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60 - PLACES/COUNTRIES/Nicaragua.md
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@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ Nicaragua is a [[Central America|Central American]] nation that was ruled by the
### Customs Loans, 1911 to 1912
[[Brown Brothers Harriman|Brown Brothers & Co.]] and J. & W. Seligman & Co. made a temporary loan of $1,500,000 to the Republic under an agreement of September 1, 1911, nominated [[Clifford D. Ham]] as Collector General of Customs, and on August 2, 1912 wrote the Secretary of State that the entire capital stock of the National Bank of Nicaragua was pledged to them and that "the Bank is under our management and control."[^3] A 1914 Senate Committee on Foreign Relations hearing printed a list of five agreements between the Republic and the two houses, the National Bank of Nicaragua, the Ferrocarril del Pacifico de Nicaragua and the United States Mortgage and Trust Company.[^4] James Brown, senior partner of Brown Brothers & Co., signed 1912 Nicaraguan banknotes as "Presidente" of the Banco Nacional de Nicaragua; Thatcher M. Brown wrote that the loans were paid off, principal and interest, in 1924.[^5]
[[Brown Brothers Harriman|Brown Brothers & Co.]] and J. & W. Seligman & Co. made a temporary loan of $1,500,000 to the Republic under an agreement of September 1, 1911, nominated [[Clifford D. Ham]] as Collector General of Customs, and on August 2, 1912 wrote the Secretary of State that the entire capital stock of the National Bank of Nicaragua was pledged to them and that "the Bank is under our management and control."[^3] At the time of the nomination, Ham was Surveyor of the Port of [[Manila]], in the Philippine Islands. The bankers wrote that he had been "recommended to us as a person qualified for the position and worthy of our confidence."[^4] Secretary of State [[Philander C. Knox]] approved the nomination on November 11, 1911 and stated that the approval "must not in any wise be understood as indicating that the Government of the United States will lend any other or further good offices in the protection of the American citizens parties to this contract than it would accord to any legitimate American enterprise abroad."[^5] A 1914 Senate Committee on Foreign Relations hearing printed a list of five agreements between the Republic and the two houses, the National Bank of Nicaragua, the Ferrocarril del Pacifico de Nicaragua and the United States Mortgage and Trust Company.[^6] James Brown, senior partner of Brown Brothers & Co., signed 1912 Nicaraguan banknotes as "Presidente" of the Banco Nacional de Nicaragua; Thatcher M. Brown wrote that the loans were paid off, principal and interest, in 1924.[^7]
In his annual message of December 3, 1912, [[William Howard Taft]] said that "it became necessary to land over 2,000 marines and bluejackets in Nicaragua" during the revolution of that summer, and he recorded "with sorrow the death of seven American marines and bluejackets."[^8] The same message said that the Nicaraguan government had asked the United States to assume the office of protecting American life and property, and that the Senate had not acted on the loan convention of June 1911.[^8]
### Somoza Era
@ -44,5 +46,8 @@ The journalist Gary Webb described Norwin Meneses as the [[Cali Drug Cartel|Cali
[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 1: "A Pretty secret kind of thing"
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know"
[^3]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1912*, Nicaragua, documents 1482 and 1512. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1912/d1482 and https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1912/d1512
[^4]: *Convention between the United States and Nicaragua*, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 63d Cong., 2d sess. (1914). https://archive.org/details/conventionbetwee00unitrich
[^5]: John A. Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (Doubleday, 1968), pp. 189 to 190. https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankinganhistoricalportraitofagreatprivateb
[^4]: Brown Brothers and Company and J. and W. Seligman and Company to the Secretary of State, New York, November 2, 1911, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1912*, Nicaragua, document 1482. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1912/d1482
[^5]: Secretary of State P. C. Knox to Brown Brothers and Company and J. and W. Seligman and Company, November 11, 1911, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1912*, Nicaragua, document 1484. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1912/d1484
[^6]: *Convention between the United States and Nicaragua*, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 63d Cong., 2d sess. (1914). https://archive.org/details/conventionbetwee00unitrich
[^7]: John A. Kouwenhoven, *Partners in Banking* (Doubleday, 1968), pp. 189 to 190. https://archive.org/details/partnersinbankinganhistoricalportraitofagreatprivateb
[^8]: Taft, annual message to Congress, December 3, 1912, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1912*, "Message of the President," pp. XI to XIII. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1912