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21
40 - EVENTS/INTELLIGENCE_SCANDALS/Church Committee.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
created: 2026-05-17
updated: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-26
title: Church Committee
aliases:
- Church Committee
@ -178,13 +178,18 @@ President Ford created the Rockefeller Commission (Commission on CIA Activities
The House Select Committee on Intelligence, known as the Pike Committee after [[Otis Pike]], ran in parallel with the Church Committee in 1975 and 1976. The House established the committee by H. Res. 138 on February 19, 1975 and reconstituted it by H. Res. 591 on July 17, 1975.[^65] The papers of Richard Ober at the [[Hoover Institution]] list Pike Committee files alongside the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission files.[^66]
### CIA use of private foundations
The committee's report on foreign and military intelligence states: "Until 1967 the Agency also maintained covert ties to American foundations in order to pass funds secretly to private groups whose work the CIA supported."[^67] It says that most of those funds "were transmitted through legitimate or 'devised' foundations," which it describes as "fictitious entities established by the CIA." Excluding the Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations, the report counts 700 grants over $10,000 made by 164 foundations in 1963 to 1966, of which at least 108 involved partial or complete CIA funding.[^67] The report quotes a 1966 CIA study describing legitimate foundations as "particularly effective for democratically-run membership organizations."[^68]
### Successor committees and executive order
The Senate created the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] by S. Res. 400 of the 94th Congress, second session, introduced on March 1, 1976 and agreed to on May 19, 1976, to oversee intelligence activities and to make continuing studies of them.[^67] The [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] followed as the House counterpart.[^68]
The Senate created the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] by S. Res. 400 of the 94th Congress, second session, introduced on March 1, 1976 and agreed to on May 19, 1976, to oversee intelligence activities and to make continuing studies of them.[^69] The [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] followed as the House counterpart.[^70]
President Ford signed Executive Order 11905 on February 18, 1976. Section (g) provides that "No employee of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, political assassination."[^69] The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 created a judicial framework for domestic national security surveillance.[^70]
President Ford signed Executive Order 11905 on February 18, 1976. Section (g) provides that "No employee of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, political assassination."[^71] The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 created a judicial framework for domestic national security surveillance.[^72]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, April 26, 1976. https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book1/
[^2]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Hearings*, vol. 1, "Unauthorized Storage of Toxic Agents," title page ("Senate Resolution 21"), and vols. 1 to 7 (vol. 2, "Huston Plan," September 23 to 25, 1975; vol. 3, "Internal Revenue Service"; vol. 4, "Mail Opening," October 21, 22 and 24, 1975; vol. 5, "National Security Agency and Fourth Amendment Rights"; vol. 6, "Federal Bureau of Investigation," November and December 1975; vol. 7, "Covert Action," December 4 and 5, 1975). https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
[^3]: United States Senate, "Church Committee Created," Senate Historical Office (final report issued April 29, 1976; 126 full committee meetings, 40 subcommittee hearings, about 800 witnesses, 110,000 documents). https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/church-committee.htm
@ -251,7 +256,9 @@ President Ford signed Executive Order 11905 on February 18, 1976. Section (g) pr
[^64]: National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 543, February 29, 2016, Document 15 (Cheney's handwritten edits, c. June 1, 1975) and Document 19 (the 86-page section, "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders," June 5, 1975). https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2016-02-29/gerald-ford-white-house-altered-rockefeller-commission-report
[^65]: H. Res. 138, 94th Cong. (agreed to February 19, 1975); H. Res. 591, 94th Cong. (introduced July 11, 1975; agreed to July 17, 1975), "Resolution establishing a Select Committee on Intelligence." https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/hres138 ; https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/hres591
[^66]: Richard Ober Papers, Hoover Institution Library and Archives, finding aid (Pike Committee, Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission files).
[^67]: S. Res. 400, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (introduced March 1, 1976; agreed to May 19, 1976), "A resolution to establish a Standing Committee of the Senate on Intelligence Activities." https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/sres400 ; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, text of the resolution. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/about-the-committee/s-res-400/
[^68]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, committee history. https://intelligence.house.gov/
[^69]: Executive Order 11905, "United States Foreign Intelligence Activities," February 18, 1976, sec. (g), "Prohibition of Assassination." https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-11905-united-states-foreign-intelligence-activities
[^70]: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1783.
[^67]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), pp. 182 to 183. https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel01unit
[^68]: The same, p. 183 (the 1966 CIA study passage).
[^69]: S. Res. 400, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (introduced March 1, 1976; agreed to May 19, 1976), "A resolution to establish a Standing Committee of the Senate on Intelligence Activities." https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/sres400 ; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, text of the resolution. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/about-the-committee/s-res-400/
[^70]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, committee history. https://intelligence.house.gov/
[^71]: Executive Order 11905, "United States Foreign Intelligence Activities," February 18, 1976, sec. (g), "Prohibition of Assassination." https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-11905-united-states-foreign-intelligence-activities
[^72]: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1783.

19
40 - EVENTS/MAJOR_CONFLICTS/Cuban Missile Crisis.md
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@ -16,6 +16,15 @@ summary: "Thirteen-day nuclear confrontation of October 1962, resolved when the
start: 1962-10-16
end: 1962-10-28
location: "Cuba / Caribbean"
updated: 2026-10-26
relations:
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Robert A. Lovett]]"
reverse: true
role: "listed among others present at the National Security Council meeting of October 21, 1962; attended a planning meeting on October 24, 1962"
start: 1962-10-21
end: 1962-10-24
fn: 2
---
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen-day confrontation between the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1962, precipitated by American aerial reconnaissance revealing the construction of Soviet nuclear missile launch sites in [[Cuba]]. The crisis began on October 16, 1962, when President [[John F. Kennedy]] was informed of the installations, and ended on October 28, when Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] announced the withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba in exchange for American security guarantees and a secret agreement on American missiles in Turkey.[^1]
@ -30,9 +39,11 @@ Khrushchev's decision to deploy medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles
Kennedy's inner circle, the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm), debated responses ranging from an immediate air strike to diplomatic negotiations. Kennedy chose a naval quarantine - designated a "quarantine" rather than a "blockade" for legal reasons - requiring Soviet ships approaching Cuba to submit to inspection. Soviet ships initially appeared to be approaching and then turned back.
Former Secretary of Defense [[Robert A. Lovett]] attended the meeting of October 21, 1962, the 506th meeting of the National Security Council, where the minutes list him among the others present, and on October 24, 1962 he took part in a meeting that [[Walt Rostow|Walt Whitman Rostow]] described as the planning subcommittee of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council.[^2][^3] The planning meeting, with representatives of State and Defense and the Attorney General, considered how to handle Soviet vessels that had altered course and those still bound for Cuba.[^3]
The most dangerous days came when U-2 reconnaissance aircraft were shot down over Cuba and Soviet submarines were depth-charged by American forces. Back-channel negotiations, including communication through Soviet intelligence officer Aleksandr Feklisov, helped establish the terms of resolution. The final agreement involved the public Soviet pledge to remove missiles, the American public pledge not to invade Cuba, and a secret American undertaking - revealed only decades later - to remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey within several months.[^1]
The CIA's role during the crisis included the aerial reconnaissance that discovered the missiles and operational planning for responses including an air strike that ExComm ultimately rejected. CIA officer [[William Harvey|Bill Harvey]] ordered agent teams into Cuba during the crisis to support any conventional U.S. military operation that might occur. Harvey testified that [[Robert Kennedy]] "took a great deal of exception" to the order, and that CIA Director [[John McCone]] then ordered the agent operations stopped.[^2] McCone's executive assistant, [[Walter Elder]], described the episode as Harvey having "earned another black mark as not being fully under control," and said Harvey had attempted to get guidance from top officials during the crisis.[^2] Harvey was appointed chief of station at [[Rome]] effective on or about June 30, 1963.[^3]
The CIA's role during the crisis included the aerial reconnaissance that discovered the missiles and operational planning for responses including an air strike that ExComm ultimately rejected. CIA officer [[William Harvey|Bill Harvey]] ordered agent teams into Cuba during the crisis to support any conventional U.S. military operation that might occur. Harvey testified that [[Robert Kennedy]] "took a great deal of exception" to the order, and that CIA Director [[John McCone]] then ordered the agent operations stopped.[^4] McCone's executive assistant, [[Walter Elder]], described the episode as Harvey having "earned another black mark as not being fully under control," and said Harvey had attempted to get guidance from top officials during the crisis.[^4] Harvey was appointed chief of station at [[Rome]] effective on or about June 30, 1963.[^5]
### Aftermath
@ -41,5 +52,7 @@ The crisis produced the Moscow-Washington hotline (the "red phone"), a direct co
### Footnotes
[^1]: Kennedy, Robert F. *Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis.* W.W. Norton, 1969 (Kennedy's account as Attorney General and ExComm member). Fursenko, Aleksandr, and Timothy Naftali. *One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964.* W.W. Norton, 1997 (uses Soviet and Cuban archives). Blight, James, and David Welch. *On the Brink: Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis.* Hill and Wang, 1989.
[^2]: Church Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, S. Rept. 94-465, November 20, 1975, p. 149 n. 1, citing Harvey testimony of July 11, 1975, pp. 80-81, and Walter Elder testimony of August 13, 1975, pp. 34-35. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum "Appointment of Mr. William K. Harvey Chief of Station, Rome, Italy," June 12, 1963. Reading room document 01228805, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01228805
[^2]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, volume XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, document 38, minutes of the 506th meeting of the National Security Council, October 21, 1962 (Oval Room; "Others: Mr. Robert Lovett"). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d38
[^3]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, volume XI, document 57, memorandum from Walt W. Rostow, chairman of the Planning Subcommittee of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, to President Kennedy, October 24, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d57
[^4]: Church Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, S. Rept. 94-465, November 20, 1975, p. 149 n. 1, citing Harvey testimony of July 11, 1975, pp. 80-81, and Walter Elder testimony of August 13, 1975, pp. 34-35. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum "Appointment of Mr. William K. Harvey Chief of Station, Rome, Italy," June 12, 1963. Reading room document 01228805, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01228805