attorney General [[Bruce Navarro]] to Kerry also appears in the record.[^144] The report asks whether the Customs undercover investigation of BCCI "is the kind of investigation that President Bush and the Congress desire."[^145]
### Stephens, Bath and the Gulf Financiers
[[Jackson Stephens]] of [[Stephens Inc.]] gave to Reagan, Bush and Clinton, and in 1977 introduced the Bank of Credit and Commerce International to the American bank it would secretly acquire.[^140] [[Peter Truell]] and [[Larry Gurwin]] wrote in 1992 that Stephens backed Bush that year while employees of Stephens Inc. gave more money to the Clinton campaign than the employees of all but two other firms; they also wrote that [[Hillary Clinton]], then Hillary Rodham, did legal work in 1978 for Systematics Inc. when it was sued over the stock accumulation for [[Agha Hasan Abedi]].[^141] The firm gave 100,000 dollars to a dinner for President Bush in May 1991, and family members and employees gave more than 83,000 dollars to Clinton by the summer of 1992; [[Worthen Bank]], whose chairman [[Curt Bradbury]] had been a Stephens officer, extended the Clinton campaign a 3.5 million dollar line of credit.[^142]
[[Jackson Stephens]] of [[Stephens Inc.]] gave to Reagan, Bush and Clinton, and in 1977 introduced the Bank of Credit and Commerce International to the American bank it would secretly acquire.[^146] [[Peter Truell]] and [[Larry Gurwin]] wrote in 1992 that Stephens backed Bush that year while employees of Stephens Inc. gave more money to the Clinton campaign than the employees of all but two other firms; they also wrote that [[Hillary Clinton]], then Hillary Rodham, did legal work in 1978 for Systematics Inc. when it was sued over the stock accumulation for [[Agha Hasan Abedi]].[^147] The firm gave 100,000 dollars to a dinner for President Bush in May 1991, and family members and employees gave more than 83,000 dollars to Clinton by the summer of 1992; [[Worthen Bank]], whose chairman [[Curt Bradbury]] had been a Stephens officer, extended the Clinton campaign a 3.5 million dollar line of credit.[^148]
[[James R. Bath]] told *Time* in 1991 that his friendship with Bush dated from their service in the Guard and that he was only "slightly" acquainted with the then-President.[^143] [[Craig Unger]] wrote in *Salon* in 2004 that the second name on a Guard order, released earlier under the Freedom of Information Act to the researcher Marty Heldt, was Bath's, and that the White House redacted it when it released George W. Bush's military records in March 2004; Bath confirmed that he was the man named and said: "Geo did not use drugs."[^144] [[Lucy Komisar]] wrote in 2007 that in 1976, when Bush headed the CIA, the agency sold some planes of its proprietary airline [[Air America]] to Skyway, "a company owned by Bath and Bin Mahfouz"; she wrote that [[Khalid bin Mahfouz]]'s family bought 20 to 30 percent of BCCI for nearly one billion dollars, and that when [[Harken Energy]] got into financial trouble in 1987 Stephens helped it obtain 25 million dollars from [[Union Bank of Switzerland]] and a board seat went to the Harken shareholder [[Abdullah Taha Bakhsh]], "whose chief banker was BCCI shareholder Bin Mahfouz." Harken's proxy statement of April 25, 1994 listed Bakhsh with 6,935,364 shares, 11.66 percent of its common stock.[^145] *Time* described Bakhsh as the reclusive Saudi who bought an 11 percent stake in Harken, of which George W. Bush was a director.[^146]
[[James R. Bath]] told *Time* in 1991 that his friendship with Bush dated from their service in the Guard and that he was only "slightly" acquainted with the then-President.[^149] [[Craig Unger]] wrote in *Salon* in 2004 that the second name on a Guard order, released earlier under the Freedom of Information Act to the researcher Marty Heldt, was Bath's, and that the White House redacted it when it released George W. Bush's military records in March 2004; Bath confirmed that he was the man named and said: "Geo did not use drugs."[^150] [[Lucy Komisar]] wrote in 2007 that in 1976, when Bush headed the CIA, the agency sold some planes of its proprietary airline [[Air America]] to Skyway, "a company owned by Bath and Bin Mahfouz"; she wrote that [[Khalid bin Mahfouz]]'s family bought 20 to 30 percent of BCCI for nearly one billion dollars, and that when [[Harken Energy]] got into financial trouble in 1987 Stephens helped it obtain 25 million dollars from [[Union Bank of Switzerland]] and a board seat went to the Harken shareholder [[Abdullah Taha Bakhsh]], "whose chief banker was BCCI shareholder Bin Mahfouz." Harken's proxy statement of April 25, 1994 listed Bakhsh with 6,935,364 shares, 11.66 percent of its common stock.[^151] *Time* described Bakhsh as the reclusive Saudi who bought an 11 percent stake in Harken, of which George W. Bush was a director.[^152]
### Hinckley
John W. Hinckley Jr. shot President Reagan on March 30, 1981. The [[Houston Post]] reported that Neil Bush, a son of Vice President Bush, had been scheduled to have dinner the day after the shooting with [[Scott Hinckley]], the brother of the gunman. WhoWhatWhy reports that the story was picked up by the Associated Press and UPI.[^147]
John W. Hinckley Jr. shot President Reagan on March 30, 1981. The [[Houston Post]] reported that Neil Bush, a son of Vice President Bush, had been scheduled to have dinner the day after the shooting with [[Scott Hinckley]], the brother of the gunman. WhoWhatWhy reports that the story was picked up by the Associated Press and UPI.[^153]
At a press conference the day after the shooting, Neil Bush acknowledged that Scott Hinckley had also been at his house "a couple of months earlier, at his surprise birthday party." Neil Bush said, "I have no idea."[^147]
At a press conference the day after the shooting, Neil Bush acknowledged that Scott Hinckley had also been at his house "a couple of months earlier, at his surprise birthday party." Neil Bush said, "I have no idea."[^153]
The vice president's press secretary, [[Peter Teeley]], told a UPI reporter, as WhoWhatWhy quotes him: "I don't know a damn thing about it. All I know is what you're telling me." Teeley said that the vice president "made no mention of it whatsoever."[^147]
The vice president's press secretary, [[Peter Teeley]], told a UPI reporter, as WhoWhatWhy quotes him: "I don't know a damn thing about it. All I know is what you're telling me." Teeley said that the vice president "made no mention of it whatsoever."[^153]
The diary of [[Chase Untermyer]], a Bush aide, records that "Neil and Sharon do know Hinckley's brother (in Denver) and were planning to have dinner with them tomorrow night."[^147]
The diary of [[Chase Untermyer]], a Bush aide, records that "Neil and Sharon do know Hinckley's brother (in Denver) and were planning to have dinner with them tomorrow night."[^153]
WhoWhatWhy also reports, citing an Associated Press item of April 1, 1981, that the Department of Energy told the Hinckley family's oil business that it might be penalized about $2 million.[^148]
WhoWhatWhy also reports, citing an Associated Press item of April 1, 1981, that the Department of Energy told the Hinckley family's oil business that it might be penalized about $2 million.[^154]
### Franklin Cover-Up Allegations
[[John DeCamp]] wrote on the Franklin matter in Nebraska. An advertisement for his book, reproduced in a compilation of material gathered by [[Ted Gunderson]], states that the book "contains numerous references to President George Bush."[^149]
[[John DeCamp]] wrote on the Franklin matter in Nebraska. An advertisement for his book, reproduced in a compilation of material gathered by [[Ted Gunderson]], states that the book "contains numerous references to President George Bush."[^155]
The same compilation relays a 1989 report in the [[Washington Times]] by [[George Archibald]] that key Reagan and Bush administration officials were ensnared in a federal probe tied to an escort service and [[Craig Spence]].[^150]
The same compilation relays a 1989 report in the [[Washington Times]] by [[George Archibald]] that key Reagan and Bush administration officials were ensnared in a federal probe tied to an escort service and [[Craig Spence]].[^156]
### Allegations in the Casolaro and Mind-Control Literature
Seymour wrote that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police inquirer [[Sean McDade]] told her that Canadian officials might have bought the PROMIS software unlawfully from officials of the Reagan and Bush administrations, that the RCMP had traced banking transactions supporting this, and that a successful inquiry "could cause the entire U.S. Republican Party to be dismantled."[^112] In September 2001 Admiral Daniel Murphy, who had served as chief of staff to Vice President Bush during the first Reagan term when the PROMIS misappropriations began, told [[Bill Hamilton]] of [[INSLAW]] that he had a "hunch" that there was still another use of PROMIS that INSLAW had not yet discovered; Murphy died on September 21, 2001.[^112]
Seymour wrote that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police inquirer [[Sean McDade]] told her that Canadian officials might have bought the PROMIS software unlawfully from officials of the Reagan and Bush administrations, that the RCMP had traced banking transactions supporting this, and that a successful inquiry "could cause the entire U.S. Republican Party to be dismantled."[^118] In September 2001 Admiral Daniel Murphy, who had served as chief of staff to Vice President Bush during the first Reagan term when the PROMIS misappropriations began, told [[Bill Hamilton]] of [[INSLAW]] that he had a "hunch" that there was still another use of PROMIS that INSLAW had not yet discovered; Murphy died on September 21, 2001.[^118]
[[Project Monarch]] is described in a 1996 PROBE article by A.B.H. Alexander, which reports the claim of Cathy O'Brien that she delivered messages to foreign leaders including Mexican President [[Carlos Salinas]] on behalf of Vice President Bush, using keyword-triggered personality compartments.[^151]
[[Project Monarch]] is described in a 1996 PROBE article by A.B.H. Alexander, which reports the claim of Cathy O'Brien that she delivered messages to foreign leaders including Mexican President [[Carlos Salinas]] on behalf of Vice President Bush, using keyword-triggered personality compartments.[^157]
### The Carlyle Group
In March 2002 Tim Shorrock wrote in [[The Nation]] that "Bush is Carlyle's senior adviser on Asia and makes his money by giving speeches at Carlyle's investment conferences."[^152] The article quotes [[William Conway]] of [[The Carlyle Group]] describing "the cast of ex-Presidents and former officials, including George H.W. Bush, James Baker III and Frank Carlucci, on its payroll."[^152]
In March 2002 Tim Shorrock wrote in [[The Nation]] that "Bush is Carlyle's senior adviser on Asia and makes his money by giving speeches at Carlyle's investment conferences."[^158] The article quotes [[William Conway]] of [[The Carlyle Group]] describing "the cast of ex-Presidents and former officials, including George H.W. Bush, James Baker III and Frank Carlucci, on its payroll."[^158]
### Appointees in the Epstein Record
Lefkowitz, who served under Bush at the Domestic Policy Council, was later the principal defense negotiator of the September 2007 [[Epstein non-prosecution agreement]] between [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida; he retired from [[Kirkland & Ellis]] in March 2026, saying he would not have taken the Epstein matter "knowing what we all know now."[^153] Starr was a partner at Kirkland before and after his service as Solicitor General.[^153] Preska, whom Bush appointed in 1992, took over [[Giuffre v. Maxwell]] after the death of Judge Robert W. Sweet in 2019 and ruled until 2026 on the release of its sealed discovery.[^154] Federal Election Commission records show a 1988 contribution to Bush by [[Philip Scaturro]], whose contributions otherwise went mostly to Democratic candidates.[^155]
Lefkowitz, who served under Bush at the Domestic Policy Council, was later the principal defense negotiator of the September 2007 [[Epstein non-prosecution agreement]] between [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida; he retired from [[Kirkland & Ellis]] in March 2026, saying he would not have taken the Epstein matter "knowing what we all know now."[^159] Starr was a partner at Kirkland before and after his service as Solicitor General.[^159] Preska, whom Bush appointed in 1992, took over [[Giuffre v. Maxwell]] after the death of Judge Robert W. Sweet in 2019 and ruled until 2026 on the release of its sealed discovery.[^160] Federal Election Commission records show a 1988 contribution to Bush by [[Philip Scaturro]], whose contributions otherwise went mostly to Democratic candidates.[^161]
### Unidentified Aerial Phenomena and the FBI Vault
A letter to FBI Director [[William S. Sessions]], held in the Bureau's vault, is quoted by [[Larry Holzwarth]] in a HistoryCollection article. The letter states that "President Bush (George H. W. Bush), when asked about UFOs, told the person asking 'You don't know the half of it.'" The letter writer reminds the director that Bush "was formerly with the CIA." Because the letter calls Bush "President," it can date only from January 1989 onward.[^156]
A letter to FBI Director [[William S. Sessions]], held in the Bureau's vault, is quoted by [[Larry Holzwarth]] in a HistoryCollection article. The letter states that "President Bush (George H. W. Bush), when asked about UFOs, told the person asking 'You don't know the half of it.'" The letter writer reminds the director that Bush "was formerly with the CIA." Because the letter calls Bush "President," it can date only from January 1989 onward.[^162]
The astrophysicist [[Eric Davis]] recalled Bush telling him that humans made contact with aliens at a secretive New Mexico air base in 1964. The account was published by OK! Magazine on November 24, 2025 and carried by AOL, and is tied to the documentary *The Age of Disclosure*. When Bush asked for more details, he was told that he did not have a need-to-know.[^157]
The astrophysicist [[Eric Davis]] recalled Bush telling him that humans made contact with aliens at a secretive New Mexico air base in 1964. The account was published by OK! Magazine on November 24, 2025 and carried by AOL, and is tied to the documentary *The Age of Disclosure*. When Bush asked for more details, he was told that he did not have a need-to-know.[^163]
### Footnotes
@ -341,148 +347,154 @@ The astrophysicist [[Eric Davis]] recalled Bush telling him that humans made con
[^10]: Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order No. 248, Washington, October 20, 1942, *Federal Register*, November 7, 1942, pp. 9097-9098.
[^11]: Russ Baker, "CIA Helped Bush Senior In Oil Venture," WhoWhatWhy, January 7, 2007, quoting a CIA memorandum of November 29, 1975. https://whowhatwhy.org/2007/01/07/cia-bush-senior-oil-venture/
[^12]: Russ Baker, "CIA Helped Bush Senior In Oil Venture," WhoWhatWhy, January 7, 2007, citing a 1968 memorandum and the 1998 release of CIA documents. https://whowhatwhy.org/2007/01/07/cia-bush-senior-oil-venture/
[^13]: Zapata Corporation, annual report on Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed December 29, 1994, accession 0000899243-94-000388, Item 1 and filer header (former conformed names), CIK 109177.
[^14]: SEC EDGAR filing history for CIK 109177 (Zapata Corporation and successor names); start of electronic filings February 8, 1994.
[^15]: Assassination Records Review Board, letter to John Pereira, December 18, 1997, CIA release 104-10336-10008.
[^16]: Assassination Records Review Board staff memorandum by Haron, January 8, 1998 (FBIMEM.002).
[^17]: CIA memorandum from Michelle Combs to T. Jeremy Gunn, July 15, 1998 (CIA-IR09).
[^18]: CIA memorandum from J. Barry Harrelson to T. Jeremy Gunn, February 25, 1998, within release 104-10336-10008.
[^19]: Assassination Records Review Board draft request, "George Bush," undated, bearing Gunn's name.
[^20]: WhoWhatWhy, "Classic Who: GHW Bush and the JFK Assassination," October 24, 2017, reporting Stephen Hart's 1988 statement and Joseph McBride's report in *The Nation*, July 16, 1988. https://whowhatwhy.org/2017/10/24/classic-ghw-bush-jfk-assassination/
[^21]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends."
[^22]: Ronald Reagan, "Statement Announcing the Establishment of a Federal Anticrime Task Force for Southern Florida," January 28, 1982. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-announcing-the-establishment-federal-anticrime-task-force-for-southern-florida
[^23]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 4 (July 1988), statement of Adm. Daniel J. Murphy, pp. 224-225. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0009
[^24]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), p. 19. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^25]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 20, "It is a sensitive matter."
[^26]: FBI Headquarters file on H.L. Hunt, part 2 (FOIA release), Hunt Oil Company and Estate of H.L. Hunt press releases, March 4 and April 1, 1977, https://archive.org/details/foia_Hunt_H.L.-HQ-2 ; Marie Fagnant (Assassination Records Review Board staff), "Summary of Dallas Figures," memorandum, July 31, 1997; Bill Porterfield, "H.L. Hunt's Long Goodbye," *Texas Monthly*, March 1975. https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/h-l-hunts-long-goodbye/
[^27]: George Bush, Chairman, National Foreign Intelligence Board, letter to Vice Admiral Bobby R. Inman, January 1977 (DCI/IC 77-0402), CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP80M00165A002600030024-8. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80M00165A002600030024-8
[^28]: "We've Been Asked: What Is the Trilateral Commission?" *U.S. News & World Report*, April 7, 1980, p. 37, reprinted in Congressional Research Service, *The Trilateral Commission*, Issue Packet IP0092 (Library of Congress, 1981).
[^29]: Ronald Reagan, "Nomination of William H. Draper III To Be President and Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States," March 18, 1981, The American Presidency Project. https://presidency.ucsb.edu/node/247393
[^30]: "The President's News Conference," November 3, 1975. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-60
[^31]: "Remarks at the Swearing In of George Bush as Director of Central Intelligence," January 30, 1976. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-swearing-george-bush-director-central-intelligence
[^32]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (winter 1977), p. 15. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. Reprinted with the author's January 1999 postscript in *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 13, no. 1 (1999).
[^33]: Senate nomination record for George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence, hearings of December 15-16, 1975, and committee report of December 18, 1975. CIA reading room CIA-RDP91-00901R000100050001-3.
[^34]: Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Intelligence and Congress: The Nomination of George H. W. Bush as DCI," *Studies in Intelligence* 65, no. 4 (December 2021). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Article_Intel_Congress_Nomination_ofGHWBush_as_DCI_Studies_65_4_December2021.pdf
[^35]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, doc. 170, memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Bush to recipients of National Intelligence Estimate 11-3/8-76, with editorial note citing William Beecher, *Boston Globe*, October 20, 1976, and David Binder, *New York Times*, December 26, 1976.
[^36]: "Soviet Strategic Objectives: An Alternative View, Report of Team B." CIA reading room CIA-RDP91M00696R001000110006-8.
[^37]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, doc. 174, Bush to Cherne, January 19, 1977.
[^38]: Church Committee, *Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities*, Book I, p. 455 (1976). https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^39]: Church Committee, *Final Report*, Book I, p. 193. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^40]: Norman Kempster, *Washington Star*, February 10, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP99-00498R000100040124-3.
[^41]: "'Operation Chaos' Files Ordered Held," *Washington Star*, June 16, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170029-4.
[^42]: Letter from Daniel K. Inouye to George Bush, September 29, 1976. CIA reading room 03303946.
[^43]: Letter from Edward H. Levi to George Bush, October 9, 1976, with Scowcroft's endorsement of October 21, 1976. *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. E-11, pt. 2, doc. 250.
[^44]: CIA reading room document 05535911, 1980 radio interview transcript (speaker identified as "MAN").
[^45]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. XXIV, doc. 209.
[^46]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. XXIV, doc. 217, memorandum quoted in the volume.
[^47]: Memorandum by George Bush, "The Death of Roselli," August 11, 1976. CIA reading room 00508811.
[^48]: Timothy S. Robinson, "The Letelier Case," *The Washington Post*, May 21, 1978, p. A4, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100050048-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100050048-7.
[^49]: Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol*, Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf ; Petition of the United States for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc, *United States v. Sampol* (D.C. Cir., October 29, 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-rehearing.pdf.
[^50]: "No New Leads Uncovered by Letelier Probe," *The Washington Post*, November 1, 1976, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100020097-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100020097-6
[^51]: Secretary of State to American Embassy Caracas, "Interrogation of Bosch," telegram 1976STATE277225, November 11, 1976, quoting Richard L. Thornburgh's letter of November 5, 1976, Department of State, released 2006; Zach Dorfman, "Codename: Chilbom," *The Atavist Magazine*, no. 59, June 21, 2016. https://magazine.atavist.com/2016/codename-chilbom
[^52]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Associate Attorney General, *In the Matter of Orlando Bosch-Avila*, decision of Acting Associate Attorney General Joe D. Whitley in exclusion proceedings, January 23, 1989; National Security Archive, "Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later," Electronic Briefing Book 202, October 5, 2006.
[^53]: Peter Kornbluh, "A Modicum of Justice for Ronni Karpen Moffitt," *The Nation*, September 2026.
[^54]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXII, Panama, doc. 133, memorandum of conversation, October 6, 1976, source note.
[^55]: Letter from George Bush to Donald H. Rumsfeld, October 18, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP79-00498A000600090009-7.
[^56]: Joseph Trento, *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network* (Carroll & Graf, 2005), pp. 52-108; Alexandre de Marenches and David Andelman, *The Fourth World War* (Random House, 1992); Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, 1976.
[^57]: Roger Faligot and Pascal Krop, *La Piscine: Les Services Secrets Français, 1944-1984* (Seuil, 1985); Alexandre de Marenches and Christine Ockrent, *Dans le Secret des Princes* (Stock, 1986).
[^58]: Church Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465, 1975; Ludo De Witte, *The Assassination of Lumumba* (Verso, 2001); International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976, Public Law 94-329, 90 Stat. 729 (June 30, 1976), sec. 404.
[^59]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "William P. Barr Oral History," interview of April 5, 2001, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-barr-oral-history
[^60]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), ch. 18.
[^61]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^62]: *The Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President's Special Review Board* (New York: Bantam Books and Times Books, 1987), pp. 24-25, 30-31; Tom Tugend, "Al Schwimmer, Israel Air Force pioneer, dies at 94," *Jewish Journal* (Los Angeles), June 12, 2011; JTA Staff, "Pardoned American served Israel in 1948," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 28, 2001.
[^63]: Maureen Dowd, "War in the Gulf: The President; Bush Urges Israeli Restraint in Phone Appeals to Shamir," *The New York Times*, January 20, 1991, p. 16. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/world/war-gulf-president-bush-urges-israeli-restraint-phone-appeals-shamir.html
[^64]: "Decade of the Spy," undated counterintelligence history extract, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book 407, Doc. 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB407/docs/EBB-PollardDoc14.pdf
[^65]: Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (winter 1977), p. 16. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.
[^66]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," entry for 1983. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
[^67]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700270002-4
[^68]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130006-1; "Minutes of the Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 14 Feb 79," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130002-5.
[^69]: Dolan M. McKelvy, *Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier*, Air War College research report, Air University, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3, citing Ronald M. McRae, *Mind Wars* (1984), p. 103. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3
[^70]: William J. Casey to Alexander M. Haig, Jr., April 2, 1982, with "Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs (April 2, 1982)," CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP84B00049R000701780017-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84b00049r000701780017-6
[^71]: John H. Holdridge, letter, "Australian Intrigue," *Time*, January 3, 1982, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820017-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820017-1 ; CBS, "The Nugan Hand Bank," Evening News transcript, September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6, https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6
[^72]: "Vice President George Bush, completing a 10-day trip aimed...," United Press International, April 12, 1986, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/04/12/Vice-President-George-Bush-completing-a-10-day-trip-aimed/5692513666000/ ; "Top-secret cronies," *Salon*, November 17, 2005, https://www.salon.com/2005/11/17/pfiab/
[^73]: Bill Gertz, "Vice President confirms Buckley was tortured and killed," *Washington Times*, January 21, 1987, CIA-RDP90-00965R000302310058-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302310058-3
[^74]: Denholm Barnetson, "President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel and...," United Press International, August 17, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/17/President-Mohammad-Zia-ul-Haq-US-Ambassador-Arnold-Raphel-and/3467587793600/
[^75]: Dennis Bernstein and Robert Knight (Pacific News Service), report published by *Salon*, October 8, 1996. https://www.salon.com/1996/10/08/news_555/
[^76]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2 (February 1988), Senator Kerry, pp. 265-266.
[^77]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2 (February 1988), testimony of Danilo Blandon, pp. 136-137.
[^78]: Lawrence E. Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 29, citing Gregg grand jury testimony of October 9, 1987 and Rodriguez grand jury testimony of December 4, 1987. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_29.htm
[^79]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 4 (July 1988), Rodriguez testimony, p. 344.
[^80]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Part IX, p. 443. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_ix.htm
[^81]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), p. 96. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^82]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Executive Summary, p. xviii. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
[^83]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, "George Bush," pp. 473-474. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_28.htm
[^84]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 479 and note 67 (*Los Angeles Times*, September 11, 1992; *Washington Post*, 1988).
[^85]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Part IX, "Investigations of the White House," pp. 443-444. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_ix.htm
[^86]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, pp. 474-475, on the diary, the pardons and the grand jury.
[^87]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 480 and note 74 (diary entries of November 4 and 5, 1986).
[^88]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 478.
[^89]: Proclamation 6518, Granting Pardons, December 24, 1992, 107 *Stat.* 2606-2607.
[^90]: Brown University, Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, Iran-Contra materials, "The Pardons," quoting Walsh's response to the pardon of Caspar Weinberger. https://webhelper.brown.edu/cheit/
[^91]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. II, Fourth Interim Report to Congress, February 8, 1993, pp. 585-587.
[^92]: *The Tower Commission Report*, February 26, 1987, pp. 383-384. https://archive.org/details/towercommission00unit
[^93]: National Security Planning Group minutes, June 25, 1984, "Central America," National Security Archive, *The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On*, EBB 210, document 2 (IC 00463), pp. 12, 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/2-NSPG%20minutes%206-25-84%20(IC%2000463).pdf ; Iran-Contra report, ch. 26, pp. 403-404.
[^94]: Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 29 (Gregg and Rodriguez); Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Narcotics, Terrorism and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1989), p. 96.
[^95]: George Bush, "Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Iran-Contra Investigation," December 30, 1992, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-press-secretary-fitzwater-the-iran-contra-investigation ; U.S. Department of Justice, "Griffin Boyette Bell," Attorneys General biographies.
[^96]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "William P. Barr Oral History," interview of April 5, 2001, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project (remarks on Bua, Lacey, Civiletti, inherent authority, and the pardons). https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-barr-oral-history
[^97]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12 (February 1993), pp. 4-5, 10; Lacey, Report of the Independent Counsel, Serial No. 103-95, pp. 344-345; "Drogoul gets 37 months in BNL bank scandal," United Press International, December 9, 1993; *United States v. Drogoul*, 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993).
[^98]: *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, 102d Cong., 2d sess., January 3, 1993, Calendar No. 634. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
[^99]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 148.
[^100]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 110.
[^101]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 172-173.
[^102]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 175.
[^103]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 149, citing the Rupp sentencing (D. Colo., September 23, 1988) and the Brenneke trial (D. Or., May 3, 1990).
[^104]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 150-151.
[^105]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), pp. 131-132. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^106]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 90, Casey calendar.
[^107]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 102.
[^108]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 20-21, missing calendar pages.
[^109]: Robert Parry, "October Surprise Evidence Surfaces," *Consortium News*, July 14, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/14/october-surprise-evidence-surfaces/
[^110]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 173-174, Reagan statements.
[^111]: Barbara Honegger, *October Surprise* (New York: Tudor Publishing, 1989).
[^112]: Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal* (TrineDay, 2010).
[^113]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "George H. W. Bush: Key Events." https://millercenter.org/president/bush/key-events
[^114]: Miller Center, "Statecraft: The Bush 41 Team," "Proving ground: How the December 1989 invasion of Panama shaped the Bush 41 foreign policy team," quoting Richard Cheney and Colin Powell in the George H. W. Bush Oral History Project. https://millercenter.org/statecraftmovie/proving-ground
[^115]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. III, ch. 9, p. 50. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^116]: Bruce Berkowitz, *The National Reconnaissance Office at 50 Years: A Brief History* (Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance, September 2011), pp. 20-21, 23-26.
[^117]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Brass Factory in Iraq," *Congressional Record*, House, September 25, 1992, p. H9502; Gonzalez floor statement of August 10, 1992.
[^118]: Gayle Young, "Socialists Take the Helm in Jamaica. Manley hopes to strengthen US ties by aiding war on drugs," *The Christian Science Monitor*, February 14, 1989. https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0214/ojam.html
[^119]: "Richard Lewis Thornburgh," Office of the Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, *Attorneys General of the United States*; Miller Center, "Richard Thornburgh."
[^120]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, "Solicitor General: Kenneth W. Starr," historical biography (updated September 18, 2023). https://www.justice.gov/osg/bio/kenneth-w-starr
[^121]: George Bush, "Nomination of Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 4, 1990, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/264564 ; George Bush, "Digest of Other White House Announcements," June 19, 1992, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/391789
[^122]: U.S. Department of State, "Jay Lefkowitz, Special Envoy, Human Rights in North Korea," biography, released May 25, 2006. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/66929.htm ; The White House (George W. Bush archives), "Personnel Announcement," January 31, 2002.
[^123]: Federal Judicial Center, "Preska, Loretta A.," Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/preska-loretta
[^124]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Stoga, Iraq, and BNL," *Congressional Record*, House, April 28, 1992, pp. H2694-H2701. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920428g.htm
[^125]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla., January 31, 1995), para. 7. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf
[^126]: Corrective declaration of Howard R. Teicher, docket 679, *United States v. Cardoen* (October 31, 1996). Archive.org item utf-893cr-241-de-679.
[^127]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12 (February 1993). https://intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/10312.pdf
[^128]: National Security Directive 26, "U.S. Policy Toward the Persian Gulf," October 2, 1989, classified SECRET. George H. W. Bush Presidential Library copy.
[^129]: General Accounting Office, report on Iraq's participation in the Commodity Credit Corporation's GSM-102 and GSM-103 export credit guarantee programs, GAO/NSIAD-91-76, November 1990, appendix I; Henry B. Gonzalez, "Continuing Saga of Attempts to Thwart BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House, May 18, 1992, pp. H3370-H3373; "Bush's embarrassing Lavoro scandal," *The Baltimore Sun*, April 28, 1992.
[^130]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (Bantam Books, 1993).
[^131]: Representative Henry B. Gonzalez, *Congressional Record*, 1992. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920925g.htm
[^132]: White House, unclassified summary of Iraq sanctions and weapons exports, September 1991.
[^133]: Senate Foreign Relations Committee, *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140 (December 1992), p. 461. https://archive.org/details/thebcciaffair_202003
[^134]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 542, chapter on Ed Rogers.
[^135]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 538.
[^136]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, Helms letters to Vice President Bush, October 29, 1987.
[^137]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, Justice Department response on the February 1990 letters by Mr. Saphos.
[^138]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, letter of Deputy Assistant Attorney General Bruce Navarro to Senator Kerry, July 24, 1990.
[^139]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 508.
[^140]: "Jackson Thomas Stephens (1923-2005)," *Encyclopedia of Arkansas*; *Financial General Bankshares, Inc. v. Metzger*, 523 F. Supp. 744 (D.D.C. 1981); 680 F.2d 768 (D.C. Cir. 1982).
[^141]: Peter Truell and Larry Gurwin, *False Profits: The Inside Story of BCCI, the World's Most Corrupt Financial Empire* (Houghton Mifflin, 1992), ch. 18 and p. 428. https://archive.org/details/bypetertruellauthorlarrygurwinauthorfalseprofitsth
[^142]: "Meet The Family That Bankrolled Clinton," *The Seattle Times*, January 31, 1993, https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19930131&slug=1682819 ; House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, *Investigation of Political Fundraising Improprieties and Possible Violations of Law*, H. Rept. 105-829 (1998), vol. 2; Roger Morris, *Partners in Power* (Henry Holt, 1996); Truell and Gurwin, *False Profits*, pp. 41 and 428.
[^143]: Jonathan Beaty, "A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes," *Time*, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718843/a-mysterious-mover-of-money-and-planes/
[^144]: Craig Unger, "Mystery man," *Salon*, April 28, 2004. https://www.salon.com/2004/04/28/james_bath/
[^145]: Lucy Komisar, "Questions Linger About Bushes and BCCI," Inter Press Service, April 4, 2007, https://www.ipsnews.net/2007/04/finance-questions-linger-about-bushes-and-bcci/ ; Harken Energy Corporation, proxy statement (Schedule 14A), filed April 25, 1994, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000454.txt
[^146]: Richard Behar, "Global Intrigue: The Wackiest Rig in Texas," *Time*, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718865/global-intrigue-the-wackiest-rig-in-texas/
[^147]: WhoWhatWhy, "Bush Angle to Reagan Shooting Still Unresolved as Hinckley Walks," August 16, 2016, reporting the *Houston Post* story, Neil Bush's press conference, Peter Teeley's statement to UPI, and the Untermyer diary. https://whowhatwhy.org/2016/08/16/bush-angle-reagan-shooting-still-unresolved-hinckley-walks/
[^148]: WhoWhatWhy (2016), citing an Associated Press item of April 1, 1981, on the Department of Energy notice to the Hinckley family business.
[^149]: Ted L. Gunderson compilation, *FBI The Finders*, advertisement for John DeCamp's book. https://archive.org/details/ted-gunderson-fbi-the-finders
[^150]: Ted L. Gunderson compilation, *FBI The Finders*, relaying a *Washington Times* report by George Archibald (1989).
[^151]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," *PROBE*, c. 1996.
[^152]: Tim Shorrock, "Crony Capitalism Goes Global," *The Nation*, March 14, 2002. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/crony-capitalism-goes-global/
[^153]: "Jeffrey Epstein's Disgraced Lawyer Jay Lefkowitz Who Secured Sweetheart Deal Leaves Firm," *The Daily Beast*, March 2026; U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, "Solicitor General: Kenneth W. Starr"; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02847284.
[^154]: *Brown v. Maxwell; Dershowitz v. Giuffre*, 929 F.3d 41 (2d Cir. 2019), Nos. 18-2868, 16-3945-cv(L) (July 3, 2019). https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/4636340/brown-v-maxwell-dershowitz-v-giuffre/
[^155]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A individual contributions, API query contributor_name "SCATURRO, PHILIP" (41 results). https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=SCATURRO%2C%20PHILIP
[^156]: Larry Holzwarth, "FBI Files: Unexplained Phenomenon Files from the FBI's Vault," HistoryCollection, quoting an anonymous letter to FBI Director William S. Sessions. https://historycollection.com/unexplained-phenomenon-files-from-the-fbis-vault/6/
[^157]: Allie Fasanella, "George H. W. Bush 'Knew' Humans Made Contact With Aliens in 1964," *OK! Magazine*, November 24, 2025, carried by AOL. https://www.aol.com/articles/george-h-w-bush-knew-161144400.html
[^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Biographical Information on George H. W. Bush," undated sheet, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401590001-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401590001-9
[^14]: Bob Woodward and Walter Pincus, "Bush Opened Up To Secret Yale Society," Washington Post, dated August 7, 1988 in the CIA reading room record, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580058-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580058-8
[^15]: Randall Rothenberg, "In Search of George Bush," March 6, 1988, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580078-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580078-6
[^16]: Anthony L. Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," CovertAction Information Bulletin no. 41 (Summer 1992), CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^17]: George Bush, *All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings* (New York: Scribner, 1999), biographical note on Neil Mallon, the account of the move to Odessa, the letter of April 12, 1951, and the passage on naming the third son. https://archive.org/details/allbestgeorgebus0000bush
[^18]: George Bush with Victor Gold, *Looking Forward* (New York: Doubleday, 1987). https://archive.org/details/lookingforward00bush
[^19]: Zapata Corporation, annual report on Form 10-K for fiscal 1994, filed December 29, 1994, accession 0000899243-94-000388, Item 1 and filer header (former conformed names), CIK 109177.
[^20]: SEC EDGAR filing history for CIK 109177 (Zapata Corporation and successor names); start of electronic filings February 8, 1994.
[^21]: Assassination Records Review Board, letter to John Pereira, December 18, 1997, CIA release 104-10336-10008.
[^22]: Assassination Records Review Board staff memorandum by Haron, January 8, 1998 (FBIMEM.002).
[^23]: CIA memorandum from Michelle Combs to T. Jeremy Gunn, July 15, 1998 (CIA-IR09).
[^24]: CIA memorandum from J. Barry Harrelson to T. Jeremy Gunn, February 25, 1998, within release 104-10336-10008.
[^25]: Assassination Records Review Board draft request, "George Bush," undated, bearing Gunn's name.
[^26]: WhoWhatWhy, "Classic Who: GHW Bush and the JFK Assassination," October 24, 2017, reporting Stephen Hart's 1988 statement and Joseph McBride's report in *The Nation*, July 16, 1988. https://whowhatwhy.org/2017/10/24/classic-ghw-bush-jfk-assassination/
[^27]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 13, "The wrong kind of friends."
[^28]: Ronald Reagan, "Statement Announcing the Establishment of a Federal Anticrime Task Force for Southern Florida," January 28, 1982. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-announcing-the-establishment-federal-anticrime-task-force-for-southern-florida
[^29]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 4 (July 1988), statement of Adm. Daniel J. Murphy, pp. 224-225. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0009
[^30]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), p. 19. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^31]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), ch. 20, "It is a sensitive matter."
[^32]: FBI Headquarters file on H.L. Hunt, part 2 (FOIA release), Hunt Oil Company and Estate of H.L. Hunt press releases, March 4 and April 1, 1977, https://archive.org/details/foia_Hunt_H.L.-HQ-2 ; Marie Fagnant (Assassination Records Review Board staff), "Summary of Dallas Figures," memorandum, July 31, 1997; Bill Porterfield, "H.L. Hunt's Long Goodbye," *Texas Monthly*, March 1975. https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/h-l-hunts-long-goodbye/
[^33]: George Bush, Chairman, National Foreign Intelligence Board, letter to Vice Admiral Bobby R. Inman, January 1977 (DCI/IC 77-0402), CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP80M00165A002600030024-8. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80M00165A002600030024-8
[^34]: "We've Been Asked: What Is the Trilateral Commission?" *U.S. News & World Report*, April 7, 1980, p. 37, reprinted in Congressional Research Service, *The Trilateral Commission*, Issue Packet IP0092 (Library of Congress, 1981).
[^35]: Ronald Reagan, "Nomination of William H. Draper III To Be President and Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States," March 18, 1981, The American Presidency Project. https://presidency.ucsb.edu/node/247393
[^36]: "The President's News Conference," November 3, 1975. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-60
[^37]: "Remarks at the Swearing In of George Bush as Director of Central Intelligence," January 30, 1976. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-swearing-george-bush-director-central-intelligence
[^38]: Kenneth A. Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence: A Personal Review and Conclusions," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (winter 1977), p. 15. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0. Reprinted with the author's January 1999 postscript in *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 13, no. 1 (1999).
[^39]: Senate nomination record for George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence, hearings of December 15-16, 1975, and committee report of December 18, 1975. CIA reading room CIA-RDP91-00901R000100050001-3.
[^40]: Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Intelligence and Congress: The Nomination of George H. W. Bush as DCI," *Studies in Intelligence* 65, no. 4 (December 2021). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Article_Intel_Congress_Nomination_ofGHWBush_as_DCI_Studies_65_4_December2021.pdf
[^41]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, doc. 170, memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Bush to recipients of National Intelligence Estimate 11-3/8-76, with editorial note citing William Beecher, *Boston Globe*, October 20, 1976, and David Binder, *New York Times*, December 26, 1976.
[^42]: "Soviet Strategic Objectives: An Alternative View, Report of Team B." CIA reading room CIA-RDP91M00696R001000110006-8.
[^43]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXXV, doc. 174, Bush to Cherne, January 19, 1977.
[^44]: Church Committee, *Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities*, Book I, p. 455 (1976). https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^45]: Church Committee, *Final Report*, Book I, p. 193. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^46]: Norman Kempster, *Washington Star*, February 10, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP99-00498R000100040124-3.
[^47]: "'Operation Chaos' Files Ordered Held," *Washington Star*, June 16, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP90-01208R000100170029-4.
[^48]: Letter from Daniel K. Inouye to George Bush, September 29, 1976. CIA reading room 03303946.
[^49]: Letter from Edward H. Levi to George Bush, October 9, 1976, with Scowcroft's endorsement of October 21, 1976. *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. E-11, pt. 2, doc. 250.
[^50]: CIA reading room document 05535911, 1980 radio interview transcript (speaker identified as "MAN").
[^51]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. XXIV, doc. 209.
[^52]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, vol. XXIV, doc. 217, memorandum quoted in the volume.
[^53]: Memorandum by George Bush, "The Death of Roselli," August 11, 1976. CIA reading room 00508811.
[^54]: Timothy S. Robinson, "The Letelier Case," *The Washington Post*, May 21, 1978, p. A4, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100050048-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100050048-7.
[^55]: Brief for Appellants, *United States v. Sampol*, Nos. 79-1541 and 79-1542 (D.C. Cir. 1979), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-appeal.pdf ; Petition of the United States for Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc, *United States v. Sampol* (D.C. Cir., October 29, 1980), https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/MNC/Letelier-rehearing.pdf.
[^56]: "No New Leads Uncovered by Letelier Probe," *The Washington Post*, November 1, 1976, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP99-00498R000100020097-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-00498r000100020097-6
[^57]: Secretary of State to American Embassy Caracas, "Interrogation of Bosch," telegram 1976STATE277225, November 11, 1976, quoting Richard L. Thornburgh's letter of November 5, 1976, Department of State, released 2006; Zach Dorfman, "Codename: Chilbom," *The Atavist Magazine*, no. 59, June 21, 2016. https://magazine.atavist.com/2016/codename-chilbom
[^58]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Associate Attorney General, *In the Matter of Orlando Bosch-Avila*, decision of Acting Associate Attorney General Joe D. Whitley in exclusion proceedings, January 23, 1989; National Security Archive, "Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later," Electronic Briefing Book 202, October 5, 2006.
[^59]: Peter Kornbluh, "A Modicum of Justice for Ronni Karpen Moffitt," *The Nation*, September 2026.
[^60]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXII, Panama, doc. 133, memorandum of conversation, October 6, 1976, source note.
[^61]: Letter from George Bush to Donald H. Rumsfeld, October 18, 1976. CIA reading room CIA-RDP79-00498A000600090009-7.
[^62]: Joseph Trento, *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network* (Carroll & Graf, 2005), pp. 52-108; Alexandre de Marenches and David Andelman, *The Fourth World War* (Random House, 1992); Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, 1976.
[^63]: Roger Faligot and Pascal Krop, *La Piscine: Les Services Secrets Français, 1944-1984* (Seuil, 1985); Alexandre de Marenches and Christine Ockrent, *Dans le Secret des Princes* (Stock, 1986).
[^64]: Church Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465, 1975; Ludo De Witte, *The Assassination of Lumumba* (Verso, 2001); International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976, Public Law 94-329, 90 Stat. 729 (June 30, 1976), sec. 404.
[^65]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "William P. Barr Oral History," interview of April 5, 2001, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-barr-oral-history
[^66]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), ch. 18.
[^67]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^68]: *The Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President's Special Review Board* (New York: Bantam Books and Times Books, 1987), pp. 24-25, 30-31; Tom Tugend, "Al Schwimmer, Israel Air Force pioneer, dies at 94," *Jewish Journal* (Los Angeles), June 12, 2011; JTA Staff, "Pardoned American served Israel in 1948," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 28, 2001.
[^69]: Maureen Dowd, "War in the Gulf: The President; Bush Urges Israeli Restraint in Phone Appeals to Shamir," *The New York Times*, January 20, 1991, p. 16. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/world/war-gulf-president-bush-urges-israeli-restraint-phone-appeals-shamir.html
[^70]: "Decade of the Spy," undated counterintelligence history extract, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book 407, Doc. 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB407/docs/EBB-PollardDoc14.pdf
[^71]: Kress, "Parapsychology in Intelligence," *Studies in Intelligence* 21, no. 4 (winter 1977), p. 16. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00791R000200030040-0.
[^72]: US Army Intelligence and Security Command, "List of Events from September 1977 to January 1986," entry for 1983. CIA reading room CIA-RDP96-00788R001100020001-8.
[^73]: Memorandum for the record, "Briefing," Major Gerald Fox, April 1, 1983, CIA-RDP96-00788R001700270002-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001700270002-4
[^74]: Defense Intelligence Agency, S-1004/DT-1, "Minutes of the Meeting, DoD Grill Flame Committee," November 28, 1978, CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130006-1; "Minutes of the Grill Flame Committee Meeting, 14 Feb 79," CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130002-5.
[^75]: Dolan M. McKelvy, *Psychic Warfare: Exploring the Mind Frontier*, Air War College research report, Air University, CIA-RDP96-00789R001001420001-3, citing Ronald M. McRae, *Mind Wars* (1984), p. 103. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r001001420001-3
[^76]: William J. Casey to Alexander M. Haig, Jr., April 2, 1982, with "Quick Intelligence Assessment on Falkland Affairs (April 2, 1982)," CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP84B00049R000701780017-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84b00049r000701780017-6
[^77]: John H. Holdridge, letter, "Australian Intrigue," *Time*, January 3, 1982, CIA-RDP90-00806R000200820017-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000200820017-1 ; CBS, "The Nugan Hand Bank," Evening News transcript, September 22, 1982, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6, https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201840002-6
[^78]: "Vice President George Bush, completing a 10-day trip aimed...," United Press International, April 12, 1986, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/04/12/Vice-President-George-Bush-completing-a-10-day-trip-aimed/5692513666000/ ; "Top-secret cronies," *Salon*, November 17, 2005, https://www.salon.com/2005/11/17/pfiab/
[^79]: Bill Gertz, "Vice President confirms Buckley was tortured and killed," *Washington Times*, January 21, 1987, CIA-RDP90-00965R000302310058-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000302310058-3
[^80]: Denholm Barnetson, "President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel and...," United Press International, August 17, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/17/President-Mohammad-Zia-ul-Haq-US-Ambassador-Arnold-Raphel-and/3467587793600/
[^81]: Dennis Bernstein and Robert Knight (Pacific News Service), report published by *Salon*, October 8, 1996. https://www.salon.com/1996/10/08/news_555/
[^82]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2 (February 1988), Senator Kerry, pp. 265-266.
[^83]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 2 (February 1988), testimony of Danilo Blandon, pp. 136-137.
[^84]: Lawrence E. Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 29, citing Gregg grand jury testimony of October 9, 1987 and Rodriguez grand jury testimony of December 4, 1987. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_29.htm
[^85]: *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Hrg. 100-773, pt. 4 (July 1988), Rodriguez testimony, p. 344.
[^86]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Part IX, p. 443. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_ix.htm
[^87]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), p. 96. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^88]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Executive Summary, p. xviii. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum.htm
[^89]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, "George Bush," pp. 473-474. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_28.htm
[^90]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 479 and note 67 (*Los Angeles Times*, September 11, 1992; *Washington Post*, 1988).
[^91]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, Part IX, "Investigations of the White House," pp. 443-444. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/part_ix.htm
[^92]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, pp. 474-475, on the diary, the pardons and the grand jury.
[^93]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 480 and note 74 (diary entries of November 4 and 5, 1986).
[^94]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 28, p. 478.
[^95]: Proclamation 6518, Granting Pardons, December 24, 1992, 107 *Stat.* 2606-2607.
[^96]: Brown University, Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, Iran-Contra materials, "The Pardons," quoting Walsh's response to the pardon of Caspar Weinberger. https://webhelper.brown.edu/cheit/
[^97]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. II, Fourth Interim Report to Congress, February 8, 1993, pp. 585-587.
[^98]: *The Tower Commission Report*, February 26, 1987, pp. 383-384. https://archive.org/details/towercommission00unit
[^99]: National Security Planning Group minutes, June 25, 1984, "Central America," National Security Archive, *The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On*, EBB 210, document 2 (IC 00463), pp. 12, 14. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/2-NSPG%20minutes%206-25-84%20(IC%2000463).pdf ; Iran-Contra report, ch. 26, pp. 403-404.
[^100]: Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, ch. 29 (Gregg and Rodriguez); Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Narcotics, Terrorism and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1989), p. 96.
[^101]: George Bush, "Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Iran-Contra Investigation," December 30, 1992, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-press-secretary-fitzwater-the-iran-contra-investigation ; U.S. Department of Justice, "Griffin Boyette Bell," Attorneys General biographies.
[^102]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "William P. Barr Oral History," interview of April 5, 2001, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project (remarks on Bua, Lacey, Civiletti, inherent authority, and the pardons). https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/william-p-barr-oral-history
[^103]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12 (February 1993), pp. 4-5, 10; Lacey, Report of the Independent Counsel, Serial No. 103-95, pp. 344-345; "Drogoul gets 37 months in BNL bank scandal," United Press International, December 9, 1993; *United States v. Drogoul*, 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993).
[^104]: *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*, 102d Cong., 2d sess., January 3, 1993, Calendar No. 634. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
[^105]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 148.
[^106]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 110.
[^107]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 172-173.
[^108]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 175.
[^109]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 149, citing the Rupp sentencing (D. Colo., September 23, 1988) and the Brenneke trial (D. Or., May 3, 1990).
[^110]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 150-151.
[^111]: Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (1988), pp. 131-132. https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^112]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 90, Casey calendar.
[^113]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, p. 102.
[^114]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 20-21, missing calendar pages.
[^115]: Robert Parry, "October Surprise Evidence Surfaces," *Consortium News*, July 14, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/14/october-surprise-evidence-surfaces/
[^116]: Joint Report of the October Surprise Task Force, pp. 173-174, Reagan statements.
[^117]: Barbara Honegger, *October Surprise* (New York: Tudor Publishing, 1989).
[^118]: Cheri Seymour, *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal* (TrineDay, 2010).
[^119]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "George H. W. Bush: Key Events." https://millercenter.org/president/bush/key-events
[^120]: Miller Center, "Statecraft: The Bush 41 Team," "Proving ground: How the December 1989 invasion of Panama shaped the Bush 41 foreign policy team," quoting Richard Cheney and Colin Powell in the George H. W. Bush Oral History Project. https://millercenter.org/statecraftmovie/proving-ground
[^121]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China, Report (H. Rept. 105-851), vol. III, ch. 9, p. 50. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/pdf/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851.pdf
[^122]: Bruce Berkowitz, *The National Reconnaissance Office at 50 Years: A Brief History* (Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance, September 2011), pp. 20-21, 23-26.
[^123]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Brass Factory in Iraq," *Congressional Record*, House, September 25, 1992, p. H9502; Gonzalez floor statement of August 10, 1992.
[^124]: Gayle Young, "Socialists Take the Helm in Jamaica. Manley hopes to strengthen US ties by aiding war on drugs," *The Christian Science Monitor*, February 14, 1989. https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0214/ojam.html
[^125]: "Richard Lewis Thornburgh," Office of the Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, *Attorneys General of the United States*; Miller Center, "Richard Thornburgh."
[^126]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, "Solicitor General: Kenneth W. Starr," historical biography (updated September 18, 2023). https://www.justice.gov/osg/bio/kenneth-w-starr
[^127]: George Bush, "Nomination of Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 4, 1990, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/264564 ; George Bush, "Digest of Other White House Announcements," June 19, 1992, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/391789
[^128]: U.S. Department of State, "Jay Lefkowitz, Special Envoy, Human Rights in North Korea," biography, released May 25, 2006. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/66929.htm ; The White House (George W. Bush archives), "Personnel Announcement," January 31, 2002.
[^129]: Federal Judicial Center, "Preska, Loretta A.," Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/preska-loretta
[^130]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Stoga, Iraq, and BNL," *Congressional Record*, House, April 28, 1992, pp. H2694-H2701. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920428g.htm
[^131]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla., January 31, 1995), para. 7. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf
[^132]: Corrective declaration of Howard R. Teicher, docket 679, *United States v. Cardoen* (October 31, 1996). Archive.org item utf-893cr-241-de-679.
[^133]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12 (February 1993). https://intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/10312.pdf
[^134]: National Security Directive 26, "U.S. Policy Toward the Persian Gulf," October 2, 1989, classified SECRET. George H. W. Bush Presidential Library copy.
[^135]: General Accounting Office, report on Iraq's participation in the Commodity Credit Corporation's GSM-102 and GSM-103 export credit guarantee programs, GAO/NSIAD-91-76, November 1990, appendix I; Henry B. Gonzalez, "Continuing Saga of Attempts to Thwart BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House, May 18, 1992, pp. H3370-H3373; "Bush's embarrassing Lavoro scandal," *The Baltimore Sun*, April 28, 1992.
[^136]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (Bantam Books, 1993).
[^137]: Representative Henry B. Gonzalez, *Congressional Record*, 1992. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920925g.htm
[^138]: White House, unclassified summary of Iraq sanctions and weapons exports, September 1991.
[^139]: Senate Foreign Relations Committee, *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140 (December 1992), p. 461. https://archive.org/details/thebcciaffair_202003
[^140]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 542, chapter on Ed Rogers.
[^141]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 538.
[^142]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, Helms letters to Vice President Bush, October 29, 1987.
[^143]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, Justice Department response on the February 1990 letters by Mr. Saphos.
[^144]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, letter of Deputy Assistant Attorney General Bruce Navarro to Senator Kerry, July 24, 1990.
[^145]: *The BCCI Affair*, S. Prt. 102-140, p. 508.
[^146]: "Jackson Thomas Stephens (1923-2005)," *Encyclopedia of Arkansas*; *Financial General Bankshares, Inc. v. Metzger*, 523 F. Supp. 744 (D.D.C. 1981); 680 F.2d 768 (D.C. Cir. 1982).
[^147]: Peter Truell and Larry Gurwin, *False Profits: The Inside Story of BCCI, the World's Most Corrupt Financial Empire* (Houghton Mifflin, 1992), ch. 18 and p. 428. https://archive.org/details/bypetertruellauthorlarrygurwinauthorfalseprofitsth
[^148]: "Meet The Family That Bankrolled Clinton," *The Seattle Times*, January 31, 1993, https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19930131&slug=1682819 ; House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, *Investigation of Political Fundraising Improprieties and Possible Violations of Law*, H. Rept. 105-829 (1998), vol. 2; Roger Morris, *Partners in Power* (Henry Holt, 1996); Truell and Gurwin, *False Profits*, pp. 41 and 428.
[^149]: Jonathan Beaty, "A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes," *Time*, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718843/a-mysterious-mover-of-money-and-planes/
[^150]: Craig Unger, "Mystery man," *Salon*, April 28, 2004. https://www.salon.com/2004/04/28/james_bath/
[^151]: Lucy Komisar, "Questions Linger About Bushes and BCCI," Inter Press Service, April 4, 2007, https://www.ipsnews.net/2007/04/finance-questions-linger-about-bushes-and-bcci/ ; Harken Energy Corporation, proxy statement (Schedule 14A), filed April 25, 1994, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000454.txt
[^152]: Richard Behar, "Global Intrigue: The Wackiest Rig in Texas," *Time*, October 28, 1991. https://time.com/archive/6718865/global-intrigue-the-wackiest-rig-in-texas/
[^153]: WhoWhatWhy, "Bush Angle to Reagan Shooting Still Unresolved as Hinckley Walks," August 16, 2016, reporting the *Houston Post* story, Neil Bush's press conference, Peter Teeley's statement to UPI, and the Untermyer diary. https://whowhatwhy.org/2016/08/16/bush-angle-reagan-shooting-still-unresolved-hinckley-walks/
[^154]: WhoWhatWhy (2016), citing an Associated Press item of April 1, 1981, on the Department of Energy notice to the Hinckley family business.
[^155]: Ted L. Gunderson compilation, *FBI The Finders*, advertisement for John DeCamp's book. https://archive.org/details/ted-gunderson-fbi-the-finders
[^156]: Ted L. Gunderson compilation, *FBI The Finders*, relaying a *Washington Times* report by George Archibald (1989).
[^157]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," *PROBE*, c. 1996.
[^158]: Tim Shorrock, "Crony Capitalism Goes Global," *The Nation*, March 14, 2002. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/crony-capitalism-goes-global/
[^159]: "Jeffrey Epstein's Disgraced Lawyer Jay Lefkowitz Who Secured Sweetheart Deal Leaves Firm," *The Daily Beast*, March 2026; U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, "Solicitor General: Kenneth W. Starr"; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02847284.
[^160]: *Brown v. Maxwell; Dershowitz v. Giuffre*, 929 F.3d 41 (2d Cir. 2019), Nos. 18-2868, 16-3945-cv(L) (July 3, 2019). https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/4636340/brown-v-maxwell-dershowitz-v-giuffre/
[^161]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A individual contributions, API query contributor_name "SCATURRO, PHILIP" (41 results). https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/?contributor_name=SCATURRO%2C%20PHILIP
[^162]: Larry Holzwarth, "FBI Files: Unexplained Phenomenon Files from the FBI's Vault," HistoryCollection, quoting an anonymous letter to FBI Director William S. Sessions. https://historycollection.com/unexplained-phenomenon-files-from-the-fbis-vault/6/
[^163]: Allie Fasanella, "George H. W. Bush 'Knew' Humans Made Contact With Aliens in 1964," *OK! Magazine*, November 24, 2025, carried by AOL. https://www.aol.com/articles/george-h-w-bush-knew-161144400.html

28
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeffrey Epstein.md
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@ -30,8 +30,15 @@ relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Dalton School]]"
start: 1974
end: 1976
role: "mathematics and physics teacher"
fn: 1
- type: appointed
with: "[[Donald Barr]]"
reverse: true
start: 1974
role: "teacher of mathematics and physics; hire attributed to Barr by some accounts, left open by others"
fn: 170
- type: director_of
with: "[[Wexner Foundation]]"
start: 1992
@ -198,7 +205,7 @@ relations:
end: 2002
fn: 61
created: 2026-06-18
updated: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-26
---
Jeffrey Epstein (January 20, 1953 to August 10, 2019) was an American financier and convicted sex offender who, with his companion [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], ran a sex-trafficking operation that recruited and abused dozens of underage girls across his residences in [[Manhattan]], [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]], [[New Mexico]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], and [[Paris]]. He built a social and financial network that encompassed technology billionaires ([[Peter Thiel]], [[Bill Gates]], [[Elon Musk]], [[Reid Hoffman]], [[Mark Zuckerberg]]), heads of state and politicians ([[Bill Clinton]], [[Ehud Barak]], [[Prince Andrew]], [[Donald Trump]]), diplomats and intelligence officials ([[William Burns]], [[Vitaly Churkin]]), financiers and executives ([[Leslie Wexner]], [[Leon Black]], [[Tom Pritzker]], [[Howard Lutnick]]), and prominent scientists ([[Martin Nowak]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[George Church]], [[Stephen Hawking]]) brokered through the literary agent [[John Brockman]]. The source of his fortune was never satisfactorily explained, his long association with [[Robert Maxwell|Robert Maxwell's]] daughter raised documented intelligence questions, and his death in federal custody in 2019 was ruled a suicide over disputes that have not been resolved.[^1][^2][^3]
@ -207,8 +214,12 @@ Jeffrey Epstein (January 20, 1953 to August 10, 2019) was an American financier
Epstein was born in [[Brooklyn]], New York, and raised in the Sea Gate and [[Coney Island]] area in a working-class Jewish family; his father worked for the [[New York City]] parks department. He attended Lafayette High School, then [[Cooper Union]] and the Courant Institute at [[New York University]], leaving both without a degree. In 1974 he was hired to teach mathematics and physics at the [[Dalton School]], the elite Upper East Side preparatory school, despite having no degree and no teaching credential. The headmaster during the period of his hiring was [[Donald Barr]], the novelist and educator who was the father of the future [[U.S. Attorney General]] [[William Barr]], whose [[Department of Justice]] would later oversee the federal case and the jail in which Epstein died. Accounts differ on whether Barr personally hired Epstein, since Barr resigned the headmastership in 1974.[^1][^4]
Barr announced his resignation in February 1974, and the [[New York Times]] reported on February 20, 1974 that he would remain until June 7.[^168] [[Thomas Volscho]] reported in the [[Daily Beast]] on July 12, 2019 that the September 1974 issue of the Dalton student newspaper, *The Daltonian*, announced that Epstein had joined the mathematics department and would also teach physics, that Epstein later confirmed in a deposition that he taught there from 1974 to 1976, and that the school had lost four mathematics teachers before the 1974-75 year. [[Peter Branch]], interim headmaster from July 1, 1974, told Volscho that he did not recall hiring Epstein and was "relatively certain Barr or possibly the head of the Math Department hired Epstein because hiring decisions were typically made in the spring." Volscho added that the State Education Department reported no teaching license on file for Epstein, and that [[Edward Jay Epstein]] had claimed that investigators from [[Kroll]], hired by [[L Brands]], told him Epstein had faked his resume to get the Dalton job.[^169] The New York Times wrote on July 12, 2019 ([[Mike Baker]] and [[Amy Julia Harris]]) that the student newspaper reported in September 1974 that Epstein was starting as a math and physics teacher, and that "It is unclear whether Mr. Barr hired Mr. Epstein" after the February 1974 resignation announcement; it quoted Branch that Epstein "didn't come up to snuff" and was asked to leave.[^170] [[Marie Brenner]] wrote in *Vanity Fair* that Barr brought in "a group of gifted college dropouts, including one Jeffrey Epstein," and that William Barr "recently claimed he hadn't made the Dalton-Epstein connection until he read about it in the press."[^171] [[Calder McHugh]] wrote for [[Yahoo Finance]] on July 13, 2019 that Barr "hired Epstein to teach math and science," and placed Epstein at Dalton "in the early 1970s," with appearances in the yearbooks of 1975 and 1976.[^172] [[Wayne Madsen]] described Barr as "influential in hiring" Epstein.[^173]
At Dalton, Epstein cultivated the parents of his students, and a connection there brought him to [[Bear Stearns]], the investment bank then led by [[Alan Greenberg]]. He joined in 1976, worked in the special products division advising wealthy clients on tax strategy, and rose to limited partner. The firm and Epstein gave varying accounts of the departure, which has been attributed to a Regulation D securities violation and to an internal inquiry. After leaving he ran a consulting company, [[International Assets Group]], out of his apartment in the Solo building on East 66th Street, and around 1988 he established [[J. Epstein & Co.]], which he said managed money exclusively for clients worth more than one billion dollars; in 2003 he said he had run it "for the last 15 years."[^1][^3][^5]
The archive of the Dalton School holds a folder titled "Physics A, B, A-B, and Advanced Physics, Assignments, Epstein, 1975-1976" in its physics records.[^174] [[Snopes]] reported that Epstein began as a mathematics and physics teacher in September 1974, citing a New York Times review of the school's yearbooks, and that he was fired at the end of the 1975-76 school year; it quoted Branch telling the [[Miami Herald]] that Epstein "had not adequately grown as a new teacher to the standard of the school."[^175] In a 2009 deposition, as [[NPR]] reported in 2019, Epstein answered "No" when asked whether he had any "sexual contact" with female students he taught at Dalton, and invoked the Fifth, Sixth and 14th Amendments when asked whether he had dated a former Dalton student.[^176]
Epstein resigned from Bear Stearns on March 12, 1981, the day after [[Seagram]] announced its tender offer for [[St. Joe Minerals]]. The [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], investigating insider trading in St. Joe and told that Epstein had information about trading at Bear Stearns, took his testimony on April 1, 1981. He said management had fined him 2,500 dollars over a possible "Reg D" violation, a loan of about 20,000 dollars to his friend Warren Eisenstein to buy stock, together with "carelessness" over expenses, and that rumors had tied his exit to "an illicit affair with a secretary." Bear Stearns paid his bonus of about 100,000 dollars. [[James Cayne]] said Epstein "left Bear Stearns of his own volition"; a former Bear executive told Fox Business in 2019 that he "left at our invitation ... it was very serious stuff"; [[Steven Hoffenberg]] claimed Epstein told him he had been caught executing "illegal operations." The SEC brought no insider-trading charges against anyone at Bear Stearns in the St. Joe matter.[^5][^6]
Epstein stayed a major Bear Stearns customer. His company [[Financial Trust Company]] stated in a 2009 verified complaint that "since 1981, Epstein has conducted hundreds of millions of dollars in transactions with Bear Stearns for his own, as well as his clients', accounts," with the firm's senior management. From at least 2000 to 2007 he chaired [[Liquid Funding]] Ltd., a [[Bermuda]] company partly owned by Bear Stearns that held mortgage-backed securities, a directorship disclosed in the [[Paradise Papers]]. Fox Business reported that he had about 60 million dollars in the Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced Leverage Fund, which collapsed in June 2007. On August 6, 2007, according to the 2009 complaint, Cayne told Epstein to "hold tight" to Financial Trust's 120,000 Bear shares; Financial Trust sold the last 100,000 on March 17, 2008 at 3.41 dollars and sued Bear Stearns in the District Court of the Virgin Islands (Civil No. 2009/106).[^6][^7][^8]
@ -223,9 +234,9 @@ After his release Hoffenberg publicly claimed that Epstein had been a co-archite
### Leslie Wexner and the Source of Wealth
Leslie Wexner, the founder of [[The Limited]], [[L Brands]], [[Victoria's Secret]], and [[Bath & Body Works]], met Epstein in the mid-1980s and made him his money manager and confidant. In 1991 Wexner granted Epstein sweeping power of attorney, authority to borrow money, sign checks, buy and sell property, and hire and fire on his behalf. Epstein joined the board of the [[Wexner Foundation]] in 1992, in the seat of Wexner's mother, Bella Wexner. Wexner transferred to Epstein the use of, and eventually title to, the seven-story townhouse at [[9 East 71st Street]] in Manhattan, one of the largest private residences in the city, under a 1998 purchase agreement secured by a 10 million dollar note; in December 2011 the Epstein-owned Nine East 71st Street Corporation transferred the house to Maple, Inc., another Epstein entity. Wexner also co-founded the [[Mega Group]], a club of wealthy Jewish businessmen and philanthropists, with the Seagram heir [[Charles Bronfman]].[^3][^5][^11]
Leslie Wexner, the founder of [[The Limited]], L Brands, [[Victoria's Secret]], and [[Bath & Body Works]], met Epstein in the mid-1980s and made him his money manager and confidant. In 1991 Wexner granted Epstein sweeping power of attorney, authority to borrow money, sign checks, buy and sell property, and hire and fire on his behalf. Epstein joined the board of the [[Wexner Foundation]] in 1992, in the seat of Wexner's mother, Bella Wexner. Wexner transferred to Epstein the use of, and eventually title to, the seven-story townhouse at [[9 East 71st Street]] in Manhattan, one of the largest private residences in the city, under a 1998 purchase agreement secured by a 10 million dollar note; in December 2011 the Epstein-owned Nine East 71st Street Corporation transferred the house to Maple, Inc., another Epstein entity. Wexner also co-founded the [[Mega Group]], a club of wealthy Jewish businessmen and philanthropists, with the Seagram heir [[Charles Bronfman]].[^3][^5][^11]
Wexner cut ties with Epstein around 2007, and in 2019 he stated publicly that Epstein had "misappropriated vast sums" from him and his family, an amount reported as more than 46 million dollars, which Wexner said he had recovered. The mechanics of how a single client's fortune translated into Epstein's own remained opaque. A December 2025 [[New York Times]] investigation concluded that Epstein built his apparent wealth through "scams, theft and lies" rather than financial acumen, that his billionaire status was exaggerated, and that the Wexner relationship was central to whatever fortune he actually held. A May 2003 [[JPMorgan Chase|JPMorgan]] due-diligence report stated that Epstein, "through the trading of his accounts and that of Leslie Wexner," generated "one of the largest annual revenue flows of private clients in the private bank."[^3][^12]
Wexner cut ties with Epstein around 2007, and in 2019 he stated publicly that Epstein had "misappropriated vast sums" from him and his family, an amount reported as more than 46 million dollars, which Wexner said he had recovered. The mechanics of how a single client's fortune translated into Epstein's own remained opaque. A December 2025 New York Times investigation concluded that Epstein built his apparent wealth through "scams, theft and lies" rather than financial acumen, that his billionaire status was exaggerated, and that the Wexner relationship was central to whatever fortune he actually held. A May 2003 [[JPMorgan Chase|JPMorgan]] due-diligence report stated that Epstein, "through the trading of his accounts and that of Leslie Wexner," generated "one of the largest annual revenue flows of private clients in the private bank."[^3][^12]
An August 15, 2019 FBI Criminal Investigative Division document, released in 2026, listed eight people as co-conspirators, among them Wexner, [[Jean-Luc Brunel]] and [[Lesley Groff]]; the Justice Department removed the redaction of Wexner's name in February 2026 after Representative [[Thomas Massie]] raised it. A representative for Wexner said prosecutors told his lawyers in 2019 that he was "neither a co-conspirator nor target in any respect." In Israel a March 1, 2026 criminal complaint asked police to investigate the Wexner Foundation's 2.3 million dollar payments to Ehud Barak, after a January 30, 2026 Justice Department release showed Epstein's lawyer [[Darren Indyke]] writing in December 2005 that he "was involved in the negotiation and execution" of Barak's contract.[^13][^14]
@ -289,7 +300,7 @@ The civil settlements that followed were written into the criminal agreement. Ep
### The Agreement in Court and in Review
The deal's leniency became the subject of the [[Miami Herald]] series "Perversion of Justice" by the reporter [[Julie K. Brown]] in 2018, which revived the case. In February 2019 Judge Marra ruled that prosecutors had violated the [[Crime Victims' Rights Act]] by hiding the agreement from victims. The Justice Department then recused the Southern District of Florida from the litigation and assigned the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Georgia to defend it. On April 15, 2021 the en banc [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] denied Courtney Wild's mandamus petition, holding that the Act gives victims no freestanding pre-charge remedy while declining to decide whether the rights attach before charges; the Supreme Court denied certiorari on February 22, 2022.[^22][^52][^53]
The deal's leniency became the subject of the Miami Herald series "Perversion of Justice" by the reporter [[Julie K. Brown]] in 2018, which revived the case. In February 2019 Judge Marra ruled that prosecutors had violated the [[Crime Victims' Rights Act]] by hiding the agreement from victims. The Justice Department then recused the Southern District of Florida from the litigation and assigned the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Georgia to defend it. On April 15, 2021 the en banc [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] denied Courtney Wild's mandamus petition, holding that the Act gives victims no freestanding pre-charge remedy while declining to decide whether the rights attach before charges; the Supreme Court denied certiorari on February 22, 2022.[^22][^52][^53]
The Office of Professional Responsibility had declined in May 2011 to investigate a claim by Professor [[Paul Cassell]] that "improper influences" produced the agreement, citing its policy of not investigating matters that "could have been addressed in the course of litigation, unless a court has made a specific finding of misconduct." It opened a review on February 6, 2019 after a December 3, 2018 letter from Senator [[Ben Sasse]]. Acosta, who had become U.S. Secretary of Labor under Donald Trump, resigned in July 2019. The office's November 2020 report found that Acosta had not committed professional misconduct and "did not find evidence that his decision was based on corruption or other impermissible considerations, such as Epstein's wealth, status, or associations," but concluded that resolving the case through the agreement "constitutes poor judgment," that "the NPA was a flawed mechanism," and that the government's conduct "gave victims and the public the misimpression that the government had colluded with Epstein's counsel to keep the NPA secret from the victims." It found that the supervisors other than Acosta had "left the USAO, were transitioning to other jobs, or were absent at critical junctures."[^37][^54]
@ -612,3 +623,12 @@ The 2025 and 2026 releases produced resignations and removals without prosecutio
[^165]: "Summers Resigns From OpenAI Board Amid Backlash Over Epstein Emails." *The Harvard Crimson,* November 19, 2025. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2025/11/19/summers-resigns-open-ai/ ; "Larry Summers banned for life from American Economic Association." Associated Press via *Fortune,* December 3, 2025. https://fortune.com/2025/12/03/larry-summers-banned-for-life-from-american-economic-association
[^166]: Chapman, Michelle. "Thomas Pritzker steps down from Hyatt board, saying he deeply regrets association with Epstein." Associated Press via *PBS NewsHour,* February 17, 2026. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/thomas-pritzker-steps-down-from-hyatt-board-saying-he-deeply-regrets-association-with-epstein
[^167]: *CBS News,* February 2026, on Ruemmler's resignation as Goldman Sachs general counsel. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kathryn-ruemmler-resigning-from-goldman-sachs-epstein-files/
[^168]: Maeroff, Gene I. "Barr Quits Dalton School Post, Charging Trustees' Interference." *The New York Times,* February 20, 1974, p. 41. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/20/archives/barr-quits-dalton-school-post-charging-trustees-interference.html
[^169]: Volscho, Thomas. "Jeffrey Epstein Dodged Questions About Sex With His Dalton Prep School Students." *The Daily Beast,* July 12, 2019 (updated September 27, 2019). https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students
[^170]: Baker, Mike, and Amy Julia Harris. "Jeffrey Epstein Taught at Dalton. His Behavior Was Noticed." *The New York Times,* July 12, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-dalton-teacher.html
[^171]: Brenner, Marie. "'I Had No Problem Being Politically Different': Young William Barr Among the Manhattan Liberals." *Vanity Fair,* October 7, 2019. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/10/the-untold-tale-of-young-william-barr
[^172]: McHugh, Calder. "Jeffrey Epstein's prep-school students remember their 'flamboyantly' dressed teacher." *Yahoo Finance,* July 13, 2019. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/jeffrey-epstein-dalton-school-math-teacher-yearbook-photos-125122535.html
[^173]: Madsen, Wayne. "Daddy Dearest: the weirdness of Donald Barr, the father of Trump's mob lawyer Attorney General." *Wayne Madsen Report,* September 26, 2019. https://archive.org/details/Madsen190930
[^174]: "Physics A, B, A-B, and Advanced Physics, Assignments, Epstein, 1975-1976," Box 047, The Dalton School Archives, Academic Affairs by Department: Science, Physics (2.4.9). https://daltonarchives.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/archival_objects/2640
[^175]: Snopes. "Did Bill Barr's Father 'Mentor' Jeffrey Epstein and Write a 'Bizarre' Novel?" https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/bill-barr-jeffrey-epstein-book/
[^176]: Schuknecht, Cat. "A Young Jeffrey Epstein Made An Impression On His High School Students." *NPR,* July 19, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/07/19/742725946/a-young-jeffrey-epstein-made-an-impression-on-his-high-school-students

7
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/McGeorge Bundy.md
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@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ McGeorge Bundy served as Special Assistant to the President for National Securit
### Yale, Skull and Bones, and the Council on Foreign Relations
Bundy majored in mathematics at [[Yale University]] and returned to [[Harvard University]] and its Society of Fellows after the war.[^3] [[Ron Rosenbaum]]'s 1977 [[Esquire]] article on [[Skull and Bones]] names Bundy among the society's members, together with [[Averell Harriman]], [[Henry L. Stimson]], [[Henry Luce]] and Supreme Court Justice [[Potter Stewart]], and places Bundy's brother [[William P. Bundy]] and [[William F. Buckley]] in the CIA after their years in the society.[^4] The membership index that [[Antony C. Sutton]] reproduces lists Bundy under the class of 1940 and his brother William P. Bundy under the class of 1939.[^5] Sutton writes that while McGeorge Bundy was in the White House, William P. Bundy "was in key positions relating to the Far East in Defense and State Departments," and that by acting jointly "the Bundy brothers could have controlled absolutely the flow of information relating to Vietnam from Intelligence, State and DOD." Sutton adds: "We are not saying this happened. We believe it to be a hypothesis worthy of examination."[^6] The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] lists Bundy among the members who joined in 1946.[^7]
Bundy majored in mathematics at [[Yale University]] and returned to [[Harvard University]] and its Society of Fellows after the war.[^3] [[Ron Rosenbaum]]'s 1977 [[Esquire]] article on [[Skull and Bones]] names Bundy among the society's members, together with [[Averell Harriman]], [[Henry L. Stimson]], [[Henry Luce]] and Supreme Court Justice [[Potter Stewart]], and places Bundy's brother [[William P. Bundy]] and [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] in the CIA after their years in the society.[^4] Rosenbaum wrote that one could ask "Bill Bundy or Bill Buckley, both of whom went into the C.I.A. after leaving Bones," whether their Skull and Bones experience "was useful training for the clandestine trade," and asked McGeorge Bundy whether he "wrestled naked in a mud pile" as part of his initiation.[^4] The membership index that [[Antony C. Sutton]] reproduces lists Bundy under the class of 1940 and his brother William P. Bundy under the class of 1939.[^5] Sutton writes that while McGeorge Bundy was in the White House, William P. Bundy "was in key positions relating to the Far East in Defense and State Departments," and that by acting jointly "the Bundy brothers could have controlled absolutely the flow of information relating to Vietnam from Intelligence, State and DOD." Sutton adds: "We are not saying this happened. We believe it to be a hypothesis worthy of examination."[^6] The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] lists Bundy among the members who joined in 1946.[^7]
### On Active Service in Peace and War
@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ On September 23, 1966 Bundy wrote to Julius A. Stratton, then chairman of the bo
### William P. Bundy
William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in November 1965.[^46] He joined the Central Intelligence Agency's Office of National Estimates in 1951 as chief of staff and liaison to the National Security Council staff, and served on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1964 to 1972.[^47]
William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in November 1965.[^46] He joined the Central Intelligence Agency's Office of National Estimates in 1951 as chief of staff and liaison to the National Security Council staff, and served on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1964 to 1972.[^47] The Washington Post obituary of October 7, 2000 calls William the older brother of McGeorge Bundy and records that he was sometimes known as "the other Bundy."[^48] On June 3, 1964, after the Honolulu conference, McGeorge Bundy wrote on William Bundy's notes of the conference, "Hitting the North is required."[^49] On August 5, 1964, Rusk told William Bundy that McGeorge Bundy and George Ball were "going over the final touches" of the Tonkin Gulf resolution.[^50]
### Footnotes
@ -205,3 +205,6 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for
[^45]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
[^46]: Memorandum from Gordon Chase to Bundy, "World Disarmament Conference," November 20, 1965, footnote identifying "your brother William Bundy, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs," *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 373, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d373
[^47]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189
[^48]: Bart Barnes, "William Bundy, Dies," The Washington Post, October 7, 2000, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/10/07/william-bundy-dies/1348f410-94d0-40cb-9ee9-d8fad6603457/
[^49]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. I, doc. 193, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d193
[^50]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. I, doc. 293, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d293

151
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Prescott Bush.md
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@ -50,20 +50,20 @@ relations:
role: "one of seven directors according to the incorporation documents reported by the Guardian; registered holder of one share in Vesting Order No. 248"
start: 1924-08-04
end: 1942-10-20
fn: 24
fn: 25
- type: director_of
with: "[[Pennsylvania Water and Power Company]]"
role: "chairman of the board, early 1940s"
fn: 39
fn: 44
- type: director_of
with: "[[Dresser Industries]]"
role: "director"
fn: 37
fn: 38
- type: director_of
with: "[[CBS]]"
role: "director, from 1932"
start: 1932
fn: 38
fn: 43
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Brown Brothers Harriman]]"
role: "partner"
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ relations:
- type: partner_of
with: "[[W. Averell Harriman]]"
role: "partner at Brown Brothers Harriman"
fn: 38
fn: 43
- type: partner_of
with: "[[E. Roland Harriman]]"
role: "partner at Brown Brothers Harriman"
@ -83,16 +83,16 @@ relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[United Service Organizations]]"
role: "national campaign chairman"
fn: 42
fn: 47
- type: member_of
with: "[[National War Fund]]"
role: "vice president and executive committee member; national campaign chairman"
fn: 43
fn: 48
- type: member_of
with: "[[Planned Parenthood Federation of America]]"
role: "treasurer of the 1947 national fund-raising campaign"
start: 1947
fn: 53
fn: 58
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Dorothy Walker Bush]]"
start: 1921
@ -139,65 +139,67 @@ The Guardian also reported that the Harriman papers contain a wartime profile of
### Union Banking Corporation and Vesting Order No. 248
A Treasury Department memorandum dated August 18, 1941, from E. G. May to [[John W. Pehle]], with the subject "Union Banking Corporation," states that the corporation, incorporated August 4, 1924, was "wholly owned by the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, N.V., of Rotterdam, The Netherlands," that the investigation "produced no evidence as to the ownership of this Dutch bank," and that its president, [[Cornelius Lievense|Cornelis Lievense]], believed it possible that Baron [[Heinrich Thyssen]], brother of [[Fritz Thyssen]], might own a substantial interest. It records that in 1931 to 1933 the corporation made gold purchases of over eight million dollars, of which about three million dollars was shipped abroad and $3,085,000 was delivered to the [[Federal Reserve Bank]] on June 15, 1934, and that during the Munich crisis in the fall of 1938 the corporation held two million dollars in currency in a New York safe deposit box, later deposited in its account with Brown Brothers Harriman.[^22] The Guardian dates the same memorandum August 16, 1941.[^22]
A Treasury Department memorandum dated August 18, 1941, from E. G. May to [[John W. Pehle]], with the subject "Union Banking Corporation," states that the corporation, incorporated August 4, 1924, was "wholly owned by the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, N.V., of Rotterdam, The Netherlands," that the investigation "produced no evidence as to the ownership of this Dutch bank," and that its president, [[Cornelius Lievense|Cornelis Lievense]], believed it possible that Baron [[Heinrich Thyssen]], brother of [[Fritz Thyssen]], might own a substantial interest. It records that in 1931 to 1933 the corporation made gold purchases of over eight million dollars, of which about three million dollars was shipped abroad and $3,085,000 was delivered to the [[Federal Reserve Bank]] on June 15, 1934, and that during the Munich crisis in the fall of 1938 the corporation held two million dollars in currency in a New York safe deposit box, later deposited in its account with Brown Brothers Harriman.[^22] The Guardian dates the same memorandum August 16, 1941.[^22] On January 14, 1941, Knight Woolley, a partner of Brown Brothers Harriman, wrote to the New York superintendent of banks, [[William R. White]], on behalf of "E. R. Harriman, Ray Morris, Prescott S. Bush and our manager, H. D. Pennington," who are named in the letter as the corporation's directors. The letter says that the directors, Bush among them, "feel they might be under some embarrassment because of their connection with the bank" if the United States entered the war, and asks the superintendent for "a frank expression" on what action they should take. White replied on May 13, 1941 that the department "would be gratified if these gentlemen could find it possible to remain on the board during this period of uncertainty."[^23]
The Guardian reported that on July 30, 1942 the New York Herald-Tribune ran an article headed "Hitler's Angel Has $3m in US Bank," and that the Alien Property Custodian then opened an investigation.[^23] On October 20, 1942 the Custodian, [[Leo T. Crowley]], signed Vesting Order No. 248 under the [[Trading with the Enemy Act]]. Part (a) vested all 4,000 shares of $100 par value common stock of the corporation and lists the registered owners: E. Roland Harriman with 3,991 shares; Lievense with 4; and Harold D. Pennington, Ray Morris, Prescott S. Bush, [[H. J. Kouwenhoven]] and Johann G. Groeninger with 1 share each. The order states that the shares "are held for the benefit of Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, N. V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands, which bank is owned or controlled by members of the Thyssen family, nationals of Germany and/or Hungary." Part (b) vested all indebtedness owing by the corporation to Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart and to the August Thyssen-Bank of [[Berlin]], including security rights in collateral.[^2]
The Guardian reported that on July 30, 1942 the New York Herald-Tribune ran an article headed "Hitler's Angel Has $3m in US Bank," and that the Alien Property Custodian then opened an investigation.[^24] On October 20, 1942 the Custodian, [[Leo T. Crowley]], signed Vesting Order No. 248 under the [[Trading with the Enemy Act]]. Part (a) vested all 4,000 shares of $100 par value common stock of the corporation and lists the registered owners: E. Roland Harriman with 3,991 shares; Lievense with 4; and Harold D. Pennington, Ray Morris, Prescott S. Bush, [[H. J. Kouwenhoven]] and Johann G. Groeninger with 1 share each. The order states that the shares "are held for the benefit of Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, N. V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands, which bank is owned or controlled by members of the Thyssen family, nationals of Germany and/or Hungary." Part (b) vested all indebtedness owing by the corporation to Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart and to the August Thyssen-Bank of [[Berlin]], including security rights in collateral.[^2]
Aris and Campbell reported that the incorporation documents "list him as one of seven directors" and show that he owned one share worth $125.[^24] They reported that [[Homer Jones]], chief of the Alien Property Custodian's investigation and research division, sent a memorandum to the custodian's executive committee within weeks of the investigation, naming the bank's directors including Bush and describing the shares as "held by the above named individuals, however, solely as nominees for the Bank voor Handel, Rotterdam, Holland, which is owned by one or more of the Thyssen family."[^25]
Aris and Campbell reported that the incorporation documents "list him as one of seven directors" and show that he owned one share worth $125.[^25] They reported that [[Homer Jones]], chief of the Alien Property Custodian's investigation and research division, sent a memorandum to the custodian's executive committee within weeks of the investigation, naming the bank's directors including Bush and describing the shares as "held by the above named individuals, however, solely as nominees for the Bank voor Handel, Rotterdam, Holland, which is owned by one or more of the Thyssen family."[^26]
The Guardian quoted [[John Loftus]], a former federal prosecutor, who disputed that Bush held only a token share, citing sources "in the banking and intelligence communities" and suggesting that the Bush family, "through George Herbert Walker and Prescott," received $1.5 million from the involvement. The article added: "There is, however, no paper trail to this sum."[^26] The Guardian reported that the Bush family and the United States government deny the claims, and quoted a statement by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] that the "charges are untenable and politically motivated" and that Prescott Bush "was neither a Nazi nor a Nazi sympathiser."[^27]
The Guardian quoted [[John Loftus]], a former federal prosecutor, who disputed that Bush held only a token share, citing sources "in the banking and intelligence communities" and suggesting that the Bush family, "through George Herbert Walker and Prescott," received $1.5 million from the involvement. The article added: "There is, however, no paper trail to this sum."[^27] The Guardian reported that the Bush family and the United States government deny the claims, and quoted a statement by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] that the "charges are untenable and politically motivated" and that Prescott Bush "was neither a Nazi nor a Nazi sympathiser."[^28]
### Holland-American, Seamless Steel and Silesian-American
Vesting Order No. 259, executed October 28, 1942 and published in the Federal Register of December 19, 1942, vested all 500 shares of $100 par value stock of the [[Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation]], a New York corporation, registered in the name of Cornelis Lievense and held for the benefit of Press- und Walzwerk A.G. of [[Düsseldorf]] and of Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart.[^28] Vesting Order No. 261, executed the same day, vested all 500 shares of the [[Holland-American Trading Corporation]], registered to E. Roland Harriman (491), C. Lievense (4), and one share each to H. D. Pennington, Ray Morris, Knight Woolley, H. J. Kouwenhoven and J. G. Groeninger, all held for the benefit of Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart.[^29] The Guardian described these two companies as affiliates against which "further seizures were made" after the Union Banking Corporation seizure.[^30]
Vesting Order No. 259, executed October 28, 1942 and published in the Federal Register of December 19, 1942, vested all 500 shares of $100 par value stock of the [[Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation]], a New York corporation, registered in the name of Cornelis Lievense and held for the benefit of Press- und Walzwerk A.G. of [[Düsseldorf]] and of Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart.[^29] Vesting Order No. 261, executed the same day, vested all 500 shares of the [[Holland-American Trading Corporation]], registered to E. Roland Harriman (491), C. Lievense (4), and one share each to H. D. Pennington, Ray Morris, Knight Woolley, H. J. Kouwenhoven and J. G. Groeninger, all held for the benefit of Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart.[^30] The Guardian described these two companies as affiliates against which "further seizures were made" after the Union Banking Corporation seizure.[^31]
In Silesian American Corporation v. Clark, 332 U.S. 469, reargued November 12, 1947 and decided December 8, 1947, Justice [[Stanley Reed]] wrote for the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] that the Alien Property Custodian executed Vesting Order No. 370 on November 17, 1942, finding the property to belong to a national of Germany. The property was a block of common and a block of preferred stock in the Silesian American Corporation, a Delaware corporation, which before August 31, 1939 stood in the stock book in the name of [[Non Ferrum]], a Swiss corporation of Zurich, held, according to the Custodian's order, for [[Bergwerksgesellschaft Georg von Giesche's Erben]], a German corporation. The corporation had been a debtor under Chapter X of the Bankruptcy Act since July 30, 1941; its majority stockholder was the Silesian Holding Company, also a Delaware corporation; the Court affirmed the lower courts' order that the corporation issue new certificates to the Custodian.[^31] The Guardian wrote that "By November, the Silesian-American Company, another of Prescott Bush's ventures, had also been seized."[^32]
In Silesian American Corporation v. Clark, 332 U.S. 469, reargued November 12, 1947 and decided December 8, 1947, Justice [[Stanley Reed]] wrote for the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] that the Alien Property Custodian executed Vesting Order No. 370 on November 17, 1942, finding the property to belong to a national of Germany. The property was a block of common and a block of preferred stock in the Silesian American Corporation, a Delaware corporation, which before August 31, 1939 stood in the stock book in the name of [[Non Ferrum]], a Swiss corporation of Zurich, held, according to the Custodian's order, for [[Bergwerksgesellschaft Georg von Giesche's Erben]], a German corporation. The corporation had been a debtor under Chapter X of the Bankruptcy Act since July 30, 1941; its majority stockholder was the Silesian Holding Company, also a Delaware corporation; the Court affirmed the lower courts' order that the corporation issue new certificates to the Custodian.[^32] The Guardian wrote that "By November, the Silesian-American Company, another of Prescott Bush's ventures, had also been seized."[^33]
The Guardian reported that [[John Buchanan]], a Miami magazine journalist, published findings from the vesting files in the [[New Hampshire Gazette]] in 2003.[^33] The Gazette of November 7, 2003 carried an article headed "Bush: Nazi Dealings Continued Until 1951," which stated that after the seizures of late 1942 of five enterprises he managed for Thyssen, Bush "failed to divest himself of more than a dozen 'enemy national' relationships that continued until as late as 1951, newly-discovered U.S. government documents reveal." It named W. Averell Harriman and E. Roland Harriman as partners in the ventures and gave 1924 to 1951 as the span of transactions conducted by Brown Brothers Harriman.[^34]
The Guardian reported that [[John Buchanan]], a Miami magazine journalist, published findings from the vesting files in the [[New Hampshire Gazette]] in 2003.[^34] The Gazette of November 7, 2003 carried an article headed "Bush: Nazi Dealings Continued Until 1951," which stated that after the seizures of late 1942 of five enterprises he managed for Thyssen, Bush "failed to divest himself of more than a dozen 'enemy national' relationships that continued until as late as 1951, newly-discovered U.S. government documents reveal." It named W. Averell Harriman and E. Roland Harriman as partners in the ventures and gave 1924 to 1951 as the span of transactions conducted by Brown Brothers Harriman.[^35]
### Consolidated Silesian Steel and John Foster Dulles
Aris and Campbell wrote that the [[Consolidated Silesian Steel Company]] (CSSC), a Silesian steel and mining company, was linked to Bush in National Archives documents declassified in 2003. They quoted the writer [[Eva Schweitzer]]: "SAC held coal mines and definitely owned CSSC between 1934 and 1935, but when SAC was vested there was no trace of CSSC." The article cites a New York Times article of March 18, 1934 as stating that [[Friedrich Flick]] owned two-thirds of CSSC while "American interests" held the rest.[^35]
Aris and Campbell wrote that the [[Consolidated Silesian Steel Company]] (CSSC), a Silesian steel and mining company, was linked to Bush in National Archives documents declassified in 2003. They quoted the writer [[Eva Schweitzer]]: "SAC held coal mines and definitely owned CSSC between 1934 and 1935, but when SAC was vested there was no trace of CSSC." The article cites a New York Times article of March 18, 1934 as stating that [[Friedrich Flick]] owned two-thirds of CSSC while "American interests" held the rest.[^36]
The Guardian quoted a January 1933 letter from Knight Woolley to W. Averell Harriman: "The Consolidated Silesian Steel Company situation has become increasingly complicated, and I have accordingly brought in Sullivan and Cromwell, in order to be sure that our interests are protected." It continues: "After studying the situation Foster Dulles is insisting that their man in Berlin get into the picture and obtain the information which the directors here should have. You will recall that Foster is a director and he is particularly anxious to be certain that there is no liability attaching to the American directors." The Guardian identified the reference as to [[John Foster Dulles]] of [[Sullivan and Cromwell]], and the letter as concerning the Polish government's drive to nationalize the plant.[^36]
The Guardian quoted a January 1933 letter from Knight Woolley to W. Averell Harriman: "The Consolidated Silesian Steel Company situation has become increasingly complicated, and I have accordingly brought in Sullivan and Cromwell, in order to be sure that our interests are protected." It continues: "After studying the situation Foster Dulles is insisting that their man in Berlin get into the picture and obtain the information which the directors here should have. You will recall that Foster is a director and he is particularly anxious to be certain that there is no liability attaching to the American directors." The Guardian identified the reference as to [[John Foster Dulles]] of [[Sullivan and Cromwell]], and the letter as concerning the Polish government's drive to nationalize the plant.[^37]
### Directorships: Dresser Industries, CBS and Pennsylvania Water and Power
Wills wrote that Bush "ended up on the boards of many firms he underwrote, including CBS." Quoting Bush: "In 1929 we bought Dresser Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania for four million dollars, and we sold securities against that company and refinanced it, you see, so that we retained a substantial measure of control."[^37] Wills reports that Bush served on the board of [[Dresser Industries]] and made his Yale friend Neil Mallon its chief executive, and that when George H.W. Bush went from Yale to Texas in 1948 he was hired by Mallon to work for a Dresser subsidiary. Bush recalled: "I was Neil Mallon's chief adviser and consultant in connection with every move that he made with that business during that period of twenty years."[^37]
Wills wrote that Bush "ended up on the boards of many firms he underwrote, including CBS." Quoting Bush: "In 1929 we bought Dresser Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania for four million dollars, and we sold securities against that company and refinanced it, you see, so that we retained a substantial measure of control."[^38] Wills reports that Bush served on the board of [[Dresser Industries]] and made his Yale friend Neil Mallon its chief executive, and that when George H.W. Bush went from Yale to Texas in 1948 he was hired by Mallon to work for a Dresser subsidiary. Bush recalled: "I was Neil Mallon's chief adviser and consultant in connection with every move that he made with that business during that period of twenty years."[^38]
Wills places Bush's CBS board seat in 1932, when [[William S. Paley]] came to the firm with Herbert Swope to arrange the purchase of a half interest in the [[CBS]] company, owned by [[Paramount Pictures]], for five million dollars. Paley could raise half, and the Harriman firm raised the other two and a half million; Bush recalled that "Averell put me on it." Wills wrote that Bush "went onto the CBS board to watch what was being done with the investment."[^38]
The Handbook of Texas entry on Dresser Industries states that Prescott Bush, then "a W. A. Harriman and Company executive," had been involved in the 1928 conversion of Dresser into a public company, and that "he served on the board of directors for twenty-two years."[^39] The company histories date the sale of the family business to W. A. Harriman and Company to 1928, and Bush's own recollection, quoted above, dates the purchase to 1929. Neil Mallon became president and chief executive in 1928, when the company was converted.[^40] The 1979 company history lists Mallon as president from 1929 to 1962.[^41] Bill Minutaglio wrote that Prescott Bush called Mallon "a very able fellow" and hand-selected him to head Dresser.[^42]
The [[Hagley Museum and Library]] describes the [[Pennsylvania Water and Power Company]] as a company whose board Bush joined as chairman in the early 1940s: "Joining the company as Chairman of the Board in the early 1940s was Wall Street executive banker and later U.S. senator, Prescott S. Bush."[^39] In a 1942 letter to company president [[John Abbet Walls]], Bush wrote: "Mr. Buckner's death raises, of course, the question of replacement on the board, and I am not forgetting that we should also replace Mr. Gleason this spring."[^40] The company's presidential records are Hagley Accession 2627 and span 1905 to 1946.[^41]
Wills places Bush's CBS board seat in 1932, when [[William S. Paley]] came to the firm with Herbert Swope to arrange the purchase of a half interest in the [[CBS]] company, owned by [[Paramount Pictures]], for five million dollars. Paley could raise half, and the Harriman firm raised the other two and a half million; Bush recalled that "Averell put me on it." Wills wrote that Bush "went onto the CBS board to watch what was being done with the investment."[^43]
The [[Hagley Museum and Library]] describes the [[Pennsylvania Water and Power Company]] as a company whose board Bush joined as chairman in the early 1940s: "Joining the company as Chairman of the Board in the early 1940s was Wall Street executive banker and later U.S. senator, Prescott S. Bush."[^44] In a 1942 letter to company president [[John Abbet Walls]], Bush wrote: "Mr. Buckner's death raises, of course, the question of replacement on the board, and I am not forgetting that we should also replace Mr. Gleason this spring."[^45] The company's presidential records are Hagley Accession 2627 and span 1905 to 1946.[^46]
### The USO and the National War Fund
Frank Coffey's official photographic history of the [[United Service Organizations]] states that under national campaign chairman [[Thomas E. Dewey]] the organization had raised over $16 million, and that in 1942 Dewey resigned. The book reproduces a USO appeal letter signed "Prescott S. Bush, National Campaign Chairman," printed with [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] as honorary chairman.[^42]
Frank Coffey's official photographic history of the [[United Service Organizations]] states that under national campaign chairman [[Thomas E. Dewey]] the organization had raised over $16 million, and that in 1942 Dewey resigned. The book reproduces a USO appeal letter signed "Prescott S. Bush, National Campaign Chairman," printed with [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] as honorary chairman.[^47]
The [[National War Fund]], the federation of war-relief and USO appeals that ran from 1943 to 1947, listed Bush among its vice presidents and on its executive committee. Its Speakers Handbook, issued as of August 13, 1945, names as president [[Winthrop W. Aldrich]] and as vice presidents Jean B. Adoue Jr. of Texas, Prescott S. Bush of New York, Robert M. Hanes of North Carolina, Francis P. Matthews of Nebraska, Walter Rothschild of New York, Edward L. Ryerson of Illinois, Robert G. Sproul of California and Henry M. Wriston of Rhode Island. Its executive committee includes Aldrich, Bush, [[Henry R. Luce]] and Rockefeller; its budget committee chairman was [[Gerard Swope]].[^43] The Fund's official history, by Harold J. Seymour, names Bush "National Campaign Chairman" and describes him as the sixth man picked in the formation of the leadership, "Averill Harriman's banking partner."[^44]
The [[National War Fund]], the federation of war-relief and USO appeals that ran from 1943 to 1947, listed Bush among its vice presidents and on its executive committee. Its Speakers Handbook, issued as of August 13, 1945, names as president [[Winthrop W. Aldrich]] and as vice presidents Jean B. Adoue Jr. of Texas, Prescott S. Bush of New York, Robert M. Hanes of North Carolina, Francis P. Matthews of Nebraska, Walter Rothschild of New York, Edward L. Ryerson of Illinois, Robert G. Sproul of California and Henry M. Wriston of Rhode Island. Its executive committee includes Aldrich, Bush, [[Henry R. Luce]] and Rockefeller; its budget committee chairman was [[Gerard Swope]].[^48] The Fund's official history, by Harold J. Seymour, names Bush "National Campaign Chairman" and describes him as the sixth man picked in the formation of the leadership, "Averill Harriman's banking partner."[^49]
### Allen Dulles and the Central Intelligence Agency
The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading-room collection holds correspondence between Bush and the Agency's directors from his first year in the Senate. [[Allen Dulles]] answered a letter of January 27, 1953 from Bush about the employment of a person Bush had recommended on February 3, 1953, addressing him "Dear Pres," and wrote on April 2, 1953 that a person Bush had asked about was not being considered for any appointment and that he did not know in what connection the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] might be inquiring into the person's background.[^45] An internal memorandum approved by Dulles in 1957 records that Bush, recently returned from a trip to Europe on which he gathered information on [[NATO]] and the defenses of Western Europe, was interested in the case of [[John Downey]], and recommends that the Agency debrief him on the trip and brief him on Downey together.[^46]
The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] reading-room collection holds correspondence between Bush and the Agency's directors from his first year in the Senate. [[Allen Dulles]] answered a letter of January 27, 1953 from Bush about the employment of a person Bush had recommended on February 3, 1953, addressing him "Dear Pres," and wrote on April 2, 1953 that a person Bush had asked about was not being considered for any appointment and that he did not know in what connection the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] might be inquiring into the person's background.[^50] An internal memorandum approved by Dulles in 1957 records that Bush, recently returned from a trip to Europe on which he gathered information on [[NATO]] and the defenses of Western Europe, was interested in the case of [[John Downey]], and recommends that the Agency debrief him on the trip and brief him on Downey together.[^51]
Dulles replied on September 8, 1959 to a letter in which Bush, a member of the Senate Committee on Armed Services, had forwarded a correspondent's letter about charges made against the Agency in the New York Mirror column of [[Lee Mortimer]]. Dulles wrote that an Agency representative had met Mortimer in August, that all individuals the Agency employed were investigated, and that Mortimer's statement about CIA accountability to Congress was not entirely accurate.[^47] Acting Director [[Charles P. Cabell]] wrote on June 21, 1960 that Dulles had left before seeing Bush's letter of June 3, and thanked him for sending a Hartford Courant editorial and an article by Donald McLachlan.[^48]
Dulles replied on September 8, 1959 to a letter in which Bush, a member of the Senate Committee on Armed Services, had forwarded a correspondent's letter about charges made against the Agency in the New York Mirror column of [[Lee Mortimer]]. Dulles wrote that an Agency representative had met Mortimer in August, that all individuals the Agency employed were investigated, and that Mortimer's statement about CIA accountability to Congress was not entirely accurate.[^52] Acting Director [[Charles P. Cabell]] wrote on June 21, 1960 that Dulles had left before seeing Bush's letter of June 3, and thanked him for sending a Hartford Courant editorial and an article by Donald McLachlan.[^53]
On October 18, 1960 Dulles wrote to Bush at Greenwich that he had noted a planned trip to Latin America and offered to brief him before his departure and to receive his observations on his return. Bush answered on October 25, 1960: "Tracy Barnes did call and I shall work out an engagement through him in order that I may get a briefing which, heaven knows, I need," adding "Dorothy and I speak of you many times. We appreciate so much our friendship with you and Clover."[^49] [[John A. McCone]], Dulles's successor, wrote Bush on November 8, 1961 that he had read the correspondence concerning Bogota, Colombia, enclosed in Bush's recent letter, and had forwarded it to the officials concerned with Colombia, and wrote again on January 8, 1962 about a person Bush had brought to his attention.[^50] A September 6, 1961 Senate extension of remarks by Bush is titled "Central Intelligence Agency: A Guardian of the National Security."[^51]
On October 18, 1960 Dulles wrote to Bush at Greenwich that he had noted a planned trip to Latin America and offered to brief him before his departure and to receive his observations on his return. Bush answered on October 25, 1960: "Tracy Barnes did call and I shall work out an engagement through him in order that I may get a briefing which, heaven knows, I need," adding "Dorothy and I speak of you many times. We appreciate so much our friendship with you and Clover."[^54] [[John A. McCone]], Dulles's successor, wrote Bush on November 8, 1961 that he had read the correspondence concerning Bogota, Colombia, enclosed in Bush's recent letter, and had forwarded it to the officials concerned with Colombia, and wrote again on January 8, 1962 about a person Bush had brought to his attention.[^55] A September 6, 1961 Senate extension of remarks by Bush is titled "Central Intelligence Agency: A Guardian of the National Security."[^56]
Wills wrote that Bush "was a strong backer of the CIA, of its covert operations, and of its director, Allen Dulles," and that his only criticism of the [[Bay of Pigs]] was that [[John F. Kennedy]] did not "go through with that enterprise" when it bogged down.[^52]
Wills wrote that Bush "was a strong backer of the CIA, of its covert operations, and of its director, Allen Dulles," and that his only criticism of the [[Bay of Pigs]] was that [[John F. Kennedy]] did not "go through with that enterprise" when it bogged down.[^57]
### Planned Parenthood
The [[Margaret Sanger Papers Project]] at [[New York University]] states that Bush "in 1947 served as the treasurer of Planned Parenthood's first nationwide fund-raising campaign" and shared the masthead of the [[Planned Parenthood Federation of America]] with [[Margaret Sanger]] at a time when contraception was illegal in Connecticut.[^53] The Project places columnist [[Drew Pearson]]'s disclosure of the ties, in a national television commentary just days before the election, in the 1950 Senate race, which Bush lost by about a thousand votes, and states that the family vehemently denied any association with the organization.[^54] George H.W. Bush wrote in a 1973 foreword: "Many political observers felt a sufficient number of voters were swayed by his alleged contacts with the birth controllers to cost him the election."[^55] Wills places Pearson's column late in the 1952 campaign, stating that Pearson wrote that Bush was a president of the Birth Control League, that Bush "supported Planned Parenthood" without being an officer of the League, and that Bush bought special broadcast time and distributed fliers after Mass asking Catholics to tune in.[^56]
The [[Margaret Sanger Papers Project]] at [[New York University]] states that Bush "in 1947 served as the treasurer of Planned Parenthood's first nationwide fund-raising campaign" and shared the masthead of the [[Planned Parenthood Federation of America]] with [[Margaret Sanger]] at a time when contraception was illegal in Connecticut.[^58] The Project places columnist [[Drew Pearson]]'s disclosure of the ties, in a national television commentary just days before the election, in the 1950 Senate race, which Bush lost by about a thousand votes, and states that the family vehemently denied any association with the organization.[^59] George H.W. Bush wrote in a 1973 foreword: "Many political observers felt a sufficient number of voters were swayed by his alleged contacts with the birth controllers to cost him the election."[^60] Wills places Pearson's column late in the 1952 campaign, stating that Pearson wrote that Bush was a president of the Birth Control League, that Bush "supported Planned Parenthood" without being an officer of the League, and that Bush bought special broadcast time and distributed fliers after Mass asking Catholics to tune in.[^61]
### Senate, 1950 to 1963
Wills wrote that Bush lost the 1950 special election for the seat vacated by Raymond Baldwin to [[William Benton]] by "a thousand votes," with 862,000 votes cast, after a primary against [[Vivian Kellems]]; that Bush had first deferred to Luce, who had expressed interest in the seat; and that in 1952 [[Clare Boothe Luce]] competed with Bush for the nomination to fill the vacancy created by the death of Senator [[James O'Brien McMahon]].[^57] The Biographical Directory records that Bush was elected on November 4, 1952 to fill that vacancy, was reelected in 1956, was not a candidate in 1962 and resumed banking and investment work.[^1] Wills wrote that Bush won the 1952 special election against [[Abraham Ribicoff]]; that Bush attacked Averell Harriman during the campaign, saying Harriman's "political thinking and judgment have been completely changed since he ceased active participation in our firm years ago to enter government"; and that Bush appeared on a platform with [[Joseph McCarthy]] in Connecticut that year.[^58]
Wills wrote that Bush lost the 1950 special election for the seat vacated by Raymond Baldwin to [[William Benton]] by "a thousand votes," with 862,000 votes cast, after a primary against [[Vivian Kellems]]; that Bush had first deferred to Luce, who had expressed interest in the seat; and that in 1952 [[Clare Boothe Luce]] competed with Bush for the nomination to fill the vacancy created by the death of Senator [[James O'Brien McMahon]].[^62] The Biographical Directory records that Bush was elected on November 4, 1952 to fill that vacancy, was reelected in 1956, was not a candidate in 1962 and resumed banking and investment work.[^1] Wills wrote that Bush won the 1952 special election against [[Abraham Ribicoff]]; that Bush attacked Averell Harriman during the campaign, saying Harriman's "political thinking and judgment have been completely changed since he ceased active participation in our firm years ago to enter government"; and that Bush appeared on a platform with [[Joseph McCarthy]] in Connecticut that year.[^63]
Wills reported that [[Sherman Adams]] arranged the first of many golf matches between Bush and President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], that Bush organized a dinner for the President at [[Burning Tree Club]], that Bush served on the Banking and Currency Committee, and that in 1960 he chaired the platform subcommittee on labor.[^59]
Wills reported that [[Sherman Adams]] arranged the first of many golf matches between Bush and President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], that Bush organized a dinner for the President at [[Burning Tree Club]], that Bush served on the Banking and Currency Committee, and that in 1960 he chaired the platform subcommittee on labor.[^64]
On December 2, 1954 the Senate adopted Senate Resolution 301, censuring Joseph McCarthy, by a vote of 67 to 22. Bush voted yea.[^60] Before the vote Bush spoke in support of a substitute motion, telling the Senate that "No question of free speech is involved. Free speech does not mean unrestrained," and referring to his statement of December 1.[^61] Wills wrote that Bush called Adams to suggest that Eisenhower invite Senator Arthur Watkins, who chaired the censure committee, to dinner at the White House.[^59]
On December 2, 1954 the Senate adopted Senate Resolution 301, censuring Joseph McCarthy, by a vote of 67 to 22. Bush voted yea.[^65] Before the vote Bush spoke in support of a substitute motion, telling the Senate that "No question of free speech is involved. Free speech does not mean unrestrained," and referring to his statement of December 1.[^66] Wills wrote that Bush called Adams to suggest that Eisenhower invite Senator Arthur Watkins, who chaired the censure committee, to dinner at the White House.[^64]
On May 29, 1956 the Senate agreed, 41 to 39, to an amendment offered by Senator [[William F. Knowland]] of [[California]] to the Senate's highway bill. Bush voted in the negative.[^62] On June 26, 1956 the Senate agreed to the conference report on the bill by 89 votes to 1, and Bush voted yea.[^63]
On May 29, 1956 the Senate agreed, 41 to 39, to an amendment offered by Senator [[William F. Knowland]] of [[California]] to the Senate's highway bill. Bush voted in the negative.[^67] On June 26, 1956 the Senate agreed to the conference report on the bill by 89 votes to 1, and Bush voted yea.[^68]
### Footnotes
@ -223,44 +225,49 @@ On May 29, 1956 the Senate agreed, 41 to 39, to an amendment offered by Senator
[^20]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "Three sets of archives spell out Prescott Bush's involvement": the Harriman papers at the Library of Congress, vesting order number 248 at the National Archives, and the National Archives files on IG Farben. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^21]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, on documents from the Harriman papers including a letter from Prescott Bush to the financial editor of the New York Journal American. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^22]: Treasury Department memorandum, E. G. May to J. W. Pehle, August 18, 1941 (date line typed and endorsed in Pehle's hand "Aug 18, 1941"), "Re: Union Banking Corporation," ref. 9-151, declassified by NARA: incorporation August 4, 1924; wholly owned by the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, N.V.; Cornelis Lievense; Baron Heinrich Thyssen; gold purchases 1931-1933; $3,085,000 delivered to the Federal Reserve Bank June 15, 1934; fall 1938 safe deposit box with two million dollars in currency, later deposited with Brown Brothers Harriman. https://archive.org/details/BushDocuments0008b-LetterJ.W.PebleToMay. The Guardian's article of September 25, 2004 quotes the report as "of August 16 1941."
[^23]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "The trouble started on July 30 1942 when the New York Herald-Tribune ran an article entitled 'Hitler's Angel Has $3m in US Bank.'" https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^24]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "the incorporation documents, which list him as one of seven directors, show he owned one share in UBC worth $125." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^25]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, describing and quoting a memorandum from Homer Jones to the executive committee of the Alien Property Custodian from National Archives vesting files. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^26]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, on John Loftus: his sources in "the banking and intelligence communities" and "the Bush family, through George Herbert Walker and Prescott, got $1.5m out of the involvement. There is, however, no paper trail to this sum." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^27]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "The US government and the Bush family deny all the claims against them"; the Anti-Defamation League statement of 2003 that "These charges are untenable and politically motivated ... Prescott Bush was neither a Nazi nor a Nazi sympathiser." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^28]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order No. 259, "All of the Capital Stock of Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation," executed October 28, 1942 (F.R. Doc. 42-13530, filed December 18, 1942), *Federal Register* 7 (December 19, 1942), pp. 10626-10627. https://archive.org/details/sim_federal-register-find_1942-12-19_7_248
[^29]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order No. 261, "All of the Capital Stock of Holland-American Trading Corporation," executed October 28, 1942 (F.R. Doc. 42-13532, filed December 18, 1942), *Federal Register* 7 (December 19, 1942), p. 10627, holder table. https://archive.org/details/sim_federal-register-find_1942-12-19_7_248
[^30]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "Having gone through the books of the bank, further seizures were made against two affiliates, the Holland-American Trading Corporation and the Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^31]: *Silesian American Corporation v. Clark*, 332 U.S. 469, 68 S.Ct. 179 (reargued November 12, 1947; decided December 8, 1947), opinion of Justice Reed: Vesting Order No. 370 of November 17, 1942; Non Ferrum Gesellschaft, Zurich; Bergwerksgesellschaft Georg von Giesche's Erben; Chapter X debtor since July 30, 1941; Silesian Holding Company; "Judgment affirmed." https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/US/332/332.US.469.6.html
[^32]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^33]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: John Buchanan, "a Miami-based magazine journalist who started examining the files while working on a screenplay," published his findings in the *New Hampshire Gazette*. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^34]: "Bush: Nazi Dealings Continued Until 1951," *New Hampshire Gazette*, Vol. 248, No. 3, November 7, 2003, "Federal Documents," as reprinted at raoul-wallenberg.eu. https://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/2003
[^35]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: the CSSC passage, the Schweitzer quotation, and the reference to a *New York Times* article of March 18, 1934. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^36]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, quoting the January 1933 letter from Knight Woolley to Averill Harriman. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^37]: Garry Wills, "Father Knows Best," *The New York Review of Books*, November 5, 1992: "Prescott ended up on the boards of many firms he underwrote, including CBS"; the 1929 purchase of the Dresser Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania for four million dollars; Neil Mallon as chief executive; George H.W. Bush hired in 1948 by Mallon for a Dresser subsidiary. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^38]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992, quoting Bush's oral history: "Averell put me on it"; "Prescott went onto the CBS board to watch what was being done with the investment." https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^39]: Hagley Museum and Library, Pennsylvania Water & Power Company presidential records (Acc. 2627), historical introduction. https://hagley.org/node/968
[^40]: Hagley Museum and Library, Acc. 2627, 1942 letter from Prescott S. Bush to John Abbet Walls, as quoted in the Hagley account. https://hagley.org/node/968
[^41]: Hagley Museum and Library, Acc. 2627, Pennsylvania Water & Power Company presidential records, 1905 to 1946. https://hagley.org/node/968
[^42]: Frank Coffey, *Always Home: 50 Years of the USO* (Washington: Brassey's, 1991): under national campaign chairman Thomas Dewey the USO "had raised over $16 million"; "In 1942 Dewey resigned"; appeal letter signed "Prescott S. Bush, National Campaign Chairman, United Service Organizations, Inc." with "Honorary Chairman John D. Rockefeller, Jr." https://archive.org/details/alwayshome50year00coff
[^43]: National War Fund, *Speakers Handbook* (issued as of August 13, 1945), p. 38, "Officers of National War Fund": president Winthrop W. Aldrich; vice presidents including Prescott S. Bush, New York; executive committee including Aldrich, Bush, Henry R. Luce and John D. Rockefeller, Jr.; Gerard Swope, chairman, Budget Committee. https://archive.org/details/SpeakersHandbook001
[^44]: Harold J. Seymour, *Design for Giving: The Story of the National War Fund, Inc., 1943-1947* (New York: Harper, 1947), on the selection of "Prescott S. Bush, Averill Harriman's banking partner" as "the sixth man" and "Prescott S. Bush, National Campaign Chairman." https://archive.org/details/designforgivings0000haro
[^45]: Allen W. Dulles to Prescott Bush, February 3, 1953, replying to Bush's letter of January 27, 1953, CIA-RDP80R01731R001600070003-9; Dulles to Bush, April 2, 1953, CIA-RDP80R01731R001600070139-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R001600070003-9 ; https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R001600070139-9
[^46]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of General Counsel, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Senator Prescott Bush (R., Conn.)," signed by John S. Warner, Legislative Counsel, with Allen W. Dulles's approval, 1957, CIA-RDP80R01731R000200010068-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R000200010068-9
[^47]: Allen W. Dulles to Prescott Bush, September 8, 1959, on the New York Mirror column of Lee Mortimer, CIA-RDP80R01731R000100080046-7. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R000100080046-7
[^48]: C. P. Cabell, Acting Director, to Prescott Bush, June 21, 1960, CIA-RDP80B01676R000900030010-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80B01676R000900030010-1
[^49]: Allen W. Dulles to Prescott Bush, October 18, 1960, CIA-RDP80B01676R000900040026-3; Prescott Bush to Allen Dulles, October 25, 1960, on United States Senate stationery, marked "Personal," CIA-RDP80B01676R000900040027-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80B01676R000900040027-2
[^50]: John A. McCone to Prescott Bush, November 8, 1961 (Bogota, Colombia), CIA-RDP80B01676R000700190021-4; McCone to Bush, January 8, 1962, CIA-RDP80B01676R002800230007-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80B01676R000700190021-4
[^51]: "Central Intelligence Agency: A Guardian of the National Security," extension of remarks of Hon. Prescott Bush of Connecticut in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, September 6, 1961, CIA-RDP70-00058R000200120158-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP70-00058R000200120158-2
[^52]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^53]: New York University Sanger Papers Project, Newsletter No. 44 (Winter 2006/2007), "Bush Family Planning": Sanger "shared the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) masthead with the current president's grandfather ... Prescott S. Bush, who in 1947 served as the treasurer of Planned Parenthood's first nationwide fund-raising campaign." https://sanger.hosting.nyu.edu/articles/bush_family_planning/
[^54]: New York University Sanger Papers Project, Newsletter No. 44: Drew Pearson's broadcast "just days before the election"; "Bush lost by about a thousand votes in a state with a large Catholic population"; the family "vehemently denied that Prescott Bush had any association with the PPFA." https://sanger.hosting.nyu.edu/articles/bush_family_planning/
[^55]: George H. W. Bush, foreword to Phyllis Tilson Piotrow, *World Population Crisis: The United States Response* (1973), p. vii, as quoted in Newsletter No. 44. https://sanger.hosting.nyu.edu/articles/bush_family_planning/
[^56]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992: "Late in the campaign, Drew Pearson wrote a column saying that Bush was a president of the Birth Control League. Actually, though he supported Planned Parenthood, Bush was not an officer of the Birth Control League." https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^57]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992, quoting Bush: "I lost by a thousand votes to Bill Benton, when there were 862,000 votes cast"; Luce's interest in the seat; the 1952 contest with Clare Boothe Luce after McMahon's death. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^58]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992: the Ribicoff race, Bush's speech on Harriman, and Bush's appearance with McCarthy. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^59]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992: Adams, golf, Burning Tree dinner, Watkins suggestion, Banking and Currency Committee, 1960 platform subcommittee. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^60]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 100, 83rd Congress, 2d session, Senate proceedings of December 2, 1954, roll-call vote on Senate Resolution 301: yeas 67, nays 22, "Bush" among the yeas. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_august-19-december-2-1954_100
[^61]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 100, December 1 and 2, 1954, remarks of Mr. Bush in support of the substitute motion: "No question of free speech is involved. Free speech does not mean unrestrained"; reference to his statement of December 1, "printed in the Congressional Record at page 16270." https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_august-19-december-2-1954_100
[^62]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 102, 84th Congress, 2d session, May 29, 1956, vote "on agreeing to the amendment offered by the Senator from California [Mr. KNOWLAND]": yeas 41, nays 39, "Bush" among the nays. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-22-june-11-1956_102
[^63]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 102, 84th Congress, 2d session, June 26, 1956, vote "on agreeing to the conference report": yeas 89, nay 1 (Long), "Bush" among the yeas. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-12-29-1956_102
[^23]: Kris Millegan, *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society* (Trine Day, 2003), reprint of the Woolley letter of January 14, 1941 and the White reply of May 13, 1941, pp. 214 to 217. https://archive.org/details/fleshing_out_skull_and_bones
[^24]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "The trouble started on July 30 1942 when the New York Herald-Tribune ran an article entitled 'Hitler's Angel Has $3m in US Bank.'" https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^25]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "the incorporation documents, which list him as one of seven directors, show he owned one share in UBC worth $125." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^26]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, describing and quoting a memorandum from Homer Jones to the executive committee of the Alien Property Custodian from National Archives vesting files. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^27]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, on John Loftus: his sources in "the banking and intelligence communities" and "the Bush family, through George Herbert Walker and Prescott, got $1.5m out of the involvement. There is, however, no paper trail to this sum." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^28]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "The US government and the Bush family deny all the claims against them"; the Anti-Defamation League statement of 2003 that "These charges are untenable and politically motivated ... Prescott Bush was neither a Nazi nor a Nazi sympathiser." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^29]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order No. 259, "All of the Capital Stock of Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation," executed October 28, 1942 (F.R. Doc. 42-13530, filed December 18, 1942), *Federal Register* 7 (December 19, 1942), pp. 10626-10627. https://archive.org/details/sim_federal-register-find_1942-12-19_7_248
[^30]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order No. 261, "All of the Capital Stock of Holland-American Trading Corporation," executed October 28, 1942 (F.R. Doc. 42-13532, filed December 18, 1942), *Federal Register* 7 (December 19, 1942), p. 10627, holder table. https://archive.org/details/sim_federal-register-find_1942-12-19_7_248
[^31]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: "Having gone through the books of the bank, further seizures were made against two affiliates, the Holland-American Trading Corporation and the Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^32]: *Silesian American Corporation v. Clark*, 332 U.S. 469, 68 S.Ct. 179 (reargued November 12, 1947; decided December 8, 1947), opinion of Justice Reed: Vesting Order No. 370 of November 17, 1942; Non Ferrum Gesellschaft, Zurich; Bergwerksgesellschaft Georg von Giesche's Erben; Chapter X debtor since July 30, 1941; Silesian Holding Company; "Judgment affirmed." https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/US/332/332.US.469.6.html
[^33]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^34]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: John Buchanan, "a Miami-based magazine journalist who started examining the files while working on a screenplay," published his findings in the *New Hampshire Gazette*. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^35]: "Bush: Nazi Dealings Continued Until 1951," *New Hampshire Gazette*, Vol. 248, No. 3, November 7, 2003, "Federal Documents," as reprinted at raoul-wallenberg.eu. https://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/2003
[^36]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004: the CSSC passage, the Schweitzer quotation, and the reference to a *New York Times* article of March 18, 1934. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^37]: Aris and Campbell, *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, quoting the January 1933 letter from Knight Woolley to Averill Harriman. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^38]: Garry Wills, "Father Knows Best," *The New York Review of Books*, November 5, 1992: "Prescott ended up on the boards of many firms he underwrote, including CBS"; the 1929 purchase of the Dresser Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania for four million dollars; Neil Mallon as chief executive; George H.W. Bush hired in 1948 by Mallon for a Dresser subsidiary. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^39]: Darwin Payne, "Dresser Industries: A Legacy in Energy and Natural Resources," Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, section on the 1928 conversion and the directorship of Prescott Bush. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/dresser-industries
[^40]: Dresser Industries, Inc., entry in the International Directory of Company Histories (St. James Press), reproduced on Encyclopedia.com, section on the 1928 sale to W. A. Harriman and Company and Mallon's selection as president. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^41]: Darwin Payne, *Initiative in Energy: Dresser Industries, Inc., 1880-1978* (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), list of presidents. https://archive.org/details/initiativeinener00payn_0
[^42]: Bill Minutaglio, *First Son: George W. Bush and the Bush Family Dynasty* (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001). https://archive.org/details/firstsongeorgewb0000minu
[^43]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992, quoting Bush's oral history: "Averell put me on it"; "Prescott went onto the CBS board to watch what was being done with the investment." https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^44]: Hagley Museum and Library, Pennsylvania Water & Power Company presidential records (Acc. 2627), historical introduction. https://hagley.org/node/968
[^45]: Hagley Museum and Library, Acc. 2627, 1942 letter from Prescott S. Bush to John Abbet Walls, as quoted in the Hagley account. https://hagley.org/node/968
[^46]: Hagley Museum and Library, Acc. 2627, Pennsylvania Water & Power Company presidential records, 1905 to 1946. https://hagley.org/node/968
[^47]: Frank Coffey, *Always Home: 50 Years of the USO* (Washington: Brassey's, 1991): under national campaign chairman Thomas Dewey the USO "had raised over $16 million"; "In 1942 Dewey resigned"; appeal letter signed "Prescott S. Bush, National Campaign Chairman, United Service Organizations, Inc." with "Honorary Chairman John D. Rockefeller, Jr." https://archive.org/details/alwayshome50year00coff
[^48]: National War Fund, *Speakers Handbook* (issued as of August 13, 1945), p. 38, "Officers of National War Fund": president Winthrop W. Aldrich; vice presidents including Prescott S. Bush, New York; executive committee including Aldrich, Bush, Henry R. Luce and John D. Rockefeller, Jr.; Gerard Swope, chairman, Budget Committee. https://archive.org/details/SpeakersHandbook001
[^49]: Harold J. Seymour, *Design for Giving: The Story of the National War Fund, Inc., 1943-1947* (New York: Harper, 1947), on the selection of "Prescott S. Bush, Averill Harriman's banking partner" as "the sixth man" and "Prescott S. Bush, National Campaign Chairman." https://archive.org/details/designforgivings0000haro
[^50]: Allen W. Dulles to Prescott Bush, February 3, 1953, replying to Bush's letter of January 27, 1953, CIA-RDP80R01731R001600070003-9; Dulles to Bush, April 2, 1953, CIA-RDP80R01731R001600070139-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R001600070003-9 ; https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R001600070139-9
[^51]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of General Counsel, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Senator Prescott Bush (R., Conn.)," signed by John S. Warner, Legislative Counsel, with Allen W. Dulles's approval, 1957, CIA-RDP80R01731R000200010068-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R000200010068-9
[^52]: Allen W. Dulles to Prescott Bush, September 8, 1959, on the New York Mirror column of Lee Mortimer, CIA-RDP80R01731R000100080046-7. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R000100080046-7
[^53]: C. P. Cabell, Acting Director, to Prescott Bush, June 21, 1960, CIA-RDP80B01676R000900030010-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80B01676R000900030010-1
[^54]: Allen W. Dulles to Prescott Bush, October 18, 1960, CIA-RDP80B01676R000900040026-3; Prescott Bush to Allen Dulles, October 25, 1960, on United States Senate stationery, marked "Personal," CIA-RDP80B01676R000900040027-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80B01676R000900040027-2
[^55]: John A. McCone to Prescott Bush, November 8, 1961 (Bogota, Colombia), CIA-RDP80B01676R000700190021-4; McCone to Bush, January 8, 1962, CIA-RDP80B01676R002800230007-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80B01676R000700190021-4
[^56]: "Central Intelligence Agency: A Guardian of the National Security," extension of remarks of Hon. Prescott Bush of Connecticut in the Senate of the United States, Wednesday, September 6, 1961, CIA-RDP70-00058R000200120158-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP70-00058R000200120158-2
[^57]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^58]: New York University Sanger Papers Project, Newsletter No. 44 (Winter 2006/2007), "Bush Family Planning": Sanger "shared the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) masthead with the current president's grandfather ... Prescott S. Bush, who in 1947 served as the treasurer of Planned Parenthood's first nationwide fund-raising campaign." https://sanger.hosting.nyu.edu/articles/bush_family_planning/
[^59]: New York University Sanger Papers Project, Newsletter No. 44: Drew Pearson's broadcast "just days before the election"; "Bush lost by about a thousand votes in a state with a large Catholic population"; the family "vehemently denied that Prescott Bush had any association with the PPFA." https://sanger.hosting.nyu.edu/articles/bush_family_planning/
[^60]: George H. W. Bush, foreword to Phyllis Tilson Piotrow, *World Population Crisis: The United States Response* (1973), p. vii, as quoted in Newsletter No. 44. https://sanger.hosting.nyu.edu/articles/bush_family_planning/
[^61]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992: "Late in the campaign, Drew Pearson wrote a column saying that Bush was a president of the Birth Control League. Actually, though he supported Planned Parenthood, Bush was not an officer of the Birth Control League." https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^62]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992, quoting Bush: "I lost by a thousand votes to Bill Benton, when there were 862,000 votes cast"; Luce's interest in the seat; the 1952 contest with Clare Boothe Luce after McMahon's death. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^63]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992: the Ribicoff race, Bush's speech on Harriman, and Bush's appearance with McCarthy. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^64]: Wills, "Father Knows Best," 1992: Adams, golf, Burning Tree dinner, Watkins suggestion, Banking and Currency Committee, 1960 platform subcommittee. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^65]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 100, 83rd Congress, 2d session, Senate proceedings of December 2, 1954, roll-call vote on Senate Resolution 301: yeas 67, nays 22, "Bush" among the yeas. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_august-19-december-2-1954_100
[^66]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 100, December 1 and 2, 1954, remarks of Mr. Bush in support of the substitute motion: "No question of free speech is involved. Free speech does not mean unrestrained"; reference to his statement of December 1, "printed in the Congressional Record at page 16270." https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_august-19-december-2-1954_100
[^67]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 102, 84th Congress, 2d session, May 29, 1956, vote "on agreeing to the amendment offered by the Senator from California [Mr. KNOWLAND]": yeas 41, nays 39, "Bush" among the nays. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-22-june-11-1956_102
[^68]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 102, 84th Congress, 2d session, June 26, 1956, vote "on agreeing to the conference report": yeas 89, nay 1 (Long), "Bush" among the yeas. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_june-12-29-1956_102

13
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/William Barr.md
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@ -51,11 +51,13 @@ relations:
role: "son"
fn: 6
created: 2025-08-05
updated: 2026-10-12
updated: 2026-10-26
---
William P. Barr worked at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] from 1973 to 1977 while attending law school at night. "During my tenure at CIA, 1973 to '77, the investigations of the agency started, and I moved to the legislative counsel's office," he recalled; as assistant legislative counsel under Director [[George H.W. Bush]] in 1976 he worked against legislation of Representatives [[Michael Harrington]] and [[Bella Abzug]] that would have required notice to people whose mail the agency had opened under [[HTLINGUAL]]. He then clerked for Judge [[Malcolm Wilkey]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Circuit]], a former head of the Justice Department's Criminal Division, who telephoned Bush for a reference. After private practice and the Reagan transition he joined the [[White House]] domestic policy staff, where he worked with [[C. Boyden Gray]], counsel to Vice President Bush. In 1988 he helped screen vice-presidential candidates through [[Robert Kimmitt]].[^1]
His father, [[Donald Barr]], had served briefly in the Research and Analysis Branch of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] during the Second World War.[^9] Barr began seasonal employment at the CIA in June 1971, while pursuing a graduate degree at [[Columbia University]], and wrote in his 2022 memoir, *One Damn Thing After Another*: "I want a career in intelligence.... My strategy is to make myself an attractive candidate by becoming an expert on China."[^9]
### Justice Department, 1989-1993
Gray, who wanted in the [[Office of Legal Counsel]] "someone in that position who believed in executive authority," asked Barr to take it in 1989; Barr was "the White House's choice," acceptable to Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]]. At the Office of Legal Counsel he took part in the planning of the legal basis for the invasion of [[Panama]] and the arrest of [[Manuel Noriega]] in December 1989. He became deputy attorney general in 1990 and acting attorney general in August 1991, during the seizure of the Talladega federal prison by Cuban detainees, and served as attorney general until January 1993.[^1]
@ -78,11 +80,11 @@ At the end of the administration Barr advised Bush to pardon [[Caspar Weinberger
### Attorney General, 2019
Barr resigned from the board of [[Dominion Energy]] effective February 12, 2019, before his confirmation as attorney general.[^5] His department oversaw the federal prosecution of [[Jeffrey Epstein]] that year. His father, [[Donald Barr]], was headmaster of the [[Dalton School]] in New York during the period in which Epstein, a college dropout, was hired there to teach; accounts differ on whether Donald Barr personally hired him.[^6]
Barr resigned from the board of [[Dominion Energy]] effective February 12, 2019, before his confirmation as attorney general.[^5] His department oversaw the federal prosecution of [[Jeffrey Epstein]] that year. His father, Donald Barr, was headmaster of the [[Dalton School]] in New York during the period in which Epstein, a college dropout, was hired there to teach; accounts differ on whether Donald Barr personally hired him.[^6] The [[New York Times]] wrote on July 12, 2019 that Donald Barr announced in February 1974 that he was resigning as headmaster but would stay until the end of the school year, and that "It is unclear whether Mr. Barr hired Mr. Epstein during that time."[^10] [[Peter Branch]], interim headmaster from July 1, 1974, told [[Thomas Volscho]] that he did not recall hiring Epstein and was "relatively certain Barr or possibly the head of the Math Department hired Epstein."[^11] [[Marie Brenner]] wrote in *Vanity Fair* that Barr "recently claimed he hadn't made the Dalton-Epstein connection until he read about it in the press."[^12] Interviewed by [[NPR]] in December 2019, Brenner said that Barr watched his father "being criticized quite publicly in The New York Times, in New York magazine, in the early 1970s" as he entered college.[^13]
In a deposition before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on August 18, 2025, Barr was asked whether he had recused himself from the Justice Department's review of the Florida prosecution and plea agreement of Epstein. He answered, "No, I didn't recuse myself." He said that the Southern District of New York investigation was "the only thing that I was aware of going on when I was there," and that "I don't recall playing a role in the review of that." He said he had considered whether to recuse from the New York matter, and that the decision not to recuse was made on input from the department's ethics office, by his recollection. Asked about the 2019 Office of Professional Responsibility inquiry into the Florida plea deal, he said, "I wasn't hovering over that or involved in that."[^7]
Asked about his father's role as headmaster of the Dalton School, Barr said, "It's not pertinent at all." Asked about [[Kirkland & Ellis]] representing Epstein in the non-prosecution negotiations, and about his former employment with the firm, he said, "I actually don't think I would've had to recuse myself from that. But I just was never involved in that."[^8]
Asked whether his father's role as headmaster of the Dalton School had been a consideration in the Ethics Office analysis, Barr answered, "Actually, I don't even think... I don't know whether I was aware of that at that time. Obviously not. It's not pertinent at all." Asked about [[Kirkland & Ellis]] representing Epstein in the non-prosecution negotiations, and about his former employment with the firm, he said, "I actually don't think I would've had to recuse myself from that. But I just was never involved in that."[^8]
### Footnotes
@ -94,3 +96,8 @@ Asked about his father's role as headmaster of the Dalton School, Barr said, "It
[^6]: "The 'Epstein-Barr' Problem of New York City's Dalton School." *Law and Crime,* July 13, 2019, which states that Epstein was hired "by the school's headmaster Donald Barr in the mid 1970's". https://web.archive.org/web/2019/https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/the-epstein-barr-problem-of-new-york-citys-dalton-school/
[^7]: Deposition of William P. Barr, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, August 18, 2025, pp. 47-48. https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Barr-Transcript.pdf
[^8]: Same transcript, pp. 51 and 92-93.
[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, review essay on William P. Barr, *One Damn Thing After Another: Memoirs of an Attorney General* (William Morrow, 2022), *Studies in Intelligence* 67, no. 1 (extracts, March 2023). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/4-Review-Essay-Barr-Memoir.pdf
[^10]: Mike Baker and Amy Julia Harris, "Jeffrey Epstein Taught at Dalton. His Behavior Was Noticed," *The New York Times,* July 12, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-dalton-teacher.html
[^11]: Thomas Volscho, "Jeffrey Epstein Dodged Questions About Sex With His Dalton Prep School Students," *The Daily Beast,* July 12, 2019 (updated September 27, 2019). https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students
[^12]: Marie Brenner, "'I Had No Problem Being Politically Different': Young William Barr Among the Manhattan Liberals," *Vanity Fair,* October 7, 2019. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/10/the-untold-tale-of-young-william-barr
[^13]: Rachel Martin, interview with Marie Brenner, "'Vanity Fair': Father-Son Dynamic May Explain Tenure Of AG Barr," *NPR,* December 10, 2019. https://www.kjzz.org/politics/2019-12-10/vanity-fair-father-son-dynamic-may-explain-tenure-of-ag-barr

303
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/William F. Buckley Jr..md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
---
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
title: William F. Buckley Jr.
aliases:
- William F. Buckley
- William F. Buckley, Jr.
- William Frank Buckley Jr.
- William Frank Buckley, Jr.
- WFB
tags:
- Person
- Author
- Journalist
- NationalReview
- FiringLine
- SkullAndBones
- Yale
- CIA
- MexicoCity
- OfficeOfPolicyCoordination
- EHowardHunt
- Watergate
- YoungAmericansForFreedom
- SharonStatement
- ConservativeMovement
- BuckleyFamily
category: "Authors & Journalists"
summary: "Writer and editor who founded National Review in 1955, hosted Firing Line from 1966 to 1999, and by his own account served as a CIA agent in Mexico City from 1951 under E. Howard Hunt."
born: 1925-11-24
died: 2008-02-27
location: "New York, New York"
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
role: "member, Yale class of 1950"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1951
end: 1952
role: "agent, Mexico City station"
fn: 2
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Howard Hunt]]"
start: 1951
end: 1952
role: "chief of the Office of Policy Coordination station in Mexico City, described by Buckley as his immediate boss"
fn: 2
- type: founded
with: "[[National Review]]"
start: 1955-11-19
role: "founder, editor and publisher"
fn: 41
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Young Americans for Freedom]]"
start: 1960-09-11
role: "host of the founding meeting at Sharon, Connecticut"
fn: 49
- type: participant_in
with: "[[1965 New York City mayoral election]]"
start: 1965-06-24
end: 1965-11-02
role: "candidate of the Conservative Party of New York"
fn: 50
- type: member_of
with: "[[United States Information Agency]]"
start: 1969-05-28
role: "member, United States Advisory Commission on Information"
fn: 58
- type: participant_in
with: "[[United Nations]]"
start: 1973
role: "public delegate to the General Assembly"
fn: 61
- type: director_of
with: "[[Catawba Corporation]]"
role: "member of the board of directors"
fn: 10
- type: director_of
with: "[[Starr Broadcasting Group]]"
role: "chairman of the board of directors; majority stockholder"
fn: 42
- type: investigated
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
reverse: true
start: 1969-06-02
role: "special inquiries for presidential appointments, June 1969 and August 1973"
fn: 43
- type: relative_of
with: "[[James L. Buckley]]"
role: "brother"
fn: 63
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Priscilla Buckley]]"
role: "sister"
fn: 31
- type: relative_of
with: "[[William F. Buckley Sr.]]"
role: "father"
fn: 25
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Patricia Buckley]]"
start: 1950-07-06
role: "wife"
fn: 25
---
William Frank Buckley Jr. (November 24, 1925 to February 27, 2008) was an American writer, editor and television host. He founded [[National Review]] in 1955, hosted [[Firing Line]] from 1966 to 1999, and was a member of [[Skull and Bones]] at [[Yale University]].[^1] He served as an agent of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in [[Mexico City]] under [[Howard Hunt|E. Howard Hunt]] beginning in 1951, and wrote of that service in his own words in 2005.[^2] A CIA station chief of the same name, kidnapped in [[Beirut]] in 1984, has a separate page at [[William Buckley]].
### Family and the Mexican oil business
William Frank Buckley Sr. (born July 11, 1881 in Washington, Texas) took a law degree at the University of Texas, worked as a Spanish translator at the Texas Land Office, and began practicing law in Mexico City on November 1, 1908. The FBI headquarters file on his son records that he set up his own office in 1909 and was joined within two or three years by his brothers, Claude H. Buckley and Edmund L. Buckley, under the firm name Buckley & Buckley. The firm opened an office at [[Tampico]] about 1911 and "represented a number of large oil companies." The father left the firm in 1913 or 1914 and entered the oil business. In about 1919 he sent an organization into Venezuela and formed the Pantepec Oil Company, of which he was president for many years; the file states that the company was financed in the 1920s by E. A. Pierce & Company, later Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Beane.[^3]
A biography published by the [[University of Oklahoma Press]] in 2023, John A. Adams's *William F. Buckley Sr.: Witness to the Mexican Revolution, 1908-1922*, with a foreword by [[James L. Buckley]], describes him as having built the Pantepec Oil Company, "the most profitable small petroleum producer in Mexico," and as having "ultimately was expelled from the country."[^4] An item from a Mexico City newspaper of December 1921, reprinted in the FBI file, reports a statement by the father to a representative of the *Excelsior* at San Antonio, Texas: "After residing in Mexico during thirteen years and during which time I acquired property valued at several million dollars, I was ordered to leave the country on Wednesday, November 23rd." In the same statement he attributed his expulsion to his opposition to President Obregon's government and said he had sent memorials on conditions in Mexico to the State Department in Washington.[^5] A Bureau summary memorandum of the 1950s gives the expulsion as 1922 "by the Obregon Government allegedly for activities opposing the Obregon Government," and records that the Bureau held its own main file on the father.[^6]
The oil interests passed to the next generation. A son, John William Buckley, a Yale graduate of 1942 and an Army intelligence officer in North Africa and France, was president of [[Catawba Oil Explorations Company]], which the FBI file describes as representing "various Venezuelan companies, a Canadian company, and an Ecuadorian company."[^7] A biographical directory entry reproduced in the same file lists him as president and director of "Can. So. Petroleum, Ltd." from 1954 and as president of United Canso Oil & Gas Ltd. and Pantepec International, Inc.[^8] A directory entry for James L. Buckley in the file lists him as vice president and director of Catawba Corp. from 1953 to 1970.[^9]
A background check on William F. Buckley Jr., opened in June 1969 when the White House nominated him to a federal advisory body, records in a memorandum of June 12, 1969 that "The Catawba Corporation is apparently controlled by the Buckley family and Mr. Buckley is on the Board of Directors."[^10] In August 1973, when the Bureau updated the check for a second appointment, a Catawba Corporation officer in New York told agents that the appointee "continues to be a director" and that the president of the corporation was John Buckley, the appointee's brother.[^11]
### Yale and Skull and Bones
Buckley attended St. John's Beaumont College in Old Windsor, England, in 1938 and 1939, the Millbrook School in New York from 1940 to 1943, and the University of Mexico in 1943.[^12] He was inducted into the United States Army on August 10, 1944, accepted a commission as second lieutenant on May 12, 1945, and was discharged on May 27, 1946; he resigned from the Officers' Reserve Corps on March 8, 1949.[^13] Yale records reviewed by the FBI in June 1969 show that he entered Yale in September 1946, received his B.A. on June 12, 1950, and was appointed assistant instructor of Spanish for 1947 through 1951 but resigned the appointment in November 1950.[^14]
A memorandum of October 20, 1950 from [[Louis B. Nichols]] to [[Clyde Tolson]] records that Buckley "was the editor of the Daily News" the year before, meaning the [[Yale Daily News]], and that he had sponsored a forum at which Nichols spoke. Nichols called him in New Haven, arranged for him to call at the Bureau on October 25, and wrote that "An Agent in Mr. Jones office will take Buckley on a very special tour."[^15] A later summary records that Nichols had spoken at the 1949 forum on the Bureau's position, that Buckley acted as its chairman before an audience of about 500, and that Buckley and his wife were given "a very special tour of Bureau facilities" and met the Director on October 25, 1950.[^6] In April 1953 Buckley told Nichols that he was writing a book "to counteract the [[Alan Barth]] and Biddle books denouncing loyalty and security investigations."[^16]
The membership of Skull and Bones is recorded in [[Antony C. Sutton]]'s index of members by class year, which lists "Buckley, William Frank Jr." in the class of 1950 beside, among others, William Henry Draper III, Thomas Henry Guinzburg, Evan Griffith Galbraith, Sidney Lovett and William Hitchcock MacLeish. The same index lists "Buckley, James Lane" in the class of 1944, "Buckley, Fergus Reid" in 1952 and "Buckley, Christopher Taylor" in 1975, and a passage on communications names "William Buckley ('50) of National Review" among Bonesmen.[^1] In Sutton's list of members of The Order and the Council on Foreign Relations, Buckley appears as "Editor, National Review and The Order's house conservative." Sutton also wrote that "National Review published by William Buckley (The Order) runs a perpetual deficit. presumably made up by Buckley," and that "So far as we can trace, only William F. Buckley is a member of the Bilderbergers and The Order."[^17]
[[Ron Rosenbaum]]'s article "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones" in *Esquire* of September 1977 places Buckley in the sequence of Bonesmen who entered the CIA. Rosenbaum wrote that one could ask "Bill Bundy or Bill Buckley, both of whom went into the C.I.A. after leaving Bones," whether their Skull and Bones experience was useful training for the clandestine trade. He wrote that [[William Sloane Coffin Jr.|William Sloane Coffin Jr.]] "headed for the C.I.A. not long after graduation from Bones," and that "the man Coffin tapped for Bones, William F. Buckley Jr., was himself tapped by the C.I.A. the following year."[^18] "Bill Bundy" is [[William P. Bundy]]. The same passage asks [[McGeorge Bundy]] whether he "wrestled naked in a mud pile" as part of his initiation, and the article describes Blackford Oakes, the hero of Buckley's spy novel *Saving the Queen*, as "a true-blue Bonesman."[^18]
[[Kris Millegan]]'s *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones* (2003) lists "Bill Buckley (S&B '50)" and "James Buckley (S&B '44)" among Bonesmen connected with the intelligence community, together with Coffin (S&B '49) and "Dino Pionzio (S&B '50), CIA Deputy Chief of Station during Allende overthrow," and writes that "Bush tapped Coffin, who tapped Buckley." Elsewhere the book says that Buckley "had a family oil business in Mexico" and "was a close ally to CIA covert operations manager E. Howard Hunt."[^19] The *Covert Action Information Bulletin* reported in 1990 that, according to "several experts on the CIA," Buckley began cooperating with the Agency in Mexico City in 1952, where Hunt was station chief.[^20]
### God and Man at Yale
*God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of "Academic Freedom"* was published by the Henry Regnery Company in 1951.[^21] A summary memorandum in the FBI file notes that the columnist George Sokolsky wrote "most favorably concerning Buckley and his book" in his column of October 15, 1951.[^6] In his 1974 memoir E. Howard Hunt wrote that he met Buckley through [[James Burnham]], a former professor of philosophy whom Hunt described as "a consultant to OPC on virtually every subject of interest to our organization." Through Burnham, Hunt wrote, he was to meet "a young Yale graduate, William F. Buckley, Jr., whose God and Man at Yale was stirring great controversy within the Eastern academic establishment." Hunt added that Burnham told him Buckley was looking for "the optimum way of working against the Stalinists" and that Buckley was trilingual in English, Spanish and French.[^22]
Michael Isikoff, writing for SpyTalk in June 2025 about a new biography of Buckley by Sam Tanenhaus, placed the book's publication in the fall of 1951. He recorded that McGeorge Bundy, then a Harvard professor, reviewed it in *The Atlantic* as "A twisted, ignorant young man," and wrote that "At the time of the publication of his book, Buckley was secretly on the payroll of the CIA."[^23]
### Mexico City, 1951 to 1952
Hunt wrote that he volunteered to open the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] station in Mexico City, beginning in the late summer of 1950, and that "First on my list was Bill Buckley, who readily agreed and set about working out details of his cover."[^22] The Office of Policy Coordination was the covert-action office within the CIA. Isikoff wrote that Buckley was "an undercover officer working out of the agency's Mexico City station," posing "as a businessman trying to break into the import-export trade under the alias 'Geoffrey T. Bolgiano.'"[^23]
Hunt's memoir places Buckley among his first recruited agents in Mexico: "One by one, my outside agents were arriving in Mexico, Bill Buckley among the first, with his pregnant wife, Pat." Hunt wrote that he and Buckley frequently lunched "at what was then the only good French restaurant in Mexico City."[^24] Buckley's wife was Patricia Taylor, whom he married on July 6, 1950.[^25]
Hunt assigned Buckley to help [[Eudocio Ravines]], a Chilean former Communist living under an alias in Mexico City, to finish *The Yenan Way* and translate it into English. "For several months this project occupied most of Buckley's time; and when the English translation had been accepted in New York by Scribner's, Buckley decided to leave Mexico and CIA." Hunt wrote that Buckley was "thinking either of purchasing the *American Mercury* magazine, which had been on the downgrade for several years, or founding a magazine of his own."[^26]
A 1985 article in *The Spotlight*, a weekly newspaper, attributes to an anonymous source the claim that Buckley "inaugurated this era of CIA potboilers," and says that in "1952 or '53" [[Allen Dulles]] developed "a personal interest in a well-known Chilean defector, Eudocio Ravines," whom the CIA flew from Paris to a safehouse in Mexico City, where Buckley, "then working as a Clandestine Services operative," was assigned to revise a manuscript that [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] then published as *The Yenan Way*. The article names Hunt as the officer who supervised the project.[^27]
Buckley's own accounts agree with Hunt on the sequence. In a *National Review* piece of November 1, 2005 he wrote: "When in 1951 I was inducted into the CIA as a deep cover agent, the procedures for disguising my affiliation and my work were unsmilingly comprehensive. It was three months before I was formally permitted to inform my wife what the real reason was for going to Mexico City to live. If, a year later, I had been apprehended, dosed with sodium pentothal, and forced to give out the names of everyone I knew in the CIA, I could have come up with exactly one name, that of my immediate boss (E. Howard Hunt, as it happened)." He added that "In my case, it was 15 years after reentry into the secular world before my secret career in Mexico was blown, harming no one except perhaps some who might have been put off by my deception," and recalled that in 1980 a former president of Mexico seated next to him at a ski-area restaurant asked what he had done when he lived in Mexico, and that he answered: "I tried to undermine your regime, Mr. President."[^2]
In a *Paris Review* interview of summer 1996, asked how much of his novels was true, Buckley said: "I poach on history to the extent that I can. For instance, when I was in the CIA it was reported to me that the evidence was overwhelming that the destruction of Constantin Oumansky's airplane" was "an act of terrorism, executed by Stalin." Oumansky was the Soviet ambassador to Mexico.[^28] *Reader's Digest* reported in January 1986 that Blackford Oakes, the hero of *Saving the Queen*, "went to Yale and was later recruited by the CIA. So, indeed, was Buckley, who in 1951 served in Mexico under Howard Hunt." The article quotes Buckley: "My admiration for the mission of the CIA," he stressed, "was never confused with any evaluation of its overall effectiveness." It says that after leaving the Agency he wrote in *National Review* that "The attempted assassination of Sukarno has all the look of an 'operation' by the CIA: everyone got killed except the appointed victim."[^29] The same article records that at the fifteenth-anniversary party of *Firing Line* in 1981, when President [[Ronald Reagan]] telephoned with congratulations, Buckley told him: "By the way, I have Gordon Liddy and Howard Hunt here. Do you have any instructions?"[^29]
The published biographical entries for Buckley that the FBI collected in 1969 list his early 1950s employment as "Sr. editor American Mercury, 1952" in one edition of a biographical directory and "Asso. editor Am. Mercury, 1952" in another.[^25] The Bureau's inquiry of June 1969 recorded that the Yale alumni office's records showed Buckley indicating, on May 22, 1952, employment with *The American Mercury* as associate editor. [[William Bradford Huie]], whom the Bureau described as a former owner and editor of the magazine, told an agent at Miami Beach that Buckley "was only associated with the magazine approximately 2 to 3 months" and could not recall his position or title.[^30] His sister [[Priscilla Buckley]] appears in a directory entry in the same file as "reports officer CIA, Washington, 1951-53."[^31]
At the 1985 libel trial of [[Liberty Lobby]], the publisher of *The Spotlight*, against *National Review* and Buckley in federal court in Washington, Liberty Lobby's attorney [[Mark Lane]] accused Buckley in his closing argument of working with Hunt "to put Spotlight out of business." The *Washington Times* reported that "Hunt was Mr. Buckley's supervisor when he worked briefly for the CIA in Mexico City during the early 1950s, according to testimony in the present trial." The jury found on October 25, 1985 that Liberty Lobby had libeled *National Review* and awarded $1,001 in damages.[^32]
### Hunt, the children and the estate
Hunt wrote in a footnote that he and his wife had asked Buckley "to become guardian of our children and executor of our estate in the event of our death." Buckley, Hunt wrote, was "already the children's godfather," and "Bill agreed."[^26] Hunt's wife died on December 8, 1972, when [[United Air Lines Flight 553]] crashed while approaching [[Chicago Midway International Airport|Midway Airport]] in Chicago.[^33]
Hunt's earlier path crossed the family in Spain. Hunt wrote that when he arrived in Madrid in 1964, he and his family moved by prearrangement into the apartment owned by Buckley's brother [[Reid Buckley]], who was summering on Spain's northern coast.[^34]
On January 17, 1973 Hunt flew to San Francisco, and the next morning he appeared at station KQED in the *Firing Line* taping, before students from Mills College. Hunt wrote that Buckley had telephoned to ask whether he could tape the segment, that Hunt replied that discussing Watergate would be against his interests, and that Buckley "had no intention of putting me in so difficult a position" and wanted instead to discuss the CIA and foreign policy with Mario Lazo.[^35] [[Alvin Felzenberg]] wrote that in the preface to Buckley's 1975 collection *Execution Eve and Other Contemporary Ballads* Buckley explained that he had written little on Watergate between December 1972 and April 1973 because he felt "greatly encumbered," unable to reveal details a friend had confided to him about the friend's part in several misdeeds on Nixon's behalf, and that he absented himself from *National Review* editorial meetings when Watergate was discussed. Felzenberg identified the friend as Hunt and wrote that Hunt telephoned Buckley ten days after his wife's death to say that she had named Buckley alternate executor of her estate.[^36]
In August 1973 an FBI background check on Buckley, opened for a government appointment, recorded a statement by [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] that Buckley "is a good friend of E. Howard Hunt, connected with the Watergate break-in, and is the godfather of some of his children." Schlesinger told agents that he "would not recommend him for a government position," and described him as a loyal American citizen.[^37]
Hunt wrote that after his conviction in the Watergate case, Maryland authorities removed him as executor of his wife's estate, and that his successor under the terms of her will was "William F. Buckley, Jr."[^38] The same footnote describes the effect: "Thus stripped of even the right to engage in litigation, I realized that I was on my way to becoming a nonperson, though still very much a taxpayer."[^38]
After Hunt's Senate testimony, he wrote, the Senate "received several thousand telegrams and letters in the wake of my testimony and those were answered by a small committee William Buckley established in my behalf at his National Review offices." Hunt wrote that "Buckley solicited funds to pay for my legal defense and, when returns were disappointing, suggested my retaining his personal attorney, C. Dickerman Williams, at no cost to me."[^39] A Baltimore lawyer, William Snyder Jr., "who had been handling my wife's estate at Buckley's request," also assisted him.[^39]
On his release, Hunt wrote, he traveled to New York with Snyder and they went to "Buckley's town house at noon," where Hunt found one of his sons "with Pat and Bill Buckley and Dick Williams." After lunch "we discussed my situation and decided that for the present I would make no public statements or appearances." Hunt added that he remembered "Buckley's jovial comment" that he had better not attend his appeal, "for every time I'd been in court I'd lost."[^40]
### National Review
The first issue of *National Review* was dated November 19, 1955. Its opening statement by Buckley said that the magazine "stands athwart history, yelling Stop, at a time when no one is inclined to do so, or to have much patience with those who so urge it."[^41] A profile of Buckley in the CIA's files, from *Reader's Digest* of January 1986, states that $350,000 was raised to start the magazine, plus $100,000 from Buckley's family, and that the magazine had been running annual deficits of $450,000 to $550,000 in recent years.[^29]
A 1969 interview summarized in the FBI file, with an unnamed interviewee, describes Buckley as "considered a financial wizard inasmuch as he succeeded in publishing the 'National Review' for many years in spite of the fact the magazine operated at a financial loss." The same interviewee said Buckley "has offset losses by soliciting contributions from friends and subscribers."[^42] The file records that [[Peter Starr]], president of Starr Broadcasting Group of [[Omaha, Nebraska]], who had known and worked for Buckley since 1954, told agents that the company had been founded "with Mr. Buckley's financial backing," and that Buckley was its majority stockholder and chairman of the board.[^42] The file also records that Buckley had been on the Bureau's Special Correspondents List until May 25, 1967, when he was removed "after writing a mock editorial of the New York Times" for *National Review*.[^43]
In a letter to Nichols of July 30, 1957, summarized in a Bureau memorandum of December 5, 1957, Buckley advised that a Mexican colonel, Emiliano Izaguirre, had asked him to arrange an introduction to the Director because he had information to give. The memorandum records that Buckley referred the colonel to another office and that the person he referred him to "refused to see" him.[^44]
A CIA file holds letters from [[Whittaker Chambers]] to Buckley. One, dated March 10, 1957 and addressed "Dear Bill," begins: "My silence has lasted too long." It recalls that "Mr. Allen Dulles said words to this effect: 'There seems no reason to suppose that the Russian mind is not the equal of the American mind,'" and continues: "Perhaps Bukharin's last words should hang in Mr. Dulles' office too, in the offices of both Mr. Dulleses." The CIA's copy bears a check mark beside the Dulles passage.[^45]
A CIA file holds a 1966 clipping from the *New York Daily News* reporting that the [[Historic Research Foundation]], of which Buckley was a trustee, planned a $2,000 grant to study the [[Warren Commission]] report. The clipping states that the idea "originated with William F. Buckley Jr., editor of the National Review."[^46] In 1968 the *New York Times* reported that Buckley was starting a newsletter to expose "Communist intrigues" in American life. Buckley said the publication would become "the rallying point for the forces struggling to restore an ordered America."[^47]
A 1971 CIA clipping from the *San Bernardino Sun-Telegram* describes a set of "secret Vietnam documents" that *National Review* published, with dispatches attributed to former Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]] and to the CIA. The article quotes Buckley as saying the purpose was to demonstrate that "the Pentagon and the CIA are not composed of incompetents."[^48]
### Young Americans for Freedom and the Sharon Statement
[[Young Americans for Freedom]] was founded at a meeting at Buckley's home in Sharon, Connecticut. The organization's own history states that the [[Sharon Statement]] was adopted on September 11, 1960 "by a group of 100 young conservatives who convened at the home of William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut," and that the meeting was held "with the purpose of creating Young Americans for Freedom."[^49] The statement opens: "In this time of moral and political crises, it is the responsibility of the youth of America to affirm certain eternal truths." Its first clause holds "That foremost among the transcendent values is the individual's use of his God-given free will, whence derives his right to be free from the restrictions of arbitrary force."[^49]
The organization names Ronald Reagan as its honorary national chairman. The statement's tenth clause reads: "That the forces of international Communism are, at present, the greatest single threat to these liberties."[^49] The FBI file records that in April 1953 Buckley was president of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists.[^6]
### The 1965 mayoral campaign
Buckley ran for mayor of New York in 1965 as the candidate of the [[Conservative Party of New York]]. He announced his candidacy at the Overseas Press Club on June 24, 1965, after telling the party chairman, [[J. Daniel Mahoney]], on June 7 that he would accept the nomination.[^50] The *Ripon Forum* of November 1965 reports that polls had shown him "up to 18%" of the vote, that he polled "only 13.4%," that Buckley "drew more heavily from Beame than Lindsay," and that [[Samuel Lubell]] found Buckley voters listing their second choice as "7-5 Beame over Lindsay." It reports a Buckley worker at Conservative headquarters who, when a network announced [[John Lindsay]] as the winner over [[Abraham Beame]], concluded: "Oh, my God, Buckley has elected Lindsay."[^51] Lindsay won with 45.3 percent to Beame's 41.3 percent.[^50]
Buckley's account of the campaign, *The Unmaking of a Mayor*, appeared in 1966.[^52] J. Daniel Mahoney was the attorney who argued *National Review*'s libel case against Liberty Lobby in 1985.[^53]
### Firing Line
*Firing Line* ran from 1966 to 1999. The Hoover Institution holds the broadcast records for the program, 1966 to 1999, in 190 manuscript boxes and 222 oversize boxes, with an episode guide, transcripts and program research files.[^54] A *New York Times* report by Val Adams, filed in the CIA reading room, announced the series in early 1966: "Firing Line With William Buckley" was to be presented by WOR-TV on Saturdays from 10 to 11 P.M., with a different opponent each week, and with [[Theodore Sorensen]], the former special counsel to President Kennedy, considering an invitation to debate Buckley on the first program. The article describes Buckley as "the Conservative party's mayoralty candidate last year" and says R.K.O. General Productions would syndicate the series.[^55]
On January 21, 1973, WETA in Washington broadcast a *Firing Line* segment on the CIA and Cuba with Hunt and the Havana lawyer Mario Lazo. Buckley introduced Hunt as having been "intimately involved as an official in the CIA in the Bay of Pigs." He then said: "The presiding judge and Mr. Hunt's own lawyer have forbidden him to speak about Watergate."[^56] Hunt had pleaded guilty in the Watergate case the previous Monday. Asked whether he had been arrested, Hunt said: "I was never arrested." Later in the segment he said: "I was never a fugitive." Asked whether the Watergate break-in could have been a CIA operation, Hunt answered: "perhaps I shouldn't have answered your earlier question as definitively as I did," and he cited the CIA's support of the National Student Association as a domestic operation.[^56]
On September 29, 1974, *Firing Line* broadcast a segment on the CIA in Chile with [[Edward Korry]], the former ambassador to Chile. Buckley described the controversy over the role of the CIA in Chile during the [[Salvador Allende]] years and asked Korry whether he acknowledged the testimony of CIA Director [[William Colby]] to a congressional committee.[^57]
### Nixon administration appointments
On May 28, 1969 President [[Richard Nixon]] announced his intention to nominate Buckley to the United States Advisory Commission on Information, the advisory body of the [[United States Information Agency]]; the nomination of June 13, 1969 was for a three-year term expiring January 27, 1972, in place of Sigurd S. Larmon.[^58] A syndicated column by Drew Pearson and [[Jack Anderson]] of May 1969, printed in the *Philadelphia Bulletin* and held in the CIA files, reported that Buckley would replace Larmon of Young and Rubicam on the commission.[^59] The FBI inquiry opened on June 2, 1969 at White House request, with instructions that no neighborhood investigation be conducted without Bureau approval; the Bureau's memorandum of June 12 states that persons interviewed "furnished favorable comments."[^43]
The Nixon Library's finding aid for Buckley lists a photograph of June 9, 1970 of Nixon meeting Buckley, [[Frank Shakespeare]], director of the Information Agency, and [[Henry Kissinger]], and one of December 7, 1970 of Nixon with the commission, whose members included Frank Stanton of CBS, Hobart Lewis of *Reader's Digest*, [[James Michener]], John Shaheen of Shaheen Natural Resources, and Buckley.[^60] The same guide lists a National Security Council name file on Buckley covering May 1970 to August 1972, a letter from Buckley to [[Pat Buchanan]] of December 19, 1972 on a list of campaign contributors, and a memorandum from Buchanan to [[H. R. Haldeman]] of January 4, 1973 on a letter from Buckley, with handwritten notes added by Higby and [[John Dean]].[^60]
Buckley was named a public delegate to the [[United Nations]] General Assembly in 1973.[^61] *Reader's Digest* reported in 1986 that Reagan had joked during the 1980 campaign about appointing Buckley an ambassador, and that Buckley was later sounded out about the post of ambassador to the United Nations and said no.[^29]
### The CIA reading room file
The CIA's reading room holds a series of items on Buckley's public activities. They include a letter of April 10, 1978 from Buckley to Director of Central Intelligence [[Stansfield Turner]] ("Dear Stan"), in which Buckley wrote that "the Hartford Courant's precis of what you said is not really distorted," that he was "very happy to hear from you about Tom Polgar," who "wrote me an indignant letter," and that he found [[Frank Snepp]]'s treatment of Polgar "not entirely unsympathetic." Buckley asked whether Turner had objections to his publishing Turner's letter in his editor's column in *National Review*. A letter of October 3, 1979 from Buckley to Turner accepts an invitation, says that he cannot attend on November 14, and asks that Turner's people find a date when he is free.[^62]
### James L. Buckley
James L. Buckley, Buckley's brother, served in the United States Senate from January 1971 to January 1977, elected on the Conservative Party line in 1970.[^63] The CIA reading room holds letters from him to Turner in 1977 and to [[William Casey]] in 1982.[^64] Millegan lists him among Bonesmen connected with the intelligence community.[^19] The *Covert Action Information Bulletin* reported in 1990 that he was Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology in 1981 and 1982, and cited Donald Freed and Fred Landis, *Death in Washington* (1980), for the statement that on September 14, 1976, a week before the assassination of [[Orlando Letelier]], [[Michael Townley]] and [[Guillermo Novo]] visited Senator Buckley's office in New York.[^20]
### H.L. Hunt
Buckley's comment on [[H.L. Hunt]] appears on the Hunt page in the account of his will and estate. Texas Monthly reported in March 1975 that in a column published shortly after Hunt's death Buckley declared that Hunt had left "capitalism a bad name, not, goodness knows, by frenzies of extravagance, but by his eccentric understanding of public affairs, his yahoo bigotry and his appallingly bad manners."[^65]
### Skull and Bones and the 1992 campaign
The [[George H.W. Bush]] Presidential Library's file FOIA 2009-0116-F, on the society, describes its contents as "related to the Skull and Bones Society at Yale University, of which George H. W. Bush and his father [[Prescott Bush]] were both members."[^66] The file contains "correspondence from President Bush to William F. Buckley, Jr. and [[Thomas W. Ludlow Ashley]] regarding an article Buckley wrote for National Review." The article "responded to Pat Buchanan's characterization of Bush's foreign policy as 'Skull and Bones foreign policy' during the 1992 campaign."[^66]
### Last years
Buckley died at his home in Stamford, Connecticut, on February 27, 2008, at the age of 82. His son Christopher told the *New York Times* that he had suffered from diabetes and emphysema and was found at his desk in the study of his home.[^67]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), index of members by class year, class of 1950 (Buckley, William Frank Jr.; Draper, William Henry III; Galbraith, Evan Griffith; Guinzburg, Thomas Henry; Lovett, Sidney; MacLeish, William Hitchcock). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^2]: William F. Buckley Jr., "Who Did What?", *National Review*, November 1, 2005. https://www.nationalreview.com/2005/11/who-did-what-william-f-buckley-jr/
[^3]: FBI headquarters file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 1, family memorandum on William Frank Buckley Sr., dated March 27 (birth, University of Texas, Texas Land Office, practice in Mexico City from November 1, 1908, Buckley & Buckley, Tampico office, Pantepec Oil Company, E. A. Pierce & Company). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-1
[^4]: John A. Adams, *William F. Buckley Sr.: Witness to the Mexican Revolution, 1908-1922* (University of Oklahoma Press, 2023), publisher's description, with foreword by James L. Buckley. https://www.oupress.com/9780806191829/william-f-buckley-sr
[^5]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, summary of the December 1921 edition of a Mexico City daily reporting a statement made by William Frank Buckley Sr. to a representative of the *Excelsior* at San Antonio, Texas; the file gives the statement as reportedly made. https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^6]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 1, summary memorandum of December 5, 1957 (Nichols and the 1949 Yale forum, about 500 attendees; visit of October 25, 1950; Sokolsky column of October 15, 1951; president of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists as of April 1953; main file on Buckley Sr., expelled from Mexico in 1922). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-1
[^7]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 1, entry for John William Buckley, president of Catawba Oil Explorations Company. https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-1
[^8]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, biographical directory entry "Buckley, John William, petroleum co. exec." (born June 22, 1920; Yale 1942). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^9]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, biographical directory entry for James Lane Buckley ("v.p dir. Catawba Corp., 1953-70"). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^10]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, memorandum W. V. Cleveland to Mr. Gale, June 12, 1969, subject William Frank Buckley, Jr., Special Inquiry, White House. https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^11]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, teletype of August 1973 reporting an interview at the Catawba Corporation, New York ("appointee continues to be a director"; "the president of the corporation is John Buckley, brother of the appointee"). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^12]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, teletype of June 1969 reporting Yale alumni office records (St. John's Beaumont College 1938-39; Millbrook School 1940-43; University of Mexico 1943). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^13]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, report on military records, National Personnel Records Center, reviewed June 3, 1969. https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^14]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, report of June 7, 1969 on Yale Alumni Office, Registrar's Office and Dean's Office records (entered September 1946; B.A. June 12, 1950; assistant instructor of Spanish, 1947 through 1951, resigned November 1950; defeated in 1968 election for the Yale Corporation board). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^15]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 1, memorandum L. B. Nichols to Mr. Tolson, October 20, 1950, with Buckley's letter of October 19, 1950. https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-1
[^16]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 1, summary memorandum (April 1953 contact with Nichols on a book "to counteract the Alan Barth and Biddle books"). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-1
[^17]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), list of members of The Order and the Council on Foreign Relations; passage on the Order and the media ("The Order" is Sutton's term; the quoted phrases are his own); passage on the Bilderbergers. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^18]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977 (passages on Bill Bundy, Bill Buckley, McGeorge Bundy, Coffin and Blackford Oakes). https://archive.org/details/print-article-the-last-secrets-of-skull-and-bones-esquire-september-1977
[^19]: Kris Millegan, ed., *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society* (2003), list of Bonesmen connected with the intelligence community and the profile passage on Publisher William F. Buckley (S&B 1950); the Millegan statements are the editor's own.
[^20]: "Bush's Boy's Club: Skull and Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin*, no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20 to 22, citing Donald Freed and Fred Landis, *Death in Washington: The Murder of Orlando Letelier* (1980), p. 168. https://archive.org/details/CAIB33
[^21]: William F. Buckley Jr., *God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of "Academic Freedom"* (Henry Regnery Company, 1951). https://archive.org/details/godmanatyale0000will
[^22]: E. Howard Hunt, *Undercover: Memoirs of an American Secret Agent* (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974), pp. 68-69. https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^23]: Michael Isikoff, "William F. Buckley, Jr., CIA Spy," SpyTalk, June 9, 2025, on Sam Tanenhaus, *Buckley: The Life and the Revolution That Changed America* (Random House, 2025). https://www.spytalk.co/p/william-f-buckley-jr-cia-spy
[^24]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), p. 73. https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^25]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, biographical directory entries for "Buckley, William Frank, Jr." ("m. Patricia Taylor, July 6, 1950"; "Asso. editor Am. Mercury, 1952" in one edition and "Sr. editor American Mercury, 1952" in another). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^26]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), pp. 77-78 (text and footnote). https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^27]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP91-00587R000100610009-7, *The Spotlight*, July 29, 1985, "Buckley Sets Precedent." The statements are those of the anonymous source quoted by the newspaper. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00587r000100610009-7
[^28]: Sam Vaughan, "William F. Buckley Jr., The Art of Fiction No. 146," *The Paris Review*, no. 139 (Summer 1996). https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1395/the-art-of-fiction-no-146-william-f-buckley-jr
[^29]: Irwin Ross, profile of William F. Buckley Jr., *Reader's Digest*, January 1986, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00965R000200920007-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000200920007-5
[^30]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, teletype of June 1969 (Yale alumni office record of May 22, 1952; Huie described as former owner and editor) and Birmingham field office report on the interview of William Bradford Huie, whose synopsis states that he "verified BUCKLEY'S employment at American Mercury during Spring of 1952." https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^31]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, biographical directory entry "Buckley, Priscilla Langford, mag. exec." (daughter of William Frank and Aloise Steiner Buckley). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^32]: "National Review Wins $1,001 in Libel Suit Against Liberty Lobby," *The Washington Post*, October 26, 1985. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1985/10/26/national-review-wins-1001-in-libel-suit-against-liberty-lobby/aa0b6085-a6f8-4cc7-a571-d39892b18343/
[^33]: National Transportation Safety Board, *Aircraft Accident Report: United Air Lines, Inc., Boeing 737, N9031U, Chicago-Midway Airport, Chicago, Illinois, December 8, 1972* (1973), catalog record at the Transportation Research Board. https://trid.trb.org/View/10614 ; Hunt, *Undercover* (1974). https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^34]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), pp. 134-135. https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^35]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), pp. 291-292. https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^36]: Alvin S. Felzenberg, excerpt on Buckley and Hunt, "Watergate Burglar Howard Hunt Was William Buckley's Deep Throat," *The Daily Beast*, May 13, 2017. https://www.thedailybeast.com/watergate-burglar-howard-hunt-was-william-buckleys-deep-throat
[^37]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, teletype from the New Haven office to the Director, August 15, 1973, reporting the interview of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (the teletype is in capitals; quoted here in lower case). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^38]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), p. 293 (footnote). https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^39]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), pp. 322-323. https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^40]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), p. 327. https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^41]: William F. Buckley Jr., "Our Mission Statement," *National Review*, November 19, 1955, reproduced by the National Review Institute. https://nrinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Our-Mission-Statement.pdf
[^42]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, special inquiry interview summaries, June 1969 (the interviewee's name is withheld; Peter H. Starr, president of Starr Broadcasting Group, Incorporated, Omaha, Nebraska). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^43]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, memoranda W. V. Cleveland to Mr. Gale of June 2, 1969 (Special Correspondents List until May 25, 1967; no neighborhood investigation) and June 12, 1969 (persons interviewed "furnished favorable comments"). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^44]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 1, summary memorandum of December 5, 1957 (letter of July 30, 1957 from Buckley to Nichols; Colonel Emiliano Izaguirre). https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-1
[^45]: Letter from Whittaker Chambers to William F. Buckley Jr., March 10, 1957, as printed in *National Review*, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100020108-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100020108-6
[^46]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000202020001-1, *New York Daily News*, September 8, 1966, "Buckley Group Plans Warren Report Study." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000202020001-1
[^47]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01314R000100310006-5, Henry Raymont, "Buckley Starting Newsletter to Expose Leftist Influence," *New York Times*, 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100310006-5
[^48]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP80-01601R000300360081-4, *San Bernardino Sun-Telegram*, July 23, 1971, "The Misadventure of Buckley." https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80-01601R000300360081-4
[^49]: Young America's Foundation, "The Sharon Statement: A Timeless Declaration of Conservative Principles," May 4, 2016 (text of the statement as published). https://yaf.org/news/the-sharon-statement/
[^50]: Alvin S. Felzenberg, "'Demand a Recount!': William F. Buckley's Quixotic 1965 Run for NYC Mayor," *HistoryNet*, August 1, 2018. https://historynet.com/demand-a-recount-bill-buckleys-quixotic-1965-run-for-nyc-mayor/
[^51]: *The Ripon Forum*, vol. 1, no. 7 (November 1965). https://riponsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1965-11_Vol-1_No-7.pdf
[^52]: William F. Buckley Jr., *The Unmaking of a Mayor* (1966). https://archive.org/details/unmakingofmayor0000will
[^53]: George Archibald, "Jury begged not to let Buckley 'punish and destroy' Spotlight," *Washington Times*, October 25, 1985, p. 3-A, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00845R000201140006-4. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00845R000201140006-4
[^54]: Hoover Institution, *Firing Line (Television Program) Broadcast Records, 1966-1999*, finding aid (extent: 190 manuscript boxes and 222 oversize boxes). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt6m3nc88c/
[^55]: Val Adams, "Buckley Signed for TV Debates," *New York Times*, early 1966 (the item calls Buckley "the Conservative party's mayoralty candidate last year"), CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01365R000300200003-2. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP88-01365R000300200003-2
[^56]: *Firing Line*, WETA-TV, January 21, 1973, transcript, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP84-00499R000200010003-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00499r000200010003-1
[^57]: *Firing Line*, WETA-TV, September 29, 1974, transcript, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP09T00207R001000020024-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp09t00207r001000020024-7
[^58]: Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, Nixon Almanac, May 28, 1969 (5 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 759, announcement of intention to nominate William F. Buckley, Jr., as a member of the United States Advisory Commission on Information) and June 13, 1969 (nomination for the term expiring January 27, 1972, vice Sigurd S. Larmon). https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/index.php/research/almanac/may-28-1969 ; https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/index.php/research/almanac/june-13-1969
[^59]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000300460003-9, Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson, "Nixon Giving Buckley High Post in USIA," *Philadelphia Bulletin*, May 1969. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000300460003-9
[^60]: Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, "Resources for William F. Buckley" (finding aid: WHPO-3649, June 9, 1970; WHPO-5220, December 7, 1970; NSC name files, box 809; WHSF contested files, box 16, folder 15). https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/2023-08/william_f._buckley.pdf
[^61]: "William F. Buckley, Jr.," *Encyclopaedia Britannica*. https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-F-Buckley-Jr
[^62]: Letter from William F. Buckley Jr. to Stansfield Turner, April 10, 1978, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP05T00644R000501490003-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp05t00644r000501490003-3 ; letter from Buckley to Turner, October 3, 1979, CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP83-00156R001000100004-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00156r001000100004-2
[^63]: Voteview, biographical record of James Lane Buckley (Senate service January 1971 to January 1977; Conservative Party of New York, 1970 election). https://voteview.com/person/13100/james-lane-buckley ; Associated Press obituary of James L. Buckley, August 2023, describing him as the brother of William F. Buckley Jr. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/politics/james-buckley-conservative-senator-and-brother-of-late-writer-william-f-buckley-dies-at-100
[^64]: CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP05T00644R000501480007-0, letter from James L. Buckley to Stansfield Turner, October 10, 1977. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP05T00644R000501480007-0 ; CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP83M00914R001000060041-4, letter from James L. Buckley to William J. Casey, June 28, 1982. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83m00914r001000060041-4
[^65]: Bill Porterfield, "H.L. Hunt's Long Goodbye," *Texas Monthly*, March 1975. https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/h-l-hunts-long-goodbye/
[^66]: George H.W. Bush Presidential Library, "Records on Skull and Bones Society," FOIA 2009-0116-F, scope and content note, processed August 2009. https://www.bush41library.gov/download/file/4777
[^67]: *New York Times* obituary of William F. Buckley Jr., February 2008, as reprinted by the History News Network. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/47800

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---
aliases:
- William P. Bundy
- William Bundy
- William Putnam Bundy
- Bill Bundy
- W. P. Bundy
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- CIA
- OfficeOfNationalEstimates
- AlgerHiss
- JosephMcCarthy
- BayOfPigs
- CubanMissileCrisis
- Vietnam
- GulfOfTonkin
- PentagonPapers
- SkullAndBones
- ForeignAffairs
- CouncilOnForeignRelations
- Bletchley
- Ultra
- DeanAcheson
summary: "William P. Bundy, son-in-law of Dean Acheson, served in the CIA's Office of National Estimates and the Pentagon, then as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs from 1964 to 1969."
born: 1917-09-24
died: 2000-10-06
location: "Princeton, New Jersey"
relations:
- type: relative_of
with: "[[McGeorge Bundy]]"
role: "brother"
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Harvey H. Bundy]]"
role: "father"
fn: 2
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Dean Acheson]]"
role: "father-in-law"
fn: 2
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Mary Acheson]]"
start: 1943
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1939
fn: 8
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Covington & Burling]]"
start: 1947
end: 1951
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1951-06
role: "Office of National Estimates; chief of staff and liaison to the National Security Council staff"
fn: 11
- type: investigated
with: "[[Joseph McCarthy]]"
reverse: true
start: 1953-07
end: 1953-08
role: "Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations chairman's inquiry into his $400 contribution to the defense of Alger Hiss"
fn: 13
- type: appointed
with: "[[John F. Kennedy]]"
start: 1961
role: "Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
start: 1961
end: 1964
role: "Deputy Assistant Secretary, then Assistant Secretary of Defense, for International Security Affairs"
fn: 1
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Bay of Pigs]]"
start: 1961-02
end: 1961-03
role: "attended the White House meetings of March 11, 15, 16 and 29, 1961 on the Trinidad and Zapata plans"
fn: 19
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]"
start: 1962-10
role: "deliberations, per the Washington Post obituary and the Princeton finding aid"
fn: 2
- type: appointed
with: "[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]"
start: 1964
role: "Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Department of State]]"
start: 1964
end: 1969
role: "Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (renamed East Asian and Pacific Affairs)"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
start: 1969
role: "senior research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
fn: 2
- type: director_of
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
start: 1964
end: 1972
role: "board of directors"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
start: 1972
end: 1984
role: "editor of Foreign Affairs"
fn: 41
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
---
William Putnam Bundy (September 24, 1917 to October 6, 2000) was a staff officer of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], a Defense Department and State Department official, and editor of [[Foreign Affairs]].[^1] He was the son of [[Harvey H. Bundy]], the older brother of [[McGeorge Bundy]], and the son-in-law of [[Dean Acheson]].[^2]
### Family
The [[Washington Post]] reported that Bundy was born in Washington, where his father was serving as counsel to the World War I Food Administration.[^2] [[Antony C. Sutton]] wrote that Harvey Hollister Bundy was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1888, died in 1963, was initiated into [[Skull and Bones]] in 1909, and served as law clerk to Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] in 1914 and 1915, a clerkship Sutton noted [[Alger Hiss]] also held in 1929 and 1930.[^3] [[Henry L. Stimson]] appointed Harvey H. Bundy Assistant Secretary of State, and Stimson's memoir records the appointment as filling a gap left by the death of a senior officer with economic experience.[^4] Harvey H. Bundy was present by invitation at the meeting of the wartime [[Interim Committee]] on May 31, 1945, whose secretary recorded him among the attendees with Stimson and the committee's scientists.[^5]
Sutton listed the elder Bundy's five children: Harvey Hollister Bundy Jr. (Yale 1938, which Sutton recorded as not initiated into Skull and Bones), William Putnam Bundy (initiated 1939), McGeorge Bundy (initiated 1940), Harriet Lowell Bundy, who married Gaspar d'Andelot Belin of [[Covington & Burling]], and Katharine Lawrence Bundy, who married Hugh Auchincloss Jr.[^6] The Post obituary calls William Bundy the older brother of McGeorge Bundy and records that he was sometimes known as "the other Bundy."[^2]
In 1943 he married Mary Acheson, daughter of Dean Acheson.[^1] The couple had three children.[^2] Sutton described the connection as the "Whitney-Stimson-Bundy-Acheson Chain of Influence," wrote that Dean Acheson was a member of Scroll and Key at Yale, and that Acheson's son David was a member of Skull and Bones; Sutton also wrote that Acheson and Belin were former partners of Covington & Burling, the firm where Bundy worked from 1947 to 1951.[^7]
### Groton, Yale and Skull and Bones
Bundy attended [[Groton School]] (completed 1935) and [[Yale University]] (Yale College, 1939), and he attended the [[Harvard University|Harvard Graduate School]] in 1940.[^1] The Post reported that he was a trustee of Yale for 20 years.[^2]
Sutton's index of members by class year lists "William Putnam Bundy" in the class of 1939 of Skull and Bones, with the notation "CIA, Editor Foreign Affairs."[^8] [[Ron Rosenbaum]] wrote in [[Esquire]] in September 1977 that a reader could ask Bill Bundy or [[William F. Buckley Jr.|William F. Buckley]], "both of whom went into the C.I.A. after leaving Bones," whether the society's experience was useful training for the clandestine trade; the same passage names McGeorge Bundy.[^9] The Covert Action Information Bulletin stated in 1990 that "William Bundy is a Bonesman from the class of 1939."[^10]
### Army service and Bletchley Park
Bundy served in the United States Army from 1941 to 1946. During the war he commanded an [[Army Signal Corps]] unit that worked with the British at [[Bletchley Park]] on the [[Ultra]] operation, which broke high-level German Enigma ciphers. He received the Legion of Merit and was made a member of the Order of the British Empire.[^1] The Post quoted his later writing: "Although I have done many interesting things in my life and known many interesting people, my work at Bletchley Park was the most satisfying of my career."[^2] The Covert Action Information Bulletin wrote that his intelligence career began in the [[Office of Strategic Services]] during the war.[^10]
After law school at [[Harvard Law School]], which he finished in 1947, he worked for four years at Covington & Burling in Washington.[^1]
### Office of National Estimates, from 1951
A CIA letter to [[Joseph McCarthy]] dated July 22, 1953 states that Bundy joined the agency in June 1951 and was attached to the [[Office of National Estimates]], and that from June 1952 he served as assistant to the agency's adviser on the National Security Council's planning board.[^11] A report by [[Allen Drury]] of August 4, 1953 describes him as assistant to the adviser of the Office of National Estimates and as serving on the planning board of the [[National Security Council]].[^12] The Princeton finding aid records his post as chief of staff of the office and liaison to the National Security Council staff.[^1] The Post wrote that his work in the office included evaluating information gathered by field operatives, and quoted him: "I'm not the kind of fellow you can make a spook out of."[^2]
The Covert Action Information Bulletin gave his CIA service as 1951 to 1961, and Sutton gave the same years, adding that Bundy's four years at Covington & Burling suggested to him that Bundy "probably had CIA dealings" in the 1947 to 1951 period.[^6][^10] In 1960 Bundy was staff director of the President's Commission on National Goals.[^1][^2] The Bulletin quoted a foreword by Bundy to a book on the counter-insurgency era in which he wrote that "the preservation of liberal values, for America and other nations, required the use of the full range of U.S. power, including if necessary, its more shady applications."[^10]
### The Hiss defense fund and the McCarthy letters, 1953
In July 1953 McCarthy, as chairman of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]], wrote to [[Allen Dulles]], director of the CIA, about Bundy's contribution to the defense of Alger Hiss. McCarthy's information was that Bundy had given $400 to the defense and had joined the [[United Public Workers of America]], which McCarthy identified as the Communist front organization to which Bundy belonged.[^11][^13]
An FBI memorandum of July 10, 1953 recorded that Dulles told the Bureau's liaison agent, [[Sam Papich]], that he had taken the position that it would be prejudicial to the interests of the United States to permit CIA employees to testify before the McCarthy committee, that he had been in touch with the White House about that position and had its support, and that he wanted to know where McCarthy obtained his information. Papich answered that the Bureau was not supplying it.[^14]
The agency's reply of July 22, 1953 confirmed the $400 contribution. It said that the reasons Bundy gave for the contribution were not in accord, in substantial respects, with the reasons given in the matter then under review, and that comment on those reasons would await a re-evaluation of his case under Executive Order 10450. The reply stated that the agency's files showed a field investigation of the three general allegations and a favorable determination by the CIA Loyalty Board and by the Loyalty Review Board of the [[Civil Service Commission]]. It also stated that Bundy had joined the union, attended one meeting and resigned, and that the record did not indicate membership in any other organization within the scope of McCarthy's third question.[^11] Drury reported that Dulles had told McCarthy that Bundy had joined the union in the summer of 1940 while working at the [[Library of Congress]], and that the exchange followed a conversation between the two on July 14.[^12]
According to the Drury report, Bundy's explanation was that he had contributed to help his father-in-law, Dean Acheson, in clearing Hiss.[^12]
McCarthy replied on July 27, 1953 that the confirmation of the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency," adding that a good part of that work "must involve the detection of activities of people such as Alger Hiss."[^15] He asked Dulles to explain Bundy's reasons more fully.[^15]
Dulles replied on August 1. The Drury report quotes the reply: "After most careful consideration of your letter, I feel that the proper course to pursue is to follow the procedure described in the President's executive order," and Dulles declined to comment on certain phases of the matter pending the conclusion of those proceedings.[^12] McCarthy's letter of August 3 answered that Dulles's position was extremely revealing, and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers. He wrote that "the last man in the world who would try to protect and hide the facts" about an officer's "contributions to a convicted traitor" would be the head of the CIA.[^16] The Drury report of August 4 carried McCarthy's statement that the full matter would be submitted to his subcommittee and to the Senate when it returned.[^12]
A syndicated column clipped into the FBI's liaison file described Bundy as "the CIA man under both Smith and Allen Dulles, who gave the $400 for the Hiss defense," a son-in-law of Acheson and "a member of the Acheson coterie," and reported that Senator [[Mike Monroney]] had defended the agency on the Senate floor against McCarthy's inquiry. A later Bureau memorandum noted that "the wide publicity given to the William Bundy matter" and Dulles's encounter with McCarthy had placed Dulles in "a most uncomfortable position."[^17] Sutton wrote that McCarthy "wanted to call William Bundy as a witness before the Committee and found the establishment strongly arrayed against this idea," and suggested that the establishment's reaction concerned more than McCarthy's treatment of witnesses.[^6]
### Defense Department, 1961 to 1964
The Princeton finding aid records his appointment as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs in 1961 and his service as Assistant Secretary of Defense for the same office from 1963 to 1964. It describes him as a political appointee under [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] from 1961 to 1969.[^1] The Washington Post wrote that he was a lifelong Democrat who joined the Kennedy administration as deputy assistant secretary of defense.[^2]
The Foreign Relations of the United States volume on Cuba lists him at the planning of the Bay of Pigs invasion. On February 7, 1961 he attended, for the Defense Department, a three-hour meeting in the office of Assistant Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]], chaired by [[Adolf Berle]] of the State Department's Latin American Task Force, with [[Richard Bissell]], [[Tracy Barnes]] and Colonel J. C. King of the CIA, [[Richard Goodwin]] of the White House staff and Haydn Williams of Defense.[^18] The President's appointment book places William Bundy at the White House meetings of March 11 (Trinidad plan, with Allen Dulles, Bissell, [[Robert S. McNamara]], [[Dean Rusk]] and McGeorge Bundy), March 15 and 16 (the revised Zapata plan) and March 29, 1961, at which the tentative D-Day of April 5 was postponed.[^19][^20][^21][^22] The Princeton finding aid places the Bay of Pigs deliberations in the years of his State Department post; the operation took place in April 1961, when he held the Defense appointment. The Post obituary describes his participation in those deliberations, and in those on the Cuban Missile Crisis, as part of his service as deputy assistant secretary of defense.[^1][^2]
In the summer of 1961, apparently at his instigation, an interagency group began meeting at lunch on Tuesdays. His record of the October 3, 1961 luncheon lists [[Walt Rostow]], [[U. Alexis Johnson]], George McGhee, Robert Amory, Bissell, Fowler, [[Paul Nitze]], General Parker and Bundy, and records a discussion of Vietnam.[^23] After the [[Maxwell Taylor]] mission to Vietnam, McNamara asked Bundy to draft a memorandum on whether the United States should make a "Berlin-type" commitment to Vietnam; the draft is dated November 5, 1961 and the editors of the Foreign Relations series state that Bundy recalled finishing it on a Sunday and sending it to the President only after extensive discussions with the Joint Chiefs and revisions to its last part.[^24] His drafts of a McNamara memorandum of November 8 (marked "Not used") and of a November 28 telegram to the Pacific commander are also printed.[^25]
In September 1963 Bundy accompanied McNamara to [[Vietnam]]; on October 3 he appears as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the record of the meeting that prepared the report on that trip, and an October 3 draft of its annex on Vietnam named him as drafter.[^26] On November 20, 1963, after the Honolulu meeting, McGeorge Bundy sent him a draft of National Security Action Memorandum 273 for comment.[^27] When [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] sent [[W. Averell Harriman]] a paper on "neutralization" of North Vietnam in December 1963, William Bundy, reviewing his papers after leaving State, called it "a bizarre aberration" that was "never considered or taken seriously by anyone, so far as I know."[^28]
### Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 1964 to 1969
Bundy held the post of Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (then titled Far Eastern Affairs) from 1964 to 1969.[^1] On May 15, 1964 he wrote to Rusk that Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. was urging covert air strikes against North Vietnam and that the record of Lodge's earlier talk with Rusk in Saigon did not support Lodge's account of it; he called Lodge "fairly woolly."[^29] The [[Pentagon Papers]] chronology records that President Johnson designated him coordinating executive in National Security Action Memorandum 288 and that on May 23, 1964 he presented members of the Southeast Asia executive committee a 30-day scenario of graduated military and political pressure on North Vietnam.[^30] On June 3, 1964, after the Honolulu conference, Bundy sent Rusk his notes, which McNamara, Taylor and [[John McCone]] also received; McGeorge Bundy wrote on the source text, "Hitting the North is required," and Johnson met the two Bundys with Rusk, McNamara, Taylor and McCone that evening.[^31]
The Pentagon Papers record that McGeorge Bundy's memorandum of June 15, 1964 announcing a meeting on a Congressional resolution on Southeast Asia enclosed a memorandum by W. P. Bundy dated June 12 on "Probable Developments and [the] Case for Congressional Resolution on Southeast Asia," together with a draft resolution.[^32] The chronology entry for that memorandum states that it "called for a Congressional Resolution right away to demonstrate U.S. resolve (especially to Souvanna and Khanh) and provide flexibility for executive action."[^33] A draft resolution on Southeast Asia prepared in the State Department is dated May 24, 1964; the editors describe it as among "working papers, no official standing" prepared for the executive committee meeting that day.[^34]
On August 4, 1964, the day of a second reported attack in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], Bundy was on vacation in Massachusetts. Rusk called him back to Washington.[^35] The National Security Council met that evening, and the summary of the meeting printed an attached "Draft Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia"; the editors state there is "no indication on the source text of the drafter."[^36] A Department of State telegram to the Embassy in Saigon sent at 6:35 p.m. that evening was drafted by [[Michael V. Forrestal]] and cleared by William Bundy.[^37] In a telephone call with Rusk on August 5, Bundy asked about the resolution; Rusk replied that McGeorge Bundy and [[George Ball]] were "going over the final touches," and asked him and [[John T. McNaughton]] to prepare a ten-minute statement for the next morning's House and Senate hearings.[^38] The Pentagon Papers chronology records that the President sent Congress a message requesting a joint resolution of support, and that "identical draft resolutions prepared by the executive branch" were introduced by Senator [[J. William Fulbright]] in the Senate and by Representative Morgan in the House.[^39]
A University of Houston Digital History essay describes Bundy as "one of the chief architects of the Vietnam War and coauthor of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution."[^40] A 1972 press item likewise described him as having been "an architect of U.S. policy in Vietnam" at the State Department.[^41]
In the NSC Principals' deliberations of late 1964, a working group paper of November 21, 1964, "Courses of Action in Southeast Asia," was drafted by William Bundy and McNaughton; the editors state that Bundy prepared a first draft on November 17 that was revised after the working group's meeting of November 19.[^42] The Pentagon Papers record that after the Principals' meeting of November 28 to 30 Bundy was charged with preparing a draft National Security Action Memorandum on a two-phase program, a thirty-day period of slightly increased pressure followed by air strikes against [[North Vietnam]], and that the Principals decided not to call his draft a memorandum.[^43]
On January 6, 1965 Bundy sent Rusk notes prepared with Forrestal and Leonard Unger on the South Vietnamese situation: "Saigon morale in all quarters is now very shaky indeed," he wrote, and he attributed it to a widespread feeling that the United States was "not ready for stronger action and indeed is possibly looking for a way out."[^44] On February 15 and 18, 1965 he sent Rusk a memorandum of unresolved questions on a negotiating position and a draft "Sequence of Actions" reflecting a proposal discussed that morning at the White House with the President, McGeorge Bundy, Ball and Ambassador Llewellyn Thompson.[^45] After helping Ball prepare his June 28, 1965 paper urging withdrawal, Bundy disagreed with its conclusion and wrote a "Middle Way" course of action sent to the President on July 1; the editors cite his unpublished memoir for the account.[^46]
The Foreign Relations volume on Indonesia, Malaysia-Singapore and the Philippines prints two memoranda addressed to Bundy by [[William Colby]], then Chief of the Far East Division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations: one of November 1, 1965 in the Philippines file and one of December 3, 1965 in the Indonesia file on State Department liaison.[^47] On November 5, 1965 Bundy sent Rusk an assessment of the Philippine election between [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and Diosdado Macapagal, drafted by the officer in charge of Philippine affairs.[^48]
### Newsweek, MIT and the Council on Foreign Relations, 1969 to 1972
Bundy left government in May 1969 and taught at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]; the Post wrote that he joined the staff of the Center for International Studies there for three years.[^1][^2] From 1970 to 1972 he was a part-time columnist for [[Newsweek]], rotating with George Ball and [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]].[^1] He served on the board of directors of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] from 1964 to 1972 and was a trustee of the [[American Assembly]] from 1964 to 1984.[^1] By the end of 1971, the Post reported, he had concluded that all United States forces should be withdrawn from Vietnam, and he said that the Johnson administration had made "considerable mistakes" in informing the public.[^2]
### Foreign Affairs, 1972 to 1984
A 1972 press item from the CIA reading room reports that Bundy would succeed [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]] as editor of Foreign Affairs, a post Armstrong had held for 43 years, beginning in the fall of 1972. The item describes him as a former Assistant Secretary of State who was then a senior research associate at MIT; Bundy says in it that he has "been in this field since 1951" and planned a book on American involvement in Vietnam, written as history rather than as a personal reminiscence.[^41] The Princeton finding aid gives his editorship as 1972 to 1984. Bundy donated the journal correspondence series to the Mudd Library of Princeton University in 1994.[^1]
From 1985 to 1987 he was a visiting professor at the [[Woodrow Wilson School]] of [[Princeton University]].[^1]
### A Tangled Web, 1998
After 1987 Bundy devoted his time to a critical history of American foreign policy in the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] and [[Henry Kissinger|Kissinger]] period, including the later years of the [[Vietnam War]]. The book was published in 1998 as *A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency*.[^1][^49] The Post quoted a Book World review calling it "a sharply critical study of the Nixon-Kissinger foreign policy."[^2]
### Death
Bundy died of heart ailments on October 6, 2000, at age 83, at his home in Princeton, New Jersey.[^1][^2] His papers are held at the Princeton University Library as the William P. Bundy Papers (MC189).[^1]
### Footnotes
[^1]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189
[^2]: Bart Barnes, "William Bundy, Dies," *The Washington Post*, October 7, 2000, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/10/07/william-bundy-dies/1348f410-94d0-40cb-9ee9-d8fad6603457/
[^3]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (Trine Day, 2002 edition), section "Harvey Hollister Bundy," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^4]: Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), ch. VII, p. 193 (appointment of Harvey H. Bundy as Assistant Secretary, after the death of an officer named Cotton).
[^5]: "Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting, Thursday, 31 May 1945," signed R. Gordon Arneson, Secretary, Records of the Army Corps of Engineers (RG 77), Manhattan Engineer District, Harrison-Bundy files, folder 100, in National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 162, Document 12, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/12.pdf
[^6]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, sections "William P. Bundy" and the Bundy family (children of Harvey Hollister Bundy; Covington & Burling; the 1953 McCarthy passage), https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^7]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, section "The Whitney-Stimson-Bundy-Acheson Chain of Influence," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^8]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment*, index of members by class year, entry "1939 William Putnam Bundy CIA, Editor Foreign Affairs," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^9]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977.
[^10]: "Skull & Bones," *Covert Action Information Bulletin* no. 33 (Winter 1990), pp. 20-22 (passages on William Bundy, including the foreword to *The Counter-Insurgency Era*).
[^11]: Letter from the Central Intelligence Agency to Joseph R. McCarthy, July 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080014-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080014-6
[^12]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953 (including the text of Dulles to McCarthy, August 1, 1953), CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
[^13]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^14]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, "Information Concerning Allen W. Dulles," July 10, 1953, in FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31, https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^15]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^16]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9
[^17]: FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31 (syndicated column on Senator Monroney's Senate speech, 1953, and Bureau memorandum on adverse publicity concerning the CIA, August 1953), https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^18]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 38, Memorandum for the Record, "Meeting on Cuba," February 7, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d38
[^19]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 59, editorial note on the White House meeting of March 11, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d59
[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 65, editorial note on the meeting of March 15, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d65
[^21]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 66, editorial note on the meeting of March 16, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d66
[^22]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 74, editorial note on the meeting of March 29, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d74
[^23]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, Vietnam, 1961, doc. 144, Memorandum for the Record by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (Bundy), October 5, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d144
[^24]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, doc. 214, Draft Memorandum From the Secretary of Defense to the President, November 5, 1961, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d214
[^25]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. I, doc. 226 (draft of November 8, 1961) and doc. 289 (telegram of November 28, 1961), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d226
[^26]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, Vietnam, August-December 1963, doc. 150 (September 26, 1963), doc. 172 (October 3, 1963) and doc. 175 (annex, October 4, 1963), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d175
[^27]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 331, National Security Action Memorandum No. 273 and editorial note, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d331
[^28]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 342, Lodge to Harriman, December 3, 1963, and footnote 4 quoting Bundy's papers, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d342
[^29]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, Vietnam, 1964, doc. 158, Bundy to Rusk, May 15, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d158
[^30]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), chronology entry for May 23, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^31]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 193, Bundy to Rusk, "Highlights of Honolulu Conference," June 3, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d193
[^32]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, account of the June 15, 1964 meeting and its six enclosures, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^33]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology, p. 128, entry for June 12, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 169, Draft Congressional Resolution Prepared in the Department of State, May 24, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d169
[^35]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 276, editorial note on the August 4, 1964 meeting, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d276
[^36]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 278, "Summary Notes of the 538th Meeting of the National Security Council," August 4, 1964, with attached "Draft Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia," https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d278
[^37]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 279, Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, August 4, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d279
[^38]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 293, Memorandum of a Telephone Conversation Between the Secretary of State and the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy), August 5, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d293
[^39]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology entries for August 5 to 11, 1964, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^40]: University of Houston Digital History, William Bundy biography in the Vietnam exploration, https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/vietnam/bundy2.cfm
[^41]: "William Bundy to Head Foreign Affairs Journal," press item, 1972, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP88-01314R000100540012-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01314r000100540012-3
[^42]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. I, doc. 418, Paper Prepared by the National Security Council Working Group, "Courses of Action in Southeast Asia," November 21, 1964, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d418
[^43]: *The Pentagon Papers*, Gravel edition, vol. III, chronology, p. 136, and "Military Pressures Against North Vietnam, Feb. 1964-Jan. 1965," p. 245, https://archive.org/details/pentagonpapersde02beac
[^44]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. II, Vietnam, January-June 1965, doc. 15, Bundy to Rusk, January 6, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d15
[^45]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. II, doc. 122 (Bundy to Rusk, February 15, 1965) and doc. 136 (draft paper, February 18, 1965), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v02/d136
[^46]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. III, Vietnam, June-December 1965, doc. 41, Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy), July 1, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v03/d41
[^47]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines, doc. 316 (Colby to Bundy, November 1, 1965) and doc. 180 (Colby to Bundy, December 3, 1965), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/d180
[^48]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXVI, doc. 317, Bundy to Rusk, "Philippine National Elections," November 5, 1965, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/d317
[^49]: William P. Bundy, *A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency* (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), catalogue record, https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ja/recordID/1000161811