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---
aliases:
- E. Roland Harriman
- Roland Harriman
- Edward Roland Noel Harriman
- Edward Roland Harriman
- E. R. N. Harriman
- Bunny Harriman
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- BrownBrothersHarriman
- SkullAndBones
- UnionBankingCorporation
- UnionPacific
- AmericanRedCross
- ThyssenFamily
- AlienPropertyCustodian
- HarnessRacing
- Banking
- Harriman
summary: "E. Roland Harriman, Averell Harriman's brother, chaired the Union Pacific from 1946 to 1969, led the American Red Cross from 1950 to 1973, and held 3,991 of the 4,000 Union Banking shares vested in 1942."
born: 1895-12-24
died: 1978-02-16
location: "New York, New York"
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: relative_of
with: "[[W. Averell Harriman]]"
role: "Brother"
fn: 1
- type: relative_of
with: "[[E. H. Harriman]]"
role: "Son"
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1917
role: "Member, Yale class of 1917"
fn: 1
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Gladys C. C. Fries]]"
start: 1917
role: "Wife"
fn: 5
- type: employed_by
with: "[[W. A. Harriman & Co.]]"
start: 1920
role: "Vice president, per Millegan and Sutton's 1932 directors table"
fn: 9
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Brown Brothers Harriman]]"
start: 1926
role: "Partner of Harriman Brothers & Co. from October 30, 1926; partner of the merged firm from January 1, 1931"
fn: 13
- type: director_of
with: "[[Union Pacific Railroad]]"
start: 1920
role: "Director from 1920; listed in the annual reports for 1926 to 1930"
fn: 15
- type: head_of
with: "[[Union Pacific Railroad]]"
start: 1946
end: 1969
role: "Chairman of the Board of Directors; honorary chairman from January 30, 1969 until his death"
fn: 15
- type: director_of
with: "[[Union Banking Corporation]]"
start: 1932
role: "Director in the 1932 table of Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler"
fn: 24
- type: owned
with: "[[Union Banking Corporation]]"
start: 1942
end: 1942
role: "Registered holder of 3,991 of 4,000 shares in Vesting Order Number 248, October 20, 1942"
fn: 28
- type: director_of
with: "[[Newsweek]]"
role: "Director, per Sutton (1976); no dates given"
fn: 23
- type: head_of
with: "[[American Red Cross]]"
start: 1950
end: 1973
role: "President from December 1, 1950; styled chairman by 1955; principal officer under the presidential appointment until his resignation effective March 31, 1973"
fn: 41
- type: member_of
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
role: "Listed in the November 1951 table of corporations with officers who are members"
fn: 43
- type: head_of
with: "[[Hambletonian Society]]"
start: 1970
role: "Chairman of the board, per the Society's 1975 commemorative booklet"
fn: 49
- type: head_of
with: "[[Boys' Clubs of New York]]"
start: 1962
role: "Chairman of the board, per Creamer (1962) and Kouwenhoven (1968)"
fn: 52
---
E. Roland Harriman (Edward Roland Noel Harriman, December 24, 1895 to February 16, 1978) was the younger son of the railroad financier [[E. H. Harriman]] and the brother of [[W. Averell Harriman]]. He was a member of [[Skull and Bones]] in the [[Yale University]] class of 1917, organized the banking house of [[Harriman Brothers & Co.]] with his brother, became a partner of [[Brown Brothers Harriman]], and was the largest registered holder of [[Union Banking Corporation]] when the [[Alien Property Custodian]] vested the company in 1942. He was chairman of the board of the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] from 1946 to 1969 and, by appointment of the President of the United States, the principal officer of the [[American Red Cross]] from December 1, 1950 to March 31, 1973.[^1]
### Childhood and Yale
The Yale class history of 1917 gives his birth date as December 24, 1895, in New York City, and lists his schooling as the Bovee School, the Pine Lodge School in Lakewood, New Jersey, and [[Groton School]]. It records his father as E. H. Harriman, who died in 1909 at Arden, New York, and his mother as Mary Williamson (Averell) Harriman. The entry states that "There are two sons and three daughters in the family." Its list of Yale relatives names Averell Harriman of the class of 1913, described as a brother, and George Brown of the class of 1918. He rowed on the freshman and varsity crews, was a governor of the [[University Club]], and served on the Triennial Committee. The entry reads "He is a member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones." It states that he expected to enter the railroad business and gives Arden, New York, as his permanent address.[^1]
[[Antony C. Sutton]] wrote that the elder Harriman "sent both his sons to Yale," and that "William Averell Harriman (113) and Edward Roland Noel Harriman (17) joined The Order."[^2] The membership list in the 2003 compilation *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones*, edited by [[Kris Millegan]], places him among the senior society members of the class of 1917.[^3]
Two early associations recur in the later record. [[John A. Kouwenhoven]] recorded that Roland Harriman and [[Robert A. Lovett]] met in 1903, when both were eight years old, and that the two boys became friends. He also recorded that in 1915 Harriman took a group of friends, among them [[Ellery Sedgwick James]], on the family yacht to San Francisco.[^4] He married Gladys Fries of New York City in 1917, the year he graduated from Yale.[^5]
His mother, Mary Williamson Averell Harriman, established the [[Eugenics Record Office]] at [[Cold Spring Harbor]] in October 1910, according to a report in the [[New York Times]]; the report states that she provided funds for the office and its annual running expenses, that her contributions over eight years exceeded 500,000 dollars, and that [[John D. Rockefeller]] and others gave additional assistance.[^6] The Cold Spring Harbor image archive on the American eugenics movement lists the 1910 donation by the widow of E. H. Harriman as 10,000 dollars and holds the letter from [[Charles Davenport]] to Mrs. E. H. Harriman, and the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]] accepted the office from her as a gift.[^7] Land given to New York State by his mother after his father's death forms the greater part of Harriman State Park.[^5]
### W. A. Harriman & Co. and Harriman Brothers & Co.
The [[Time]] report of December 1930 stated that "In 1919 William Averell Harriman and his brother, Edward Roland Noel Harriman, formed W. A. Harriman & Co."[^8] Millegan wrote that Averell "hired his little brother Edward Roland 'Bunny' Harriman as a vice president" of the firm.[^9] Sutton's 1976 account gives a later date for the same firm: "In 1922 Roland and Averell formed W. A. Harriman & Company."[^10]
[[Garry Wills]] wrote that the bank Harriman Brothers & Co. "was not founded until 1926," by which time the brothers were confident enough to place a classmate, [[Knight Woolley]], in its presidency.[^11]
The banking house Roland Harriman and his brother organized, Harriman Brothers & Co., preceded the 1930 merger with Brown Brothers.[^12] The firm's partner table gives October 30, 1926, as Roland Harriman's date of partnership, describes him as co-founder with his brother of W. A. Harriman & Co., and gives January 1, 1931, as his date in the merged firm, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., where he is listed as resident in New York.[^13]
The merger was announced in December 1930. The Time report counted sixteen partners in the new firm, eleven of them Yale graduates, and named Ellery Sedgwick James as a classmate of Roland Harriman, [[Prescott Bush]] and Knight Woolley.[^8] James had talked with Roland Harriman about "working under one roof" even before the stock market crash of 1929, and the merger had probably been "in the cards" since 1903.[^14]
### Union Pacific
The Union Pacific's annual report for 1968 states that his service began in 1920, when he was elected a director of the company.[^15] The annual reports for 1926 to 1930 list E. Roland Harriman of Arden, New York, among the directors, with his brother W. A. Harriman and, as chairman of the board, Judge [[Robert Scott Lovett]].[^16] Robert Lovett was elected a director in 1926, at a time when "Both Averell and Roland Harriman were directors of the road."[^17] The Library of Congress chronology for the papers of Averell Harriman gives his chairmanship of the board of the Union Pacific as 1932 to 1946.[^18]
The company's report for 1968 states that Roland Harriman had been chairman of the board of directors of the railroad since 1946.[^15] On November 2, 1950, [[Harry S. Truman]] described him at a news conference as a partner in Brown Brothers Harriman "and chairman of the board of directors of the Union Pacific Railroad."[^19] The reports for 1951, 1955, 1959, 1960 and 1965 print his name at the head of the directors as chairman, with Robert A. Lovett as chairman of the executive committee in the report for 1955.[^20] He was primarily responsible, the 1968 report states, for the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Foundation in 1955.[^15]
On January 30, 1969, the company announced a new holding company, Union Pacific Corporation. [[Frank E. Barnett]], chief executive officer of the railroad since January 1, 1967, was elected chairman of the board and chief executive; Harriman became honorary chairman, remaining a director, a member of the executive committee and chairman of the trustees of the Foundation.[^15] The reports of the holding company list him as honorary chairman and as a partner of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. through 1975.[^21] The report for 1978 records that he served as chairman from 1946 to 1969 and as honorary chairman until his death on February 16, 1978, and that his service spanned nearly sixty years.[^22]
Sutton wrote in 1976 that "Still later Roland became chairman of the board of Union Pacific Railroad," and he also named Roland Harriman a director of [[Newsweek]] and of the [[Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York]], a member of the board of governors of the American Red Cross, and a member of the [[American Museum of Natural History]].[^23]
### Union Banking Corporation
Sutton's 1976 table of the directors of the Union Banking Corporation for 1932 lists "E. Roland HARRIMAN" as "Vice president of W. A. Harriman & Co., New York," and states in the text that he was a director of the company. Sutton described the corporation as "a joint Thyssen-Harriman operation" and as controlled by the [[Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart]] of Rotterdam, which he called a Thyssen front bank in Holland.[^24] Sutton called [[H. J. Kouwenhoven]], listed in the same table, Roland Harriman's "fellow-director" at the company.[^25] His 1983 book lists eight directors for 1932 in its section "The Union Banking Connection."[^26]
A Treasury Department memorandum from Mr. May to [[J. W. Pehle]], dated August 18, 1941, with reference 9-151, reports that the investigation "produced no evidence as to the ownership of this Dutch bank." It records that the corporation was wholly owned by the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, that gold purchases of more than eight million dollars were made in 1931 to 1933, of which $3,085,000 was delivered to the [[Federal Reserve Bank]] on June 15, 1934, and that in the fall of 1938 the corporation held two million dollars in currency in a New York safe deposit box, later deposited in its account with Brown Brothers Harriman.[^27]
On October 20, 1942, the Alien Property Custodian, [[Leo T. Crowley]], signed Vesting Order Number 248 under the [[Trading with the Enemy Act]]. The order vested "all of the capital stock of Union Banking Corporation, a New York corporation," consisting of 4,000 shares of $100 par value common stock. It names the registered owners and their holdings: E. Roland Harriman, 3,991 shares; [[Cornelius Lievense]], 4; [[Harold D. Pennington]], 1; [[Ray Morris]], 1; Prescott S. Bush, 1; H. J. Kouwenhoven, 1; and [[Johann G. Groeninger]], 1. The order states that the shares were held for the benefit of the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, N.V., of Rotterdam, "which bank is owned or controlled by members of the [[Thyssen family]], nationals of Germany and/or Hungary." The order was filed November 6, 1942, under F.R. Doc. 42-11568, and published in the [[Federal Register]] of November 7, 1942, at pages 9097 and 9098.[^28] Four of the seven registered holders are listed in the Brown Brothers Harriman partner table.[^13]
The vesting order for [[Holland-American Trading Corporation]], executed October 28, 1942, and published in the Federal Register of December 19, 1942, lists Roland Harriman as the registered holder of 491 of its 500 shares. Lievense holds 4, and Pennington, Ray Morris, Knight Woolley, H. J. Kouwenhoven and Groeninger one share each.[^29] The [[Guardian]] reported in 2004 that the incorporation documents of the Union Banking Corporation list [[George H. W. Bush]]'s father, Prescott Bush, as one of seven directors.[^30]
### World War II
During [[World War II]], Roland Harriman was manager of the North Atlantic Area of the American Red Cross, and the firm's partners devoted much of their time to war work. Prescott Bush became national campaign chairman of the combined wartime fund drives in 1942.[^31] After the war he became a member of the Red Cross board of governors, then its vice chairman, and in 1947 chaired the committee on reorganization of the society.[^19]
### Red Cross, 1950 to 1973
On November 2, 1950, Truman announced at a White House news conference that Harriman would succeed General [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]] as president of the American Red Cross on December 1, 1950. Marshall had held the post since September 22, 1949, and had continued in it after his appointment as [[United States Secretary of Defense]]. Truman described Harriman as a brother of Averell Harriman, then Special Assistant to the President.[^19] The post was held by presidential appointment under the congressional charter of the society. Kouwenhoven wrote that Harriman was reappointed by Presidents [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].[^32]
Truman addressed him as president of the society in letters of April 1951, on the 1951 fund campaign, and July 1951, on the flood disaster in Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma.[^33] On January 9, 1953, Harriman wrote to President-elect Eisenhower that, under the by-laws and by tradition, the President of the United States becomes honorary chairman of the Red Cross; Eisenhower accepted on January 24, 1953, in a letter addressed to Harriman as president.[^34] At the society's convention of June 24, 1953, Eisenhower told the audience that Harriman had come to his office to say that his term was up, and had been told, "As long as I am there, as far as I am concerned, he will be here."[^35]
By August 1955 the title had changed. Eisenhower referred to a telegram from "E. Roland Harriman, Chairman of the Red Cross" during the hurricane and flood disaster in the northeastern states, and the following day to Harriman as the Chairman, who would make the allocations to the stricken areas.[^36] A Red Cross news release of early 1956, preserved in a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] file, announces an additional appeal of eight million dollars after "the worst disaster year in American history," relayed by Harriman as chairman after a meeting of the executive committee of the board of governors, on a report from [[Ellsworth Bunker]] as president.[^37] On November 29, 1956 Eisenhower released a telegram from Harriman as chairman supporting the emergency appeal for Hungarian relief, and at the national convention of May 20, 1957 the President's opening words addressed Harriman as chairman and General [[Alfred M. Gruenther]] as president.[^38]
The society's annual report for the year ended June 30, 1959, lists Harriman as chairman and corporate officer, with Gruenther as president and General [[Lucius D. Clay]] among the vice chairmen. The members of the board of governors appointed by the President of the United States were Harriman, [[Loy W. Henderson]], Deputy Under Secretary of State; Julian B. Baird, Under Secretary of the Treasury; [[Thomas S. Gates Jr.]], Deputy Secretary of Defense; Charles C. Finucane, Assistant Secretary of Defense; and Dr. Frank Brown Berry, Assistant Secretary of Defense. The elected members included a physicist from Los Alamos, New Mexico, and the Secretary of the Treasury was honorary treasurer. A copy of the report sits in a CIA file with a letter of February 19, 1960 from [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] to Gruenther.[^39]
On May 13, 1971, [[Richard Nixon]] wrote to "Chairman, American National Red Cross" Harriman reappointing him as governor of the corporation for a term of three years from June 12, 1971, and designating him to act as the principal officer of the corporation with such title and functions as the by-laws prescribe. At the convention the following week Nixon noted that Harriman was about to serve his eighth term as chairman.[^40] On February 19, 1973, the White House announced that [[Frank Stanton]] would be appointed to succeed Harriman as principal officer and member of the board of governors, effective April 1, 1973; the announcement states that Harriman resigned effective March 31, 1973, and that he had held the two positions since December 1, 1950.[^41] The society's 1977 annual report lists Stanton as chairman of the Board of Governors and [[Jimmy Carter]] as honorary chairman.[^42]
### Council on Foreign Relations
A November 1951 table of corporations with officers who were members of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], held in a CIA Reading Room document, lists Brown Brothers Harriman with E. Roland Harriman, Ray Morris, Knight Woolley and Thomas McCance. The same document lists him among the individual contributors to the Council's 25th Anniversary Fund for 1946 to 1950, with the notation "over 5 years."[^43]
### Harness racing
Robert Creamer's Sports Illustrated profile of July 9, 1962, "Harriman of Goshen," describes him as chairman of the Union Pacific, an active partner of Brown Brothers Harriman, head of the American Red Cross for more than a decade, chairman of the Boys' Clubs of New York, and the owner of the Arden Homestead in the Ramapo hills.[^44] He began driving trotting horses as a boy and drove in the Saturday matinee races at Goshen, New York by the age of fifteen or sixteen. He recalled that his father bought the site of Good Time Park because he wanted land to straighten a curve in the Erie Railroad, and decided to keep the track; the Historic Track in the village he described as bought earlier.[^44] The history of Goshen published in 1960 states that E. H. Harriman leased the Historic Track in 1894, that the Orange County Driving Park Association, its owner, remained under controlling interest of the Harriman family, that Roland Harriman had been the mainstay of the track and of the sport for nearly forty years, and that in 1926 William H. Cane purchased the Good Time course from the Harriman brothers.[^45]
According to Creamer, Harriman invited some twenty leading breeders and owners to dinner at his home in New York in the 1920s, after the publication of the breeding register and year book had lapsed in 1923, and told them that trotting was "going to hell in a hack." The group formed the Trotting Horse Club of America. Harriman went to Chicago and bought the Register and the Year Book, which he gave to the club. The Hambletonian Society, separate from the club but similar in membership, established the Hambletonian Stake.[^44] The Society's 1975 commemorative booklet reproduces a wire sent by Harriman to racing leaders around the country inviting them to a gathering of "committee of fifty best friends of trotting" at Indianapolis on November 11 to 13, "to discuss these matters for the good of our sport," and states that the current United States Trotting Association sprang from it.[^46] Creamer quotes him on the decade of effort to unify the three rival associations, and quotes the veteran trotting man Lawrence Sheppard that "Harriman was responsible for the formation of the Trotting Club, and he played a leading role in the establishment of the U.S. Trotting Association."[^44] A history of the sport published in 1970 records that the presidency of the association was offered to Harriman and that he declined.[^47]
Harriman and his nephew, Major [[Elbridge T. Gerry]], owned the colt Titan Hanover, driven by Harry Pownall, which won the Hambletonian Stake at Good Time Park on August 8, 1945, in a field of nineteen; the racing commission barred wagering on the colt.[^48] Creamer lists Star's Pride, owned jointly with Lawrence B. Sheppard, and Horican as other Harriman trotters, names his wife as the first woman to drive a harness horse a mile in better than two minutes, and gives Harriman and Gerry as partners in the Arden Homestead Stable and the Orange County Driving Park Association.[^44] The booklet of 1975 lists E. Roland Harriman as chairman of the board of the Hambletonian Society, and a history of the sport of 1970 lists him in the same office.[^49] He presented the Hambletonian trophy to the winning owner in the races the booklet reports, including the last Hambletonian held at Goshen, in 1956.[^50]
### Other offices
Creamer wrote that Harriman built the Bear Mountain Bridge, the first major bridge to span the Hudson River and the longest suspension bridge in the world when it opened in 1924, as a private venture under state charter that reverted to state control in 1940.[^44] A history of the Harriman trails records Roland Harriman as president of the bridge company, which opened the bridge on Thanksgiving Day 1924.[^51]
E. H. Harriman founded the first of the Boys' Clubs in a basement on Tompkins Square in New York. After his death his sons continued to support and direct the clubs' work, and Roland Harriman was chairman of the board of the clubs in 1962 and, as Kouwenhoven wrote in 1968, was then chairman.[^52]
### Politics
Wills wrote that Roland Harriman balanced his brother's close ties to Franklin D. Roosevelt by donating heavily to the Republicans.[^53] In 1946 Prescott Bush asked his permission to seek a seat in the House of Representatives. Wills wrote that Roland Harriman said a House race was beneath a Brown Brothers Harriman partner and that it might be different for the Senate.[^53] Prescott Bush served as a United States senator from Connecticut from 1952 to 1962.[^54] Creamer quoted him on his brother: "He and I are on opposite sides of the fence politically, but it's never caused the slightest difficulty between us," adding, "Ave is my favorite Democrat."[^44]
### Philanthropy, memoir and death
The Gladys and Roland Harriman Foundation gave one million dollars to the Society of the New York Hospital to establish a professorship in geriatrics, an endowment that the hospital's annual report attributes to Mrs. E. Roland Harriman and "the late Mr. Harriman."[^55] His memoir, *I Reminisce*, was published by Doubleday in 1975 and runs to 280 pages.[^56]
The Library of Congress finding aid for the papers of Averell Harriman gives Roland Harriman's dates as 1895 to 1978. It lists a family folder labeled "Harriman, E. Roland (brother) and Gladys, 1906-1972," a correspondence file labeled "Harriman, E. Roland, 1925-1934," and a folder of condolences "on his death, 1978."[^57] A finding aid for the Brown Brothers Harriman records at [[New York University]] indexes him under the same dates.[^58]
### Footnotes
[^1]: *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen, Yale College*, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1917), entry for Edward Roland Noel Harriman, "Bunny," pp. 105 to 106 in the class history's biographical section. https://archive.org/details/historyofclassofOOmurr
[^2]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), section "The Harriman Family," and index of members by class year, class of 1917. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^3]: Kris Millegan, ed., *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society* (Trine Day, 2003), membership list "Senior Society, Class of 1917." https://archive.org/details/fleshing_out_skull_and_bones
[^4]: John A. Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking: An Historical Portrait of a Great Private Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 1818-1968* (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968), pp. 16 to 17. https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankinganhistoricalportraitofagreatprivateb
[^5]: Robert Creamer, "Harriman of Goshen," *Sports Illustrated*, July 9, 1962, pp. 32 to 37, passages on his marriage in 1917 and on Harriman State Park. https://archive.org/details/Sports-Illustrated-1962-07-09
[^6]: "Harriman philanthropy to have a board of scientific directors," *The New York Times*, as transcribed by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory DNA Learning Center: the office "was established at Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., in October, 1910, by Mrs. E. H. Harriman"; her contributions over an eight-year period "amounted to more than $500,000"; "additional assistance of John D. Rockefeller and others." https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/10495-%2DHarriman-philanthropy-to-have-a-board-of-scientific-directors-The-New-York-Times.html
[^7]: Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, theme "Eugenics Record Office (ERO)," including the 1910 donation of 10,000 dollars by the widow of E. H. Harriman, a Davenport letter to Mrs. E. H. Harriman, and "Transfer of ERO," *Eugenical News* vol. 3. https://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/static/themes/20.html
[^8]: "Business: Brown-Harriman," *Time*, December 22, 1930. https://time.com/archive/6746405/business-brown-harriman/
[^9]: Millegan, *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones* (2003), p. 39, chapter on the business ties of the 1920s.
[^10]: Antony C. Sutton, *Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler* (1976), pp. 106 to 107.
[^11]: Garry Wills, "Father Knows Best," *The New York Review of Books*, November 5, 1992, account of the Harriman firms and Bush's partnership. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^12]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), pp. 9 to 10, account of the 1930 merger.
[^13]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), partner table, pp. 231 to 235.
[^14]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), pp. 16 to 17, account of the 1930 merger and of James's talk with Harriman before the 1929 crash.
[^15]: Union Pacific Railroad Company, *Annual Report* for 1968, "Chairman Harriman" and "Top Management Changes." https://archive.org/details/001-union-pacific-annual-reports
[^16]: Union Pacific Railroad Company, annual reports for 1926 through 1930, lists of directors (December 31 of each year). https://archive.org/details/001-union-pacific-annual-reports
[^17]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), pp. 16 to 17, account of Robert A. Lovett's 1926 election as a Union Pacific director.
[^18]: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, *W. Averell Harriman Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress* (revised 2016), biographical note, entries for 1932 to 1946. https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003012
[^19]: Harry S. Truman, The President's News Conference, November 2, 1950, item 1, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-574
[^20]: Union Pacific Railroad Company, annual reports for 1951, 1955, 1959, 1960 and 1965, lists of directors and officers. https://archive.org/details/001-union-pacific-annual-reports
[^21]: Union Pacific Corporation, annual reports for 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974 and 1975, lists of directors. https://archive.org/details/001-union-pacific-annual-reports
[^22]: Union Pacific Corporation, *Annual Report 1978*, notice of the death of E. Roland Harriman. https://archive.org/details/001-union-pacific-annual-reports
[^23]: Sutton, *Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler* (1976), pp. 106 to 107.
[^24]: Sutton, *Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler* (1976), p. 103 (Table 7-1 and text on the 1932 directors and the joint Thyssen-Harriman operation).
[^25]: Sutton, *Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler* (1976), p. 107.
[^26]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), section "The Union Banking Connection," with the table of the eight directors in 1932.
[^27]: Treasury Department memorandum, Mr. May to Mr. J. W. Pehle, August 18, 1941, "Re: Union Banking Corporation," ref. 9-151, with handwritten notation by J. W. Pehle, declassified by NARA (authority NND 960103). Copy in an archive.org collection of Bush-related documents. https://archive.org/details/BushDocuments0008b-LetterJ.W.PebleToMay
[^28]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order Number 248, "All of the Capital Stock of Union Banking Corporation and Certain Indebtedness Owing by It," executed October 20, 1942, signed Leo T. Crowley, F.R. Doc. 42-11568, filed November 6, 1942, 7 *Federal Register* 9097 (November 7, 1942). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1942-11-07/pdf/FR-1942-11-07.pdf
[^29]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order Number 261, "All of the Capital Stock of Holland-American Trading Corporation," executed October 28, 1942 (F.R. Doc. 42-13532, filed December 18, 1942), *Federal Register* 7 (December 19, 1942), p. 10627, holder table of 500 shares. https://archive.org/details/sim_federal-register-find_1942-12-19_7_248
[^30]: Ben Aris and Duncan Campbell, "How Bush's grandfather helped Hitler's rise to power," *The Guardian*, September 25, 2004, quoting the incorporation documents. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
[^31]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), p. 203 (war work of the partners).
[^32]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), p. 203 (post-war public service of the partners; index entry "American Red Cross work of, 203").
[^33]: Harry S. Truman, Letter to the President of the Red Cross on the Progress of the Fund Campaign, April 5, 1951 (released April 6), and Letter to the President, American National Red Cross, on the Flood Disaster Areas in the Middle West, July 19, 1951, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-the-president-the-red-cross-the-progress-the-fund-campaign and https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-the-president-american-national-red-cross-the-flood-disaster-areas-the-middle-west
[^34]: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Letter to the President of the American National Red Cross Accepting the Position of Honorary Chairman, released January 29, 1953, dated January 24, 1953, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-the-president-the-american-national-red-cross-accepting-the-position-honorary
[^35]: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Remarks at the American Red Cross Convention, June 24, 1953, with the editors' note that "Mr. Harriman" was E. Roland Harriman, President of the American National Red Cross. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-american-red-cross-convention
[^36]: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Remarks on the Hurricane-Flood Disaster in the Northeastern States, August 22, 1955, and Remarks Following a Meeting With the Governors of Flood-Stricken States at Bradley Field, Hartford, Connecticut, August 23, 1955. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-hurricane-flood-disaster-the-northeastern-states and https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-following-meeting-with-the-governors-flood-stricken-states-bradley-field-hartford
[^37]: American National Red Cross News Service, "'Worst Disaster Year' Forces Raise in Red Cross Fund Quotas," 1956, CIA-RDP78-04718A002200010023-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp78-04718a002200010023-3
[^38]: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Statement in Support of Red Cross Disaster Appeal for Relief in Hungary, November 29, 1956, and Remarks at the Opening of the National Convention of the American Red Cross, May 20, 1957, with the editors' note identifying Harriman and Gruenther as Chairman and President. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-support-red-cross-disaster-appeal-for-relief-hungary-and-hungarian and https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-opening-the-national-convention-the-american-red-cross
[^39]: *The American National Red Cross Annual Report for the year ended June 30, 1959*, lists of the Board of Governors and corporate officers, with letter from Allen W. Dulles of February 19, 1960, CIA-RDP80B01676R003600060072-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003600060072-0
[^40]: Richard Nixon, Letter Reappointing E. Roland Harriman as Chairman of the American National Red Cross (dated May 13, 1971, released May 15), and Remarks at the Annual Convention of the American National Red Cross, May 19, 1971, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-reappointing-e-roland-harriman-chairman-the-american-national-red-cross and https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-annual-convention-the-american-national-red-cross
[^41]: "Announcement of Appointment of Frank Stanton as Principal Officer and a Member of the Board of Governors of the Red Cross," February 19, 1973, *Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents*, vol. 9, no. 8 (February 26, 1973). https://archive.org/details/sim_weekly-compilation-of-presidential-documents_1973-02-26_9_8
[^42]: *The American National Red Cross, 1977 Annual Report*, list of the Board of Governors and officers. https://archive.org/details/americannational0000amer
[^43]: Council on Foreign Relations, Receipts (1946-1951), Research Budget, with Contributions of Corporations, Individual Contributions to the 25th Anniversary Fund and Corporations with Officers who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, November 1951, 8 pages, CIA-RDP80R01731R001100170005-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001100170005-1
[^44]: Robert Creamer, "Harriman of Goshen," *Sports Illustrated*, July 9, 1962, pp. 32 to 37. https://archive.org/details/Sports-Illustrated-1962-07-09
[^45]: Elizabeth Sharts, *Land o' Goshen, Then and Now* (Goshen, N.Y.: The Bookmill, 1960), chapter on the Historic Track. https://archive.org/details/landogoshenthenn00shar_0
[^46]: Fred Huff, *The Hambletonian, 1926-1975* (Hayes Fair Acres, Inc., 1975), the Hambletonian Society's 50th anniversary booklet, text on the 1930s. https://archive.org/details/hambiltonian
[^47]: Philip A. Pines, *The Complete Book of Harness Racing* (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1970), entry on the United States Trotting Association and its first presidency. https://archive.org/details/completebookofha00pine
[^48]: Tom Gahagan, "Titan Hanover Wins the Hambletonian," reprinted in Huff, *The Hambletonian, 1926-1975* (1975), with photographs of the owner and the cup. https://archive.org/details/hambiltonian
[^49]: Huff, *The Hambletonian, 1926-1975* (1975), list of officers; Pines, *The Complete Book of Harness Racing* (1970), list of Hambletonian Society officers. https://archive.org/details/hambiltonian
[^50]: Huff, *The Hambletonian, 1926-1975* (1975), photograph captions of the 1956 Hambletonian at Goshen and of the trophy presentation to Gibson White. https://archive.org/details/hambiltonian
[^51]: William J. Myles, *Harriman Trails: A Guide and History* (New York-New Jersey Trail Conference, 2010 edition), passage on the Bear Mountain Bridge. https://archive.org/details/harrimantrailsgu0000myle_c5b2
[^52]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), p. 139 (passage on the Boys' Clubs founded by E. H. Harriman; index entry "Boys' Clubs, 139"); Creamer, "Harriman of Goshen" (1962).
[^53]: Wills, "Father Knows Best" (1992), account of Roland Harriman's political giving and of the 1946 House seat. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^54]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), p. 203 (passage on the partners' public service after 1945).
[^55]: *Annual Report*, The Society of the New York Hospital, report year following Harriman's death, notice of the Irving Sherwood Wright Professorship in Geriatrics. https://archive.org/details/annualreportsoci1976newy
[^56]: E. Roland Harriman, *I Reminisce* (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975), 280 pages, Open Library record. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7090329W
[^57]: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, *W. Averell Harriman Papers* finding aid (2016), name index entry "Harriman, E. Roland (Edward Roland), 1895-1978," family series Box 2 ("Harriman, E. Roland (brother) and Gladys, 1906-1972"), general correspondence Box 28 ("Harriman, E. Roland, 1925-1934"), and Box 7 ("Harriman, E. Roland, condolences on his death, 1978"). https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003012
[^58]: New York University Special Collections, *Guide to the Brown Brothers Harriman Records, 1696-1973, 1995*, MS 78, name index entry "Harriman, E. Roland (Edward Roland), 1895-1978."

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---
aliases:
- Henry R. Luce
- Henry Robinson Luce
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- TimeInc
- Life
- Fortune
- SkullAndBones
- YaleUniversity
- AmericanCentury
- CIAMedia
- CDJackson
- ChinaLobby
- UnitedChinaRelief
- NationalWarFund
- Zapruder
- LSD
- ClareBoothe
- CenturyGroup
summary: "Henry Robinson Luce, Yale class of 1920 and co-founder of Time Inc., whose 1941 essay on the American Century ran in Life, and whose associates appear in CIA, psychological warfare, Zapruder film and LSD records."
born: 1898-04-03
died: 1967-02-28
location: "New York, New York"
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: founded
with: "[[Time Inc.]]"
start: 1923
role: "co-founded with Briton Hadden as Time Incorporated"
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Life (magazine)|Life]]"
start: 1936
fn: 1
- type: founded
with: "[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]"
start: 1930
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Time Inc.]]"
start: 1929
end: 1964
role: "sole head of the company after the death of Briton Hadden; retired 1964"
fn: 1
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
start: 1919
role: "elected to the society in the Yale tap day of May 15, 1919 (class of 1920)"
fn: 3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Century Group]]"
start: 1940
role: "member who advocated aid to Great Britain, including the transfer of old destroyers"
fn: 7
- type: member_of
with: "[[National War Fund]]"
start: 1945
role: "executive committee, officers list as of August 13, 1945"
fn: 24
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project]]"
start: 1956
role: "conversation with Henry Kissinger about the project, per the Luce papers"
fn: 25
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Clare Boothe Luce]]"
start: 1935
fn: 1
- type: informant_for
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
role: "briefed Allen Dulles after foreign trips, according to Bernstein's account of CIA officials"
fn: 30
---
Henry Robinson Luce (April 3, 1898 to February 28, 1967) was an American magazine publisher who co-founded [[Time Inc.]] with [[Briton Hadden]] in 1923 and ran the company until his retirement in 1964. He was born in [[Tengchow]], [[China]], to Presbyterian missionaries, graduated from [[Yale University]] in 1920, and was elected to [[Skull and Bones]] in the tap day of May 15, 1919.[^1][^2][^3] [[Life (magazine)|Life]] printed his 1941 essay "The American Century," and his associates and wife appear in the record of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the psychological warfare apparatus of the Eisenhower administration, the Zapruder film and the LSD experiments of the 1950s and 1960s.
### Childhood in China, Hotchkiss and Yale
Luce was born at Tengchow (now Penglai) to the Reverend Dr. Henry Winters Luce and Elizabeth Middleton Luce. He spent the first fourteen years of his life in China apart from a visit to the United States in 1906 and 1907, attended the Chefoo School, a British-run preparatory school in northern China, studied briefly at St. Albans School in England in 1912, and entered the [[Hotchkiss School]] in Lakeville, Connecticut, the following year.[^1]
He entered Yale in 1916 and served as managing editor of the [[Yale Daily News]]. A member of the Yale ROTC Field Artillery Unit, he left college to train army recruits at the end of the First World War, was discharged as a second lieutenant at the end of 1918, returned to New Haven and graduated in 1920. Hadden, a classmate from Hotchkiss and Yale, was in the same class.[^1] After graduation Luce spent a year studying history at [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], and in 1921 took work as a reporter with the [[Chicago Daily News]] and then the [[Baltimore News]].[^1]
### Skull and Bones
The Harvard Crimson printed a special dispatch from New Haven dated May 15, 1919, reporting the men elected to the senior societies at Yale in that year's tap day. The Skull and Bones list read: DeForest Van Slyck, James McHenry, Joseph Weir Sargent, L. G. Adams, Daniel R. Winter, Henry R. Luce, John M. Hincks, Harry P. Davison, Theodore L. Safford, Morehead Patterson, Briton Hadden, Alfred C. Schermerhorn, Frank P. Hefflefinger, Francis T. Hobson and David L. Ingalls.[^3] The name index to [[Antony C. Sutton]]'s 1983 study of the society lists the class of 1920 with "Hadden, Briton" and "Luce, Henry Robinson."[^2]
Sutton's section on communications states that "There has been a significant penetration into communications," and gives as its first example "Henry Luce of Time-Life is in The Order."[^4] In 1977 [[Ron Rosenbaum]] named Luce among the society's members in an article in [[Esquire]]. Rosenbaum wrote of Bones reunions: "Where else can you hear Archibald MacLeish take on Henry Luce in a soul-versus-capital debate with no holds barred?"[^5]
### Time Incorporated and the Luce magazines
Luce left his job at the Baltimore News in 1922 to concentrate on a news magazine with Hadden. Together they formed Time Incorporated, and the first issue of [[Time]] appeared in New York in 1923.[^1] Luce married Lila Hotz on December 22, 1923; the couple had two sons, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1935.[^1] Hadden died in 1929, after which Luce became the sole head of the company.[^1] The company started [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] in 1930, the [[The March of Time]] radio series in 1931 and Life in 1936. In 1935 Luce married [[Clare Boothe Luce|Clare Boothe Brokaw]], a playwright and former managing editor of [[Vanity Fair]]; the Library of Congress chronology of her papers gives the date as November 23, 1935.[^1][^6] Sports Illustrated followed in 1954.[^1]
### The Century Group, Willkie and the Council for Democracy
In the early years of the Second World War Luce belonged to the Century Group, which advocated assistance to Great Britain; his papers include materials on the group's effort to persuade the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] administration to provide Britain with old United States destroyers.[^1][^7] He was one of the driving forces behind the 1940 Republican presidential candidacy of [[Wendell Willkie]], and Clare Boothe Luce campaigned for Willkie in New York and Connecticut.[^1][^6]
The Luce papers hold a file on the [[Council for Democracy]] for 1940 to 1942, including a draft "Statement of Faith for Coordinating Council for Democracy" with Luce's handwritten response.[^8] [[C. D. Jackson]], then a Time Inc. executive, was president of the council in 1940, and his papers include a folder of correspondence with Luce on the role of "Harry Luce" in it and another listing criticism of the council as a "Luce front" organization.[^9]
### The American Century
Life printed "The American Century" under Luce's name across pages 61 to 65 of its February 17, 1941 issue.[^10] The essay argued that the twentieth century was "America's first century as a dominant power in the world," and that the world of that century "must be to a significant degree an American Century."[^10] Luce called on the United States to "undertake now to be the Good Samaritan of the entire world," and urged that American trade be planned on large terms. "We think of Asia as being worth only a few hundred millions a year to us," he wrote, and he continued that Asia would be worth "four, five, ten billions of dollars a year" to the country if Americans thought on those terms.[^10]
The program had four parts. The essay described America as "the principal guarantor of the freedom of the seas" and as "the dynamic leader of world trade." It pictured the country sending out "technical and artistic skills" in the form of "Engineers, scientists, doctors, movie men, makers of entertainment, developers of airlines, builders of roads, teachers, educators." The last section named America as "the powerhouse of the ideals of Freedom and Justice."[^10]
The essay addressed the war in Europe and the isolationist position in the United States, and it closed on Roosevelt. Luce wrote that "Our only chance now to make it work is in terms of a vital international economy and in terms of an international moral order," and that Roosevelt "must succeed where [[Woodrow Wilson]] failed."[^10]
### China, the China Lobby and United China Relief
The biographical note of Luce's papers records that through the 1950s and 1960s he was continuously involved in charities related to the Presbyterian Church, Yale and China, and that he "led a concerted campaign to provide aid to China under the aegis of the United China Relief."[^1] [[United China Relief]] was founded in New York in February 1941 in an attempt to consolidate several smaller agencies already aiding China. A Colorado College thesis by Sam Schoenecker wrote that Luce loaned prominent journalists from Time Inc. to the organization, and that the prominence of Time Inc. employees in its marketing raised questions about Luce's control over its picture of China.[^11][^12] The same thesis describes Luce as one of the influential figures associated with the [[China Lobby]].[^11]
The folder list of the papers records the relationship at the level of the files. A United China Relief folder for 1939 to 1950 and 1956 notes that the organization later changed its name to "United Service to China," and includes a memorandum from Douglas Auchincloss to Luce describing a meeting with [[Pearl S. Buck]] and correspondence from Buck, [[Herbert Hoover]], [[Cordell Hull]] and [[Joseph P. Kennedy]].[^13] Another folder holds the English translation of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s greeting to supporters of China through United China Relief on the thirty-third national day of the Republic of China, the reports "Five Years of United China Relief," minutes of the Committee on American Activities of the United Service to China, and the "Appeal to Americans: Stand By Our Chinese Friends Now!"[^14] A further folder includes "Russell Birdwell's Preliminary Plan for The Free China Movement."[^15]
Madame Chiang's 1943 tour of the United States is documented in two folders. One includes the press release of the Citizens Committee to Welcome Mme. Chiang Kai-shek, the speech she gave at Madison Square Garden, programs from her appearances in San Francisco, Chicago and Los Angeles, and a draft memorandum by United China Relief executives, "Items for Consultation with Madame Chiang Kai-shek." The other holds a letter marked "secret" announcing that she had left for the United States and a letter from Luce to her describing his impressions of China after a 1945 trip.[^16][^17] A folder on the China Institute in America includes a memorandum from Charles L. Stillman on his impressions of Taiwan and a transcript of an NBC interview with Chiang Kai-shek, and Luce delivered the speech at the dedication of China House on August 27, 1944.[^18][^19] A further folder includes correspondence from the Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations, a "Formosa Report" from Kip Finch, and a draft of "The Luce Scholarship Foundation for Yenching University."[^20]
Luce's trip files show visits to China in 1941, with a handwritten report titled "China: To the Mountains," in 1945, with invitations in Chinese from [[T. V. Soong]] and Chiang Kai-shek, cables, a diary, and an outline of Nationalist and Communist strength in Shantung, and in 1946. Further files cover trips to Formosa and Hong Kong and to Indochina in 1952 and 1953, and travel to Taiwan and Vietnam in 1964.[^21][^22][^23] The files for Luce's correspondence with Jackson from 1945 list a "Chungking Diary, Oct.1945, by Luce" among its topics.[^9]
The papers of C. D. Jackson at the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]] include a folder titled "China-America Council," described as covering the "Time Inc. relationship with council," and a general-file entry for "Time coverage of events in Asia and China, 1937."[^9]
### National War Fund
The [[National War Fund]] issued a speakers handbook dated as of August 13, 1945. Its officers list names [[Winthrop W. Aldrich]] as president and [[Prescott Bush]] as a vice president for New York. The executive committee lists "Henry R. Luce" with Aldrich, Bush and [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], and [[Gerard Swope]], listed as chairman of the budget committee, appears on the same committee.[^24]
### Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project
The Luce papers at the [[New-York Historical Society]] include a file on the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, dated 1956 to 1963 with a 1974 addition. The file contains a memo regarding a conversation between Luce and [[Henry A. Kissinger]] about the project, and correspondence from Kissinger and [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson A. Rockefeller]].[^25] Luce is listed on the roster of Panel II, "International Security: The Military Aspect," alongside [[Laurance Rockefeller]].[^26]
### C. D. Jackson and the psychological warfare apparatus
Jackson was appointed assistant to the president of Time Inc. in 1931 and a vice president in 1940. He was managing director of Time-Life International in 1945 and publisher of Fortune in 1949, and became publisher of Life in 1960; his papers at the Eisenhower Library describe him as one of Luce's vice presidents who supervised the company's overseas activities in the late 1940s.[^9] The papers include his correspondence with Luce and with [[John K. Jessup]].[^9]
The finding aid for Jackson's papers sets a condition on any use: "Permission of Time Incorporated is required to cite or quote materials originated by any individual in his capacity as an official of Time Incorporated."[^9] Jackson served in psychological warfare with the [[Office of War Information]] during the Second World War, as deputy chief of the Psychological Warfare Branch at Allied Force Headquarters in 1943 and deputy chief of the Psychological Warfare Division at SHAEF in 1944 and 1945. His Luce correspondence for 1943 and 1944 lists OWI and PWB personnel and operations among its subjects.[^9] He was president of the [[Free Europe Committee]], which directed [[Radio Free Europe]], from 1951 to 1952, and the finding aid describes him as an active participant in Radio Free Europe from its founding in 1949 until his death in 1964. He then became special assistant to President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] for international affairs in 1953 and 1954. The finding aid states that he "took the lead in preparing" the Atoms for Peace speech delivered at the United Nations on December 8, 1953.[^9]
The Eisenhower Library's records for Jackson, 1953 and 1954, state that "As Special Assistant to the President, Jackson worked closely with the Psychological Strategy Board and the Operations Coordinating Board, and served as an official member of the latter." The same finding aid records that the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was authorized by President Truman in June 1951, and that the Jackson Committee recommended abolishing it in favor of the Operations Coordinating Board, a change completed in September 1953.[^27]
The correspondence series of the Jackson papers carries the Luces through the Eisenhower years. The folder for Luce in 1951 and 1952 lists "Vietnam, Bao Dai, Ho Chi Minh," and "qualifications for CDJ's job." The folder for Henry and Clare in 1953 lists "Trieste issue; Italy-U.S. relations." The third 1954 folder lists "Indochina-role of DDE, W.B. Smith, Dulles, and French; Adm. Radford; A. Dulles; Dienbienphu." The 1955 folders list Formosa, Quemoy and Matsu, and the 1956 folder lists "Free Europe Comm.; RFE," Suez and "CIA." Jackson's own log for 1954 lists "CIA plans" and "Prince Bernhard-Bilderberg Conf." beside Luce and [[Walter Bedell Smith]].[^9]
Jackson was one of eleven members of the [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]], which met at [[Quantico, Virginia|Quantico]] from June 5 to 10, 1955 under the chairmanship of [[Walt Rostow]].[^28]
### Covert relationships with the CIA
The minutes of the CIA Deputies' Meeting of July 21, 1952 record [[Frank Wisner]] noting that the agency was prepared to talk to Luce's representative whenever he came to Washington, and that it had enough material on hand to allow Time or Life to publish an exclusive story on the Duclos affair beyond the information already made public. Asked by Director Walter Bedell Smith about authenticity, Wisner said the agency was 90 percent positive about the information.[^29]
In "The CIA and the Media," a cover story in [[Rolling Stone]] on October 20, 1977, [[Carl Bernstein]] listed the executives who "lent their cooperation to the Agency." They included [[William S. Paley]] of the [[Columbia Broadcasting System]], "Henry Luce of Time Inc.," [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]] of the [[New York Times]], [[Barry Bingham Sr.]] of the [[Louisville Courier-Journal]] and [[James Copley]] of the Copley News Service.[^30] Bernstein wrote that [[Allen Dulles]] "often interceded with his good friend, the late Henry Luce," who "readily allowed certain members of his staff to work for the Agency and agreed to provide jobs and credentials for other CIA operatives who lacked journalistic experience." He wrote that Luce "made it a regular practice to brief Dulles or other high Agency officials" after his trips abroad, and that in the 1950s and early 1960s Time's foreign correspondents attended CIA "briefing" dinners similar to those the agency held for CBS.[^30] Bernstein also wrote, citing CIA and Senate sources, that agency files contain written agreements with former foreign correspondents and stringers for Time and Newsweek.[^30]
Bernstein described C. D. Jackson as "Luce's personal emissary to the CIA." He wrote that Jackson "approved specific arrangements for providing CIA employees with Time-Life cover," and that some of these arrangements were made with the knowledge of "Luce's wife, Clare Boothe." He also wrote that Jackson, while a Time executive, coauthored a CIA-sponsored study recommending reorganization of the American intelligence services in the early 1950s. [[Hedley Donovan]], who took over editorial direction of all Time Inc. publications in 1959, denied any knowledge of such arrangements. "I was never approached and I'd be amazed if Luce approved such arrangements," Donovan said. "Luce had a very scrupulous regard for the difference between journalism and government."[^30]
The [[Church Committee]] took up the subject in Book I of its 1976 final report. Chapter X.B, "Covert Relationships With the United States Media," records that the CIA maintained covert relationships with "about 50 American journalists or employees of U.S. media organizations" until February 1976, as part of a network of several hundred foreign individuals who provided intelligence and at times attempted to influence foreign opinion through covert propaganda.[^31] The report notes that [[George H. W. Bush]], the new director, pledged that "CIA will not enter into any paid or contractual relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station."[^31] In the covert action chapter the committee quotes the February 11, 1976 announcement (it begins "Effective immediately"), records that "More than a dozen United States news organizations and commercial publishing houses formerly provided cover for CIA agents abroad," that "A few of these organizations were unaware that they provided this cover," and states that the use of American journalists and media organizations for clandestine operations "is a threat to the integrity of the press."[^32]
### The Zapruder film
After the assassination of [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Abraham Zapruder]] took his film to a Dallas processing plant, had three copies made, gave two to representatives of the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]], and sold the original and one copy to Life for a reported $150,000, according to a memorandum by [[Sheryl Walter]] of the [[Assassination Records Review Board]].[^33] A 1998 account by Jim DiEugenio in the journal Probe, which draws on an interview with [[Richard Stolley]], who was then working for Time-Life, states that Stolley got the print rights for $50,000, and that two days later, after viewing the film in New York, the company bought all rights for $150,000.[^34]
Zapruder told the [[Warren Commission]] that he had received $25,000 and that he had given it to the family of [[J. D. Tippit]]. The review board memorandum records that this sum "apparently was the first of six payments for the film and its copy."[^33] At the commission's request a representative of Life brought the original to the commission's offices and screened it several times, because "the original had considerably more detail and more there to study than any of the copies, since in the photographic process each time you copy you lose some detail."[^33]
DiEugenio wrote that "Reportedly, C. D. Jackson of Time-Life, who was close to Allen Dulles, was so upset by what the film depicted he decided to restrict what that company would show through its mass market magazines." He wrote that Life never showed the film in anything like its entirety, that the company sued [[Josiah Thompson]], whom it had allowed to see the film, over stills in his book Six Seconds in Dallas, and that in 1969 [[Jim Garrison]] subpoenaed the film from Time-Life for the trial of [[Clay Shaw]] in New Orleans.[^34]
The Walter memorandum dates Time-Life's notice to the National Archives that it was considering a donation of its rights to 1974. A review board letter of April 21, 1995 to [[Harry M. Johnston III]], general counsel of [[Time Warner]], gives the notice from [[Lawrence Layburne]], then a vice president of Time Inc., as 1975.[^33][^35] Time Inc. donated a first and a second generation copy to the government and sold the copyright in the original to the Zapruders for "$1 and other valuable consideration."[^35] The original was placed with the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] at the Zapruders' request for storage, and no deed of gift for the original was executed.[^33] In 1993 Henry Zapruder asked for possession of the film, and the archive declined to give it to him.[^33]
A review board letter of May 1, 1995 to [[E. Gabriel Perle]], a former general counsel of Time Inc., reported that from the company's files "it appears that the Zapruders do have legal title to the original film as well as ownership of the copyright," and that Time Inc. had been constrained by terms in the original contract.[^36] The Walter memorandum records a reported $40,000 that the Zapruders had collected from [[Oliver Stone]] for use of the film in [[JFK (film)|JFK]].[^33] On August 3, 1999 the Justice Department announced that an arbitration panel had awarded the heirs of Abraham Zapruder $16 million for the film.[^37]
### LSD and the Luce magazines
The first Time article on LSD, "Dream Stuff," ran in 1954 and reported on the drug as an adjunct to psychotherapy. In May 1957 Life published R. Gordon Wasson's account of a mushroom ceremony in Mexico in its Great Adventure series, a seventeen-page spread with color photographs. [[Martin A. Lee]] and [[Bruce Shlain]] wrote in their 1985 book [[Acid Dreams]] that Wasson was then a vice president of [[J. P. Morgan and Company]].[^38][^39]
Lee and Shlain wrote that Luce "turned on a half-dozen times in the late 1950s and early 1960s under the supervision of Dr. Sidney Cohen," a Los Angeles psychiatrist attached to UCLA and the Veterans Hospital, and that Cohen also gave the drug to Clare Boothe Luce. Their notes cite W. A. Swanberg's biography Luce and His Empire (p. 463) and Wilfred Sheed's Clare Boothe Luce (p. 125) for the count.[^38] Jack Shafer wrote in Slate that [[Alan Brinkley]]'s biography of Luce limits the discussion to about three pages and says Henry took the drug once or perhaps twice, against Clare's multiple trips.[^39]
The Library of Congress finding aid for the Clare Boothe Luce papers states that she "experimented with LSD under the tutelage of Gerald Heard and Sidney Cohen," and lists a subject file "LSD (drug)" holding clippings for 1961 to 1963 and 1983. Her correspondents include [[Gerald Heard]] and Cohen.[^6] The authors of Acid Dreams quote her remarks on the [[Dick Cavett]] program of April 9, 1982: "Oh, sure, we all took acid. It was a creative group, my husband and I and Huxley and Isherwood." The book gives her comment on the drug's use by others, "We wouldn't want everyone doing too much of a good thing," from [[Abbie Hoffman]]'s memoir Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture, p. 73.[^38]
[[Stephen Siff]] wrote that both Luces reviewed the 1963 Life article "The Chemical Mind-Changers" before publication, and that Time covered LSD earlier and more often than other magazines.[^39] According to Shafer's summary of Siff's reconstruction from Clare Boothe Luce's papers, Luce's first trip was taken at Clare's urging with Cohen observing in Phoenix, and a trip of Clare's on March 11, 1959 was interrupted by a telephone call from [[Richard Nixon]], which she declined.[^39] Brinkley's biography, as Shafer summarizes it, reports her later statement that LSD "saved our marriage."[^39] [[Andrew Heiskell]], a former Life publisher, recalled in a Columbia University oral history that Luce announced at a New York banquet that he and Clare "were taking LSD!"[^39]
### Clare Boothe Luce, Congress and the Italian embassy
Clare Boothe Luce served two terms in the House of Representatives, from 1943 to 1947, after joining the Republican Party in 1940.[^6] The Library of Congress chronology of her papers lists her as ambassador to Italy for 1953 to 1956, and the Office of the Historian records her as a non-career appointee from Connecticut, appointed ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Italy on March 2, 1953, presenting her credentials on May 4, 1953 and leaving the post on December 27, 1956.[^6][^40] The biographical note of Henry Luce's papers states that after her appointment he opened an office in Rome and divided his time between Italy and the United States from 1953 to 1956.[^1] The embassy papers in her collection include records "relating to missions, investigations, and projects undertaken by the embassy" and papers on the Trieste crisis.[^6]
Eisenhower nominated her ambassador to Brazil in 1959; the Senate confirmed the nomination and she withdrew before taking office after her remarks about Senator [[Wayne Morse]] during the confirmation hearings.[^6][^40] The Jackson papers list a folder on the "attack on C. Luce and mission to Brazil in 1959."[^9] The Library of Congress chronology records her as a member of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]] for 1973 to 1977 and 1980 to 1986, and the series of her papers for the board runs from 1974 to 1987, with classified material in the 1981 to 1987 folders.[^6]
[[Jennet Conant]] documents that [[Roald Dahl]] was assigned during the war to cultivate Clare Boothe Luce for political intelligence. Dahl later described the assignment as the worst of the war, reportedly saying that she "talked too much both before and after."[^41]
### Death and papers
Luce died in Phoenix, Arizona on February 28, 1967. His papers include files on memorial services at the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church and at Time Inc. in New York, and on memorial services held at Tung Hai University in Taiwan.[^1][^42]
The Luce papers at the New-York Historical Society were divided after his death. Records classed as business became part of the Time Inc. archives, and records classed as personal became part of the Henry R. Luce papers. Some of his files were given to the [[Library of Congress]], with copies of the more prominent records kept in his papers.[^1] The Clare Boothe Luce papers at the Library of Congress (MSS30759, 1862 to 1997) include Henry Luce's correspondence with Clare, general and "V.I.P." correspondence, scrapbooks, speeches, "Time-Life memoranda," a will and writings.[^6]
### Footnotes
[^1]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, biographical note and series description. https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^2]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones* (1983), name index, class of 1920. https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^3]: "Tap Day Results!," special dispatch from New Haven, May 15, 1919, *The Harvard Crimson*, May 16, 1919. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1919/5/16/tap-day-results-pnew-haven-conn/
[^4]: Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (1983), section on communications.
[^5]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977. https://archive.org/details/print-article-the-last-secrets-of-skull-and-bones-esquire-september-1977
[^6]: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, *Clare Boothe Luce Papers: A Finding Aid* (MSS30759; prepared by Nan Thompson Ernst, revised 2016), chronology, scope and content note, and container list (President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 1974-1987; Subject File, "LSD (drug)"). https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003044.pdf
[^7]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series I, Box 26, Folder 7 (Century Group, destroyers for Great Britain). https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^8]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series V, Box 147, Folder 3, "Council for Democracy, 1940-1942." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^9]: Eisenhower Library, C. D. Jackson Papers, A72-26 (processed July 1973), biographical sketch, scope and content note, special restriction note, chronology, and folder list including "China-America Council," "Do-Misc.," the "Council for Democracy" folders, the "Luce, Henry R." correspondence folders for 1943 to 1956, "Luce, Clare," and "Log-1954." https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-papers.pdf
[^10]: Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," *Life*, February 17, 1941, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 61-65. https://archive.org/details/Life-1941-02-17-Vol-10-No-7
[^11]: Sam Schoenecker, "Justifying Hegemony: Henry Luce, United China Relief, and the Orientalist Framework for Global Intervention," Colorado College thesis. https://digitalcc.coloradocollege.edu/record/8568
[^12]: Schoenecker, "Justifying Hegemony," on the loan of Time Inc. journalists to United China Relief and on the prominence of Time Inc. employees in its marketing.
[^13]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series I, Box 3, Folders 7-8, "China - United China Relief, 1939-1950, 1956." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^14]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series V, Box 146, Folder 3 (United China Relief / United Service to China). https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^15]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series V, Box 110, Folder 2 (Russell Birdwell, Free China Movement). https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^16]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series V, Box 114, Folder 1, "Chiang Kai-shek, Madame - Tour of the U.S in 1943, 1942-1943." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^17]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series V, Box 113, Folder 5, "Chiang Kai-shek (Mr. and Mrs.) - Miscellaneous, 1942-1966." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^18]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series V, Box 146, Folder 6 (China Institute in America). https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^19]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series I, Box 3, Folder 5, "China Institute and China House, 1944-1972." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^20]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series V, Box 147, Folder 2 (Committee of One Million; Yenching University). https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^21]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series I, Box 17, Folder 4, "Trips - China, 1941," and Box 18, Folders 5-6, "Trips - China, 1945." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^22]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series I, "Trips - China, 1946," and Box 21, Folder 4, "Trips - Far East - Formosa (Taiwan) and Hong Kong, 1952." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^23]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series I, "Trips - Far East - Indochina (Vietnam), 1952" and the 1964 Far East trip files. https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^24]: National War Fund, *Speakers Handbook* (issued as of August 13, 1945), p. 38, "Officers of National War Fund." https://archive.org/details/SpeakersHandbook001
[^25]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series I, Box 13, Folder 1, "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project, 1956-1963, 1974." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all
[^26]: Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project, Panel II, "International Security: The Military Aspect," roster in the 1961 volume, as cited on the Laurance Rockefeller page.
[^27]: Eisenhower Library, "Jackson, C.D.: Records, 1953-54," introduction to the PSB-OCB series. https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/jackson-cd-records.pdf
[^28]: Eisenhower Presidential Library, Richard M. Bissell Jr. Papers, Walt and Eugene Rostow Series, Boxes 1-3 (as cited on the Time page). https://eisenhower.archives.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/bissell-richard-m-jr-papers/walt-and-eugene-rostow-series.pdf
[^29]: Central Intelligence Agency, Deputies' Meeting minutes, Monday, July 21, 1952, p. 1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/1952-07-21.pdf
[^30]: Carl Bernstein, "The CIA and the Media," *Rolling Stone*, October 20, 1977. Reprint PDF on archive.org. https://ia600409.us.archive.org/23/items/carl-bernstein-cia-and-the-media/Carl%20Bernstein%20CIA%20and%20the%20Media.pdf
[^31]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report, Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rep. No. 94-755 (1976), Chapter X.B, "Covert Relationships with the United States Media," pp. 191-192. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^32]: Church Committee, *Final Report, Book I* (1976), covert action chapter, "The Covert Use of U.S. Journalists and Media Institutions," pp. 454-455. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^33]: Assassination Records Review Board, Sheryl Walter, memorandum, "Zapruder film update," April 6, 1995, ARRB file ZP45MT. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/SWALTER/WP-DOCS/ZAPRUDER/ZP45MT.WPD.pdf
[^34]: Jim DiEugenio, history of the film's ownership, *Probe* vol. 5, no. 6 (September-October 1998), reproduced as "The Zapruder Film Comes to Home Video," kennedysandking.com, October 15, 1998, citing Richard Stolley's interview on *Burden of Proof*, July 18, 1998. https://www.kennedysandking.com/john-f-kennedy-articles/333
[^35]: Assassination Records Review Board, letter to Harry M. Johnston III, general counsel, Time Warner Inc., April 21, 1995, ARRB file TMLF421. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/SWALTER/WP-DOCS/ZAPRUDER/TMLF421.WPD.pdf
[^36]: Assassination Records Review Board, letter to E. Gabriel Perle, May 1, 1995, ARRB file ZPTHXGP. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/SWALTER/WP-DOCS/ZAPRUDER/ZPTHXGP.WPD.pdf
[^37]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, press release on the Zapruder film arbitration, August 3, 1999. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/1999/August/339civ.htm
[^38]: Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain, *Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion* (New York: Grove Press, 1985), ch. 3, "Under the Mushroom, Over the Rainbow," and chapter notes (Swanberg, *Luce and His Empire*, p. 463; Sheed, *Clare Boothe Luce*, p. 125; Cavett, April 9, 1982; Hoffman, *Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture*, p. 73). https://archive.org/details/LeeShlainAcidDreamsTheCompleteSocialHistoryOfLSDGrove1985
[^39]: Jack Shafer, "The Time and Life Acid Trip," *Slate*, June 2010, summarizing Stephen Siff, "Henry Luce's Strange Trip: Coverage of LSD in Time and Life, 1954-68," *Journalism History* (2008), Alan Brinkley, *The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century* (2010), and Andrew Heiskell's Columbia University oral history. https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/press_box/2010/06/the_time_and_life_acid_trip.html
[^40]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "Ann Clare Boothe Luce," Chiefs of Mission record. https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/luce-ann-clare-boothe
[^41]: Jennet Conant, *The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington* (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), as cited on the Time page.
[^42]: New-York Historical Society, Henry R. Luce papers, MS 3014, Series I, Box 5, Folder 6, "Death of HRL - Memorial Services." https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms3014_henry_luce/all

47
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Howard Hunt.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2026-05-15
updated: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-26
title: Howard Hunt
aliases:
- E. Howard Hunt
@ -25,12 +25,19 @@ born: 1918-10-09
died: 2007-01-23
location: "Washington, D.C."
relations:
- type: reported_to
with: "[[William F. Buckley Jr.]]"
reverse: true
start: 1951
end: 1952
role: "Buckley worked under Hunt as an OPC agent in Mexico City, by Buckley's own account"
fn: 7
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Office of Technical Service]]"
start: 1971-07
end: 1971-08
role: "the Technical Services Division supplied alias documents, disguise materials, a tape recorder and a Tessina camera; assistance stopped August 27, 1971"
fn: 7
fn: 13
---
Everette Howard Hunt Jr. (October 9, 1918 - January 23, 2007) was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officer and prolific spy novelist who participated in two of the most significant CIA covert operations of the Cold War era - the 1954 [[Guatemala]]n coup ([[Operation PBSUCCESS]]) and the 1961 [[Bay of Pigs]] invasion - before his involvement in the [[Watergate]] burglary of June 1972 made him one of the most publicly known CIA officers in American history.[^1]
@ -65,19 +72,27 @@ Hunt retired on April 30, 1970, and went to work for the [[Robert R. Mullen Comp
In March 1972, at the direction of [[Charles Colson]], he flew to [[Denver]] in a wig and with alias documents supplied by the agency to question the [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] lobbyist [[Dita Beard]] in her hospital room. The House subcommittee that examined the agency's part in Watergate listed the visit among the misuses of its assistance. On July 26, 1973, the Watergate special prosecutor's office asked the agency whether it knew of "any intelligence or undercover activities performed by Howard Hunt and/or [[G. Gordon Liddy|Gordon Liddy]] for ITT," of arrangements between ITT and the Mullen firm, or of any employment of the ITT publicist [[Hal Hendrix]]. The released reply addresses only the Mullen firm and an ITT office in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]].[^6]
### Mexico City station, 1950 to 1952
Hunt wrote that he volunteered to open the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] station in [[Mexico City]] in the late summer of 1950.[^7] Hunt wrote that he met [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] through [[James Burnham]], and that the first name on his list of recruits was Buckley, the Yale graduate whose *God and Man at Yale* was then stirring controversy: "First on my list was Bill Buckley, who readily agreed and set about working out details of his cover."[^8] Hunt assigned Buckley to help [[Eudocio Ravines]] complete *The Yenan Way* and translate it into English. When Scribner's accepted the translation, Buckley "decided to leave Mexico and CIA."[^9] Buckley wrote in *National Review* in 2005 that he was inducted into the CIA in 1951 as a deep cover agent and that the only name he could have given up was that of "my immediate boss (E. Howard Hunt, as it happened)."[^10]
Hunt wrote that he and his wife had asked Buckley to become guardian of their children and executor of their estate, and that Buckley, "already the children's godfather," agreed.[^11] When Hunt visited [[Madrid]] he stayed in the apartment of Buckley's brother [[Reid Buckley]].[^12]
### Watergate
By 1971, Hunt had been nominally retired from the CIA and was working as a consultant to the White House under Charles Colson, a senior aide to President [[Richard Nixon]]. Nixon's "plumbers" unit - tasked with plugging information leaks and conducting political intelligence operations - recruited Hunt for various activities, including the burglary of [[Daniel Ellsberg]]'s psychiatrist's office in September 1971.
In July and August 1971, while working for the White House, Hunt went to the CIA's technical services for help with an operation. On July 22, 1971 he met the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, General [[Robert E. Cushman Jr.]], who directed the technical service to help him. On July 23 he received alias documents in the name "Edward Joseph Warren," a wig, glasses and a speech alteration device. He then obtained a tape recorder in a typewriter case and a Tessina camera disguised in a tobacco pouch. The technical officers became concerned at the escalation of his requests, and on August 27, 1971 Cushman told [[John Ehrlichman]] that further assistance could not be given. The camera was returned that day as unsuitable. The Technical Services Division had no further association with Hunt after August 1971.[^7] The staff report appended to Senator [[Howard Baker]]'s views in the Senate Watergate Committee's final report states that a TSD memorandum of August 27, 1971 showed Hunt's request for a New York telephone answering service about to be implemented, that the CIA kept a file on Hunt's activities entitled "Mr. Edward" outside its normal filing system, and that testimony indicated film the TSD developed for Hunt and Liddy was of Lewis Fielding's office.[^8]
In July and August 1971, while working for the White House, Hunt went to the CIA's technical services for help with an operation. On July 22, 1971 he met the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, General [[Robert E. Cushman Jr.]], who directed the technical service to help him. On July 23 he received alias documents in the name "Edward Joseph Warren," a wig, glasses and a speech alteration device. He then obtained a tape recorder in a typewriter case and a Tessina camera disguised in a tobacco pouch. The technical officers became concerned at the escalation of his requests, and on August 27, 1971 Cushman told [[John Ehrlichman]] that further assistance could not be given. The camera was returned that day as unsuitable. The Technical Services Division had no further association with Hunt after August 1971.[^13] The staff report appended to Senator [[Howard Baker]]'s views in the Senate Watergate Committee's final report states that a TSD memorandum of August 27, 1971 showed Hunt's request for a New York telephone answering service about to be implemented, that the CIA kept a file on Hunt's activities entitled "Mr. Edward" outside its normal filing system, and that testimony indicated film the TSD developed for Hunt and Liddy was of Lewis Fielding's office.[^14]
On the night of June 17, 1972, Hunt organized and directed the team that broke into the [[Democratic National Committee]] headquarters at the [[Watergate complex]] in Washington - the burglary that produced five arrests, triggered the Senate investigation and Special Prosecutor investigation, and ultimately led to Nixon's resignation in August 1974.
Hunt was convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping and sentenced to 35 years, subsequently reduced. He served approximately 33 months in federal prison. His wife Dorothy died in a plane crash in December 1972, with some researchers suggesting the crash was not accidental; the official ruling was that it was an accident.[^9]
Hunt was convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping and sentenced to 35 years, subsequently reduced. He served approximately 33 months in federal prison. His wife Dorothy died in a plane crash in December 1972, with some researchers suggesting the crash was not accidental; the official ruling was that it was an accident.[^15]
The [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] reported to the inspector general on May 22, 1975, for the [[Church Committee]], that in November 1963 Hunt "was assigned to DDP/CA Staff, Office of the Chief, Headquarters; however, apparently Mr. Hunt had collateral duties with DDP/Domestic Operations Division/Facilities Branch," from November 1961 to February 1965, and that "neither Mr. Hunt nor Mr. McCord were in charge of Mexican operations at the time of the Kennedy assassination."[^10]
After Hunt's conviction, Maryland authorities removed him as executor of his wife's estate, and his successor under the terms of her will was Buckley.[^16] Hunt wrote that he taped a *Firing Line* program with Buckley at KQED in San Francisco on January 18, 1973, with students from Mills College in the audience, and that the Buckley-run committee at *National Review* answered the telegrams and letters that followed his Senate testimony and solicited funds for his legal defense, and that Buckley suggested he retain Buckley's attorney C. Dickerman Williams at no cost.[^17] Hunt also recorded dining with Pat and Bill Buckley and Williams.[^18] In August 1973 an FBI background check on Buckley recorded that [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] understood "Buckley is a good friend of E. Howard Hunt, connected with the Watergate break-in, and is the godfather of some of his children."[^19]
Helms's secretary [[Elizabeth Dunlevy]] testified in 1974 that Hunt "had always been grateful to her for arranging a loan in connection with the terrible financial strain involving his daughter"; the agency's observer noted that Helms had placed the call that produced a loan of about 12,000 dollars.[^11]
The [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]] reported to the inspector general on May 22, 1975, for the [[Church Committee]], that in November 1963 Hunt "was assigned to DDP/CA Staff, Office of the Chief, Headquarters; however, apparently Mr. Hunt had collateral duties with DDP/Domestic Operations Division/Facilities Branch," from November 1961 to February 1965, and that "neither Mr. Hunt nor Mr. McCord were in charge of Mexican operations at the time of the Kennedy assassination."[^20]
Helms's secretary [[Elizabeth Dunlevy]] testified in 1974 that Hunt "had always been grateful to her for arranging a loan in connection with the terrible financial strain involving his daughter"; the agency's observer noted that Helms had placed the call that produced a loan of about 12,000 dollars.[^21]
### Kennedy Assassination Statements
@ -95,8 +110,18 @@ Hunt died of pneumonia on January 23, 2007, in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]].[^1]
[^4]: West, Ashley. "Unknowing Ray Horsch, Episode 1: Youth," *The Rialto Report,* Podcast 171, September 13, 2026, audio at 18:34 to 22:49; Central Intelligence Agency, "Wackenhut Corporation, SF# 493 364," memorandum for the record, July 28, 1975, JFK Assassination Records Collection, record 104-10130-10454.
[^5]: "E. Howard Hunt: Utilization by Central Cover Staff," 1970, CIA Reading Room document C00660613; Gahagen, Robert D., "Request for CSA concerning E. Howard Hunt," June 3, 1970, C00297384; "Letter of Recommendation Written by Mr. Helms," July 20, 1973, C00609297.
[^6]: House Committee on Armed Services, Special Subcommittee on Intelligence, *Inquiry into the Alleged Involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters,* 93rd Cong., 1973; Ruth, Henry S., Jr., letter to John S. Warner, July 26, 1973, C01482382; "Inquiry Regarding Possible ITT Association with CIA and Robert R. Mullen and Company," August 7, 1973, C01367838.
[^7]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, Special Subcommittee on Intelligence, *Inquiry into the Alleged Involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters*, 93rd Cong., statement of Dr. James R. Schlesinger, May 11, 1973, pp. 1-3 (the Hunt narrative is on pp. 2-3), and testimony of General Robert E. Cushman, Jr. The hearing index also lists Hunt's testimony at p. 471. https://archive.org/details/InquiryIntoTheAllegedInvolvementOfCIAInTheWatergateAndEllsbergMatters
[^8]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), "Appendix to Views of Senator Baker," pp. 1135-1141, and p. 119. https://archive.org/details/WatergateErvinCommitteeReport
[^9]: Summers, Anthony. *The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon.* Viking, 2000. Hougan, Jim. *Secret Agenda: Watergate, Deep Throat, and the CIA.* Random House, 1984.
[^10]: Kane, Charles W., Director of Security. Memorandum for the Inspector General, "Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Operations, Request," May 22, 1975, JFK record 104-10106-10619.
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, memorandum for the record, "Select Committee Testimony of 6 February 1974," OLC 74-0197, February 6, 1974. CIA Reading Room, document 01474420.
[^7]: E. Howard Hunt, *Undercover: Memoirs of an American Secret Agent* (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974), p. 69. https://archive.org/details/undercovermemoirsofanamericansecretagent
[^8]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), pp. 69-70.
[^9]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), p. 77.
[^10]: William F. Buckley Jr., "Who Did What?", *National Review*, November 1, 2005. https://www.nationalreview.com/2005/11/who-did-what-william-f-buckley-jr/
[^11]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), pp. 77-78 (text and footnote).
[^12]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), pp. 134-135.
[^13]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, Special Subcommittee on Intelligence, *Inquiry into the Alleged Involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters*, 93rd Cong., statement of Dr. James R. Schlesinger, May 11, 1973, pp. 1-3 (the Hunt narrative is on pp. 2-3), and testimony of General Robert E. Cushman, Jr. The hearing index also lists Hunt's testimony at p. 471. https://archive.org/details/InquiryIntoTheAllegedInvolvementOfCIAInTheWatergateAndEllsbergMatters
[^14]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), "Appendix to Views of Senator Baker," pp. 1135-1141, and p. 119. https://archive.org/details/WatergateErvinCommitteeReport
[^15]: Summers, Anthony. *The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon.* Viking, 2000. Hougan, Jim. *Secret Agenda: Watergate, Deep Throat, and the CIA.* Random House, 1984.
[^16]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), p. 293 (footnote).
[^17]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), pp. 322-323.
[^18]: Hunt, *Undercover* (1974), p. 327; the *Firing Line* taping at KQED, pp. 291-292.
[^19]: FBI file on William F. Buckley Jr., part 2, teletype from the New Haven office, August 15, 1973. https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2
[^20]: Kane, Charles W., Director of Security. Memorandum for the Inspector General, "Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Operations, Request," May 22, 1975, JFK record 104-10106-10619.
[^21]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, memorandum for the record, "Select Committee Testimony of 6 February 1974," OLC 74-0197, February 6, 1974. CIA Reading Room, document 01474420.

50
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Joseph McCarthy.md
View file

@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ born: 1908-11-14
died: 1957-05-02
location: "Grand Chute, Wisconsin"
created: 2025-08-05
updated: 2026-10-14
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: head_of
with: "[[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]]"
@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ relations:
role: "subcommittee chairman until stepping aside; Welch exchange of June 9, 1954"
start: 1954
end: 1954
fn: 35
fn: 37
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Select Committee to Study Censure Charges]]"
role: "subject of the committee's inquiry under S. Res. 301; censure recommended on two categories"
start: 1954
end: 1954
fn: 37
fn: 39
- type: subject_of
with: "[[Tydings Committee]]"
role: "subject of the subcommittee's inquiry into his Wheeling charges"
@ -84,29 +84,31 @@ Testimony in the closed sessions also reached the [[Federal Bureau of Investigat
In July 1953 McCarthy wrote to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] about [[William P. Bundy]], then an agency employee. McCarthy's information was that Bundy had contributed $400 to the defense of [[Alger Hiss]] and had been a member of the [[United Public Workers of America]].[^28] On July 27, 1953 McCarthy, as chairman of the subcommittee, wrote to [[Allen Dulles]] that the contribution "raises the gravest question as to his holding a sensitive post in an intelligence agency," given the agency's work in detecting people such as Hiss.[^29]
The CIA reply, signed by [[Alba W. Doan]] as director, stated that Bundy had disclosed the $400 contribution on his March 1951 application for employment, and that the reasons he gave for it were not in accord, in certain respects, with those in McCarthy's letter. It recorded that Bundy had joined the union in the summer of 1940 while working at the [[Library of Congress]], attended one meeting and resigned after two months. It said the three allegations had been the subject of a complete field investigation, a personal interview and favorable determinations by the [[CIA Loyalty Board|CIA Loyalty Board]] and the [[Loyalty Review Board]] of the [[Civil Service Commission]]. Bundy had been attached to the agency's Office of Estimates since joining in 1951.[^28]
The CIA reply, signed by [[Alba W. Doan]] as director, stated that Bundy had disclosed the $400 contribution on his March 1951 application for employment, and that the reasons he gave for it were not in accord, in certain respects, with those in McCarthy's letter. It recorded that Bundy had joined the union in the summer of 1940 while working at the [[Library of Congress]], attended one meeting and resigned after two months. It said the three allegations had been the subject of a complete field investigation, a personal interview and favorable determinations by the [[CIA Loyalty Board|CIA Loyalty Board]] and the [[Loyalty Review Board]] of the [[Civil Service Commission]]. Bundy had been attached to the agency's Office of Estimates since joining in 1951. The reply deferred further comment on the reasons Bundy gave until the re-evaluation of his case under Executive Order 10450 was complete, and said that the record did not indicate that he had belonged to any other organization within the scope of McCarthy's third question.[^28]
[[Allen Drury]] reported on August 4, 1953 that in the exchange of letters Dulles had refused to tell McCarthy Bundy's explanation for the contribution.[^30] McCarthy's reply of August 3 argued that Bundy's contacts with and contributions to Hiss predated his CIA employment, and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers.[^31]
[[Allen Drury]] reported on August 4, 1953 that in the exchange of letters Dulles had refused to tell McCarthy Bundy's explanation for the contribution.[^30] Dulles replied on August 1, 1953; the reply, as quoted in the newspaper report of August 4, read: "After most careful consideration of your letter, I feel that the proper course to pursue is to follow the procedure described in the President's executive order," and Dulles declined to comment on certain phases of the matter pending the conclusion of those proceedings.[^30] McCarthy's reply of August 3 argued that Bundy's contacts with and contributions to Hiss predated his CIA employment, and that Congress was entitled to information about improper conduct by the agency's top officers.[^31] The letter called Dulles's insistence that Congress was not entitled to that information "extremely revealing," wrote that the head of the CIA would be "the last man in the world" to protect and hide the facts about an officer's "contributions to a convicted traitor," and said that the full matter would be submitted to his subcommittee and to the Senate when it returned.[^31]
The dispute widened to the printing of CIA material. On August 11, 1953 the CIA's [[Office of Legislative Counsel]] recorded that Cohn had telephoned about testimony that CIA classified material had been printed in the main [[Government Printing Office]] plant.[^32] On October 22, 1953 Dulles wrote to McCarthy that a check of the agency's reproduction facilities had found that "no classified CIA material is printed in the main GPO plant." He said the agency's legislative counsel, [[Walter Fforzheimer]], had informed the subcommittee's staff of these facts on August 12, and he asked that the letter be placed in the record.[^33]
An FBI memorandum of July 10, 1953 recorded that Dulles told the Bureau's liaison agent he would not permit CIA employees to testify before the McCarthy committee, that the White House supported the position, and that he wanted to know where McCarthy obtained his information.[^32] [[Antony C. Sutton]] wrote that McCarthy "wanted to call William Bundy as a witness before the Committee and found the establishment strongly arrayed against this idea."[^33]
The dispute widened to the printing of CIA material. On August 11, 1953 the CIA's [[Office of Legislative Counsel]] recorded that Cohn had telephoned about testimony that CIA classified material had been printed in the main [[Government Printing Office]] plant.[^34] On October 22, 1953 Dulles wrote to McCarthy that a check of the agency's reproduction facilities had found that "no classified CIA material is printed in the main GPO plant." He said the agency's legislative counsel, [[Walter Fforzheimer]], had informed the subcommittee's staff of these facts on August 12, and he asked that the letter be placed in the record.[^35]
### The Marshall speech, 1951
On June 14, 1951 McCarthy addressed the Senate on the career of General [[George C. Marshall]], then Secretary of Defense and formerly Secretary of State. The printed speech has sections headed "The Gospel of Fear," "They Planned It That Way," "Infamy So Black" and "Review of Marshall's Activities." It states: "How can we account for our present situation unless we believe that men high in this Government are concerting to deliver us to disaster? This must be the product of a great conspiracy, a conspiracy on a scale so immense as to dwarf any previous such venture in the history of man." It names [[Dean Acheson]] as one of those who "must be high on the roster" of the conspiracy.[^34]
On June 14, 1951 McCarthy addressed the Senate on the career of General [[George C. Marshall]], then Secretary of Defense and formerly Secretary of State. The printed speech has sections headed "The Gospel of Fear," "They Planned It That Way," "Infamy So Black" and "Review of Marshall's Activities." It states: "How can we account for our present situation unless we believe that men high in this Government are concerting to deliver us to disaster? This must be the product of a great conspiracy, a conspiracy on a scale so immense as to dwarf any previous such venture in the history of man." It names [[Dean Acheson]] as one of those who "must be high on the roster" of the conspiracy.[^36]
### The Army-McCarthy hearings, 1954
The Army alleged that McCarthy had sought special treatment for one of his former staff members. The subcommittee's investigation of the Army became the [[Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges|Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges]] involving [[Robert T. Stevens]], [[John G. Adams]], [[H. Struve Hensel]], McCarthy, Cohn and Carr. The [[Army-McCarthy hearings]] ran from March 16 to June 17, 1954 and were broadcast on national television. McCarthy temporarily stepped down as chairman and as a member, [[Karl Mundt]] presided as acting chairman, and [[Henry Dworshak]] was seated in McCarthy's place. The Senate report on the hearings was dated August 31, 1954.[^35]
The Army alleged that McCarthy had sought special treatment for one of his former staff members. The subcommittee's investigation of the Army became the [[Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges|Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges]] involving [[Robert T. Stevens]], [[John G. Adams]], [[H. Struve Hensel]], McCarthy, Cohn and Carr. The [[Army-McCarthy hearings]] ran from March 16 to June 17, 1954 and were broadcast on national television. McCarthy temporarily stepped down as chairman and as a member, [[Karl Mundt]] presided as acting chairman, and [[Henry Dworshak]] was seated in McCarthy's place. The Senate report on the hearings was dated August 31, 1954.[^37]
On June 9, 1954 (Part 59 of the hearings) Army special counsel [[Joseph Welch]] told McCarthy, after McCarthy raised the [[National Lawyers Guild]] membership of a young lawyer from Welch's firm: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" The remark was addressed to McCarthy. Immediately before it Welch had told Cohn "I meant to do you no personal injury, and if I did, I beg your pardon," and McCarthy answered that Welch had been "baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours."[^36]
On June 9, 1954 (Part 59 of the hearings) Army special counsel [[Joseph Welch]] told McCarthy, after McCarthy raised the [[National Lawyers Guild]] membership of a young lawyer from Welch's firm: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" The remark was addressed to McCarthy. Immediately before it Welch had told Cohn "I meant to do you no personal injury, and if I did, I beg your pardon," and McCarthy answered that Welch had been "baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours."[^38]
### Censure, 1954
The Senate created the [[Select Committee to Study Censure Charges]] under [[Senate Resolution 301|S. Res. 301]], chaired by [[Arthur V. Watkins]] of [[Utah]], with [[Edwin C. Johnson]] as vice chairman and members including [[John C. Stennis]], [[Frank Carlson]], [[Francis Case]] and [[Sam J. Ervin Jr.]].[^37] The committee's report divided the charges into five categories. It recommended censure on the category of contempt of the Senate or a senatorial committee and on the category concerning the treatment of [[Ralph W. Zwicker]], a brigadier general of the Army. It recommended against censure on the other three categories.[^37]
The Senate created the [[Select Committee to Study Censure Charges]] under [[Senate Resolution 301|S. Res. 301]], chaired by [[Arthur V. Watkins]] of [[Utah]], with [[Edwin C. Johnson]] as vice chairman and members including [[John C. Stennis]], [[Frank Carlson]], [[Francis Case]] and [[Sam J. Ervin Jr.]].[^39] The committee's report divided the charges into five categories. It recommended censure on the category of contempt of the Senate or a senatorial committee and on the category concerning the treatment of [[Ralph W. Zwicker]], a brigadier general of the Army. It recommended against censure on the other three categories.[^39]
The contempt category arose from McCarthy's dealings with the subcommittee on privileges and elections of the [[Senate Committee on Rules and Administration]], which had acted on a resolution introduced in 1951 by [[William Benton]] and on the 1950 Maryland senatorial election. The Senate had voted 60 to 0 in [[Senate Resolution 300]] to affirm that subcommittee's jurisdiction and the integrity of its members.[^38] On the category concerning classified information, the committee found that McCarthy had offered, in the course of his defense before the subcommittee, to make public a document bearing the markings of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Personal and Confidential via Liaison," concerning possible espionage at a defense installation. It found that the 2¼-page document had been taken in part from a 15-page interdepartmental memorandum from the FBI to the Army dated January 15, 1951, marked confidential, and that McCarthy knew in May 1953, when he acquired it, that it had been extracted in part from a document containing security information.[^39] The committee wrote that McCarthy "committed grave error" in offering to make public a classified document, but that "[t]hese mitigating circumstances are such that we do not recommend censure on the specifications included in category III."[^40]
The contempt category arose from McCarthy's dealings with the subcommittee on privileges and elections of the [[Senate Committee on Rules and Administration]], which had acted on a resolution introduced in 1951 by [[William Benton]] and on the 1950 Maryland senatorial election. The Senate had voted 60 to 0 in [[Senate Resolution 300]] to affirm that subcommittee's jurisdiction and the integrity of its members.[^40] On the category concerning classified information, the committee found that McCarthy had offered, in the course of his defense before the subcommittee, to make public a document bearing the markings of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Personal and Confidential via Liaison," concerning possible espionage at a defense installation. It found that the 2¼-page document had been taken in part from a 15-page interdepartmental memorandum from the FBI to the Army dated January 15, 1951, marked confidential, and that McCarthy knew in May 1953, when he acquired it, that it had been extracted in part from a document containing security information.[^41] The committee wrote that McCarthy "committed grave error" in offering to make public a classified document, but that "[t]hese mitigating circumstances are such that we do not recommend censure on the specifications included in category III."[^42]
On the Zwicker category the committee concluded that "the conduct of Senator McCarthy toward General Zwicker was reprehensible, and that for this conduct he should be censured by the Senate."[^41] The Senate condemned McCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22 on December 2, 1954, for abuse and noncooperation with the subcommittee on privileges and elections.[^42]
On the Zwicker category the committee concluded that "the conduct of Senator McCarthy toward General Zwicker was reprehensible, and that for this conduct he should be censured by the Senate."[^43] The Senate condemned McCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22 on December 2, 1954, for abuse and noncooperation with the subcommittee on privileges and elections.[^44]
### Footnotes
@ -141,14 +143,16 @@ On the Zwicker category the committee concluded that "the conduct of Senator McC
[^29]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy, Chairman, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, to Allen W. Dulles, July 27, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080022-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080022-7
[^30]: Allen Drury, "McCarthy Warns CIA Head Fight on Bundy Isn't Over," newspaper article, August 4, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP74-00297R000401370024-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74-00297r000401370024-4
[^31]: Letter from Joseph R. McCarthy to Allen W. Dulles, August 3, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP80M01009A000100080020-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80m01009a000100080020-9
[^32]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry for Tuesday, August 11, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00682R000200090091-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00682r000200090091-4
[^33]: Letter from Allen W. Dulles to Joseph R. McCarthy, October 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP86B00269R000100130103-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000100130103-2
[^34]: Congressional Record, vol. 97, pt. 5, June 14, 1951, Senate proceedings, remarks of Senator McCarthy on General Marshall, passage "Infamy So Black" at p. 6602. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-28-june-27-1951_97
[^35]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings," describing the Army allegation, the Special Senate Investigation, the hearing dates of March 16 to June 17, 1954, the broadcast, Mundt as acting chairman, Dworshak's seating and the August 31, 1954 report. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
[^36]: Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Investigations, 83d Cong., 2d sess., Part 59 (June 9, 1954), pp. 2428 to 2429. https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv59unit
[^37]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, Report on Resolution to Censure, S. Rept. 83-2508, 83d Cong., 2d sess. (1954), roster and recommendations pursuant to S. Res. 301. Copy in CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00965R000500040014-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^38]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category I, Part A and Part B (findings on Senate Resolution 187, introduced by Senator Benton on August 6, 1951, and Senate Resolution 300, adopted 60 to 0). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^39]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, Report on Resolution to Censure, Category III, Parts B and C (document with FBI markings; 15-page FBI memorandum of January 15, 1951), pp. 42 to 44. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^40]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category III and its conclusions, pp. 44 to 45 ("grave error" on p. 44, "[t]hese mitigating circumstances" on p. 45). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^41]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category V, Conclusions, p. 61, concerning Brigadier General Ralph W. Zwicker. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^42]: U.S. Senate, "Senate Censure Table," entry for Joseph R. McCarthy (R-WI), December 2, 1954, condemned 67 to 22, with the stated charge of abuse and noncooperation with the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/censure.htm
[^32]: Federal Bureau of Investigation memorandum, "Information Concerning Allen W. Dulles," July 10, 1953, FBI file 62-HQ-80750, "FBI Files on CIA Liaison," section 31, https://archive.org/details/FBI-CIA-Liaison
[^33]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment* (Trine Day, 2002 edition), section "William P. Bundy," https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^34]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry for Tuesday, August 11, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00682R000200090091-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00682r000200090091-4
[^35]: Letter from Allen W. Dulles to Joseph R. McCarthy, October 22, 1953, CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP86B00269R000100130103-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000100130103-2
[^36]: Congressional Record, vol. 97, pt. 5, June 14, 1951, Senate proceedings, remarks of Senator McCarthy on General Marshall, passage "Infamy So Black" at p. 6602. https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_may-28-june-27-1951_97
[^37]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings," describing the Army allegation, the Special Senate Investigation, the hearing dates of March 16 to June 17, 1954, the broadcast, Mundt as acting chairman, Dworshak's seating and the August 31, 1954 report. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
[^38]: Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Investigations, 83d Cong., 2d sess., Part 59 (June 9, 1954), pp. 2428 to 2429. https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv59unit
[^39]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, Report on Resolution to Censure, S. Rept. 83-2508, 83d Cong., 2d sess. (1954), roster and recommendations pursuant to S. Res. 301. Copy in CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP91-00965R000500040014-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^40]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category I, Part A and Part B (findings on Senate Resolution 187, introduced by Senator Benton on August 6, 1951, and Senate Resolution 300, adopted 60 to 0). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^41]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, Report on Resolution to Censure, Category III, Parts B and C (document with FBI markings; 15-page FBI memorandum of January 15, 1951), pp. 42 to 44. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^42]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category III and its conclusions, pp. 44 to 45 ("grave error" on p. 44, "[t]hese mitigating circumstances" on p. 45). https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^43]: Select Committee to Study Censure Charges, S. Rept. 83-2508, Category V, Conclusions, p. 61, concerning Brigadier General Ralph W. Zwicker. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000500040014-7
[^44]: U.S. Senate, "Senate Censure Table," entry for Joseph R. McCarthy (R-WI), December 2, 1954, condemned 67 to 22, with the stated charge of abuse and noncooperation with the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/censure.htm

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---
aliases:
- Neil Mallon
- H. Neil Mallon
- Henry Neil Mallon
- Henry N. Mallon
- H. N. Mallon
category: "Business & Finance"
tags:
- Person
- DresserIndustries
- SkullAndBones
- DallasCouncilOnWorldAffairs
- ForeignPolicyAssociation
- GeorgeHWBush
- PrescottBush
- AllenDulles
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- Cincinnati
- YaleUniversity
- Dallas
summary: "Yale 1917 Skull and Bones member who ran Dresser Industries from 1928 to 1962, founded the Dallas Council on World Affairs in 1951, and hired George H.W. Bush in 1948."
born: 1895-01-11
died: 1983
location: "Dallas, Texas"
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
role: "member, Yale class of 1917"
fn: 1
- type: head_of
with: "[[Dresser Industries]]"
role: "president and chief executive officer, later chairman of the board"
start: 1928
end: 1962
fn: 2
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Continental Can Company]]"
role: "general manager, Chicago operations"
fn: 11
- type: founded
with: "[[Dallas Council on World Affairs]]"
start: 1951
fn: 3
- type: director_of
with: "[[Foreign Policy Association]]"
role: "director at large, class of 1950"
start: 1949
fn: 21
- type: director_of
with: "[[General Minerals Corporation]]"
role: "director of the Dallas uranium exploration company"
start: 1955
fn: 23
---
Henry Neil Mallon (born January 11, 1895, in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]) was a member of [[Skull and Bones]] in the [[Yale University]] class of 1917 who served as president and chief executive of [[Dresser Industries]] from 1928 until his retirement in 1962.[^1][^2] He founded the [[Dallas Council on World Affairs]] in 1951,[^3] corresponded with [[Allen Dulles]] in the 1950s,[^4] and hired [[George H.W. Bush]] for a Dresser subsidiary after Bush left Yale in 1948.[^5]
### Yale and the Class of 1917
Mallon was the son of [[Guy Ward Mallon]], a Yale graduate of 1885 who was senior partner in the Cincinnati law firm of [[Mallon & Vordenberg]]. His mother was Hannah Neil of [[Columbus, Ohio]], before her marriage.[^1] He prepared at the [[Hughes High School]] in Cincinnati and at the [[Taft School]] in [[Watertown, Connecticut]]. At Yale he played on the class baseball team and the varsity basketball team, was chosen an all-collegiate guard by the [[Intercollegiate Basketball League]], and served as a vice president of the [[Yale University Young Men's Christian Association]].[^1] Throughout his college course he roomed with [[Clive C. Day]]. The class history lists his Yale relatives as an uncle, [[Neil Bernard Mallon]] of the class of 1896, and a brother, [[John Howard Mallon]] of 1919.[^1] Isaac Collier Gifford, a member of the same class, lists "Neil Mallon, '17" among his Yale relatives in the same history.[^6]
The class history states of him: "He is a member of [[Psi Upsilon]] and Skull and Bones." It also says that Mallon "expects to enter business with the [[Superior Portland Cement Company]]," and gives his permanent address as Cincinnati.[^1] The same history names [[E. Roland Harriman]] as a member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones and lists his brother [[W. Averell Harriman]], of the class of 1913, among his Yale relatives. It gives the same membership to [[Knight Woolley]].[^7] It gives [[Prescott Bush]] the words "He belongs to the [[Whiffenpoofs]], Psi Upsilon, and Skull and Bones."[^8] The index of members by class year in [[Antony C. Sutton]]'s 1983 study of the society lists "Mallon, Henry Neil" under the class of 1917.[^9] The corporate history of Dresser published in 1979 records that Harriman, Bush, Woolley and Mallon had been fellow members of the society.[^10]
### Army Service and the Fort Sill Account
The company history of Dresser Industries says that Mallon "had seen the war's end as a major" before he took a job in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] with the [[Continental Can Company]], where he rose to general manager.[^11] A 1989 biography of Bush states that Mallon, at 23, had been the army's youngest major.[^12] [[Kris Millegan]] wrote that Bush and Mallon were both commissioned in the Field Artillery after graduation, and he gives Mallon's assignment as "Captain Henry Mallon 323d Regiment Field Artillery."[^13]
The [[Yale Alumni Magazine]] reported in 2006 that a centennial history of the society by [[F. O. Matthiessen]] names [[Ellery Sedgwick James|Ellery James]], Henry Neil Mallon and Prescott Bush, all of the class of 1917, among the men who were at [[Fort Sill]] in early 1918 and who unearthed a skull there.[^14] The same article reports a letter of June 7, 1918, from [[Winter Mead]] to [[F. Trubee Davison]], which [[Marc Wortman]] found in the Davison papers at [[Sterling Memorial Library]]. The printed text reads "exhumed from its tomb at Fort Sill by your club & the K[night] Haffner," and the magazine ties [[Charles C. Haffner Jr.]] to the artillery school at Fort Sill between August 1917 and July 1918.[^15]
### Continental Can and the 1928 Purchase of Dresser
A 1928 directory of directors lists Mallon at a Cincinnati address.[^16] In 1928 the Dresser family sold the business to [[W. A. Harriman & Company]], an investment-banking firm that intended to make the company a public company with separate ownership and management. The number of shares rose from 5,000 to 300,000. Of these, 100,000 were designated Class A and offered at $48 each, and the remainder were Class B, held back until 1931. The aging [[Fred Miller]], who had run the business, stayed on as chairman of the board in a consultative capacity, and Mallon became president at the age of thirty-three.[^11] The Handbook of Texas entry on the company by [[Darwin Payne]] gives the same sequence. It states that Mallon "was selected as president and chief executive officer" and held that position until his retirement in 1962. It also says that Prescott Bush "had been a W. A. Harriman and Company executive who had been involved in the conversion of Dresser to a public company, and he served on the board of directors for twenty-two years."[^2]
Payne's 1979 history of the company lists the presidents of Dresser Industries with Fred A. Miller as president from 1911 to 1929 and Mallon from 1929 to 1962, and it describes the principals of the Harriman firm, among them E. Roland Harriman, as sons of the railroad magnate [[E. H. Harriman]].[^17] The same history says that Mallon had never been to [[Bradford, Pennsylvania]], the site of the Dresser Manufacturing plant, before the purchase.[^17] [[Garry Wills]] quoted Prescott Bush's recollection that dates the purchase to 1929: "In 1929 we bought Dresser Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania for four million dollars, and we sold securities against that company and refinanced it, you see, so that we retained a substantial measure of control."[^18] The company histories give 1928 and Bush's recollection gives 1929.
Dresser's own annual report for the fiscal year 1993 gives a different corporate lineage. The company "was incorporated under the laws of Delaware in 1956 as a successor to a Pennsylvania corporation organized in 1938 by the consolidation of S. R. Dresser Manufacturing Company and Clark Bros. Company," and both predecessors were "carrying on businesses founded in 1880."[^19]
### Dresser Under Mallon, 1928 to 1962
The company history reports a gross profit of $1.29 million for 1929, despite the October 1929 stock market crash. It describes the threat to Dresser's couplings business from welding, which led to a program of acquisitions.[^2][^11] A [[Toronto]] plant opened in 1931 as a subsidiary, the Dresser Manufacturing Company, Ltd., after Canada limited imports. Profit for 1932 was $11,621. In 1933 Dresser bought the common stock of the Bryant Heater Company for $65,000, and in 1937 it acquired the Clark Brothers Company of [[Olean, New York]], a maker of gas engines and compressors, which merged with Dresser in 1938.[^11] The merger is the 1938 consolidation recorded in the later annual report.[^19] Between 1930 and the entry of the United States into the war, Dresser also acquired makers of valves, heaters and pumps.[^2]
During the Second World War the company supplied pipeline components to military posts, engines for freighters, and aircraft parts including landing gear, wing flaps and bomb doors. One of its most urgent assignments was at the secret [[Manhattan Project]]. Sales for 1944 were just under $55 million.[^11] The company's [[Pacific Pumps]] subsidiary of Huntington Park, California, supplied more than six hundred pumps to [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]].[^17] The company's name changed to Dresser Industries in October 1944, and operations moved to [[Cleveland, Ohio]] five months later; the new Cleveland offices opened on March 19, 1945.[^11][^17]
[[International Derrick and Equipment Company]] (IDECO), a maker of derricks and drilling rigs, was acquired by Dresser in 1944.[^17] In November 1945 the company acquired [[Security Engineering]] of [[Whittier, California]], a maker of drilling bits.[^11][^17] In November 1949 it bought the [[Magnet Cove Barium Corporation]] of [[Houston|Houston, Texas]], for $2.8 million. The company history says that Magnet Cove was later known as Magcobar.[^11] The same history credits the executive vice president [[John O'Connor]] with persuading the [[Soviet Union]] to build a $6 million natural gas liquefaction plant outside [[Moscow]]. The plant was slated for completion in 1949, fell victim to a [[United States Department of Commerce]] trade ban early in 1948, and was unfinished until 1954.[^11]
The headquarters moved to [[Dallas, Texas]] in 1950, which the company history describes as moving the company to "the epicenter of the U.S. oil business."[^2][^11] A July 1955 issue of the magazine of the [[Dallas Chamber of Commerce]] counted nine affiliated Dresser companies: Ideco and the Security Engineering Division in Dallas, and Clark, Dresser-Ideco, Dresser Manufacturing, Lane-Wells, Magcobar, Pacific and Roots-Connersville elsewhere. The same issue reports that Security Engineering was moving its executive offices from Whittier to Dallas, and that Clark Brothers had built a 5,500 kilowatt gas turbine power plant, mounted on a railroad car, under a Navy contract.[^20] Mallon announced his retirement in early 1962, after his sixty-seventh birthday, effective March 19;[^2][^17] [[John Lawrence]] succeeded as head of the company and served until 1970.[^17]
### Foreign Policy Association, Uranium and Dallas Civic Posts
A proxy for the annual meeting of the [[Foreign Policy Association]] on December 10, 1949, printed in its Foreign Policy Bulletin, lists "H. Neil Mallon" as a director at large in the class of 1950 and describes him as president of Dresser Industries, Cleveland, Ohio.[^21] [[Dan Smoot]] later wrote that Mallon was "a former official of the Foreign Policy Association."[^22]
The July 1955 issue of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce magazine reports the formation of the General Minerals Corporation, headed by S. Y. Guthrie, to engage in exploration, development and processing of uranium, which absorbed the Dallas firm Research, Inc., a company that had done development work for the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]. The directors named are Guthrie, H. Neil Mallon, [[Everett DeGolyer]], Thomas A. Knight, Malcolm E. Wilson Sr., [[A. H. Meadows]], and Gordon Simpson, all of Dallas, with Kenneth M. Willson of Carmel, California, and P. H. Freeney of Pierre, South Dakota.[^23] The same issue pictures Mallon with [[Joe C. Thompson]] and [[Angus G. Wynne Jr.]] on the Chamber's Aviation Committee, whose chairman before 1954 was [[Stanley Marcus]]; the committee's 1952 studies led to a January 1953 bond issue of $10.5 million for [[Dallas Love Field]].[^24]
Smoot's book *The Invisible Government* quotes a November 11, 1958 report in the Dallas Morning News that a steering group "composed of Dallas and Southwestern business, industrial and educational leaders" had laid the groundwork, in a weekend meeting at [[Southern Methodist University]], for a Dallas Committee for Economic Development and a research center at the university, and that the group included [[George C. McGhee]] and Neil Mallon. Smoot added that Dresser Industries was among the corporations listed as contributors to the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in its 1960-61 fiscal year, in a list that also includes [[Brown Brothers Harriman]] and the Continental Can Company.[^22][^25]
### The Dallas Council on World Affairs
The World Affairs Council of Dallas/Fort Worth says on its history page that the council was founded in 1951, when Dresser Industries' chairman and president Henry Neil Mallon "saw the need for a local institution to encourage citizen understanding, engagement, and involvement in international affairs." He gathered a select group from the corporate and civic communities to form the Dallas Council on World Affairs. The page lists seventeen founders, among them [[J. Woodall Rodgers]], [[Brooks Keller]], [[John A. Steel]], [[Charles P. Storey]], [[Tom E. Braniff]], [[J. C. Karcher]] and Stanley Marcus. The council's top award is named the H. Neil Mallon Award.[^3] A 2011 resolution of the Texas House of Representatives recites that the council, "Founded in 1951," presents its annual H. Neil Mallon Award.[^26]
A [[Dallas News]] editorial of October 27, 1953, held in the CIA reading room as a clipping, refers to the council's meeting the previous week, which had drawn interest in what the head of the Central Intelligence Agency might say. The editorial credits "H. N. Mallon, Mr. Costin, and others" with the council's start: "Under the aegis of H. N. Mallon, Mr. Costin, and others, the Dallas Council on World Affairs has proved itself in the short span of only two years to be an extremely valuable adjunct to the educational life of the community."[^27] [[Glen Costin]] is named in the same editorial as the council's executive director.
On February 27, 1954, Dulles wrote to Vice President [[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]] about the council. A Texas correspondent had sent Dulles a copy of his own February 24, 1954 letter to Nixon on the council, and Dulles described the council as "an excellent forum of persons who take a deep interest in our foreign relations." Dulles wrote of "Neil Mallon, whom I have known for several years," and of his "real accomplishment in organizing the Council and keeping it a live and vigorous organization." The distribution block of the letter shows a copy sent to Mallon.[^4]
On February 5, 1958, the council's executive director, Roger Kennedy, wrote to Dulles at the Central Intelligence Agency, thanking him for seeing Kennedy in Washington and for "such well-upholstered transportation to my next appointment," and saying the council would be grateful to hear him in Dallas in April or May "on the record and for an audience of substantial size." Dulles's reply to Kennedy, dated February 13, 1958 (drafted February 7), declined the invitation at that time.[^28] The council's letterhead, printed on the Kennedy letter, lists "H. N. Mallon" among its members, marked as a member of the executive committee. It also lists [[Earle Cabell]], Judge [[Sarah T. Hughes]], [[Karl Hoblitzelle]], George C. McGhee, [[Trammell Crow]], Stanley Marcus and A. H. Meadows. The officers printed on it are [[W. W. Overton Jr.]], chairman of the board, and Charles E. Beard, president.[^28]
The Handbook of Texas entry on Earle Cabell, mayor of Dallas from 1961 and later a congressman, names the Dallas Council on World Affairs among the civic organizations he had served as president or director, and names his brothers as Ben and [[Charles P. Cabell|Charles]]. The entry on Charles Pearre Cabell, born in Dallas in 1903, states that he was deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1953 until his retirement as a four-star general.[^29][^30] Earle Cabell greeted President [[John F. Kennedy]] at Love Field on November 22, 1963 and rode in the motorcade.[^29]
### Central Intelligence Agency Contacts
[[Anthony L. Kimery]]'s article "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends" appeared in the CovertAction Information Bulletin, number 41 (Summer 1992). Kimery wrote that Mallon "was a friend to numerous ranking Cold War era intelligence officials, including Allen Dulles," and that "Mallon steered prospective candidates for spy work to Dulles and often provided cover employment to CIA operatives."[^31] Kimery wrote that Dresser "had routinely served as a CIA cover," and gave as his basis for that statement interviews in 1990 and 1991 with two former Operations Directorate field officers, one of whom claimed to have worked for Dresser as his cover. His note for the sentence on Mallon's recruiting cites a March 25, 1953 letter from Prescott Bush to the president's national security adviser.[^31] For the wider point about Yale's ties to the agency, Kimery cites [[Robin W. Winks]]'s account of the Yale recruiting connection and quotes Winks that Yale "influenced the CIA more than any other institution."[^32]
Kimery also wrote that Mallon introduced the Russian-born petroleum geologist [[George de Mohrenschildt]] to Bush at about the time Mallon gave Bush responsibility for dealings with East-bloc oil officials, and that a Yugoslav oil official who came to the United States in 1948 to talk to Dresser went directly to Bush in Midland.[^31]
Millegan wrote that on April 10, 1953, Mallon sent a letter to Dulles about a proposed meeting at the [[Carlton Hotel]], at which Mallon, Prescott Bush and Dulles discussed the use of drilling rigs in the [[Caribbean]]. Millegan wrote that Dresser Industries had "often provided cover employment to CIA operatives."[^33]
The [[Washington Post]] profile by [[Bob Woodward]] and [[Walter Pincus]], dated August 7, 1988 in the CIA reading room copy, names Mallon, head of Dresser Industries, as the man who gave Bush his first job out of Yale, and as a member of the society in the Bush family tradition.[^34]
### George H.W. Bush at Dresser, 1948 to 1951
In the volume of his letters published as All the Best, George Bush describes Mallon in a biographical note as a "Yale classmate of my Dad's" and "an intimate family friend," and writes: "I accepted the job from Neil Mallon and drove our 1947 Studebaker (a graduation gift from my parents) to Odessa, Texas."[^35] In Looking Forward (1987, written with Victor Gold), Bush described Mallon as "a friend and a mentor second only to my father." Bush wrote that he became "a full-fledged Ideco salesman, selling drilling bits," that Dresser headquarters later sent word transferring him to Midland, and that when he traveled to Dresser headquarters in Dallas to give Mallon news of his decision to leave, "at age twenty-six, I didn't just respect Neil, I was awed by him."[^36]
A 1989 biography states that in 1948 Mallon offered to take on Bush as the company's only trainee that year and arranged a trainee's spot in Ideco.[^12] A 2007 biography quotes Mallon as having told Bush: "What you need to do is head out to Texas."[^37] A CIA biographical sheet on Bush lists him as an "Oil field supply salesman, Dresser Industries, [[Midland, Texas]], 1948-51," and records that he formed [[Bush-Overbey Oil Development]], Inc., in 1951.[^5] In a 1988 profile preserved in the same CIA file, [[Randall Rothenberg]] reported that "A family friend, Neil Mallon, a man who 'could charm the fangs off a snake,' according to [[Bucky Bush]], offered George a bottom-of-the-ladder job in Midland, Tex., at Dresser Industries, his large oil company."[^38]
Bush's letters in All the Best include one to "Mr. H.N. Mallon, Dresser Industries, Dallas, Texas," dated April 12, 1951, which begins "Dear Neil, This will let you know that we are in business," and a letter in which Bush wrote that he had decided to remain with Dresser Industries and had "a great feeling of loyalty to Dresser and to Mr. Mallon." Bush also recalled that leaving was difficult "especially because of my great respect for Neil Mallon," and that Mallon was "supportive and even encouraged" him to start out on his own.[^35]
Bush wrote of the birth of the couple's third son in All the Best that the baby's name was changed "from Henry to Neil" and that "We wanted to name him for Neil Mallon, whose name was really Henry."[^35] The son, [[Neil Bush]], was born in Midland on January 22, 1955.[^39]
Wills wrote that Prescott Bush, while serving on the Dresser board, "made his old Yale friend, Neil Mallon, the chief executive," and quoted Prescott Bush: "I was Neil Mallon's chief adviser and consultant in connection with every move that he made with that business during that period of twenty years."[^18] Wills also wrote that when George H.W. Bush went from Yale to Texas in 1948, he was hired by Mallon to work for a Dresser subsidiary.[^18] [[Bill Minutaglio]] wrote that Prescott Bush called Mallon "a very able fellow" and hand-selected him to head Dresser, and that Mallon "really was almost a member of the Bush-Walker family."[^40] [[Richard Ben Cramer]] wrote that Mallon had been "unofficial godfather" to the Bush children.[^41]
### Footnotes
[^1]: George Mosher Murray and others, *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen, Yale College*, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1917), entry for Henry Neil Mallon, pp. 231 to 232: birth on January 11, 1895 in Cincinnati, parentage, Hughes High School and Taft School, athletics, Dwight Hall work, "He is a member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones," roommates, Yale relatives, "Mallon expects to enter business with the Superior Portland Cement Company," and the Cincinnati permanent address. https://archive.org/details/historyofclassof00murr
[^2]: Darwin Payne, "Dresser Industries: A Legacy in Energy and Natural Resources," *Handbook of Texas Online*, Texas State Historical Association. Sections on the 1928 conversion by W. A. Harriman and Company, Mallon's selection as president and chief executive officer and his retirement in 1962, the directorship of Prescott Bush, the welding threat and acquisition program, the acquisitions between 1930 and the entry of the United States into the war, and the 1950 move of headquarters to Dallas. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/dresser-industries
[^3]: World Affairs Council of Dallas/Fort Worth, history page, stating that the council was founded in 1951 when Dresser Industries' chairman and president Henry Neil Mallon saw the need for a local institution, listing the seventeen founders, and naming the H. Neil Mallon Award. https://support.dfwworld.org/oldsite/who-we-are/our-history
[^4]: Allen W. Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to the Honorable Richard M. Nixon, Vice-President of the United States, February 27, 1954, with distribution "cc - Neil Mallon." CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R000900110025-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r000900110025-8
[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Biographical Information on George H. W. Bush," undated sheet, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401590001-9, listing "Oil field supply salesman, Dresser Industries, Midland, Texas, 1948-51" and Bush-Overbey Oil Development, Inc., formed 1951, Midland, Texas. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401590001-9
[^6]: Murray and others, *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen*, vol. 1 (1917), entry for Isaac Collier Gifford, listing Albert Hoysradt '77, Guy Mallon '85 and Neil Mallon '17 as Yale relatives. https://archive.org/details/historyofclassof00murr
[^7]: Murray and others, *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen*, vol. 1 (1917), entries for Edward Roland Noel Harriman (member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones; relatives include William Averell Harriman, '13, a brother) and Knight Woolley ("He belongs to Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones"). https://archive.org/details/historyofclassof00murr
[^8]: Murray and others, *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen*, vol. 1 (1917), entry for Prescott Sheldon Bush, pp. 105 to 106, "He belongs to the Whiffenpoofs, Psi Upsilon, and Skull and Bones." https://archive.org/details/historyofclassof00murr
[^9]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (1983), index of members by class year, class of 1917, entry "Mallon, Henry Neil." https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^10]: Darwin Payne, *Initiative in Energy: Dresser Industries, Inc., 1880-1978* (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), chapter "New Command in a Troubled Era," on the Harriman firm's purchase and the Skull and Bones membership shared by Harriman, Bush, Woolley and Mallon. https://archive.org/details/initiativeinener00payn_0
[^11]: Dresser Industries, Inc., entry in the *International Directory of Company Histories* (St. James Press), reproduced on Encyclopedia.com. Sections on the 1928 sale to W. A. Harriman and Company, the share structure and the Class B shares held until 1931, Fred Miller's consultative chairmanship, Mallon's Continental Can Company career as general manager in Chicago, his age of thirty-three in 1928, his service as a major at the war's end, the 1929 gross profit of $1.29 million, the Toronto subsidiary of 1931, the 1932 profit of $11,621, the 1933 Bryant Heater purchase for $65,000, the 1937 acquisition and 1938 merger of Clark Brothers, wartime production including the Manhattan Project assignment and 1944 sales, the October 1944 name change, the move to Cleveland, the acquisition of Security Engineering in 1945, the Soviet gas liquefaction plant arranged by John O'Connor, the acquisition of Magnet Cove Barium Corporation of Houston in November 1949 for $2.8 million (later Magcobar), and the 1950 move of headquarters to Dallas. https://encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/dresser-industries-inc
[^12]: Fitzhugh Green, *George Bush: An Intimate Portrait* (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1989), passages on Mallon as "the army's youngest major" at 23, on his 1948 offer to take Bush on as the company's only trainee that year, and on the trainee's spot arranged in Ideco (International Derrick and Equipment Company). https://archive.org/details/georgebushintima00gree
[^13]: Kris Millegan, ed., *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society* (Trine Day, 2003), section "Skull & Bones: What Did You Do in the Secret War, Daddy?" and the passage on the commissions of Prescott Bush and Henry Mallon in the Field Artillery, with the line "Captain Henry Mallon 323d Regiment Field Artillery." The text of the book reprints material that first appeared online in July 1996. https://archive.org/details/fleshing_out_skull_and_bones
[^14]: Kathrin Day Lassila and Mark Alden Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?", *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006, reporting the centennial history by F. O. Matthiessen '23 and its statement that Ellery James '17, Henry Neil Mallon '17 and Prescott Bush '17 were at Fort Sill in early 1918 and among the six Bonesmen who unearthed the skull. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^15]: Lassila and Branch, "Whose Skull and Bones?", *Yale Alumni Magazine*, May/June 2006, on the letter of June 7, 1918 from Winter Mead '19 to F. Trubee Davison '18, found by Marc Wortman in the F. Trubee Davison Papers at Sterling Memorial Library, and on the yearbook entry for Charles C. Haffner Jr. The printed text of the letter reads "The skull of the worthy Geronimo the Terrible, exhumed from its tomb at Fort Sill by your club & the K[night] Haffner." https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215733/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/notebook.html
[^16]: *Poor's Register of Directors* (1928), Ohio, Cincinnati listings, entry "Mallon, Henry Neil," with a Norwood Station address in Cincinnati. https://archive.org/details/poorsregisterofd00poor
[^17]: Darwin Payne, *Initiative in Energy: Dresser Industries, Inc., 1880-1978* (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979): the list of presidents (Miller 1911 to 1929; Mallon 1929 to 1962; Lawrence 1962 to 1970); the Harriman principals; Mallon never having been to Bradford; the opening of the Cleveland offices on March 19, 1945; the caption stating Ideco "was acquired by Dresser in 1944"; Security Engineering Company of Whittier, California, joining Dresser on November 1, 1945; Pacific Pumps' pumps for Oak Ridge; and Mallon's retirement announcement effective March 19 in early 1962 after his sixty-seventh birthday. https://archive.org/details/initiativeinener00payn_0
[^18]: Garry Wills, "Father Knows Best," *The New York Review of Books*, November 5, 1992: Prescott Bush's recollection of buying Dresser Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania in 1929 for four million dollars; Prescott Bush serving on the Dresser board and making Neil Mallon chief executive; Prescott Bush's statement "I was Neil Mallon's chief adviser and consultant in connection with every move that he made with that business during that period of twenty years"; and George H.W. Bush's hiring by Mallon in 1948. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/11/05/father-knows-best/
[^19]: Dresser Industries, Inc., Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1993, filed January 28, 1994, Item 1, Business. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30099/0000950131-94-000055.txt
[^20]: *Dallas* (magazine of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce), vol. 34, no. 7 (July 1955): the passage on the nine affiliated Dresser Industries companies; "Security Engineering Moves to Dallas"; and "New Mobile Power Plant." https://archive.org/details/sim_dallas_1955-07_34_7
[^21]: Foreign Policy Association, proxy for the annual meeting of December 10, 1949, in *Foreign Policy Bulletin*, vol. 29, no. 7 (November 25, 1949): nominees for director, class of 1950, "H. Neil Mallon," director at large, and the brief "Who's Who" entry "H. NEIL MALLON, President, Dresser Industries, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio." https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1949-11-25_29_7
[^22]: Dan Smoot, *The Invisible Government* (Americanist Library edition), p. 58: Smoot's text on Neil Mallon as "then Chairman of the Board of Dresser Industries and a former official of the Foreign Policy Association," founder of the Dallas Council on World Affairs in 1951. https://archive.org/details/b-001-014-093_202207
[^23]: *Dallas* (magazine of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce), vol. 34, no. 7 (July 1955): report on the General Minerals Corporation, headed by S. Y. Guthrie, absorbing Research, Inc., and listing its directors including H. Neil Mallon, Everett DeGolyer and Al H. Meadows. https://archive.org/details/sim_dallas_1955-07_34_7
[^24]: *Dallas* (magazine of the Dallas Chamber of Commerce), vol. 34, no. 7 (July 1955): the Chamber's Aviation Committee, photograph captioned with H. Neil Mallon, Joe C. Thompson and Angus Wynne Jr., the chairmanship of Stanley Marcus succeeded in 1954 by Wynne, the 1952 studies, and the January 1953 bond issue of $10,500,000 for Love Field. https://archive.org/details/sim_dallas_1955-07_34_7
[^25]: Smoot, *The Invisible Government*, chapter 1, list of firms contributing to the Council on Foreign Relations in fiscal year 1960-61 ("Corporation Service"), including Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co., Continental Can Company and Dresser Industries, Inc.; and the Dallas Morning News report of November 11, 1958, as quoted at p. 58, on the steering group at Southern Methodist University that included George McGhee and Neil Mallon. https://archive.org/details/b-001-014-093_202207
[^26]: Texas House of Representatives, House Resolution No. 2088, 82nd Legislature (2011), on the World Affairs Council of Dallas/Fort Worth's presentation of the H. Neil Mallon Award on September 22, 2011, reciting "Founded in 1951." https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HR02088F.pdf
[^27]: "World Affairs Council," editorial, *Dallas News*, October 27, 1953, CIA reading room clipping, document CIA-RDP70-00058R000100080037-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp70-00058r000100080037-2
[^28]: Roger Kennedy, Executive Director, Dallas Council on World Affairs, letter of February 5, 1958 to Allen Dulles, Central Intelligence Agency, with the council's letterhead listing its officers and members (executive committee members marked with an asterisk), and Dulles's reply to Kennedy drafted February 7 and dated February 13, 1958. CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003800110043-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003800110043-4
[^29]: Michael V. Hazel, "Cabell, Earle," *Handbook of Texas Online*, Texas State Historical Association: son of Ben E. and Sadie (Pearre) Cabell; brothers Ben and Charles; president or director of civic organizations including the Dallas Council on World Affairs; mayor of Dallas from 1961; at Love Field and in the motorcade on November 22, 1963. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cabell-earle
[^30]: "Cabell, Charles Pearre," *Handbook of Texas Online*, Texas State Historical Association: son of Ben E. and Sadie E. (Pearre) Cabell; born in Dallas on October 11, 1903; deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1953 until his retirement in 1963. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cabell-charles-pearre
[^31]: Anthony L. Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA: In the Company of Friends," *CovertAction Information Bulletin*, no. 41 (Summer 1992): passages on Henry Neil Mallon as chairman of Dresser Industries and the IDECO job; the sentence on Mallon's recruiting and cover employment, with its note citing a March 25, 1953 letter from Prescott Bush to the president's national security adviser; the description of IDECO as a Dresser subsidiary that "had routinely served as a CIA cover," with note 8 citing interviews in 1990 and 1991 with two former Operations Directorate field officers; and the passage on George de Mohrenschildt and the Yugoslav oil official of 1948. CIA reading room copy, document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^32]: Robin W. Winks, *Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939 to 1961* (New York: William Morrow, 1987), chapter 1 and p. 35, as quoted in Kimery, "George Bush and the CIA," CIA-RDP99-01448R000401570011-0: Yale "influenced the CIA more than any other institution." https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401570011-0
[^33]: Kris Millegan, *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones* (2003), section "What Did You Do in the Secret War, Daddy?", on a letter from Mallon to Allen Dulles dated April 10, 1953, a proposed meeting at the Carlton Hotel with Prescott Bush, the discussion of drilling rigs in the Caribbean, and the phrase "often provided cover employment to CIA operatives." https://archive.org/details/fleshing_out_skull_and_bones
[^34]: Bob Woodward and Walter Pincus, "Bush Opened Up To Secret Yale Society: Turning Points in a Life Built on Alliances," *Washington Post*, dated August 7, 1988 in the CIA reading room record, CIA reading room copy, document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580058-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580058-8
[^35]: George Bush, *All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings* (New York: Scribner, 1999), biographical note on Neil Mallon; Bush's account of accepting the job from Mallon and driving to Odessa; the letter of April 12, 1951 to H. N. Mallon, Dresser Industries, Dallas; the letter stating his decision to remain with Dresser and his loyalty to Mr. Mallon; his account of leaving Dresser; the chronology entry for Neil Mallon Bush; and the passage on naming the third son for Neil Mallon. https://archive.org/details/allbestgeorgebus0000bush
[^36]: George Bush with Victor Gold, *Looking Forward* (New York: Doubleday, 1987): "Neil Mallon was a friend and a mentor second only to my father"; "I became a full-fledged Ideco salesman, selling drilling bits"; "Dresser headquarters sent word transferring me to Midland"; and the trip to Dresser headquarters in Dallas "to break the news to Neil. At age twenty-six, I didn't just respect Neil, I was awed by him." https://archive.org/details/lookingforward00bush
[^37]: Diana Childress, *George H.W. Bush* (Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2007), chapter "Learning the Oil Business": Mallon, "a close family friend," saying "What you need to do is head out to Texas and those oil fields." https://archive.org/details/georgehwbush0000chil
[^38]: Randall Rothenberg, "In Search of George Bush," dated March 6, 1988, newspaper clipping in the CIA file, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP99-01448R000401580078-6, quoting Bucky Bush on Neil Mallon's offer of a job in Midland, Texas. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp99-01448r000401580078-6
[^39]: Arleen McGrath Heiss, *Barbara Bush* (New York: Chelsea House, 1992), text and chronology: "Neil Mallon Bush was born January 22, 1955," in Midland. https://archive.org/details/barbarabush00heis
[^40]: Bill Minutaglio, *First Son: George W. Bush and the Bush Family Dynasty* (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001): Prescott Bush's description of Mallon as "a very able fellow," his selection of Mallon to head Dresser, and the statement that Mallon "really was almost a member of the Bush-Walker family." https://archive.org/details/firstsongeorgewb0000minu
[^41]: Richard Ben Cramer, *Being Poppy: A Portrait of George Herbert Walker Bush* (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013): Mallon as Bush's father's "great friend (and fellow Bonesman)" and "unofficial godfather" to the Bush children. https://archive.org/details/beingpoppyportra0000cram

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---
aliases:
- Robert Lovett
- Robert Abercrombie Lovett
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- RobertLovett
- BrownBrothersHarriman
- SkullAndBones
- FirstYaleUnit
- UnionPacific
- DefenseSecretary
- MarshallPlan
- NSC68
- CovertAction
- NationalSecurityAgency
- CubanMissileCrisis
summary: "Brown Brothers Harriman partner who served as Secretary of Defense from 1951 to 1953, sat on the board that reviewed CIA covert action in 1956, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963."
born: 1895-09-14
died: 1986-05-07
location: "Locust Valley, New York"
created: 2026-10-26
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Brown Brothers Harriman]]"
role: "partner from January 1, 1926; left for Washington December 16, 1940; rejoined the partnership June 1, 1946 to May 15, 1947, April 1, 1949 to October 3, 1950, and from March 1, 1953 (partner table)"
start: 1926
end: 1940
fn: 9
- type: member_of
with: "[[Skull and Bones]]"
role: "member, class of 1918 (per Sutton's membership index)"
start: 1914
end: 1918
fn: 5
- type: appointed
with: "[[Department of War]]"
role: "Assistant Secretary of War for Air"
start: 1941
end: 1945
fn: 1
- type: appointed
with: "[[Department of State]]"
role: "Under Secretary of State"
start: 1947-07-01
end: 1949-01-20
fn: 21
- type: appointed
with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
role: "Deputy Secretary of Defense"
start: 1950-10-04
end: 1951-09-17
fn: 1
- type: appointed
with: "[[Department of Defense]]"
role: "Secretary of Defense"
start: 1951-09-17
end: 1953-01-20
fn: 1
- type: reported_to
with: "[[Henry L. Stimson]]"
role: "air assistant to the Secretary of War"
start: 1940-11
end: 1941-12
fn: 12
- type: director_of
with: "[[Union Pacific Railroad]]"
role: "director and member of the executive committee"
start: 1926
fn: 8
- type: head_of
with: "[[Union Pacific Railroad]]"
role: "chairman of the executive committee"
start: 1953-05-28
fn: 3
- type: director_of
with: "[[Rockefeller Foundation]]"
role: "trustee; chairman of the finance committee, April 1954 to April 1955"
start: 1954
end: 1955
fn: 48
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery]]"
role: "first public witness, February 23, 1960 (open and executive sessions)"
start: 1960-02-23
fn: 40
- type: member_of
with: "[[Strategic Missile Evaluation Committee]]"
role: "member (Teapot Committee)"
start: 1953-06-16
end: 1954-02-08
fn: 21
- type: member_of
with: "[[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board]]"
role: "member, President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities"
start: 1956-01-13
fn: 21
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]"
role: "listed among others present at the National Security Council meeting of October 21, 1962; attended a planning meeting on October 24, 1962"
start: 1962-10-21
end: 1962-10-24
fn: 46
- type: relative_of
with: "[[Robert Scott Lovett]]"
role: "son"
fn: 10
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Adele Quartley Brown]]"
role: "married 1919"
start: 1919
fn: 8
---
Robert Abercrombie Lovett (September 14, 1895 to May 7, 1986) was a partner of [[Brown Brothers Harriman]] who served as Assistant Secretary of War for Air from 1941 to 1945, Under Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, and Secretary of Defense from 1951 to 1953.[^1] He was a Yale student who became a naval pilot in 1916 and was among the men that [[F. Trubee Davison]] recruited into the group that became the [[First Yale Unit]].[^2] Lovett sat on the Truman and Eisenhower intelligence advisory bodies, was a trustee of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], was the first public witness before the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery in 1960, and appears in the records of the Kennedy transition and the Cuban missile crisis.
### Yale and the First Yale Unit
Lovett was born in [[Huntsville, Texas]].[^1] He was in his junior year at [[Yale University]] when the First World War began. He left school, enlisted in the [[United States Navy]], and became a pilot in 1916. The Defense Department biography says he flew briefly with the [[British Naval Air Service]] on patrol and in combat missions and received a Navy Cross for setting up the first naval bombardment squadron. His Yale bachelor's degree was conferred in absentia in 1918.[^1] The biography printed in the Senate subcommittee record of 1960 gives his schooling as the Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, from 1909 to 1914, Yale from 1914 to 1917 ("entered service First World War 3/24/17"), Harvard Law School from 1919 to 1920 and a Harvard business administration course in 1920 and 1921, and his naval rank as Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve, from 1917 to 1919.[^3]
The First Yale Unit grew out of a group of students that Davison assembled in 1916. The Yale University news service's history of the unit lists Lovett, class of 1918, among the men Davison recruited into the coastal patrol unit, along with [[Allan Ames]], [[John Farwell]], [[Artemus Gates]], [[Earl Gould]], [[Albert Sturtevant]] and [[John Vorys]].[^2] A photograph captioned in the same article places Lovett among the members of the Aerial Coastal Patrol at Port Washington, Long Island, in 1916.[^2] In a 1971 oral history with the [[Harry S. Truman Library]], Lovett described Vorys as a Yale classmate and club mate and said the two had been "in the same flying unit abroad."[^4]
Antony C. Sutton's membership index places Robert Abercrombie Lovett in the class of 1918 of [[Skull and Bones]].[^5] The 1960 subcommittee biography records that Lovett entered naval service on March 24, 1917.[^3] Kris Millegan wrote in 2003 that Lovett, whom he called "Harriman's childhood friend," had been "tapped into Skull & Bones by Prescott Bush's cell of '17," and he attributed the account to the biography [[George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography]].[^6] [[Prescott Bush]] and [[E. Roland Harriman]] were members of the class of 1917, and that class's published history records each of them as a member of the society.[^7]
### Brown Brothers Harriman and Union Pacific
Lovett married [[Adele Quartley Brown]], daughter of the senior partner [[James Brown]], in 1919.[^8] The firm's history by [[John A. Kouwenhoven]] records that he joined [[Brown Brothers & Co.]] in 1921, was granted a power of attorney in January 1925, and was admitted to partnership on January 1, 1926.[^8] The Defense Department biography places his 1921 start at the [[National Bank of Commerce]] in New York, where he was a clerk, and dates his full partnership to 1926.[^1] The biography printed in the 1960 subcommittee record gives the sequence as clerk at the National Bank of Commerce from 1921 to 1923, clerk at Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. from 1923, and partner in 1926.[^3] The partner table in the firm's history records his departure for Washington on December 16, 1940, and his rejoining the partnership for the periods June 1, 1946 to May 15, 1947, April 1, 1949 to October 3, 1950, and from March 1, 1953.[^9] The 1960 subcommittee biography gives the same resignation and readmission dates (resigned December 16, 1940; readmitted June 1, 1946; resigned May 15, 1947; readmitted April 1, 1949; resigned October 1950; readmitted March 1953) and records that he became chairman of the executive committee of the Union Pacific on May 28, 1953.[^3]
In 1926 Lovett was also elected a director of the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] and a member of its executive committee.[^8] The firm's history records that he and E. Roland Harriman met as eight-year-old boys in 1903.[^8] His father, [[Robert Scott Lovett]], was described in a 1930 article in Time as the "longtime personal attorney and close friend of the late Edward Henry Harriman and now chairman of his Union Pacific."[^10] The 1955 annual report of the railroad lists Lovett among its directors and names him chairman of the executive committee as of January 1, 1956.[^11]
### Assistant Secretary of War for Air
Lovett's first government post was with [[Henry L. Stimson]], the Secretary of War. Stimson's memoir records that Lovett "arrived in November, 1940, to be Stimson's air assistant."[^12] The memoir describes him as "a naval pilot of distinguished skill in World War I" and says that "Lovett possessed incisive judgment and a pertinent wit."[^12] Stimson wrote that Lovett "served Stimson in all matters affecting the Air Forces as Patterson served in procurement and supply."[^12] The firm's history gives a different sequence, dating a call to Washington in June 1940 as special assistant to the Secretary of War, while the partner table dates the post from December 1940 to April 1941.[^9]
In the memoir's account of the Department's division of labor, aircraft "was Lovett's field," and Stimson "confined his labors mainly to the vigorous support of the Air Forces' theory of strategic bombing."[^13] After seeing a new radar set in action, Stimson put Lovett to work to make sure that radar production was at its maximum speed.[^14] Stimson wrote the citation for the Distinguished Service Medal awarded to Patterson, [[John J. McCloy]], Lovett and Bundy.[^15] The firm's history quotes the citation calling Lovett "the eyes, ears, and hands of the Secretary of War in respect to the growth of that enormous American air power."[^8]
Millegan wrote that on October 22, 1945, Secretary of War [[Robert P. Patterson]] created a committee chaired by Lovett to advise the government on the postwar organization of American intelligence, and that Lovett pressed for "a virtual resumption of the wartime Office of Strategic Services."[^6]
### Under Secretary of State
In his 1971 oral history, Lovett described being called by [[Harry S. Truman]] to become Under Secretary of State under [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]]. Truman told him, "I've got to get a new Secretary of State and I've signed up General Marshall on the condition which he made that you'd come down and be his Under Secretary."[^16] Lovett answered that he had to check with his partners and that "the New York State Bank Department has to approve."[^16] He said the State Department then had, "really, two Under Secretaries," and that Marshall's instructions made him responsible for economic matters.[^17]
Lovett recalled the bipartisan period in which "we had Greek-Turkish aid, we had the Berlin airlift, we had the Marshall plan, and we had the NATO organization."[^18] He credited the President's leadership and, "very largely," Senator [[Arthur H. Vandenberg]]'s chairmanship of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "with whom I was always completely frank."[^19] An April 1948 telegram from the ambassador in London, [[Lewis W. Douglas]], marked for Lovett's eyes only, refers to Lovett's conversations with Vandenberg. The editors of the [[Foreign Relations of the United States]] volume note a Lovett memorandum of conversation of April 11, 1948 that opens with a reference to European union, and no other record of substantive discussion of the subject between Lovett and Vandenberg before the reported meeting.[^20]
The State Department's list of officials gives Lovett's service as Under Secretary of State from July 1, 1947 to January 20, 1949.[^21] The Defense Department biography describes Lovett and Marshall as running the State Department as Secretary and Under Secretary "from January 1947 to January 1949."[^1]
### Deputy Secretary and Secretary of Defense
Marshall became Secretary of Defense in September 1950 and insisted that Lovett be appointed as his deputy. Lovett became the second Deputy Secretary of Defense on October 4, 1950.[^1] The Defense Department biography says that Lovett was the first Deputy Secretary to debate with the services over materiel and to testify before the House and Senate appropriations committees on budgetary issues.[^1] When Marshall stepped down in September 1951, Lovett succeeded him, serving from September 17, 1951 to January 20, 1953. He was the first of five Deputy Secretaries in history to become Secretary.[^1]
The Senate Committee on Armed Services reported the nomination, and on September 14, 1951 the Senate took it up. [[William Langer]] of North Dakota objected to considering it and then asked whether the nominee was "Dr. Robert Morss Lovett, who was formerly Governor of the Virgin Islands." The majority leader, Ernest McFarland, answered that the nominee had been Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Senator [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] added that Robert A. Lovett "was born in Huntsville, Tex." [[Everett Dirksen]] said that "we have had a very considerable experience with Robert Morss Lovett in the past, when he was investigated by the Appropriations Committee of the House of Representatives." Langer withdrew his objection, and the nomination was confirmed without objection.[^22]
The Department's role in the national security review that produced NSC 68 is recorded in the volume of the Foreign Relations of the United States covering 1950. At a State-Defense Policy Review Group meeting on March 16, 1950, Lovett, listed as a consultant, spent the morning studying the group's working drafts. His overall comment was that the paper was "very good" and its logic sound, and he suggested that its conclusions be written in what he called "Hemingway sentences."[^23] The final text of the report is dated April 7, 1950.[^23] A memorandum of March 22, 1950 by [[Paul Nitze]] lists Lovett among the persons the working group consulted.[^24] On October 10, 1950, Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] recorded that he had discussed with Lovett "work which he is doing on NSC 68/1."[^25]
### The Korean War Build-Up
Lovett told the Jackson subcommittee in 1960 that when he returned to the Department in the autumn of 1950, "the Korean war having broken out," the first full budget the three military departments submitted asked for "something over $100 billion," that the screening reduced it to about $62 or $63 billion, and that Congress provided "something over $60 billion for fiscal 1952," from a level "in that order of magnitude" of $14 billion.[^26] On December 28, 1951 Truman met in the Cabinet Room with the Secretaries of State, the Treasury and Defense, the military chiefs, the Director for Mutual Security, the Director of Defense Mobilization and the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, and directed Lovett to work with the Budget Director to stretch out the defense build-up "because of material and fiscal considerations." Lovett's letter to Truman of January 4, 1952 proposed new obligational authority for fiscal 1953 of $49,002,758,000 (Army $14.3 billion, Navy $13,314,155,000, Air Force $20,922,338,000, Office of the Secretary of Defense $466,265,000) and an expenditure limit of $86.5 billion for the eighteen months from January 1, 1952 to June 30, 1953.[^27]
At the 122nd meeting of the National Security Council on September 3, 1952, which took up the status report NSC 135 and the reappraisal NSC 135/1, Acheson said that he was "scared to death to have so many copies of so vital a document around." The minutes record that Lovett "strongly supported the anxieties of the Secretary of State," said his security people "were very worried about certain portions of the report," and wanted all copies turned back to the Executive Secretary. The Council directed that all outstanding copies of NSC 135 be recalled.[^28] Lovett's letter of resignation is dated November 25, 1952. Truman accepted it on January 8, 1953, effective January 20, 1953, and wrote of Lovett's "vision and deep understanding of international as well as domestic affairs."[^29]
### The Office of Policy Coordination
A memorandum of March 30, 1950 from [[George F. Kennan]] records that [[National Security Council]] directive NSC 10/2 of June 1948 established an Office of Special Projects, later the [[Office of Policy Coordination]], in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to plan and conduct covert operations. Kennan's designation as the State Department's representative for that purpose was made known to the National Security Council "by a letter signed August 13, 1948 by Mr. Lovett."[^30] A State Department memorandum of October 15, 1952 states that "it was the concept of General Marshall, Mr. Forrestal, Mr. Lovett and Mr. Kennan, when OPC was set up in the spring of 1948," that political warfare activities of covert means "was of primary interest to the Department of State." The same memorandum says the operation was placed, "faute de mieux, within the framework of the CIA."[^31]
### Psychological Strategy Board and Communications Intelligence
The first meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]], held on July 2, 1951, was attended by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], Lovett as Deputy Secretary of Defense, [[Gordon Gray]], [[Allen Dulles]] and Edward Barrett for the Under Secretary of State.[^32]
On October 24, 1952 President Truman addressed a memorandum on communications intelligence to Secretary of State Acheson and Secretary of Defense Lovett.[^33] The volume's editorial note records that in October 1952 the President and the National Security Council adopted most of the recommendations of the [[Brownell Committee]], issued a revised version of NSCID No. 9 on October 24, 1952, and created the [[National Security Agency]] in place of the Armed Forces Security Agency. The Secretary of Defense became executive agent for communications intelligence for the government as a whole, subordinate to a special committee of the National Security Council consisting of himself and the Secretary of State. The Brownell Committee report is held at the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] (RG 457, SRH-123), and a declassified version appears in [[George A. Brownell]]'s account of the agency's origins.[^34]
### Teapot Committee and the 1956 Board
The State Department's list of persons records that Lovett served as a member of the [[Strategic Missile Evaluation Committee]], known as the Teapot Committee, from June 16, 1953 to February 8, 1954, and as a member of the [[President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board|President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities]] from January 13, 1956.[^21]
A December 22, 1955 memorandum from the Secretary of State's special assistant for intelligence and research, Armstrong, to Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]] listed the expected members of the new board as General John E. Hull, Admiral Richard Connolly, General James Doolittle, James Killian, David Bruce, Benjamin Fairless and Morris Hadley. Lovett is not on that list.[^35] The board was established by Executive Order 10656 of February 6, 1956.[^36]
### The Bruce-Lovett Report
According to Grose, two elder statesmen, [[David K. E. Bruce|David Bruce]] and Lovett, "prepared a report for President Dwight Eisenhower in the fall of 1956" that criticized the CIA's "kingmaking" in the Third World.[^37] The Center for the Study of Intelligence newsletter of Spring 1995 says that Bruce and Lovett "had been charter members" of the board, and reports that the CIA History Staff checked the board's CIA files and the Eisenhower Library and found "no reference to such a report."[^38]
Schlesinger quoted the report and wrote that it found that "no one, other than those in the CIA immediately concerned with their day to day operation, has any detailed knowledge of what is going on." In his account, a "horde of CIA representatives" was exerting "significant, almost unilateral influences" on the formulation of foreign policy, and the report asked whether anyone in an authoritative position was weighing "the long-range wisdom of activities which have entailed our virtual abandonment of the international 'golden rule.'"[^39] Schlesinger wrote that in December 1956 the full board passed on to Eisenhower its concern about "the extremely informal and somewhat exclusive methods" used for clandestine projects, and that in January 1961 the board said, "We have been unable to conclude that, on balance, all of the covert action programs undertaken by CIA up to this time have been worth the risk or the great expenditure of manpower, money and other resources involved."[^39]
Schlesinger also wrote that when [[Richard Bissell]] and others briefed the board on the Cuban project in late 1960, "its members, Lovett particularly, registered dismay."[^39] Lovett told the Taylor board of inquiry on the Bay of Pigs in 1961, as Grose reported, that Bruce "was very much disturbed" and that "instead of completing the report in thirty days we took two months or more."[^37]
### The Jackson Subcommittee, 1960
On February 23, 1960 Lovett was the first public witness in the hearings of the Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery of the Senate Committee on Government Operations, chaired by [[Henry M. Jackson]]. Jackson introduced him as "Mr. National Security" and said: "I believe at the present time he is serving in an advisory capacity in connection with our intelligence organization." The witness was listed as a partner of Brown Brothers, Harriman & Co. and chairman of the executive committee of the Union Pacific Railroad Company.[^40]
Lovett's prepared statement said that his comments rested "for the most part on notes made some 8 years ago" in connection with "a report submitted in November 1952." He described the "foulup factor" in the "clashes of group needs" built into the executive departments, and warned that the doctrine of "concurrences," unless policed, could "blanket the whole executive branch with an embalmed atmosphere." For the Department of Defense he listed conditions that included that the military professionals "should be contributors to and not makers of national political policies," that committees had become "positive menaces to the prompt and orderly conduct of business," and that "the only thing more dangerous than an external enemy is a group of home-grown military sycophants." He tied turnover of civilian executives to the "conflict of interest" laws and to the pension rights of men who left business, and defended "split papers" from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. For the State Department he said the Secretary's workload was "already at the dangerous level," answered "an emphatic 'yes'" to lightening the Secretary's negotiating duties, and proposed a new Cabinet-rank "Minister of Foreign Affairs" under the Secretary.[^41]
In questioning, Lovett said he was "personally confident" that whatever was needed for security could be done without "materially downgrading the position of this country," and told Jackson that Soviet statements in the material field had "a high order of reliability."[^26] Responding to Senator [[Mike Mansfield]] on the conflict-of-interest laws, he said they needed to be "modernized" and cited General Motors, with 283,090,000 shares outstanding, and Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), with more than 214 million, to illustrate what "substantial" meant. He told Senator [[Karl Mundt]] that on an inspection trip to Germany he had been given the information collected from the questioning of leading German industrialists and war production leaders, that "one of these was Dr. Albert Speer," and that Speer's opinion, as Lovett related it, was that the German economy collapsed in part because under a dictatorship a department head who "got the nod from Hitler" went ahead "as a little dictator" with no performance audit.[^26]
Senator Prescott Bush, a guest of the subcommittee as a member of the Armed Services Committee, told Lovett that "since your leaving the Government in 1953, in January, you have been connected in an advisory capacity with our Central Intelligence Agency from time to time," and asked for comment. Jackson answered that the subject belonged in executive session, because the agreement he had reached with the President put matters touching the National Security Council there, and invited a general remark. Lovett said: "I have observed the operation through the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities now for, I think it is, 3 years, and in my opinion its improvement over the time when I formerly knew it more intimately has been remarkable. I would consider it today a very reliable, high-grade arm of Government."[^26]
The executive session opened at 12:05 p.m., with Charles A. Haskins, a senior staff member of the National Security Council, among those present. Lovett described the Council as designed to serve as "a kind of 'Court of Domestic and Foreign Relations' before which, with the President presiding, both Departments could present their views," doubted that it could operate "in a mass atmosphere," and said that [[James Forrestal]] "was one of the leading spirits" in that design and in the hope of "staff continuity." He said that he had taken part in "the discussions which preceded" the National Security Act, that a President "in his own protection must insist on being informed and not merely protected by his aides," and that George C. Marshall "simply would not tolerate" the opposite. Jackson closed by stating that the transcript "will be treated as confidential at this time."[^42]
Press accounts of the testimony, among them a column by [[Walter Lippmann]] on March 1 and a Senate speech by [[J. William Fulbright]], were read as describing [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. Mundt wrote to Lovett on March 30, 1960 asking what he had meant by "the President." Lovett replied on April 4 that the expression meant "a President," or "any President," that he had given the same answer by telephone to Gordon Gray, the President's special assistant, that the paragraphs on the National Security Council "were excised from my public statement and were given in executive session in accordance, I am informed, with the terms of an understanding reached at the request of the White House," and that "I know of no way to keep them from trying it on for size." [[Jacob Javits]] placed the exchange, with a column by [[Arthur Krock]], in the Congressional Record on May 17, 1960.[^43]
### The Kennedy Transition
President-elect [[John F. Kennedy]] first offered the post of Secretary of Defense to Lovett. The Defense Department biography of [[Robert S. McNamara]] states that "When Lovett declined, Kennedy chose Robert S. McNamara on Lovett's recommendation."[^44]
Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett wrote in *Thy Will Be Done* that Lovett, then a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation, declined State, Defense and Treasury in December 1960 and recommended [[Dean Rusk]], then the Foundation's president, for Secretary of State.[^45]
### The Cuban Missile Crisis
The minutes of the 506th meeting of the National Security Council, held in the Oval Room on October 21, 1962, list among those present "Others: Mr. Robert Lovett."[^46] On October 24, 1962, a memorandum by [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], chairman of the planning subcommittee of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, records that "Representatives of State and Defense, the Attorney General, and Mr. Lovett, met to consider the course of action to be followed" with respect to Soviet vessels that had altered course and those still proceeding toward Cuba. The memorandum recommends that the vessels that had altered course be intercepted, trailed and photographed without interference, and that the vessels still bound for Cuba be stopped and searched in accordance with the Presidential proclamation.[^47]
### Later Life, Foundation and Honors
The Rockefeller Foundation's trustee list for April 1954 to April 1955 includes Lovett and Dean Rusk. Lovett also served on the foundation's executive committee and was chairman of its finance committee.[^48] The Defense Department biography says that after 1953 Lovett "participated on several presidential commissions and continued to work for Brown Brothers Harriman."[^1]
James Forrestal, the former Secretary of Defense, was at Lovett's house at [[Hobe Sound, Florida]] in the days before his committal to the naval hospital in April 1949. Captain [[George N. Raines]], Forrestal's attending psychiatrist, testified to the board that inquired into Forrestal's death that he attended a meeting at Lovett's house on March 31, 1949 with Lovett and Artemus Gates.[^49]
The Congressional Research Service tally of the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] lists Lovett among the 1963 recipients.[^50] The tally cites the remarks of Lyndon B. Johnson at the presentation of the Medal of Freedom awards on December 6, 1963, in the Public Papers of the Presidents.[^50] Lovett died in [[Locust Valley, New York]] on May 7, 1986.[^1]
### Papers
The Harry S. Truman Library holds a Lovett collection of five scrapbooks of newspaper clippings and photographs from his service as Assistant Secretary of War for Air, dated 1940 to 1943. The library notes that the collection contains no information on his career after 1949.[^51] Yale University's Manuscripts and Archives catalogues a Robert Abercrombie Lovett Papers collection, MS 1617, covering 1919 to 1986, which it describes as correspondence, speeches, photographs and memorabilia from periods outside government service.[^52]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Robert A. Lovett, biography, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretaries of Defense series (archived copy, November 23, 2023). https://history.defense.gov/DOD-History/Deputy-Secretaries-of-Defense/Article-View/Article/585251/robert-a-lovett/ (archived copy: https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://history.defense.gov/DOD-History/Deputy-Secretaries-of-Defense/Article-View/Article/585251/robert-a-lovett/)
[^2]: "Defending Allied Skies: Yale's Pioneering Pilots Form First Naval Aviation Unit," Yale News, August 17, 2014, including the photograph caption of the Aerial Coastal Patrol at Port Washington, Long Island, 1916. https://news.yale.edu/2014/08/17/defending-allied-skies-yale-s-pioneering-pilots-form-first-naval-aviation-unit
[^3]: *Organizing for National Security* (1960), Exhibit IV, "Biographies," entry for Robert Abercrombie Lovett, p. 233.
[^4]: "Oral History Interview with Robert A. Lovett," July 7, 1971, Harry S. Truman Library, transcript p. 3 (Vorys, Eaton and the flying unit abroad). https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/lovettra
[^5]: Antony C. Sutton, *America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones* (Trine Day, 2002), membership index by class year, class of 1918 (Lovett, Robert Abercrombie). https://archive.org/details/americas_secret_establishment-skull_and_bones
[^6]: Kris Millegan, *Fleshing Out Skull & Bones* (Trine Day, 2003), the roster section, which includes the Lovett entry, the account of the Lovett Committee of October 22, 1945, and the November 14, 1945 appearance before the Secretaries of State, War and Navy, and which cites the biography *George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography* for the membership.
[^7]: *History of the Class of Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen, Yale College*, vol. I (Yale University Press, 1917), entries for Edward Roland Noel Harriman and Prescott Sheldon Bush ("He is a member of Psi Upsilon and Skull and Bones"). https://archive.org/details/historyofclassof00murr
[^8]: John A. Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking: An Historical Portrait of a Great Private Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 1818-1968* (Doubleday, 1968), pp. 17 to 18 (marriage in 1919, 1921 entry, power of attorney, 1903 meeting with E. Roland Harriman, election as director of the Union Pacific in 1926), and pp. 202 to 203 (Distinguished Service Medal citation). https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankinganhistoricalportraitofagreatprivateb
[^9]: Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (1968), "Partners of Brown Brothers & Co. and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co." table, pp. 231 to 235, entry for Robert Abercrombie Lovett, and the notes on his Washington service.
[^10]: "Business: Brown-Harriman," *Time*, December 22, 1930, on the partners of the firm, including the description of Robert A. Lovett as "longtime personal attorney and close friend of the late Edward Henry Harriman and now chairman of his Union Pacific." https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740853,00.html
[^11]: Union Pacific Railroad, 1955 Annual Report, list of directors and "Executive Committee (January 1, 1956)." https://uphs.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/1955_Annual-Report_OCR.pdf
[^12]: Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (Harper & Brothers, 1948), p. 338 (Lovett's arrival in November 1940 as air assistant, his character, and his work with Patterson). Full text: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506235
[^13]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (1948), p. 463 (the division of responsibilities among the Secretary's assistants, with aircraft as "Lovett's field").
[^14]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (1948), p. 509 (radar production and the instruction to Lovett).
[^15]: Stimson and Bundy, *On Active Service in Peace and War* (1948), p. 659 (Stimson's authorship of the Distinguished Service Medal citations for Patterson, McCloy, Lovett and Bundy). The memoir's text does not specify which Bundy.
[^16]: "Oral History Interview with Robert A. Lovett," July 7, 1971, Harry S. Truman Library, transcript pp. 4 to 7, including the account of the call from the President and the New York State Bank Department approval. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/lovettra
[^17]: "Oral History Interview with Robert A. Lovett," July 7, 1971, Harry S. Truman Library, transcript p. 10 (the two Under Secretaries and the economic responsibilities given by General Marshall).
[^18]: "Oral History Interview with Robert A. Lovett," July 7, 1971, Harry S. Truman Library, transcript p. 1 (the bipartisan period and the Marshall Plan and NATO).
[^19]: "Oral History Interview with Robert A. Lovett," July 7, 1971, Harry S. Truman Library, transcript p. 2 (Vandenberg and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee).
[^20]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948*, volume III, Western Europe, document 72, telegram from the Ambassador in the United Kingdom (Douglas) to the Secretary of State, April 16, 1948, with the editors' note 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v03/d72
[^21]: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, list of persons, entry for Lovett, Robert A. (Assistant Secretary of War for Air until December 1945; Under Secretary of State from July 1, 1947 to January 20, 1949; Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1950 to 1951; Secretary of Defense from 1951 to 1953; member of the Strategic Missile Evaluation Committee, June 16, 1953 to February 8, 1954; member of the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities from January 13, 1956). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/persons
[^22]: *Congressional Record*, vol. 97, Senate, September 14, 1951, pp. 11366 and 11372 (nomination of Robert A. Lovett to be Secretary of Defense; colloquy of Senators McFarland, Langer, Johnson of Texas and Dirksen; confirmation). https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_september-13-october-02-1951_97
[^23]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950*, volume I, National Security Affairs; Foreign Economic Policy, document 70, record of the meeting of the State-Defense Policy Review Group, March 16, 1950 (Lovett as consultant; his comments on the draft; "Hemingway sentences"; the editors' note that the final text is NSC 68 of April 7, 1950). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v01/d70
[^24]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950*, volume I, document 72, memorandum by the Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Nitze) to the Secretary of State, March 22, 1950 (the numbered list of persons consulted, including Robert A. Lovett). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v01/d72
[^25]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950*, volume I, document 130, memorandum of conversation by the Secretary of State, October 10, 1950 ("work which he is doing on NSC 68/1"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v01/d130
[^26]: *Organizing for National Security* (1960), questioning of Lovett, February 23, 1960, pp. 20 to 38 (budget, p. 21; Germany and Speer, p. 27; conflict-of-interest laws, pp. 32 to 33; Senator Bush and the Central Intelligence Agency, pp. 36 to 37).
[^27]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, National Security Affairs*, volume II, part 1, document 2, the Secretary of Defense (Lovett) to the President, January 4, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p1/d2
[^28]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, National Security Affairs*, volume II, part 1, document 21, memorandum of discussion at the 122nd meeting of the National Security Council, September 3, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p1/d21
[^29]: Harry S. Truman, "Letter Accepting Resignation of Robert A. Lovett as Secretary of Defense," January 9, 1953 (dated January 8), with the editorial note on Lovett's service and his resignation letter of November 25, 1952, Truman Library public papers. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/371/letter-accepting-resignation-robert-lovett-secretary-defense
[^30]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, document 4, memorandum from the Counselor of the Department of State (Kennan) to the Under Secretary of State (Webb), March 30, 1950 (NSC 10/2; letter of August 13, 1948). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d4
[^31]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, document 129, memorandum from Robert P. Joyce of the Policy Planning Staff to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), October 15, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d129
[^32]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, document 78, minutes of the meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board, July 2, 1951. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d78
[^33]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, document 132, memorandum from President Truman to Secretary of State Acheson and Secretary of Defense Lovett, October 24, 1952. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d132
[^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, editorial note on the reorganization of communications intelligence in October 1952 (the revised NSCID No. 9 appears as Document 257), and the note on the Brownell Committee report (National Archives, RG 457, SRH-123); George A. Brownell, *The Origins and Development of the National Security Agency* (Aegean Park Press, 1981). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d257
[^35]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community*, document 247, memorandum from the Secretary of State's Special Assistant for Intelligence and Research (Armstrong) to Secretary of State Dulles, December 22, 1955. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d247
[^36]: Executive Order 10656, February 6, 1956, establishing the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities, printed in the *Federal Register* on February 8, 1956 (21 Fed. Reg. 859).
[^37]: Peter Grose, *Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles* (Houghton Mifflin, 1994), pp. 444 to 448, as excerpted at https://cryptome.org/0001/bruce-lovett.htm.
[^38]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence Newsletter, no. 3 (Spring 1995), "The Elusive 'Bruce-Lovett Report.'" https://web.archive.org/web/2005/https://www.cia.gov/csi/bulletin/csi3.htm
[^39]: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., *Robert Kennedy and His Times* (Houghton Mifflin, 1978), pp. 455 to 458, as excerpted at https://cryptome.org/0001/bruce-lovett.htm. The quotations are Schlesinger's account of the report and of the board's statements.
[^40]: *Organizing for National Security: Hearings before the Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate, 86th Congress, Second Session*, Part 1 (Government Printing Office, 1960), February 23, 1960, Jackson's introduction of the witness, pp. 11 to 12. https://archive.org/details/HearingsOnOrganizingForNationalSecurity1960
[^41]: *Organizing for National Security* (1960), statement of Robert A. Lovett, February 23, 1960, pp. 12 to 20.
[^42]: *Organizing for National Security* (1960), executive session testimony of Robert A. Lovett, February 23, 1960, pp. 41 to 45.
[^43]: *Congressional Record*, Appendix, May 17, 1960, extension of remarks of Senator Jacob K. Javits, "Statement of Hon. Robert Lovett to National Policy Machinery Subcommittee," with the letters of Senator Karl E. Mundt (March 30, 1960) and Lovett (April 4, 1960) and Arthur Krock, "How To Make a Shoe Fit Any Foot," *New York Times*, April 14, 1960. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp91-00965r000300090057-7
[^44]: Robert S. McNamara, biography, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense (archived copy, 2024). https://web.archive.org/web/2024/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571271/robert-s-mcnamara/
[^45]: Gerard Colby with Charlotte Dennett, *Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil* (HarperCollins, 1995), chapters 12, 18 and 23.
[^46]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, volume XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, document 38, minutes of the 506th meeting of the National Security Council, October 21, 1962, with the list of participants. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d38
[^47]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, volume XI, document 57, memorandum from Walt W. Rostow, chairman of the Planning Subcommittee of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, to President Kennedy, October 24, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d57
[^48]: Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report 1954, "Trustees," "Executive Committee" and "Finance Committee" lists for April 1954 to April 1955. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1954-1.pdf
[^49]: Willcutts Report on Forrestal's Death, Forrestal Papers, Box 94, Folder 11, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, testimony of Captain George N. Raines. https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC051_c04531
[^50]: Congressional Research Service, *Presidential Medal of Freedom*, report R47639 (2025), table of recipients (Robert Abercrombie Lovett, 1963) and note 11 (remarks at the presentation of the Medal of Freedom awards, December 6, 1963, *Public Papers of the Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964*, Book I, pp. 29 to 34). https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2025-01-14_R47639_940fe50c831c8809a4866e8c9449fa9b9a89e460.html
[^51]: Harry S. Truman Library, "Lovett, Robert A. Papers," personal papers collection description (dates 1940 to 1943). https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/personal-papers/robert-lovett-papers
[^52]: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Robert Abercrombie Lovett Papers, MS 1617 (1919 to 1986), as listed in the Social Networks and Archival Context record "Robert Abercrombie Lovett papers, 1919-1986." https://snaccooperative.org/vocab_administrator/resources/6351500

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@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ relations:
- type: relative_of
with: "[[E. Roland Harriman]]"
role: "Brother"
fn: 10
fn: 12
- type: head_of
with: "[[W. A. Harriman & Co.]]"
start: 1920
@ -80,31 +80,31 @@ relations:
start: 1946
end: 1948
role: "Ambassador to the United Kingdom, then Secretary of Commerce; later Special Representative in Europe"
fn: 43
fn: 45
- type: appointed
with: "[[Harry S. Truman]]"
reverse: true
start: 1951-10-11
role: "Director for Mutual Security, nominated"
fn: 47
fn: 49
- type: director_of
with: "[[Council on Foreign Relations]]"
start: 1952
end: 1953
role: "Director"
fn: 49
fn: 51
- type: head_of
with: "[[New York]]"
start: 1955
end: 1958
role: "Governor of New York"
fn: 51
fn: 53
- type: appointed
with: "[[John F. Kennedy]]"
reverse: true
start: 1962-09-21
role: "Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, later Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs"
fn: 54
fn: 56
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Pamela Harriman]]"
start: 1971
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ W. Averell Harriman (1891 to 1986) was a son of the railroad financier [[E. H. H
### Family and Yale
Harriman was born in New York on November 15, 1891, attended [[Groton School]] and received his B.A. from Yale in 1913.[^1][^2] His mother, [[Mary Averell Harriman]], was the civic activist whose letters to him run into the 1930s in his papers, and the [[Library of Congress]] records his membership of the [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]] from 1915 to 1954.[^3][^1] The [[Eugenics Record Office]] at [[Cold Spring Harbor]] was established in October 1910 by Mrs. E. H. Harriman, who according to a report of the [[New York Times]] provided funds for the office and its annual running expenses, her contributions over eight years amounting to more than 500,000 dollars; the report adds the "additional assistance of John D. Rockefeller and others." The Cold Spring Harbor image archive lists the donation as 10,000 dollars in 1910 and holds [[Charles Davenport]]'s letter to Mrs. E. H. Harriman about the first training class, and the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]] accepted the office from her as a gift.[^4][^5]
Harriman was born in New York on November 15, 1891, attended [[Groton School]] and received his B.A. from Yale in 1913.[^1][^2] His mother, [[Mary Averell Harriman]], was the civic activist whose letters to him run into the 1930s in his papers, and the [[Library of Congress]] records his membership of the [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]] from 1915 to 1954.[^1][^3] The [[Eugenics Record Office]] at [[Cold Spring Harbor]] was established in October 1910 by Mrs. E. H. Harriman, who according to a report of the [[New York Times]] provided funds for the office and its annual running expenses, her contributions over eight years amounting to more than 500,000 dollars; the report adds the "additional assistance of John D. Rockefeller and others." The Cold Spring Harbor image archive lists the donation as 10,000 dollars in 1910 and holds [[Charles Davenport]]'s letter to Mrs. E. H. Harriman about the first training class, and the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]] accepted the office from her as a gift.[^4][^5]
[[Antony C. Sutton]] places Harriman among the initiates of Skull and Bones in 1913 and writes that "Like other initiates Harriman has carefully expunged membership from the public record."[^6] [[Ron Rosenbaum]] listed him among the members of the society in an article in [[Esquire]] in September 1977, together with [[McGeorge Bundy]], [[Henry L. Stimson]], [[Henry Luce]] and [[Potter Stewart]].[^7] [[Jacques Leslie]] wrote in [[Salon]] in March 2000 that Harriman was among the members named by students of his era.[^8]
@ -123,83 +123,83 @@ Sutton writes that E. H. Harriman bought into the Union Pacific after the crash
### Union Pacific and Illinois Central
The Library of Congress chronology lists Harriman as vice president of the Union Pacific from 1915 to 1917, director of the [[Illinois Central Railroad]] from 1915 to 1946, chairman of the Illinois Central executive committee from 1931 to 1942, and chairman of the board of the Union Pacific from 1932 to 1946.[^1] A report of December 1930 describes Judge Lovett as the "now chairman" of E. H. Harriman's Union Pacific.[^10] Sutton's chronology adds that in 1917 Harriman became a director of the [[Guaranty Trust Company]], and states that the Harriman family's holding of about one third of Guaranty stock was put into a [[J. P. Morgan and Company]] voting trust in 1912, when Mrs. Edward Harriman sold 8,000 of the 20,000 outstanding shares to Morgan.[^11][^12] The finding aid states that Harriman "took charge of the Union Pacific Railroad" in the early 1930s and was credited with reviving the line during the worst years of the Depression.[^3]
The Library of Congress chronology lists Harriman as vice president of the Union Pacific from 1915 to 1917, director of the [[Illinois Central Railroad]] from 1915 to 1946, chairman of the Illinois Central executive committee from 1931 to 1942, and chairman of the board of the Union Pacific from 1932 to 1946.[^1] His brother E. Roland Harriman succeeded him as chairman of the board of the Union Pacific in 1946 and held the post until January 30, 1969, according to the company's annual report for 1968; the same report states that Roland Harriman was elected a director in 1920.[^10] On November 2, 1950, [[Harry S. Truman]] announced at a news conference that Roland Harriman, "a brother of Averell Harriman, Special Assistant to me," would become president of the [[American Red Cross]] on December 1, 1950.[^11] A report of December 1930 describes Judge Lovett as the "now chairman" of E. H. Harriman's Union Pacific.[^12] Sutton's chronology adds that in 1917 Harriman became a director of the [[Guaranty Trust Company]], and states that the Harriman family's holding of about one third of Guaranty stock was put into a [[J. P. Morgan and Company]] voting trust in 1912, when Mrs. Edward Harriman sold 8,000 of the 20,000 outstanding shares to Morgan.[^13][^14] The finding aid states that Harriman "took charge of the Union Pacific Railroad" in the early 1930s and was credited with reviving the line during the worst years of the Depression.[^3]
### Shipping and the Hamburg-American Line
The Library of Congress lists Harriman as chairman of the board of the [[Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation]] from 1917 to 1925.[^1] On August 16, 1920 the chairman of the [[United States Shipping Board]], [[William S. Benson]], announced co-operative working agreements between the American Ship and Commerce Corporation of New York and the [[Hamburg-American Line]] of Germany, to run for 20 years. Each party was to supply equal tonnage to services between the United States and Germany, each was to act as the other's agent in its home country, and the American corporation was to supply passenger ships not exceeding 40,000 gross tons within a year. Benson said: "There is no German money in the American end of the business nor is there any agreement for German investment in any American companies."[^13] A report of 1930 states that in 1920 Harriman "set out to make the U. S. great upon the sea, formed an alliance with Hamburg-American Line," and was "Thwarted in the fulfillment of this."[^10]
The Library of Congress lists Harriman as chairman of the board of the [[Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation]] from 1917 to 1925.[^1] On August 16, 1920 the chairman of the [[United States Shipping Board]], [[William S. Benson]], announced co-operative working agreements between the American Ship and Commerce Corporation of New York and the [[Hamburg-American Line]] of Germany, to run for 20 years. Each party was to supply equal tonnage to services between the United States and Germany, each was to act as the other's agent in its home country, and the American corporation was to supply passenger ships not exceeding 40,000 gross tons within a year. Benson said: "There is no German money in the American end of the business nor is there any agreement for German investment in any American companies."[^15] A report of 1930 states that in 1920 Harriman "set out to make the U. S. great upon the sea, formed an alliance with Hamburg-American Line," and was "Thwarted in the fulfillment of this."[^12]
The Harriman papers contain incoming and outgoing cable files with the Hamburg-American Line for 1920 to 1926 and with [[Wilhelm Cuno]] for 1920 to 1931, a file on the sale of the United American Lines steamers to the Hamburg-American Line in 1926, and a Hamburg-American Line subject file for 1933 to 1937.[^14]
The Harriman papers contain incoming and outgoing cable files with the Hamburg-American Line for 1920 to 1926 and with [[Wilhelm Cuno]] for 1920 to 1931, a file on the sale of the United American Lines steamers to the Hamburg-American Line in 1926, and a Hamburg-American Line subject file for 1933 to 1937.[^16]
### W. A. Harriman and Company
The Library of Congress lists Harriman as chairman of the board of W. A. Harriman and Company from 1920 to 1931; a report of December 1930 states that he and his brother formed the firm in 1919. The same report says the firm "was one of the first to enter Europe after the War, made many a loan in Germany," was active in Polish financing, financed Silesian zinc mines with the [[Anaconda Copper Mining Company|Anaconda]] group, and in 1929 backed the Aviation Corporation together with [[Lehman Brothers]].[^1][^10] Sutton's chronology lists 1920 as the year the firm was established with Roland Harriman as vice president.[^11]
The Library of Congress lists Harriman as chairman of the board of W. A. Harriman and Company from 1920 to 1931; a report of December 1930 states that he and his brother formed the firm in 1919. The same report says the firm "was one of the first to enter Europe after the War, made many a loan in Germany," was active in Polish financing, financed Silesian zinc mines with the [[Anaconda Copper Mining Company|Anaconda]] group, and in 1929 backed the Aviation Corporation together with [[Lehman Brothers]].[^1][^12] Sutton's chronology lists 1920 as the year the firm was established with Roland Harriman as vice president.[^13]
### The Georgian manganese concession
The Soviet government concluded a concession contract with the American company "Harriman ('The Georgian Manganese' Stock Company)" dated June 12, 1925, relating to property nationalized by the Georgian Soviet decrees; the Soviet side cited it in 1936 as an example of a concession made by the Union government for property nationalized by a constituent republic.[^15] The Hoover Institution holds an agreement of 1925 between the Tchitouri Manganese Exporting Society (Tchemo) and W. A. Harriman and Company, and the Harriman papers list a Tchemo agreement and a syndicate agreement of June 12, 1925, an assignment from W. A. Harriman and Company of July 18, 1925, property of voting trustees of August 10, 1925, and an ore-shipment contract of November 1925.[^16][^17] Sutton gives the date of the concession agreement as July 12, 1925, states that four million dollars was spent on mechanizing the mines and on a loading elevator at [[Poti]], and writes that the chairman of the Georgian Manganese Company was Matthew C. Brush, whom he calls the Order's "front man." Sutton's chronology dates the formation of the company to 1923.[^18][^11]
The Soviet government concluded a concession contract with the American company "Harriman ('The Georgian Manganese' Stock Company)" dated June 12, 1925, relating to property nationalized by the Georgian Soviet decrees; the Soviet side cited it in 1936 as an example of a concession made by the Union government for property nationalized by a constituent republic.[^17] The Hoover Institution holds an agreement of 1925 between the Tchitouri Manganese Exporting Society (Tchemo) and W. A. Harriman and Company, and the Harriman papers list a Tchemo agreement and a syndicate agreement of June 12, 1925, an assignment from W. A. Harriman and Company of July 18, 1925, property of voting trustees of August 10, 1925, and an ore-shipment contract of November 1925.[^18][^19] Sutton gives the date of the concession agreement as July 12, 1925, states that four million dollars was spent on mechanizing the mines and on a loading elevator at [[Poti]], and writes that the chairman of the Georgian Manganese Company was Matthew C. Brush, whom he calls the Order's "front man." Sutton's chronology dates the formation of the company to 1923.[^13][^20]
A report of March 1926 ranked the manganese rights obtained by the Harriman interests second among the concessions granted to foreigners, after the Volga timber concessions given to the former German chancellor [[Joseph Wirth]]. A report of July 1927 states that the Soviets had reconfirmed the concession and that the British had been using their offices to thwart it.[^19][^20] The Library of Congress lists a trip to the USSR in 1926 and the investment as running 1925 to 1928; its files include Harriman's correspondence while in the USSR for 1926 and 1927, his resignation in 1928, a termination agreement of August 21 to 28, 1928, and Soviet notes from 1928 to 1943.[^1][^17] The Soviet Bureau of Foreign Concessions announced in July 1928 the "amicable termination" of the 22-year concession after three years, with the 3,500,000 dollars spent by the concessionaires to be treated as a loan repaid by the Soviet government.[^21] Sutton wrote that the Soviets expropriated the concessions of the 1920s, including Harriman's, usually without reimbursement, and that Harriman took three million dollars in Soviet bonds as compensation. Sutton quotes a statement of Harriman to [[John B. Stetson Jr.]] of the State Department: "Mr. Harriman said that they expect to drop about three million dollars which they would charge off to experience."[^22]
A report of March 1926 ranked the manganese rights obtained by the Harriman interests second among the concessions granted to foreigners, after the Volga timber concessions given to the former German chancellor [[Joseph Wirth]]. A report of July 1927 states that the Soviets had reconfirmed the concession and that the British had been using their offices to thwart it.[^21][^22] The Library of Congress lists a trip to the USSR in 1926 and the investment as running 1925 to 1928; its files include Harriman's correspondence while in the USSR for 1926 and 1927, his resignation in 1928, a termination agreement of August 21 to 28, 1928, and Soviet notes from 1928 to 1943.[^1][^19] The Soviet Bureau of Foreign Concessions announced in July 1928 the "amicable termination" of the 22-year concession after three years, with the 3,500,000 dollars spent by the concessionaires to be treated as a loan repaid by the Soviet government.[^23] Sutton wrote that the Soviets expropriated the concessions of the 1920s, including Harriman's, usually without reimbursement, and that Harriman took three million dollars in Soviet bonds as compensation. Sutton quotes a statement of Harriman to [[John B. Stetson Jr.]] of the State Department: "Mr. Harriman said that they expect to drop about three million dollars which they would charge off to experience."[^24]
A second Soviet-related business, the Russian Finance and Construction Corporation, is documented in the Harriman papers for 1921 to 1952, including its consolidation with the Georgia Manganese Company in 1927 and an agreement with the Soviet government in 1928. A folder in the same files is titled "Reynders, John V. W. re J. Henry Schroder Banking Corp. acquisition of Thyssen stock, 1940."[^23] The Georgian National Archives hold a photograph of Harriman in Poti dated about 1920 to 1921, and the description attached to the image states that "Harriman's company held the concession for the Chiatura manganese mines during this period."[^24] Sutton writes that Harriman participated in [[Ruskombank]], the first Soviet commercial bank, whose first vice president for foreign operations was Max May of Guaranty Trust Company.[^25]
A second Soviet-related business, the Russian Finance and Construction Corporation, is documented in the Harriman papers for 1921 to 1952, including its consolidation with the Georgia Manganese Company in 1927 and an agreement with the Soviet government in 1928. A folder in the same files is titled "Reynders, John V. W. re J. Henry Schroder Banking Corp. acquisition of Thyssen stock, 1940."[^25] The Georgian National Archives hold a photograph of Harriman in Poti dated about 1920 to 1921, and the description attached to the image states that "Harriman's company held the concession for the Chiatura manganese mines during this period."[^26] Sutton writes that Harriman participated in [[Ruskombank]], the first Soviet commercial bank, whose first vice president for foreign operations was Max May of Guaranty Trust Company.[^27]
### Brown Brothers Harriman
On December 22, 1930 the merger of Brown Brothers and Company and the Harriman firms was reported as completed "last week"; the report counts 16 partners in the new firm of Brown Bros., Harriman and Company, eleven of them Yale graduates, and notes that partner [[Ellery Sedgwick James]] was a classmate of the Harriman partners Edward Roland Noel Harriman, [[Prescott Bush]] and [[Knight Woolley]], and that Robert A. Lovett was the son of Judge Lovett.[^10] The firm's own history states that the merger was first discussed among six partners in November 1930, that twelve of 17 partners had graduated from Yale, and that in 1931 an emergency infusion of 10 million dollars from Averell and Roland Harriman averted collapse after Germany declared a standstill on debt payments to foreign creditors.[^26] A finding aid for the firm's records gives 1931 as the year Brown Brothers merged with the Harriman interests.[^27] The printed circular announcing the union, dated January 2, 1931, states that "effective January 1, 1931" the businesses of Brown Brothers & Co., Harriman Brothers & Co. and W. A. Harriman & Co., Inc. were united in Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.[^28] The firm's partner table gives October 30, 1926 as the date Averell and Roland Harriman became partners of the Harriman bank (organized on St. Patrick's Day 1927 under the name W. A. Harriman & Co. and renamed Harriman Brothers & Co.), and January 1, 1931 to October 31, 1946 as his term as general partner of the merged firm, with limited partner status afterward.[^28] The firm's history records that he chaired the Department of Commerce Business Advisory Council from 1937 to 1939 and served with the N.R.A., the [[National Defense Advisory Commission]] and the [[Office of Production Management]] before going to Great Britain for lend-lease.[^28] [[Zachary Karabell]] wrote that the merger was announced on December 12, 1930, and that Harriman "was flush with the millions provided by his father's fortune" but "his business was struggling as well."[^29] The Library of Congress lists Harriman as a partner from 1931 to 1946, and holds a cable file of Brown Brothers Harriman for 1931.[^1][^14] The report describes Brown Brothers as formed in 1825 by Alexander Brown, with an associate house, Brown, Shipley and Company, in which Montagu Norman had been a partner before becoming head of the Bank of England. Sutton's chronology gives 1933 for the merger and lists the Brown Brothers Harriman partners who were members of the society, including Averell Harriman (class of 1913) and Roland Harriman (class of 1917).[^11]
On December 22, 1930 the merger of Brown Brothers and Company and the Harriman firms was reported as completed "last week"; the report counts 16 partners in the new firm of Brown Bros., Harriman and Company, eleven of them Yale graduates, and notes that partner [[Ellery Sedgwick James]] was a classmate of the Harriman partners Edward Roland Noel Harriman, [[Prescott Bush]] and [[Knight Woolley]], and that Robert A. Lovett was the son of Judge Lovett.[^12] The firm's own history states that the merger was first discussed among six partners in November 1930, that twelve of 17 partners had graduated from Yale, and that in 1931 an emergency infusion of 10 million dollars from Averell and Roland Harriman averted collapse after Germany declared a standstill on debt payments to foreign creditors.[^28] A finding aid for the firm's records gives 1931 as the year Brown Brothers merged with the Harriman interests.[^29] The printed circular announcing the union, dated January 2, 1931, states that "effective January 1, 1931" the businesses of Brown Brothers & Co., Harriman Brothers & Co. and W. A. Harriman & Co., Inc. were united in Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.[^30] The firm's partner table gives October 30, 1926 as the date Averell and Roland Harriman became partners of the Harriman bank (organized on St. Patrick's Day 1927 under the name W. A. Harriman & Co. and renamed Harriman Brothers & Co.), and January 1, 1931 to October 31, 1946 as his term as general partner of the merged firm, with limited partner status afterward.[^30] The firm's history records that he chaired the Department of Commerce Business Advisory Council from 1937 to 1939 and served with the N.R.A., the [[National Defense Advisory Commission]] and the [[Office of Production Management]] before going to Great Britain for lend-lease.[^30] [[Zachary Karabell]] wrote that the merger was announced on December 12, 1930, and that Harriman "was flush with the millions provided by his father's fortune" but "his business was struggling as well."[^31] The Library of Congress lists Harriman as a partner from 1931 to 1946, and holds a cable file of Brown Brothers Harriman for 1931.[^1][^16] The report describes Brown Brothers as formed in 1825 by Alexander Brown, with an associate house, Brown, Shipley and Company, in which Montagu Norman had been a partner before becoming head of the Bank of England. Sutton's chronology gives 1933 for the merger and lists the Brown Brothers Harriman partners who were members of the society, including Averell Harriman (class of 1913) and Roland Harriman (class of 1917).[^13]
### Union Banking Corporation
A Treasury Department memorandum of August 18, 1941, from Mr. May to [[J. W. Pehle]], subject "Union Banking Corporation," states that the corporation, incorporated August 4, 1924, was wholly owned by the [[Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart]] of Rotterdam, that the investigation "produced no evidence as to the ownership of this Dutch bank," and that its president, Cornelis Lievense, believed Baron [[Heinrich Thyssen]] might own a substantial interest. It records gold purchases of over eight million dollars in 1931 to 1933, of which 3,085,000 dollars was delivered to the Federal Reserve Bank on June 15, 1934, and states that "In the fall of 1938, during the Munich crisis, Union Banking Corporation held two million dollars in currency in a safe deposit box in New York, but this sum was subsequently deposited in the company's account with Brown Brothers, Harriman."[^30]
A Treasury Department memorandum of August 18, 1941, from Mr. May to [[J. W. Pehle]], subject "Union Banking Corporation," states that the corporation, incorporated August 4, 1924, was wholly owned by the [[Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart]] of Rotterdam, that the investigation "produced no evidence as to the ownership of this Dutch bank," and that its president, Cornelis Lievense, believed Baron [[Heinrich Thyssen]] might own a substantial interest. It records gold purchases of over eight million dollars in 1931 to 1933, of which 3,085,000 dollars was delivered to the Federal Reserve Bank on June 15, 1934, and states that "In the fall of 1938, during the Munich crisis, Union Banking Corporation held two million dollars in currency in a safe deposit box in New York, but this sum was subsequently deposited in the company's account with Brown Brothers, Harriman."[^32]
On October 20, 1942 the [[Alien Property Custodian]], Leo T. Crowley, signed Vesting Order Number 248, vesting the 4,000 shares of Union Banking Corporation, published in the [[Federal Register]] on November 7, 1942. The registered owners were E. Roland Harriman with 3,991 shares, [[Cornelius Lievense]] with 4, and Harold D. Pennington, Ray Morris, Prescott S. Bush, H. J. Kouwenhoven and Johann G. Groeninger with one share each. The order states that the shares were held for the benefit of the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, which it describes as owned or controlled by members of the [[Thyssen family]]. W. Averell Harriman is not among the registered owners.[^31] Sutton writes that "the Harrimans had a financial interest in" the corporation, that Roland was a director, and that Averell Harriman, Roland Harriman, E. S. James and Knight Woolley were "through the Union Bank (in which they held a major interest) prime financial backers of Hitler"; he lists eight directors in 1932: E. Roland Harriman, H. J. Kouwenhoven, Knight Woolley, Cornelius Lievense, Ellery Sedgwick James, Johann Groninger, J. L. Guinter and Prescott Sheldon Bush.[^32] A [[Council on Foreign Relations]] table of November 1951 lists Brown Brothers Harriman officers who were members as E. Roland Harriman, Ray Morris, Knight Woolley and Thomas McCance.[^33]
On October 20, 1942 the [[Alien Property Custodian]], Leo T. Crowley, signed Vesting Order Number 248, vesting the 4,000 shares of Union Banking Corporation, published in the [[Federal Register]] on November 7, 1942. The registered owners were E. Roland Harriman with 3,991 shares, [[Cornelius Lievense]] with 4, and Harold D. Pennington, Ray Morris, Prescott S. Bush, H. J. Kouwenhoven and Johann G. Groeninger with one share each. The order states that the shares were held for the benefit of the Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart, which it describes as owned or controlled by members of the [[Thyssen family]]. W. Averell Harriman is not among the registered owners.[^33] Sutton writes that "the Harrimans had a financial interest in" the corporation, that Roland was a director, and that Averell Harriman, Roland Harriman, E. S. James and Knight Woolley were "through the Union Bank (in which they held a major interest) prime financial backers of Hitler"; he lists eight directors in 1932: E. Roland Harriman, H. J. Kouwenhoven, Knight Woolley, Cornelius Lievense, Ellery Sedgwick James, Johann Groninger, J. L. Guinter and Prescott Sheldon Bush.[^34] A [[Council on Foreign Relations]] table of November 1951 lists Brown Brothers Harriman officers who were members as E. Roland Harriman, Ray Morris, Knight Woolley and Thomas McCance.[^35]
### Today, Newsweek and the Business Advisory Council
The Library of Congress lists Harriman as co-founder with [[Vincent Astor]] of the weekly Today in 1933, merged with [[Newsweek]] in 1937, and as chairman of the [[Business Advisory Council]] from 1937 to 1939; he held the position of Administrator and special assistant at the [[National Recovery Administration]] in 1934 and 1935 and founded the Sun Valley ski resort in Idaho in 1935 and 1936.[^1] On September 11, 1933 Astor and Harriman announced a weekly, Today, to be edited by [[Raymond Moley]].[^34] On March 17, 1961 [[Philip Graham]] sent [[Alfred Friendly]] to Rome to secure a pledge from Harriman, "an early Newsweek backer," to sell his 13 percent holding in Newsweek to the [[Washington Post]].[^35]
The Library of Congress lists Harriman as co-founder with [[Vincent Astor]] of the weekly Today in 1933, merged with [[Newsweek]] in 1937, and as chairman of the [[Business Advisory Council]] from 1937 to 1939; he held the position of Administrator and special assistant at the [[National Recovery Administration]] in 1934 and 1935 and founded the Sun Valley ski resort in Idaho in 1935 and 1936.[^1] On September 11, 1933 Astor and Harriman announced a weekly, Today, to be edited by [[Raymond Moley]].[^36] On March 17, 1961 [[Philip Graham]] sent [[Alfred Friendly]] to Rome to secure a pledge from Harriman, "an early Newsweek backer," to sell his 13 percent holding in Newsweek to the [[Washington Post]].[^37]
### Lend-Lease and the Moscow embassy
Harriman became [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s special representative to Great Britain with the rank of ambassador in March 1941, serving until September 1943, and chaired the President's special mission to the USSR.[^1][^3] On August 6, 1941 the Secretary of State sent [[Winant]], the ambassador in the United Kingdom, a telegram marked "Personal from Harriman" relaying a conversation with [[Brendan Bracken]], the British Minister of Information, about American belief that Britain was using Lend-Lease materials to foster and retain its commercial exports.[^36]
Harriman became [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s special representative to Great Britain with the rank of ambassador in March 1941, serving until September 1943, and chaired the President's special mission to the USSR.[^1][^3] On August 6, 1941 the Secretary of State sent [[Winant]], the ambassador in the United Kingdom, a telegram marked "Personal from Harriman" relaying a conversation with [[Brendan Bracken]], the British Minister of Information, about American belief that Britain was using Lend-Lease materials to foster and retain its commercial exports.[^38]
He was ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1943 to 1946.[^1] A telegram of February 10, 1944 from Moscow reports a conversation with [[Anastas Mikoyan]] about the Persian route and the decorations proposed for the American officers who supervised it.[^37] On February 13, 1944 he wrote to [[Harry Hopkins]] that he did not intend to object to a supplementary agreement to the Third Protocol and that the Department had indicated legal difficulties in arranging a reconstruction credit under the [[Johnson Act]].[^38] Sutton quotes a report of June 30, 1944 from Harriman in Moscow to the State Department in which Stalin is said to have stated that about two-thirds of all the large industrial enterprises in the Soviet Union had been built with United States help or technical assistance.[^39] On February 10, 1944 the Acting Secretary of State had sent Harriman the replies approved by the President to three questions asked by the Polish government.[^40]
He was ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1943 to 1946.[^1] A telegram of February 10, 1944 from Moscow reports a conversation with [[Anastas Mikoyan]] about the Persian route and the decorations proposed for the American officers who supervised it.[^39] On February 13, 1944 he wrote to [[Harry Hopkins]] that he did not intend to object to a supplementary agreement to the Third Protocol and that the Department had indicated legal difficulties in arranging a reconstruction credit under the [[Johnson Act]].[^40] Sutton quotes a report of June 30, 1944 from Harriman in Moscow to the State Department in which Stalin is said to have stated that about two-thirds of all the large industrial enterprises in the Soviet Union had been built with United States help or technical assistance.[^41] On February 10, 1944 the Acting Secretary of State had sent Harriman the replies approved by the President to three questions asked by the Polish government.[^42]
Sutton reproduces an account of a dinner party in 1971 at which, he writes, the journalist [[Edward Weintal]] told Harriman: "You told Roosevelt that you were convinced that the Soviets did not want to introduce a Communist government into Poland." Sutton states that Weintal cited a State Department telegram of February 12, 1944 from Harriman to Roosevelt, that Harriman shouted "If you print anything like that in your book, I'll break your jaw," and that a Washington Post reporter noted the details in a column by [[Maxine Cheshire]] of March 17, 1971.[^41]
Sutton reproduces an account of a dinner party in 1971 at which, he writes, the journalist [[Edward Weintal]] told Harriman: "You told Roosevelt that you were convinced that the Soviets did not want to introduce a Communist government into Poland." Sutton states that Weintal cited a State Department telegram of February 12, 1944 from Harriman to Roosevelt, that Harriman shouted "If you print anything like that in your book, I'll break your jaw," and that a Washington Post reporter noted the details in a column by [[Maxine Cheshire]] of March 17, 1971.[^43]
### Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Secretary of Commerce
The State Department records that Harriman resigned as ambassador to the Soviet Union in February 1946 and assumed his duties as ambassador in the United Kingdom in April 1946.[^42] On April 22, 1948 President Truman accepted his resignation as United States Secretary of Commerce, effective that day, so that he could take up the administration of the European Recovery Program.[^43] The Library of Congress lists the commerce post as 1946 to 1948, and states that Truman named him ambassador to the Court of St. James's before recalling him to Washington to become secretary of commerce.[^1][^3] [[Harry Kern]] and the historian [[Howard Schonberger]] wrote that Kern and Harriman, as Secretary of Commerce, helped to turn American occupation policy in Japan away from democratic reform.[^44]
The State Department records that Harriman resigned as ambassador to the Soviet Union in February 1946 and assumed his duties as ambassador in the United Kingdom in April 1946.[^44] On April 22, 1948 President Truman accepted his resignation as United States Secretary of Commerce, effective that day, so that he could take up the administration of the European Recovery Program.[^45] The Library of Congress lists the commerce post as 1946 to 1948, and states that Truman named him ambassador to the Court of St. James's before recalling him to Washington to become secretary of commerce.[^1][^3] [[Harry Kern]] and the historian [[Howard Schonberger]] wrote that Kern and Harriman, as Secretary of Commerce, helped to turn American occupation policy in Japan away from democratic reform.[^46]
### The Marshall Plan
In May 1948 Truman sent Harriman to Paris as Special Representative in Europe to carry out the European Recovery Program, and he returned to the United States in mid-1950 to become the president's special assistant.[^3] [[Lincoln Gordon]] worked under Harriman on the Marshall Plan mission in London. [[Vernon Walters]] served as Harriman's aide at Marshall Plan headquarters in Paris.[^45] [[Robert R. Mullen]] recalled that he and [[E. Howard Hunt]] both worked for the Marshall Plan in Paris from 1948 to 1950, when [[Dorothy Hunt]] was employed by Harriman.[^46] The Library of Congress files for the period also record his mediation in the British-Iranian oil crisis of 1951 and the Korean War controversy over the dismissal of General [[Douglas MacArthur]].[^3]
In May 1948 Truman sent Harriman to Paris as Special Representative in Europe to carry out the European Recovery Program, and he returned to the United States in mid-1950 to become the president's special assistant.[^3] [[Lincoln Gordon]] worked under Harriman on the Marshall Plan mission in London. [[Vernon Walters]] served as Harriman's aide at Marshall Plan headquarters in Paris.[^47] [[Robert R. Mullen]] recalled that he and [[E. Howard Hunt]] both worked for the Marshall Plan in Paris from 1948 to 1950, when [[Dorothy Hunt]] was employed by Harriman.[^48] The Library of Congress files for the period also record his mediation in the British-Iranian oil crisis of 1951 and the Korean War controversy over the dismissal of General [[Douglas MacArthur]].[^3]
### Mutual Security and the Council on Foreign Relations
The volume of Foreign Relations of the United States for 1951 records that the [[International Security Affairs Committee]] was to be abolished and that Harriman had been nominated as Director for Mutual Security on October 11, 1951; the Library of Congress lists him as director of the [[Mutual Security Agency]] from 1951 to 1953 and chairman of the North Atlantic Commission on Defense Plans in 1951 and 1952.[^47][^1] On December 12, 1950 [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]] sent Harriman, then at the [[White House]], a statement of a Council study group on aid to Europe, noting in the covering letter that [[Allen Dulles]] had spoken to Harriman about it that morning.[^48] The Council's officers for 1952 to 1953 included Harriman among the directors, and he is listed among the individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more.[^49][^50]
The volume of Foreign Relations of the United States for 1951 records that the [[International Security Affairs Committee]] was to be abolished and that Harriman had been nominated as Director for Mutual Security on October 11, 1951; the Library of Congress lists him as director of the [[Mutual Security Agency]] from 1951 to 1953 and chairman of the North Atlantic Commission on Defense Plans in 1951 and 1952.[^1][^49] On December 12, 1950 [[Hamilton Fish Armstrong]] sent Harriman, then at the [[White House]], a statement of a Council study group on aid to Europe, noting in the covering letter that [[Allen Dulles]] had spoken to Harriman about it that morning.[^50] The Council's officers for 1952 to 1953 included Harriman among the directors, and he is listed among the individual donors of 10,000 dollars or more.[^51][^52]
### Governor of New York
Harriman was governor of New York from 1955 to 1958; the Library of Congress lists the term as 1955 to 1959 and notes that the papers of the governorship are held at Syracuse University.[^51][^1] [[Mary Lasker]] recalled in her Columbia oral history that Harriman asked for suggestions for a commissioner of mental hygiene soon after the election, and that [[Lester Markel]] of the New York Times telephoned to ask whether she knew [[Paul Hoch]], then in charge of research at the institute; Hoch's appointment was announced in July 1955.[^52] The Columbia oral history of [[Grayson Kirk]], held by the Eisenhower Library, covers Harriman's donation of the Arden House estate to [[Columbia University]].[^53]
Harriman was governor of New York from 1955 to 1958; the Library of Congress lists the term as 1955 to 1959 and notes that the papers of the governorship are held at Syracuse University.[^1][^53] [[Mary Lasker]] recalled in her Columbia oral history that Harriman asked for suggestions for a commissioner of mental hygiene soon after the election, and that [[Lester Markel]] of the New York Times telephoned to ask whether she knew [[Paul Hoch]], then in charge of research at the institute; Hoch's appointment was announced in July 1955.[^54] The Columbia oral history of [[Grayson Kirk]], held by the Eisenhower Library, covers Harriman's donation of the Arden House estate to [[Columbia University]].[^55]
### Kennedy administration and Vietnam
By September 1962 Harriman was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, and by August 1963 Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.[^54][^55] On August 24, 1963 the State Department sent telegram 243 to [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] in Saigon, stating that the "US Government cannot tolerate situation in which power lies in Nhu's hands" and instructing the country team to "make detailed plans as to how we might bring about Diem's replacement if this should become necessary." The telegram was signed by [[George Ball]].[^56] A memorandum for the record by [[Victor Krulak]] of the same day records the account of [[Michael Forrestal]] that "Hilsman and Governor Harriman" had converted a proposed course of action into an instruction to Lodge, that it had been sent to the President for approval, and that it was not something on which Defense clearance was desired.[^57] [[Maxwell Taylor]] said in 1981 that the telegram had been drafted by Harriman, [[Roger Hilsman]] and Forrestal and dispatched "without the concurrence of the Defense Department, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or the CIA," and called it an "end run" in his memoirs; Hilsman maintained that the President and representatives of the agencies concerned had cleared it.[^58]
By September 1962 Harriman was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, and by August 1963 Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.[^56][^57] On August 24, 1963 the State Department sent telegram 243 to [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] in Saigon, stating that the "US Government cannot tolerate situation in which power lies in Nhu's hands" and instructing the country team to "make detailed plans as to how we might bring about Diem's replacement if this should become necessary." The telegram was signed by [[George Ball]].[^58] A memorandum for the record by [[Victor Krulak]] of the same day records the account of [[Michael Forrestal]] that "Hilsman and Governor Harriman" had converted a proposed course of action into an instruction to Lodge, that it had been sent to the President for approval, and that it was not something on which Defense clearance was desired.[^59] [[Maxwell Taylor]] said in 1981 that the telegram had been drafted by Harriman, [[Roger Hilsman]] and Forrestal and dispatched "without the concurrence of the Defense Department, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or the CIA," and called it an "end run" in his memoirs; Hilsman maintained that the President and representatives of the agencies concerned had cleared it.[^60]
On October 7, 1963 Harriman attended a White House meeting on Brazil with Kennedy, [[Robert McNamara]], [[Edwin Martin]] and Lincoln Gordon, at which Kennedy asked whether the United States might find it desirable to intervene militarily.[^59] On June 19, 1963 he attended the meeting at which Kennedy approved a sabotage program against Cuba, one of the programs later grouped as [[Operation Mongoose]], with [[John McCone]] and McGeorge Bundy present.[^60]
On October 7, 1963 Harriman attended a White House meeting on Brazil with Kennedy, [[Robert McNamara]], [[Edwin Martin]] and Lincoln Gordon, at which Kennedy asked whether the United States might find it desirable to intervene militarily.[^61] On June 19, 1963 he attended the meeting at which Kennedy approved a sabotage program against Cuba, one of the programs later grouped as [[Operation Mongoose]], with [[John McCone]] and McGeorge Bundy present.[^62]
### Laos
Harriman headed the American delegation to the Geneva conference on Laos in 1961 and 1962; the Library of Congress lists him as deputy representative to the conference.[^61][^1] A memorandum of his conversation with the North Vietnamese foreign minister at Geneva on July 22, 1962 records that he said the United States intended to carry out the Laos agreements "in the letter and in the spirit," including the removal of its military personnel from Laos.[^62] The State Department editorial note states that "On July 23, Secretary Rusk signed for the United States the Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos."[^63]
Harriman headed the American delegation to the Geneva conference on Laos in 1961 and 1962; the Library of Congress lists him as deputy representative to the conference.[^1][^63] A memorandum of his conversation with the North Vietnamese foreign minister at Geneva on July 22, 1962 records that he said the United States intended to carry out the Laos agreements "in the letter and in the spirit," including the removal of its military personnel from Laos.[^64] The State Department editorial note states that "On July 23, Secretary Rusk signed for the United States the Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos."[^65]
### Paris peace talks
In October 1968 Harriman and [[Cyrus Vance]] led the American side in the Paris talks on Vietnam. A telegram from the Paris embassy dated October 9, 1968 is headed "From Harriman and Vance" and reports a meeting in which [[Le Duc Tho]], [[Xuan Thuy]] and Lau joined the Americans during a tea break.[^64]
In October 1968 Harriman and [[Cyrus Vance]] led the American side in the Paris talks on Vietnam. A telegram from the Paris embassy dated October 9, 1968 is headed "From Harriman and Vance" and reports a meeting in which [[Le Duc Tho]], [[Xuan Thuy]] and Lau joined the Americans during a tea break.[^66]
### Marriages and papers
The Library of Congress lists Harriman's marriages as 1915 to Kathleen Lanier Lawrence (divorced 1929), 1930 to Marie Norton Whitney (died 1970) and 1971 to [[Pamela Harriman]], formerly Pamela Digby Churchill Hayward. Sutton notes that Pamela Hayward had been married to [[Randolph Churchill]].[^1][^11]
The Library of Congress lists Harriman's marriages as 1915 to Kathleen Lanier Lawrence (divorced 1929), 1930 to Marie Norton Whitney (died 1970) and 1971 to [[Pamela Harriman]], formerly Pamela Digby Churchill Hayward. Sutton notes that Pamela Hayward had been married to [[Randolph Churchill]].[^1][^13]
The W. Averell Harriman Papers in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division run to 346,760 items in 1,041 containers, with series for the Georgian Manganese Company and the Russian Finance and Construction Corporation, and a Classified, Top Secret, Restricted Data and Sensitive Compartmented Information series for 1946 to 1980.[^3] FRUS volume III for 1961 to 1963 records that its documents were drawn from the papers while still in the possession of the late ambassador, and other volumes cite the Chronology File for May to August 1962.[^28][^62]
The W. Averell Harriman Papers in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division run to 346,760 items in 1,041 containers, with series for the Georgian Manganese Company and the Russian Finance and Construction Corporation, and a Classified, Top Secret, Restricted Data and Sensitive Compartmented Information series for 1946 to 1980.[^3] FRUS volume III for 1961 to 1963 records that its documents were drawn from the papers while still in the possession of the late ambassador, and other volumes cite the Chronology File for May to August 1962.[^30][^64]
### Footnotes
@ -212,58 +212,60 @@ The W. Averell Harriman Papers in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division ru
[^7]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977. https://archive.org/details/print-article-the-last-secrets-of-skull-and-bones-esquire-september-1977
[^8]: Jacques Leslie, "Smirk from the past," Salon, March 1, 2000. https://www.salon.com/2000/03/01/yale/
[^9]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), Harriman chapter, family section (E. H. Harriman, Judge Robert Scott Lovett, and the initiation of Robert Abercrombie Lovett "with the two Harriman boys, Roland and Averell").
[^10]: "Business: Brown-Harriman," Time, December 22, 1930. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740853,00.html
[^11]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), chronology under the heading of an official summary of Averell Harriman's career (marriages; 1920, 1923, 1933 entries; Pamela Hayward and Randolph Churchill).
[^12]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), chronology and the section "The Guaranty Trust Company."
[^13]: "Sanction Plan to Run Ships on German Routes," The Omaha Bee, August 17, 1920, p. 2 (Washington dispatch of August 16, 1920). https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn99021999/1920-08-17/ed-1/seq-2
[^14]: W. Averell Harriman Papers finding aid, Library of Congress, Special Files: Business (cables incoming and outgoing, Hamburg-American Line 1920 to 1926; Cuno, Wilhelm, 1920 to 1931; Brown Brothers Harriman and Co., 1931), Subject File (Hamburg-American Line, 1933 to 1937, Box 56; United American Lines re sale of steamers, 1926). https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003012.pdf
[^15]: Telegram, the Chargé in the Soviet Union (Henderson) to the Secretary of State, Moscow, September 22, 1936, Foreign Relations of the United States, The Soviet Union, 1933 to 1939, document 334. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1933-39/d334
[^16]: W. A. Harriman and Company agreement, 1925, Hoover Institution Library and Archives (Online Archive of California). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt867nf2wp
[^17]: W. Averell Harriman Papers finding aid, Special Files: Business, Georgian Manganese Company, 1921 to 1946 (Boxes 694 to 709: Tchemo agreement and syndicate agreement of June 12, 1925; W. A. Harriman and Co. assignment of July 18, 1925; property of voting trustees, August 10, 1925; ore shipments, November 1925 contract; Harriman correspondence while in USSR, 1926 to 1927; resignation, 1928; termination agreement, August 21 to 28, 1928; Soviet notes). https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003012.pdf
[^18]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), section "How the Order Developed the Stagnant Soviet Union" (concession agreement of July 12, 1925; four million dollars; Matthew C. Brush; State Department Decimal File 316-138-12/331), and the Order chart naming Brush as chairman of the Georgian Manganese Company.
[^19]: "Russia: Concessions," Time, March 15, 1926. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,736634,00.html
[^20]: Time, July 25, 1927, on the Soviet reconfirmation of the Harriman manganese concession. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,736830,00.html
[^21]: "Foreign News: Harriman Out," Time, July 16, 1928. https://time.com/archive/6778286/foreign-news-harriman-out/
[^22]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), Harriman chapter, discussing Harriman's article in Look, October 3, 1967, and State Department file 861.637-Harriman (Stetson).
[^23]: W. Averell Harriman Papers finding aid, Special Files: Business, Russian Finance and Construction Corporation, 1921 to 1952 (Boxes 710 to 731). https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003012.pdf
[^24]: National Archives of Georgia photograph, "American Industrialist W. Averell Harriman in Poti, c. 1920," institutional description, Internet Archive item. https://archive.org/details/043-harriman-in-poti-with-mikaberidze-c-1920-01
[^25]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), introductory examples of the Order's activity (Ruskombank and Max May of Guaranty Trust).
[^26]: Brown Brothers Harriman, "Joining Forces: The Birth of Brown Brothers Harriman," firm history. https://www.bbh.com/apac/en/bbh-who-we-are/our-story/200-years-of-partnership/joining-forces-the-birth-of-brown-brothers-harriman.html
[^27]: Brown Brothers Harriman records, finding aid, New-York Historical Society collection at NYU. https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms78_brown_brothers_harriman/
[^28]: John A. Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking: An Historical Portrait of a Great Private Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 1818-1968* (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968), pp. 12 to 19, 202 and partner table pp. 231 to 234. https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankinganhistoricalportraitofagreatprivateb
[^29]: Zachary Karabell, "Inside Money: Brown Brothers Harriman and the American Way of Power," *Financial History* 138 (Summer 2021), Museum of American Finance, pp. 15 to 16. https://archive.org/details/financialhistory138
[^30]: Treasury Department memorandum, Mr. May to Mr. J. W. Pehle, August 18, 1941, "Re: Union Banking Corporation," ref. 9-151, declassified by NARA (NND 960103). https://archive.org/details/BushDocuments0008b-LetterJ.W.PebleToMay
[^31]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order Number 248, executed October 20, 1942, 7 Federal Register 9097 to 9098 (November 7, 1942). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1942-11-07/pdf/FR-1942-11-07.pdf
[^32]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), introductory examples and section "The Union Banking Connection" (directors in 1932, Roland Harriman as director).
[^33]: Council on Foreign Relations, Receipts (1946-1951), Research Budget, with Contributions of Corporations, Individual Contributions to the 25th Anniversary Fund and Corporations with Officers who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, November 1951, CIA-RDP80R01731R001100170005-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001100170005-1
[^34]: "Press: Today," *Time*, September 11, 1933. https://time.com/archive/6751591/press-today/
[^35]: "The Press: Newsweek's News," *Time*, March 17, 1961. https://time.com/archive/6829457/the-press-newsweeks-news/
[^36]: Telegram, Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the United Kingdom (Winant), Washington, August 6, 1941, "Personal from Harriman," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941, vol. III. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1941v03/d14
[^37]: Telegram 440, Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, Moscow, February 10, 1944, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. IV, document 761. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v04/d761
[^38]: Telegram, Harriman to the Chairman of the President's Soviet Protocol Committee (Hopkins), Moscow, February 13, 1944, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. IV, document 957. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v04/d957
[^39]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), Harriman chapter, citing State Department Decimal File 033.1161 Johnston Eric/6-3044, telegram of June 30, 1944.
[^40]: Telegram, the Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman), Washington, February 10, 1944, 8 p.m., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. III, document 1162. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v03/d1162
[^41]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), Harriman chapter, passage on Edward Weintal, citing the Washington Post, March 17, 1971, VIP column by Maxine Cheshire.
[^42]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, vol. VI, document 420, editorial headnote. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1946v06/d420
[^43]: Harry S. Truman, Letter to Secretary Harriman Following His Nomination as U.S. Special Representative in Europe, April 22, 1948, Public Papers, Harry S. Truman Library. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/83/letter-secretary-harriman-following-his-nomination-us-special
[^44]: Howard B. Schonberger, *Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945-1952* (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1989), p. 7.
[^45]: Vernon Walters, *Silent Missions* (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978).
[^46]: Central Intelligence Agency, Central Cover Staff, "Request for CSA concerning E. Howard Hunt," June 3, 1970, CIA Reading Room document C00297384.
[^47]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, document 769 and its headnote on the Mutual Security Agency. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d769
[^48]: Letter, Hamilton Fish Armstrong to W. Averell Harriman, December 12, 1950, CIA-RDP80R01731R003100010004-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100010004-7
[^49]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report of the Executive Director, 1951-1952, with list of members and by-laws (New York, 1952), Officers and Standing Committees, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200010036-3. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R001200010036-3
[^50]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985), Campaign for the Council, individual donors of $10,000 or more, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100210066-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5
[^51]: Empire State Plaza, Hall of Governors, "W. Averell Harriman, 48th Governor, 1955 to 1958," New York State Office of General Services. https://empirestateplaza.ny.gov/node/3471
[^52]: Columbia University Libraries, Oral History Research Office, Mary Lasker oral history, transcript pages laskerm_1_19_570 and laskerm_1_19_572. https://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/laskerm/transcripts/laskerm_1_19_572.html ; University at Albany, M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, record of a 1956 interview of Dr. Paul H. Hoch, Commissioner of Mental Hygiene. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/apap015aspace_033e27487bc26a06ec8cf9fd535fb0c3
[^53]: Eisenhower Library, Oral History Project, finding aid OH-364, Grayson L. Kirk, interview by David Horrocks, 1975. https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/oral-histories/oral-history-finding-aids/ohfa364.pdf
[^54]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. XXIV, document 423, Memorandum from the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Harriman), September 21, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v24/d423
[^55]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. III, document 243, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation Between the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Harriman) and the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Hilsman). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d243
[^56]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. III, document 281, Telegram 243, Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, Washington, August 24, 1963, 9:36 p.m. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d281
[^57]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. III, document 282, Memorandum for the Record by Krulak, August 24, 1963. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d282
[^58]: Robert S. Gallagher, "Gen. Maxwell Taylor: Memories of Peace and War," *American Heritage*, vol. 32, no. 3 (April/May 1981), https://www.americanheritage.com/gen-maxwell-taylor-memories-peace-and-war ; *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. III, document 281, source note citing Taylor, *Swords and Plowshares*, pp. 292-294, and Hilsman, *To Move a Nation*, pp. 487-488. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d281
[^59]: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 465, Document 9 (White House meeting recording, October 7, 1963; present: Kennedy, Harriman, McNamara, Martin, Gordon and others).
[^60]: Church Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 337 and pp. 172 to 173 (Special Group minutes and memorandum of June 19, 1963). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^61]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. XXIV, document 106, Paper Prepared by the Head of the Delegation to the Laos Conference (Harriman). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v24/d106
[^62]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. XXIV, document 410, Memorandum of Conversation, Geneva, July 22, 1962, source Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Harriman Papers, Chronology File, May to August 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v24/d410
[^63]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. XXIV, document 411, Editorial Note. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v24/d411
[^64]: Telegram 805 (Delto), Embassy in France to the Department of State, Paris, October 9, 1968, "From Harriman and Vance," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964 to 1968, vol. VII, document 54. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/d54
[^10]: Union Pacific Railroad Company, *Annual Report* for 1968, "Chairman Harriman" and "Top Management Changes." https://archive.org/details/001-union-pacific-annual-reports
[^11]: Harry S. Truman, The President's News Conference, November 2, 1950, item 1, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-574
[^12]: "Business: Brown-Harriman," Time, December 22, 1930. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740853,00.html
[^13]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), chronology under the heading of an official summary of Averell Harriman's career (marriages; 1920, 1923, 1933 entries; Pamela Hayward and Randolph Churchill).
[^14]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), chronology and the section "The Guaranty Trust Company."
[^15]: "Sanction Plan to Run Ships on German Routes," The Omaha Bee, August 17, 1920, p. 2 (Washington dispatch of August 16, 1920). https://nebnewspapers.unl.edu/lccn/sn99021999/1920-08-17/ed-1/seq-2
[^16]: W. Averell Harriman Papers finding aid, Library of Congress, Special Files: Business (cables incoming and outgoing, Hamburg-American Line 1920 to 1926; Cuno, Wilhelm, 1920 to 1931; Brown Brothers Harriman and Co., 1931), Subject File (Hamburg-American Line, 1933 to 1937, Box 56; United American Lines re sale of steamers, 1926). https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003012.pdf
[^17]: Telegram, the Chargé in the Soviet Union (Henderson) to the Secretary of State, Moscow, September 22, 1936, Foreign Relations of the United States, The Soviet Union, 1933 to 1939, document 334. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1933-39/d334
[^18]: W. A. Harriman and Company agreement, 1925, Hoover Institution Library and Archives (Online Archive of California). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt867nf2wp
[^19]: W. Averell Harriman Papers finding aid, Special Files: Business, Georgian Manganese Company, 1921 to 1946 (Boxes 694 to 709: Tchemo agreement and syndicate agreement of June 12, 1925; W. A. Harriman and Co. assignment of July 18, 1925; property of voting trustees, August 10, 1925; ore shipments, November 1925 contract; Harriman correspondence while in USSR, 1926 to 1927; resignation, 1928; termination agreement, August 21 to 28, 1928; Soviet notes). https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003012.pdf
[^20]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), section "How the Order Developed the Stagnant Soviet Union" (concession agreement of July 12, 1925; four million dollars; Matthew C. Brush; State Department Decimal File 316-138-12/331), and the Order chart naming Brush as chairman of the Georgian Manganese Company.
[^21]: "Russia: Concessions," Time, March 15, 1926. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,736634,00.html
[^22]: Time, July 25, 1927, on the Soviet reconfirmation of the Harriman manganese concession. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,736830,00.html
[^23]: "Foreign News: Harriman Out," Time, July 16, 1928. https://time.com/archive/6778286/foreign-news-harriman-out/
[^24]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), Harriman chapter, discussing Harriman's article in Look, October 3, 1967, and State Department file 861.637-Harriman (Stetson).
[^25]: W. Averell Harriman Papers finding aid, Special Files: Business, Russian Finance and Construction Corporation, 1921 to 1952 (Boxes 710 to 731). https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003012.pdf
[^26]: National Archives of Georgia photograph, "American Industrialist W. Averell Harriman in Poti, c. 1920," institutional description, Internet Archive item. https://archive.org/details/043-harriman-in-poti-with-mikaberidze-c-1920-01
[^27]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), introductory examples of the Order's activity (Ruskombank and Max May of Guaranty Trust).
[^28]: Brown Brothers Harriman, "Joining Forces: The Birth of Brown Brothers Harriman," firm history. https://www.bbh.com/apac/en/bbh-who-we-are/our-story/200-years-of-partnership/joining-forces-the-birth-of-brown-brothers-harriman.html
[^29]: Brown Brothers Harriman records, finding aid, New-York Historical Society collection at NYU. https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/nyhs/ms78_brown_brothers_harriman/
[^30]: John A. Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking: An Historical Portrait of a Great Private Bank, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 1818-1968* (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968), pp. 12 to 19, 202 and partner table pp. 231 to 234. https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankinganhistoricalportraitofagreatprivateb
[^31]: Zachary Karabell, "Inside Money: Brown Brothers Harriman and the American Way of Power," *Financial History* 138 (Summer 2021), Museum of American Finance, pp. 15 to 16. https://archive.org/details/financialhistory138
[^32]: Treasury Department memorandum, Mr. May to Mr. J. W. Pehle, August 18, 1941, "Re: Union Banking Corporation," ref. 9-151, declassified by NARA (NND 960103). https://archive.org/details/BushDocuments0008b-LetterJ.W.PebleToMay
[^33]: Office of the Alien Property Custodian, Vesting Order Number 248, executed October 20, 1942, 7 Federal Register 9097 to 9098 (November 7, 1942). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1942-11-07/pdf/FR-1942-11-07.pdf
[^34]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), introductory examples and section "The Union Banking Connection" (directors in 1932, Roland Harriman as director).
[^35]: Council on Foreign Relations, Receipts (1946-1951), Research Budget, with Contributions of Corporations, Individual Contributions to the 25th Anniversary Fund and Corporations with Officers who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, November 1951, CIA-RDP80R01731R001100170005-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r001100170005-1
[^36]: "Press: Today," *Time*, September 11, 1933. https://time.com/archive/6751591/press-today/
[^37]: "The Press: Newsweek's News," *Time*, March 17, 1961. https://time.com/archive/6829457/the-press-newsweeks-news/
[^38]: Telegram, Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the United Kingdom (Winant), Washington, August 6, 1941, "Personal from Harriman," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941, vol. III. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1941v03/d14
[^39]: Telegram 440, Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, Moscow, February 10, 1944, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. IV, document 761. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v04/d761
[^40]: Telegram, Harriman to the Chairman of the President's Soviet Protocol Committee (Hopkins), Moscow, February 13, 1944, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. IV, document 957. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v04/d957
[^41]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), Harriman chapter, citing State Department Decimal File 033.1161 Johnston Eric/6-3044, telegram of June 30, 1944.
[^42]: Telegram, the Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman), Washington, February 10, 1944, 8 p.m., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. III, document 1162. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v03/d1162
[^43]: Sutton, America's Secret Establishment (1983), Harriman chapter, passage on Edward Weintal, citing the Washington Post, March 17, 1971, VIP column by Maxine Cheshire.
[^44]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, vol. VI, document 420, editorial headnote. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1946v06/d420
[^45]: Harry S. Truman, Letter to Secretary Harriman Following His Nomination as U.S. Special Representative in Europe, April 22, 1948, Public Papers, Harry S. Truman Library. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/83/letter-secretary-harriman-following-his-nomination-us-special
[^46]: Howard B. Schonberger, *Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945-1952* (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1989), p. 7.
[^47]: Vernon Walters, *Silent Missions* (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978).
[^48]: Central Intelligence Agency, Central Cover Staff, "Request for CSA concerning E. Howard Hunt," June 3, 1970, CIA Reading Room document C00297384.
[^49]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, vol. I, document 769 and its headnote on the Mutual Security Agency. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d769
[^50]: Letter, Hamilton Fish Armstrong to W. Averell Harriman, December 12, 1950, CIA-RDP80R01731R003100010004-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100010004-7
[^51]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report of the Executive Director, 1951-1952, with list of members and by-laws (New York, 1952), Officers and Standing Committees, CIA-RDP80R01731R001200010036-3. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80R01731R001200010036-3
[^52]: Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1985 (New York, 1985), Campaign for the Council, individual donors of $10,000 or more, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100210066-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000100210066-5
[^53]: Empire State Plaza, Hall of Governors, "W. Averell Harriman, 48th Governor, 1955 to 1958," New York State Office of General Services. https://empirestateplaza.ny.gov/node/3471
[^54]: Columbia University Libraries, Oral History Research Office, Mary Lasker oral history, transcript pages laskerm_1_19_570 and laskerm_1_19_572. https://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/laskerm/transcripts/laskerm_1_19_572.html ; University at Albany, M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, record of a 1956 interview of Dr. Paul H. Hoch, Commissioner of Mental Hygiene. https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/apap015aspace_033e27487bc26a06ec8cf9fd535fb0c3
[^55]: Eisenhower Library, Oral History Project, finding aid OH-364, Grayson L. Kirk, interview by David Horrocks, 1975. https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/oral-histories/oral-history-finding-aids/ohfa364.pdf
[^56]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. XXIV, document 423, Memorandum from the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Harriman), September 21, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v24/d423
[^57]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. III, document 243, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation Between the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Harriman) and the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Hilsman). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d243
[^58]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. III, document 281, Telegram 243, Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, Washington, August 24, 1963, 9:36 p.m. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d281
[^59]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. III, document 282, Memorandum for the Record by Krulak, August 24, 1963. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d282
[^60]: Robert S. Gallagher, "Gen. Maxwell Taylor: Memories of Peace and War," *American Heritage*, vol. 32, no. 3 (April/May 1981), https://www.americanheritage.com/gen-maxwell-taylor-memories-peace-and-war ; *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. III, document 281, source note citing Taylor, *Swords and Plowshares*, pp. 292-294, and Hilsman, *To Move a Nation*, pp. 487-488. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v03/d281
[^61]: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 465, Document 9 (White House meeting recording, October 7, 1963; present: Kennedy, Harriman, McNamara, Martin, Gordon and others).
[^62]: Church Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 337 and pp. 172 to 173 (Special Group minutes and memorandum of June 19, 1963). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^63]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. XXIV, document 106, Paper Prepared by the Head of the Delegation to the Laos Conference (Harriman). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v24/d106
[^64]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. XXIV, document 410, Memorandum of Conversation, Geneva, July 22, 1962, source Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Harriman Papers, Chronology File, May to August 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v24/d410
[^65]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 to 1963, vol. XXIV, document 411, Editorial Note. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v24/d411
[^66]: Telegram 805 (Delto), Embassy in France to the Department of State, Paris, October 9, 1968, "From Harriman and Vance," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964 to 1968, vol. VII, document 54. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/d54