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- SRI
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summary: "Consultant to the SRI remote-viewing program and sole judge of the Price and Hammid series, whose target lists and transcripts, lent to David Marks, became the basis of the 1978 cueing critique."
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created: 2026-09-22
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updated: 2026-09-22
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updated: 2026-10-12
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---
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Arthur Hastings was the consultant to the remote-viewing program of [[Russell Targ]] and [[Hal Puthoff]] at the [[Stanford Research Institute|Stanford Research Institute]] and the judge who ranked the transcripts of the [[Pat Price]] and [[Hella Hammid]] series, in the second obtaining "five direct hits and four second ranks." With David Hurt he published "A confirmatory remote viewing experiment in a group setting" in the Proceedings of the IEEE in October 1976, in which twenty of thirty-six participants chose the correct target from six named by Hastings, and with Vallee and Askevold an experiment "through computer conferencing."[^1][^2]
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In October 1976 the Proceedings of the IEEE published "Remote viewing experiments through computer conferencing" by [[Jacques Vallee]], Hastings and Gerald Askevold.[^3] Harry Snyder's review of remote-viewing research records that the paper was received in early May 1976 and tabulates its results as "Table 17. Results of Vallee, et al. (1976)." Twelve participants in New York, Florida, Quebec and California used home or office computer terminals to describe ten mineral samples held by a geologist; 33 descriptions from six persons were judged, and the correct target received the highest score in 8 of 33 responses against 3.3 expected by chance. Snyder notes that 11 of the 33 transcripts were contributed by "author" A.H.[^4]
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In a letter of May 26, 1977, to [[David Marks]] and [[Richard Kammann]], he wrote that for the Price series "he had been given a typed list of targets in the same order as the table in Mind-Reach, i.e., in the correct order," and that for the Hammid series "I received three target lists," one randomized and two not; he "agreed to let me see the Price transcripts," "loaned me a complete set of nine transcripts from the Price series and showed me six of the nine Hammid transcripts," told Marks that "one transcript even carried the name of the associated target, although he returned this one to SRI," and then "said he felt 'paranoid' about releasing this information and soon requested their return as they had become 'confidential.'" Marks and Kammann described him as "a regularly paid consultant to Targ and Puthoff" who "staunchly believes in psychic phenomena including [[Uri Geller]] and remote viewing." The 1979 evaluation by Harry and Arlene Snyder held by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]: "Hastings is an SRI employee, perhaps an SRI scientist, certainly a consultant, and also a coauthor. In addition, we understand (R. [[Ray Hyman|Hyman]], personal communication) that he is a professional magician and the sole judge used in the latter SRI local target studies and a consultant and judge for another organization in the Southwest currently conducting remote viewing studies. Should the above be as accurate as we believe it to be, significant changes are needed in future judging procedures and judge selection."[^1][^2]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. *The Psychology of the Psychic.* Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1980, pp. 12-41, 129, 151, 177, 185, read through the archive.org search index of the item psychologyofpsyc0000mark_j8m3 (page fragments only). Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf
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[^2]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^2]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report.
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[^3]: Jacques Vallee, Arthur Hastings and Gerald Askevold, "Remote viewing experiments through computer conferencing," *Proceedings of the IEEE*, vol. 64, October 1976, as listed in reference 6 of the proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, September 19-21, 1977. CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080055-4
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[^4]: Harry L. Snyder, *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing*, Report RV-79-1, section K (pp. 237-245) and Table 17. CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100260003-2
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@ -1,55 +1,57 @@
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---
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category: "Technologists"
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created: 2024-04-25
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updated: 2026-09-22
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updated: 2026-10-12
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tags:
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- KeyFigure
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- Person
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- PROMIS
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- INSLAW
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- NSA
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summary: "William A. Hamilton is a former NSA analyst who developed the PROMIS case management software and, as founder of INSLAW, led a decade-long legal battle against the Department of Justice over its alleged theft and international distribution of the software."
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summary: "William A. Hamilton is a former NSA analyst who developed the PROMIS software and, as founder of INSLAW, fought the Department of Justice over its alleged theft of it."
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born: 1940
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location: "Laude, Indiana"
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---
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William A. Hamilton was born around 1940 and grew up in Laude, Indiana, where he was one of seven brothers. He graduated from Notre Dame with an English degree in 1962 and married [[Nancy Hamilton]] in 1963.[^1]
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Hamilton worked as an analyst and Vietnamese linguist for the [[NSA]] for seven years. In 1969, he left federal service and became a management consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. He won a contract through a competitive bid to develop what would become [[PROMIS]], working under the direction of [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] funding routed through the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]. The resulting software, the Prosecutor's Management Information System, debuted on January 1, 1971, in the D.C. U.S. Attorney's Office.[^1]
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Hamilton worked as an analyst and Vietnamese linguist for the [[NSA]] for seven years. In 1969, he left federal service and became a management consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. He left the firm in 1971 to improve the software, which by contract rights belonged to the government. He then worked for eighteen months as an independent contractor for the U.S. Attorney's Office in D.C., and he then founded the [[INSLAW|Institute for Law and Social Research]].[^2][^3] He won a contract through a competitive bid to develop what would become [[PROMIS]], working under the direction of [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] funding routed through the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]. The resulting software, the Prosecutor's Management Information System, debuted on January 1, 1971, in the D.C. U.S. Attorney's Office.[^1]
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In 1973, Hamilton and his wife Nancy founded [[INSLAW]] (the Institute for Law and Social Research), a non-profit organization that took over stewardship of PROMIS. INSLAW received additional LEAA funding to enhance PROMIS into a transferable system adoptable by other jurisdictions and oversaw its spread to prosecutors' offices around the country. In January 1981, Hamilton reorganized INSLAW as a for-profit entity and acquired the predecessor organization's assets.[^1]
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In 1973, Hamilton and his wife Nancy founded INSLAW (the Institute for Law and Social Research), a non-profit organization that took over stewardship of PROMIS. INSLAW received additional LEAA funding to enhance PROMIS into a transferable system adoptable by other jurisdictions and oversaw its spread to prosecutors' offices around the country. In January 1981, Hamilton reorganized INSLAW as a for-profit entity and acquired the predecessor organization's assets.[^1]
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### The DOJ Contract and Bankruptcy
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In March 1982, INSLAW signed a $10 million, three-year contract with the [[Department of Justice|DOJ's]] [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] to install PROMIS in 20 large U.S. Attorneys' offices and word-processor systems in 74 smaller ones. From the contract's earliest days, Hamilton and [[C. Madison Brewer]], the DOJ's project manager, were in conflict: Hamilton alleged Brewer obstructed INSLAW's proprietary rights claims and engineered advance payment disputes to force the company into financial distress. When INSLAW ran out of funds to sustain litigation against the DOJ while fighting to protect its software rights, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 1985.[^2]
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In March 1982, INSLAW signed a $10 million, three-year contract with the [[Department of Justice|DOJ's]] [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] to install PROMIS in 20 large U.S. Attorneys' offices and word-processor systems in 74 smaller ones. From the contract's earliest days, Hamilton and [[C. Madison Brewer]], the DOJ's project manager, were in conflict: Hamilton alleged Brewer obstructed INSLAW's proprietary rights claims and engineered advance payment disputes to force the company into financial distress. When INSLAW ran out of funds to sustain litigation against the DOJ while fighting to protect its software rights, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 1985.[^4]
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Hamilton and Nancy Hamilton sued the DOJ for non-payment on a version of PROMIS called Modification 12 and for the alleged unauthorized distribution of the enhanced software beyond the contract's authorized sites. In September 1987, [[Bankruptcy Judge George F. Bason]] ruled in their favor, finding DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit" and awarding approximately $6.8 million in damages. The ruling was affirmed by the district court but reversed on jurisdictional grounds by the Court of Appeals in May 1991.[^2]
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Hamilton and Nancy Hamilton sued the DOJ for non-payment on a version of PROMIS called Modification 12 and for the alleged unauthorized distribution of the enhanced software beyond the contract's authorized sites. In September 1987, [[Bankruptcy Judge George F. Bason]] ruled in their favor, finding DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit" and awarding approximately $6.8 million in damages. The ruling was affirmed by the district court but reversed on jurisdictional grounds by the Court of Appeals in May 1991.[^4]
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### Representation by Elliot Richardson
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Hamilton retained former [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] Elliot Richardson as lead counsel for INSLAW's civil claims. Richardson, who had served as Nixon's Attorney General before his resignation during the Saturday Night Massacre, provided INSLAW with significant public credibility. Richardson told the press and congressional investigators that the affair presented "circumstantial evidence of a sinister conspiracy" that was "at its outer reaches...far more sinister than anything revealed in Watergate." He submitted testimony, sworn statements, and affidavits linking high-level DOJ officials to a conspiracy to steal PROMIS and secretly transfer it.[^3]
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Hamilton retained former [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] Elliot Richardson as lead counsel for INSLAW's civil claims. Richardson, who had served as Nixon's Attorney General before his resignation during the Saturday Night Massacre, provided INSLAW with significant public credibility. Richardson told the press and congressional investigators that the affair presented "circumstantial evidence of a sinister conspiracy" that was "at its outer reaches...far more sinister than anything revealed in Watergate." He submitted testimony, sworn statements, and affidavits linking high-level DOJ officials to a conspiracy to steal PROMIS and secretly transfer it.[^5]
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### The 1985 Intelligence Letter
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In November 2004, Hamilton received a document from a source described as a reliable U.S. intelligence contact. Dated May 16, 1985, the letter indicated that PROMIS software was being provided to an Arab sheik for resale and distribution, brokered by [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]], [[Adnan Khashoggi]], and [[Richard Armitage]]. The document had been signed by [[William Bradford Reynolds]], who authenticated it when shown the letter. Hamilton considered this letter significant, because, he said, all copies had been ordered destroyed. The letter corroborated INSLAW's longstanding claim that PROMIS had been distributed internationally through channels that included Middle Eastern arms brokers with Iran-Contra connections.[^4]
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In November 2004, Hamilton received a document from a source described as a reliable U.S. intelligence contact. Dated May 16, 1985, the letter indicated that PROMIS software was being provided to an Arab sheik for resale and distribution, brokered by [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]], [[Adnan Khashoggi]], and [[Richard Armitage]]. The document had been signed by [[William Bradford Reynolds]], who authenticated it when shown the letter. Hamilton considered this letter significant, because, he said, all copies had been ordered destroyed. The letter corroborated INSLAW's longstanding claim that PROMIS had been distributed internationally through channels that included Middle Eastern arms brokers with Iran-Contra connections.[^6]
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### The Octopus Investigation
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In 1990, Hamilton contacted freelance journalist [[Danny Casolaro]], whose subsequent investigation would attempt to connect the PROMIS theft to the [[October Surprise]], the [[Iran-Contra Affair]], and the collapse of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] under the unified theory he called "[[The Octopus]]." Hamilton was in daily contact with Casolaro until approximately a week before Casolaro's death on August 10, 1991.[^4]
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In 1990, Hamilton contacted freelance journalist [[Danny Casolaro]], whose subsequent investigation would attempt to connect the PROMIS theft to the [[October Surprise]], the [[Iran-Contra Affair]], and the collapse of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] under the unified theory he called "[[The Octopus]]." Hamilton was in daily contact with Casolaro until approximately a week before Casolaro's death on August 10, 1991.[^6]
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In March 1991, Hamilton received a notarized affidavit from [[Michael Riconosciuto]] claiming that Riconosciuto had modified PROMIS at the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]]-[[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]] joint venture. When Riconosciuto later approached Hamilton with a lead about former DOJ official [[Michael Abbell]]'s connections to the [[Cali Drug Cartel]], Hamilton, pressed for time, passed the lead to Casolaro - a handoff that Riconosciuto subsequently alleged led directly to Casolaro's death.[^4]
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In March 1991, Hamilton received a notarized affidavit from [[Michael Riconosciuto]] claiming that Riconosciuto had modified PROMIS at the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]]-[[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]] joint venture. When Riconosciuto later approached Hamilton with a lead about former DOJ official [[Michael Abbell]]'s connections to the [[Cali Drug Cartel]], Hamilton, pressed for time, passed the lead to Casolaro - a handoff that Riconosciuto subsequently alleged led directly to Casolaro's death.[^6]
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Hamilton also described to investigators his belief that the main purpose of the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture was to provide a platform for government-sanctioned drug trafficking and money laundering by organized crime groups including the [[Gambino Crime Family]] and the [[Contras]], and that Riconosciuto's role was to use NSA's bank-surveillance version of PROMIS to launder drug proceeds with a portion channeled to unauthorized covert operations.[^4]
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Hamilton also described to investigators his belief that the main purpose of the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture was to provide a platform for government-sanctioned drug trafficking and money laundering by organized crime groups including the [[Gambino Crime Family]] and the [[Contras]], and that Riconosciuto's role was to use NSA's bank-surveillance version of PROMIS to launder drug proceeds with a portion channeled to unauthorized covert operations.[^6]
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### Congressional Testimony and Final Legal Proceedings
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Hamilton and INSLAW participated in all major investigations of the affair, including the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations inquiry (1989), the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] investigation led by Representative Jack Brooks (1989-1992), and the Special Counsel investigation conducted by [[Nicholas J. Bua]] (1991-1993). In 1995, the U.S. Senate referred INSLAW's remaining claims to the Court of Federal Claims; the court ruled in 1997-1998 that all versions of PROMIS were in the public domain and that the government had always been free to use the software. INSLAW received no compensation.[^2]
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Hamilton and INSLAW participated in all major investigations of the affair, including the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations inquiry (1989), the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] investigation led by Representative Jack Brooks (1989-1992), and the Special Counsel investigation conducted by [[Nicholas J. Bua]] (1991-1993). In 1995, the U.S. Senate referred INSLAW's remaining claims to the Court of Federal Claims; the court ruled in 1997-1998 that all versions of PROMIS were in the public domain and that the government had always been free to use the software. INSLAW received no compensation.[^4]
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Hamilton continued to assert that PROMIS was fraudulently stolen and distributed internationally. He maintained a public website documenting INSLAW's claims long after the formal legal proceedings concluded.
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Newspapers.com, Hamilton family records, Notre Dame graduation records (via https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139683581/).
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[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; U.S. Court of Federal Claims, *Inslaw, Inc. v. United States*, Ruling of Hearing Officer Christine Miller, July 31, 1997.
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[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; Richardson, Elliot L. Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, 1992.
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[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
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[^2]: Mitchell Pacelle and Robert Safian, "Vendetta," *The American Lawyer*, December (year not printed in the reprint). Reprinted in U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, *Staff Study of Allegations Pertaining to the Department of Justice's Handling of a Contract with INSLAW, Inc.*, Committee Print, 101st Congress, 1st Session (Washington: GPO, 1989). Archive.org, item micro_IA41152832_0145.
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[^3]: Same committee print, the passage on the profile's account of Hamilton's career (the reprinted profile, "The Rise and Fall of INSLAW").
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[^4]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; U.S. Court of Federal Claims, *Inslaw, Inc. v. United States*, Ruling of Hearing Officer Christine Miller, July 31, 1997.
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[^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; Richardson, Elliot L. Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, 1992.
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[^6]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
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@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ tags:
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summary: "Nuclear physicist who joined SRI's psychoenergetics work in 1976, ran it from 1985, moved it to SAIC in 1991, and chose the ten experiments the 1995 AIR panel reviewed."
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location: "Palo Alto, California"
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relations:
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- type: participant_in
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with: "[[Enhanced Human Performance Investigation]]"
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role: "principal author of the final technical report, SRI Project 1291, December 1987"
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start: 1986
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end: 1987
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fn: 13
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- type: employed_by
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with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
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start: 1976
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start: 1991
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end: 1995
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role: "principal investigator under contracts MDA908-91-C-0037 and MDA908-93-C-0004 as described in the sole-source justification"
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fn: 12
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fn: 14
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- type: contractor_to
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with: "[[Army Medical Research and Development Command]]"
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start: 1985-10-07
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start: 1995-04
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end: 1995-11-28
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role: "administrative and consultative support to the Star Gate review under a small contract to SAIC; resigned on the day the AIR report was released"
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fn: 20
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fn: 22
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- type: founded
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with: "[[Laboratories for Fundamental Research]]"
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start: 1996
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fn: 22
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fn: 24
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created: 2026-05-17
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updated: 2026-10-05
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updated: 2026-10-12
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---
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Edwin C. May is a physicist with a Ph.D. from the [[University of Pittsburgh]] (1968) who joined the [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) psychoenergetics program as a consultant in 1976, became its program manager in 1985, and in 1991 became director of the [[Cognitive Sciences Laboratory]] of [[Science Applications International Corporation]] (SAIC), where the work continued under [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] contracts until the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] took custody of the program in 1995. He chose the ten experiments reviewed by the [[American Institutes for Research]] (AIR) in 1995 and in 1996 founded the [[Laboratories for Fundamental Research]].[^1][^2]
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His final report of December 1988 for the Army Medical Research and Development Command, *Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments,* written with Honorton, [[Diane Ferrari]] and [[George Hansen]] of the Psychophysical Research Laboratories, names the contract DAMD17-85-C-5130 and a contracting officer's technical representative, [[Peter J. McNelis]].[^11] On September 8, 1989 May, as director of the Cognitive Sciences Program at SRI International, wrote to Jean Smith at the Army's medical research command asking that three of ten paragraphs be removed from the program's security classification guide. He stated that "all the experimental data, results, theories and protocols collected or developed under contract DAMD 17-85-C-5130 are not inconsistent with what is generally available in the open literature," and that the meta-analysis task for fiscal 1989 had found that "our quantitative measures are statistically inseparable from those resulting from experiments conducted in open laboratories."[^11]
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In the final technical report for SRI Project 1291, the Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, covering October 1, 1986 to September 30, 1987, May is listed as author. The report says SRI asked [[Jacques Vallee]] to act as a consultant on an expert-system approach to analyzing remote-viewing transcripts, supplying him with the NExpert expert-system shell.[^12] Vallee's classifier, DACOS (Description and Classification of Sites), sorted the 200 targets in the program's pool into 40 categories built from 27 attributes. The report tested DACOS on 30 transcripts from one 1987 experiment and states: "Overall, the DACOS performed only marginally better than chance." Water was identified correctly 17 times, structures 13 times, and the full target classification twice. The report says the series "did not show a significant RV effect," and "thus proved a poor test case."[^13]
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### SAIC, 1991 to 1995
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The resume lists him as program manager of the Cognitive Sciences Program at SRI from 1985 to 1990 and director of SAIC's Cognitive Sciences Laboratory from 1991, which "currently employs over twenty full or part-time researchers from a variety of disciplines."[^4] In 1996 May said that he had "presided over 70% of the projects's $20M funding and been responsible for over 85% of the data collected under US Government contracts," that "the CIA started the government's secret work at SRI in 1972" and put in "approximately $250,000" of a program of more than $20 million over 24 years, and that he "shifted the project to another defense contractor" in 1991.[^2]
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The Defense Intelligence Agency's contracting file for the SAIC contracts describes the funding. A DIA description of 1992 says that in 1983 "a report with project findings was sent to congressional intelligence and appropriation committees" which "affirmed the existence of remote viewing phenomenon" and was endorsed by a science panel; that follow-on research support "was provided to DIA by Congressional action for FY91," with DIA "identified as the executive agent"; and that "additional R&D funding was received by DIA in the FY 92 Defense Authorization Act." The file names the existing DIA contract MDA908-91-C-0037; it contains a justification for a new $1,450,000 contract under purchase request 330/025Z/92, out of $1,850,000 available "for this Congressional Directed Program" (the remainder for a modification to the existing contract), and a modification, P00001, to contract MDA908-93-C-0004 that corrected a reference from MDA908-92-C-0037 to MDA908-91-C-0037. The [[Virginia Contracting Activity]]'s justification for other than full and open competition cites the authority "Only one Responsible Source." It states that the earlier "bulk of this prior R&D effort was provided by the Department of the Army's [[Office of the Surgeon General (United States Army)|Surgeon General Office]] (SGRD) in 1985" with "Dr. Edwin May as the principle researcher and program manager" at SRI, who "has since joined" SAIC "and has taken his extensive data base and key research assistants with him." It describes him as "regarded as the leading U.S. investigator in this phenomenological area," states that "an extensive classified data base ... has co-mingled with both government and proprietary data," and adds a second SAIC physicist, a Dr. Angelo, with "over 10 years of involvement in this field." A later justification of the same kind, for a modification to the action that produced MDA908-93-C-0004, repeats that restricting the procurement to one source is needed "due to national security considerations," and that the contractor "has been instrumental in establishing all necessary foreign links for this modification."[^12]
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The Defense Intelligence Agency's contracting file for the SAIC contracts describes the funding. A DIA description of 1992 says that in 1983 "a report with project findings was sent to congressional intelligence and appropriation committees" which "affirmed the existence of remote viewing phenomenon" and was endorsed by a science panel; that follow-on research support "was provided to DIA by Congressional action for FY91," with DIA "identified as the executive agent"; and that "additional R&D funding was received by DIA in the FY 92 Defense Authorization Act." The file names the existing DIA contract MDA908-91-C-0037; it contains a justification for a new $1,450,000 contract under purchase request 330/025Z/92, out of $1,850,000 available "for this Congressional Directed Program" (the remainder for a modification to the existing contract), and a modification, P00001, to contract MDA908-93-C-0004 that corrected a reference from MDA908-92-C-0037 to MDA908-91-C-0037. The [[Virginia Contracting Activity]]'s justification for other than full and open competition cites the authority "Only one Responsible Source." It states that the earlier "bulk of this prior R&D effort was provided by the Department of the Army's [[Office of the Surgeon General (United States Army)|Surgeon General Office]] (SGRD) in 1985" with "Dr. Edwin May as the principle researcher and program manager" at SRI, who "has since joined" SAIC "and has taken his extensive data base and key research assistants with him." It describes him as "regarded as the leading U.S. investigator in this phenomenological area," states that "an extensive classified data base ... has co-mingled with both government and proprietary data," and adds a second SAIC physicist, a Dr. Angelo, with "over 10 years of involvement in this field." A later justification of the same kind, for a modification to the action that produced MDA908-93-C-0004, repeats that restricting the procurement to one source is needed "due to national security considerations," and that the contractor "has been instrumental in establishing all necessary foreign links for this modification."[^14]
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SAIC's technical proposal of August 27, 1992, by May and [[Wanda L. W. Luke]], "Phenomenological Research and Analysis," answered solicitation MDA908-92-R-0164 from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory at 1010 El Camino Real, [[Menlo Park]].[^13] A memorandum of May 31, 1995 on the laboratory's letterhead gives its address as 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, [[Palo Alto]].[^14]
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SAIC's technical proposal of August 27, 1992, by May and [[Wanda L. W. Luke]], "Phenomenological Research and Analysis," answered solicitation MDA908-92-R-0164 from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory at 1010 El Camino Real, [[Menlo Park]].[^15] A memorandum of May 31, 1995 on the laboratory's letterhead gives its address as 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, [[Palo Alto]].[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
### AIR evaluation and termination
|
||||
|
||||
When the CIA, which had taken custody of the program from the DIA in 1995 at the direction of [[Congress]], contracted the American Institutes for Research in June 1995 to evaluate it ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), May, as principal investigator, was asked "to list those studies which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 [[National Research Council]] report. His memorandum of July 25, 1995, listed ten SAIC experiments, among them "Entropy II" (90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8), "ERD AC Behavior" (70 trials, 0.303), "Remote observation" (48 trials, 0.361), and "AC with binary coding" (40 trials, -0.067). [[Jessica Utts]] took them, with the 1988 analysis of the SRI database, as establishing that "psychic functioning has been well established"; [[Ray Hyman]] agreed the effects were "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes" but held that ten experiments from one laboratory could not establish a phenomenon. May told the panel that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," and AIR noted that throughout the experiments "only one judge, apparently the Principal Investigator, was used in assessing matches." The report of September 29, 1995, recommended against continuing the operational program. May's commentary in the *[[Journal of Parapsychology]]* the next year described the review as the result of "a Congressionally Directed Activity" and gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^15]
|
||||
When the CIA, which had taken custody of the program from the DIA in 1995 at the direction of [[Congress]], contracted the American Institutes for Research in June 1995 to evaluate it ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), May, as principal investigator, was asked "to list those studies which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 [[National Research Council]] report. His memorandum of July 25, 1995, listed ten SAIC experiments, among them "Entropy II" (90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8), "ERD AC Behavior" (70 trials, 0.303), "Remote observation" (48 trials, 0.361), and "AC with binary coding" (40 trials, -0.067). [[Jessica Utts]] took them, with the 1988 analysis of the SRI database, as establishing that "psychic functioning has been well established"; [[Ray Hyman]] agreed the effects were "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes" but held that ten experiments from one laboratory could not establish a phenomenon. May told the panel that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," and AIR noted that throughout the experiments "only one judge, apparently the Principal Investigator, was used in assessing matches." The report of September 29, 1995, recommended against continuing the operational program. May's commentary in the *[[Journal of Parapsychology]]* the next year described the review as the result of "a Congressionally Directed Activity" and gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
The CIA's chronology of the transfer records for February 28, 1995: "CIA met with DIA principal investigator at SAIC, Dr. Ed May. All-day technical exchange." An Office of Research and Development memorandum for the record of April 20, 1995, its author redacted, states that "Ed May of SAIC called this morning and volunteered to send me unsolicited information he had obtained from a 'remote viewer' named 'Joe' relating to the [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City Bombing]]," that ORD had no means of "tasking or disseminating this type of information," that May asked for a law-enforcement contact and, told to send it to his former contracting officer's representative at DIA, "said they didn't get along"; given an FBI number that evening, "he asked if this would be a 'cold call' because he didn't want to sound like a 'lunatic,'" and "agreed reluctantly" to call. The Director of Research and Development's covering memorandum to the [[Counterterrorist Center]] the same day: "We attach no credibility to this information, and currently have no way to evaluate it. We have asked Dr. Ed May of SAIC to forward this information to you directly. Please direct any questions regarding how the information was acquired to Dr. May. He has been the primary contract investigator in this area, and we have not completed our evaluation of his past efforts."[^16]
|
||||
The CIA's chronology of the transfer records for February 28, 1995: "CIA met with DIA principal investigator at SAIC, Dr. Ed May. All-day technical exchange." An Office of Research and Development memorandum for the record of April 20, 1995, its author redacted, states that "Ed May of SAIC called this morning and volunteered to send me unsolicited information he had obtained from a 'remote viewer' named 'Joe' relating to the [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City Bombing]]," that ORD had no means of "tasking or disseminating this type of information," that May asked for a law-enforcement contact and, told to send it to his former contracting officer's representative at DIA, "said they didn't get along"; given an FBI number that evening, "he asked if this would be a 'cold call' because he didn't want to sound like a 'lunatic,'" and "agreed reluctantly" to call. The Director of Research and Development's covering memorandum to the [[Counterterrorist Center]] the same day: "We attach no credibility to this information, and currently have no way to evaluate it. We have asked Dr. Ed May of SAIC to forward this information to you directly. Please direct any questions regarding how the information was acquired to Dr. May. He has been the primary contract investigator in this area, and we have not completed our evaluation of his past efforts."[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
A draft ORD memorandum of April 17, 1995, from the Emerging Programs Group, sought funds from the Director's reserve for "administrative and consultative work by Ed May of SAIC during the Star Gate review," stating that "there will be no substantive research funded or executed."[^17] An ORD memorandum for the record of April 11, 1995, records that all contractor reports at the Star Gate facility had been compiled on two annotated bibliographies, one for SRI and one for SAIC, that all additional or duplicate copies of contractor reports at the facility "were destroyed," and drafts a letter to May under his contract asking for an unclassified annotated bibliography of reports by May 15, 1995 and classified copies by July 1, 1995, noting that "the NRC Blue Ribbon Panel will be able to review unclassified documents only."[^18]
|
||||
A draft ORD memorandum of April 17, 1995, from the Emerging Programs Group, sought funds from the Director's reserve for "administrative and consultative work by Ed May of SAIC during the Star Gate review," stating that "there will be no substantive research funded or executed."[^19] An ORD memorandum for the record of April 11, 1995, records that all contractor reports at the Star Gate facility had been compiled on two annotated bibliographies, one for SRI and one for SAIC, that all additional or duplicate copies of contractor reports at the facility "were destroyed," and drafts a letter to May under his contract asking for an unclassified annotated bibliography of reports by May 15, 1995 and classified copies by July 1, 1995, noting that "the NRC Blue Ribbon Panel will be able to review unclassified documents only."[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
### Publicity letters, 1995
|
||||
|
||||
In a letter of May 13, 1995 to an officer at the CIA's Rosslyn, Virginia office (name redacted), on SAIC letterhead, May summarized a video tape of the project's television publicity. He wrote that the program "was started in 1972 with Dr. Hal Puthoff; Mr. Russ Targ joined a year later, and Dr. May joined in 1976," that Hammid and Price, "both now deceased," were viewers, and that Hammid "was a long-time friend of Russ." He wrote that an on-site representative "from [[Jack Vorona]]'s shop" had asked that Targ and the viewer [[Keith Harary]] be removed from the project, and that the publicity came "shortly after Russ, Keith and Hella left in 1982." Of an episode of *[[Nightline]]* of about 1983 he noted a discussion of "a CIA 1952 report"; of a *[[NOVA]]* program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," that it included footage of [[J. B. Rhine]] and that [[Gertrude Schmeidler]] "shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics.'" Of Ray Hyman he wrote that "Ray was not given access to our records in part because he is on record as saying there is no evidence that could get him to change his mind." Of a 1992 television segment on a group called PSI-Teck, he described attending a marketing meeting in [[Santa Clara]] where the group presented itself as former intelligence officers, identifying himself in the question period as the project director since 1985 and the author of many of the SRI reports being cited, and said that what they ascribed to the research "bore no resemblance, at all, to what they were claiming."[^19]
|
||||
In a letter of May 13, 1995 to an officer at the CIA's Rosslyn, Virginia office (name redacted), on SAIC letterhead, May summarized a video tape of the project's television publicity. He wrote that the program "was started in 1972 with Dr. Hal Puthoff; Mr. Russ Targ joined a year later, and Dr. May joined in 1976," that Hammid and Price, "both now deceased," were viewers, and that Hammid "was a long-time friend of Russ." He wrote that an on-site representative "from [[Jack Vorona]]'s shop" had asked that Targ and the viewer [[Keith Harary]] be removed from the project, and that the publicity came "shortly after Russ, Keith and Hella left in 1982." Of an episode of *[[Nightline]]* of about 1983 he noted a discussion of "a CIA 1952 report"; of a *[[NOVA]]* program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," that it included footage of [[J. B. Rhine]] and that [[Gertrude Schmeidler]] "shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics.'" Of Ray Hyman he wrote that "Ray was not given access to our records in part because he is on record as saying there is no evidence that could get him to change his mind." Of a 1992 television segment on a group called PSI-Teck, he described attending a marketing meeting in [[Santa Clara]] where the group presented itself as former intelligence officers, identifying himself in the question period as the project director since 1985 and the author of many of the SRI reports being cited, and said that what they ascribed to the research "bore no resemblance, at all, to what they were claiming."[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
In a memorandum of May 31, 1995, he wrote that "Mr. James Schnabel" was preparing a piece for [[Channel 4]] in Britain on CIA's [[Project Scanate]] and the Army's remote viewing unit, covering "details of its organization and its predecessors, specifics of some of the live missions, which agencies had used the service, and who were the major players," that Schnabel had listed five retired program members and some current ones, and that "it is my impression that Schnabel and Channel 4 are interested in an exposé and have garnered full cooperation of past project personnel." The memorandum states that this "raises once again the question of the veracity of past agreements between project personnel and the government."[^14]
|
||||
In a memorandum of May 31, 1995, he wrote that "Mr. James Schnabel" was preparing a piece for [[Channel 4]] in Britain on CIA's [[Project Scanate]] and the Army's remote viewing unit, covering "details of its organization and its predecessors, specifics of some of the live missions, which agencies had used the service, and who were the major players," that Schnabel had listed five retired program members and some current ones, and that "it is my impression that Schnabel and Channel 4 are interested in an exposé and have garnered full cooperation of past project personnel." The memorandum states that this "raises once again the question of the veracity of past agreements between project personnel and the government."[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1996 commentary
|
||||
|
||||
May "was asked by the CIA to provide administrative support, technical documents, and briefings on an as-needed basis for the review," under a small contract to SAIC, from which he resigned on November 28, 1995, the day the report was released. His commentary in the *Journal of Parapsychology* argued that "there is compelling evidence that the CIA set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," by "limiting the research and operations data sets to exclude positive findings, by purposefully not interviewing historically significant participants, by ignoring previous extensive Department of Defense program reviews, and by using the questionable National Research Council's investigation of parapsychology as the starting point." He noted that AIR's president, [[David Goslin]], had also overseen the NRC's 1988 report; that of the seventeen members of the SRI and SAIC oversight committees and review board "only one was contacted by the CIA"; that his memorandum of June 6, 1995, "the existence of anomalous mental phenomena cannot be statistically determined from the results of a single laboratory," was "ignored by fiat"; and that a [[Senate]] staff member told him the CIA's briefing to Congress gave eight bullet points to Hyman's conclusions and four to Utts's. He quoted Jessica Utts's letter of December 19, 1995: "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work"; and [[Robert Rosenthal]] on the NRC's 1988 request that he omit his ganzfeld section, "censorship did not occur." He quoted [[Joe McMoneagle]]'s 1984 [[Legion of Merit]] citation, "more than 200 missions, addressing over 150 essential elements of information," reported "at the highest echelons," and traced a line from ARPA's [[George Lawrence]] and Hyman being refused access at SRI in 1974, through Lawrence's commissioning of the NRC study in 1985, to Goslin's AIR review. Of the program's last years: a 1993 attempt to move it to the CIA "found no willing recipient," the last DIA officer "had little knowledge of the program," and "the program was in shambles." "I am forced to conclude that either the AIR investigators were not competent to conduct a proper review of such a complex program, a view to which I do not subscribe, or they knew exactly what they were doing: They wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis." On *Nightline* that November he said: "I think about 15% of our data, over 1500 separate remote viewing trials, are of such a quality that you might think they were sketched," and, after [[Robert Gates]] said the work was "better done on the outside": "I couldn't agree with Director Gates more."[^20]
|
||||
May "was asked by the CIA to provide administrative support, technical documents, and briefings on an as-needed basis for the review," under a small contract to SAIC, from which he resigned on November 28, 1995, the day the report was released. His commentary in the *Journal of Parapsychology* argued that "there is compelling evidence that the CIA set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," by "limiting the research and operations data sets to exclude positive findings, by purposefully not interviewing historically significant participants, by ignoring previous extensive Department of Defense program reviews, and by using the questionable National Research Council's investigation of parapsychology as the starting point." He noted that AIR's president, [[David Goslin]], had also overseen the NRC's 1988 report; that of the seventeen members of the SRI and SAIC oversight committees and review board "only one was contacted by the CIA"; that his memorandum of June 6, 1995, "the existence of anomalous mental phenomena cannot be statistically determined from the results of a single laboratory," was "ignored by fiat"; and that a [[Senate]] staff member told him the CIA's briefing to Congress gave eight bullet points to Hyman's conclusions and four to Utts's. He quoted Jessica Utts's letter of December 19, 1995: "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work"; and [[Robert Rosenthal]] on the NRC's 1988 request that he omit his ganzfeld section, "censorship did not occur." He quoted [[Joe McMoneagle]]'s 1984 [[Legion of Merit]] citation, "more than 200 missions, addressing over 150 essential elements of information," reported "at the highest echelons," and traced a line from ARPA's [[George Lawrence]] and Hyman being refused access at SRI in 1974, through Lawrence's commissioning of the NRC study in 1985, to Goslin's AIR review. Of the program's last years: a 1993 attempt to move it to the CIA "found no willing recipient," the last DIA officer "had little knowledge of the program," and "the program was in shambles." "I am forced to conclude that either the AIR investigators were not competent to conduct a proper review of such a complex program, a view to which I do not subscribe, or they knew exactly what they were doing: They wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis." On *Nightline* that November he said: "I think about 15% of our data, over 1500 separate remote viewing trials, are of such a quality that you might think they were sketched," and, after [[Robert Gates]] said the work was "better done on the outside": "I couldn't agree with Director Gates more."[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### After 1995
|
||||
|
||||
In the interview of May 1996 he said that "in 1996 we moved the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory from SAIC to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research (LFR)," "a formal California Corporation that, among other things, will be conducting psi research," then seeking funding with proposals pending.[^21][^22] He said that Decision Augmentation Theory "resulted from a carefully conducted RNG study we did for the Army in 1979," on which "we spent over $250,000 on that single experiment," with Beverly Humphrey and Jessica Utts as colleagues "from the beginning" and [[James Spottiswoode]] joining "much later." The model, he said, "holds that since ESP is real, that it would be very unlikely that we would not integrate that additional, albeit weak and unreliable, into the normal decision processes."[^21]
|
||||
In the interview of May 1996 he said that "in 1996 we moved the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory from SAIC to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research (LFR)," "a formal California Corporation that, among other things, will be conducting psi research," then seeking funding with proposals pending.[^23][^24] He said that Decision Augmentation Theory "resulted from a carefully conducted RNG study we did for the Army in 1979," on which "we spent over $250,000 on that single experiment," with Beverly Humphrey and Jessica Utts as colleagues "from the beginning" and [[James Spottiswoode]] joining "much later." The model, he said, "holds that since ESP is real, that it would be very unlikely that we would not integrate that additional, albeit weak and unreliable, into the normal decision processes."[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23.
|
||||
[^2]: "Edwin May Interview," conducted May 12, 1996, Fourmilab (Random PK Project). https://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/may.html
|
||||
[^3]: "Edwin C. May, Ph.D., Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory," SAIC resume dated September 1994, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190063-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^3]: "Edwin C. May, Ph.D., Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory," SAIC resume dated September 1994, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190063-8.
|
||||
[^4]: Resume, September 1994, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190063-8 (employment history, 1976 to date).
|
||||
[^5]: Targ, Russell, Edwin May, and Harold Puthoff, with David Galin and Robert Ornstein. *Sensing of Remote EM Sources (Physiological Correlates),* final report to the Naval Electronic Systems Command, contract N00039-76-C-0077, period November 1975 to October 1976, SRI International, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300350001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^5]: Targ, Russell, Edwin May, and Harold Puthoff, with David Galin and Robert Ornstein. *Sensing of Remote EM Sources (Physiological Correlates),* final report to the Naval Electronic Systems Command, contract N00039-76-C-0077, period November 1975 to October 1976, SRI International, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300350001-0.
|
||||
[^6]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI program's internal conflicts, read in the archive.org full-text copy, https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2
|
||||
[^7]: Puthoff, Harold E., Russell Targ, Edwin C. May and Ingo Swann. *Advanced Threat Technique Assessment,* final report, October 1978, SRI Project 5309, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300040001-4 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^8]: May, Edwin C., Beverly S. Humphrey, and G. Scott Hubbard. *Electronic System Perturbation Techniques,* final report, September 30, 1980, SRI Project 8585, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300210001-5. Hubbard, G. Scott, and Edwin C. May. *Countermeasures: A Survey and Evaluation,* final report, January 1982, contract MDA903-81-C-0292, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300260001-0. Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey,* final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9. Saunders, David, and Edwin C. May. *Personnel Identification and Selection,* Center Lane-3 final report, December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800230001-8. Modification P00002, "New Contract No. MDA908-81-C-0004," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110014-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^9]: Puthoff, Harold E., Edwin C. May, and Beverly S. Humphrey. *QRT Tasking,* final report, November 1984, contract DAMD17-83-C-3106, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9; May, Edwin C. *Data Base Management,* December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800250001-6; Hubbard and May, *Photon Production (Chinese Replication),* May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400310001-9; May, Humphrey and Puthoff, *An Automated RV Evaluation Procedure,* May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00789R003800310001-6; May, Edwin C., *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations,* final report, SRI Project 7408, December 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200390001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^10]: Contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, "Research and Application of Psychoenergetics," sections B and C, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400005-0; military interdepartmental purchase request from the Defense Intelligence Agency to the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400001-4; DIA statement of work and background, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^11]: May, Edwin C., Charles Honorton, Diane B. Ferrari, and George Hansen. *Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments,* final report, objective 1, task 1, December 1988, covering July 31, 1987 to September 30, 1988, contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200410001-2. May, Edwin C., letter to Jean Smith, HQ USAMRDC, Fort Detrick, September 8, 1989, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600170003-3 and -170004-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^12]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Uniform Contract Format, sections B, C, F and H, and "Justification and Approval for Other Than Full and Open Competition," Virginia Contracting Activity, purchase request 330/025Z/92, dated February 10, 1992 in the acquisition package, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1 (and companion copies -460007-2, -460003-6 and -460005-4, the last two being modification P00001 to MDA908-93-C-0004); second justification and approval, purchase request 330/0262/93, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000200009-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^13]: May, Edwin C., and Wanda L. W. Luke. *Phenomenological Research and Analysis,* technical proposal, Science Applications International Corporation, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, August 27, 1992, response to RFP MDA908-92-R-0164, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100200001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^14]: May, Edwin C., memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, on Cognitive Sciences Laboratory letterhead, 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, Palo Alto, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^15]: Mumford, Rose and Goslin, *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing,* September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2; May, "The American Institutes for Research Review," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract.
|
||||
[^16]: "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Memorandum for the record and memorandum for CTC from the Director, Research and Development, "Star Gate Program Issues," April 20, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030036-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^17]: Draft memorandum, Emerging Programs Group, ORD, to the Director of Research and Development, "Tasking of Edwin C. May of SAIC to facilitate government program review," April 17, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190057-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^18]: Memorandum for the record, "Status of Contractor Reports and Annotated Bibliographies," April 11, 1995, with draft letter to Dr. Edwin May, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170009-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^19]: May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, Rosslyn, Virginia, on his opinions of network television broadcasts about remote viewing, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^20]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room.
|
||||
[^21]: "Edwin May Interview," May 12, 1996, Fourmilab. https://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/may.html
|
||||
[^22]: Same interview; May himself dates the move of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research to 1996.
|
||||
[^7]: Puthoff, Harold E., Russell Targ, Edwin C. May and Ingo Swann. *Advanced Threat Technique Assessment,* final report, October 1978, SRI Project 5309, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300040001-4 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7.
|
||||
[^8]: May, Edwin C., Beverly S. Humphrey, and G. Scott Hubbard. *Electronic System Perturbation Techniques,* final report, September 30, 1980, SRI Project 8585, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300210001-5. Hubbard, G. Scott, and Edwin C. May. *Countermeasures: A Survey and Evaluation,* final report, January 1982, contract MDA903-81-C-0292, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300260001-0. Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey,* final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9. Saunders, David, and Edwin C. May. *Personnel Identification and Selection,* Center Lane-3 final report, December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800230001-8. Modification P00002, "New Contract No. MDA908-81-C-0004," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110014-0.
|
||||
[^9]: Puthoff, Harold E., Edwin C. May, and Beverly S. Humphrey. *QRT Tasking,* final report, November 1984, contract DAMD17-83-C-3106, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9; May, Edwin C. *Data Base Management,* December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800250001-6; Hubbard and May, *Photon Production (Chinese Replication),* May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400310001-9; May, Humphrey and Puthoff, *An Automated RV Evaluation Procedure,* May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00789R003800310001-6; May, Edwin C., *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations,* final report, SRI Project 7408, December 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200390001-5.
|
||||
[^10]: Contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, "Research and Application of Psychoenergetics," sections B and C, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400005-0; military interdepartmental purchase request from the Defense Intelligence Agency to the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400001-4; DIA statement of work and background, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1.
|
||||
[^11]: May, Edwin C., Charles Honorton, Diane B. Ferrari, and George Hansen. *Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments,* final report, objective 1, task 1, December 1988, covering July 31, 1987 to September 30, 1988, contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200410001-2. May, Edwin C., letter to Jean Smith, HQ USAMRDC, Fort Detrick, September 8, 1989, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600170003-3 and -170004-2.
|
||||
[^12]: Edwin C. May, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)*, Final Technical Report, SRI Project 1291, December 1987, sections (2) "Initial Goals" and (3) DACOS. CIA-RDP96-00787R000300100001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000300100001-9 (the same report, with the author block "By: Edwin C. May," appears at CIA-RDP96-00789R002200150001-1).
|
||||
[^13]: May, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)*, sections (4) "Results of Testing DACOS" and (5) "Shortcomings of DACOS." CIA-RDP96-00787R000300100001-9.
|
||||
[^14]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Uniform Contract Format, sections B, C, F and H, and "Justification and Approval for Other Than Full and Open Competition," Virginia Contracting Activity, purchase request 330/025Z/92, dated February 10, 1992 in the acquisition package, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1 (and companion copies -460007-2, -460003-6 and -460005-4, the last two being modification P00001 to MDA908-93-C-0004); second justification and approval, purchase request 330/0262/93, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000200009-8.
|
||||
[^15]: May, Edwin C., and Wanda L. W. Luke. *Phenomenological Research and Analysis,* technical proposal, Science Applications International Corporation, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, August 27, 1992, response to RFP MDA908-92-R-0164, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100200001-5.
|
||||
[^16]: May, Edwin C., memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, on Cognitive Sciences Laboratory letterhead, 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, Palo Alto, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3.
|
||||
[^17]: Mumford, Rose and Goslin, *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing,* September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2; May, "The American Institutes for Research Review," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract.
|
||||
[^18]: "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Memorandum for the record and memorandum for CTC from the Director, Research and Development, "Star Gate Program Issues," April 20, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030036-6.
|
||||
[^19]: Draft memorandum, Emerging Programs Group, ORD, to the Director of Research and Development, "Tasking of Edwin C. May of SAIC to facilitate government program review," April 17, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190057-5.
|
||||
[^20]: Memorandum for the record, "Status of Contractor Reports and Annotated Bibliographies," April 11, 1995, with draft letter to Dr. Edwin May, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170009-0.
|
||||
[^21]: May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, Rosslyn, Virginia, on his opinions of network television broadcasts about remote viewing, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1.
|
||||
[^22]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7.
|
||||
[^23]: "Edwin May Interview," May 12, 1996, Fourmilab. https://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/may.html
|
||||
[^24]: Same interview; May himself dates the move of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research to 1996.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ On April 12, 1977 President Carter signed an order commuting Liddy's sentence fr
|
|||
|
||||
### Writing, Speaking and Private Security Work
|
||||
|
||||
Liddy published a novel, *Out of Control* ([[St. Martin's Press|St. Martin's]], 1979), reviewed in *[[Newsweek]]* on October 15, 1979, and an autobiography, *Will* (St. Martin's, 1980).[^35][^36] In October 1981 he spoke to a standing-room audience at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] on a national campus tour; the *[[Austin American-Statesman]]* reported that he said the Central Intelligence Agency had been weakened by "illusions" and that the assassination of President [[Anwar Sadat]] earlier that day might have been anticipated by a strong covert intelligence service, and that he told the audience he had been in nine different prisons.[^37] In 1985 the [[United States Tax Court]], in a dispute with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] over more than $150,000 in claimed back taxes and penalties, heard Liddy describe how he spent more than $340,000 as director of covert activities for the 1972 campaign, including $30,000 for a room bugging device, $2,270 for prostitutes at the Miami convention, $500 for [[Donald Segretti]]'s work against Senator [[Edmund Muskie]], and $300 for cartoons of Senator [[Edward Kennedy]] drawn by a CIA artist, according to [[United Press International]]; Judge [[Samuel Sterrett]] accepted Liddy's testimony in part, finding tax due on $45,430 rather than the IRS's $174,800 and rescinding a $51,766 fraud penalty.[^38]
|
||||
Liddy published a novel, *Out of Control* ([[St. Martin's Press|St. Martin's]], 1979), reviewed in *[[Newsweek]]* on October 15, 1979, and an autobiography, *Will* (St. Martin's, 1980).[^35][^36] In October 1981 he spoke to a standing-room audience at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] on a national campus tour; the *[[Austin American-Statesman]]* reported that he said the Central Intelligence Agency had been weakened by "illusions" and that the assassination of President [[Anwar Sadat]] earlier that day might have been avoided; in advocating a strong covert intelligence corps he said: "There was a time when we would have known what happened and who did it. We might have even known about it beforehand and have been able to warn him." He told the audience he had been in nine different prisons.[^37] In 1985 the [[United States Tax Court]], in a dispute with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] over more than $150,000 in claimed back taxes and penalties, heard Liddy describe how he spent more than $340,000 as director of covert activities for the 1972 campaign, including $30,000 for a room bugging device, $2,270 for prostitutes at the Miami convention, $500 for [[Donald Segretti]]'s work against Senator [[Edmund Muskie]], and $300 for cartoons of Senator [[Edward Kennedy]] drawn by a CIA artist, according to [[United Press International]]; Judge [[Samuel Sterrett]] accepted Liddy's testimony in part, finding tax due on $45,430 rather than the IRS's $174,800 and rescinding a $51,766 fraud penalty.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
On March 18, 1987 the [[Associated Press]] reported from [[Santa Ana, California]] that Liddy had opened a school, the Academy of Corporate Security and Private Investigation, charging $1,500 a week and bringing classes to students, and that he also operated a security company offering drug investigations and detection of illegal surveillance.[^39] In an October 1986 interview with *[[USA Today]]*, according to United Press International, Liddy said he ran the G. Gordon Liddy Academy of Corporate Security in Florida and commanded the "Hurricane Force," a group of professional soldiers "organized to perform extraction missions (in Third World countries) for private parties."[^40]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ United Press International reported on October 31, 1986 that Liddy told *USA Tod
|
|||
[^34]: U.S. Department of Justice, "Griffin Boyette Bell," Attorneys General biographies. https://www.justice.gov/ag/bio/bell-griffin-boyette
|
||||
[^35]: "Assassination Plots Described by Liddy," *New York Times*, April 14, 1980, as reproduced in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710021-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710021-5
|
||||
[^36]: Peter S. Prescott, "From Liddy with Love," review of *Out of Control*, *Newsweek*, October 15, 1979, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01350R000200160018-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01350r000200160018-8
|
||||
[^37]: "Liddy Says 'Illusions' Weakened Spy Agency," *Austin American-Statesman*, October 7, 1981, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710012-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710012-5
|
||||
[^37]: "Liddy Says 'Illusions' Weakened Spy Agency," *Austin American-Statesman*, October 7, 1981, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710012-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710012-5 ; second copy CIA-RDP90-00806R000201150031-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000201150031-8
|
||||
[^38]: "Liddy Spills Watergate-Era Tricks to Tax Court," United Press International, August 17, 1985, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710004-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710004-4
|
||||
[^39]: "Liddy Opens School for Private Security," Associated Press, in *New York Times*, March 19, 1987, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710006-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710006-2
|
||||
[^40]: "Liddy Says He Would Have Killed If Ordered," United Press International, October 31, 1986, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710003-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710003-5
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases:
|
|||
- John Edgar Hoover
|
||||
- Edgar Hoover
|
||||
created: 2026-05-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-22
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- KeyFigure
|
||||
|
|
@ -25,26 +25,29 @@ J. Edgar Hoover served as the first Director of the [[Federal Bureau of Investig
|
|||
|
||||
### COINTELPRO
|
||||
|
||||
Hoover created [[COINTELPRO]] (Counter Intelligence Program) in 1956, initially targeting the Communist Party USA. The program expanded to target the Socialist Workers Party (1961), white hate groups (1964), Black nationalist organizations (1967), and New Left groups (1968). COINTELPRO used infiltration, fabricated communications designed to sow internal discord, coordination with local law enforcement, and referrals for prosecution. A 1967 Hoover memo described the program's objective regarding Black activists as preventing "the rise of a 'messiah' who could unify and electrify the militant Black Nationalist movement." The program was formally terminated by Hoover on April 27, 1971, after documents were stolen from the FBI's Media, Pennsylvania field office by the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI on March 8, 1971, and distributed to the press. The Church Committee subsequently documented COINTELPRO as a systematic campaign against legal political activity.[^3]
|
||||
Hoover created [[COINTELPRO]] (Counter Intelligence Program) in 1956, initially targeting the Communist Party USA. The program expanded to target the Socialist Workers Party (1961), white hate groups (1964), Black nationalist organizations (1967), and New Left groups (1968). COINTELPRO used infiltration, fabricated communications designed to sow internal discord, coordination with local law enforcement, and referrals for prosecution. A 1967 Hoover memo described the program's objective regarding Black activists as preventing "the rise of a 'messiah' who could unify and electrify the militant Black Nationalist movement." The program was formally terminated by Hoover on April 27, 1971, after documents were stolen from the FBI's Media, Pennsylvania field office by the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI on March 8, 1971, and distributed to the press. The Church Committee subsequently documented COINTELPRO as a systematic campaign against legal political activity.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Relationship with British Security Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
During World War II, Hoover initially cooperated with [[British Security Coordination]] (BSC), reportedly suggesting the organization's name and permitting BSC to use FBI radio channels. He became increasingly hostile as evidence accumulated that BSC was conducting unilateral covert operations on U.S. soil, which he regarded as exclusively FBI territory. The Berle surveillance incident (1942), in which, according to the biographer Richard Gid Powers, the BSC operative Dennis Paine surveilled Assistant Secretary of State Adolf Berle, was one documented flashpoint. Hoover eventually refused further dealings with BSC and had to rebuild intelligence relationships with MI5 and MI6 from scratch post-war.[^3]
|
||||
During World War II, Hoover initially cooperated with [[British Security Coordination]] (BSC), reportedly suggesting the organization's name and permitting BSC to use FBI radio channels. He became increasingly hostile as evidence accumulated that BSC was conducting unilateral covert operations on U.S. soil, which he regarded as exclusively FBI territory. The Berle surveillance incident (1942), in which, according to the biographer Richard Gid Powers, the BSC operative Dennis Paine surveilled Assistant Secretary of State Adolf Berle, was one documented flashpoint. Hoover eventually refused further dealings with BSC and had to rebuild intelligence relationships with MI5 and MI6 from scratch post-war.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Secret Files and Political Durability
|
||||
|
||||
The Church Committee documented that Hoover maintained extensive personal files on political figures, and that these files provided leverage that contributed to his ability to remain as FBI Director across eight presidential administrations despite periodic efforts to remove him. He died on May 2, 1972, in office, while COINTELPRO was under investigation.[^3]
|
||||
The Church Committee documented that Hoover maintained extensive personal files on political figures, and that these files provided leverage that contributed to his ability to remain as FBI Director across eight presidential administrations despite periodic efforts to remove him. He died on May 2, 1972, in office, while COINTELPRO was under investigation.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Hotel Del Charro Connections
|
||||
|
||||
Hoover was a frequent visitor to the Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, an exclusive hotel opened by [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] in the early 1950s. Hoover visited the hotel every summer between 1953 and 1959. During these visits, [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] covered Hoover's tab, which amounted to approximately $19,000 in free vacations over those years. [[Richard Nixon]] and Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] were also often seen at Murchison's Hotel Del Charro.[^1]
|
||||
Hoover was a frequent visitor to the Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, an exclusive hotel opened by [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] in the early 1950s. Hoover visited the hotel every summer between 1953 and 1959. During these visits, Clint Murchison, Sr. covered Hoover's tab, which amounted to approximately $19,000 in free vacations over those years. [[Richard Nixon]] and Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] were also often seen at Murchison's Hotel Del Charro.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### NUMEC Investigation and CIA Conflicts
|
||||
|
||||
In October 1965, the [[Atomic Energy Commission|AEC]] referred the [[Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation|NUMEC]] losses to the FBI. However, Hoover saw no basis for an investigation, concluding that the situation was an administrative matter. He was in the midst of a bitter dispute with [[James Jesus Angleton]]'s counterintelligence shop over the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s handling of defectors and illegal spying inside the [[United States]]. Hoover chose to spar with [[Richard Helms|Helms]] over the [[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro|Shapiro]] issue, telling the CIA to go to [[Israel]] and get inside [[Dimona]] to find evidence of the alleged uranium diversion.[^2]
|
||||
In October 1965, the [[Atomic Energy Commission|AEC]] referred the [[Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation|NUMEC]] losses to the FBI. However, Hoover saw no basis for an investigation, concluding that the situation was an administrative matter. He was in the midst of a bitter dispute with [[James Jesus Angleton]]'s counterintelligence shop over the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s handling of defectors and illegal spying inside the [[United States]]. Hoover chose to spar with [[Richard Helms|Helms]] over the [[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro|Shapiro]] issue, telling the CIA to go to [[Israel]] and get inside [[Dimona]] to find evidence of the alleged uranium diversion.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
A June 10, 1970 Central Intelligence Agency memorandum on releasing the Trace Metal Detection Technique to police gave friction between a police professional association and Hoover as one reason for choosing the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] as the distribution channel. The memorandum stated that "it is probable that Mr. Hoover would resent our use of the Association in invading what he has traditionally considered his exclusive domain."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. _The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal_. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 18.
|
||||
[^3]: Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Powers, Richard Gid. *Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover*. Free Press, 1987. Medsger, Betty. *The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover's Secret FBI*. Knopf, 2014. "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998.
|
||||
[^1]: Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Powers, Richard Gid. *Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover*. Free Press, 1987. Medsger, Betty. *The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover's Secret FBI*. Knopf, 2014. "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998.
|
||||
[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. _The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal_. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 18.
|
||||
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence, "Release of Trace Metal Detection Technique to Law Enforcement Officials," June 10, 1970, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150029-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000600150029-5
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ When the [[Sandinistas]] took power, Macario was targeted for elimination. "A sq
|
|||
|
||||
### Business Partnership with Blandón
|
||||
|
||||
After exonerating the FDN, Macario became a business partner with Blandón, sometimes in partnership with accountant Rene Gonzalez of the Peat Marwick & Mitchell office in Caracas. Both men became directors of Mex-US Import and Export Inc., one of several companies Blandón invested in using his L.A. drug profits. Other directors included Blandón's Mexican college friend Sergio Guerra and Panamanian banker Jose Fernando Soto, the longtime representative of the Swiss Bank Corp. in Panama and an old friend of Blandón's uncle-in-law, [[Orlando Murillo]]. Macario also served as Blandón's immigration lawyer.[^1]
|
||||
Gary Webb wrote that Macario and an accountant, Rene Gonzalez of the Peat Marwick & Mitchell office in Caracas, sat together on the FDN commission, and that after it exonerated the FDN both men became business partners of Blandón. Webb wrote that both became directors of Mex-US Import and Export Inc., one of several companies Blandón invested in using his L.A. drug profits. Other directors included Blandón's Mexican college friend Sergio Guerra and Panamanian banker Jose Fernando Soto, the longtime representative of the Swiss Bank Corp. in Panama and an old friend of Blandón's uncle-in-law, [[Orlando Murillo]]. Macario also served as Blandón's immigration lawyer.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,10 +7,36 @@ summary: "U.S. Senator known for his anti-communist crusade and frequent visits
|
|||
born: 1908-11-14
|
||||
died: 1957-05-02
|
||||
location: "Grand Chute, Wisconsin"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]]"
|
||||
role: "chairman"
|
||||
start: 1953
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Roy Cohn]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "chief counsel"
|
||||
start: 1953-01-15
|
||||
end: 1954-08-13
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Army-McCarthy hearings]]"
|
||||
role: "subcommittee chairman until stepping aside; Welch exchange of June 9, 1954"
|
||||
start: 1954
|
||||
end: 1954
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
---
|
||||
[[Joseph McCarthy]] was a [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] known for his anti-communist crusade in the 1950s. [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] was an ardent supporter of McCarthy. McCarthy was a frequent visitor to the exclusive Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, which Murchison, Sr. opened in the early 1950s. He was often seen there alongside [[Richard Nixon]] and [[J. Edgar Hoover]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Subcommittee counsel and the Army hearings
|
||||
|
||||
McCarthy offered the chief counsel post of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] to [[Roy Cohn|Roy M. Cohn]] in December 1952, after considering [[Robert Morris]], [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[John J. Sirica]]. Cohn served as chief counsel from January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954.[^2] In 1954 the subcommittee's investigation of the Army became the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, and McCarthy stepped aside as chairman while [[Karl Mundt]] presided.[^3] On June 9, 1954 (Part 59 of the hearings) Army special counsel [[Joseph Welch]] told McCarthy, after McCarthy raised the National Lawyers Guild membership of a young lawyer from Welch's firm: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" The remark was addressed to McCarthy; immediately before it Welch had told Cohn "I meant to do you no personal injury, and if I did, I beg your pardon," and McCarthy answered that Welch had been "baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours."[^4] The Senate censured McCarthy on December 2, 1954.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84 (made public January 2003), historical introduction (pp. XV to XVI) and "Subcommittee Staff Appointed in 1953-1954" (Roy M. Cohn, chief counsel, January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings" (Senate Historical Office), describing the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, the acting chairmanship of Karl Mundt, and the December 2, 1954 censure. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
|
||||
[^4]: Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 83d Cong., 2d Sess., S. Res. 189, Part 59 (June 9, 1954), pp. 2428 to 2429. https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv59unit
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ aliases:
|
|||
- D. Lowell Jensen
|
||||
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
|
||||
created: 2024-04-25
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-21
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
|
|
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ In 1981, Jensen was appointed Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Divisi
|
|||
|
||||
### DALITE and the Prior Competition with INSLAW
|
||||
|
||||
While serving as Alameda County District Attorney, Jensen received a [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] grant to develop DALITE (District Attorney's Automated Legal Information System), a case management software program directly analogous to [[PROMIS]]. DALITE competed with PROMIS during the LEAA's evaluation of transferable prosecutor case management systems in the late 1970s. When INSLAW won subsequent federal contracts over DALITE and similar programs, Jensen became a member of the DOJ's PROMIS implementation oversight committee - a conflict of interest that INSLAW would later cite as evidence of institutional bias.[^2]
|
||||
DALITE (District Attorney's Automated Legal Information System), a case management software program directly analogous to [[PROMIS]], was developed in Alameda County while Jensen was District Attorney, with grant money the State of California received from the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]].[^D2] DALITE competed with PROMIS during the LEAA's evaluation of transferable prosecutor case management systems in the late 1970s. When INSLAW won subsequent federal contracts over DALITE and similar programs, Jensen became a member of the DOJ's PROMIS implementation oversight committee - a conflict of interest that INSLAW would later cite as evidence of institutional bias.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Role in the INSLAW Contract
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ The Meese recusal added further significance to Jensen's role: Meese reportedly
|
|||
|
||||
The [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]'s September 1992 report (House Report 102-857), produced after a three-year investigation chaired by Representative [[Jack Brooks]], named Jensen as among those who "consciously ignored INSLAW's proprietary rights." The committee found it "incredible that the Department, having made this determination [that INSLAW's claim was legitimate], would continue to pursue its litigation."[^3] The report noted that INSLAW alleged Jensen had been induced by Brian's political influence - routed through Meese - to engineer disputes with INSLAW and drive the company into bankruptcy, with Brian positioned to acquire the company and its software assets through his vehicle [[Hadron]].[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The House report records that on March 13, 1985 [[Elliot Richardson]] and Donald E. Santarelli, described as the former Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, met Jensen, then Acting Deputy Attorney General. They asked him to authorize prompt negotiations between the Department and INSLAW to resolve the dispute that had led to the withholding of money and to INSLAW's bankruptcy, to give a new INSLAW proposal immediate consideration, and to appoint someone to investigate INSLAW's repeated assertions of misconduct.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
A Los Angeles County employee told the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations staff in 1988 that he felt pressure from Alameda County employees to use DALITE ("the kind you feel on a used car lot") and that Jensen seemed "hopeful and anxious" that Los Angeles would select it; the staff reported that none of the other employees it spoke to knew of any pressure to select DALITE and that it found no information supporting a theory that Jensen held a bias against Hamilton, INSLAW or PROMIS.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Bua Report Findings
|
||||
|
||||
Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]], appointed in November 1991, found no credible evidence supporting any of these allegations. Jensen, by then a sitting federal district judge, denied engineering contract disputes with INSLAW or directing any DOJ action to harm the company. He denied any financial interest in Brian-controlled entities including Biotech, Hadron, [[Accumenics]], and Simeon, and denied ever being promised stock in any computer-related company. He stated he had been genuinely interested in modernizing DOJ through information technology, specifically recalling "[[Project Eagle]]," a multi-million dollar initiative to automate DOJ's litigating divisions, but denied any role in awarding Project Eagle contracts, noting that the Request for Proposals was issued in May 1986 and he was appointed to the bench the following June.[^2]
|
||||
|
|
@ -47,3 +51,5 @@ The Bua Report found Jensen to be a credible witness and concluded there was no
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[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
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[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
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[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
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[^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992), pp. 82-83, section on the March 13, 1985 meeting with D. Lowell Jensen. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
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[^6]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, staff study of the Department of Justice's dealings with INSLAW, Inc., Committee Print, 101st Cong., 1st sess. (1989), pp. 16-17 and note 10 (staff interview of Donald G. Ingraham, Assistant District Attorney, Alameda County, May 31, 1988: both the pilot research program and the development of DALITE were funded by the State of California through grant money provided from the LEAA). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0145
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@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Teicher states that the highest levels of the United States government, includin
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[[Robert Parry]] reported that the government sealed the January declaration as a state secret while attacking Teicher's credibility, and that Teicher was blocked from testifying; Consortium News reported that a federal grand jury heard testimony on a complaint over the defense's filing of an affidavit in the case.[^15][^16]
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The United States served a corrective declaration signed by Teicher on October 3, 1996, with a notice of filing served November 8, 1996. In it Teicher wrote that attorneys for [[Teledyne Wah Chang Albany|Teledyne]] had prepared the January 31, 1995 declaration and faxed it to him; that he had not reviewed his National Security Council files since 1987; that his statements in paragraphs 15 through 18, the paragraphs on his files and on the CIA and Cardoen, were his best memory and belief and not "categorical statements of fact"; and that he is "not aware of any specific evidence that the United States government or any government official or agency took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs." As to paragraph 17 he wrote that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect." The corrective declaration does not address paragraphs 1 through 14 of the January declaration.[^17]
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On October 31, 1996 Howard Teicher signed a corrective declaration, which the United States Attorney's office filed with a notice dated November 8, 1996. He stated that he had been retained in December 1994 by attorneys for [[Teledyne Wah Chang Albany|Teledyne]], a co-defendant, "as an expert consultant on U.S. policy in the Middle East, specifically Iraq," and that on January 31, 1995 "the attorneys for Teledyne prepared and faxed me a declaration, which I signed." He stated that after it was filed he "determined that several statements were inaccurate or were overly broad," that the statements were "based partially on my knowledge and partially on my beliefs," and that his references to what his files "will contain" in paragraphs 15 through 18 reflected a belief that they "might contain" such information: he "did not review or index my files" on leaving the National Security Council staff and had "not seen most of my files" since 1987. He stated that he was "not aware of any specific evidence" that the United States government helped Carlos Cardoen obtain U.S.-origin components for cluster bombs or "in any other way helped Cardoen supply munitions to Iraq." As to paragraph 17 he wrote that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect."[^17] The corrective addresses paragraphs 15 through 18 only. Paragraphs 1 to 14 of the 1995 declaration (Iraq's position in spring 1982, the June 1982 directive, the credits, intelligence and advice, the 1986 message to Saddam Hussein through Bush and Mubarak, the Casey and Gates statements on cluster bombs, the 1984 Israeli offer carried by Rumsfeld, and the "Bear Spares" program) are not mentioned in it.[^14][^17]
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The former Israeli intelligence officer [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote in *Profits of War* that Cardoen was introduced in 1982 through a person at the South African arms company [[ARMSCOR]] to the Iraqi deputy chief of the General Staff for Procurement, that by early 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq "with the support of certain people connected with the U.S. government," among them [[Alan Sanders]], "who had links to the CIA," and that Cardoen was producing cluster bombs "with a covert U.S. license." Ben-Menashe wrote that in August 1988 Prime Minister Shamir convened a task force headed by [[Avi Pazner]] to halt the flow of chemical weapons, missiles and nuclear technology to Iraq from the West, with Cardoen Industries the focus of the group's attention.[^18]
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@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 660 on the invasion of
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[^14]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, executed January 31, 1995, caption and paragraphs 1 to 18 (paragraph 1 service; 3 and 4 spring 1982; 6 June 1982 decision and NSDD; 7 Casey, credits, 1986 message; 8 cluster bombs; 9 non-U.S. weapons; 10 Israeli offer; 11 non-U.S. manufacturers; 13 Bear Spares; 14 Cardoen cluster bombs; 15 NSC files; 16 Cardoen and the CIA; 17 and 18 Cardoen arrest and licenses), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61 (the briefing book's description of the case appears in its document list). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf A sworn declaration of a witness, not an adjudicated finding.
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[^15]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
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[^16]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html.
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[^17]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679.
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[^17]: Notice of Filing Corrective Declaration (U.S. Attorney William A. Keefer, by AUSA Frank H. Tamen) with Declaration of Howard R. Teicher dated October 31, 1996, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), docket entry 679, certificate of service November 8, 1996, paragraphs 1 to 7. https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679
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[^18]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; reprinted by TrineDay, 2015), chapter 9, "Promis," and chapter 17, "Agricultural Project."
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[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, *United States Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Impact on the Health of the Persian Gulf War Veterans*, hearing of May 25, 1994, S. Hrg. 103-900 (subtitle: *United States Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War*), including the testimony and prepared statement of Dr. Gordon C. Oehler, the chairman's remarks, and the May 25, 1994 committee report. https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesdual00unit
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[^20]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Details on Iraq's Procurement Network," Special Order, *Congressional Record,* House, August 10, 1992, pp. H7871-H7881 (loans and the "tolerate its activity" passage at H7871; export licenses and Hussein Kamil at H7872; Matrix-Churchill and the holding companies at H7873 and H7875). https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920810g.htm (the host page is titled "US Armed Iraq Through BNL").
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ born: 1917
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died: 1978-09-04
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location: "Washington, D.C."
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created: 2026-09-21
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updated: 2026-09-21
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updated: 2026-10-12
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---
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Thomas Hercules Karamessines was the deputy director for plans of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], the head of its clandestine service, from July 1967 to February 1973. He was born in [[New York City]], of Greek descent, graduated from [[Columbia University]] in 1938 and from its law school in 1940, and served under [[Thomas E. Dewey]] as a deputy assistant district attorney for New York County in 1941 and 1942.[^1]
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@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ Karamessines was assistant to [[Desmond FitzGerald]] and succeeded him on FitzGe
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He retired in February 1973, the month in which Nixon replaced [[Richard Helms]] as director. His obituary called the retirement "voluntary and believed brought on, in part, by a severe back ailment." Kissinger said at the time: "He handled the most delicate missions with the utmost discretion." [[David Atlee Phillips]], who had run the Chile task force under him, said: "He was energetic, quiet and efficient and widely respected by those who worked for him."[^1]
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On June 10, 1970 Karamessines, as Deputy Director for Plans, concurred in a memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence recommending that the Trace Metal Detection Technique be released to police through the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] rather than through a police professional association. The memorandum records his concurrence beside those of the General Counsel, the Deputy Director for Support and the Executive Director-Comptroller.[^4]
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### After the Agency
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He sat on the board of the Central Intelligence Retirees Association and belonged to Phillips's [[Association of Former Intelligence Officers]]. In April 1978 he appeared before the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] to oppose its draft charter for the agency, calling the investigations of the preceding years "an inexcusable exercise in political sensationalism." He asked Congress for better cover for officers abroad, prison terms for the "unauthorized revelation or compromise" of the agency's secrets, and protection of its employees from all congressional committees but the two intelligence panels. He died of a heart attack at his vacation house at Grand Lake, [[Quebec]], on September 4, 1978, at sixty-one.[^1]
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@ -41,3 +43,4 @@ He sat on the board of the Central Intelligence Retirees Association and belonge
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[^1]: Hailey, Jean R. "T. H. Karamessines, Ex-Chief of CIA Covert Work, Dies," *The Washington Post,* September 9, 1978, p. B4. https://archive.org/details/nsia-KaramessinesThomasHCIA
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[^2]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders,* interim report, S. Rept. 94-465, November 20, 1975; Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The CIA and Chile: Anatomy of an Assassination," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 728, October 22, 2020.
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[^3]: Kornbluh, Peter. *The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability*. New Press, 2003, pp. 14, 24-26, 114, and note 32 at p. 511.
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[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence, "Release of Trace Metal Detection Technique to Law Enforcement Officials," June 10, 1970, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150029-5, concurrence block. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000600150029-5
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