vault backup: 2026-10-12 21:40:22
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- 2026-10-12T1859 · [[Donald Trump]]
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- 2026-10-12T2005 · [[Iran-Iraq War]]
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- 2026-10-12T2003 · [[Edwin May]]
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- 2026-10-12T2003 · [[Arthur Hastings]]
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- 2026-10-12T2002 · [[Bill Hamilton]]
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- 2026-10-12T2002 · [[International Signal and Control]]
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- 2026-10-12T2002 · [[Capcom]]
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- 2026-10-12T2002 · [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]
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- 2026-10-12T2002 · [[Jose Macario]]
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- 2026-10-12T2001 · [[Department of Justice]]
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- 2026-10-12T2001 · [[Louis Jolyon West]]
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- 2026-10-12T2001 · [[Charles R. Work]]
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- 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Vacaville]]
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- 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]
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- 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Thomas Karamessines]]
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- 2026-10-12T2000 · [[PROMIS]]
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- 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Lowell Jensen]]
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- 2026-10-12T2000 · [[J. Edgar Hoover]]
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- 2026-10-12T2000 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
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- 2026-10-12T1959 · [[LEAA]]
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- 2026-10-12T1957 · [[Iraq]]
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- 2026-10-12T1957 · [[Industrias Cardoen]]
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- 2026-10-12T1957 · [[Carlos Cardoen]]
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- 2026-10-12T1957 · [[Saddam Hussein]]
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- 2026-10-12T1954 · [[Yom Kippur War]]
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- 2026-10-12T1954 · [[G. Gordon Liddy]]
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- 2026-10-12T1954 · [[Kamal Adham]]
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- 2026-10-12T1954 · [[Anwar Sadat]]
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- 2026-10-12T1953 · [[National Institute for Discovery Science]]
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- 2026-10-12T1953 · [[Condon Committee]]
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- 2026-10-12T1952 · [[United Nations]]
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- 2026-10-12T1952 · [[Garry Nolan]]
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- 2026-10-12T1952 · [[Jacques Vallee]]
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- 2026-10-12T1950 · [[Paul L. Perito]]
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- 2026-10-12T1950 · [[Joseph McCarthy]]
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- 2026-10-12T1950 · [[Roy Cohn]]
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- 2026-10-12T1950 · [[Donald Trump]]
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- 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Joe McMoneagle]]
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- 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Robert Monroe]]
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- 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Frederick Atwater]]
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- 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Gehlen Organization]]
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- 2026-10-12T1858 · [[Heinz Felfe]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Larry Devlin]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[United Nations]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[NSA]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Allen Dulles]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Cambridge Analytica]]
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@ -13,13 +47,11 @@
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Kenneth A. Kress]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Stargate Project]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Vernon Walters]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[William Colby]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Ilopango Airbase]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Edwin Corr]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Walter Grasheim]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Carlos Amador]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Yom Kippur War]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Ray Hunt]]
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- 2026-10-12T1857 · [[Monroe Institute]]
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@ -47,7 +79,6 @@
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[National Security Archive]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[Matrix Churchill]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[ITICO]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[GCHQ]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[DINA]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[Mark Thatcher]]
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@ -63,38 +94,7 @@
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[Henry A. Kissinger]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[William Barr]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[James L. Dozier]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[Carlos Cardoen]]
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- 2026-10-12T1800 · [[Alexander Acosta]]
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- 2026-10-12T1759 · [[Fred Hitz]]
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- 2026-10-12T1759 · [[Steve Bannon]]
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- 2026-10-12T1759 · [[James Eastland]]
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- 2026-10-12T1646 · [[Robert Maxwell]]
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- 2026-10-12T1641 · [[Unit 8200]]
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- 2026-10-12T1641 · [[Uruguay]]
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- 2026-10-12T1641 · [[Phoenix Program]]
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- 2026-10-12T1641 · [[Alliance for Progress]]
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- 2026-10-12T1641 · [[AIFLD]]
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- 2026-10-12T1641 · [[Humberto Castelo Branco]]
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- 2026-10-12T1640 · [[Mark M. Richard]]
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- 2026-10-12T1640 · [[LEHI]]
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- 2026-10-12T1640 · [[Craig Unger]]
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- 2026-10-12T1640 · [[Yaacov Nimrodi]]
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- 2026-10-12T1640 · [[Anne Henderson-Pollard]]
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- 2026-10-12T1640 · [[Rafael Eitan]]
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- 2026-10-12T1639 · [[NSO Group]]
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- 2026-10-12T1639 · [[Lockheed bribe scandal]]
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- 2026-10-12T1639 · [[Lockheed Aircraft Company]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Stern Gang]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Mossad]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Yoel Ben-Porat]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Shulamit Ingerman]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Golda Meir]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Reuben Yirador]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[Sasson Yishaek]]
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- 2026-10-12T1638 · [[NHAO]]
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- 2026-10-12T1637 · [[Skinwalker Ranch]]
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- 2026-10-12T1637 · [[National Institute for Discovery Science]]
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- 2026-10-12T1637 · [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]]
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- 2026-10-12T1637 · [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]]
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@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ A former contractor for the CIA described Cardoen as "an all-purpose asset, desi
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### Miami arrest, Swissco and the Senate report
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[[Kenneth R. Timmerman]] wrote that on August 2, 1983, U.S. Customs officers arrested Cardoen in Miami over night-vision goggles bound for Chile and that the case ended in a plea bargain with a 100,000 dollar fine on his company; a declaration by Howard Teicher dates the arrest to 1983 in a Miami sting concerning night-vision goggles bound for Cuba and Libya.[^7][^8] Teicher's corrective declaration of October 3, 1996 states that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect."[^9]
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[[Kenneth R. Timmerman]] wrote that on August 2, 1983, U.S. Customs officers arrested Cardoen in Miami over night-vision goggles bound for Chile and that the case ended in a plea bargain with a 100,000 dollar fine on his company; a declaration by Howard Teicher dates the arrest to 1983 in a Miami sting concerning night-vision goggles bound for Cuba and Libya.[^7][^8] Teicher's corrective declaration of October 31, 1996 states that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect."[^9]
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The Senate report records that the CIA employed [[James D. Theberge]] on its Senior Review Panel from January 1986 to January 1988, and that during much of that period he was a consultant to [[Swissco Management Group]], "a subsidiary of Cardoen Industries of Chile." Theberge had been U.S. ambassador to Chile from 1982 to 1985. The report states that Theberge disclosed the Swissco work and its Cardoen parentage in the personal history statement he gave the CIA in December 1985, that [[William J. Casey]], John McMahon and James Taylor were involved in his recruitment, and that there was no evidence Gates took part. It states that "Between 1984 and 1988, Cardoen Industries was of significant intelligence interest to CIA, which believed Cardoen was the primary supplier of cluster bombs to the Iraqi government, and an important supplier of other categories of ordnance to Iraq and other Middle Eastern states."[^4] Swissco Management Group, Inc. is among the eight defendants in the 1993 indictment.[^5] The Commerce Department order of September 11, 1995 states that Swissco Management Group, Inc., of Miami Lakes, was convicted on August 7, 1995 of exporting zirconium from the United States to Chile in violation of the terms of a Commerce export license.[^10]
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@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ In September 2022 the Chilean investigative outlet [[CIPER Chile|CIPER]] reporte
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The zirconium counts concern ordnance-grade zirconium sponge and compacts exported to Chile. The Eleventh Circuit wrote that Cardoen supplied the exporter with false end-use statements describing the zirconium as a booster material for industrial explosives, and that "The zirconium was used as an incendiary agent in cluster bombs that Cardoen was selling to Iraq for use in the Iran-Iraq war."[^13] The district court's order of 1994, reissued in 1995, noted Cardoen's "present fugitive status."[^5] On March 22, 1994 the court dismissed Counts II through VI against Teledyne on statute-of-limitations grounds.[^5]
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Edward A. Johnson, a sales manager at Teledyne Wah Chang Albany, was convicted by a jury on four counts, and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed in 1998.[^13] A State Department notice records that Teledyne Industries pleaded guilty in the Southern District of Florida on January 26, 1995.[^14]
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Edward A. Johnson, a sales manager at Teledyne Wah Chang Albany, was convicted by a jury on four counts, and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed in 1998.[^13] A State Department notice records that Teledyne Industries pleaded guilty in the Southern District of Florida on January 26, 1995.[^14] The Eleventh Circuit stated that the district court, after a Classified Information Procedures Act hearing and in camera review of CIA documents, "found no evidence supporting Johnson's theory that the CIA had secretly arranged to supply Cardoen with zirconium," and agreed after its own review.[^13] The pretrial order records a January 1984 CIA debriefing of a Teledyne employee who said Teledyne had supplied 13 million zirconium pellets to Cardoen.[^5] The indictment against Cardoen and others was returned on May 26, 1993, in 21 counts.[^5]
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A witness identified as "Linda C." of the CIA Directorate of Operations, who reviewed the agency file on Cardoen covering 1984 to 1993, testified at the classified-information hearing that Cardoen "was not an agent or source of intelligence for the United States government; on the contrary, Cardoen was a target; that is, an individual of intelligence interest to the government." The court adopted that conclusion for purposes of the hearing, and wrote that the Senate report "corroborates" it.[^5]
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On January 31, 1995, Teicher signed a declaration in the case stating that "the CIA authorized, approved and assisted Cardoen in the manufacture and sale of cluster bombs." [[Robert Parry]] reported that the government sealed it as a state secret while attacking Teicher's credibility, and that Teicher was blocked from testifying.[^8][^15]
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On January 31, 1995, Teicher signed a declaration in the case stating that "Under CIA Director Casey and Deputy Director Gates, the CIA authorized, approved and assisted Cardoen in the manufacture and sale of cluster bombs and other munitions to Iraq," and, in paragraph 18, that Casey "directed the Secretaries of the State and Commerce Departments that the necessary licenses required by Cardoen were not to be denied." [[Robert Parry]] reported that the government sealed it as a state secret while attacking Teicher's credibility, and that Teicher was blocked from testifying.[^8][^15]
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The United States served a corrective declaration signed by Teicher on October 3, 1996, with a notice of filing served November 8, 1996. In it Teicher wrote that attorneys for Teledyne had prepared the January declaration and faxed it to him, that he had not reviewed his National Security Council files since 1987, and that his statements in paragraphs 15 through 18 were his best memory and belief and not "categorical statements of fact." He wrote that he is "not aware of any specific evidence that the United States government or any government official or agency took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs." The corrective declaration does not address paragraphs 1 through 14 of the January declaration; as to paragraph 17 he wrote that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect."[^9]
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The United States Attorney's office filed a corrective declaration signed by Teicher on October 31, 1996, with a notice dated November 8, 1996. In it Teicher wrote that attorneys for Teledyne, a co-defendant, had retained him in December 1994 and had prepared the January declaration and faxed it to him, that he had not reviewed his National Security Council files since 1987, and that his statements in paragraphs 15 through 18 about what his files "will contain" were beliefs, and his best memory and belief, and not "categorical statements of fact." He wrote that he is "not aware of any specific evidence that the United States government or any government official or agency took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs." The corrective declaration does not address paragraphs 1 through 14 of the January declaration; as to paragraph 17 he wrote that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect."[^9]
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The United States formally requested Cardoen's extradition in March 2019. The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists reports that the Chilean Supreme Court rejected the request in March 2020; Emol reports that the Second Chamber of the Supreme Court unanimously rejected it on August 24, 2020, confirming a first rejection in March 2020 by the instructing minister Carlos Aranguiz, on grounds of dual criminality and prescription.[^16][^17]
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@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ The United States formally requested Cardoen's extradition in March 2019. The In
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[^5]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), No. 93-241-CR, reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act (original order December 28, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
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[^6]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64.
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[^7]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), p. 169.
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[^8]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html.
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[^9]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679.
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[^8]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 1 to 18 (filed copy, 7 pages). National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf
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[^9]: Notice of Filing Corrective Declaration (U.S. Attorney William A. Keefer, by AUSA Frank H. Tamen) with Declaration of Howard R. Teicher dated October 31, 1996, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), docket entry 679, certificate of service November 8, 1996, paragraphs 1 to 7. https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679
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[^10]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Swissco Management Group, Inc.; Order Denying Permission To Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48964-48965 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23363, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23363.pdf.
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[^11]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php.
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[^12]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/.
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@ -9,65 +9,80 @@ born: 1929
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died: 1999-10-29
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location: "Istanbul, Turkey"
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relations:
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- type: funded
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with: "[[Anwar Sadat]]"
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role: "payments made on behalf of the CIA to Sadat when he was vice president, as described by press accounts cited by the Senate BCCI report"
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start: 1970
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fn: 6
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- type: partner_of
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with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
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role: "principal liaison for the Middle East, mid-1960s through 1979, per the Senate BCCI report"
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start: 1965
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end: 1979
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fn: 18
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- type: owned
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with: "[[Credit and Commerce American Holdings]]"
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role: "nominee shareholder for BCCI"
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fn: 12
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fn: 14
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Saudi Arabian intelligence]]"
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fn: 10
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fn: 12
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- type: represented
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with: "[[Clark Clifford]]"
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reverse: true
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fn: 12
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fn: 14
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- type: prosecuted
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with: "[[United States Department of Justice]]"
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reverse: true
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end: 1992-07-29
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fn: 17
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fn: 22
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- type: investigated
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with: "[[Securities and Exchange Commission]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "probe under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act into Boeing and Lockheed arms sales to Saudi Arabia; Federal Reserve staff learned of it in 1981"
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fn: 15
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fn: 17
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---
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Kamal Adham was the former head of [[Saudi Arabian intelligence]] and brother-in-law of the late [[King Faisal]]. He was a significant shareholder in [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] and [[First American Bank]]. Adham was a shrewd and jovial figure who straddled the worlds of Middle Eastern business and politics for decades. He was considered one of the true inside power players of the [[Middle East]].[^1]
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Adham's influence stemmed from his royal connections, which he leveraged to facilitate business deals. He was the principal liaison between the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and European intelligence agencies, operating under the code name "Tumbleweed."[^2] His role in Saudi intelligence involved assisting the royalists in [[Yemen]]'s civil war and later wielding wider influence through surveillance of Saudi citizens and political enemies of the king.[^3]
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He played a crucial role as a front man for [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] in BCCI's secret acquisitions, including the [[National Bank of Georgia]] and [[Financial General Bankshares]].[^4] Adham was instrumental in funneling money from [[Zayed bin Sultan AL-Nahayan|Sheikh Zayed]] and the CIA to [[Anwar Sadat]] and is credited with pressuring Sadat to engage in the [[Camp David summit|Camp David Accords]].[^5]
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He played a crucial role as a front man for [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] in BCCI's secret acquisitions, including the [[National Bank of Georgia]] and [[Financial General Bankshares]].[^4] Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne wrote that Adham was instrumental in funneling money from [[Zayed bin Sultan AL-Nahayan|Sheikh Zayed]] and the CIA to [[Anwar Sadat]] and credited him with pressuring Sadat to engage in the [[Camp David summit|Camp David Accords]].[^5] Press accounts from the late 1970s described Adham as having made payments on behalf of the CIA to Sadat when Sadat was Nasser's vice president and in financial difficulty.[^6] The Senate report describes the key role Adham played at Camp David as encouraging other Arab political figures not to repudiate Sadat for agreeing to peace with Israel, and it does not describe him as pressuring Sadat into the talks.[^7]
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Adham was indicted in the [[United States]] for his involvement in BCCI's frauds and bribery, eventually pleading guilty in New York and agreeing to cooperate with prosecutors. He paid a $105 million fine.[^6]
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Adham was indicted in the [[United States]] for his involvement in BCCI's frauds and bribery, eventually pleading guilty in New York and agreeing to cooperate with prosecutors. He paid a $105 million fine.[^8]
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### Early Life and Career
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Born in 1929, Kamal Adham was the son of Dr. Rashad Pharaon, physician to [[King Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud]], the founder of modern [[Saudi Arabia]]. His father's position within the royal inner circle provided Adham with significant access and influence from a young age.[^7] He received a good education, attending the best French schools.[^8]
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Born in 1929, Kamal Adham was the son of Dr. Rashad Pharaon, physician to [[King Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud]], the founder of modern [[Saudi Arabia]]. His father's position within the royal inner circle provided Adham with significant access and influence from a young age.[^9] He received a good education, attending the best French schools.[^10]
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Adham launched his business career in 1951, at the age of twenty-two, by controlling the franchise for [[Carrier Corp]] air conditioners. He expanded his ventures to include a TUP bottling plant, and companies that built roads, airports, and imported elevators and computers. By the mid-1960s, his influence grew to the point where he represented multiple defense firms and became a principal broker for weapons purchased by Saudi Arabia on behalf of Egypt.[^9]
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Adham launched his business career in 1951, at the age of twenty-two, by controlling the franchise for [[Carrier Corp]] air conditioners. He expanded his ventures to include a TUP bottling plant, and companies that built roads, airports, and imported elevators and computers. By the mid-1960s, his influence grew to the point where he represented multiple defense firms and became a principal broker for weapons purchased by Saudi Arabia on behalf of Egypt.[^11]
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### Relationship with Abedi and BCCI
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Abedi met Adham in the early 1970s through [[Sheikh Zayed]]. Adham became a key figure in Abedi's strategy to expand BCCI's influence in the United States. He was a nominal lead shareholder in First American Bank and was responsible for hiring [[Clark Clifford]] and [[Robert Altman]] to lead the bank.[^10] Adham's role was to provide a veneer of legitimacy and access for BCCI's clandestine operations.
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Abedi met Adham in the early 1970s through [[Sheikh Zayed]]. Adham became a key figure in Abedi's strategy to expand BCCI's influence in the United States. He was a nominal lead shareholder in First American Bank and was responsible for hiring [[Clark Clifford]] and [[Robert Altman]] to lead the bank.[^12] Adham's role was to provide a veneer of legitimacy and access for BCCI's clandestine operations.
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### Involvement in Nuclear Programs
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Adham publicly asserted that [[Pakistan]] possessed an atomic bomb and that Abedi and BCCI had financially supported its development. He viewed this as an achievement for the Third World, challenging Western powers' control over nuclear technology.[^11]
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Adham publicly asserted that [[Pakistan]] possessed an atomic bomb and that Abedi and BCCI had financially supported its development. He viewed this as an achievement for the Third World, challenging Western powers' control over nuclear technology.[^13]
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### The Federal Reserve Hearing
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|
||||
Adham was one of four original investors, with [[Faisal Saud al-Fulaij]], Sheikh [[Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] and Abdullah Darwaish, named as holders of Financial General shares in 1978; the memo of the BCCI officer [[Abdus Sami]] to Agha Hasan Abedi of January 30, 1978, reported: "We have already given the names of Sheikh Kamal Adham and Mr. Fulaig [sic]. We want two other names immediately."[^12][^13] At the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] hearing of April 23, 1981, he testified that "whatever relationships are developed between Financial General and BCCI in the future, if any, are matters to be decided by the new management of Financial General based upon that institution's best interests." Asked whether it was a coincidence that BCCI had analyzed Financial General for him and then advised other clients to invest, he said: "That is very possible. Such things happen in our parts of the world." He told the regulators, falsely according to the [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate Report]], that he had not met Fulaij for ten years; the two had acted together as BCCI nominees in dealings in the shares of BCCI's [[Attock Oil]]. "I would like to assure you," he said, "that each one on his own rights will not accept in any way to be a cover for somebody else."[^12] Clark Clifford described him to the regulators not as the former head of Saudi intelligence or the late king's brother-in-law, "but merely as a prominent Saudi businessman," and said he had the "deepest respect for his [Adham's] character, for his reputation, for his honor and for his integrity."[^12] In early drafts of the arrangement by which Clifford and Robert Altman acquired CCAH shares, Adham, with BCCI as back-up, was to be bound to repurchase their shares at any time at their discretion; the requirement was never discussed with him, which the Senate report took as showing that Clifford, Altman and BCCI regarded him "as no more than a nominee for BCCI."[^14]
|
||||
Adham was one of four original investors, with [[Faisal Saud al-Fulaij]], Sheikh [[Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] and Abdullah Darwaish, named as holders of Financial General shares in 1978; the memo of the BCCI officer [[Abdus Sami]] to Agha Hasan Abedi of January 30, 1978, reported: "We have already given the names of Sheikh Kamal Adham and Mr. Fulaig [sic]. We want two other names immediately."[^14][^15] At the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] hearing of April 23, 1981, he testified that "whatever relationships are developed between Financial General and BCCI in the future, if any, are matters to be decided by the new management of Financial General based upon that institution's best interests." Asked whether it was a coincidence that BCCI had analyzed Financial General for him and then advised other clients to invest, he said: "That is very possible. Such things happen in our parts of the world." He told the regulators, falsely according to the [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate Report]], that he had not met Fulaij for ten years; the two had acted together as BCCI nominees in dealings in the shares of BCCI's [[Attock Oil]]. "I would like to assure you," he said, "that each one on his own rights will not accept in any way to be a cover for somebody else."[^14] Clark Clifford described him to the regulators not as the former head of Saudi intelligence or the late king's brother-in-law, "but merely as a prominent Saudi businessman," and said he had the "deepest respect for his [Adham's] character, for his reputation, for his honor and for his integrity."[^14] In early drafts of the arrangement by which Clifford and Robert Altman acquired CCAH shares, Adham, with BCCI as back-up, was to be bound to repurchase their shares at any time at their discretion; the requirement was never discussed with him, which the Senate report took as showing that Clifford, Altman and BCCI regarded him "as no more than a nominee for BCCI."[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
In a letter to the Federal Reserve of April 10, 1991, Adham gave another account of the investment's origin: a friend, Hasan Yassin, had told him Financial General would be a good investment, and he had brought it to BCCI "as his business agent." The Senate report called this "completely inconsistent" with the accounts of [[Bert Lance]], the *[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]* and Robert Altman, and noted that Lance had never heard of Yassin.[^12]
|
||||
In a letter to the Federal Reserve of April 10, 1991, Adham gave another account of the investment's origin: a friend, Hasan Yassin, had told him Financial General would be a good investment, and he had brought it to BCCI "as his business agent." The Senate report called this "completely inconsistent" with the accounts of [[Bert Lance]], the *[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]* and Robert Altman, and noted that Lance had never heard of Yassin.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate report states that the Federal Reserve asked the Central Intelligence Agency in 1981 whether it held derogatory information on the Middle Eastern shareholders of CCAH. The CIA replied that it had none, and did not tell the Federal Reserve that Adham and [[A. R. (Abdul Raouf) Khalil|Abdul Raouf Khalil]] were intelligence liaisons of the United States. Adham had also been the subject of a [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] probe under the [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] into [[Boeing]] and Lockheed arms sales to Saudi Arabia. The report states that Federal Reserve staff learned of the intelligence contacts and of the commission's probe into Adham's and Faisal al-Fulaij's alleged receipt of bribes in 1981.[^15]
|
||||
The Senate report states that the Federal Reserve asked the Central Intelligence Agency in 1981 whether it held derogatory information on the Middle Eastern shareholders of CCAH. The CIA replied that it had none, and did not tell the Federal Reserve that Adham and [[A. R. (Abdul Raouf) Khalil|Abdul Raouf Khalil]] were intelligence liaisons of the United States. Adham had also been the subject of a [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] probe under the [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] into [[Boeing]] and Lockheed arms sales to Saudi Arabia. The report states that Federal Reserve staff learned of the intelligence contacts and of the commission's probe into Adham's and Faisal al-Fulaij's alleged receipt of bribes in 1981.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
### Camp David and the Federal Reserve hearing
|
||||
|
||||
Adham was the CIA's principal liaison for the Middle East from the mid-1960s through 1979, according to the Senate report, and at the Federal Reserve hearing of April 23, 1981 he did not mention that background, his historic ties to the CIA, or that he had acted as the most important liaison between the United States and his friend Sadat in the negotiation of the Camp David accords.[^18] Clark Clifford, in sworn interrogatories, said he believed Adham's roles in Camp David and in the simultaneous takeover of Financial General were coincidence, and that Adham had told him of his friendship with Sadat without mentioning any role in Camp David.[^19] Adham told U.S. investigators that his involvement and BCCI's purchase of First American were unrelated to Camp David.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
### Intelligence Background
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate report recorded that the CIA, asked about the CCAH shareholders, told the Federal Reserve it had no derogatory information on them, without telling it that Adham and Abdul Raouf Khalil were "the past and then-current Saudi intelligence liaisons to the United States," or that Adham and Fulaij had been the subject of a Securities and Exchange Commission inquiry under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act into arms sales to Saudi Arabia by Boeing and [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]]. Paul Volcker, who as chairman of the Federal Reserve signed the 1981 approval, testified in 1991 that he "wasn't aware" of Adham's intelligence background and that it "might send an eyebrow or two up." The Virginia bank regulator Sidney Bailey asked the [[State Department]] and the CIA for information on the shareholders and received none; "at the time," the report found, "the CIA knew precisely who Adham was."[^12][^16]
|
||||
The Senate report recorded that the CIA, asked about the CCAH shareholders, told the Federal Reserve it had no derogatory information on them, without telling it that Adham and Abdul Raouf Khalil were "the past and then-current Saudi intelligence liaisons to the United States," or that Adham and Fulaij had been the subject of a Securities and Exchange Commission inquiry under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act into arms sales to Saudi Arabia by Boeing and [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]]. Paul Volcker, who as chairman of the Federal Reserve signed the 1981 approval, testified in 1991 that he "wasn't aware" of Adham's intelligence background and that it "might send an eyebrow or two up." The Virginia bank regulator Sidney Bailey asked the [[State Department]] and the CIA for information on the shareholders and received none; "at the time," the report found, "the CIA knew precisely who Adham was."[^14][^21]
|
||||
|
||||
### Plea
|
||||
|
||||
On July 29, 1992, the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] announced that Adham and his accountant, Sayed Jawhary, had pleaded guilty to charges arising from the BCCI case, and that Adham had agreed to cooperate with investigators and to pay 105 million dollars in reparations and fines.[^17]
|
||||
On July 29, 1992, the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] announced that Adham and his accountant, Sayed Jawhary, had pleaded guilty to charges arising from the BCCI case, and that Adham had agreed to cooperate with investigators and to pay 105 million dollars in reparations and fines.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -76,15 +91,20 @@ On July 29, 1992, the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]]
|
|||
[^3]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 199.
|
||||
[^4]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 200.
|
||||
[^5]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 200.
|
||||
[^6]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 14.
|
||||
[^7]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 203.
|
||||
[^8]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 203.
|
||||
[^9]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 198.
|
||||
[^10]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 197.
|
||||
[^11]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 310.
|
||||
[^12]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 6, "BCCI in the United States: Initial Entry." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm
|
||||
[^13]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 14, "Abu Dhabi: BCCI's Founding and Majority Stockholders." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/14abudhabi.htm
|
||||
[^14]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 13, "Clark Clifford and Robert Altman." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/13clifford.htm
|
||||
[^15]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence" (the CIA's reply to the Federal Reserve; the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act probe; text following notes 10 to 12). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
|
||||
[^16]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
|
||||
[^17]: "Clifford, Altman indicted in BCCI bank fraud," United Press International, July 29, 1992. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/07/29/Clifford-Altman-indicted-in-BCCI-bank-fraud/5122712382400/
|
||||
[^6]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate*, S. Prt. 102-140, December 1992, pp. 299-300 and note 779, quoting Bob Woodward, *Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987*, Simon and Schuster, 1987, p. 352.
|
||||
[^7]: S. Prt. 102-140, p. 301 (Camp David finding): "The key role played by Adham in Camp David was apparently to encourage other Arab political figures not to repudiate Sadat for agreeing to peace with Israel."
|
||||
[^8]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 14.
|
||||
[^9]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 203.
|
||||
[^10]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 203.
|
||||
[^11]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 198.
|
||||
[^12]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 197.
|
||||
[^13]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 310.
|
||||
[^14]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 6, "BCCI in the United States: Initial Entry." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm
|
||||
[^15]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 14, "Abu Dhabi: BCCI's Founding and Majority Stockholders." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/14abudhabi.htm
|
||||
[^16]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 13, "Clark Clifford and Robert Altman." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/13clifford.htm
|
||||
[^17]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence" (the CIA's reply to the Federal Reserve; the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act probe; text following notes 10 to 12). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
|
||||
[^18]: S. Prt. 102-140, pp. 299-300 (CIA liaison; Federal Reserve testimony of April 23, 1981), with notes 778 and 783.
|
||||
[^19]: S. Prt. 102-140, p. 301, note 789 (Clark Clifford sworn interrogatories).
|
||||
[^20]: S. Prt. 102-140, p. 301 (Adham's account to U.S. investigators, as summarized by the report).
|
||||
[^21]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
|
||||
[^22]: "Clifford, Altman indicted in BCCI bank fraud," United Press International, July 29, 1992. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/07/29/Clifford-Altman-indicted-in-BCCI-bank-fraud/5122712382400/
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
247
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Roy Cohn.md
Normal file
247
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Roy Cohn.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Roy M. Cohn
|
||||
- Roy Marcus Cohn
|
||||
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- RoyCohn
|
||||
- JosephMcCarthy
|
||||
- RosenbergCase
|
||||
- DonaldTrump
|
||||
- CarmineGalante
|
||||
- AnthonySalerno
|
||||
- RupertMurdoch
|
||||
- RogerStone
|
||||
- JEdgarHoover
|
||||
- FBIRecords
|
||||
- Disbarment
|
||||
- TaxLiens
|
||||
- SaxeBaconBolan
|
||||
summary: "Assistant United States attorney in the Rosenberg prosecution, chief counsel to Senator Joseph McCarthy's subcommittee, acquitted in three federal prosecutions, and New York lawyer for Galante, Salerno, Murdoch and Trump until disbarment in 1986."
|
||||
born: 1927-02-20
|
||||
location: "New York, New York"
|
||||
created: 2026-10-12
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: relative_of
|
||||
with: "[[Albert Cohn]]"
|
||||
role: "father, judge of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1962
|
||||
role: "background investigation of his application for appointment to the United States Attorney's Office"
|
||||
fn: 1
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York]]"
|
||||
role: "assistant United States attorney"
|
||||
start: 1948
|
||||
end: 1952
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Julius Rosenberg]]"
|
||||
start: 1951
|
||||
role: "assistant United States attorney in the prosecution"
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Ethel Rosenberg]]"
|
||||
start: 1951
|
||||
role: "assistant United States attorney in the prosecution"
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]]"
|
||||
role: "chief counsel"
|
||||
start: 1953-01-15
|
||||
end: 1954-08-13
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Army-McCarthy hearings]]"
|
||||
role: "chief counsel to the subcommittee; witness from May 26, 1954"
|
||||
start: 1954
|
||||
end: 1954
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Robert Morgenthau]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1963
|
||||
end: 1964
|
||||
role: "United States Attorney, Southern District of New York, who indicted Cohn on perjury, conspiracy and obstruction counts; acquitted July 16, 1964"
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Robert Morgenthau]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1969
|
||||
role: "United States Attorney, Southern District of New York, whose office brought the conspiracy, bribery and extortion indictment"
|
||||
fn: 17
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[Departmental Disciplinary Committee for the First Judicial Department]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1982
|
||||
end: 1986
|
||||
role: "four charges of professional misconduct, sustained June 23, 1986"
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Thomas A. Bolan]]"
|
||||
role: "law partner at Saxe, Bacon & Bolan"
|
||||
fn: 28
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Saxe, Bacon & Bolan]]"
|
||||
role: "partner, later of counsel"
|
||||
fn: 20
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[American Jewish League Against Communism]]"
|
||||
role: "president, as stated in the program of a B'nai B'rith tribute dinner for Cohn, May 2, 1983"
|
||||
end: 1983
|
||||
fn: 36
|
||||
- type: represented
|
||||
with: "[[Carmine Galante]]"
|
||||
start: 1970
|
||||
end: 1977
|
||||
role: "counsel in habeas corpus and parole revocation proceedings"
|
||||
fn: 33
|
||||
- type: represented
|
||||
with: "[[Anthony Salerno]]"
|
||||
start: 1986
|
||||
end: 1986
|
||||
role: "counsel on the brief in the Second Circuit appeal from his pretrial detention"
|
||||
fn: 40
|
||||
- type: represented
|
||||
with: "[[Donald Trump]]"
|
||||
start: 1973
|
||||
role: "counsel to Donald Trump and Trump Management in the federal housing discrimination suit"
|
||||
fn: 43
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Roy Marcus Cohn (February 20, 1927 to August 2, 1986) was a New York lawyer who worked as an assistant United States attorney on the prosecution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, served as chief counsel to the Senate investigations subcommittee chaired by [[Joseph McCarthy]] from January 1953 to August 1954, and was disbarred in New York in June 1986, about six weeks before his death. Federal juries acquitted him in three prosecutions between 1964 and 1971.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Early career and the Rosenberg prosecution
|
||||
|
||||
The FBI's New York office recorded, in a 1962 report on Cohn's application for an appointment to the [[United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York]], that he was born in [[New York City]] on February 20, 1927. His father was [[Albert Cohn]], a judge of the [[Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York]]. Cohn received an A.B. from [[Columbia University]] in 1945 and an LL.B. in 1947.[^1] The Senate's historical introduction to its published McCarthy-era executive sessions states that Cohn was too young to take the bar examination when he graduated from law school, and that he became an assistant United States attorney on the day he was admitted to the bar, a year after graduation.[^2] The New York court later recorded his admission to the bar in 1948.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1951 Cohn took part in the prosecution of [[Julius Rosenberg]] and [[Ethel Rosenberg]]. The same Senate introduction lists the Rosenberg case alongside the perjury prosecution of a former Commerce Department employee and the trial of the leaders of the Communist Party in the United States, and says Cohn "earned a reputation as a relentless questioner with a sharp mind and retentive memory."[^2] On appeal the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] listed [[Myles J. Lane]] as counsel for the United States, with "Roy M. Cohn, James B. Kilsheimer 3d and Stanley D. Robinson" of counsel. The court decided the appeal on February 25, 1952.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Rosenberg Fund for Children]] states in its case timeline that files released after a 1975 Freedom of Information request by the Rosenbergs' sons showed the trial judge communicating secretly with the prosecutors, "including the infamous Roy Cohn," and that Cohn "helped prosecute Ethel Rosenberg by orchestrating what was later proven to be perjurious testimony by her brother, David Greenglass."[^5] In a ruling that ordered release of Greenglass's grand jury testimony, Judge Hellerstein noted that Greenglass had told a New York Times reporter in 2001 that he lied at trial about his sister to protect his wife, and that he claimed government attorneys had threatened to prosecute his wife unless he testified.[^6] The lawyer Stephen G. Schwarz, who worked as a summer associate at Cohn's firm in 1979, wrote in the Journal of the American College of Trial Lawyers that Cohn conducted the direct examination of Greenglass, that Greenglass later claimed he lied to protect himself and his wife, and that Greenglass "also claimed that he was encouraged by Cohn to do so." Schwarz also wrote that, according to Cohn's autobiography, the trial judge telephoned Cohn after the verdict to ask whether Ethel Rosenberg should receive the death penalty, and that Cohn answered: "The way I see it, she is worse than Julius."[^7] In a March 11, 1985 letter to [[William Webster]], the director of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], Cohn credited the Bureau with "magnificent investigative help" in the Rosenberg case.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Chief counsel to the McCarthy subcommittee
|
||||
|
||||
According to the Senate introduction, McCarthy considered [[Robert Morris]], [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[John J. Sirica]] before offering the chief counsel post to Cohn. Cohn had been briefly special assistant to Attorney General [[James McGranery]] in 1952, and in that role prepared an indictment for perjury against [[Owen Lattimore]]. The introduction records that McCarthy invited Cohn to become subcommittee counsel in December 1952.[^2] The subcommittee's staff list gives Cohn's service as chief counsel from January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The subcommittee's staff included [[G. David Schine]] as chief consultant.[^2] On April 2, 1953 Cohn telephoned the legislative counsel of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to say that he and Schine were leaving the next morning on a trip to examine the Voice of America and the overseas information services. Cohn asked for contact with CIA officers abroad, and the agency's memorandum records that the CIA would have cables sent to its overseas stations.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1954 the subcommittee's investigation of the Army became the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, which named Secretary of the Army [[Robert T. Stevens]], [[John G. Adams]], [[H. Struve Hensel]], McCarthy, Cohn and [[Francis P. Carr]]. McCarthy stepped aside as chairman and [[Karl Mundt]] presided.[^10] The published hearing record for May 26, 1954 (Part 41) indexes the testimony of Cohn as chief counsel of the subcommittee.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 9, 1954 (Part 59), Army special counsel [[Joseph Welch]] told McCarthy that he had asked a young lawyer of his Boston firm to leave the case because of a past membership in the National Lawyers Guild, and that McCarthy had raised the matter in the hearing. The exchange that became the best known of the hearings was addressed to McCarthy and not to Cohn. Welch said: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" Immediately before, Welch had turned to Cohn, who had nodded to him, and said: "I did you, I think, no personal injury, Mr. Cohn." Cohn answered: "No, sir." Welch added: "I meant to do you no personal injury, and if I did, I beg your pardon." McCarthy replied that Welch had been "baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours" and went on to quote a House Un-American Activities Committee description of the Guild as a legal bulwark of the Communist Party.[^12] The Senate censured McCarthy on December 2, 1954, and Cohn's term as chief counsel had ended on August 13, 1954, before the censure.[^2][^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Federal prosecutions, 1964 to 1971
|
||||
|
||||
A federal grand jury in the Southern District of New York indicted Cohn and a co-defendant on September 3, 1963. The counts charged perjury, conspiracy and obstruction of justice in connection with grand jury proceedings on dealings in the securities of [[United Dye and Chemical Corporation]]. Three counts charged Cohn with perjury and four with obstructing justice; a conspiracy count against both defendants was dismissed by the trial judge, Judge Dawson, before the first jury began deliberating.[^13] The first trial ended in a mistrial on April 19, 1964, when the father of a juror died during deliberations, and the district court set a retrial for June 9, 1964.[^13] Before the retrial, the Second Circuit declined to order a continuance or a change of venue, noting that Cohn had received "considerable attention in the press" since the early 1950s.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
The retrial jury returned verdicts of not guilty on all nine counts on July 16, 1964.[^15] The same FBI file describes the underlying allegation as a bribe said to have been paid in 1959 to control an indictment in a Securities and Exchange Commission case.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
At the retrial [[Louis B. Nichols]], formerly an assistant to [[J. Edgar Hoover]] and then executive vice president of [[Schenley Industries]], testified on July 9, 1964. In a letter to Hoover the next day, preserved in the Bureau's file, Nichols wrote that when the United States Attorney asked on cross-examination whether he had contacted the Bureau at Cohn's request to halt its investigation at Schenley, he replied: "That's an unmitigated lie." Nichols wrote that Bureau agents had come to Schenley seeking cancelled checks for fees paid to Cohn; that Schenley had given its papers to the [[Internal Revenue Service]], which was then investigating Cohn; and that when he heard agents were approaching other Cohn clients he telephoned [[Cartha DeLoach]] because he feared "another 'steel pricing case'" in which the Bureau would come under criticism. He also wrote that he had been told Judge Dawson asked the United States Attorney's office to instruct the Treasury Department to stop its inquiries about Cohn until the trial was over, and he enclosed the related memoranda for the Bureau's information.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
On January 17, 1969 a grand jury indicted Cohn and three others on charges of conspiracy, bribery and extortion. The charges were tied to [[Fifth Avenue Coach Lines]], the New York bus company.[^17][^18] In September 1969 Cohn petitioned the Second Circuit for a writ of mandamus directing the trial judge, [[Inzer B. Wyatt]], to postpone the trial set for September 23, 1969. He argued that advance publicity, including a [[Life (magazine)|Life]] article titled "The Hotshot One-Man Roy Cohn Lobby," made an impartial jury impossible. The court denied the petition on September 17, 1969. The government's brief on the petition was signed by [[Paul L. Perito]] and Peter L. Truebner, assistant United States attorneys.[^17] An FBI memorandum of January 1975 describes Cohn as indicted in 1969 "and subsequently acquitted," and records that before that trial he had publicly charged [[Robert Morgenthau]] with a "personal vendetta" against him.[^18] Schwarz wrote that Cohn's lawyer suffered an apparent heart attack at the close of the proof, that Cohn, who had not testified, delivered the closing argument himself over two days, speaking for seven hours without notes, and that he was acquitted.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
The third prosecution was a separate ten-count indictment charging willful violations of sections 13(a) and 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in connection with the annual reports and proxy statements of Fifth Avenue Coach Lines. Six of the ten counts were dismissed on the government's motion before trial and a conspiracy count was dismissed during the trial. The Securities and Exchange Commission's News Digest of October 22, 1971 reported that on October 15, 1971 a federal jury in New York returned verdicts of acquittal on the three remaining counts.[^19] Schwarz described it as the last federal prosecution of Cohn, after three unsuccessful attempts.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
In a separate civil action the Securities and Exchange Commission obtained an injunction against Cohn and others arising from the same company. The district court found that Cohn had violated section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in a transaction between Fifth Avenue Coach and an affiliated company, [[Gray Line Corporation]], and enjoined him. The Second Circuit decided his appeal on December 8, 1970. The appellate opinion records that as of December 12, 1966 Cohn owned 7 percent of a company named Defiance, which owned about 32 percent of a registered investment company, and that shares bought from another holder were held through a nominee attorney at [[Saxe, Bacon & Bolan]], where Cohn was "of counsel."[^20] In October 1973 the district court in the same receivership overruled Cohn's objection, as a shareholder, to an award of $489,924 in counsel fees to the receiver's lawyers.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Hoover and FBI connection
|
||||
|
||||
The Bureau's file on Cohn runs from the 1962 background report through 1985. In the March 11, 1985 letter to Director Webster, Cohn wrote that since 1950 he had "a first-rate relationship with and respect for the Bureau," and described it as including "a close friendship with Mr. Hoover, speeches at Bureau gatherings, delivering the eulogy at Lou Nichols' funeral along with Deke DeLoach, representing Wally LaPrade when he was unfairly attacked, testifying for Mark Felt and Ed Miller at their trial in Washington, urging their immediate pardon and honoring them the day after our great President took that action." The occasion for the letter was a story he said a Bureau representative had planted in the New York Post.[^8] A 1971 FBI file note concerns a letter from an attorney who had written commentary on events mentioned in Cohn's book, [[A Fool for a Client]], which the note says was not in the Bureau library.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
In September 1969 a private correspondent wrote to Senator [[Abraham Ribicoff]] that newspapers had reported that Hoover transferred three agents from the New York office "rather summarily because they were involved in a case with Mr. Roy Cohen, who happens to be a particular favorite of Mr. Hoover's." Hoover's reply, quoted in the correspondent's later letter, stated that the transfers "resulted solely from their failure to comply with long-standing rules and regulations of this bureau and had nothing what-so-ever to do with the merits of the Roy M. Cohen case." After checking through acquaintances in law enforcement the correspondent withdrew the suggestion on March 3, 1970 and apologized to Hoover; the Bureau answered Ribicoff on March 16, 1970.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
On January 6, 1971 Cohn wrote to Jerry Finkelstein, chairman of the New York City Democratic Committee, that he would not take part in a dinner for Comptroller [[Abraham Beame]] because [[Ramsey Clark]] was toastmaster, and that Clark was identified with "his unprincipled attack on J. Edgar Hoover whose service to this nation over a lifetime has earned him unique universal respect." Finkelstein's reply of January 19, 1971 referred to the stories he had written at Cohn's request for Hoover in the New York Law Journal and other papers. The copy of Cohn's January 25, 1971 follow-up in the Bureau's file is marked "bcc: Honorable J. Edgar Hoover."[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Susan Rosenstiel]], the fourth wife of [[Lewis S. Rosenstiel]], told the author [[Anthony Summers]], in the account he published in Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (1993), that at a party at the Plaza Hotel in 1958 she saw Hoover in women's clothing in Cohn's company, that Cohn introduced him to her as "Mary," and that she saw him in a similar state at a second party a year later. The account rests on her statements; Christopher Hitchens, reviewing the book in the London Review of Books, called it "the freelance testimony of Susan Rosenstiel."[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
### Disbarment
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Departmental Disciplinary Committee for the First Judicial Department]] brought four charges against Cohn in the fall of 1982. On June 23, 1986 the [[Appellate Division, First Department]] sustained all four in a per curiam opinion joined by Justices Sandler, Fein, Lynch, Rosenberger and Ellerin, and disbarred him effective immediately. His counsel were [[Michael Mukasey]] and [[Harold R. Tyler Jr.]][^3][^26]
|
||||
|
||||
The first charge concerned the answers on Cohn's application of July 28, 1982 for admission to the District of Columbia Bar. To question 8(b), which asked whether any charges or complaints concerning his conduct as an attorney were pending, Cohn answered "No," and added: "Except usual crackpot complaint letters following media appearances, etc. Know of none pending." The court found the answer untruthful, because three complaints of a disciplinary nature were then pending against him. The court also noted that in answer to question 8(a) he had volunteered a 1960 admonition by the Grievance Committee for releasing to the press a statement that a client was about to bring a lawsuit.[^27]
|
||||
|
||||
The second charge concerned a $100,000 loan from a client in 1966. Cohn and his partner, [[Thomas A. Bolan]], had been paid in full for the client's divorce matter, and the client's loan was documented in Cohn's handwriting as a loan. The obligation was not satisfied until 1984, after the disciplinary proceedings began. In a January 1981 deposition Cohn was asked whether the transaction could be characterized as a loan, and answered: "I would say that's an incorrect characterization." The court sustained the charge.[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
The third charge concerned a codicil to the will of Lewis S. Rosenstiel, the founder of the Schenley distilling company. The codicil was signed in Rosenstiel's hospital room in Miami on December 6, 1975, about six weeks before he died there on January 21, 1976, and named Cohn as an additional executor and trustee. The hearing panel had recommended exoneration on this charge, and the court rejected that recommendation. On June 24, 1976 a Florida probate judge, [[Frank B. Dowling]], revoked, annulled and set aside the codicil.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
The fourth charge concerned an escrow order in a securities action brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission against a corporate client in December 1971. Cohn's firm was escrow agent for $25,000 in cash and two yachts. In January 1972 $94,000 was released from the escrow on the strength of an indemnity bond that was not an equivalent bond, and the money was never recovered. The court found Cohn's account of having no direct knowledge of these events "incredible."[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
The court concluded that "the evidence so compelling on each of these four charges as to leave us no recourse but to order disbarment," and wrote that "for an attorney practicing for nearly 40 years in this State, such misconduct is inexcusable."[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
### Clients
|
||||
|
||||
In 1962 a federal jury convicted [[Carmine Galante]] in the Southern District of New York of conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws, and he was sentenced to twenty years. Cohn appeared as his counsel in a habeas corpus proceeding in the [[United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania]] in 1970, in an appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]] in 1971, and in a 1977 Second Circuit appeal from the dismissal of a habeas petition challenging the revocation of Galante's parole. Galante had been mandatorily released in 1974, and the Parole Commission proceeded on a charge that he associated with a person who had a criminal record.[^31][^32][^33] Schwarz wrote that during his summer at the firm in 1979 Galante came to the townhouse office to meet Cohn about legal problems, accompanied by bodyguards, and that the next day's New York Post carried the front-page photograph of Galante after his killing in Brooklyn.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
On January 18, 1983 Cohn attended an Oval Office meeting with [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Rupert Murdoch]], [[Charles Wick]] and Thomas Bolan. The Reagan Library's photograph record for the meeting names the same four men and gives the event as "Meeting with Rupert Murdoch."[^34] On January 27, 1983 Cohn wrote on the letterhead of Saxe, Bacon & Bolan to [[Edwin Meese]], [[James A. Baker III]] and [[Michael Deaver]] at the White House: "I had one interest when Tom and I first brought Rupert Murdoch and Governor Reagan together - and that was that at least one major publisher in this country ... would become and remain pro-Reagan." He listed Murdoch's papers, enclosed the New York Post editorial praising a presidential speech, complained that Murdoch's Washington bureau chief had been slighted, and protested that White House staff had not returned Murdoch's calls when he offered to turn the Boston Herald over to Reagan during a visit to Boston. A deputy assistant to the President, [[Michael McManus]], answered on February 4, 1983 on behalf of the three, writing that he had called Murdoch and apologized, and of "our continued high regard for Mr. Murdoch personally."[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
On May 2, 1983 Reagan sent a message to Cohn, in care of the chairman of the B'nai B'rith Banking and Finance Lodge dinner committee at Bank Leumi Trust Company, congratulating him on the lodge's State of Israel Bonds tribute. The dinner program in the same White House file describes Cohn as the senior member of Saxe, Bacon & Bolan, an adjunct professor at New York Law School, and "president of the American Jewish League Against Communism." Its list of dinner sponsors includes Rupert Murdoch, as chairman of News America Publishing, and Donald J. Trump, as president of The Trump Organization.[^36] A Los Angeles chapter letterhead of July 1956 in the FBI's file on the American Jewish League Against Communism lists [[George Sokolsky]] as chairman and [[Alfred Kohlberg]] as honorary chairman and treasurer.[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1985 Cohn wrote to Webster that a Bureau representative had planted a story in the New York Post, published March 5, 1985, reporting that agents were surveilling his office to develop grounds for a wiretap on his telephone. The Bureau's New York office confirmed in an April 1985 teletype that it had conducted surveillances to ascertain the feasibility of a monitoring device to intercept the conversations of [[Anthony Salerno]], identified in the teletype as a Genovese boss, with a Teamsters contact.[^8][^38] The Bureau's reply of May 13, 1985 said that it would not "plant" a story and that it had checked with its New York office.[^39] Salerno and Vincent Cafaro were arrested on March 21, 1986 on a 29-count racketeering indictment, and the government moved for their pretrial detention as danger to the community under the Bail Reform Act of 1984. On July 3, 1986, about four weeks before Cohn died, the Second Circuit vacated the detention orders in United States v. Salerno; the court's listing of counsel gives "Anthony M. Cardinale, Boston, Mass. (Roy Cohn, New York City, on brief), for defendant-appellant Salerno." The Supreme Court reversed on May 26, 1987.[^40]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Roger Stone]] told The Weekly Standard in 2007 that he started working with Cohn around the time he became northeast chairman of Reagan's 1980 campaign, and described a 1979 meeting at Cohn's townhouse at which Cohn introduced him to Salerno. By Stone's account Cohn said "Tony, everything's fixed. Everything can be handled," Salerno answered "Roy, the Supreme Court," and Cohn replied "Cost a few more dollars."[^41] Stone told FRONTLINE that he and Donald Trump "became very good friends"; FRONTLINE reported that Cohn arranged his first meeting with Trump in 1979. In 1980 Stone, [[Paul Manafort]] and [[Charles Black]] opened a Washington lobbying firm, [[Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly]]; Stone said that Trump was among its first clients, and Newsweek reported that the most widely told version of how Trump met Manafort has Cohn introducing them.[^42]
|
||||
|
||||
In the federal government's 1973 housing discrimination suit against [[Fred Trump]], [[Donald Trump]] and Trump Management, Cohn acted for the defendants. The docket records an affidavit of Roy M. Cohn filed in the case and letters from him to the court and to opposing counsel in 1974. The docket shows that the defendants filed a counterclaim on December 12, 1973, that the government moved to dismiss it on January 8, 1974, and that the motions were argued before Judge [[Edward R. Neaher]] on January 25, 1974. The Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse summary states that Neaher dismissed the counterclaim, which sought $100 million in damages for defamation; The Nation reported that the judge dismissed it about two months after it was filed.[^43][^44]
|
||||
|
||||
### Tax disputes and the 1988 suit
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969 the Second Circuit affirmed a Tax Court decision that $27,247 Cohn received in 1958 was compensation for his services as co-executor of an estate rather than a gift.[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
In the spring of 1986 the United States filed suit to collect about $7 million in taxes, interest and penalties for tax years 1959 through 1983, on assessments made between 1972 and 1984. The government sought to foreclose tax liens under 26 U.S.C. sections 6321 and 6322 on a Manhattan townhouse that it alleged was held by a corporation as Cohn's nominee, and on fees earned by Cohn that his firm had retained or paid to third parties on his behalf. The court summarized the government's theory as resting in part on a book by Cohn, [[How to Stand Up for Your Rights and Win]], and quoted him as writing: "I decided to have no assets." A memorandum opinion of March 23, 1988 addressed motions by the firm, the townhouse corporation and several of the firm's lawyers, and noted that Cohn had been disbarred in June 1986, had apparently served an answer that he never filed with the court, and had died on August 2, 1986, with no motion to substitute his estate having been filed or granted.[^46] Schwarz wrote that in 1979 the firm owned the townhouse and the cars in which Cohn was driven, that Cohn drew a minimal salary, and that Cohn was reported to owe the Internal Revenue Service over $7,000,000.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Death
|
||||
|
||||
Cohn died on August 2, 1986, about four months after the government filed its suit in the spring of 1986 and about six weeks after his disbarment. He was undergoing treatment at the [[National Institutes of Health]] in Bethesda, Maryland, when he died. UPI reported that he died of complications brought on by AIDS, and an NIH spokeswoman named a heart attack as the immediate cause.[^47]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York office memorandum, file NY 58-1232, report on Roy Marcus Cohn's application for appointment to the United States Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York (1962), which records the February 20, 1927 birth, parents, and Columbia College degrees. FBI Records: The Vault, "Roy Cohn," 748 pages. https://vault.fbi.gov/roy-cohn ; https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84 (made public January 2003), historical introduction (pp. XV to XVI) and "Subcommittee Staff Appointed in 1953-1954" (Roy M. Cohn, chief counsel, January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954; G. David Schine, chief consultant). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15, 503 N.Y.S.2d 759 (1st Dep't June 23, 1986) (per curiam) (charges in the fall of 1982; admission to the New York bar in 1948; disbarment effective immediately; concurrence of Sandler, Fein, Lynch, Rosenberger and Ellerin, JJ.). https://static.case.law/ad2d/118/cases/0015-01.json
|
||||
[^4]: United States v. Rosenberg, 195 F.2d 583 (2d Cir. Feb. 25, 1952) (Lane, counsel for the United States, "Roy M. Cohn, James B. Kilsheimer 3d and Stanley D. Robinson, all of New York City, of counsel"). https://static.case.law/f2d/195/cases/0583-01.json
|
||||
[^5]: Rosenberg Fund for Children, "Background and Timeline on the Case of Ethel Rosenberg," item 5 (advocacy timeline; the characterization is the fund's own). https://media.rfc.org/sites/default/files/Background%20and%20Timeline%20on%20the%20Case%20of%20Ethel%20Rosenberg.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: CBS News, "Judge Orders Release Of Spy Case Testimony By Ethel Rosenberg's Brother" (report on the ruling by Judge Hellerstein, summarizing Greenglass's 2001 statement to The New York Times). https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/ethel-rosenberg-brother/
|
||||
[^7]: Stephen G. Schwarz, "Roy M. Cohn: My Personal Experiences and Reflections on His Connections to the Forty-Fifth President of the United States," Journal of the American College of Trial Lawyers, no. 87 (Summer 2018), pp. 79 to 86 (recollection by a summer associate at Saxe, Bacon & Bolan, June to August 1979; Greenglass, the Rosenberg verdict, the 1964, Fifth Avenue Coach and 1971 trials, Galante, the townhouse and the Internal Revenue Service). https://web.archive.org/web/2022/https://www.actl.com/wp-content/uploads/legacy/default-document-library/journal_87_summer_2018_cohn_article.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: Roy M. Cohn to William Webster, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, letter dated March 11, 1985, received August 27, 1985, in the FBI file on Cohn ("magnificent investigative help" in the Rosenberg case; "a close friendship with Mr. Hoover"; the complaint about a planted story in the New York Post of March 5, 1985). https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, "Request from Mr. Roy Cohn, Counsel for the McCarthy Committee," April 2, 1953, signed by the Legislative Counsel, CIA-RDP91-00682R000300090129-1 (CIA CREST, released 2004). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP91-00682R000300090129-1
|
||||
[^10]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings" (Senate Historical Office), describing the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, the acting chairmanship of Karl Mundt, and the December 2, 1954 censure. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
|
||||
[^11]: Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 83d Cong., 2d Sess., S. Res. 189, Part 41 (May 26, 1954) (index: "Testimony of Cohn, Roy M., chief counsel, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations"). https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv4146unit
|
||||
[^12]: Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, Hearings, 83d Cong., 2d Sess., S. Res. 189, Part 59 (June 9, 1954), pp. 2428 to 2429 (Welch to McCarthy: "Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?"; Welch to Cohn: "I did you, I think, no personal injury, Mr. Cohn."; Cohn: "No, sir."; McCarthy: "he has been baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours"). https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv59unit
|
||||
[^13]: United States v. Cohn, 230 F. Supp. 587 (S.D.N.Y. May 11, 1964) (Bonsal, J.) (first trial before Judge Dawson; mistrial April 19, 1964; conspiracy count dismissed; nine counts remaining; retrial set for June 9, 1964). https://static.case.law/f-supp/230/cases/0587-01.json ; FBI file on Roy M. Cohn, memorandum reporting the indictment returned September 3, 1963. https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^14]: In re Cohn, 332 F.2d 976 (2d Cir. June 2, 1964) (petition for mandamus denied; "considerable attention in the press"). https://static.case.law/f2d/332/cases/0976-01.json
|
||||
[^15]: FBI file on Roy M. Cohn, New York office teletypes and closing memorandum, July 1964 (jury verdict of acquittal on July 16, 1964 before Judge Bonsal; description of the underlying alleged payment in 1959). https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^16]: Louis B. Nichols to J. Edgar Hoover, letter of July 10, 1964 forwarding his testimony of July 9, 1964 at the Cohn trial ("That's an unmitigated lie"; Internal Revenue Service investigation of Cohn; call to DeLoach; "another 'steel pricing case'"; Judge Dawson and the Treasury inquiries), in the FBI file on Cohn. https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^17]: In re Cohn, 416 F.2d 440 (2d Cir. Sept. 17, 1969) (per curiam; indictment dated January 17, 1969 charging conspiracy, bribery and extortion; trial set for September 23, 1969; Life article of September 1969; "Paul L. Perito and Peter L. Truebner, Asst. U. S. Attys., on the brief"). https://static.case.law/f2d/416/cases/0440-01.json
|
||||
[^18]: FBI file on Roy M. Cohn, memorandum of January 22, 1975 concerning the Barry Farber radio program of January 14, 1975 (Cohn "indicted by the Federal Grand Jury in New York (and subsequently acquitted) on charges of bribery, conspiracy, and extortion in connection with ... the city's Fifth Avenue Coach Lines"; Cohn's charge of a "personal vendetta" against Robert Morgenthau). https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^19]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, News Digest, October 22, 1971, "Cohn Acquitted" (Litigation Release LR-5194: verdicts of acquittal on October 15 on three remaining counts of a ten-count indictment under Sections 13(a) and 14(a); six counts dismissed on the government's motion before trial and a conspiracy count dismissed during the trial). https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1971/dig102271.pdf
|
||||
[^20]: SEC v. Fifth Avenue Coach Lines, Inc., 435 F.2d 510 (2d Cir. Dec. 8, 1970) (Adams, J.) (appeal from injunction against Victor Muscat and Roy M. Cohn; section 10(b) violation in transaction with Gray Line Corporation; Cohn's 7% holding in Defiance as of December 12, 1966; nominee attorney; "of counsel"). https://static.case.law/f2d/435/cases/0510-01.json
|
||||
[^21]: SEC v. Fifth Avenue Coach Lines, Inc., 364 F. Supp. 1220 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 16, 1973) (fee application of $489,924 granted in full over the objection of Roy M. Cohn as a shareholder). https://static.case.law/f-supp/364/cases/1220-01.json
|
||||
[^22]: FBI file on Roy M. Cohn, note of July 1971 on a letter of June 29, 1971 from a correspondent regarding Cohn's book "A Fool For A Client," which the note says was not in the Bureau library. https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^23]: Letter of March 3, 1970 from a private correspondent to Senator Abraham Ribicoff (quoting his letter of September 8, 1969 and J. Edgar Hoover's reply), and Hoover to Ribicoff, March 16, 1970, in the FBI file on Cohn; the correspondent's name is redacted in the release. https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^24]: Roy M. Cohn to Jerry Finkelstein, letters of January 6 and January 25, 1971 (the latter marked "bcc: Honorable J. Edgar Hoover"), and Finkelstein to Cohn, January 19, 1971, in the FBI file on Cohn. https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^25]: Christopher Hitchens, "Mary, Mary," London Review of Books, vol. 15, no. 7 (April 8, 1993), reviewing Anthony Summers, Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993) and quoting Susan Rosenstiel's account of the 1958 and 1959 parties at the Plaza Hotel. https://www.lrb.co.uk/v15/n07/christopher-hitchens/mary-mary
|
||||
[^26]: Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15 (1st Dep't 1986), disposition ("no recourse but to order disbarment"; "for an attorney practicing for nearly 40 years in this State, such misconduct is inexcusable"); counsel Michael B. Mukasey and Harold R. Tyler, Jr. https://static.case.law/ad2d/118/cases/0015-01.json ; https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6021889/in-re-cohn/
|
||||
[^27]: Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15 (1st Dep't 1986), Charge I (application to the District of Columbia Bar of July 28, 1982; question 8(b); answer "No" and "Except usual crackpot complaint letters following media appearances, etc. Know of none pending"; three complaints pending; question 8(a) and the May 1960 admonition). https://static.case.law/ad2d/118/cases/0015-01.json
|
||||
[^28]: Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15 (1st Dep't 1986), Charge II (1966 loan from a client, $100,000, documented as a loan; settlement in 1984 of a $127,584.76 judgment; deposition of January 8, 1981, "I would say that's an incorrect characterization"; loan written by "Respondent and his partner, Thomas A. Bolan"; "Saxe Bacon & Bolan" as law firm). https://static.case.law/ad2d/118/cases/0015-01.json
|
||||
[^29]: Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15 (1st Dep't 1986), Charge III (codicil executed December 6, 1975 in Rosenstiel's hospital room; hearing panel recommendation of exoneration rejected; Florida probate order of June 24, 1976, Circuit Judge Frank B. Dowling, revoking the codicil). https://static.case.law/ad2d/118/cases/0015-01.json
|
||||
[^30]: Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15 (1st Dep't 1986), Charge IV (December 1971 SEC escrow order; $25,000 and two yachts; $94,000 released January 1972 on a substituted indemnity bond; "incredible"). https://static.case.law/ad2d/118/cases/0015-01.json
|
||||
[^31]: In re Galante, 311 F. Supp. 732 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 26, 1970) (habeas petition of Carmine Galante, convicted in the Southern District of New York on June 25, 1962 of conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws, sentenced to twenty years; counsel listing includes Roy M. Cohn). https://static.case.law/f-supp/311/cases/0732-01.json
|
||||
[^32]: Application of Carmine Galante, 437 F.2d 1164 (3d Cir. Jan. 14, 1971) (habeas appeal from Lewisburg; counsel listing includes Roy M. Cohn, Saxe, Bacon & Bolan). https://static.case.law/f2d/437/cases/1164-01.json
|
||||
[^33]: Galante v. Warden, Metropolitan Correctional Center, 573 F.2d 707 (2d Cir. Dec. 9, 1977) (per curiam) (mandatory release in 1974 after twelve years of a twenty-year sentence; revocation for associating with a person with a criminal record, 28 C.F.R. section 2.40(a)(10); counsel listing includes Roy M. Cohn). https://static.case.law/f2d/573/cases/0707-01.json
|
||||
[^34]: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, photograph roll C12463 (01), Oval Office, January 18, 1983, "Meeting with Rupert Murdoch," personal references Rupert Murdoch, Roy Cohn, Charles Wick and Thomas Bolan. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/photo/c12463-01
|
||||
[^35]: Roy M. Cohn to Edwin Meese III, James A. Baker III and Michael K. Deaver, letter of January 27, 1983 on Saxe, Bacon & Bolan letterhead, and Michael A. McManus Jr. to Cohn, February 4, 1983, White House files (reproduced at https://trumpfile.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Murdoch-Reagan-Cohn-letter.pdf ).
|
||||
[^36]: Ronald Reagan to Roy Cohn, message of May 2, 1983, with the program of the B'nai B'rith Banking and Finance Lodge State of Israel Bond tribute dinner for Roy M. Cohn (describing Cohn as "president of the American Jewish League Against Communism"; sponsors including Rupert Murdoch, Chairman, News America Publishing Inc., and Donald J. Trump, President, The Trump Organization), Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, White House Office of Records Management subject file ME001. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/me001/40-654-12019891-024-009-2018.pdf
|
||||
[^37]: FBI Los Angeles file 80-236, American Jewish League Against Communism, Inc., released under FOIPA No. 1010124-000 (June 22, 2005), letterhead of the Los Angeles Chapter, July 1956 (national officers Alfred Kohlberg, honorary chairman and treasurer; George Sokolsky, chairman; Rabbi Benjamin Schultz, national executive director). https://archive.org/details/AmericanJewishLeagueAgainstCommunismLosAngeles80236
|
||||
[^38]: FBI, New York office teletype, April 17, 1985, in the FBI file on Cohn (Cohn's letter to FBIHQ about the New York Post article of March 5, 1985; feasibility of a monitoring device to intercept the conversations of Genovese boss Anthony Salerno with a Teamsters contact). https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^39]: FBI, letter from the Director's office to Roy M. Cohn, Esq., Saxe, Bacon and Bolan, dated May 13, 1985 (no policy of discussing ongoing investigations with the press or planting stories; check with the New York office). https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR
|
||||
[^40]: United States v. Salerno, 794 F.2d 64 (2d Cir. July 3, 1986) (Kearse, J.) (arrests of March 21, 1986; 29-count indictment; pretrial detention under the Bail Reform Act of 1984 vacated; counsel for defendant-appellant Salerno: "Anthony M. Cardinale, Boston, Mass. (Roy Cohn, New York City, on brief)"). https://static.case.law/f2d/794/cases/0064-01.json ; reversed, United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (May 26, 1987). https://static.case.law/us/481/cases/0739-01.json
|
||||
[^41]: "A Timeline of Paul Manafort's Relationship With the Trump World," Slate (October 2017), quoting The Weekly Standard, Nov. 5, 2007 (Roger Stone on working with Roy Cohn and the 1979 meeting with Anthony Salerno). https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/10/a-timeline-of-paul-manaforts-relationship-with-the-trump-world.html
|
||||
[^42]: "Roger Stone Indicted," PBS FRONTLINE (January 2019) (Stone's statement that he and Trump "became very good friends"; Cohn's arrangement of the 1979 meeting; Stone's co-founding of a consulting firm with Charles Black and Paul Manafort), https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/roger-stone-indicted-donald-trump-russia-investigation ; Newsweek, "How Close Are Trump and Manafort? They Go Way, Way Back" (2017) (Black, Manafort and Stone opening a Washington lobbying shop in 1980; the account that Cohn introduced Manafort to Trump), https://www.newsweek.com/how-close-are-trump-and-manafort-they-go-way-way-back-697195 ; Slate timeline (Stone on Trump as an early client).
|
||||
[^43]: United States v. Fred C. Trump, Donald Trump and Trump Management, Inc., No. 73 C 1529 (E.D.N.Y.), civil docket (affidavit of Roy M. Cohn; his letters of 1974; counterclaim filed 12-12-73; government motion to dismiss counterclaim 1-8-74; motions argued before Neaher, J., 1-25-74). Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, document 82945. https://clearinghouse-umich-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media/doc/82945.pdf
|
||||
[^44]: "United States v. Fred C. Trump, Donald Trump, and Trump Management, Inc.," case summary, Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse ("He dismissed the counterclaim and allowed the Fair Housing Act suit to proceed"), https://clearinghouse.net/case/15342/ ; The Nation, "Trump Sues the Justice Department for $100 Million" (the judge "dismissed the counterclaim two months after it was filed"), https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/justice-department-trump-lawsuit/
|
||||
[^45]: Cohn v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 410 F.2d 399 (2d Cir. May 22, 1969) (per curiam) (affirming Tax Court; $27,247 received in 1958 treated as compensation for services as co-executor, not a gift). https://static.case.law/f2d/410/cases/0399-01.json
|
||||
[^46]: United States v. Cohn, 682 F. Supp. 209 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 1988) (Haight, J.) (action under 26 U.S.C. section 7401 for about $7,000,000 in taxes, interest and penalties for tax years 1959 to 1983, assessed 1972 to 1984; foreclosure of tax liens under 26 U.S.C. sections 6321, 6322; townhouse held by a corporation as nominee; Cohn's book "How To Stand Up For Your Rights And Win," quoting "I decided to have no assets"; disbarment June 1986; death August 2, 1986). https://static.case.law/f-supp/682/cases/0209-01.json
|
||||
[^47]: United Press International, "Roy Cohn dies at 59," dateline Bethesda, Md., August 4, 1986 (death on Saturday, August 2, 1986, of complications brought on by AIDS, at the National Institutes of Health; NIH spokeswoman on the immediate cause). Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/08/04/Roy-Cohn-dies-at-59/1617523512000/
|
||||
|
|
@ -7,14 +7,18 @@ tags:
|
|||
- SRI
|
||||
summary: "Consultant to the SRI remote-viewing program and sole judge of the Price and Hammid series, whose target lists and transcripts, lent to David Marks, became the basis of the 1978 cueing critique."
|
||||
created: 2026-09-22
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-22
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Arthur Hastings was the consultant to the remote-viewing program of [[Russell Targ]] and [[Hal Puthoff]] at the [[Stanford Research Institute|Stanford Research Institute]] and the judge who ranked the transcripts of the [[Pat Price]] and [[Hella Hammid]] series, in the second obtaining "five direct hits and four second ranks." With David Hurt he published "A confirmatory remote viewing experiment in a group setting" in the Proceedings of the IEEE in October 1976, in which twenty of thirty-six participants chose the correct target from six named by Hastings, and with Vallee and Askevold an experiment "through computer conferencing."[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
In October 1976 the Proceedings of the IEEE published "Remote viewing experiments through computer conferencing" by [[Jacques Vallee]], Hastings and Gerald Askevold.[^3] Harry Snyder's review of remote-viewing research records that the paper was received in early May 1976 and tabulates its results as "Table 17. Results of Vallee, et al. (1976)." Twelve participants in New York, Florida, Quebec and California used home or office computer terminals to describe ten mineral samples held by a geologist; 33 descriptions from six persons were judged, and the correct target received the highest score in 8 of 33 responses against 3.3 expected by chance. Snyder notes that 11 of the 33 transcripts were contributed by "author" A.H.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
In a letter of May 26, 1977, to [[David Marks]] and [[Richard Kammann]], he wrote that for the Price series "he had been given a typed list of targets in the same order as the table in Mind-Reach, i.e., in the correct order," and that for the Hammid series "I received three target lists," one randomized and two not; he "agreed to let me see the Price transcripts," "loaned me a complete set of nine transcripts from the Price series and showed me six of the nine Hammid transcripts," told Marks that "one transcript even carried the name of the associated target, although he returned this one to SRI," and then "said he felt 'paranoid' about releasing this information and soon requested their return as they had become 'confidential.'" Marks and Kammann described him as "a regularly paid consultant to Targ and Puthoff" who "staunchly believes in psychic phenomena including [[Uri Geller]] and remote viewing." The 1979 evaluation by Harry and Arlene Snyder held by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]: "Hastings is an SRI employee, perhaps an SRI scientist, certainly a consultant, and also a coauthor. In addition, we understand (R. [[Ray Hyman|Hyman]], personal communication) that he is a professional magician and the sole judge used in the latter SRI local target studies and a consultant and judge for another organization in the Southwest currently conducting remote viewing studies. Should the above be as accurate as we believe it to be, significant changes are needed in future judging procedures and judge selection."[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Marks, David, and Richard Kammann. *The Psychology of the Psychic.* Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1980, pp. 12-41, 129, 151, 177, 185, read through the archive.org search index of the item psychologyofpsyc0000mark_j8m3 (page fragments only). Marks, David F. "Remote Viewing Revisited." *Skeptical Inquirer,* vol. 6, no. 4, Summer 1982, pp. 18-29. https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/07/22165420/p20.pdf
|
||||
[^2]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^2]: Snyder, Harry L., and Arlene G. Snyder. *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing,* Report RV-79-1, final technical report, contract 77F104420, Systemetrics, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1, 1979, parts 1 and 2, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100440001-9 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. The sponsor of the contract is not named in the report.
|
||||
[^3]: Jacques Vallee, Arthur Hastings and Gerald Askevold, "Remote viewing experiments through computer conferencing," *Proceedings of the IEEE*, vol. 64, October 1976, as listed in reference 6 of the proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, September 19-21, 1977. CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080055-4
|
||||
[^4]: Harry L. Snyder, *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing*, Report RV-79-1, section K (pp. 237-245) and Table 17. CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100260003-2
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,55 +1,57 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "Technologists"
|
||||
created: 2024-04-25
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-22
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- KeyFigure
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
- INSLAW
|
||||
- NSA
|
||||
summary: "William A. Hamilton is a former NSA analyst who developed the PROMIS case management software and, as founder of INSLAW, led a decade-long legal battle against the Department of Justice over its alleged theft and international distribution of the software."
|
||||
summary: "William A. Hamilton is a former NSA analyst who developed the PROMIS software and, as founder of INSLAW, fought the Department of Justice over its alleged theft of it."
|
||||
born: 1940
|
||||
location: "Laude, Indiana"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
William A. Hamilton was born around 1940 and grew up in Laude, Indiana, where he was one of seven brothers. He graduated from Notre Dame with an English degree in 1962 and married [[Nancy Hamilton]] in 1963.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Hamilton worked as an analyst and Vietnamese linguist for the [[NSA]] for seven years. In 1969, he left federal service and became a management consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. He won a contract through a competitive bid to develop what would become [[PROMIS]], working under the direction of [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] funding routed through the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]. The resulting software, the Prosecutor's Management Information System, debuted on January 1, 1971, in the D.C. U.S. Attorney's Office.[^1]
|
||||
Hamilton worked as an analyst and Vietnamese linguist for the [[NSA]] for seven years. In 1969, he left federal service and became a management consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]. He left the firm in 1971 to improve the software, which by contract rights belonged to the government. He then worked for eighteen months as an independent contractor for the U.S. Attorney's Office in D.C., and he then founded the [[INSLAW|Institute for Law and Social Research]].[^2][^3] He won a contract through a competitive bid to develop what would become [[PROMIS]], working under the direction of [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Charles R. Work]] with [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] funding routed through the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]. The resulting software, the Prosecutor's Management Information System, debuted on January 1, 1971, in the D.C. U.S. Attorney's Office.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1973, Hamilton and his wife Nancy founded [[INSLAW]] (the Institute for Law and Social Research), a non-profit organization that took over stewardship of PROMIS. INSLAW received additional LEAA funding to enhance PROMIS into a transferable system adoptable by other jurisdictions and oversaw its spread to prosecutors' offices around the country. In January 1981, Hamilton reorganized INSLAW as a for-profit entity and acquired the predecessor organization's assets.[^1]
|
||||
In 1973, Hamilton and his wife Nancy founded INSLAW (the Institute for Law and Social Research), a non-profit organization that took over stewardship of PROMIS. INSLAW received additional LEAA funding to enhance PROMIS into a transferable system adoptable by other jurisdictions and oversaw its spread to prosecutors' offices around the country. In January 1981, Hamilton reorganized INSLAW as a for-profit entity and acquired the predecessor organization's assets.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### The DOJ Contract and Bankruptcy
|
||||
|
||||
In March 1982, INSLAW signed a $10 million, three-year contract with the [[Department of Justice|DOJ's]] [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] to install PROMIS in 20 large U.S. Attorneys' offices and word-processor systems in 74 smaller ones. From the contract's earliest days, Hamilton and [[C. Madison Brewer]], the DOJ's project manager, were in conflict: Hamilton alleged Brewer obstructed INSLAW's proprietary rights claims and engineered advance payment disputes to force the company into financial distress. When INSLAW ran out of funds to sustain litigation against the DOJ while fighting to protect its software rights, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 1985.[^2]
|
||||
In March 1982, INSLAW signed a $10 million, three-year contract with the [[Department of Justice|DOJ's]] [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] to install PROMIS in 20 large U.S. Attorneys' offices and word-processor systems in 74 smaller ones. From the contract's earliest days, Hamilton and [[C. Madison Brewer]], the DOJ's project manager, were in conflict: Hamilton alleged Brewer obstructed INSLAW's proprietary rights claims and engineered advance payment disputes to force the company into financial distress. When INSLAW ran out of funds to sustain litigation against the DOJ while fighting to protect its software rights, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 1985.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Hamilton and Nancy Hamilton sued the DOJ for non-payment on a version of PROMIS called Modification 12 and for the alleged unauthorized distribution of the enhanced software beyond the contract's authorized sites. In September 1987, [[Bankruptcy Judge George F. Bason]] ruled in their favor, finding DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit" and awarding approximately $6.8 million in damages. The ruling was affirmed by the district court but reversed on jurisdictional grounds by the Court of Appeals in May 1991.[^2]
|
||||
Hamilton and Nancy Hamilton sued the DOJ for non-payment on a version of PROMIS called Modification 12 and for the alleged unauthorized distribution of the enhanced software beyond the contract's authorized sites. In September 1987, [[Bankruptcy Judge George F. Bason]] ruled in their favor, finding DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit" and awarding approximately $6.8 million in damages. The ruling was affirmed by the district court but reversed on jurisdictional grounds by the Court of Appeals in May 1991.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Representation by Elliot Richardson
|
||||
|
||||
Hamilton retained former [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] Elliot Richardson as lead counsel for INSLAW's civil claims. Richardson, who had served as Nixon's Attorney General before his resignation during the Saturday Night Massacre, provided INSLAW with significant public credibility. Richardson told the press and congressional investigators that the affair presented "circumstantial evidence of a sinister conspiracy" that was "at its outer reaches...far more sinister than anything revealed in Watergate." He submitted testimony, sworn statements, and affidavits linking high-level DOJ officials to a conspiracy to steal PROMIS and secretly transfer it.[^3]
|
||||
Hamilton retained former [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] Elliot Richardson as lead counsel for INSLAW's civil claims. Richardson, who had served as Nixon's Attorney General before his resignation during the Saturday Night Massacre, provided INSLAW with significant public credibility. Richardson told the press and congressional investigators that the affair presented "circumstantial evidence of a sinister conspiracy" that was "at its outer reaches...far more sinister than anything revealed in Watergate." He submitted testimony, sworn statements, and affidavits linking high-level DOJ officials to a conspiracy to steal PROMIS and secretly transfer it.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1985 Intelligence Letter
|
||||
|
||||
In November 2004, Hamilton received a document from a source described as a reliable U.S. intelligence contact. Dated May 16, 1985, the letter indicated that PROMIS software was being provided to an Arab sheik for resale and distribution, brokered by [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]], [[Adnan Khashoggi]], and [[Richard Armitage]]. The document had been signed by [[William Bradford Reynolds]], who authenticated it when shown the letter. Hamilton considered this letter significant, because, he said, all copies had been ordered destroyed. The letter corroborated INSLAW's longstanding claim that PROMIS had been distributed internationally through channels that included Middle Eastern arms brokers with Iran-Contra connections.[^4]
|
||||
In November 2004, Hamilton received a document from a source described as a reliable U.S. intelligence contact. Dated May 16, 1985, the letter indicated that PROMIS software was being provided to an Arab sheik for resale and distribution, brokered by [[Manucher Ghorbanifar]], [[Adnan Khashoggi]], and [[Richard Armitage]]. The document had been signed by [[William Bradford Reynolds]], who authenticated it when shown the letter. Hamilton considered this letter significant, because, he said, all copies had been ordered destroyed. The letter corroborated INSLAW's longstanding claim that PROMIS had been distributed internationally through channels that included Middle Eastern arms brokers with Iran-Contra connections.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Octopus Investigation
|
||||
|
||||
In 1990, Hamilton contacted freelance journalist [[Danny Casolaro]], whose subsequent investigation would attempt to connect the PROMIS theft to the [[October Surprise]], the [[Iran-Contra Affair]], and the collapse of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] under the unified theory he called "[[The Octopus]]." Hamilton was in daily contact with Casolaro until approximately a week before Casolaro's death on August 10, 1991.[^4]
|
||||
In 1990, Hamilton contacted freelance journalist [[Danny Casolaro]], whose subsequent investigation would attempt to connect the PROMIS theft to the [[October Surprise]], the [[Iran-Contra Affair]], and the collapse of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] under the unified theory he called "[[The Octopus]]." Hamilton was in daily contact with Casolaro until approximately a week before Casolaro's death on August 10, 1991.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
In March 1991, Hamilton received a notarized affidavit from [[Michael Riconosciuto]] claiming that Riconosciuto had modified PROMIS at the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]]-[[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]] joint venture. When Riconosciuto later approached Hamilton with a lead about former DOJ official [[Michael Abbell]]'s connections to the [[Cali Drug Cartel]], Hamilton, pressed for time, passed the lead to Casolaro - a handoff that Riconosciuto subsequently alleged led directly to Casolaro's death.[^4]
|
||||
In March 1991, Hamilton received a notarized affidavit from [[Michael Riconosciuto]] claiming that Riconosciuto had modified PROMIS at the [[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]]-[[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]] joint venture. When Riconosciuto later approached Hamilton with a lead about former DOJ official [[Michael Abbell]]'s connections to the [[Cali Drug Cartel]], Hamilton, pressed for time, passed the lead to Casolaro - a handoff that Riconosciuto subsequently alleged led directly to Casolaro's death.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
Hamilton also described to investigators his belief that the main purpose of the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture was to provide a platform for government-sanctioned drug trafficking and money laundering by organized crime groups including the [[Gambino Crime Family]] and the [[Contras]], and that Riconosciuto's role was to use NSA's bank-surveillance version of PROMIS to launder drug proceeds with a portion channeled to unauthorized covert operations.[^4]
|
||||
Hamilton also described to investigators his belief that the main purpose of the Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture was to provide a platform for government-sanctioned drug trafficking and money laundering by organized crime groups including the [[Gambino Crime Family]] and the [[Contras]], and that Riconosciuto's role was to use NSA's bank-surveillance version of PROMIS to launder drug proceeds with a portion channeled to unauthorized covert operations.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Congressional Testimony and Final Legal Proceedings
|
||||
|
||||
Hamilton and INSLAW participated in all major investigations of the affair, including the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations inquiry (1989), the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] investigation led by Representative Jack Brooks (1989-1992), and the Special Counsel investigation conducted by [[Nicholas J. Bua]] (1991-1993). In 1995, the U.S. Senate referred INSLAW's remaining claims to the Court of Federal Claims; the court ruled in 1997-1998 that all versions of PROMIS were in the public domain and that the government had always been free to use the software. INSLAW received no compensation.[^2]
|
||||
Hamilton and INSLAW participated in all major investigations of the affair, including the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations inquiry (1989), the [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] investigation led by Representative Jack Brooks (1989-1992), and the Special Counsel investigation conducted by [[Nicholas J. Bua]] (1991-1993). In 1995, the U.S. Senate referred INSLAW's remaining claims to the Court of Federal Claims; the court ruled in 1997-1998 that all versions of PROMIS were in the public domain and that the government had always been free to use the software. INSLAW received no compensation.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Hamilton continued to assert that PROMIS was fraudulently stolen and distributed internationally. He maintained a public website documenting INSLAW's claims long after the formal legal proceedings concluded.
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Newspapers.com, Hamilton family records, Notre Dame graduation records (via https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139683581/).
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; U.S. Court of Federal Claims, *Inslaw, Inc. v. United States*, Ruling of Hearing Officer Christine Miller, July 31, 1997.
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; Richardson, Elliot L. Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, 1992.
|
||||
[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: Mitchell Pacelle and Robert Safian, "Vendetta," *The American Lawyer*, December (year not printed in the reprint). Reprinted in U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, *Staff Study of Allegations Pertaining to the Department of Justice's Handling of a Contract with INSLAW, Inc.*, Committee Print, 101st Congress, 1st Session (Washington: GPO, 1989). Archive.org, item micro_IA41152832_0145.
|
||||
[^3]: Same committee print, the passage on the profile's account of Hamilton's career (the reprinted profile, "The Rise and Fall of INSLAW").
|
||||
[^4]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; U.S. Court of Federal Claims, *Inslaw, Inc. v. United States*, Ruling of Hearing Officer Christine Miller, July 31, 1997.
|
||||
[^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992; Richardson, Elliot L. Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, 1992.
|
||||
[^6]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ tags:
|
|||
summary: "Nuclear physicist who joined SRI's psychoenergetics work in 1976, ran it from 1985, moved it to SAIC in 1991, and chose the ten experiments the 1995 AIR panel reviewed."
|
||||
location: "Palo Alto, California"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Enhanced Human Performance Investigation]]"
|
||||
role: "principal author of the final technical report, SRI Project 1291, December 1987"
|
||||
start: 1986
|
||||
end: 1987
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
|
||||
start: 1976
|
||||
|
|
@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ relations:
|
|||
start: 1991
|
||||
end: 1995
|
||||
role: "principal investigator under contracts MDA908-91-C-0037 and MDA908-93-C-0004 as described in the sole-source justification"
|
||||
fn: 12
|
||||
fn: 14
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[Army Medical Research and Development Command]]"
|
||||
start: 1985-10-07
|
||||
|
|
@ -57,13 +63,13 @@ relations:
|
|||
start: 1995-04
|
||||
end: 1995-11-28
|
||||
role: "administrative and consultative support to the Star Gate review under a small contract to SAIC; resigned on the day the AIR report was released"
|
||||
fn: 20
|
||||
fn: 22
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Laboratories for Fundamental Research]]"
|
||||
start: 1996
|
||||
fn: 22
|
||||
fn: 24
|
||||
created: 2026-05-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-05
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Edwin C. May is a physicist with a Ph.D. from the [[University of Pittsburgh]] (1968) who joined the [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) psychoenergetics program as a consultant in 1976, became its program manager in 1985, and in 1991 became director of the [[Cognitive Sciences Laboratory]] of [[Science Applications International Corporation]] (SAIC), where the work continued under [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] contracts until the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] took custody of the program in 1995. He chose the ten experiments reviewed by the [[American Institutes for Research]] (AIR) in 1995 and in 1996 founded the [[Laboratories for Fundamental Research]].[^1][^2]
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@ -88,57 +94,61 @@ In 1985 the Army's Surgeon General's research office began a five-year program,
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His final report of December 1988 for the Army Medical Research and Development Command, *Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments,* written with Honorton, [[Diane Ferrari]] and [[George Hansen]] of the Psychophysical Research Laboratories, names the contract DAMD17-85-C-5130 and a contracting officer's technical representative, [[Peter J. McNelis]].[^11] On September 8, 1989 May, as director of the Cognitive Sciences Program at SRI International, wrote to Jean Smith at the Army's medical research command asking that three of ten paragraphs be removed from the program's security classification guide. He stated that "all the experimental data, results, theories and protocols collected or developed under contract DAMD 17-85-C-5130 are not inconsistent with what is generally available in the open literature," and that the meta-analysis task for fiscal 1989 had found that "our quantitative measures are statistically inseparable from those resulting from experiments conducted in open laboratories."[^11]
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In the final technical report for SRI Project 1291, the Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, covering October 1, 1986 to September 30, 1987, May is listed as author. The report says SRI asked [[Jacques Vallee]] to act as a consultant on an expert-system approach to analyzing remote-viewing transcripts, supplying him with the NExpert expert-system shell.[^12] Vallee's classifier, DACOS (Description and Classification of Sites), sorted the 200 targets in the program's pool into 40 categories built from 27 attributes. The report tested DACOS on 30 transcripts from one 1987 experiment and states: "Overall, the DACOS performed only marginally better than chance." Water was identified correctly 17 times, structures 13 times, and the full target classification twice. The report says the series "did not show a significant RV effect," and "thus proved a poor test case."[^13]
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### SAIC, 1991 to 1995
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The resume lists him as program manager of the Cognitive Sciences Program at SRI from 1985 to 1990 and director of SAIC's Cognitive Sciences Laboratory from 1991, which "currently employs over twenty full or part-time researchers from a variety of disciplines."[^4] In 1996 May said that he had "presided over 70% of the projects's $20M funding and been responsible for over 85% of the data collected under US Government contracts," that "the CIA started the government's secret work at SRI in 1972" and put in "approximately $250,000" of a program of more than $20 million over 24 years, and that he "shifted the project to another defense contractor" in 1991.[^2]
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The Defense Intelligence Agency's contracting file for the SAIC contracts describes the funding. A DIA description of 1992 says that in 1983 "a report with project findings was sent to congressional intelligence and appropriation committees" which "affirmed the existence of remote viewing phenomenon" and was endorsed by a science panel; that follow-on research support "was provided to DIA by Congressional action for FY91," with DIA "identified as the executive agent"; and that "additional R&D funding was received by DIA in the FY 92 Defense Authorization Act." The file names the existing DIA contract MDA908-91-C-0037; it contains a justification for a new $1,450,000 contract under purchase request 330/025Z/92, out of $1,850,000 available "for this Congressional Directed Program" (the remainder for a modification to the existing contract), and a modification, P00001, to contract MDA908-93-C-0004 that corrected a reference from MDA908-92-C-0037 to MDA908-91-C-0037. The [[Virginia Contracting Activity]]'s justification for other than full and open competition cites the authority "Only one Responsible Source." It states that the earlier "bulk of this prior R&D effort was provided by the Department of the Army's [[Office of the Surgeon General (United States Army)|Surgeon General Office]] (SGRD) in 1985" with "Dr. Edwin May as the principle researcher and program manager" at SRI, who "has since joined" SAIC "and has taken his extensive data base and key research assistants with him." It describes him as "regarded as the leading U.S. investigator in this phenomenological area," states that "an extensive classified data base ... has co-mingled with both government and proprietary data," and adds a second SAIC physicist, a Dr. Angelo, with "over 10 years of involvement in this field." A later justification of the same kind, for a modification to the action that produced MDA908-93-C-0004, repeats that restricting the procurement to one source is needed "due to national security considerations," and that the contractor "has been instrumental in establishing all necessary foreign links for this modification."[^12]
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The Defense Intelligence Agency's contracting file for the SAIC contracts describes the funding. A DIA description of 1992 says that in 1983 "a report with project findings was sent to congressional intelligence and appropriation committees" which "affirmed the existence of remote viewing phenomenon" and was endorsed by a science panel; that follow-on research support "was provided to DIA by Congressional action for FY91," with DIA "identified as the executive agent"; and that "additional R&D funding was received by DIA in the FY 92 Defense Authorization Act." The file names the existing DIA contract MDA908-91-C-0037; it contains a justification for a new $1,450,000 contract under purchase request 330/025Z/92, out of $1,850,000 available "for this Congressional Directed Program" (the remainder for a modification to the existing contract), and a modification, P00001, to contract MDA908-93-C-0004 that corrected a reference from MDA908-92-C-0037 to MDA908-91-C-0037. The [[Virginia Contracting Activity]]'s justification for other than full and open competition cites the authority "Only one Responsible Source." It states that the earlier "bulk of this prior R&D effort was provided by the Department of the Army's [[Office of the Surgeon General (United States Army)|Surgeon General Office]] (SGRD) in 1985" with "Dr. Edwin May as the principle researcher and program manager" at SRI, who "has since joined" SAIC "and has taken his extensive data base and key research assistants with him." It describes him as "regarded as the leading U.S. investigator in this phenomenological area," states that "an extensive classified data base ... has co-mingled with both government and proprietary data," and adds a second SAIC physicist, a Dr. Angelo, with "over 10 years of involvement in this field." A later justification of the same kind, for a modification to the action that produced MDA908-93-C-0004, repeats that restricting the procurement to one source is needed "due to national security considerations," and that the contractor "has been instrumental in establishing all necessary foreign links for this modification."[^14]
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SAIC's technical proposal of August 27, 1992, by May and [[Wanda L. W. Luke]], "Phenomenological Research and Analysis," answered solicitation MDA908-92-R-0164 from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory at 1010 El Camino Real, [[Menlo Park]].[^13] A memorandum of May 31, 1995 on the laboratory's letterhead gives its address as 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, [[Palo Alto]].[^14]
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SAIC's technical proposal of August 27, 1992, by May and [[Wanda L. W. Luke]], "Phenomenological Research and Analysis," answered solicitation MDA908-92-R-0164 from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory at 1010 El Camino Real, [[Menlo Park]].[^15] A memorandum of May 31, 1995 on the laboratory's letterhead gives its address as 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, [[Palo Alto]].[^16]
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### AIR evaluation and termination
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When the CIA, which had taken custody of the program from the DIA in 1995 at the direction of [[Congress]], contracted the American Institutes for Research in June 1995 to evaluate it ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), May, as principal investigator, was asked "to list those studies which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 [[National Research Council]] report. His memorandum of July 25, 1995, listed ten SAIC experiments, among them "Entropy II" (90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8), "ERD AC Behavior" (70 trials, 0.303), "Remote observation" (48 trials, 0.361), and "AC with binary coding" (40 trials, -0.067). [[Jessica Utts]] took them, with the 1988 analysis of the SRI database, as establishing that "psychic functioning has been well established"; [[Ray Hyman]] agreed the effects were "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes" but held that ten experiments from one laboratory could not establish a phenomenon. May told the panel that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," and AIR noted that throughout the experiments "only one judge, apparently the Principal Investigator, was used in assessing matches." The report of September 29, 1995, recommended against continuing the operational program. May's commentary in the *[[Journal of Parapsychology]]* the next year described the review as the result of "a Congressionally Directed Activity" and gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^15]
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When the CIA, which had taken custody of the program from the DIA in 1995 at the direction of [[Congress]], contracted the American Institutes for Research in June 1995 to evaluate it ([[1995 AIR evaluation of Star Gate]]), May, as principal investigator, was asked "to list those studies which he believes provide the strongest evidence" and every unique study since the 1988 [[National Research Council]] report. His memorandum of July 25, 1995, listed ten SAIC experiments, among them "Entropy II" (90 trials, effect size 0.550, p = 9.1 × 10^-8), "ERD AC Behavior" (70 trials, 0.303), "Remote observation" (48 trials, 0.361), and "AC with binary coding" (40 trials, -0.067). [[Jessica Utts]] took them, with the 1988 analysis of the SRI database, as establishing that "psychic functioning has been well established"; [[Ray Hyman]] agreed the effects were "too large and consistent to be dismissed as statistical flukes" but held that ten experiments from one laboratory could not establish a phenomenon. May told the panel that "approximately 20 percent of the information supplied by a viewer is accurate," and AIR noted that throughout the experiments "only one judge, apparently the Principal Investigator, was used in assessing matches." The report of September 29, 1995, recommended against continuing the operational program. May's commentary in the *[[Journal of Parapsychology]]* the next year described the review as the result of "a Congressionally Directed Activity" and gave the report's public release as November 28, 1995.[^17]
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The CIA's chronology of the transfer records for February 28, 1995: "CIA met with DIA principal investigator at SAIC, Dr. Ed May. All-day technical exchange." An Office of Research and Development memorandum for the record of April 20, 1995, its author redacted, states that "Ed May of SAIC called this morning and volunteered to send me unsolicited information he had obtained from a 'remote viewer' named 'Joe' relating to the [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City Bombing]]," that ORD had no means of "tasking or disseminating this type of information," that May asked for a law-enforcement contact and, told to send it to his former contracting officer's representative at DIA, "said they didn't get along"; given an FBI number that evening, "he asked if this would be a 'cold call' because he didn't want to sound like a 'lunatic,'" and "agreed reluctantly" to call. The Director of Research and Development's covering memorandum to the [[Counterterrorist Center]] the same day: "We attach no credibility to this information, and currently have no way to evaluate it. We have asked Dr. Ed May of SAIC to forward this information to you directly. Please direct any questions regarding how the information was acquired to Dr. May. He has been the primary contract investigator in this area, and we have not completed our evaluation of his past efforts."[^16]
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The CIA's chronology of the transfer records for February 28, 1995: "CIA met with DIA principal investigator at SAIC, Dr. Ed May. All-day technical exchange." An Office of Research and Development memorandum for the record of April 20, 1995, its author redacted, states that "Ed May of SAIC called this morning and volunteered to send me unsolicited information he had obtained from a 'remote viewer' named 'Joe' relating to the [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City Bombing]]," that ORD had no means of "tasking or disseminating this type of information," that May asked for a law-enforcement contact and, told to send it to his former contracting officer's representative at DIA, "said they didn't get along"; given an FBI number that evening, "he asked if this would be a 'cold call' because he didn't want to sound like a 'lunatic,'" and "agreed reluctantly" to call. The Director of Research and Development's covering memorandum to the [[Counterterrorist Center]] the same day: "We attach no credibility to this information, and currently have no way to evaluate it. We have asked Dr. Ed May of SAIC to forward this information to you directly. Please direct any questions regarding how the information was acquired to Dr. May. He has been the primary contract investigator in this area, and we have not completed our evaluation of his past efforts."[^18]
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A draft ORD memorandum of April 17, 1995, from the Emerging Programs Group, sought funds from the Director's reserve for "administrative and consultative work by Ed May of SAIC during the Star Gate review," stating that "there will be no substantive research funded or executed."[^17] An ORD memorandum for the record of April 11, 1995, records that all contractor reports at the Star Gate facility had been compiled on two annotated bibliographies, one for SRI and one for SAIC, that all additional or duplicate copies of contractor reports at the facility "were destroyed," and drafts a letter to May under his contract asking for an unclassified annotated bibliography of reports by May 15, 1995 and classified copies by July 1, 1995, noting that "the NRC Blue Ribbon Panel will be able to review unclassified documents only."[^18]
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A draft ORD memorandum of April 17, 1995, from the Emerging Programs Group, sought funds from the Director's reserve for "administrative and consultative work by Ed May of SAIC during the Star Gate review," stating that "there will be no substantive research funded or executed."[^19] An ORD memorandum for the record of April 11, 1995, records that all contractor reports at the Star Gate facility had been compiled on two annotated bibliographies, one for SRI and one for SAIC, that all additional or duplicate copies of contractor reports at the facility "were destroyed," and drafts a letter to May under his contract asking for an unclassified annotated bibliography of reports by May 15, 1995 and classified copies by July 1, 1995, noting that "the NRC Blue Ribbon Panel will be able to review unclassified documents only."[^20]
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### Publicity letters, 1995
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In a letter of May 13, 1995 to an officer at the CIA's Rosslyn, Virginia office (name redacted), on SAIC letterhead, May summarized a video tape of the project's television publicity. He wrote that the program "was started in 1972 with Dr. Hal Puthoff; Mr. Russ Targ joined a year later, and Dr. May joined in 1976," that Hammid and Price, "both now deceased," were viewers, and that Hammid "was a long-time friend of Russ." He wrote that an on-site representative "from [[Jack Vorona]]'s shop" had asked that Targ and the viewer [[Keith Harary]] be removed from the project, and that the publicity came "shortly after Russ, Keith and Hella left in 1982." Of an episode of *[[Nightline]]* of about 1983 he noted a discussion of "a CIA 1952 report"; of a *[[NOVA]]* program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," that it included footage of [[J. B. Rhine]] and that [[Gertrude Schmeidler]] "shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics.'" Of Ray Hyman he wrote that "Ray was not given access to our records in part because he is on record as saying there is no evidence that could get him to change his mind." Of a 1992 television segment on a group called PSI-Teck, he described attending a marketing meeting in [[Santa Clara]] where the group presented itself as former intelligence officers, identifying himself in the question period as the project director since 1985 and the author of many of the SRI reports being cited, and said that what they ascribed to the research "bore no resemblance, at all, to what they were claiming."[^19]
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In a letter of May 13, 1995 to an officer at the CIA's Rosslyn, Virginia office (name redacted), on SAIC letterhead, May summarized a video tape of the project's television publicity. He wrote that the program "was started in 1972 with Dr. Hal Puthoff; Mr. Russ Targ joined a year later, and Dr. May joined in 1976," that Hammid and Price, "both now deceased," were viewers, and that Hammid "was a long-time friend of Russ." He wrote that an on-site representative "from [[Jack Vorona]]'s shop" had asked that Targ and the viewer [[Keith Harary]] be removed from the project, and that the publicity came "shortly after Russ, Keith and Hella left in 1982." Of an episode of *[[Nightline]]* of about 1983 he noted a discussion of "a CIA 1952 report"; of a *[[NOVA]]* program of about 1983, "The Case of ESP," that it included footage of [[J. B. Rhine]] and that [[Gertrude Schmeidler]] "shows the sheep/goat effect in which 'believers' score better than do 'skeptics.'" Of Ray Hyman he wrote that "Ray was not given access to our records in part because he is on record as saying there is no evidence that could get him to change his mind." Of a 1992 television segment on a group called PSI-Teck, he described attending a marketing meeting in [[Santa Clara]] where the group presented itself as former intelligence officers, identifying himself in the question period as the project director since 1985 and the author of many of the SRI reports being cited, and said that what they ascribed to the research "bore no resemblance, at all, to what they were claiming."[^21]
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In a memorandum of May 31, 1995, he wrote that "Mr. James Schnabel" was preparing a piece for [[Channel 4]] in Britain on CIA's [[Project Scanate]] and the Army's remote viewing unit, covering "details of its organization and its predecessors, specifics of some of the live missions, which agencies had used the service, and who were the major players," that Schnabel had listed five retired program members and some current ones, and that "it is my impression that Schnabel and Channel 4 are interested in an exposé and have garnered full cooperation of past project personnel." The memorandum states that this "raises once again the question of the veracity of past agreements between project personnel and the government."[^14]
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In a memorandum of May 31, 1995, he wrote that "Mr. James Schnabel" was preparing a piece for [[Channel 4]] in Britain on CIA's [[Project Scanate]] and the Army's remote viewing unit, covering "details of its organization and its predecessors, specifics of some of the live missions, which agencies had used the service, and who were the major players," that Schnabel had listed five retired program members and some current ones, and that "it is my impression that Schnabel and Channel 4 are interested in an exposé and have garnered full cooperation of past project personnel." The memorandum states that this "raises once again the question of the veracity of past agreements between project personnel and the government."[^16]
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### The 1996 commentary
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May "was asked by the CIA to provide administrative support, technical documents, and briefings on an as-needed basis for the review," under a small contract to SAIC, from which he resigned on November 28, 1995, the day the report was released. His commentary in the *Journal of Parapsychology* argued that "there is compelling evidence that the CIA set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," by "limiting the research and operations data sets to exclude positive findings, by purposefully not interviewing historically significant participants, by ignoring previous extensive Department of Defense program reviews, and by using the questionable National Research Council's investigation of parapsychology as the starting point." He noted that AIR's president, [[David Goslin]], had also overseen the NRC's 1988 report; that of the seventeen members of the SRI and SAIC oversight committees and review board "only one was contacted by the CIA"; that his memorandum of June 6, 1995, "the existence of anomalous mental phenomena cannot be statistically determined from the results of a single laboratory," was "ignored by fiat"; and that a [[Senate]] staff member told him the CIA's briefing to Congress gave eight bullet points to Hyman's conclusions and four to Utts's. He quoted Jessica Utts's letter of December 19, 1995: "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work"; and [[Robert Rosenthal]] on the NRC's 1988 request that he omit his ganzfeld section, "censorship did not occur." He quoted [[Joe McMoneagle]]'s 1984 [[Legion of Merit]] citation, "more than 200 missions, addressing over 150 essential elements of information," reported "at the highest echelons," and traced a line from ARPA's [[George Lawrence]] and Hyman being refused access at SRI in 1974, through Lawrence's commissioning of the NRC study in 1985, to Goslin's AIR review. Of the program's last years: a 1993 attempt to move it to the CIA "found no willing recipient," the last DIA officer "had little knowledge of the program," and "the program was in shambles." "I am forced to conclude that either the AIR investigators were not competent to conduct a proper review of such a complex program, a view to which I do not subscribe, or they knew exactly what they were doing: They wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis." On *Nightline* that November he said: "I think about 15% of our data, over 1500 separate remote viewing trials, are of such a quality that you might think they were sketched," and, after [[Robert Gates]] said the work was "better done on the outside": "I couldn't agree with Director Gates more."[^20]
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May "was asked by the CIA to provide administrative support, technical documents, and briefings on an as-needed basis for the review," under a small contract to SAIC, from which he resigned on November 28, 1995, the day the report was released. His commentary in the *Journal of Parapsychology* argued that "there is compelling evidence that the CIA set the outcome with regard to intelligence usage before the evaluation had begun," by "limiting the research and operations data sets to exclude positive findings, by purposefully not interviewing historically significant participants, by ignoring previous extensive Department of Defense program reviews, and by using the questionable National Research Council's investigation of parapsychology as the starting point." He noted that AIR's president, [[David Goslin]], had also overseen the NRC's 1988 report; that of the seventeen members of the SRI and SAIC oversight committees and review board "only one was contacted by the CIA"; that his memorandum of June 6, 1995, "the existence of anomalous mental phenomena cannot be statistically determined from the results of a single laboratory," was "ignored by fiat"; and that a [[Senate]] staff member told him the CIA's briefing to Congress gave eight bullet points to Hyman's conclusions and four to Utts's. He quoted Jessica Utts's letter of December 19, 1995: "I was explicitly asked by AIR staff NOT to mention the NRC report in my review!" and "we were shown very little of the 'operational' remote-viewing work"; and [[Robert Rosenthal]] on the NRC's 1988 request that he omit his ganzfeld section, "censorship did not occur." He quoted [[Joe McMoneagle]]'s 1984 [[Legion of Merit]] citation, "more than 200 missions, addressing over 150 essential elements of information," reported "at the highest echelons," and traced a line from ARPA's [[George Lawrence]] and Hyman being refused access at SRI in 1974, through Lawrence's commissioning of the NRC study in 1985, to Goslin's AIR review. Of the program's last years: a 1993 attempt to move it to the CIA "found no willing recipient," the last DIA officer "had little knowledge of the program," and "the program was in shambles." "I am forced to conclude that either the AIR investigators were not competent to conduct a proper review of such a complex program, a view to which I do not subscribe, or they knew exactly what they were doing: They wanted to demonstrate that AC lacked usefulness for intelligence operations. They did so by construction rather than by careful analysis." On *Nightline* that November he said: "I think about 15% of our data, over 1500 separate remote viewing trials, are of such a quality that you might think they were sketched," and, after [[Robert Gates]] said the work was "better done on the outside": "I couldn't agree with Director Gates more."[^22]
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### After 1995
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In the interview of May 1996 he said that "in 1996 we moved the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory from SAIC to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research (LFR)," "a formal California Corporation that, among other things, will be conducting psi research," then seeking funding with proposals pending.[^21][^22] He said that Decision Augmentation Theory "resulted from a carefully conducted RNG study we did for the Army in 1979," on which "we spent over $250,000 on that single experiment," with Beverly Humphrey and Jessica Utts as colleagues "from the beginning" and [[James Spottiswoode]] joining "much later." The model, he said, "holds that since ESP is real, that it would be very unlikely that we would not integrate that additional, albeit weak and unreliable, into the normal decision processes."[^21]
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In the interview of May 1996 he said that "in 1996 we moved the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory from SAIC to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research (LFR)," "a formal California Corporation that, among other things, will be conducting psi research," then seeking funding with proposals pending.[^23][^24] He said that Decision Augmentation Theory "resulted from a carefully conducted RNG study we did for the Army in 1979," on which "we spent over $250,000 on that single experiment," with Beverly Humphrey and Jessica Utts as colleagues "from the beginning" and [[James Spottiswoode]] joining "much later." The model, he said, "holds that since ESP is real, that it would be very unlikely that we would not integrate that additional, albeit weak and unreliable, into the normal decision processes."[^23]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Mumford, Michael D., Andrew M. Rose, and David A. Goslin. *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications.* American Institutes for Research, September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB438/docs/doc_57.pdf May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23.
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[^2]: "Edwin May Interview," conducted May 12, 1996, Fourmilab (Random PK Project). https://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/may.html
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[^3]: "Edwin C. May, Ph.D., Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory," SAIC resume dated September 1994, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190063-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^3]: "Edwin C. May, Ph.D., Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory," SAIC resume dated September 1994, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190063-8.
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[^4]: Resume, September 1994, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190063-8 (employment history, 1976 to date).
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[^5]: Targ, Russell, Edwin May, and Harold Puthoff, with David Galin and Robert Ornstein. *Sensing of Remote EM Sources (Physiological Correlates),* final report to the Naval Electronic Systems Command, contract N00039-76-C-0077, period November 1975 to October 1976, SRI International, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300350001-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^5]: Targ, Russell, Edwin May, and Harold Puthoff, with David Galin and Robert Ornstein. *Sensing of Remote EM Sources (Physiological Correlates),* final report to the Naval Electronic Systems Command, contract N00039-76-C-0077, period November 1975 to October 1976, SRI International, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300350001-0.
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[^6]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies.* New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI program's internal conflicts, read in the archive.org full-text copy, https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2
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[^7]: Puthoff, Harold E., Russell Targ, Edwin C. May and Ingo Swann. *Advanced Threat Technique Assessment,* final report, October 1978, SRI Project 5309, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300040001-4 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^8]: May, Edwin C., Beverly S. Humphrey, and G. Scott Hubbard. *Electronic System Perturbation Techniques,* final report, September 30, 1980, SRI Project 8585, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300210001-5. Hubbard, G. Scott, and Edwin C. May. *Countermeasures: A Survey and Evaluation,* final report, January 1982, contract MDA903-81-C-0292, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300260001-0. Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey,* final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9. Saunders, David, and Edwin C. May. *Personnel Identification and Selection,* Center Lane-3 final report, December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800230001-8. Modification P00002, "New Contract No. MDA908-81-C-0004," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110014-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^9]: Puthoff, Harold E., Edwin C. May, and Beverly S. Humphrey. *QRT Tasking,* final report, November 1984, contract DAMD17-83-C-3106, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9; May, Edwin C. *Data Base Management,* December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800250001-6; Hubbard and May, *Photon Production (Chinese Replication),* May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400310001-9; May, Humphrey and Puthoff, *An Automated RV Evaluation Procedure,* May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00789R003800310001-6; May, Edwin C., *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations,* final report, SRI Project 7408, December 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200390001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^10]: Contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, "Research and Application of Psychoenergetics," sections B and C, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400005-0; military interdepartmental purchase request from the Defense Intelligence Agency to the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400001-4; DIA statement of work and background, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
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[^11]: May, Edwin C., Charles Honorton, Diane B. Ferrari, and George Hansen. *Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments,* final report, objective 1, task 1, December 1988, covering July 31, 1987 to September 30, 1988, contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200410001-2. May, Edwin C., letter to Jean Smith, HQ USAMRDC, Fort Detrick, September 8, 1989, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600170003-3 and -170004-2. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^12]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Uniform Contract Format, sections B, C, F and H, and "Justification and Approval for Other Than Full and Open Competition," Virginia Contracting Activity, purchase request 330/025Z/92, dated February 10, 1992 in the acquisition package, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1 (and companion copies -460007-2, -460003-6 and -460005-4, the last two being modification P00001 to MDA908-93-C-0004); second justification and approval, purchase request 330/0262/93, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000200009-8. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^13]: May, Edwin C., and Wanda L. W. Luke. *Phenomenological Research and Analysis,* technical proposal, Science Applications International Corporation, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, August 27, 1992, response to RFP MDA908-92-R-0164, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100200001-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^14]: May, Edwin C., memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, on Cognitive Sciences Laboratory letterhead, 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, Palo Alto, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^15]: Mumford, Rose and Goslin, *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing,* September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2; May, "The American Institutes for Research Review," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract.
|
||||
[^16]: "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Memorandum for the record and memorandum for CTC from the Director, Research and Development, "Star Gate Program Issues," April 20, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030036-6. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^17]: Draft memorandum, Emerging Programs Group, ORD, to the Director of Research and Development, "Tasking of Edwin C. May of SAIC to facilitate government program review," April 17, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190057-5. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^18]: Memorandum for the record, "Status of Contractor Reports and Annotated Bibliographies," April 11, 1995, with draft letter to Dr. Edwin May, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170009-0. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^19]: May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, Rosslyn, Virginia, on his opinions of network television broadcasts about remote viewing, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1. Read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
|
||||
[^20]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room.
|
||||
[^21]: "Edwin May Interview," May 12, 1996, Fourmilab. https://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/may.html
|
||||
[^22]: Same interview; May himself dates the move of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research to 1996.
|
||||
[^7]: Puthoff, Harold E., Russell Targ, Edwin C. May and Ingo Swann. *Advanced Threat Technique Assessment,* final report, October 1978, SRI Project 5309, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300040001-4 and CIA-RDP96-00791R000200270001-7.
|
||||
[^8]: May, Edwin C., Beverly S. Humphrey, and G. Scott Hubbard. *Electronic System Perturbation Techniques,* final report, September 30, 1980, SRI Project 8585, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300210001-5. Hubbard, G. Scott, and Edwin C. May. *Countermeasures: A Survey and Evaluation,* final report, January 1982, contract MDA903-81-C-0292, CIA-RDP96-00788R001300260001-0. Humphrey, Beverly S., and Edwin C. May. *Free World Psychoenergetics Research Survey,* final report, November 1983, contract MDA908-82-C-0034, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800130001-9. Saunders, David, and Edwin C. May. *Personnel Identification and Selection,* Center Lane-3 final report, December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800230001-8. Modification P00002, "New Contract No. MDA908-81-C-0004," CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110012-2 and CIA-RDP96-00788R001500110014-0.
|
||||
[^9]: Puthoff, Harold E., Edwin C. May, and Beverly S. Humphrey. *QRT Tasking,* final report, November 1984, contract DAMD17-83-C-3106, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800220001-9; May, Edwin C. *Data Base Management,* December 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001800250001-6; Hubbard and May, *Photon Production (Chinese Replication),* May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400310001-9; May, Humphrey and Puthoff, *An Automated RV Evaluation Procedure,* May 1985, CIA-RDP96-00789R003800310001-6; May, Edwin C., *Enhanced Human Performance Investigations,* final report, SRI Project 7408, December 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200390001-5.
|
||||
[^10]: Contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, "Research and Application of Psychoenergetics," sections B and C, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400005-0; military interdepartmental purchase request from the Defense Intelligence Agency to the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000400001-4; DIA statement of work and background, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1.
|
||||
[^11]: May, Edwin C., Charles Honorton, Diane B. Ferrari, and George Hansen. *Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments,* final report, objective 1, task 1, December 1988, covering July 31, 1987 to September 30, 1988, contract DAMD17-85-C-5130, CIA-RDP96-00789R002200410001-2. May, Edwin C., letter to Jean Smith, HQ USAMRDC, Fort Detrick, September 8, 1989, CIA-RDP96-00789R002600170003-3 and -170004-2.
|
||||
[^12]: Edwin C. May, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)*, Final Technical Report, SRI Project 1291, December 1987, sections (2) "Initial Goals" and (3) DACOS. CIA-RDP96-00787R000300100001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000300100001-9 (the same report, with the author block "By: Edwin C. May," appears at CIA-RDP96-00789R002200150001-1).
|
||||
[^13]: May, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)*, sections (4) "Results of Testing DACOS" and (5) "Shortcomings of DACOS." CIA-RDP96-00787R000300100001-9.
|
||||
[^14]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Uniform Contract Format, sections B, C, F and H, and "Justification and Approval for Other Than Full and Open Competition," Virginia Contracting Activity, purchase request 330/025Z/92, dated February 10, 1992 in the acquisition package, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000460008-1 (and companion copies -460007-2, -460003-6 and -460005-4, the last two being modification P00001 to MDA908-93-C-0004); second justification and approval, purchase request 330/0262/93, CIA-RDP96-00789R003000200009-8.
|
||||
[^15]: May, Edwin C., and Wanda L. W. Luke. *Phenomenological Research and Analysis,* technical proposal, Science Applications International Corporation, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, August 27, 1992, response to RFP MDA908-92-R-0164, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100200001-5.
|
||||
[^16]: May, Edwin C., memorandum "Publicity and British TV," May 31, 1995, on Cognitive Sciences Laboratory letterhead, 330 Cowper Street, Suite 200, Palo Alto, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190068-3.
|
||||
[^17]: Mumford, Rose and Goslin, *An Evaluation of Remote Viewing,* September 29, 1995, pp. 2-3, 3-18, 3-67, 5-2; May, "The American Institutes for Research Review," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, 1996, pp. 3-23, abstract.
|
||||
[^18]: "Star Gate Transfer Chronology: 1995," memorandum for the record, undated, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190017-9. Memorandum for the record and memorandum for CTC from the Director, Research and Development, "Star Gate Program Issues," April 20, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030036-6.
|
||||
[^19]: Draft memorandum, Emerging Programs Group, ORD, to the Director of Research and Development, "Tasking of Edwin C. May of SAIC to facilitate government program review," April 17, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190057-5.
|
||||
[^20]: Memorandum for the record, "Status of Contractor Reports and Annotated Bibliographies," April 11, 1995, with draft letter to Dr. Edwin May, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200170009-0.
|
||||
[^21]: May, Edwin C., letter to a CIA officer, Rosslyn, Virginia, on his opinions of network television broadcasts about remote viewing, May 13, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200190060-1.
|
||||
[^22]: May, Edwin C. "The American Institutes for Research Review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE Program: A Commentary," *Journal of Parapsychology,* vol. 60, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 3-23. The letter of December 19, 1995, is printed at pp. 15-17 as Utts's reply to May's e-mail of December 17, checked against the page images. "Psychic Spies: Cold War Whimsy or Secret Weapon?," ABC News *Nightline,* November 28, 1995, Radio TV Reports transcript for the CIA Public Affairs Staff, CIA-RDP99-01448R000402140001-7.
|
||||
[^23]: "Edwin May Interview," May 12, 1996, Fourmilab. https://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/may.html
|
||||
[^24]: Same interview; May himself dates the move of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory to the Laboratories for Fundamental Research to 1996.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ On April 12, 1977 President Carter signed an order commuting Liddy's sentence fr
|
|||
|
||||
### Writing, Speaking and Private Security Work
|
||||
|
||||
Liddy published a novel, *Out of Control* ([[St. Martin's Press|St. Martin's]], 1979), reviewed in *[[Newsweek]]* on October 15, 1979, and an autobiography, *Will* (St. Martin's, 1980).[^35][^36] In October 1981 he spoke to a standing-room audience at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] on a national campus tour; the *[[Austin American-Statesman]]* reported that he said the Central Intelligence Agency had been weakened by "illusions" and that the assassination of President [[Anwar Sadat]] earlier that day might have been anticipated by a strong covert intelligence service, and that he told the audience he had been in nine different prisons.[^37] In 1985 the [[United States Tax Court]], in a dispute with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] over more than $150,000 in claimed back taxes and penalties, heard Liddy describe how he spent more than $340,000 as director of covert activities for the 1972 campaign, including $30,000 for a room bugging device, $2,270 for prostitutes at the Miami convention, $500 for [[Donald Segretti]]'s work against Senator [[Edmund Muskie]], and $300 for cartoons of Senator [[Edward Kennedy]] drawn by a CIA artist, according to [[United Press International]]; Judge [[Samuel Sterrett]] accepted Liddy's testimony in part, finding tax due on $45,430 rather than the IRS's $174,800 and rescinding a $51,766 fraud penalty.[^38]
|
||||
Liddy published a novel, *Out of Control* ([[St. Martin's Press|St. Martin's]], 1979), reviewed in *[[Newsweek]]* on October 15, 1979, and an autobiography, *Will* (St. Martin's, 1980).[^35][^36] In October 1981 he spoke to a standing-room audience at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] on a national campus tour; the *[[Austin American-Statesman]]* reported that he said the Central Intelligence Agency had been weakened by "illusions" and that the assassination of President [[Anwar Sadat]] earlier that day might have been avoided; in advocating a strong covert intelligence corps he said: "There was a time when we would have known what happened and who did it. We might have even known about it beforehand and have been able to warn him." He told the audience he had been in nine different prisons.[^37] In 1985 the [[United States Tax Court]], in a dispute with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] over more than $150,000 in claimed back taxes and penalties, heard Liddy describe how he spent more than $340,000 as director of covert activities for the 1972 campaign, including $30,000 for a room bugging device, $2,270 for prostitutes at the Miami convention, $500 for [[Donald Segretti]]'s work against Senator [[Edmund Muskie]], and $300 for cartoons of Senator [[Edward Kennedy]] drawn by a CIA artist, according to [[United Press International]]; Judge [[Samuel Sterrett]] accepted Liddy's testimony in part, finding tax due on $45,430 rather than the IRS's $174,800 and rescinding a $51,766 fraud penalty.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
On March 18, 1987 the [[Associated Press]] reported from [[Santa Ana, California]] that Liddy had opened a school, the Academy of Corporate Security and Private Investigation, charging $1,500 a week and bringing classes to students, and that he also operated a security company offering drug investigations and detection of illegal surveillance.[^39] In an October 1986 interview with *[[USA Today]]*, according to United Press International, Liddy said he ran the G. Gordon Liddy Academy of Corporate Security in Florida and commanded the "Hurricane Force," a group of professional soldiers "organized to perform extraction missions (in Third World countries) for private parties."[^40]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ United Press International reported on October 31, 1986 that Liddy told *USA Tod
|
|||
[^34]: U.S. Department of Justice, "Griffin Boyette Bell," Attorneys General biographies. https://www.justice.gov/ag/bio/bell-griffin-boyette
|
||||
[^35]: "Assassination Plots Described by Liddy," *New York Times*, April 14, 1980, as reproduced in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710021-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710021-5
|
||||
[^36]: Peter S. Prescott, "From Liddy with Love," review of *Out of Control*, *Newsweek*, October 15, 1979, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP88-01350R000200160018-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01350r000200160018-8
|
||||
[^37]: "Liddy Says 'Illusions' Weakened Spy Agency," *Austin American-Statesman*, October 7, 1981, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710012-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710012-5
|
||||
[^37]: "Liddy Says 'Illusions' Weakened Spy Agency," *Austin American-Statesman*, October 7, 1981, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710012-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710012-5 ; second copy CIA-RDP90-00806R000201150031-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000201150031-8
|
||||
[^38]: "Liddy Spills Watergate-Era Tricks to Tax Court," United Press International, August 17, 1985, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710004-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710004-4
|
||||
[^39]: "Liddy Opens School for Private Security," Associated Press, in *New York Times*, March 19, 1987, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710006-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710006-2
|
||||
[^40]: "Liddy Says He Would Have Killed If Ordered," United Press International, October 31, 1986, in CIA Reading Room document CIA-RDP90-00552R000403710003-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000403710003-5
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases:
|
|||
- John Edgar Hoover
|
||||
- Edgar Hoover
|
||||
created: 2026-05-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-22
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- KeyFigure
|
||||
|
|
@ -25,26 +25,29 @@ J. Edgar Hoover served as the first Director of the [[Federal Bureau of Investig
|
|||
|
||||
### COINTELPRO
|
||||
|
||||
Hoover created [[COINTELPRO]] (Counter Intelligence Program) in 1956, initially targeting the Communist Party USA. The program expanded to target the Socialist Workers Party (1961), white hate groups (1964), Black nationalist organizations (1967), and New Left groups (1968). COINTELPRO used infiltration, fabricated communications designed to sow internal discord, coordination with local law enforcement, and referrals for prosecution. A 1967 Hoover memo described the program's objective regarding Black activists as preventing "the rise of a 'messiah' who could unify and electrify the militant Black Nationalist movement." The program was formally terminated by Hoover on April 27, 1971, after documents were stolen from the FBI's Media, Pennsylvania field office by the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI on March 8, 1971, and distributed to the press. The Church Committee subsequently documented COINTELPRO as a systematic campaign against legal political activity.[^3]
|
||||
Hoover created [[COINTELPRO]] (Counter Intelligence Program) in 1956, initially targeting the Communist Party USA. The program expanded to target the Socialist Workers Party (1961), white hate groups (1964), Black nationalist organizations (1967), and New Left groups (1968). COINTELPRO used infiltration, fabricated communications designed to sow internal discord, coordination with local law enforcement, and referrals for prosecution. A 1967 Hoover memo described the program's objective regarding Black activists as preventing "the rise of a 'messiah' who could unify and electrify the militant Black Nationalist movement." The program was formally terminated by Hoover on April 27, 1971, after documents were stolen from the FBI's Media, Pennsylvania field office by the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI on March 8, 1971, and distributed to the press. The Church Committee subsequently documented COINTELPRO as a systematic campaign against legal political activity.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Relationship with British Security Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
During World War II, Hoover initially cooperated with [[British Security Coordination]] (BSC), reportedly suggesting the organization's name and permitting BSC to use FBI radio channels. He became increasingly hostile as evidence accumulated that BSC was conducting unilateral covert operations on U.S. soil, which he regarded as exclusively FBI territory. The Berle surveillance incident (1942), in which, according to the biographer Richard Gid Powers, the BSC operative Dennis Paine surveilled Assistant Secretary of State Adolf Berle, was one documented flashpoint. Hoover eventually refused further dealings with BSC and had to rebuild intelligence relationships with MI5 and MI6 from scratch post-war.[^3]
|
||||
During World War II, Hoover initially cooperated with [[British Security Coordination]] (BSC), reportedly suggesting the organization's name and permitting BSC to use FBI radio channels. He became increasingly hostile as evidence accumulated that BSC was conducting unilateral covert operations on U.S. soil, which he regarded as exclusively FBI territory. The Berle surveillance incident (1942), in which, according to the biographer Richard Gid Powers, the BSC operative Dennis Paine surveilled Assistant Secretary of State Adolf Berle, was one documented flashpoint. Hoover eventually refused further dealings with BSC and had to rebuild intelligence relationships with MI5 and MI6 from scratch post-war.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Secret Files and Political Durability
|
||||
|
||||
The Church Committee documented that Hoover maintained extensive personal files on political figures, and that these files provided leverage that contributed to his ability to remain as FBI Director across eight presidential administrations despite periodic efforts to remove him. He died on May 2, 1972, in office, while COINTELPRO was under investigation.[^3]
|
||||
The Church Committee documented that Hoover maintained extensive personal files on political figures, and that these files provided leverage that contributed to his ability to remain as FBI Director across eight presidential administrations despite periodic efforts to remove him. He died on May 2, 1972, in office, while COINTELPRO was under investigation.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Hotel Del Charro Connections
|
||||
|
||||
Hoover was a frequent visitor to the Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, an exclusive hotel opened by [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] in the early 1950s. Hoover visited the hotel every summer between 1953 and 1959. During these visits, [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] covered Hoover's tab, which amounted to approximately $19,000 in free vacations over those years. [[Richard Nixon]] and Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] were also often seen at Murchison's Hotel Del Charro.[^1]
|
||||
Hoover was a frequent visitor to the Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, an exclusive hotel opened by [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] in the early 1950s. Hoover visited the hotel every summer between 1953 and 1959. During these visits, Clint Murchison, Sr. covered Hoover's tab, which amounted to approximately $19,000 in free vacations over those years. [[Richard Nixon]] and Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] were also often seen at Murchison's Hotel Del Charro.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### NUMEC Investigation and CIA Conflicts
|
||||
|
||||
In October 1965, the [[Atomic Energy Commission|AEC]] referred the [[Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation|NUMEC]] losses to the FBI. However, Hoover saw no basis for an investigation, concluding that the situation was an administrative matter. He was in the midst of a bitter dispute with [[James Jesus Angleton]]'s counterintelligence shop over the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s handling of defectors and illegal spying inside the [[United States]]. Hoover chose to spar with [[Richard Helms|Helms]] over the [[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro|Shapiro]] issue, telling the CIA to go to [[Israel]] and get inside [[Dimona]] to find evidence of the alleged uranium diversion.[^2]
|
||||
In October 1965, the [[Atomic Energy Commission|AEC]] referred the [[Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation|NUMEC]] losses to the FBI. However, Hoover saw no basis for an investigation, concluding that the situation was an administrative matter. He was in the midst of a bitter dispute with [[James Jesus Angleton]]'s counterintelligence shop over the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s handling of defectors and illegal spying inside the [[United States]]. Hoover chose to spar with [[Richard Helms|Helms]] over the [[Zalman Mordecai Shapiro|Shapiro]] issue, telling the CIA to go to [[Israel]] and get inside [[Dimona]] to find evidence of the alleged uranium diversion.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
A June 10, 1970 Central Intelligence Agency memorandum on releasing the Trace Metal Detection Technique to police gave friction between a police professional association and Hoover as one reason for choosing the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] as the distribution channel. The memorandum stated that "it is probable that Mr. Hoover would resent our use of the Association in invading what he has traditionally considered his exclusive domain."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. _The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal_. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 18.
|
||||
[^3]: Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Powers, Richard Gid. *Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover*. Free Press, 1987. Medsger, Betty. *The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover's Secret FBI*. Knopf, 2014. "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998.
|
||||
[^1]: Church Committee, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Powers, Richard Gid. *Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover*. Free Press, 1987. Medsger, Betty. *The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover's Secret FBI*. Knopf, 2014. "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-45." Fromm International Publishing, 1998.
|
||||
[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. _The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal_. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 18.
|
||||
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence, "Release of Trace Metal Detection Technique to Law Enforcement Officials," June 10, 1970, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150029-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000600150029-5
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ When the [[Sandinistas]] took power, Macario was targeted for elimination. "A sq
|
|||
|
||||
### Business Partnership with Blandón
|
||||
|
||||
After exonerating the FDN, Macario became a business partner with Blandón, sometimes in partnership with accountant Rene Gonzalez of the Peat Marwick & Mitchell office in Caracas. Both men became directors of Mex-US Import and Export Inc., one of several companies Blandón invested in using his L.A. drug profits. Other directors included Blandón's Mexican college friend Sergio Guerra and Panamanian banker Jose Fernando Soto, the longtime representative of the Swiss Bank Corp. in Panama and an old friend of Blandón's uncle-in-law, [[Orlando Murillo]]. Macario also served as Blandón's immigration lawyer.[^1]
|
||||
Gary Webb wrote that Macario and an accountant, Rene Gonzalez of the Peat Marwick & Mitchell office in Caracas, sat together on the FDN commission, and that after it exonerated the FDN both men became business partners of Blandón. Webb wrote that both became directors of Mex-US Import and Export Inc., one of several companies Blandón invested in using his L.A. drug profits. Other directors included Blandón's Mexican college friend Sergio Guerra and Panamanian banker Jose Fernando Soto, the longtime representative of the Swiss Bank Corp. in Panama and an old friend of Blandón's uncle-in-law, [[Orlando Murillo]]. Macario also served as Blandón's immigration lawyer.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,10 +7,36 @@ summary: "U.S. Senator known for his anti-communist crusade and frequent visits
|
|||
born: 1908-11-14
|
||||
died: 1957-05-02
|
||||
location: "Grand Chute, Wisconsin"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]]"
|
||||
role: "chairman"
|
||||
start: 1953
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Roy Cohn]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "chief counsel"
|
||||
start: 1953-01-15
|
||||
end: 1954-08-13
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Army-McCarthy hearings]]"
|
||||
role: "subcommittee chairman until stepping aside; Welch exchange of June 9, 1954"
|
||||
start: 1954
|
||||
end: 1954
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
---
|
||||
[[Joseph McCarthy]] was a [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] known for his anti-communist crusade in the 1950s. [[Clint Murchison, Sr.]] was an ardent supporter of McCarthy. McCarthy was a frequent visitor to the exclusive Hotel Del Charro in La Jolla, California, which Murchison, Sr. opened in the early 1950s. He was often seen there alongside [[Richard Nixon]] and [[J. Edgar Hoover]].[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Subcommittee counsel and the Army hearings
|
||||
|
||||
McCarthy offered the chief counsel post of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] to [[Roy Cohn|Roy M. Cohn]] in December 1952, after considering [[Robert Morris]], [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]] and [[John J. Sirica]]. Cohn served as chief counsel from January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954.[^2] In 1954 the subcommittee's investigation of the Army became the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, and McCarthy stepped aside as chairman while [[Karl Mundt]] presided.[^3] On June 9, 1954 (Part 59 of the hearings) Army special counsel [[Joseph Welch]] told McCarthy, after McCarthy raised the National Lawyers Guild membership of a young lawyer from Welch's firm: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" The remark was addressed to McCarthy; immediately before it Welch had told Cohn "I meant to do you no personal injury, and if I did, I beg your pardon," and McCarthy answered that Welch had been "baiting Mr. Cohn here for hours."[^4] The Senate censured McCarthy on December 2, 1954.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro’s Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal*. First Edition. TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84 (made public January 2003), historical introduction (pp. XV to XVI) and "Subcommittee Staff Appointed in 1953-1954" (Roy M. Cohn, chief counsel, January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Senate, "McCarthy and Army-McCarthy Hearings" (Senate Historical Office), describing the Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges, the acting chairmanship of Karl Mundt, and the December 2, 1954 censure. https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/mccarthy-and-army-mccarthy-hearings.htm
|
||||
[^4]: Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 83d Cong., 2d Sess., S. Res. 189, Part 59 (June 9, 1954), pp. 2428 to 2429. https://archive.org/details/specialsenateinv59unit
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ aliases:
|
|||
- D. Lowell Jensen
|
||||
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
|
||||
created: 2024-04-25
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-21
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
|
|
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ In 1981, Jensen was appointed Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Divisi
|
|||
|
||||
### DALITE and the Prior Competition with INSLAW
|
||||
|
||||
While serving as Alameda County District Attorney, Jensen received a [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] grant to develop DALITE (District Attorney's Automated Legal Information System), a case management software program directly analogous to [[PROMIS]]. DALITE competed with PROMIS during the LEAA's evaluation of transferable prosecutor case management systems in the late 1970s. When INSLAW won subsequent federal contracts over DALITE and similar programs, Jensen became a member of the DOJ's PROMIS implementation oversight committee - a conflict of interest that INSLAW would later cite as evidence of institutional bias.[^2]
|
||||
DALITE (District Attorney's Automated Legal Information System), a case management software program directly analogous to [[PROMIS]], was developed in Alameda County while Jensen was District Attorney, with grant money the State of California received from the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]].[^D2] DALITE competed with PROMIS during the LEAA's evaluation of transferable prosecutor case management systems in the late 1970s. When INSLAW won subsequent federal contracts over DALITE and similar programs, Jensen became a member of the DOJ's PROMIS implementation oversight committee - a conflict of interest that INSLAW would later cite as evidence of institutional bias.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Role in the INSLAW Contract
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ The Meese recusal added further significance to Jensen's role: Meese reportedly
|
|||
|
||||
The [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]'s September 1992 report (House Report 102-857), produced after a three-year investigation chaired by Representative [[Jack Brooks]], named Jensen as among those who "consciously ignored INSLAW's proprietary rights." The committee found it "incredible that the Department, having made this determination [that INSLAW's claim was legitimate], would continue to pursue its litigation."[^3] The report noted that INSLAW alleged Jensen had been induced by Brian's political influence - routed through Meese - to engineer disputes with INSLAW and drive the company into bankruptcy, with Brian positioned to acquire the company and its software assets through his vehicle [[Hadron]].[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The House report records that on March 13, 1985 [[Elliot Richardson]] and Donald E. Santarelli, described as the former Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, met Jensen, then Acting Deputy Attorney General. They asked him to authorize prompt negotiations between the Department and INSLAW to resolve the dispute that had led to the withholding of money and to INSLAW's bankruptcy, to give a new INSLAW proposal immediate consideration, and to appoint someone to investigate INSLAW's repeated assertions of misconduct.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
A Los Angeles County employee told the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations staff in 1988 that he felt pressure from Alameda County employees to use DALITE ("the kind you feel on a used car lot") and that Jensen seemed "hopeful and anxious" that Los Angeles would select it; the staff reported that none of the other employees it spoke to knew of any pressure to select DALITE and that it found no information supporting a theory that Jensen held a bias against Hamilton, INSLAW or PROMIS.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Bua Report Findings
|
||||
|
||||
Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]], appointed in November 1991, found no credible evidence supporting any of these allegations. Jensen, by then a sitting federal district judge, denied engineering contract disputes with INSLAW or directing any DOJ action to harm the company. He denied any financial interest in Brian-controlled entities including Biotech, Hadron, [[Accumenics]], and Simeon, and denied ever being promised stock in any computer-related company. He stated he had been genuinely interested in modernizing DOJ through information technology, specifically recalling "[[Project Eagle]]," a multi-million dollar initiative to automate DOJ's litigating divisions, but denied any role in awarding Project Eagle contracts, noting that the Request for Proposals was issued in May 1986 and he was appointed to the bench the following June.[^2]
|
||||
|
|
@ -47,3 +51,5 @@ The Bua Report found Jensen to be a credible witness and concluded there was no
|
|||
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
|
||||
[^4]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^5]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992), pp. 82-83, section on the March 13, 1985 meeting with D. Lowell Jensen. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
|
||||
[^6]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, staff study of the Department of Justice's dealings with INSLAW, Inc., Committee Print, 101st Cong., 1st sess. (1989), pp. 16-17 and note 10 (staff interview of Donald G. Ingraham, Assistant District Attorney, Alameda County, May 31, 1988: both the pilot research program and the development of DALITE were funded by the State of California through grant money provided from the LEAA). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0145
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Teicher states that the highest levels of the United States government, includin
|
|||
|
||||
[[Robert Parry]] reported that the government sealed the January declaration as a state secret while attacking Teicher's credibility, and that Teicher was blocked from testifying; Consortium News reported that a federal grand jury heard testimony on a complaint over the defense's filing of an affidavit in the case.[^15][^16]
|
||||
|
||||
The United States served a corrective declaration signed by Teicher on October 3, 1996, with a notice of filing served November 8, 1996. In it Teicher wrote that attorneys for [[Teledyne Wah Chang Albany|Teledyne]] had prepared the January 31, 1995 declaration and faxed it to him; that he had not reviewed his National Security Council files since 1987; that his statements in paragraphs 15 through 18, the paragraphs on his files and on the CIA and Cardoen, were his best memory and belief and not "categorical statements of fact"; and that he is "not aware of any specific evidence that the United States government or any government official or agency took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs." As to paragraph 17 he wrote that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect." The corrective declaration does not address paragraphs 1 through 14 of the January declaration.[^17]
|
||||
On October 31, 1996 Howard Teicher signed a corrective declaration, which the United States Attorney's office filed with a notice dated November 8, 1996. He stated that he had been retained in December 1994 by attorneys for [[Teledyne Wah Chang Albany|Teledyne]], a co-defendant, "as an expert consultant on U.S. policy in the Middle East, specifically Iraq," and that on January 31, 1995 "the attorneys for Teledyne prepared and faxed me a declaration, which I signed." He stated that after it was filed he "determined that several statements were inaccurate or were overly broad," that the statements were "based partially on my knowledge and partially on my beliefs," and that his references to what his files "will contain" in paragraphs 15 through 18 reflected a belief that they "might contain" such information: he "did not review or index my files" on leaving the National Security Council staff and had "not seen most of my files" since 1987. He stated that he was "not aware of any specific evidence" that the United States government helped Carlos Cardoen obtain U.S.-origin components for cluster bombs or "in any other way helped Cardoen supply munitions to Iraq." As to paragraph 17 he wrote that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect."[^17] The corrective addresses paragraphs 15 through 18 only. Paragraphs 1 to 14 of the 1995 declaration (Iraq's position in spring 1982, the June 1982 directive, the credits, intelligence and advice, the 1986 message to Saddam Hussein through Bush and Mubarak, the Casey and Gates statements on cluster bombs, the 1984 Israeli offer carried by Rumsfeld, and the "Bear Spares" program) are not mentioned in it.[^14][^17]
|
||||
|
||||
The former Israeli intelligence officer [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote in *Profits of War* that Cardoen was introduced in 1982 through a person at the South African arms company [[ARMSCOR]] to the Iraqi deputy chief of the General Staff for Procurement, that by early 1985 Cardoen was selling arms to Iraq "with the support of certain people connected with the U.S. government," among them [[Alan Sanders]], "who had links to the CIA," and that Cardoen was producing cluster bombs "with a covert U.S. license." Ben-Menashe wrote that in August 1988 Prime Minister Shamir convened a task force headed by [[Avi Pazner]] to halt the flow of chemical weapons, missiles and nuclear technology to Iraq from the West, with Cardoen Industries the focus of the group's attention.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ On August 2, 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 660 on the invasion of
|
|||
[^14]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Case No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, executed January 31, 1995, caption and paragraphs 1 to 18 (paragraph 1 service; 3 and 4 spring 1982; 6 June 1982 decision and NSDD; 7 Casey, credits, 1986 message; 8 cluster bombs; 9 non-U.S. weapons; 10 Israeli offer; 11 non-U.S. manufacturers; 13 Bear Spares; 14 Cardoen cluster bombs; 15 NSC files; 16 Cardoen and the CIA; 17 and 18 Cardoen arrest and licenses), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61 (the briefing book's description of the case appears in its document list). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf A sworn declaration of a witness, not an adjudicated finding.
|
||||
[^15]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
|
||||
[^16]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," undated, https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html.
|
||||
[^17]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679.
|
||||
[^17]: Notice of Filing Corrective Declaration (U.S. Attorney William A. Keefer, by AUSA Frank H. Tamen) with Declaration of Howard R. Teicher dated October 31, 1996, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), docket entry 679, certificate of service November 8, 1996, paragraphs 1 to 7. https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679
|
||||
[^18]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; reprinted by TrineDay, 2015), chapter 9, "Promis," and chapter 17, "Agricultural Project."
|
||||
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, *United States Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Impact on the Health of the Persian Gulf War Veterans*, hearing of May 25, 1994, S. Hrg. 103-900 (subtitle: *United States Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War*), including the testimony and prepared statement of Dr. Gordon C. Oehler, the chairman's remarks, and the May 25, 1994 committee report. https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesdual00unit
|
||||
[^20]: Henry B. Gonzalez, "Details on Iraq's Procurement Network," Special Order, *Congressional Record,* House, August 10, 1992, pp. H7871-H7881 (loans and the "tolerate its activity" passage at H7871; export licenses and Hussein Kamil at H7872; Matrix-Churchill and the holding companies at H7873 and H7875). https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920810g.htm (the host page is titled "US Armed Iraq Through BNL").
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ born: 1917
|
|||
died: 1978-09-04
|
||||
location: "Washington, D.C."
|
||||
created: 2026-09-21
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-21
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Thomas Hercules Karamessines was the deputy director for plans of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], the head of its clandestine service, from July 1967 to February 1973. He was born in [[New York City]], of Greek descent, graduated from [[Columbia University]] in 1938 and from its law school in 1940, and served under [[Thomas E. Dewey]] as a deputy assistant district attorney for New York County in 1941 and 1942.[^1]
|
||||
|
|
@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ Karamessines was assistant to [[Desmond FitzGerald]] and succeeded him on FitzGe
|
|||
|
||||
He retired in February 1973, the month in which Nixon replaced [[Richard Helms]] as director. His obituary called the retirement "voluntary and believed brought on, in part, by a severe back ailment." Kissinger said at the time: "He handled the most delicate missions with the utmost discretion." [[David Atlee Phillips]], who had run the Chile task force under him, said: "He was energetic, quiet and efficient and widely respected by those who worked for him."[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 10, 1970 Karamessines, as Deputy Director for Plans, concurred in a memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence recommending that the Trace Metal Detection Technique be released to police through the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] rather than through a police professional association. The memorandum records his concurrence beside those of the General Counsel, the Deputy Director for Support and the Executive Director-Comptroller.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### After the Agency
|
||||
|
||||
He sat on the board of the Central Intelligence Retirees Association and belonged to Phillips's [[Association of Former Intelligence Officers]]. In April 1978 he appeared before the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] to oppose its draft charter for the agency, calling the investigations of the preceding years "an inexcusable exercise in political sensationalism." He asked Congress for better cover for officers abroad, prison terms for the "unauthorized revelation or compromise" of the agency's secrets, and protection of its employees from all congressional committees but the two intelligence panels. He died of a heart attack at his vacation house at Grand Lake, [[Quebec]], on September 4, 1978, at sixty-one.[^1]
|
||||
|
|
@ -41,3 +43,4 @@ He sat on the board of the Central Intelligence Retirees Association and belonge
|
|||
[^1]: Hailey, Jean R. "T. H. Karamessines, Ex-Chief of CIA Covert Work, Dies," *The Washington Post,* September 9, 1978, p. B4. https://archive.org/details/nsia-KaramessinesThomasHCIA
|
||||
[^2]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders,* interim report, S. Rept. 94-465, November 20, 1975; Kornbluh, Peter, ed. "The CIA and Chile: Anatomy of an Assassination," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 728, October 22, 2020.
|
||||
[^3]: Kornbluh, Peter. *The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability*. New Press, 2003, pp. 14, 24-26, 114, and note 32 at p. 511.
|
||||
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence, "Release of Trace Metal Detection Technique to Law Enforcement Officials," June 10, 1970, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150029-5, concurrence block. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000600150029-5
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,21 +1,206 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Anwar al-Sadat
|
||||
- Anwar el-Sadat
|
||||
- Anwar el Sadat
|
||||
- Anwar as-Sadat
|
||||
- Mohamed Anwar el-Sadat
|
||||
- Sadat
|
||||
category: "Political Figure"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- Politician
|
||||
- Egypt
|
||||
- Israel
|
||||
- Soviet
|
||||
summary: "He was informed by the Soviets about Israel's attitude towards a comprehensive peace settlement in the Middle East, following Golda Meir's meeting with Leonid Brezhnev in 1972."
|
||||
- SovietUnion
|
||||
- CampDavid
|
||||
- YomKippurWar
|
||||
- KamalAdham
|
||||
- BCCI
|
||||
- AshrafMarwan
|
||||
- SafariClub
|
||||
- Abwehr
|
||||
- CIA
|
||||
summary: "Egyptian president whose 1978 Camp David accords with Menachem Begin led to the 1979 peace treaty with Israel, and who was assassinated in Cairo on October 6, 1981."
|
||||
born: 1918-12-25
|
||||
died: 1981-10-06
|
||||
location: "Mit Abu al-Kawm, Al-Minufiyya, Egypt"
|
||||
created: 2025-08-05
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Egypt]]"
|
||||
role: "President of Egypt"
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Camp David summit]]"
|
||||
role: "negotiated the Camp David frameworks with Menachem Begin and Jimmy Carter"
|
||||
start: 1978-08-08
|
||||
end: 1978-09-17
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Menachem Begin]]"
|
||||
role: "co-signatories of the Camp David frameworks and the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty"
|
||||
start: 1978-09-17
|
||||
end: 1979-03-26
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "payments made on behalf of the CIA through Kamal Adham while Sadat was vice president, according to press accounts cited by the Senate BCCI report"
|
||||
start: 1970
|
||||
fn: 23
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Safari Club]]"
|
||||
role: "Egyptian intelligence service listed among the members of the 1976 arrangement organized by Alexandre de Marenches"
|
||||
start: 1976
|
||||
fn: 36
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[1952 Egyptian Revolution]]"
|
||||
role: "member of the Free Officers movement that ousted King Farouk, according to a CIA memorandum of 1970"
|
||||
start: 1952-07-23
|
||||
fn: 9
|
||||
- type: reported_to
|
||||
with: "[[Ashraf Marwan]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "aide and special emissary sent to Saudi and Algerian leaders in 1974"
|
||||
start: 1973
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
---
|
||||
[[Anwar Sadat]] was the President of [[Egypt]]. In 1978, he successfully concluded the [[Camp David Accords|Camp David summit]] with Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]], a significant step towards peace in the [[Middle East]].[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
He was informed by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] about [[Israel|Israel's]] attitude towards a comprehensive peace settlement in the [[Middle East]], following [[Golda Meir|Golda Meir's]] meeting with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] in 1972. This intelligence may have prompted [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] to launch a war against [[Israel]] in 1973 to force them to the peace table.[^1]
|
||||
[[Anwar Sadat]] was the President of [[Egypt]] until his assassination in [[Cairo]] on October 6, 1981. In 1978, he successfully concluded the [[Camp David summit|Camp David summit]] with Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]], a significant step towards peace in the [[Middle East]].[^1] His career also includes a 1942 case in which a British security report said that he had been sending messages to the enemy, the expulsion of Soviet military advisers in 1972, the back channels that ran through [[Kamal Adham]] and [[Ashraf Marwan]], the intelligence failure before the [[Yom Kippur War]], and the attack that killed him in 1981.
|
||||
|
||||
[[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] and [[Menachem Begin]] later developed a face-saving formula over the Palestinian issue, leading to the [[Camp David summit|Camp David Accords]]. [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] was primarily interested in regaining the [[Sinai Desert|Sinai]] for [[Egypt]] and was not keen on the [[Gaza Strip]] due to its large Palestinian population.[^1]
|
||||
### Early life and the 1942 Abwehr contacts
|
||||
|
||||
Sadat was born on December 25, 1918, in [[Mit Abu al-Kawm]], in [[Al-Minufiyya]] province, Egypt. In 1942 he was a captain of the Egyptian Army serving as commandant of the wireless section at the headquarters of the [[Frontier Brigade]] at [[Gabal Asfar]], according to a report of August 12, 1942 in the British file on the German agent Eppler.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Johannes Eppler]] and [[Hans-Gerd Sandstede]] were agents of the [[Abwehr]] who worked under an operation called Salaam, headed by [[Laszlo Almasy]]. The interrogation reports in the same British file describe Eppler's contacts with young Egyptian officers who opposed the British occupation, among them Sadat.[^3] The file records that Sadat gave Eppler a telephone number for the Cairo signal squadron, which Eppler wrote in his diary, and that on July 24, 1942 Sadat came to the houseboat where the agents were staying and took away the American wireless set they had left there. A statement in the file also records that the transmitter had been thrown into the river.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
Egyptian police arrested Sadat at 1 a.m. on August 12, 1942, and handed him to Egyptian Army Intelligence at noon. A report of that day in the file says that a diary found in his possession contained entries stating that he had been sending messages from Gabal Asfar to the enemy.[^2] A Court of Enquiry convened by the Egyptian Minister of National Defence to hear the case was allowed two British officers to sit on it.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
A letter of October 19, 1942 from the Defence Security Office, Egypt, to [[M.I.5]] reported that Sadat and the flight lieutenant Hassan Ezzat had been found guilty after a preliminary trial by the Court of Enquiry, had been discharged from the Army, and had been interned for the duration of the war. The letter added that before an Egyptian court martial "they would have been acquitted."[^6] Sadat's own account of his early career is in his autobiography, [[In Search of Identity]] (1978).[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Free Officers and the 1952 coup
|
||||
|
||||
A State Department weekly summary of July 28, 1952 recorded that on the night of July 22 to 23 Major General [[Mohamed Naguib]] "led a quiet and effective coup" which took over the armed forces in Cairo and later the country, "carried out by approximately 300 Army and Air Force officers." The summary traced the movement to junior officers who had resented the older generals since the Palestine war and the Arms Scandal, and recorded that in January 1952 they had elected Naguib president of the Cairo Officers' Club over the candidate of the Commander-in-Chief.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
A [[Central Intelligence Agency]] intelligence memorandum of September 29, 1970, written the day after the death of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], described Sadat as the only remaining vice president, who "has held a great variety of posts since participating with Nasir in the 'free officers' movement that ousted King Farouk in 1952." The memorandum called him "a perennial figurehead," said he "owed his position more to his loyalty to Nasir than to his political strength or acumen," and judged it doubtful that he would hold the presidency for more than an interim period.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### The expulsion of the Soviet advisers, 1972
|
||||
|
||||
In July 1972 Sadat ended the Soviet military advisory program in Egypt. A [[State Department]] telegram of July 19, 1972 to the Interests Section in Egypt instructed the embassy that the United States "should not repeat not inject itself in any way into current developments in Egyptian-Soviet relations."[^10] A memorandum from [[Richard Helms]], the Director of Central Intelligence, to [[Henry A. Kissinger]] of July 24, 1972 reported that an unnamed contact had asserted that Sadat's decision to terminate the program "has created a new opportunity for the USG," and had urged the United States to move "with minimal delay" toward a plan to put to Sadat for a peaceful settlement.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 6, 1973, [[King Hussein]] of Jordan read to [[Richard Nixon]] from an aide-memoire which called the expulsion "perhaps the most significant event" of the period.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that Sadat was informed by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] about [[Israel|Israel's]] attitude towards a comprehensive peace settlement in the Middle East, following [[Golda Meir|Golda Meir's]] meeting with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] in 1972. Ben-Menashe wrote that this intelligence may have prompted Sadat to launch a war against Israel in 1973 to force them to the peace table. In the same passage he wrote that Sadat was primarily interested in regaining the [[Sinai]] for Egypt and was not keen on the [[Gaza Strip]] because of its large Palestinian population. He also wrote that Sadat and Begin later developed a face-saving formula over the Palestinian issue, leading to the Camp David Accords.[^13] Ben-Menashe also attributed a Soviet bugging of Meir's office to [[Reuben Yirador]] of [[Unit 8200]].[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Yom Kippur War and the intelligence failure
|
||||
|
||||
A Central Intelligence Agency intelligence memorandum of November 26, 1971 on Sadat's "year of decision" speeches judged that his pledge to liberate Sinai "with our own blood" had to be taken seriously, and that although the Egyptians would probably maneuver politically, "there is always the danger that the Egyptians could attack out of sheer frustration."[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
In April 1973 Kissinger sent Nixon a memorandum on Sadat's speech of March 26, 1973, which Kissinger summarized as declaring that "The stage which Egypt is entering is one of all-out confrontation."[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
A post-war report by the [[Intelligence Community Staff]], printed in the Foreign Relations series, explains the estimate that prevailed through the summer of 1973. It quotes the analysts' view that "The whole thrust of President Sadat's activities since last spring has been in the direction of bringing moral, political, and economic force to bear on Israel in tacit acknowledgment of Arab unreadiness to make war." The report then states that "Sadat and Asad might make the decision to go to war with little or no consideration of the chances of a disastrous military outcome."[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
The Central Intelligence Agency's 2013 study of the war, prepared with the [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library]], calls Sadat "the mastermind" of the Egyptian and Syrian attacks, who had "done a brilliant job of misleading the Israelis" and American intelligence. The study records that [[Lawrence Eagleburger]], then a senior assistant to Kissinger, said Kissinger had concluded from fairly raw intelligence that Sadat was going to start a war before the Intelligence Community itself did.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
A cable from [[Zvi Zamir]], then head of the [[Mossad]], to the military secretary of Prime Minister Golda Meir, dated October 5, 1973, begins "The Egyptian army and the Syrian army are poised to launch an attack on Israel on Saturday 6.10.73 at dusk" and gives the source's assessment as a "99 percent chance" that the attack would be launched that day. The [[Israel State Archives]] released the cable on September 17, 2018; The Times of Israel, reporting on the release, identified the source as Marwan, described as a confidant of Sadat.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
### Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy and the Marwan channel
|
||||
|
||||
Marwan carried Sadat's messages in the Syrian-Israeli disengagement talks of 1974. A May 1974 memorandum from [[Brent Scowcroft]] to Nixon records that Sadat "agreed and made available a close assistant of his, Ashraf Marwan, who will make parallel efforts in these two capitals," meaning [[King Faisal]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Houari Boumediene]] in [[Algeria]].[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
In a memorandum of conversation held in Jerusalem on May 6, 1974, Kissinger reported that "Marwan says if Asad rejects it, he should think about it for two days, and Faisal and he would send emissaries."[^20] In November 1974 a memorandum from Scowcroft to [[Gerald R. Ford]] reported that Sadat had sent "his special emissary, Ashraf Marwan, from Cairo to Riyadh" to brief the Saudi king.[^21] In December 1974 Kissinger told Ford, "I think we are facing a major crisis with Sadat," and said Sadat could send "Fahmy or his personal aide, Marwan."[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### Kamal Adham and the CIA payments
|
||||
|
||||
A 1992 report of the [[Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] on the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] described Adham as "the CIA's principal liaison for the entire Middle East from the mid-1960's through 1979." The report stated that press accounts from the late 1970s described Adham as having made payments on behalf of the CIA to Sadat when Sadat was Nasser's vice president and in financial difficulty. It quoted [[Bob Woodward]] on the arrangement: "In 1970, the Saudis had provided then Egyptian Vice President Sadat with a regular income. It was impossible to determine where Saudi interests in these arrangements ended and American CIA interests began."[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate report says that Adham, at the [[Federal Reserve Board]] hearing on the takeover of [[First American Bank]] in April 1981, did not mention that he had been the most important liaison between the United States and Sadat in the negotiation of the Camp David accords. The report's finding is that the key role Adham played at Camp David "was apparently to encourage other Arab political figures not to repudiate Sadat for agreeing to peace with Israel." [[Clark Clifford]] stated in sworn interrogatories that he believed Adham's roles were coincidental.[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
Adham's place in the channel is visible in the record of 1974 and 1976. In May 1974 a cable from [[Harold Saunders]], Kissinger's envoy in Saudi Arabia, reported that "Adham and [[Rashid Pharaon|Pharaon]] are regarded here as the men most likely to reflect the King's thinking."[^20] In August 1976, in [[Tehran]], Assistant Secretary [[Alfred L. Atherton Jr.|Atherton]] told Kissinger that "Adham's thesis is that the Arabs must be brought together and only then can they get the PLO under control."[^25] In February 1980 the American embassy in [[Jidda]] reported that Crown Prince Fahd had referred to information from Marwan, "the now deposed head of Arab arms," and that the "Saudi principal in this venture was Kamal Adham, now out of favor here."[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Camp David accords
|
||||
|
||||
On February 17, 1977, in Cairo, Sadat told Secretary of State [[Cyrus Vance]] that "now the time is ripe for a permanent solution, a 'global solution' to establish peace here once and for all."[^27]
|
||||
|
||||
On November 9, 1977 Sadat told the Egyptian People's Assembly, "I am ready to go to their house, to the Knesset itself, to debate them"; the American embassy in Cairo reported the offer as a first for an Arab leader.[^28] On the evening of November 19, 1977 he arrived at Ben Gurion Airport for the first visit to Israel by an Arab head of state since 1948, stayed 36 hours in [[Jerusalem]], and addressed the [[Knesset]].[^29] On November 23 the embassy reported that Sadat called the trip his "greatest victory," greater than the October war.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
In August 1978 the Central Intelligence Agency reported to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], in a raw report not finally evaluated, that the summit could produce "two separate but related achievements": a publicly announced agreement on principles based on [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242]] with a Palestinian component, and a secret framework agreement to be signed by Sadat and Begin with [[Jimmy Carter]] as witness.[^31] On August 26, 1978, at [[Ismailia]], Sadat told Ambassador [[Hermann F. Eilts]] that the Israelis "would not have been able to do so if the U.S. satellite photography had not been furnished to the Israelis," and that the photography had revealed his 25th Division preparing to cross the Canal.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
The two framework agreements were signed on September 17, 1978. The [[Nobel Prize]] committee awarded the 1978 Peace Prize jointly to Sadat and Begin "for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978."[^33] The Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty was signed on March 26, 1979.[^34] A Central Intelligence Agency memorandum of April 9, 1975, "A Coming of Age: The Foreign Policy of Anwar Sadat," had called his foreign policy "unremarkable by pragmatic Western standards" and, "by the standards of the Arab world, ... revolutionary."[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Safari Club
|
||||
|
||||
In 1976 [[Alexandre de Marenches]], the director of the French [[SDECE]], organized an informal intelligence arrangement called the [[Safari Club]]. According to Marenches's memoir, *The Fourth World War* (1992), written with [[David Andelman]], the arrangement drew on the intelligence services of several states, and Egypt's General Intelligence Service is listed among its members in the accounts that describe it.[^36] A history by [[Joseph Trento]] describes the same arrangement over several chapters.[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[New York Times]] reported on October 8, 1981, citing American officials, that in 1980 President Carter made plans with Sadat, the Saudi leaders and the French president [[Valery Giscard d'Estaing]] for covert action against Colonel [[Muammar Gaddafi]] of [[Libya]], using Egyptian and Sudanese paramilitary forces, and that the plan was shelved when Giscard lost his bid for reelection in the spring of 1981.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
### Marwan's death
|
||||
|
||||
Marwan fell from the balcony of his [[London]] apartment in June 2007. At the inquest in July 2010 at Westminster Coroner's Court, the coroner William Dolman recorded an open verdict, stating that there was no evidence to support a finding of either suicide or unlawful killing, and said that claims about the death belonged to "the murky and secretive world of espionage." He asked, "Did he jump or did he fall? The evidence does not provide a clear answer." Marwan's widow told the inquest that her husband had never spoken of suicide but had expressed fears that he might be killed, and said outside court that she believed someone had thrown him over the balcony.[^39][^40]
|
||||
|
||||
### The assassination, October 6, 1981
|
||||
|
||||
On September 3 and 4, 1981, Sadat launched a crackdown that swept nearly 1,600 Egyptians into prison. The [[Middle East Research and Information Project]], reporting in November 1981, described the arrests as coming four weeks before the assassination.[^41] Former Austrian chancellor [[Bruno Kreisky]] said in December 1984 that, on information from Israel, Austrian police intercepted a weapons shipment at Vienna's airport on August 1, 1981, ten days before Sadat was to arrive for a private visit in Salzburg. Kreisky said, "I was forced to ask Egyptian President Sadat at the time to postpone his trip to Salzburg, because I could not guarantee his security."[^42]
|
||||
|
||||
Sadat was shot on October 6, 1981 at a military parade outside Cairo marking the anniversary of the 1973 crossing. *Newsweek* reported that a junior lieutenant stepped from a truck and threw a grenade, and that accomplices then fired submachine guns and threw grenades.[^43] The same report stated that the United States had contributed $25 million toward Sadat's security over the years, that the Secret Service had trained Egyptian security men beginning in 1974, and that the Central Intelligence Agency had supplied communications equipment to protect messages between Sadat's bodyguards.[^43] The New York Times reported the next day, citing American officials, that Sadat had asked President Nixon for help with his personal protection and that the Secret Service and the CIA had provided advice and equipment through contacts with his bodyguards from 1974.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
Secretary of State [[Alexander Haig]] said on October 7 that, citing intelligence reports from Egypt, he attributed the assassination to a group of fundamentalists centered primarily in certain military units, and that there was "no direct link" and "no evidence" of external involvement.[^44] On the morning of October 8 the columnist [[Jack Anderson]] said on a television broadcast that he had had access to a secret CIA preliminary post-mortem, and that the CIA "has no clear idea who was behind the plot, but the agency believes the least likely culprits would be Egyptian Army dissidents."[^45] A memorandum of October 16, 1981 from the Chairman of the [[National Intelligence Council]] thanked a CIA branch for its work in producing the Special National Intelligence Estimate on the regional implications of the assassination.[^46]
|
||||
|
||||
On the evening of the assassination [[G. Gordon Liddy]] spoke at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]]. The *Austin American-Statesman* quoted him: "There was a time when we would have known what happened and who did it. We might have even known about it beforehand and have been able to warn him."[^47]
|
||||
|
||||
On March 6, 1982 a three-man Supreme Military Court sentenced five of 24 defendants to death, among them Lieutenant [[Khaled Islambouli]], whom [[United Press International]] described as the accused mastermind. Five others received life terms, twelve received hard labor, and two were acquitted. Prosecutors said the plan was to begin an effort to overthrow the government and install an Iranian-style Islamic republic.[^48] The [[Washington Post]] reported from Cairo that the court "condemned five Moslem extremists to death" and meted out sentences ranging from life to five years in prison to 17 accomplices.[^49] On April 15, 1982, a day after [[Hosni Mubarak]] rejected a plea for clemency, Islambouli, 24, and Sergeant Hussein Abbas, 28, were shot by firing squad at the Red Mountain firing range east of Cairo, and three others were hanged at Bab El-Khalk prison, under a news blackout.[^50]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
|
||||
[^2]: The National Archives (UK), KV 2/1467, report on the arrests of Hassan Ezzat and Mohamed Anwar el Sadati, August 12, 1942, enclosed with a letter of August 26, 1942 to Sir David Petrie of M.I.5. Transcribed in the Salaam-Condor compilation, Part II, https://www.cdvandt.org/Salaam-Condor-Eppler-Sandstede-part-II-V2.pdf.
|
||||
[^3]: Salaam-Condor compilation, Part I, citing KV 2/1467 and KV 2/1468 (interrogation reports on Johannes Eppler and Hans-Gerd Sandstede), https://www.cdvandtext2.org/Salaam-Condor-Eppler-Sandstede-V3.pdf; Part II, introduction, https://www.cdvandt.org/Salaam-Condor-Eppler-Sandstede-part-II-V2.pdf.
|
||||
[^4]: KV 2/1467, interrogation summaries of Eppler and Sandstede, July and August 1942, as transcribed in the Salaam-Condor compilation, Part II, https://www.cdvandt.org/Salaam-Condor-Eppler-Sandstede-part-II-V2.pdf.
|
||||
[^5]: KV 2/1467, Court of Enquiry report on the case of Captain Mohamed Effendi Anwar El Sadati and the aviator Hassan Effendi Abdel Azim Ezzat, Military Information Bureau, Koubri Koubbeh, August 1942, transcribed in the Salaam-Condor compilation, Part II.
|
||||
[^6]: KV 2/1467, letter from the Defence Security Office, Egypt, to Sir David Petrie, M.I.5, October 19, 1942, transcribed in the Salaam-Condor compilation, Part II.
|
||||
[^7]: Sadat, Anwar. *In Search of Identity: An Autobiography*. Harper and Row, 1978.
|
||||
[^8]: Memorandum by Alta F. Fowler to the Officer in Charge of Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Affairs, "Weekly Summary of Events, Egypt and the Sudan, July 22-28, 1952," Washington, July 28, 1952, Document 997, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954*, Volume IX, Part 2, The Near and Middle East, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v09p2/d997.
|
||||
[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Memorandum No. 1467/70, "Nasir's Death: The Immediate Aftermath," September 29, 1970, CIA-RDP85T00875R001100090046-7, CIA Reading Room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp85t00875r001100090046-7.
|
||||
[^10]: Telegram from the Department of State to the Interests Section in Egypt, Washington, July 19, 1972, 2253Z, Document 298, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXIII, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1969-1972, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v23/d298.
|
||||
[^11]: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, July 24, 1972, Document 299, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXIII, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v23/d299.
|
||||
[^12]: Memorandum for the President's File by the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, February 6, 1973, Document 14, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXV, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1973, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25/d14. The quoted sentence is from the King's aide-memoire.
|
||||
[^13]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network*. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Memorandum, "Sadat Makes His 1971 Decision," November 26, 1971, CIA-RDP79M00098A000200150023-9, CIA Reading Room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79m00098a000200150023-9.
|
||||
[^15]: Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, April 1973, Document 42, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXV, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25/d42.
|
||||
[^16]: Report Prepared by the Intelligence Community Staff, Central Intelligence Agency Files, Job 83-M00171R, Document 412, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXV, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25/d412.
|
||||
[^17]: *President Nixon and the Role of Intelligence in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War*, Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, with the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, January 30, 2013, PDF pages 19 and 20, https://www.cia.gov/static/c92e6ff4c7b383b2c719ac47c87f45ce/President-Nixon-and-the-Role-of-Intelligence-in-the-1973-Arab-Israeli-War.pdf.
|
||||
[^18]: Zvi Zamir, cable to the military secretary of Prime Minister Golda Meir, October 5, 1973, Israel State Archives, released September 17, 2018, as quoted in Judah Ari Gross, "'Odds of war lower than low': Papers highlight intel failures in Yom Kippur War," *The Times of Israel*, September 17, 2018, https://www.timesofisrael.com/odds-of-war-lower-than-low-papers-highlight-intel-failures-in-yom-kippur-war/.
|
||||
[^19]: Memorandum from the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to President Nixon, May 1974, Document 43, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXVI, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1974-1976, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v26/d43.
|
||||
[^20]: Memorandum of conversation, Jerusalem, May 6, 1974, Document 46, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXVI, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v26/d46. The Adham and Pharaon passage is from a cable from Saudi Arabia that Kissinger read to his interlocutors in the same meeting.
|
||||
[^21]: Memorandum from Scowcroft to President Ford, November 6, 1974, Document 116, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXVI, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v26/d116.
|
||||
[^22]: Memorandum of conversation, Oval Office, Ford and Kissinger, December 1974, Document 124, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXVI, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v26/d124. The FRUS editorial note says the original is misdated December 18.
|
||||
[^23]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown*, S. Prt. 102-140, December 1992, pp. 299-300 (notes 779-780), quoting Bob Woodward, *Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987*, Simon and Schuster, 1987, p. 352.
|
||||
[^24]: S. Prt. 102-140, pp. 300-301 (notes 782-789), including the Bert Lance testimony, S. Hrg. 102-350, Part 3, p. 22, and Clark Clifford's sworn interrogatories.
|
||||
[^25]: Memorandum of conversation, Tehran, August 7, 1976, Document 292, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, Volume XXVI, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v26/d292. Alfred Leroy Atherton Jr. was Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs from April 25, 1974 to April 13, 1978: Office of the Historian, "Alfred Leroy Atherton Jr.," https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/atherton-alfred-leroy.
|
||||
[^26]: Telegram from the U.S. Embassy in Jidda, February 1980, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, Volume IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, August 1978-December 1980, p. 1090, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf.
|
||||
[^27]: Memorandum of conversation, Cairo, February 17, 1977, Document 10, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, Volume VIII, Arab-Israeli Dispute, January 1977-August 1978, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v08/pdf/frus1977-80v08.pdf.
|
||||
[^28]: Telegram from the Embassy in Egypt to the Department of State, Cairo, November 9, 1977, Document 144, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, Volume VIII, Arab-Israeli Dispute, January 1977-August 1978, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v08/pdf/frus1977-80v08.pdf.
|
||||
[^29]: Editorial Note, Document 152, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, Volume VIII, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v08/pdf/frus1977-80v08.pdf.
|
||||
[^30]: Telegram from the Embassy in Egypt to the Department of State, Cairo, November 23, 1977, Document 155, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, Volume VIII, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v08/pdf/frus1977-80v08.pdf.
|
||||
[^31]: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Turner to Brzezinski, Washington, August 21, 1978, Document 14, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, Volume IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, August 1978-December 1980, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf.
|
||||
[^32]: Memorandum of conversation, Ismailia, August 26, 1978, Document 16, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, Volume IX, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf.
|
||||
[^33]: Nobel Prize, 1978 Peace Prize announcement, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/.
|
||||
[^34]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980*, Volume IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, August 1978-December 1980, introductory material on the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty signed March 26, 1979, and the volume's date range for the August 8 to September 17, 1978 summit, https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v09/pdf/frus1977-80v09.pdf.
|
||||
[^35]: Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, Intelligence Memorandum No. 0088/75, "A Coming of Age: The Foreign Policy of Anwar Sadat," April 9, 1975, CIA-RDP85T00353R000100160001-8, CIA Reading Room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp85t00353r000100160001-8.
|
||||
[^36]: De Marenches, Alexandre, and David Andelman. *The Fourth World War: Diplomacy and Espionage in the Age of Terrorism*. Random House, 1992.
|
||||
[^37]: Trento, Joseph. *Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network*. Carroll and Graf, 2005, pp. 52-108.
|
||||
[^38]: Leslie H. Gelb, "U.S. Had Advised Sadat Since '74," *New York Times*, October 8, 1981, as filed in the CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00552R000505250105-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000505250105-0.
|
||||
[^39]: Associated Press, in Ynetnews, "Inquest: Egyptian spy suspect's death unexplained," https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3919938,00.html. The coroner was William Dolman.
|
||||
[^40]: "Open verdict for Egyptian Mossad spy death," *The Jewish Chronicle*, July 21, 2010, https://www.thejc.com/news/open-verdict-for-egyptian-mossad-spy-death-t4qjb776.
|
||||
[^41]: Stork, Joe, "Massive Arrests Precede Sadat's Assassination," *MERIP Reports*, November 23, 1981, https://www.merip.org/1981/11/massive-arrests-precede-sadats-assassination/.
|
||||
[^42]: "Israelis provided good tip on threat to Sadat in '81," *Baltimore Sun*, December 6, 1984, as filed in the CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00552R000605720001-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000605720001-2.
|
||||
[^43]: "'An Act of Infamy,'" *Newsweek*, October 19, 1981, as filed in the CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00552R000605720007-6, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000605720007-6.
|
||||
[^44]: Don Oberdorfer, "Haig Warns 'External Powers,'" *Washington Post*, October 8, 1981, as filed in the CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00552R000605720012-0, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000605720012-0.
|
||||
[^45]: Jack Anderson, "The Sadat Assassination," *Good Morning America*, ABC, WJLA-TV Washington, October 8, 1981, Radio TV Reports transcript, CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160041-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00965r000100160041-2.
|
||||
[^46]: Memorandum from the Chairman, National Intelligence Council, October 16, 1981, on the Special National Intelligence Estimate on the regional implications of President Sadat's assassination, CIA-RDP83B00140R000100040014-6, CIA Reading Room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00140r000100040014-6.
|
||||
[^47]: "Convicted Watergate plotter G. Gordon Liddy...," *Austin American-Statesman*, October 7, 1981, as filed in the CIA Reading Room, CIA-RDP90-00806R000201150031-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00806r000201150031-8.
|
||||
[^48]: W. G. Kirolos, "Five given death for Sadat assassination," United Press International, Cairo, March 6, 1982, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/03/06/Five-given-death-for-Sadat-assassination/6203384238800/.
|
||||
[^49]: "5 Get Death Penalty for Assassinating Sadat," *Washington Post*, March 7, 1982 (Cairo dateline March 6), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/03/07/5-get-death-penalty-for-assassinating-sadat/d83e7d01-8fcd-4f4d-8916-87dd45879256/.
|
||||
[^50]: W. G. Kirolos, "Execute five for Sadat assassination," United Press International, Cairo, April 15, 1982, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/04/15/Execute-five-for-Sadat-assassination/5516387694800/.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,53 +12,57 @@ tags:
|
|||
- SolFoundation
|
||||
- Akoya
|
||||
summary: "Garry Nolan is a leading research scientist at Stanford University, specializing in genetics, immunology, and bioinformatics."
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Stanford University]]"
|
||||
role: "Rachford and Carlota A. Harris Professor, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine"
|
||||
fn: 14
|
||||
fn: 17
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[Nodality]]"
|
||||
start: 2009-10-19
|
||||
role: "executive officer and director on the Form D signed October 26, 2009 (offering $10,000,000, $3,499,999 sold) and director on the Form D signed January 12, 2010 (offering $13,500,000, $9,999,997 sold)"
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[DVS Sciences]]"
|
||||
start: 2010-12-20
|
||||
role: "director on Form D filed February 16, 2011 (offering $14,797,741; $4,131,828 sold, six investors)"
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[BINA Technologies]]"
|
||||
start: 2011-04-08
|
||||
role: "director on Forms D filed April 21, 2011 ($1,500,000 offered, $1,100,000 sold, nine investors) and March 28, 2012 ($2,000,000 offered, $1,204,545 sold, twelve investors)"
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
fn: 8
|
||||
- type: director_of
|
||||
with: "[[PrognosDx Health]]"
|
||||
start: 2011-02-28
|
||||
role: "director on Forms D filed March 15, May 17 and June 28, 2011"
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
fn: 9
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Akoya Biosciences]]"
|
||||
role: "co-founder and director (director on Forms D of July 2017 and October 2018; Form 3 filed April 20, 2021 as director holding 680,084 common shares); company acquired by Quanterix in 2025"
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science]]"
|
||||
start: 2017-08-15
|
||||
end: 2018-08-31
|
||||
role: "named to the advisory board in the Regulation A offering circular of August 15, 2017, with Christopher Mellon, Adele Gilpin, Norman Kahn, Colm Kelleher and Paul Rapp; resignation effective August 31, 2018 reported in the company's Form 1-SA"
|
||||
fn: 9
|
||||
fn: 12
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[Sol Foundation]]"
|
||||
start: 2023-08-15
|
||||
role: "co-founder; director (0 hours, no compensation) on the 2024 Form 990"
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[UAP Science Advisory Council]]"
|
||||
start: 2026-06
|
||||
role: "materials science and molecular biology, on the list Avi Loeb supplied to DefenseScoop"
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-04
|
||||
fn: 19
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Jacques Vallee]]"
|
||||
role: "co-author, Progress in Aerospace Sciences 128 (2022), article 100788"
|
||||
start: 2022
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
created: 2026-10-03
|
||||
---
|
||||
Garry Nolan is a leading research scientist at [[Stanford University]], specializing in genetics, immunology, and bioinformatics. He trained under Nobel Prize-winning biologist [[David Baltimore]] and has published over 200 research papers and holds twenty biotechnology patents[^1].
|
||||
|
|
@ -81,43 +85,46 @@ Further research revealed that many of the individuals in the study group had be
|
|||
|
||||
### Analysis of UAP Materials
|
||||
|
||||
Dr. Nolan has also been involved in the analysis of alleged UAP materials. He and the French scientist [[Jacques Vallee]] collaborated on a paper analyzing a metallic slag recovered from a 1977 UAP crash in Council Bluffs, Iowa. Their analysis revealed that the material contained isotopes of magnesium and iron that were arranged in a highly structured and deliberate manner, a feat that is beyond our current technological capabilities.[^2]
|
||||
Dr. Nolan has also been involved in the analysis of alleged UAP materials. Nolan, [[Jacques Vallee]], Sizun Jiang and Larry G. Lemke published "Improved instrumental techniques, including isotopic analysis, applicable to the characterization of unusual materials with potential relevance to aerospace forensics" in [[Progress in Aerospace Sciences]] in January 2022.[^3] A 2025 review of UAP science to which both Nolan and Vallee contributed describes the analyzed material as a mass of molten metal that witnesses reported falling from a hovering object into Big Lake Park in Council Bluffs, Iowa on December 17, 1971, and records that the titanium, iron and chromium isotope distributions found by Nolan, Jiang and Lemke were consistent with terrestrial material, with considerable diversity in elemental ratios across subsamples.[^4] [[Luis Elizondo]] wrote in *Imminent* (2024) that the event was a 1977 crash and that the material's magnesium and iron isotopes were arranged in a highly structured and deliberate manner, a feat Elizondo describes as beyond current technological capability.[^2] An interview page for The Good Trouble Show, dated August 24, 2025, describes a peer-reviewed paper by Vallee and two co-authors accepted by Progress in Aerospace Sciences on the 1966 Haynesville case.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Companies and investors
|
||||
|
||||
Securities filings name Nolan as a director or executive officer of a series of private life-science companies. On Form D filings with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] he appears as an executive officer and director of [[Nodality]] (first filing, signed October 26, 2009, for a $10,000,000 offering of which $3,499,999 had been sold to one investor) and as a director of the same company on the second filing (January 2010, a $13,500,000 offering of which $9,999,997 had been sold to four investors), as a director of [[DVS Sciences]] (filed February 16, 2011, $14,797,741 offered, $4,131,828 sold), as a director of [[BINA Technologies]] (filed April 21, 2011 and March 28, 2012, the second recording $1,204,545 sold to twelve investors) and as a director of [[PrognosDx Health]] (three filings between March and June 2011, for $25,000, $10,000 and $15,000, each sold to one investor).[^3][^4][^5][^6]
|
||||
Securities filings name Nolan as a director or executive officer of a series of private life-science companies. On Form D filings with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] he appears as an executive officer and director of [[Nodality]] (first filing, signed October 26, 2009, for a $10,000,000 offering of which $3,499,999 had been sold to one investor) and as a director of the same company on the second filing (January 2010, a $13,500,000 offering of which $9,999,997 had been sold to four investors), as a director of [[DVS Sciences]] (filed February 16, 2011, $14,797,741 offered, $4,131,828 sold), as a director of [[BINA Technologies]] (filed April 21, 2011 and March 28, 2012, the second recording $1,204,545 sold to twelve investors) and as a director of [[PrognosDx Health]] (three filings between March and June 2011, for $25,000, $10,000 and $15,000, each sold to one investor).[^6][^7][^8][^9]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Akoya Biosciences]] filed Forms D on July 14, 2017 (nine million dollars offered and sold, six investors) and October 2, 2018 ($25,500,000 offered, $24,500,000 sold), each listing Nolan with [[Thomas Raffin]], [[Robert Shepler]] and [[Matthew Winkler]] as directors. Its 2021 prospectus calls Nolan "our co-founder and director," says he "originally developed our CODEX technology" at Stanford, which licenses the patents to the company, and says he is the first recipient of the [[Teal Innovator Award]] (2012) from the [[Department of Defense]]. Raffin is described there as a co-founder of [[Rigel Pharmaceuticals]] and of the [[San Francisco]] life-science private equity firm [[Telegraph Hill Partners]]. Nolan filed a Form 3 on April 20, 2021 as a director holding 680,084 shares of common stock and options on 42,918 more.[^7] Akoya's proxy statements for 2022, 2023 and 2024 and its 2025 merger proxy with [[Quanterix]] carry his name.[^7]
|
||||
[[Akoya Biosciences]] filed Forms D on July 14, 2017 (nine million dollars offered and sold, six investors) and October 2, 2018 ($25,500,000 offered, $24,500,000 sold), each listing Nolan with [[Thomas Raffin]], [[Robert Shepler]] and [[Matthew Winkler]] as directors. Its 2021 prospectus calls Nolan "our co-founder and director," says he "originally developed our CODEX technology" at Stanford, which licenses the patents to the company, and says he is the first recipient of the [[Teal Innovator Award]] (2012) from the [[Department of Defense]]. Raffin is described there as a co-founder of [[Rigel Pharmaceuticals]] and of the [[San Francisco]] life-science private equity firm [[Telegraph Hill Partners]]. Nolan filed a Form 3 on April 20, 2021 as a director holding 680,084 shares of common stock and options on 42,918 more.[^10] Akoya's proxy statements for 2022, 2023 and 2024 and its 2025 merger proxy with [[Quanterix]] carry his name.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Advisory boards
|
||||
|
||||
The Regulation A offering circular of [[To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science]] filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 15, 2017 lists an advisory board of [[Christopher Mellon]], [[Adele Gilpin]], [[Norman Kahn]], [[Colm Kelleher]], Nolan and [[Paul Rapp]], gives Nolan's chair as the Rachford and Carlota A. Harris Professorship in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (the November 2024 letter to Congress gives the Department of Pathology), and describes Nolan as "the founder" of "several successful biotechnology companies" who "is an outspoken proponent of translating public investment in basic research to serve the public welfare."[^8] The company's Form 1-SA for the six months ended June 30, 2018, filed September 26, 2018, reports that "Advisory Board member Dr. Garry Nolan resigned, effective August 31, 2018."[^9]
|
||||
The Regulation A offering circular of [[To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science]] filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 15, 2017 lists an advisory board of [[Christopher Mellon]], [[Adele Gilpin]], [[Norman Kahn]], [[Colm Kelleher]], Nolan and [[Paul Rapp]], gives Nolan's chair as the Rachford and Carlota A. Harris Professorship in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (the November 2024 letter to Congress gives the Department of Pathology), and describes Nolan as "the founder" of "several successful biotechnology companies" who "is an outspoken proponent of translating public investment in basic research to serve the public welfare."[^11] The company's Form 1-SA for the six months ended June 30, 2018, filed September 26, 2018, reports that "Advisory Board member Dr. Garry Nolan resigned, effective August 31, 2018."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
### Sol Foundation and later activity
|
||||
|
||||
Nolan co-founded the [[Sol Foundation]] with [[Peter Skafish]] and was introduced in 2023 as its "Executive Director of the Board." He said that because of his Stanford position he could not hold an officer role in an outside company and took no salary.[^10] The foundation's 2024 Form 990 lists him as a director at zero hours and zero compensation, and the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] master file gives his Redwood City address as the care-of address for the organization's records.[^10][^11] The foundation's website, read October 3, 2026, lists him as "Co-Founder & Executive Director of the Board."[^12] The November 2023 symposium was hosted by the Nolan Laboratory and the Stanford School of Medicine.[^13] He signed the November 12, 2024 letter to Congress urging passage of the review-board provisions of the [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act]], listing his chair as the Rachford and Carlota A. Harris Professorship in Pathology.[^14]
|
||||
Nolan co-founded the [[Sol Foundation]] with [[Peter Skafish]] and was introduced in 2023 as its "Executive Director of the Board." He said that because of his Stanford position he could not hold an officer role in an outside company and took no salary.[^13] The foundation's 2024 Form 990 lists him as a director at zero hours and zero compensation, and the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] master file gives his Redwood City address as the care-of address for the organization's records.[^13][^14] The foundation's website, read October 3, 2026, lists him as "Co-Founder & Executive Director of the Board."[^15] The November 2023 symposium was hosted by the Nolan Laboratory and the Stanford School of Medicine.[^16] He signed the November 12, 2024 letter to Congress urging passage of the review-board provisions of the [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act]], listing his chair as the Rachford and Carlota A. Harris Professorship in Pathology.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
In Encounters (2023), [[Diana Walsh Pasulka]] identified the figure she had called "James Master" in American Cosmic, a "world leading scientist" who had analyzed an alleged artifact, as Nolan.[^15] In June 2026 Nolan, Skafish and [[Tim Gallaudet]] were named by [[Avi Loeb]] among twelve members of a UAP Science Advisory Council that Loeb leads.[^16] The Sol Foundation described the council in a June 22, 2026 release as announced by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence "with the support of the FBI"; Loeb wrote on June 16, 2026 that "I was tasked by the White House, the Pentagon's All Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), the FBI, and the Intelligence Community, to assemble" it.[^17]
|
||||
In Encounters (2023), [[Diana Walsh Pasulka]] identified the figure she had called "James Master" in American Cosmic, a "world leading scientist" who had analyzed an alleged artifact, as Nolan.[^18] In June 2026 Nolan, Skafish and [[Tim Gallaudet]] were named by [[Avi Loeb]] among twelve members of a UAP Science Advisory Council that Loeb leads.[^19] The Sol Foundation described the council in a June 22, 2026 release as announced by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence "with the support of the FBI"; Loeb wrote on June 16, 2026 that "I was tasked by the White House, the Pentagon's All Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), the FBI, and the Intelligence Community, to assemble" it.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Federal Election Commission]] database lists contributions from a Garry Nolan of Redwood City, California who gives Stanford as his employer: $250 to [[Hillary Clinton]]'s 2016 campaign committee on April 7, 2016, $2,900 to [[Mike Levin]]'s congressional campaign on March 22, 2021, and small amounts through [[ActBlue]] to other Democratic candidates, most recently on October 28, 2024.[^18]
|
||||
The [[Federal Election Commission]] database lists contributions from a Garry Nolan of Redwood City, California who gives Stanford as his employer: $250 to [[Hillary Clinton]]'s 2016 campaign committee on April 7, 2016, $2,900 to [[Mike Levin]]'s congressional campaign on March 22, 2021, and small amounts through [[ActBlue]] to other Democratic candidates, most recently on October 28, 2024.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
|
||||
[^2]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^3]: SEC Form D, Nodality Inc, accession 0001372142-09-000007 (filed October 26, 2009; first sale October 19, 2009) and 0001372142-10-000001 (filed January 13, 2010; first sale December 30, 2009). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1372142/000137214209000007/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^4]: SEC Form D, DVS Sciences, Inc., accession 0001512982-11-000001, filed February 16, 2011. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1512982/000151298211000001/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^5]: SEC Form D, BINA Technologies Inc., accessions 0001518373-11-000002 (filed April 21, 2011) and 0001518373-12-000003 (filed March 28, 2012). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1518373/000151837312000003/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^6]: SEC Form D, PrognosDx Health, Inc., accessions 0001515122-11-000002, -000003 and -000004 (filed March 15, May 17 and June 28, 2011). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1515122/000151512211000002/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^7]: SEC Form D, Akoya Biosciences, Inc. (CIK 1711933), accessions 0001446933-17-000008 (first sale July 12, 2017, signed July 14, 2017) and 0001446933-18-000007 (first sale September 26, 2018, signed October 2, 2018), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1711933/000144693317000008/primary_doc.xml ; Form 3, Garry Nolan, accession 0001104659-21-052709 (April 20, 2021); prospectus (424B4), accession 0001104659-21-051518 (April 19, 2021), "Management" and "Business" sections. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1711933/000110465921051518/tm212065-15_424b4.htm
|
||||
[^8]: To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science Inc., Form 1-A, offering circular Part II and III, accession 0001144204-17-043466 (filed August 15, 2017), "Advisory Board." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1710274/000114420417043466/v473169_partiiandiii.htm
|
||||
[^9]: To The Stars Academy of Arts and Science Inc., Form 1-SA, semiannual report for the period ended June 30, 2018, Item 2 (Other Information), SEC accession 0001144204-18-050766, filed September 26, 2018. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1710274/000114420418050766/tv503167_1sa.htm
|
||||
[^10]: Micah Hanks, "The Sol Foundation: How a New Think Tank of Academics is Applying 'Cutting-Edge Research' to the UAP Mystery," *The Debrief*, September 12, 2023. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-how-a-new-think-tank-of-academics-is-applying-cutting-edge-research-the-uap-mystery/
|
||||
[^11]: IRS Form 990 for 2024, EIN 93-3649160; ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer API record for the same EIN. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/933649160
|
||||
[^12]: The Sol Foundation, home page, "People" section, https://thesolfoundation.org/ , read October 3, 2026.
|
||||
[^13]: Micah Hanks, *The Debrief*, February 12, 2024. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-academias-new-uap-think-tank-releases-videos-of-lectures-from-its-inaugural-symposium/
|
||||
[^14]: Signatory entry in the letter of November 12, 2024, statement of Tim Gallaudet, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing of November 13, 2024. https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO12/20241113/117721/HHRG-118-GO12-Wstate-GallaudetPhDRearAdmiralUSNavyRetT-20241113-SD001.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/
|
||||
[^16]: "New science advisory council forms to help US government 'resolve the UAP mystery,'" *DefenseScoop*, June 17, 2026. https://defensescoop.com/2026/06/17/new-science-advisory-council-forms-to-help-us-government-resolve-the-uap-mystery/
|
||||
[^17]: Sol Foundation, release "Sol Foundation Co-Founders Named to UAP Science Advisory Council," June 22, 2026 (modified July 13, 2026), https://thesolfoundation.org/sol-foundation-co-founders-named-to-uap-science-advisory-council/ ; Avi Loeb, "More Details on the UAP Science Advisory Council," Medium (avi-loeb.medium.com), June 16, 2026, read in a Wayback Machine copy; Federal Register search for "UAP Science Advisory Council," https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents.json?conditions%5Bterm%5D=%22UAP+Science+Advisory+Council%22 (count 0 on October 3, 2026).
|
||||
[^18]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A receipts, contributor name "NOLAN, GARRY," city Redwood City, queried October 3, 2026 (twenty-five records, 2016 to 2024; employer given as Stanford University or Stanford University School of Medicine). The identity of the donor with the Stanford professor rests on the employer field only.
|
||||
[^3]: Garry P. Nolan, Jacques F. Vallee, Sizun Jiang and Larry G. Lemke, *Progress in Aerospace Sciences* 128 (January 2022), article 100788, doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100788 (Crossref record). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100788
|
||||
[^4]: Kevin H. Knuth et al., "The New Science of Unidentified Aerospace-Undersea Phenomena (UAP)," arXiv:2502.06794v2 (March 30, 2025), section 5.3.2 "Council Bluffs, Iowa USA." https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.06794
|
||||
[^5]: The Good Trouble Show, "Jacques Vallee on the First Peer-Reviewed UFO Paper in Progress in Aerospace Sciences," August 24, 2025. https://thegoodtroubleshow.substack.com/p/jacques-vallee-on-the-first-peer
|
||||
[^6]: SEC Form D, Nodality Inc, accession 0001372142-09-000007 (filed October 26, 2009; first sale October 19, 2009) and 0001372142-10-000001 (filed January 13, 2010; first sale December 30, 2009). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1372142/000137214209000007/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^7]: SEC Form D, DVS Sciences, Inc., accession 0001512982-11-000001, filed February 16, 2011. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1512982/000151298211000001/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^8]: SEC Form D, BINA Technologies Inc., accessions 0001518373-11-000002 (filed April 21, 2011) and 0001518373-12-000003 (filed March 28, 2012). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1518373/000151837312000003/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^9]: SEC Form D, PrognosDx Health, Inc., accessions 0001515122-11-000002, -000003 and -000004 (filed March 15, May 17 and June 28, 2011). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1515122/000151512211000002/primary_doc.xml
|
||||
[^10]: SEC Form D, Akoya Biosciences, Inc. (CIK 1711933), accessions 0001446933-17-000008 (first sale July 12, 2017, signed July 14, 2017) and 0001446933-18-000007 (first sale September 26, 2018, signed October 2, 2018), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1711933/000144693317000008/primary_doc.xml ; Form 3, Garry Nolan, accession 0001104659-21-052709 (April 20, 2021); prospectus (424B4), accession 0001104659-21-051518 (April 19, 2021), "Management" and "Business" sections. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1711933/000110465921051518/tm212065-15_424b4.htm
|
||||
[^11]: To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science Inc., Form 1-A, offering circular Part II and III, accession 0001144204-17-043466 (filed August 15, 2017), "Advisory Board." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1710274/000114420417043466/v473169_partiiandiii.htm
|
||||
[^12]: To The Stars Academy of Arts and Science Inc., Form 1-SA, semiannual report for the period ended June 30, 2018, Item 2 (Other Information), SEC accession 0001144204-18-050766, filed September 26, 2018. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1710274/000114420418050766/tv503167_1sa.htm
|
||||
[^13]: Micah Hanks, "The Sol Foundation: How a New Think Tank of Academics is Applying 'Cutting-Edge Research' to the UAP Mystery," *The Debrief*, September 12, 2023. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-how-a-new-think-tank-of-academics-is-applying-cutting-edge-research-the-uap-mystery/
|
||||
[^14]: IRS Form 990 for 2024, EIN 93-3649160; ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer API record for the same EIN. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/933649160
|
||||
[^15]: The Sol Foundation, home page, "People" section, https://thesolfoundation.org/ , read October 3, 2026.
|
||||
[^16]: Micah Hanks, *The Debrief*, February 12, 2024. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-academias-new-uap-think-tank-releases-videos-of-lectures-from-its-inaugural-symposium/
|
||||
[^17]: Signatory entry in the letter of November 12, 2024, statement of Tim Gallaudet, House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing of November 13, 2024. https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO12/20241113/117721/HHRG-118-GO12-Wstate-GallaudetPhDRearAdmiralUSNavyRetT-20241113-SD001.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: Nathaniel Rich, "Ufologists, Unite!," *The New York Review of Books*, April 18, 2024. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/04/18/ufologists-unite-american-cosmic-d-w-pasulka/
|
||||
[^19]: "New science advisory council forms to help US government 'resolve the UAP mystery,'" *DefenseScoop*, June 17, 2026. https://defensescoop.com/2026/06/17/new-science-advisory-council-forms-to-help-us-government-resolve-the-uap-mystery/
|
||||
[^20]: Sol Foundation, release "Sol Foundation Co-Founders Named to UAP Science Advisory Council," June 22, 2026 (modified July 13, 2026), https://thesolfoundation.org/sol-foundation-co-founders-named-to-uap-science-advisory-council/ ; Avi Loeb, "More Details on the UAP Science Advisory Council," Medium (avi-loeb.medium.com), June 16, 2026, read in a Wayback Machine copy; Federal Register search for "UAP Science Advisory Council," https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents.json?conditions%5Bterm%5D=%22UAP+Science+Advisory+Council%22 (count 0 on October 3, 2026).
|
||||
[^21]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A receipts, contributor name "NOLAN, GARRY," city Redwood City, queried October 3, 2026 (twenty-five records, 2016 to 2024; employer given as Stanford University or Stanford University School of Medicine). The identity of the donor with the Stanford professor rests on the employer field only.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ tags:
|
|||
summary: "Washington lawyer, former federal prosecutor and White House drug-policy counsel, named in an April 1987 letter on Barbara Studley's file, and a name partner of Washington, Perito & Dubuc before joining Paul Hastings in 1991."
|
||||
location: "Washington, D.C."
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Roy Cohn]]"
|
||||
start: 1969
|
||||
role: "assistant United States attorney on the government's brief in the mandamus proceeding"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York]]"
|
||||
role: "Assistant United States Attorney"
|
||||
|
|
@ -39,40 +44,46 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Barbara Studley]]"
|
||||
start: 1987
|
||||
end: 1987
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Laxalt, Washington, Perito & Dubuc]]"
|
||||
role: "name partner, head of white-collar litigation group"
|
||||
start: 1988
|
||||
end: 1991
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Paul Hastings|Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker]]"
|
||||
role: "partner, later senior counsel; chair of the Washington litigation department"
|
||||
start: 1991
|
||||
fn: 4
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Paul Louis Perito (January 23, 1937 to March 22, 2020) was a Washington lawyer. A Paul L. Perito is the lawyer named in the April 28, 1987 letter on [[Barbara Studley]]'s file to the House Iran-Contra committee, and a Paul Perito was a name partner of [[Laxalt, Washington, Perito & Dubuc]] in 1991; the records found do not state in so many words that these are the same man.
|
||||
|
||||
### Government service
|
||||
|
||||
He was born in Medford, Massachusetts, graduated from Tufts University in 1960 and from Harvard Law School in 1964. From 1966 to 1970 he was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, where he tried twenty-one cases including *United States v. Roy M. Cohn, et al.* From 1970 to 1971 he was chief counsel and later staff director of the House Select Committee on Crime, and from 1971 to 1973 chief counsel and deputy director of the White House Special Action Office on Drug Abuse Prevention.[^1]
|
||||
He was born in Medford, Massachusetts, graduated from Tufts University in 1960 and from Harvard Law School in 1964. From 1966 to 1970 he was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, where he tried twenty-one cases including *United States v. [[Roy Cohn|Roy M. Cohn]], et al.* From 1970 to 1971 he was chief counsel and later staff director of the House Select Committee on Crime, and from 1971 to 1973 chief counsel and deputy director of the White House Special Action Office on Drug Abuse Prevention.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969 Perito and Peter L. Truebner, assistant United States attorneys, filed the government's brief opposing Cohn's petition for a writ of mandamus. The petition sought to postpone Cohn's trial on charges of conspiracy, bribery and extortion, and the Second Circuit denied it on September 17, 1969.[^2] Cohn was acquitted on the 1969 indictment, and on October 15, 1971 a federal jury acquitted him on the three remaining counts of a separate ten-count securities-reporting indictment tied to the same bus company.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Studley letter, 1987
|
||||
|
||||
On April 28, 1987 [[Frank Koszorus Jr.]] of the Washington office of [[Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey|Finley, Kumble]] wrote to [[Kenneth Ballen]], assistant counsel of the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran: "During your telephone conference with Paul L. Perito this afternoon, you requested a copy of the memorandum from Barbara F. Studley's file regarding Oliver North."[^2] In the deposition of [[Daniel O. Graham]] on May 26, 1987, counsel asked whether Graham had met "her attorney, Mr. Perito," and Graham answered, "The one I know is Perito."[^3]
|
||||
On April 28, 1987 [[Frank Koszorus Jr.]] of the Washington office of [[Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey|Finley, Kumble]] wrote to [[Kenneth Ballen]], assistant counsel of the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran: "During your telephone conference with Paul L. Perito this afternoon, you requested a copy of the memorandum from Barbara F. Studley's file regarding Oliver North."[^4] In the deposition of [[Daniel O. Graham]] on May 26, 1987, counsel asked whether Graham had met "her attorney, Mr. Perito," and Graham answered, "The one I know is Perito."[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Washington, Perito & Dubuc and Paul Hastings
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Washington Post]] reported on December 23, 1987 that [[Paul Laxalt]] and Robert B. Washington Jr., partners in the dissolving Finley Kumble, had announced the formation of a Washington-based firm. The bankruptcy court later found that the partnership, Washington, Perito & Dubuc, was organized in January 1988 by thirty-one partners of Finley Kumble's Washington office and others, and ceased practice in August 1991.[^4] On July 20, 1991 the Post reported that Paul Perito, "one of the firm's name partners and head of its important white-collar litigation group," was moving the following Monday with a half-dozen other lawyers to the Washington office of [[Paul Hastings|Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker]].[^5]
|
||||
The [[Washington Post]] reported on December 23, 1987 that [[Paul Laxalt]] and Robert B. Washington Jr., partners in the dissolving Finley Kumble, had announced the formation of a Washington-based firm. The bankruptcy court later found that the partnership, Washington, Perito & Dubuc, was organized in January 1988 by thirty-one partners of Finley Kumble's Washington office and others, and ceased practice in August 1991.[^6] On July 20, 1991 the Post reported that Paul Perito, "one of the firm's name partners and head of its important white-collar litigation group," was moving the following Monday with a half-dozen other lawyers to the Washington office of [[Paul Hastings|Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker]].[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
[[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]] was described in July 1991 as a partner at Washington, Perito & Dubuc and became a partner of Paul Hastings on July 18, 1994, and Frank Koszorus Jr. signed that firm's registration papers for the Hungarian embassy from March 1993.[^6] Perito's obituary states that he was ultimately a partner and later senior counsel at Paul Hastings, where he was national co-chair of the White Collar Corporate Defense Practice Group and chair of the Litigation Department of the Washington office, and that after leaving private practice he was an officer and director of Star Scientific, Inc., whose mission the obituary gives as reducing toxins in tobacco products. He was president of the Harvard Law School Alumni Association from 2012 to 2014.[^7]
|
||||
[[E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr.]] was described in July 1991 as a partner at Washington, Perito & Dubuc and became a partner of Paul Hastings on July 18, 1994, and Frank Koszorus Jr. signed that firm's registration papers for the Hungarian embassy from March 1993.[^8] Perito's obituary states that he was ultimately a partner and later senior counsel at Paul Hastings, where he was national co-chair of the White Collar Corporate Defense Practice Group and chair of the Litigation Department of the Washington office, and that after leaving private practice he was an officer and director of Star Scientific, Inc., whose mission the obituary gives as reducing toxins in tobacco products. He was president of the Harvard Law School Alumni Association from 2012 to 2014.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: "Paul Perito Obituary (1937 - 2020)," *The Washington Post*, March 29, 2020. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/washingtonpost/name/paul-perito-obituary?id=2005298
|
||||
[^2]: Letter from Frank Koszorus Jr., Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey, Washington, to Kenneth Ballen, April 28, 1987, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12, printed p. 1040 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234, https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152840_0234).
|
||||
[^3]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
|
||||
[^4]: Karlyn Barker and Kathleen Day, "Robert Washington, Laxalt Team Up to Replace Failed Law Firm," *The Washington Post*, December 23, 1987, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/12/23/robert-washington-laxalt-team-up-to-replace-failed-law-firm/71c2b588-772c-47c4-acdb-68bc9bdfe123/ ; In re Washington, Perito & Dubuc, 154 B.R. 853 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. June 2, 1993), https://static.case.law/br/154/cases/0853-01.json
|
||||
[^5]: Sharon Walsh and Saundra Torry, "Washington, Perito Law Firm Losing Additional Attorneys; Name Partner Among Those Leaving," *The Washington Post*, July 20, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1991/07/20/washington-perito-law-firm-losing-additional-attorneys/0a7d8d2e-2958-4283-9860-874855bd0ca6/
|
||||
[^6]: "Kinder, gentler profession urged," *Chicago Tribune*, July 23, 1991, https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/07/23/kinder-gentler-profession-urged/ ; U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4772, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Supplemental Statement for the six months ending September 30, 1994, Attachment 1, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Supplemental-Statement-19940930-DHFIFJ02.pdf ; Exhibit B, March 1, 1993, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Exhibit-AB-19930301-D1Y3N102.pdf
|
||||
[^7]: "Paul Perito Obituary (1937 - 2020)," *The Washington Post*, March 29, 2020 (note 1).
|
||||
[^2]: In re Cohn, 416 F.2d 440 (2d Cir. Sept. 17, 1969) (per curiam; "Paul L. Perito and Peter L. Truebner, Asst. U. S. Attys., on the brief"; petition for mandamus denied). https://static.case.law/f2d/416/cases/0440-01.json
|
||||
[^3]: FBI file on Roy M. Cohn, memorandum of January 22, 1975 ("subsequently acquitted"), https://archive.org/details/6434449-Roy-Cohn-FBI-file-OCR ; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, News Digest, October 22, 1971, "Cohn Acquitted" (LR-5194), https://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1971/dig102271.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Letter from Frank Koszorus Jr., Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey, Washington, to Kenneth Ballen, April 28, 1987, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12, printed p. 1040 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234, https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152840_0234).
|
||||
[^5]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
|
||||
[^6]: Karlyn Barker and Kathleen Day, "Robert Washington, Laxalt Team Up to Replace Failed Law Firm," *The Washington Post*, December 23, 1987, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/12/23/robert-washington-laxalt-team-up-to-replace-failed-law-firm/71c2b588-772c-47c4-acdb-68bc9bdfe123/ ; In re Washington, Perito & Dubuc, 154 B.R. 853 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. June 2, 1993), https://static.case.law/br/154/cases/0853-01.json
|
||||
[^7]: Sharon Walsh and Saundra Torry, "Washington, Perito Law Firm Losing Additional Attorneys; Name Partner Among Those Leaving," *The Washington Post*, July 20, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1991/07/20/washington-perito-law-firm-losing-additional-attorneys/0a7d8d2e-2958-4283-9860-874855bd0ca6/
|
||||
[^8]: "Kinder, gentler profession urged," *Chicago Tribune*, July 23, 1991, https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/07/23/kinder-gentler-profession-urged/ ; U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4772, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Supplemental Statement for the six months ending September 30, 1994, Attachment 1, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Supplemental-Statement-19940930-DHFIFJ02.pdf ; Exhibit B, March 1, 1993, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Exhibit-AB-19930301-D1Y3N102.pdf
|
||||
[^9]: "Paul Perito Obituary (1937 - 2020)," *The Washington Post*, March 29, 2020 (note 1).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "Law Enforcement & Legal"
|
||||
created: 2024-04-25
|
||||
updated: 2026-05-01
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
- INSLAW
|
||||
- Lawyer
|
||||
- DoJ
|
||||
summary: "Charles R. Work was Deputy Chief of the DC U.S. Attorney's Office Superior Court Division who co-directed the original PROMIS design team with Joan E. Jacoby and project manager Bill Hamilton in 1969, then served as Deputy Administrator of LEAA from 1973 to 1975 where he continued funding INSLAW and PROMIS expansion."
|
||||
summary: "Charles R. Work co-directed the 1969 PROMIS design team in the DC U.S. Attorney's Office, then served as Deputy Administrator of LEAA from 1973 to 1975."
|
||||
born: 1940-06-21
|
||||
location: "Glendale, California"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
|
@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ In 1966, Work became an Assistant United States Attorney in the criminal trial s
|
|||
|
||||
In 1969, while serving as Deputy Chief of the Superior Court Division, Work co-directed the original [[PROMIS]] design team commissioned by U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]], alongside [[Joan E. Jacoby]] (Director of the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]) and project manager [[Bill Hamilton]] (then a senior consultant at [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]). The team produced the Prosecutor's Management Information System, deployed January 1, 1971, in the DC U.S. Attorney's Office. Work hired INSLAW to write the first version of PROMIS and maintained a close working relationship with Hamilton through the program's early years.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
A May 1971 overview of PROMIS prepared by Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co for the Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA grant 70-DF-047 records that the design team was headed by Joan E. Jacoby, director of the Office of Crime Analysis, and Work, deputy director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office.[^4] A 1985 White House announcement lists Work as Deputy Chief and Chief of the Superior Court Division from 1969 to 1973 and as Deputy Administrator of LEAA from 1973 to 1975, and a White House release of January 26, 1976 records that he resigned effective November 21, 1975.[^5] In April 1973 the executive director of the National District Attorneys Association described PROMIS as developed by Jacoby and Work, "assistant U.S. attorney," under a $290,000 LEAA grant.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### LEAA Deputy Administrator
|
||||
|
||||
In 1973, Work became Deputy Administrator of the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] via Presidential nomination by [[Richard Nixon]] and Senate confirmation, a position he held until 1975. In that capacity, he continued funding [[INSLAW]] and promoting PROMIS adoption through both direct grants and the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]]. Following Nixon's resignation, Work maintained close personal relationships with Ford administration officials and worked to encourage the incoming administration to sustain LEAA's crime-fighting programs.[^2]
|
||||
|
|
@ -28,17 +30,20 @@ In 1973, Work became Deputy Administrator of the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistan
|
|||
|
||||
In 1975, Work became a partner at Peabody, Lambert & Meyers. In 1983, he moved to McDermott, Will & Emery, where he served as Partner-in-Charge of the DC office through 1997.[^1] He served as a former president of the D.C. Bar and in 1978 received the Rockefeller Public Service Award for Administering Justice and Reducing Crime.
|
||||
|
||||
In 1985, President [[Ronald Reagan]] appointed him a member of the District of Columbia Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure, the body that reappoints and disciplines DC judges.[^4]
|
||||
In 1985, President [[Ronald Reagan]] appointed him a member of the District of Columbia Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure, the body that reappoints and disciplines DC judges.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
Work was appointed by the United States District Court as guardian ad litem of Vietnamese orphans who survived a plane crash in Saigon in 1975.
|
||||
|
||||
### INSLAW Litigation
|
||||
|
||||
During INSLAW's litigation against the [[Department of Justice]], Work served as co-lead counsel for INSLAW, bringing his knowledge of the program's origins and his prior relationship with [[Bill Hamilton]] to the company's defense.[^3]
|
||||
During INSLAW's litigation against the [[Department of Justice]], Work served as co-lead counsel for INSLAW, bringing his knowledge of the program's origins and his prior relationship with Bill Hamilton to the company's defense.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Atlantic Legal Foundation. Charles R. Work - Director Biography. atlanticlegal.org.
|
||||
[^2]: Reagan Presidential Library. "Appointment of Charles R. Work as a Member of the District of Columbia Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure." presidency.ucsb.edu.
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
|
||||
[^4]: Reagan Presidential Library. Appointment document, 1985.
|
||||
[^4]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS (May 1971), prepared under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^5]: The American Presidency Project, intention to appoint Charles R. Work to the District of Columbia Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure, June 10, 1985, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/260238 ; White House Office of the Press Secretary, January 26, 1976, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0248/whpr19760126-013.pdf
|
||||
[^6]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Hearings, Serial No. 4 (1973), statement of Patrick Healy, April 4, 1973, p. 454. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
|
||||
[^7]: Reagan Presidential Library. Appointment document, 1985.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -47,30 +47,30 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Pam Bondi]]"
|
||||
start: 2025-02-04
|
||||
end: 2026-04-02
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
- type: appointed
|
||||
with: "[[Todd Blanche]]"
|
||||
start: 2026-04-02
|
||||
role: acting Attorney General
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
- type: appointed
|
||||
with: "[[Howard Lutnick]]"
|
||||
start: 2025-02
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
- type: appointed
|
||||
with: "[[David Sacks]]"
|
||||
start: 2024-12
|
||||
fn: 33
|
||||
fn: 36
|
||||
- type: appointed
|
||||
with: "[[Jay Clayton]]"
|
||||
start: 2026-10-04
|
||||
role: White House AI czar
|
||||
fn: 33
|
||||
fn: 36
|
||||
- type: represented
|
||||
with: "[[Todd Blanche]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2023
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
fn: 37
|
||||
- type: represented
|
||||
with: "[[Roy Cohn]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
|
|
@ -82,20 +82,20 @@ relations:
|
|||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2017-05-17
|
||||
end: 2019-03-22
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
fn: 24
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Steve Bannon]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2016-08
|
||||
role: campaign chief executive
|
||||
fn: 14
|
||||
fn: 17
|
||||
- type: relative_of
|
||||
with: "[[Jared Kushner]]"
|
||||
role: son-in-law
|
||||
fn: 28
|
||||
fn: 31
|
||||
- type: spouse_of
|
||||
with: "[[Melania Trump]]"
|
||||
fn: 36
|
||||
fn: 39
|
||||
created: 2026-06-18
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
|
@ -112,101 +112,101 @@ In the 1980s [[Alan Greenberg|Alan Greenberg]] of [[Bear Stearns|Bear Stearns]]
|
|||
|
||||
On October 15, 1973 the United States sued Fred C. Trump, Donald Trump and Trump Management, Inc. in the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York|Eastern District of New York]] under the Fair Housing Act of 1968, Civil Action No. 73 C 1529, before Judge [[Edward R. Neaher|Edward R. Neaher]].[^5][^6] The complaint covered 39 buildings with more than 14,000 apartments and drew on reports from black and white testers sent by the Open Housing Center of the [[New York Urban League|New York Urban League]]; the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] interviewed company employees, former employees and applicants in the investigation that preceded the suit.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
The defendants retained [[Roy Cohn|Roy M. Cohn]] of the firm Saxe, Bacon, Bolan & Manley. Cohn had been admitted to the New York bar in 1948 and in 1952 appeared among the counsel for the United States on the Second Circuit appeal in [[United States v. Rosenberg|United States v. Rosenberg]]; the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse summary of the Trump case describes him as a former aide to Senator [[Joseph McCarthy|Joseph McCarthy]].[^7][^8] The docket shows that on December 12, 1973 the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint and filed a counterclaim, that the government moved on January 8, 1974 to dismiss the counterclaim, and that both motions were argued before Neaher on January 25, 1974. The docket records the government's response to affidavits of Donald Trump and Roy Cohn, a government motion for sanctions returnable in May 1974, and a notice to take Donald Trump's deposition.[^5] The counterclaim sought 100 million dollars from the government for defamation, and it failed.[^7][^9]
|
||||
The defendants retained [[Roy Cohn|Roy M. Cohn]] of the firm Saxe, Bacon, Bolan & Manley. Cohn had been admitted to the New York bar in 1948 and in 1952 appeared among the counsel for the United States on the Second Circuit appeal in [[United States v. Rosenberg|United States v. Rosenberg]]; the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse summary of the Trump case describes him as a former aide to Senator [[Joseph McCarthy|Joseph McCarthy]]. The Senate's staff list gives Cohn's service as chief counsel of the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] as January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954.[^7][^8][^9] The docket shows that on December 12, 1973 the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint and filed a counterclaim, that the government moved on January 8, 1974 to dismiss the counterclaim, and that both motions were argued before Neaher on January 25, 1974. The docket records the government's response to affidavits of Donald Trump and Roy Cohn, a government motion for sanctions returnable in May 1974, and a notice to take Donald Trump's deposition.[^5] The counterclaim sought 100 million dollars from the government for defamation. The Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse summary states that Neaher dismissed it and allowed the Fair Housing Act suit to proceed, and The Nation reported that the judge dismissed it about two months after it was filed; the docket records the argument on January 25, 1974 but not the order.[^7][^10]
|
||||
|
||||
[[David Marcus|David Marcus]], identified as Cohn's cousin, said in the 2024 [[PBS Frontline|FRONTLINE]] film The Choice 2024 that when Cohn met Trump he told him, "You might be guilty; it doesn't matter. Go after the Justice Department. Don't ever admit guilt." Ken Auletta of The New Yorker said in the same film that Trump was "totally taken" by Cohn's advice to "fight it" and "just deny everything and fight."[^9]
|
||||
[[David Marcus|David Marcus]], identified as Cohn's cousin, said in the 2024 [[PBS Frontline|FRONTLINE]] film The Choice 2024 that when Cohn met Trump he told him, "You might be guilty; it doesn't matter. Go after the Justice Department. Don't ever admit guilt." Ken Auletta of The New Yorker said in the same film that Trump was "totally taken" by Cohn's advice to "fight it" and "just deny everything and fight."[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
The case ended in a consent order entered June 10, 1975. It recites that the order was entered "without adjudication of the merit and without any admission as to the existence or absence of liability," that "Defendants vigorously deny said allegations," and that Trump Management's execution of it was "in no way an admission" of a violation. It dismissed the complaint against Fred Trump and Donald Trump personally, with prejudice. It permanently enjoined the company from refusing to rent or sell, discriminating in terms, and representing that a dwelling was unavailable when it was available, directed the principal officers to "thoroughly acquaint themselves personally on a detailed basis" with the Fair Housing Act, and required a two-year affirmative program that began with written notice to the Open Housing Center of the New York Urban League. Cohn signed for the defendants and Frank E. Schwelb, Chief of the Housing Section of the Civil Rights Division, for the United States.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 23, 1986 the Appellate Division, First Department, in Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15, sustained four charges brought by the Departmental Disciplinary Committee in the fall of 1982 and disbarred Cohn effective immediately, in a per curiam opinion joined by Justices Sandler, Fein, Lynch, Rosenberger and Ellerin. Cohn's counsel were [[Michael Mukasey|Michael B. Mukasey]] and [[Harold R. Tyler Jr.|Harold R. Tyler, Jr.]] The charges concerned a 100,000-dollar loan from a client in 1966 that remained unpaid until 1984; the violation of an escrow order in a Securities and Exchange Commission fraud action involving two yachts; a December 6, 1975 codicil to the will of [[Lewis Rosenstiel|Lewis S. Rosenstiel]], signed in a Miami hospital room weeks before his death and naming Cohn as an additional executor and trustee; and a false answer on Cohn's July 28, 1982 application to the District of Columbia Bar. The court wrote that "for an attorney practicing for nearly 40 years in this State, such misconduct is inexcusable" and that the evidence on each charge left "no recourse but to order disbarment."[^10] The FBI's online Vault carries a 748-page file titled Roy Cohn, Part 01 of 01.[^11]
|
||||
On June 23, 1986 the Appellate Division, First Department, in Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15, sustained four charges brought by the Departmental Disciplinary Committee in the fall of 1982 and disbarred Cohn effective immediately, in a per curiam opinion joined by Justices Sandler, Fein, Lynch, Rosenberger and Ellerin. Cohn's counsel were [[Michael Mukasey|Michael B. Mukasey]] and [[Harold R. Tyler Jr.|Harold R. Tyler, Jr.]] The charges concerned a 100,000-dollar loan from a client in 1966 that remained unpaid until 1984; the violation of an escrow order in a Securities and Exchange Commission fraud action involving two yachts; a December 6, 1975 codicil to the will of [[Lewis Rosenstiel|Lewis S. Rosenstiel]], signed in a Miami hospital room weeks before his death and naming Cohn as an additional executor and trustee; and a false answer on Cohn's July 28, 1982 application to the District of Columbia Bar, where question 8(b) asked whether any charges or complaints concerning his conduct as an attorney were pending and he answered "No." The court wrote that "for an attorney practicing for nearly 40 years in this State, such misconduct is inexcusable" and that the evidence on each charge left "no recourse but to order disbarment."[^12] The FBI's online Vault carries a 748-page file titled Roy Cohn, Part 01 of 01.[^13] The program of the May 2, 1983 B'nai B'rith tribute dinner for Cohn, in the Reagan Library files, lists Donald J. Trump, President, The Trump Organization, among the sponsors beside Rupert Murdoch.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 2016 Campaign and the Thiel Network
|
||||
|
||||
Peter Thiel, a [[Silicon Valley|Silicon Valley]] investor, endorsed Trump at the July 2016 [[Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention]] in [[Cleveland|Cleveland]], as the first openly gay speaker at a Republican convention in sixteen years. Federal Election Commission schedule A records list Thiel's itemized individual contributions for the 2015 to 2016 cycle, including two contributions of 1,000,000 dollars each to committees named Fighting for Ohio Fund (August 10, 2016) and Make America Number 1 (October 26, 2016), a 250,000-dollar contribution to Trump Victory (October 6, 2016), and a 2,700-dollar contribution to Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. (October 6, 2016). A 2,000,000-dollar contribution dated August 25, 2015 went to a committee named Conservative, Authentic, Responsive Leadership for You and for America.[^12]
|
||||
Peter Thiel, a [[Silicon Valley|Silicon Valley]] investor, endorsed Trump at the July 2016 [[Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention]] in [[Cleveland|Cleveland]], as the first openly gay speaker at a Republican convention in sixteen years. Federal Election Commission schedule A records list Thiel's itemized individual contributions for the 2015 to 2016 cycle, including two contributions of 1,000,000 dollars each to committees named Fighting for Ohio Fund (August 10, 2016) and Make America Number 1 (October 26, 2016), a 250,000-dollar contribution to Trump Victory (October 6, 2016), and a 2,700-dollar contribution to Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. (October 6, 2016). A 2,000,000-dollar contribution dated August 25, 2015 went to a committee named Conservative, Authentic, Responsive Leadership for You and for America.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
After the November 2016 election Trump placed Thiel on the transition team's executive committee. Thiel used the position to place [[Kevin Harrington|Kevin Harrington]] as Senior Director for Strategic Planning on the [[National Security Council|National Security Council]] and a Thiel aide as White House Deputy Chief Technology Officer. The [[The Guardian|Guardian]] and [[Politico|Politico]] reported in November and December 2016 that companies Thiel backed, especially [[Palantir Technologies|Palantir]], stood to benefit from the transition role.[^13]
|
||||
After the November 2016 election Trump placed Thiel on the transition team's executive committee. Thiel used the position to place [[Kevin Harrington|Kevin Harrington]] as Senior Director for Strategic Planning on the [[National Security Council|National Security Council]] and a Thiel aide as White House Deputy Chief Technology Officer. The [[The Guardian|Guardian]] and [[Politico|Politico]] reported in November and December 2016 that companies Thiel backed, especially [[Palantir Technologies|Palantir]], stood to benefit from the transition role.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Robert Mercer|Robert Mercer]] and [[Rebekah Mercer|Rebekah Mercer]] family funded [[Breitbart News|Breitbart News]], where [[Steve Bannon|Steve Bannon]] served as executive chairman before becoming Trump's campaign chief executive in August 2016. The Mercer Family Foundation also gave 7,460,000 dollars to the [[Government Accountability Institute|Government Accountability Institute]] in tax years 2013 to 2017; Bannon was the institute's chairman and Rebekah Mercer a director in its 2012 return, and the institute produced the book [[Clinton Cash|Clinton Cash]]. The family also funded [[Cambridge Analytica|Cambridge Analytica]], which obtained Facebook user data through an academic researcher, [[Aleksandr Kogan|Aleksandr Kogan]], and used psychographic profiling in the campaign.[^14]
|
||||
The [[Robert Mercer|Robert Mercer]] and [[Rebekah Mercer|Rebekah Mercer]] family funded [[Breitbart News|Breitbart News]], where [[Steve Bannon|Steve Bannon]] served as executive chairman before becoming Trump's campaign chief executive in August 2016. The Mercer Family Foundation also gave 7,460,000 dollars to the [[Government Accountability Institute|Government Accountability Institute]] in tax years 2013 to 2017; Bannon was the institute's chairman and Rebekah Mercer a director in its 2012 return, and the institute produced the book [[Clinton Cash|Clinton Cash]]. The family also funded [[Cambridge Analytica|Cambridge Analytica]], which obtained Facebook user data through an academic researcher, [[Aleksandr Kogan|Aleksandr Kogan]], and used psychographic profiling in the campaign.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Federal Trade Commission|Federal Trade Commission]] issued an administrative complaint against Cambridge Analytica on July 24, 2019. The Commission's opinion and final order of November 25, 2019 (Docket No. 9383) granted complaint counsel's unopposed motion for summary decision, found that the company harvested profile data from approximately 250,000 to 270,000 U.S. app users and from 50 to 65 million of their Facebook friends, and ordered it to delete or destroy the covered information and to stop misrepresenting its privacy practices and its Privacy Shield participation; the company had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in May 2018.[^15] The United Kingdom Information Commissioner's final letter to Parliament, dated October 2, 2020, stated that the Commissioner "did not find any additional evidence of Russian involvement" in the material on the SCL Elections and Cambridge Analytica servers, and that earlier details of reported Russia-located activity had been referred to the National Crime Agency.[^16] The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reported that Cambridge Analytica developers helped ingest the campaign's polling data into a visualization tool that [[Brad Parscale|Brad Parscale]] carried on an iPad.[^17]
|
||||
The [[Federal Trade Commission|Federal Trade Commission]] issued an administrative complaint against Cambridge Analytica on July 24, 2019. The Commission's opinion and final order of November 25, 2019 (Docket No. 9383) granted complaint counsel's unopposed motion for summary decision, found that the company harvested profile data from approximately 250,000 to 270,000 U.S. app users and from 50 to 65 million of their Facebook friends, and ordered it to delete or destroy the covered information and to stop misrepresenting its privacy practices and its Privacy Shield participation; the company had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in May 2018.[^18] The United Kingdom Information Commissioner's final letter to Parliament, dated October 2, 2020, stated that the Commissioner "did not find any additional evidence of Russian involvement" in the material on the SCL Elections and Cambridge Analytica servers, and that earlier details of reported Russia-located activity had been referred to the National Crime Agency.[^19] The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reported that Cambridge Analytica developers helped ingest the campaign's polling data into a visualization tool that [[Brad Parscale|Brad Parscale]] carried on an iPad.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Russia Investigation
|
||||
|
||||
The Special Counsel's report on Russian interference in the 2016 election, Volume I, stated that candidate Trump signed a letter of intent for [[Trump Tower Moscow|Trump Tower Moscow]] by November 2015, and that Trump Organization executive [[Michael Cohen|Michael Cohen]] pursued the project through at least June 2016, including by considering travel to Russia by Cohen and candidate Trump. The report places the letter of intent between approximately October 13 and November 2, 2015, signed by Trump for the Trump Organization.[^18][^19]
|
||||
The Special Counsel's report on Russian interference in the 2016 election, Volume I, stated that candidate Trump signed a letter of intent for [[Trump Tower Moscow|Trump Tower Moscow]] by November 2015, and that Trump Organization executive [[Michael Cohen|Michael Cohen]] pursued the project through at least June 2016, including by considering travel to Russia by Cohen and candidate Trump. The report places the letter of intent between approximately October 13 and November 2, 2015, signed by Trump for the Trump Organization.[^21][^22]
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, in Volume 5 of its report on Russian active measures (2020), stated that Trump authorized Cohen in September 2015 to pursue the deal through [[Felix Sater|Felix Sater]], a longtime business associate of Trump. The committee found that Sater had senior-level ties to Russian businessmen and former officials, though it stated that he almost certainly inflated some of his claims.[^20]
|
||||
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, in Volume 5 of its report on Russian active measures (2020), stated that Trump authorized Cohen in September 2015 to pursue the deal through [[Felix Sater|Felix Sater]], a longtime business associate of Trump. The committee found that Sater had senior-level ties to Russian businessmen and former officials, though it stated that he almost certainly inflated some of his claims.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
The Special Counsel's Volume II addressed obstruction. Its introduction, its executive summary and its conclusion each state: "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." The report adds that "if we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state," and that "we are unable to reach that judgment."[^21]
|
||||
The Special Counsel's Volume II addressed obstruction. Its introduction, its executive summary and its conclusion each state: "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." The report adds that "if we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state," and that "we are unable to reach that judgment."[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Supreme Court and the Leo Network
|
||||
|
||||
Trump nominated [[Neil Gorsuch|Neil Gorsuch]], [[Brett Kavanaugh|Brett Kavanaugh]] and [[Amy Coney Barrett|Amy Coney Barrett]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]. The Senate confirmed Gorsuch on April 7, 2017 by 54 to 45, Kavanaugh on October 6, 2018 by 50 to 48, and Barrett on October 26, 2020 by 52 to 48.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
Leonard Leo, the longtime executive vice president of the [[Federalist Society|Federalist Society]], advised Trump on all three selections, according to [[ProPublica|ProPublica]], which reported on Leo's role in March 2023.[^22] The [[Judicial Crisis Network|Judicial Crisis Network]], later renamed the [[Concord Fund|Concord Fund]], funded campaigns for the confirmations. Leo managed the Kavanaugh confirmation strategy, and the Judicial Crisis Network and Concord Fund network spent millions of dollars on advertising and grassroots mobilization.[^22] The Kavanaugh confirmation followed a sexual assault allegation against Kavanaugh, and the [[Senate Judiciary Committee|Senate Judiciary Committee]] held hearings on it. The Court's 2022 decision in [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]] overturned [[Roe v. Wade|Roe v. Wade]]. The conservative majority that followed the three confirmations has decided cases on abortion, gun regulation, campaign finance and executive power.
|
||||
Leonard Leo, the longtime executive vice president of the [[Federalist Society|Federalist Society]], advised Trump on all three selections, according to [[ProPublica|ProPublica]], which reported on Leo's role in March 2023.[^25] The [[Judicial Crisis Network|Judicial Crisis Network]], later renamed the [[Concord Fund|Concord Fund]], funded campaigns for the confirmations. Leo managed the Kavanaugh confirmation strategy, and the Judicial Crisis Network and Concord Fund network spent millions of dollars on advertising and grassroots mobilization.[^25] The Kavanaugh confirmation followed a sexual assault allegation against Kavanaugh, and the [[Senate Judiciary Committee|Senate Judiciary Committee]] held hearings on it. The Court's 2022 decision in [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]] overturned [[Roe v. Wade|Roe v. Wade]]. The conservative majority that followed the three confirmations has decided cases on abortion, gun regulation, campaign finance and executive power.
|
||||
|
||||
The Leo and Thiel operations share the [[Teneo Network|Teneo Network]] institutional terrain and the 501(c)(4) dark-money structure described on the Leo page.[^22]
|
||||
The Leo and Thiel operations share the [[Teneo Network|Teneo Network]] institutional terrain and the 501(c)(4) dark-money structure described on the Leo page.[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
### Palantir and the Immigration Contracts
|
||||
|
||||
Palantir expanded its federal contracting during the first administration. Thiel chaired Palantir throughout, placed associates on the National Security Council, and ran the [[Dialog|Dialog]] convening network, a membership list of which was reported by WIRED in June 2026.[^23] The cluster is known as the [[Thiel Influence Network|Thiel network]]. Its [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE]] contracts include the FALCON database, awarded under contract HSCETC15C00001 (May 28, 2015 to May 27, 2018, about 39.3 million dollars) and continued under contract 70CTD019C00000001 (November 28, 2018 to May 27, 2022, about 37.8 million dollars), and the Investigative Case Management system, awarded as order 70CTD022FR0000170 (September 26, 2022 to September 25, 2027, about 170.8 million dollars). Palantir's ICE work also included a contract known as ELITE. [[In-Q-Tel|In-Q-Tel]] had seeded Palantir's relationship with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], and Palantir's Gotham platform became a standard data-fusion tool across multiple agencies.[^24]
|
||||
Palantir expanded its federal contracting during the first administration. Thiel chaired Palantir throughout, placed associates on the National Security Council, and ran the [[Dialog|Dialog]] convening network, a membership list of which was reported by WIRED in June 2026.[^26] The cluster is known as the [[Thiel Influence Network|Thiel network]]. Its [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE]] contracts include the FALCON database, awarded under contract HSCETC15C00001 (May 28, 2015 to May 27, 2018, about 39.3 million dollars) and continued under contract 70CTD019C00000001 (November 28, 2018 to May 27, 2022, about 37.8 million dollars), and the Investigative Case Management system, awarded as order 70CTD022FR0000170 (September 26, 2022 to September 25, 2027, about 170.8 million dollars). Palantir's ICE work also included a contract known as ELITE. [[In-Q-Tel|In-Q-Tel]] had seeded Palantir's relationship with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], and Palantir's Gotham platform became a standard data-fusion tool across multiple agencies.[^27]
|
||||
|
||||
On April 11, 2025 ICE modified order 70CTD022FR0000170 by about 29.9 million dollars; the USAspending record describes the modification as adding licenses, configuration and engineering services to deploy "new targeting and enforcement prioritization, self-deportation tracking, and immigration lifecycle process capabilities." ICE described a system called [[ImmigrationOS|ImmigrationOS]] in connection with this work, to track immigrants for deportation. In May and June 2026 ICE placed two further Palantir orders, 70CTD026FC0000012 (about 86.3 million dollars, enforcement removal operations modernization for the Enforcement Case Management System) and 70CTD026FC0000018 (about 45.8 million dollars, Homeland Security Investigations system modernization).[^25]
|
||||
On April 11, 2025 ICE modified order 70CTD022FR0000170 by about 29.9 million dollars; the USAspending record describes the modification as adding licenses, configuration and engineering services to deploy "new targeting and enforcement prioritization, self-deportation tracking, and immigration lifecycle process capabilities." ICE described a system called [[ImmigrationOS|ImmigrationOS]] in connection with this work, to track immigrants for deportation. In May and June 2026 ICE placed two further Palantir orders, 70CTD026FC0000012 (about 86.3 million dollars, enforcement removal operations modernization for the Enforcement Case Management System) and 70CTD026FC0000018 (about 45.8 million dollars, Homeland Security Investigations system modernization).[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Anduril Industries|Anduril]] holds contracts from [[Customs and Border Protection|CBP]] for [[Sentry Tower|Sentry Tower]] surveillance towers along the southern border, including a 363 million dollar award for extended-range towers; the deployment expanded to over 350 towers covering 30 percent of the southern border. [[Clearview AI|Clearview AI]], seeded by [[Founders Fund|Founders Fund]], supplies facial identification to CBP.[^26] The Palantir partnership with the [[Israeli Ministry of Defense|Israeli Ministry of Defense]] for "war-related missions" during the [[Gaza war|Gaza war]] was announced in January 2024, during the Biden administration, and is not an action of the second Trump administration. Palantir markets its [[Palantir Gotham|Gotham]] platform as an "AI-powered kill chain."[^27]
|
||||
[[Anduril Industries|Anduril]] holds contracts from [[Customs and Border Protection|CBP]] for [[Sentry Tower|Sentry Tower]] surveillance towers along the southern border, including a 363 million dollar award for extended-range towers; the deployment expanded to over 350 towers covering 30 percent of the southern border. [[Clearview AI|Clearview AI]], seeded by [[Founders Fund|Founders Fund]], supplies facial identification to CBP.[^29] The Palantir partnership with the [[Israeli Ministry of Defense|Israeli Ministry of Defense]] for "war-related missions" during the [[Gaza war|Gaza war]] was announced in January 2024, during the Biden administration, and is not an action of the second Trump administration. Palantir markets its [[Palantir Gotham|Gotham]] platform as an "AI-powered kill chain."[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Kushner Middle East Policy
|
||||
|
||||
Jared Kushner, Trump's son-in-law, led Middle East policy in the first administration. It produced the 2020 [[Abraham Accords|Abraham Accords]] normalization agreements between [[Israel|Israel]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Sudan|Sudan]] and [[Morocco|Morocco]]. The administration recognized Israeli sovereignty over the [[Golan Heights|Golan Heights]] and moved the U.S. embassy to [[Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]. The accords departed from the earlier U.S. framework that had conditioned normalization on Israeli-Palestinian progress.[^28]
|
||||
Jared Kushner, Trump's son-in-law, led Middle East policy in the first administration. It produced the 2020 [[Abraham Accords|Abraham Accords]] normalization agreements between [[Israel|Israel]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Sudan|Sudan]] and [[Morocco|Morocco]]. The administration recognized Israeli sovereignty over the [[Golan Heights|Golan Heights]] and moved the U.S. embassy to [[Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]. The accords departed from the earlier U.S. framework that had conditioned normalization on Israeli-Palestinian progress.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
The administration approved U.S.-[[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] arms sales over congressional opposition, using emergency authority to bypass congressional review. The sales went forward after the October 2018 murder of [[Jamal Khashoggi|Jamal Khashoggi]]. The CIA was reported to have assessed with high confidence that [[Mohammed bin Salman|Mohammed bin Salman]] had ordered the killing, and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence's assessment dated February 11, 2021, declassified on February 25 and released on February 26, 2021, stated: "We assess that Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman approved an operation in Istanbul, Turkey to capture or kill Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi."[^29] Kushner maintained his relationship with the crown prince after the murder and kept up the WhatsApp channel that the CIA assessed as compromised; he used WhatsApp to communicate with the crown prince during his government service.[^28] The Guardian reported in January 2020 that [[Jeff Bezos|Jeff Bezos]]'s phone had been hacked in May 2018 through a file sent from the crown prince's WhatsApp account.[^28]
|
||||
The administration approved U.S.-[[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] arms sales over congressional opposition, using emergency authority to bypass congressional review. The sales went forward after the October 2018 murder of [[Jamal Khashoggi|Jamal Khashoggi]]. The CIA was reported to have assessed with high confidence that [[Mohammed bin Salman|Mohammed bin Salman]] had ordered the killing, and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence's assessment dated February 11, 2021, declassified on February 25 and released on February 26, 2021, stated: "We assess that Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman approved an operation in Istanbul, Turkey to capture or kill Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi."[^32] Kushner maintained his relationship with the crown prince after the murder and kept up the WhatsApp channel that the CIA assessed as compromised; he used WhatsApp to communicate with the crown prince during his government service.[^31] The Guardian reported in January 2020 that [[Jeff Bezos|Jeff Bezos]]'s phone had been hacked in May 2018 through a file sent from the crown prince's WhatsApp account.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
After the first administration ended, the [[Public Investment Fund|Saudi sovereign wealth fund]] committed 2 billion dollars to Kushner's [[Affinity Partners|Affinity Partners]]. The [[NSO Group|NSO Group]] Pegasus spyware was used against associates of Khashoggi, according to leaked data reported in July 2021. The House Committee on Oversight opened a probe of the investment in June 2022. Its letter stated that the fund's screening panel had rated the firm's due diligence unsatisfactory before the fund's board approved the investment.[^30]
|
||||
After the first administration ended, the [[Public Investment Fund|Saudi sovereign wealth fund]] committed 2 billion dollars to Kushner's [[Affinity Partners|Affinity Partners]]. The [[NSO Group|NSO Group]] Pegasus spyware was used against associates of Khashoggi, according to leaked data reported in July 2021. The House Committee on Oversight opened a probe of the investment in June 2022. Its letter stated that the fund's screening panel had rated the firm's due diligence unsatisfactory before the fund's board approved the investment.[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
### DOGE and the Second Administration
|
||||
|
||||
Executive Order 14158 established the [[Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]] (DOGE), led by [[Elon Musk|Elon Musk]], on January 20, 2025.[^31] An April 2025 whistleblower disclosure stated that DOGE personnel had taken sensitive data from the [[National Labor Relations Board|National Labor Relations Board]] in what the whistleblower described as an [[NLRB Data Exfiltration|NLRB data exfiltration]] and that a login attempt to NLRB systems came from a Russian IP address, as reported by [[NPR|NPR]] and [[Nextgov|Nextgov/FCW]].[^32]
|
||||
Executive Order 14158 established the [[Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency]] (DOGE), led by [[Elon Musk|Elon Musk]], on January 20, 2025.[^34] An April 2025 whistleblower disclosure stated that DOGE personnel had taken sensitive data from the [[National Labor Relations Board|National Labor Relations Board]] in what the whistleblower described as an [[NLRB Data Exfiltration|NLRB data exfiltration]] and that a login attempt to NLRB systems came from a Russian IP address, as reported by [[NPR|NPR]] and [[Nextgov|Nextgov/FCW]].[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
Thiel funded the 2022 Senate campaigns of [[JD Vance|JD Vance]] in Ohio and [[Blake Masters|Blake Masters]] in Arizona, at approximately fifteen million dollars each, and brokered Vance's selection as Trump's 2024 vice-presidential running mate.[^13]
|
||||
Thiel funded the 2022 Senate campaigns of [[JD Vance|JD Vance]] in Ohio and [[Blake Masters|Blake Masters]] in Arizona, at approximately fifteen million dollars each, and brokered Vance's selection as Trump's 2024 vice-presidential running mate.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
[[David Sacks|David Sacks]], a former chief operating officer of [[PayPal|PayPal]] and a member of the [[PayPal Mafia|PayPal Mafia]], was named in December 2024 as White House AI and cryptocurrency czar. NPR reported in October 2026 that Sacks had stepped down from the role earlier that year and become co-chair of the [[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology|President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology]], and that on October 4, 2026 Trump named Director of National Intelligence [[Jay Clayton|Jay Clayton]] as AI czar to lead a White House "Super Intelligence Force."[^33] [[Project 2025|Project 2025]], the [[Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]] policy project, was run by [[Paul Dans|Paul Dans]], who according to ProPublica built a personnel database of more than 10,000 vetted candidates for a second Trump term. [[NBC News|NBC News]] reported that several prominent Project 2025 authors secured executive-branch roles. The [[Center for American Progress|Center for American Progress]] reported that 80 percent of the project's authors had been former Trump administration officials or close advisers, and that 140 people who worked for Trump contributed to the project. Trump publicly disavowed Project 2025 during the 2024 campaign.[^33]
|
||||
[[David Sacks|David Sacks]], a former chief operating officer of [[PayPal|PayPal]] and a member of the [[PayPal Mafia|PayPal Mafia]], was named in December 2024 as White House AI and cryptocurrency czar. NPR reported in October 2026 that Sacks had stepped down from the role earlier that year and become co-chair of the [[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology|President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology]], and that on October 4, 2026 Trump named Director of National Intelligence [[Jay Clayton|Jay Clayton]] as AI czar to lead a White House "Super Intelligence Force."[^36] [[Project 2025|Project 2025]], the [[Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]] policy project, was run by [[Paul Dans|Paul Dans]], who according to ProPublica built a personnel database of more than 10,000 vetted candidates for a second Trump term. [[NBC News|NBC News]] reported that several prominent Project 2025 authors secured executive-branch roles. The [[Center for American Progress|Center for American Progress]] reported that 80 percent of the project's authors had been former Trump administration officials or close advisers, and that 140 people who worked for Trump contributed to the project. Trump publicly disavowed Project 2025 during the 2024 campaign.[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Howard Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]], chief executive of [[Cantor Fitzgerald|Cantor Fitzgerald]], became [[Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] in February 2025. Lutnick's emails with Epstein appear in the 2026 file releases. [[Pam Bondi|Pam Bondi]] was confirmed as [[Attorney General|Attorney General]] on February 4, 2025, and Trump announced her departure on April 2, 2026, naming [[Todd Blanche|Todd Blanche]] acting attorney general. Blanche, whose office announced on January 30, 2026 the publication of more than 3 million additional pages and a total of nearly 3.5 million, had been Trump's personal criminal defense lawyer in the Manhattan case, and the Senate confirmed him as Attorney General on August 8, 2026 by 50 to 49.[^34][^35]
|
||||
[[Howard Lutnick|Howard Lutnick]], chief executive of [[Cantor Fitzgerald|Cantor Fitzgerald]], became [[Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] in February 2025. Lutnick's emails with Epstein appear in the 2026 file releases. [[Pam Bondi|Pam Bondi]] was confirmed as [[Attorney General|Attorney General]] on February 4, 2025, and Trump announced her departure on April 2, 2026, naming [[Todd Blanche|Todd Blanche]] acting attorney general. Blanche, whose office announced on January 30, 2026 the publication of more than 3 million additional pages and a total of nearly 3.5 million, had been Trump's personal criminal defense lawyer in the Manhattan case, and the Senate confirmed him as Attorney General on August 8, 2026 by 50 to 49.[^37][^38]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Epstein Relationship
|
||||
|
||||
Trump and [[Jeffrey Epstein|Jeffrey Epstein]] socialized from the late 1980s through 2004, mostly in Palm Beach and New York. Archival [[NBC|NBC]] footage from 1992 shows the two men together at Mar-a-Lago watching dancers, with [[Ghislaine Maxwell|Ghislaine Maxwell]] present. A photograph taken at Mar-a-Lago on February 12, 2000 shows Trump, [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]], Epstein and Maxwell together.[^36]
|
||||
Trump and [[Jeffrey Epstein|Jeffrey Epstein]] socialized from the late 1980s through 2004, mostly in Palm Beach and New York. Archival [[NBC|NBC]] footage from 1992 shows the two men together at Mar-a-Lago watching dancers, with [[Ghislaine Maxwell|Ghislaine Maxwell]] present. A photograph taken at Mar-a-Lago on February 12, 2000 shows Trump, [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]], Epstein and Maxwell together.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
In an October 28, 2002 profile by Landon Thomas Jr. in New York magazine, Trump, speaking by speakerphone, said: "I've known Jeff for fifteen years. Terrific guy. He's a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side."[^37] On July 9, 2019, asked about Epstein at the White House, Trump said: "I had a falling out with him a long time ago. I don't think I've spoken to him for 15 years." He added: "I was not a fan of his. That I can tell you."[^38]
|
||||
In an October 28, 2002 profile by Landon Thomas Jr. in New York magazine, Trump, speaking by speakerphone, said: "I've known Jeff for fifteen years. Terrific guy. He's a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side."[^40] On July 9, 2019, asked about Epstein at the White House, Trump said: "I had a falling out with him a long time ago. I don't think I've spoken to him for 15 years." He added: "I was not a fan of his. That I can tell you."[^41]
|
||||
|
||||
Epstein's address books listed multiple Trump telephone numbers. Former Epstein pilot [[Larry Visoski|Larry Visoski]] testified on November 29 and 30, 2021 that he had flown Trump on Epstein's aircraft, the [[Lolita Express|Lolita Express]], "more than once, I believe." Trump's name appears in the flight logs of the aircraft on domestic legs, roughly seven times by one count. No flight log entry places Trump on [[Little St. James|Little St. James]].[^39]
|
||||
Epstein's address books listed multiple Trump telephone numbers. Former Epstein pilot [[Larry Visoski|Larry Visoski]] testified on November 29 and 30, 2021 that he had flown Trump on Epstein's aircraft, the [[Lolita Express|Lolita Express]], "more than once, I believe." Trump's name appears in the flight logs of the aircraft on domestic legs, roughly seven times by one count. No flight log entry places Trump on [[Little St. James|Little St. James]].[^42]
|
||||
|
||||
The relationship broke in 2004 over a Palm Beach property. In November 2004 Trump bought the oceanfront mansion [[Maison de l'Amitie|Maison de l'Amitie]] for 41.35 million dollars. The bankruptcy trustee, Joseph Luzinski, described the two men bidding as "two very large Palm Beach egos going at it."[^40] Speaking at his Turnberry course in Scotland on July 28, 2025, Trump said of Epstein: "He stole people that worked for me. I said, 'Don't ever do that again.' He did it again, and I threw him out of the place, persona non grata."[^41]
|
||||
The relationship broke in 2004 over a Palm Beach property. In November 2004 Trump bought the oceanfront mansion [[Maison de l'Amitie|Maison de l'Amitie]] for 41.35 million dollars. The bankruptcy trustee, Joseph Luzinski, described the two men bidding as "two very large Palm Beach egos going at it."[^43] Speaking at his Turnberry course in Scotland on July 28, 2025, Trump said of Epstein: "He stole people that worked for me. I said, 'Don't ever do that again.' He did it again, and I threw him out of the place, persona non grata."[^44]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Maria Farmer]], who reported Epstein to the FBI in 1996, later said that she had also flagged a 1990s encounter involving Trump; the account remains an uncorroborated allegation. Trump has denied wrongdoing in connection with Epstein.[^42]
|
||||
[[Maria Farmer]], who reported Epstein to the FBI in 1996, later said that she had also flagged a 1990s encounter involving Trump; the account remains an uncorroborated allegation. Trump has denied wrongdoing in connection with Epstein.[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
Trump's name also appears in the 2003 "birthday book" assembled for Epstein's fiftieth birthday. The [[Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]] reported in July 2025 that a letter in the book bore Trump's signature and a drawing of a nude woman. Trump denied authoring the letter, called the report fake, and filed a multibillion-dollar defamation suit against the paper.[^43] The staged releases, the missing "client list" that Bondi had promised, and the redactions kept the Trump-Epstein history in national coverage through the end of 2025.
|
||||
Trump's name also appears in the 2003 "birthday book" assembled for Epstein's fiftieth birthday. The [[Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]] reported in July 2025 that a letter in the book bore Trump's signature and a drawing of a nude woman. Trump denied authoring the letter, called the report fake, and filed a multibillion-dollar defamation suit against the paper.[^46] The staged releases, the missing "client list" that Bondi had promised, and the redactions kept the Trump-Epstein history in national coverage through the end of 2025.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Epstein Files Transparency Act
|
||||
|
||||
The House passed the Epstein Files Transparency Act (H.R. 4405) on November 18, 2025, and Trump signed it on November 19, 2025 as Public Law 119-38. The statute required the Attorney General to release the unclassified records of the [[Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] and the FBI within thirty days, and allowed withholding of material that would jeopardize an active federal investigation.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
On November 14, 2025 Trump asked the Justice Department to investigate Epstein's dealings with [[Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton]], [[Larry Summers|Larry Summers]], [[Reid Hoffman|Reid Hoffman]] and [[JPMorgan Chase|JPMorgan Chase]]. Attorney General Bondi assigned the investigation to Jay Clayton that day.[^44]
|
||||
On November 14, 2025 Trump asked the Justice Department to investigate Epstein's dealings with [[Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton]], [[Larry Summers|Larry Summers]], [[Reid Hoffman|Reid Hoffman]] and [[JPMorgan Chase|JPMorgan Chase]]. Attorney General Bondi assigned the investigation to Jay Clayton that day.[^47]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 14, 2026 the Justice Department sent the Senate and House Judiciary Committees a letter under section 3 of the Act, on the letterhead of the Office of the Deputy Attorney General and signed by Attorney General Pamela J. Bondi and Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche. It listed all categories of records released and withheld, a summary of redactions, and a list of "all government officials and politically exposed persons" named or referenced in the released materials. The letter states that the term "politically exposed persons" was not defined in the Act, that names appear in the files "in a wide variety of contexts," and that "some individuals had extensive direct email contact with Epstein or Maxwell while other individuals are mentioned only in a portion of a document (including press reporting) that on its face is unrelated to the Epstein and Maxwell matters." The alphabetical list runs to about 300 names, from Alexander Acosta to Mark Zuckerberg, and includes Donald Trump, Ivanka Trump, Melania Trump, JD Vance, Jared Kushner, Howard Lutnick, Steve Bannon, Elon Musk, Peter Thiel, Leonard Leo, Elvis Presley, Princess Diana and Kurt Cobain.[^45] [[Ro Khanna|Ro Khanna]] described the list as "purposefully muddying the waters on who was a predator and who was mentioned in an email."[^45]
|
||||
On February 14, 2026 the Justice Department sent the Senate and House Judiciary Committees a letter under section 3 of the Act, on the letterhead of the Office of the Deputy Attorney General and signed by Attorney General Pamela J. Bondi and Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche. It listed all categories of records released and withheld, a summary of redactions, and a list of "all government officials and politically exposed persons" named or referenced in the released materials. The letter states that the term "politically exposed persons" was not defined in the Act, that names appear in the files "in a wide variety of contexts," and that "some individuals had extensive direct email contact with Epstein or Maxwell while other individuals are mentioned only in a portion of a document (including press reporting) that on its face is unrelated to the Epstein and Maxwell matters." The alphabetical list runs to about 300 names, from Alexander Acosta to Mark Zuckerberg, and includes Donald Trump, Ivanka Trump, Melania Trump, JD Vance, Jared Kushner, Howard Lutnick, Steve Bannon, Elon Musk, Peter Thiel, Leonard Leo, Elvis Presley, Princess Diana and Kurt Cobain.[^48] [[Ro Khanna|Ro Khanna]] described the list as "purposefully muddying the waters on who was a predator and who was mentioned in an email."[^48]
|
||||
|
||||
### The January 2026 Release Allegations
|
||||
|
||||
The Justice Department's January 30, 2026 release of [[Epstein Files|Epstein files]] included FBI interview memoranda from 2019 in which a woman told investigators that she had been sexually assaulted by Epstein and by Trump in the 1980s, when she said she was a teenager. The Justice Department stated that the files contain false and unverified claims. Trump has denied the allegations.[^35]
|
||||
The Justice Department's January 30, 2026 release of [[Epstein Files|Epstein files]] included FBI interview memoranda from 2019 in which a woman told investigators that she had been sexually assaulted by Epstein and by Trump in the 1980s, when she said she was a teenager. The Justice Department stated that the files contain false and unverified claims. Trump has denied the allegations.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
### Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
|
||||
|
||||
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Public Law 116-260, which Trump signed on December 27, 2020, contained the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 as Division W. Division W has no provision in its text on unidentified aerial phenomena. Its section 3 provides that the explanatory statement printed in the Congressional Record by the chairmen of the House and Senate intelligence committees "shall have the same effect with respect to the implementation of this division as if it were a joint explanatory statement of a committee of conference."[^46] That explanatory statement, Part II, "incorporates by reference, and the Executive Branch shall comply with, all direction contained in the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report to accompany the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (S. Rept. 116-233)."[^47] Senate Report 116-233, filed June 17, 2020 by [[Marco Rubio|Marco Rubio]] for the committee, contains a section titled "Advanced Aerial Threats." It states the committee's concern that "there is no unified, comprehensive process within the Federal Government for collecting and analyzing intelligence on unidentified aerial phenomena" and directs the Director of National Intelligence, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, to submit within 180 days of enactment an unclassified report, with a classified annex permitted, that includes an analysis of data held by the [[Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force|Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force]] at the [[Office of Naval Intelligence|Office of Naval Intelligence]] and by the FBI, an interagency collection process with a named accountable official, an assessment of foreign-adversary attribution, and recommendations.[^48]
|
||||
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Public Law 116-260, which Trump signed on December 27, 2020, contained the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 as Division W. Division W has no provision in its text on unidentified aerial phenomena. Its section 3 provides that the explanatory statement printed in the Congressional Record by the chairmen of the House and Senate intelligence committees "shall have the same effect with respect to the implementation of this division as if it were a joint explanatory statement of a committee of conference."[^49] That explanatory statement, Part II, "incorporates by reference, and the Executive Branch shall comply with, all direction contained in the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report to accompany the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (S. Rept. 116-233)."[^50] Senate Report 116-233, filed June 17, 2020 by [[Marco Rubio|Marco Rubio]] for the committee, contains a section titled "Advanced Aerial Threats." It states the committee's concern that "there is no unified, comprehensive process within the Federal Government for collecting and analyzing intelligence on unidentified aerial phenomena" and directs the Director of National Intelligence, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, to submit within 180 days of enactment an unclassified report, with a classified annex permitted, that includes an analysis of data held by the [[Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force|Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force]] at the [[Office of Naval Intelligence|Office of Naval Intelligence]] and by the FBI, an interagency collection process with a named accountable official, an assessment of foreign-adversary attribution, and recommendations.[^51]
|
||||
|
||||
The statute that created the permanent office is a different law. The James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law 117-81, approved December 27, 2021 by President [[Joe Biden|Joe Biden]], contains section 1683, which directed the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Director of National Intelligence, to establish an office to address unidentified aerial phenomena within 180 days of enactment.[^49]
|
||||
The statute that created the permanent office is a different law. The James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law 117-81, approved December 27, 2021 by President [[Joe Biden|Joe Biden]], contains section 1683, which directed the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Director of National Intelligence, to establish an office to address unidentified aerial phenomena within 180 days of enactment.[^52]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 19, 2026 Trump wrote on Truth Social that, "based on the tremendous interest shown," he would be directing Defense Secretary [[Pete Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]] and other agencies "to begin the process of identifying and releasing Government files related to alien and extraterrestrial life, unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), and unidentified flying objects (UFOs), and any and all other information connected to these highly complex, but extremely interesting and important, matters." The post followed his statement to a reporter that [[Barack Obama|Barack Obama]] had given classified information when Obama said in a podcast interview that aliens were "real."[^50] On May 8, 2026 the Department of Defense began posting the files at war.gov/UFO, with more than 160 files covering more than 400 incidents, and said additional files would follow "on a rolling basis."[^51]
|
||||
On February 19, 2026 Trump wrote on Truth Social that, "based on the tremendous interest shown," he would be directing Defense Secretary [[Pete Hegseth|Pete Hegseth]] and other agencies "to begin the process of identifying and releasing Government files related to alien and extraterrestrial life, unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), and unidentified flying objects (UFOs), and any and all other information connected to these highly complex, but extremely interesting and important, matters." The post followed his statement to a reporter that [[Barack Obama|Barack Obama]] had given classified information when Obama said in a podcast interview that aliens were "real."[^53] On May 8, 2026 the Department of Defense began posting the files at war.gov/UFO, with more than 160 files covering more than 400 incidents, and said additional files would follow "on a rolling basis."[^54]
|
||||
|
||||
On July 11, 2026 [[The Harvard Crimson|The Harvard Crimson]] reported that [[Avi Loeb|Avi Loeb]] said he had served on the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology under Trump. The paper also reported that a representative of the [[Office of the Director of National Intelligence|Office of the Director of National Intelligence]] visited Loeb to request a group that Loeb formed as the [[UAP Science Advisory Council|UAP Science Advisory Council]], "in support of President Trump's directive on UAP transparency."[^52] In August 2026 [[Ross Coulthart|Ross Coulthart]] wrote on NewsNation that unnamed White House sources told him Trump "has personally authorized" a government program using the methods of the [[Sky Watcher|Skywatcher]] organization. Coulthart attributed each statement to unnamed sources.[^53]
|
||||
On July 11, 2026 [[The Harvard Crimson|The Harvard Crimson]] reported that [[Avi Loeb|Avi Loeb]] said he had served on the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology under Trump. The paper also reported that a representative of the [[Office of the Director of National Intelligence|Office of the Director of National Intelligence]] visited Loeb to request a group that Loeb formed as the [[UAP Science Advisory Council|UAP Science Advisory Council]], "in support of President Trump's directive on UAP transparency."[^55] In August 2026 [[Ross Coulthart|Ross Coulthart]] wrote on NewsNation that unnamed White House sources told him Trump "has personally authorized" a government program using the methods of the [[Sky Watcher|Skywatcher]] organization. Coulthart attributed each statement to unnamed sources.[^56]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -218,48 +218,51 @@ On July 11, 2026 [[The Harvard Crimson|The Harvard Crimson]] reported that [[Avi
|
|||
[^6]: United States v. Fred C. Trump, Donald Trump and Trump Management, Inc., Consent Order, No. 73 C 1529 (E.D.N.Y. June 10, 1975) (Neaher, J.), parts I to IV and signature page (Roy M. Cohn, Saxe, Bacon, Bolan & Manley, for defendants; Frank E. Schwelb, Chief, Housing Section, Civil Rights Division, for plaintiff). Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, document 83283. https://clearinghouse-umich-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media/doc/83283.pdf ; Order to Show Cause, June 10, 1975, document 83277. https://clearinghouse-umich-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media/doc/83277.pdf
|
||||
[^7]: "United States v. Fred C. Trump, Donald Trump, and Trump Management, Inc.," case summary, Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, University of Michigan Law School (39 buildings, more than 14,000 apartments; tester evidence; retention of Roy Cohn; counterclaim of 100 million dollars for defamation dismissed by Judge Neaher; FBI investigation records released in 2017). https://clearinghouse.net/case/15342/
|
||||
[^8]: United States v. Rosenberg, 195 F.2d 583 (2d Cir. Feb. 25, 1952) (counsel: Myles J. Lane, with Roy M. Cohn of counsel, for the United States). https://static.case.law/f2d/195/cases/0583-01.json
|
||||
[^9]: "How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn fought the race discrimination lawsuit," excerpt from *The Choice 2024: Harris vs. Trump,* PBS FRONTLINE, September 24, 2024 (David Marcus; Ken Auletta). https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/donald-trump-roy-cohn-race-discrimination-lawsuit-fight-documentary-excerpt
|
||||
[^10]: Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15, 503 N.Y.S.2d 759 (1st Dep't June 23, 1986) (per curiam) (charges I to IV; disbarment). https://static.case.law/ad2d/118/cases/0015-01.json ; https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6021889/in-re-cohn/
|
||||
[^11]: "Roy Cohn," Part 01 of 01, FBI Records: The Vault, 748 pages. https://vault.fbi.gov/roy-cohn (archived January 18, 2021: https://web.archive.org/web/20210118074105/https://vault.fbi.gov/roy-cohn)
|
||||
[^12]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A itemized individual contributions, contributor name THIEL, PETER, two-year transaction period 2016 (retrieved October 12, 2026 through the FEC API). Entries cited: Fighting for Ohio Fund, August 10, 2016, 1,000,000; Make America Number 1, October 26, 2016, 1,000,000; Trump Victory, October 6, 2016, 250,000; Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., October 6, 2016, 2,700; Conservative, Authentic, Responsive Leadership for You and for America, August 25, 2015, 2,000,000. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/
|
||||
[^13]: "Peter Thiel goes 'big league', joining Trump's presidential transition team." *The Guardian,* November 11, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/11/peter-thiel-joins-donald-trump-transition-team ; "Thiel could gain from Trump transition." *Politico,* December 2016. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/peter-thiel-trump-transition-benefits-232233 ; "Who Is Kevin Harrington, the Peter Thiel Associate Who Just Joined the National Security Council Staff?" *Gizmodo,* February 2017. https://gizmodo.com/who-is-kevin-harrington-the-peter-thiel-associate-who-1791925769
|
||||
[^14]: Jim Zarroli, "Billionaire Investor Robert Mercer To Step Down From Firm, Selling Stake In Breitbart." *NPR,* November 2, 2017. https://www.kpbs.org/news/2017/nov/02/billionaire-investor-robert-mercer-steps-down ; Government Accountability Institute (EIN 45-4681912), Form 990 for 2012, Part VII (Bannon, chairman; Rebekah Mercer, director). https://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/454/454681912/454681912_201212_990.pdf ; Mercer Family Foundation (EIN 20-1982204), grants to the Government Accountability Institute, tax years 2013 to 2017, ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/201982204 ; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Volume 5, pp. 664 to 667 (SCL, Cambridge Analytica and the Mercer family). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: Federal Trade Commission, In the Matter of Cambridge Analytica, LLC, Docket No. 9383: Complaint (July 24, 2019), https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/182_3107_cambridge_analytica_administrative_complaint_7-24-19.pdf ; Opinion of the Commission and Final Order (issued November 25, 2019; announced December 6, 2019), https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/d09389_comm_final_opinionpublic.pdf and https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/d09389_comm_final_orderpublic.pdf ; press release, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2019/12/ftc-issues-opinion-order-against-cambridge-analytica-deceiving-consumers-about-collection-facebook
|
||||
[^16]: Information Commissioner's Office, letter from Elizabeth Denham to Julian Knight MP, Chair, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, "ICO investigation into use of personal information and political influence," October 2, 2020 (ref. ICO/O/ED/L/RTL/0181), paragraph 9. https://ico.org.uk/media2/migrated/2618383/20201002_ico-o-ed-l-rtl-0181_to-julian-knight-mp.pdf
|
||||
[^17]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities, notes 447 and 448 (Parscale testimony on the polling data visualization tool and Cambridge Analytica developers). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III, Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume I, Executive Summary, p. 5 (March 2019). https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/dl
|
||||
[^19]: Mueller Report, Volume I, section IV.A.1.c.i, "Trump Signs the Letter of Intent on behalf of the Trump Organization," p. 70 (letter of intent completed between approximately October 13 and November 2, 2015). https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/dl
|
||||
[^20]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities, Executive Summary, "Trump Tower Moscow," p. ix (116th Congress). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
|
||||
[^21]: Mueller Report, Volume II, Introduction, p. 2; Executive Summary, p. 8; and section IV, Conclusion, p. 182 (the same two sentences appear in each). https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/dl
|
||||
[^22]: "We Don't Talk About Leonard: The Man Behind the Right's Supreme Court Supermajority." *ProPublica,* March 2023. https://www.propublica.org/article/we-dont-talk-about-leonard-leo-supreme-court-supermajority
|
||||
[^23]: "Leak exposes members of Peter Thiel's secretive Dialog society." *WIRED,* June 16, 2026. https://www.wired.com/story/leak-exposes-members-of-peter-thiels-secretive-dialog-society/ ; "CBP to strengthen 'tactical targeting,' 'counter-network analysis' with Clearview AI." *FedScoop,* 2026. https://fedscoop.com/dhs-cbp-contract-biometric-facial-recognition-ai/
|
||||
[^24]: USAspending.gov award records, recipient Palantir Technologies Inc., awarding sub-agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (retrieved October 12, 2026 through the USAspending API): HSCETC15C00001, "FALCON operations and maintenance (O&M), system enhancement," 39,340,900.82 dollars, May 28, 2015 to May 27, 2018 (CONT_AWD_HSCETC15C00001_7012_-NONE-_-NONE-); 70CTD019C00000001, "FALCON O&M support services," 37,839,725.17 dollars, November 28, 2018 to May 27, 2022 (CONT_AWD_70CTD019C00000001_7012_-NONE-_-NONE-); 70CTD022FR0000170, "Investigative Case Management (ICM) operations and maintenance support services and custom enhancements," 170,765,322.37 dollars, September 26, 2022 to September 25, 2027 (CONT_AWD_70CTD022FR0000170_7012_GS35F0086U_4730). https://www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70CTD022FR0000170_7012_GS35F0086U_4730 ; EPIC v. ICE FOIA litigation on ICE-Palantir databases. https://epic.org/documents/epic-v-ice-palantir-databases/
|
||||
[^25]: USAspending.gov transaction record, award 70CTD022FR0000170, action date April 11, 2025, 29,898,236 dollars (retrieved through the USAspending API); awards 70CTD026FC0000012 (start May 5, 2026, 86,271,599.30 dollars; CONT_AWD_70CTD026FC0000012_7012_70RTAC26A00000001_7001) and 70CTD026FC0000018 (start June 26, 2026, 45,848,616.80 dollars; CONT_AWD_70CTD026FC0000018_7012_70RTAC26A00000001_7001). https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/search/spending_by_award/ ; "ICE to Use ImmigrationOS by Palantir, a New AI System, to Track Immigrants' Movements." *American Immigration Council,* April 2025. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/blog/ice-immigrationos-palantir-ai-track-immigrants/
|
||||
[^26]: "Anduril Wins $363M CBP Contract for XR Sentry Towers." *Tectonic Defense.* https://www.tectonic-defense.com/anduril-wins-363m-cbp-contract-for-xr-sentry-towers/ ; "Anduril Surveillance Towers," U.S. Customs and Border Protection FOIA record. https://www.cbp.gov/document/foia-record/anduril-surveillance-towers ; "CBP to strengthen 'tactical targeting,' 'counter-network analysis' with Clearview AI." *FedScoop,* 2026. https://fedscoop.com/dhs-cbp-contract-biometric-facial-recognition-ai/
|
||||
[^27]: "Palantir, Israel Agree Strategic Partnership for Battle Tech." *Bloomberg,* January 12, 2024. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-12/palantir-israel-agree-to-strategic-partnership
|
||||
[^28]: "Jared Kushner, Mohammed bin Salman, and the Making of the Trump-Saudi Alliance." *The Intercept,* March 21, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/03/21/jared-kushner-saudi-crown-prince-mohammed-bin-salman/ ; "Jared Kushner used WhatsApp to message foreign contacts in White House." *ABC News.* https://abcnews.com/Politics/jared-kushner-whatsapp-foreign-contacts-lawyer-tells-congress/story?id=61843329 ; "Amazon boss Jeff Bezos's phone 'hacked by Saudi crown prince.'" *The Guardian,* January 21, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/21/amazon-boss-jeff-bezoss-phone-hacked-by-saudi-crown-prince
|
||||
[^29]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, *Assessing the Saudi Government's Role in the Killing of Jamal Khashoggi,* February 11, 2021 (declassified by the Director of National Intelligence on February 25, 2021 and released February 26, 2021), Executive Summary. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Assessment-Saudi-Gov-Role-in-JK-Death-20210226v2.pdf
|
||||
[^30]: "Chairwoman Maloney Launches Probe of Saudi Government's $2 Billion Investment in Affinity Partners." House Committee on Oversight, June 2, 2022. https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/news/press-releases/chairwoman-maloney-launches-probe-of-saudi-government-s-2-billion-investment-in ; Wyden investigation of Affinity Partners, U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. https://www.finance.senate.gov/chairmans-news/wyden-investigation-of-kushner-firm-continues-new-letter-outlines-affinity-partners-fee-structure-lack-of-return-to-investors-ques ; "NSO spyware used to target family of Jamal Khashoggi, leaked data shows." *The Guardian,* July 18, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/18/nso-spyware-used-to-target-family-of-jamal-khashoggi-leaked-data-shows-saudis-pegasus
|
||||
[^31]: Executive Order 14158, "Establishing and Implementing the President's 'Department of Government Efficiency'" (signed January 20, 2025). *Federal Register.* https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/29/2025-02005/establishing-and-implementing-the-presidents-department-of-government-efficiency
|
||||
[^32]: "Whistleblower details how DOGE may have taken sensitive NLRB data." *NPR,* April 15, 2025. https://www.npr.org/2025/04/15/nx-s1-5355896/doge-nlrb-elon-musk-spacex-security ; "User with Russian IP address tried to log into NLRB systems following DOGE access, whistleblower says." *Nextgov/FCW,* April 2025. https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2025/04/user-russian-ip-address-tried-log-nlrb-systems-following-doge-access-whistleblower-says/404574/
|
||||
[^33]: Statement by President-elect Donald J. Trump Announcing the Appointment of David O. Sacks as "White House A.I. & Crypto Czar," December 5, 2024, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-president-elect-donald-j-trump-announcing-the-appointment-david-o-sacks-white ; Chandelis Duster, "Trump names national intelligence chief Jay Clayton as new AI czar." *NPR,* October 4, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/10/04/nx-s1-5990781/jay-clayton-ai-czar-trump ; "Paul Dans, the Man Behind Project 2025's Most Radical Plans." *ProPublica.* https://www.propublica.org/article/project-2025-trump-campaign-heritage-foundation-paul-dans ; "The key Project 2025 authors now staffing the Trump administration." *NBC News.* https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/key-project-2025-authors-now-staffing-trump-administration-rcna195107
|
||||
[^34]: "Trump fires Pam Bondi as attorney general, installs Todd Blanche as acting AG." *CBS News,* April 2, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-pam-bondi-attorney-general/ ; U.S. Senate, Roll Call Votes 119th Congress, 2nd Session, Nos. 229 (cloture) and 230 (confirmation), Todd Blanche to be Attorney General, August 8, 2026. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1192/vote_119_2_00230.htm ; "Senate votes to confirm Todd Blanche as attorney general." *NPR,* August 8, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/08/08/g-s1-137631/senate-confirms-todd-blanche-attorney-general ; Ruetenik, Daniel, and Graham Kates. "Lutnick and Epstein were in business together, Epstein files show." *CBS News,* updated February 7, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/howard-lutnick-jeffrey-epstein-in-business-together/ ; "Howard Lutnick," U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.commerce.gov/about/leadership/howard-lutnick
|
||||
[^35]: "Epstein files live updates: Trump DOJ releases millions more pages of records." *NBC News,* January 30, 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/live-blog/epstein-files-trump-doj-release-live-updates-rcna256639 ; "DOJ releases FBI memos detailing woman's allegation against Trump in Epstein probe." *The Wire,* 2026. https://ticklethewire.com/doj-releases-fbi-memos-detailing-womans-allegation-against-trump-in-epstein-probe/
|
||||
[^36]: "Trump and Epstein: A Timeline of Their Relationship." *Time,* 2025 (1992 NBC footage; photograph of February 12, 2000). https://time.com/7333365/trump-epstein-relationship-timeline/
|
||||
[^37]: Landon Thomas Jr., "Jeffrey Epstein: International Moneyman of Mystery." *New York,* October 28, 2002. https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ (archived May 21, 2011: https://web.archive.org/web/20110521191003/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/)
|
||||
[^38]: "Trump defends embattled Acosta, says he had a 'falling out' with Jeffrey Epstein 'a long time ago.'" *NBC News,* July 9, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-defends-embattled-acosta-says-he-had-falling-out-jeffrey-n1027861
|
||||
[^39]: Lauren del Valle and Eric Levenson, "Jeffrey Epstein's former pilot testifies Bill Clinton, Donald Trump, Prince Andrew flew aboard Epstein's private plane," *CNN,* November 30, 2021. https://abc17news.com/news/national-world/cnn-national/2021/11/30/prosecution-links-ghislaine-maxwell-to-jeffrey-epstein-while-defense-says-she-is-being-blamed-for-his-actions/ ; "Trump called Epstein a 'terrific guy' who enjoyed 'younger' women before denying relationship with him." *Washington Post,* July 8, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-called-epstein-a-terrific-guy-before-denying-relationship-with-him/2019/07/08/a01e0f00-a1be-11e9-bd56-eac6bb02d01d_story.html
|
||||
[^40]: "Trump and Epstein: A Timeline of Their Relationship." *Time,* 2025 (2004 Maison de l'Amitie bidding; trustee Joseph Luzinski quoted by the Washington Post). https://time.com/7333365/trump-epstein-relationship-timeline/
|
||||
[^41]: "What we know about the Trump-Epstein falling out." *PolitiFact,* July 31, 2025. https://www.politifact.com/article/2025/jul/31/what-we-know-about-the-trump-epstein-falling-out/ ; "President Donald Trump explains why he kicked Jeffrey Epstein out of Mar-a-Lago." *Fox News,* 2025. https://www.foxnews.com/us/jeffrey-epstein-thrown-out-mar-a-lago-hiring-help-trump
|
||||
[^42]: "Maria Farmer and Marsh Law Firm's Persistent Advocacy Vindicated as FBI Releases Farmer's 1996 Report on Jeffrey Epstein." *Marsh Law Firm,* December 23, 2025 (the 1996 FBI report). https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/persistent-advocacy-vindicated/ ; Trump's denial: "What we know about the Trump-Epstein falling out." *PolitiFact,* July 31, 2025. https://www.politifact.com/article/2025/jul/31/what-we-know-about-the-trump-epstein-falling-out/
|
||||
[^43]: "Birthday letter to Epstein bore Trump's signature, drawing of naked woman, Wall Street Journal reports." *CNN,* July 17, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/17/politics/epstein-birthday-letter-trump
|
||||
[^44]: "Bondi taps acting U.S. Attorney Jay Clayton to probe Democrats' ties to Epstein." *The Washington Times,* November 14, 2025. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2025/nov/14/bondi-taps-acting-us-attorney-jay-clayton-probe-democrats-ties/ ; Epstein Files Transparency Act, Pub. L. No. 119-38.
|
||||
[^45]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General, letter to Chairman Grassley, Ranking Member Durbin, Chairman Jordan and Ranking Member Raskin, "Re: Epstein Files Transparency Act, Section 3 Report to Congress," February 14, 2026, pages 1 to 6 (signed Pamela J. Bondi, United States Attorney General, and Todd Blanche, Deputy United States Attorney General). https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1434856/dl ; coverage in "Justice Department lists hundreds of prominent people named in Epstein files in letter to Congress." *CNN,* February 15, 2026. https://kvia.com/politics/cnn-us-politics/2026/02/15/justice-department-lists-hundreds-of-prominent-people-named-in-epstein-files-in-letter-to-congress/
|
||||
[^46]: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Pub. L. No. 116-260, approved December 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1182; Division W, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, section 3 ("Explanatory statement"), 134 Stat. 2362 to 2363. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-116publ260/pdf/PLAW-116publ260.pdf
|
||||
[^47]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Explanation of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Division W, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021), Part II, Select Unclassified Congressional Direction, December 21, 2020. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-iaa-fy21-jes-final-2-12-15-20.pdf
|
||||
[^48]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, S. Rept. 116-233 (to accompany S. 3905), June 17, 2020, "Advanced Aerial Threats," pp. 11 to 12. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-116srpt233/pdf/CRPT-116srpt233.pdf
|
||||
[^49]: James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Pub. L. No. 117-81, section 1683, "Establishment of office, organizational structure, and authorities to address unidentified aerial phenomena" (approved December 27, 2021). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ81/pdf/PLAW-117publ81.pdf
|
||||
[^50]: "Trump says he's directing the Pentagon to release files related to UFOs and aliens." *NBC News,* February 19, 2026 (quoting Trump's Truth Social post). https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/trump-says-directing-pentagon-release-files-related-ufos-aliens-rcna259833
|
||||
[^51]: "Pentagon releases declassified UFO files including videos and photos held by the government for decades." *NBC News,* May 8, 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/ufos-and-anomalous-phenomena/ufo-uap-files-pentagon-release-trump-rcna344204
|
||||
[^52]: Neil H. Shah, Theresa F. Bartelme and Risha Sinha, "Inside Avi Loeb's New UAP Council, Built From His Harvard Orbit." *The Harvard Crimson,* July 11, 2026. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2026/7/11/avi-loeb-uap-council/
|
||||
[^53]: Ross Coulthart, "Is the Trump administration running a covert UFO program?," NewsNation Reality Check, about August 2026. https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/
|
||||
[^9]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, vol. 1, S. Prt. 107-84 (made public January 2003), "Subcommittee Staff Appointed in 1953-1954" (Roy M. Cohn, chief counsel, January 15, 1953 to August 13, 1954). https://www.senate.gov/about/resources/pdf/mccarthy-hearings-volume1.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: "Trump Sues the Justice Department for $100 Million," The Nation (the judge "dismissed the counterclaim two months after it was filed"). https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/justice-department-trump-lawsuit/
|
||||
[^11]: "How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn fought the race discrimination lawsuit," excerpt from *The Choice 2024: Harris vs. Trump,* PBS FRONTLINE, September 24, 2024 (David Marcus; Ken Auletta). https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/donald-trump-roy-cohn-race-discrimination-lawsuit-fight-documentary-excerpt
|
||||
[^12]: Matter of Cohn, 118 A.D.2d 15, 503 N.Y.S.2d 759 (1st Dep't June 23, 1986) (per curiam) (charges I to IV; disbarment). https://static.case.law/ad2d/118/cases/0015-01.json ; https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6021889/in-re-cohn/
|
||||
[^13]: "Roy Cohn," Part 01 of 01, FBI Records: The Vault, 748 pages. https://vault.fbi.gov/roy-cohn (archived January 18, 2021: https://web.archive.org/web/20210118074105/https://vault.fbi.gov/roy-cohn)
|
||||
[^14]: Program of the B'nai B'rith Banking and Finance Lodge State of Israel Bond tribute dinner for Roy M. Cohn, with Ronald Reagan's message of May 2, 1983, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, White House Office of Records Management subject file ME001. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/me001/40-654-12019891-024-009-2018.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: Federal Election Commission, Schedule A itemized individual contributions, contributor name THIEL, PETER, two-year transaction period 2016 (retrieved October 12, 2026 through the FEC API). Entries cited: Fighting for Ohio Fund, August 10, 2016, 1,000,000; Make America Number 1, October 26, 2016, 1,000,000; Trump Victory, October 6, 2016, 250,000; Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., October 6, 2016, 2,700; Conservative, Authentic, Responsive Leadership for You and for America, August 25, 2015, 2,000,000. https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/
|
||||
[^16]: "Peter Thiel goes 'big league', joining Trump's presidential transition team." *The Guardian,* November 11, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/11/peter-thiel-joins-donald-trump-transition-team ; "Thiel could gain from Trump transition." *Politico,* December 2016. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/peter-thiel-trump-transition-benefits-232233 ; "Who Is Kevin Harrington, the Peter Thiel Associate Who Just Joined the National Security Council Staff?" *Gizmodo,* February 2017. https://gizmodo.com/who-is-kevin-harrington-the-peter-thiel-associate-who-1791925769
|
||||
[^17]: Jim Zarroli, "Billionaire Investor Robert Mercer To Step Down From Firm, Selling Stake In Breitbart." *NPR,* November 2, 2017. https://www.kpbs.org/news/2017/nov/02/billionaire-investor-robert-mercer-steps-down ; Government Accountability Institute (EIN 45-4681912), Form 990 for 2012, Part VII (Bannon, chairman; Rebekah Mercer, director). https://990s.foundationcenter.org/990_pdf_archive/454/454681912/454681912_201212_990.pdf ; Mercer Family Foundation (EIN 20-1982204), grants to the Government Accountability Institute, tax years 2013 to 2017, ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/201982204 ; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Volume 5, pp. 664 to 667 (SCL, Cambridge Analytica and the Mercer family). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: Federal Trade Commission, In the Matter of Cambridge Analytica, LLC, Docket No. 9383: Complaint (July 24, 2019), https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/182_3107_cambridge_analytica_administrative_complaint_7-24-19.pdf ; Opinion of the Commission and Final Order (issued November 25, 2019; announced December 6, 2019), https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/d09389_comm_final_opinionpublic.pdf and https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/d09389_comm_final_orderpublic.pdf ; press release, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2019/12/ftc-issues-opinion-order-against-cambridge-analytica-deceiving-consumers-about-collection-facebook
|
||||
[^19]: Information Commissioner's Office, letter from Elizabeth Denham to Julian Knight MP, Chair, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, "ICO investigation into use of personal information and political influence," October 2, 2020 (ref. ICO/O/ED/L/RTL/0181), paragraph 9. https://ico.org.uk/media2/migrated/2618383/20201002_ico-o-ed-l-rtl-0181_to-julian-knight-mp.pdf
|
||||
[^20]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities, notes 447 and 448 (Parscale testimony on the polling data visualization tool and Cambridge Analytica developers). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
|
||||
[^21]: Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III, Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume I, Executive Summary, p. 5 (March 2019). https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/dl
|
||||
[^22]: Mueller Report, Volume I, section IV.A.1.c.i, "Trump Signs the Letter of Intent on behalf of the Trump Organization," p. 70 (letter of intent completed between approximately October 13 and November 2, 2015). https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/dl
|
||||
[^23]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities, Executive Summary, "Trump Tower Moscow," p. ix (116th Congress). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf
|
||||
[^24]: Mueller Report, Volume II, Introduction, p. 2; Executive Summary, p. 8; and section IV, Conclusion, p. 182 (the same two sentences appear in each). https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/dl
|
||||
[^25]: "We Don't Talk About Leonard: The Man Behind the Right's Supreme Court Supermajority." *ProPublica,* March 2023. https://www.propublica.org/article/we-dont-talk-about-leonard-leo-supreme-court-supermajority
|
||||
[^26]: "Leak exposes members of Peter Thiel's secretive Dialog society." *WIRED,* June 16, 2026. https://www.wired.com/story/leak-exposes-members-of-peter-thiels-secretive-dialog-society/ ; "CBP to strengthen 'tactical targeting,' 'counter-network analysis' with Clearview AI." *FedScoop,* 2026. https://fedscoop.com/dhs-cbp-contract-biometric-facial-recognition-ai/
|
||||
[^27]: USAspending.gov award records, recipient Palantir Technologies Inc., awarding sub-agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (retrieved October 12, 2026 through the USAspending API): HSCETC15C00001, "FALCON operations and maintenance (O&M), system enhancement," 39,340,900.82 dollars, May 28, 2015 to May 27, 2018 (CONT_AWD_HSCETC15C00001_7012_-NONE-_-NONE-); 70CTD019C00000001, "FALCON O&M support services," 37,839,725.17 dollars, November 28, 2018 to May 27, 2022 (CONT_AWD_70CTD019C00000001_7012_-NONE-_-NONE-); 70CTD022FR0000170, "Investigative Case Management (ICM) operations and maintenance support services and custom enhancements," 170,765,322.37 dollars, September 26, 2022 to September 25, 2027 (CONT_AWD_70CTD022FR0000170_7012_GS35F0086U_4730). https://www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70CTD022FR0000170_7012_GS35F0086U_4730 ; EPIC v. ICE FOIA litigation on ICE-Palantir databases. https://epic.org/documents/epic-v-ice-palantir-databases/
|
||||
[^28]: USAspending.gov transaction record, award 70CTD022FR0000170, action date April 11, 2025, 29,898,236 dollars (retrieved through the USAspending API); awards 70CTD026FC0000012 (start May 5, 2026, 86,271,599.30 dollars; CONT_AWD_70CTD026FC0000012_7012_70RTAC26A00000001_7001) and 70CTD026FC0000018 (start June 26, 2026, 45,848,616.80 dollars; CONT_AWD_70CTD026FC0000018_7012_70RTAC26A00000001_7001). https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/search/spending_by_award/ ; "ICE to Use ImmigrationOS by Palantir, a New AI System, to Track Immigrants' Movements." *American Immigration Council,* April 2025. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/blog/ice-immigrationos-palantir-ai-track-immigrants/
|
||||
[^29]: "Anduril Wins $363M CBP Contract for XR Sentry Towers." *Tectonic Defense.* https://www.tectonic-defense.com/anduril-wins-363m-cbp-contract-for-xr-sentry-towers/ ; "Anduril Surveillance Towers," U.S. Customs and Border Protection FOIA record. https://www.cbp.gov/document/foia-record/anduril-surveillance-towers ; "CBP to strengthen 'tactical targeting,' 'counter-network analysis' with Clearview AI." *FedScoop,* 2026. https://fedscoop.com/dhs-cbp-contract-biometric-facial-recognition-ai/
|
||||
[^30]: "Palantir, Israel Agree Strategic Partnership for Battle Tech." *Bloomberg,* January 12, 2024. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-12/palantir-israel-agree-to-strategic-partnership
|
||||
[^31]: "Jared Kushner, Mohammed bin Salman, and the Making of the Trump-Saudi Alliance." *The Intercept,* March 21, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/03/21/jared-kushner-saudi-crown-prince-mohammed-bin-salman/ ; "Jared Kushner used WhatsApp to message foreign contacts in White House." *ABC News.* https://abcnews.com/Politics/jared-kushner-whatsapp-foreign-contacts-lawyer-tells-congress/story?id=61843329 ; "Amazon boss Jeff Bezos's phone 'hacked by Saudi crown prince.'" *The Guardian,* January 21, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/21/amazon-boss-jeff-bezoss-phone-hacked-by-saudi-crown-prince
|
||||
[^32]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, *Assessing the Saudi Government's Role in the Killing of Jamal Khashoggi,* February 11, 2021 (declassified by the Director of National Intelligence on February 25, 2021 and released February 26, 2021), Executive Summary. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Assessment-Saudi-Gov-Role-in-JK-Death-20210226v2.pdf
|
||||
[^33]: "Chairwoman Maloney Launches Probe of Saudi Government's $2 Billion Investment in Affinity Partners." House Committee on Oversight, June 2, 2022. https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/news/press-releases/chairwoman-maloney-launches-probe-of-saudi-government-s-2-billion-investment-in ; Wyden investigation of Affinity Partners, U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. https://www.finance.senate.gov/chairmans-news/wyden-investigation-of-kushner-firm-continues-new-letter-outlines-affinity-partners-fee-structure-lack-of-return-to-investors-ques ; "NSO spyware used to target family of Jamal Khashoggi, leaked data shows." *The Guardian,* July 18, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/18/nso-spyware-used-to-target-family-of-jamal-khashoggi-leaked-data-shows-saudis-pegasus
|
||||
[^34]: Executive Order 14158, "Establishing and Implementing the President's 'Department of Government Efficiency'" (signed January 20, 2025). *Federal Register.* https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/29/2025-02005/establishing-and-implementing-the-presidents-department-of-government-efficiency
|
||||
[^35]: "Whistleblower details how DOGE may have taken sensitive NLRB data." *NPR,* April 15, 2025. https://www.npr.org/2025/04/15/nx-s1-5355896/doge-nlrb-elon-musk-spacex-security ; "User with Russian IP address tried to log into NLRB systems following DOGE access, whistleblower says." *Nextgov/FCW,* April 2025. https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2025/04/user-russian-ip-address-tried-log-nlrb-systems-following-doge-access-whistleblower-says/404574/
|
||||
[^36]: Statement by President-elect Donald J. Trump Announcing the Appointment of David O. Sacks as "White House A.I. & Crypto Czar," December 5, 2024, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-president-elect-donald-j-trump-announcing-the-appointment-david-o-sacks-white ; Chandelis Duster, "Trump names national intelligence chief Jay Clayton as new AI czar." *NPR,* October 4, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/10/04/nx-s1-5990781/jay-clayton-ai-czar-trump ; "Paul Dans, the Man Behind Project 2025's Most Radical Plans." *ProPublica.* https://www.propublica.org/article/project-2025-trump-campaign-heritage-foundation-paul-dans ; "The key Project 2025 authors now staffing the Trump administration." *NBC News.* https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/key-project-2025-authors-now-staffing-trump-administration-rcna195107
|
||||
[^37]: "Trump fires Pam Bondi as attorney general, installs Todd Blanche as acting AG." *CBS News,* April 2, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-pam-bondi-attorney-general/ ; U.S. Senate, Roll Call Votes 119th Congress, 2nd Session, Nos. 229 (cloture) and 230 (confirmation), Todd Blanche to be Attorney General, August 8, 2026. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1192/vote_119_2_00230.htm ; "Senate votes to confirm Todd Blanche as attorney general." *NPR,* August 8, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/08/08/g-s1-137631/senate-confirms-todd-blanche-attorney-general ; Ruetenik, Daniel, and Graham Kates. "Lutnick and Epstein were in business together, Epstein files show." *CBS News,* updated February 7, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/howard-lutnick-jeffrey-epstein-in-business-together/ ; "Howard Lutnick," U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.commerce.gov/about/leadership/howard-lutnick
|
||||
[^38]: "Epstein files live updates: Trump DOJ releases millions more pages of records." *NBC News,* January 30, 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/live-blog/epstein-files-trump-doj-release-live-updates-rcna256639 ; "DOJ releases FBI memos detailing woman's allegation against Trump in Epstein probe." *The Wire,* 2026. https://ticklethewire.com/doj-releases-fbi-memos-detailing-womans-allegation-against-trump-in-epstein-probe/
|
||||
[^39]: "Trump and Epstein: A Timeline of Their Relationship." *Time,* 2025 (1992 NBC footage; photograph of February 12, 2000). https://time.com/7333365/trump-epstein-relationship-timeline/
|
||||
[^40]: Landon Thomas Jr., "Jeffrey Epstein: International Moneyman of Mystery." *New York,* October 28, 2002. https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ (archived May 21, 2011: https://web.archive.org/web/20110521191003/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/)
|
||||
[^41]: "Trump defends embattled Acosta, says he had a 'falling out' with Jeffrey Epstein 'a long time ago.'" *NBC News,* July 9, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-defends-embattled-acosta-says-he-had-falling-out-jeffrey-n1027861
|
||||
[^42]: Lauren del Valle and Eric Levenson, "Jeffrey Epstein's former pilot testifies Bill Clinton, Donald Trump, Prince Andrew flew aboard Epstein's private plane," *CNN,* November 30, 2021. https://abc17news.com/news/national-world/cnn-national/2021/11/30/prosecution-links-ghislaine-maxwell-to-jeffrey-epstein-while-defense-says-she-is-being-blamed-for-his-actions/ ; "Trump called Epstein a 'terrific guy' who enjoyed 'younger' women before denying relationship with him." *Washington Post,* July 8, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-called-epstein-a-terrific-guy-before-denying-relationship-with-him/2019/07/08/a01e0f00-a1be-11e9-bd56-eac6bb02d01d_story.html
|
||||
[^43]: "Trump and Epstein: A Timeline of Their Relationship." *Time,* 2025 (2004 Maison de l'Amitie bidding; trustee Joseph Luzinski quoted by the Washington Post). https://time.com/7333365/trump-epstein-relationship-timeline/
|
||||
[^44]: "What we know about the Trump-Epstein falling out." *PolitiFact,* July 31, 2025. https://www.politifact.com/article/2025/jul/31/what-we-know-about-the-trump-epstein-falling-out/ ; "President Donald Trump explains why he kicked Jeffrey Epstein out of Mar-a-Lago." *Fox News,* 2025. https://www.foxnews.com/us/jeffrey-epstein-thrown-out-mar-a-lago-hiring-help-trump
|
||||
[^45]: "Maria Farmer and Marsh Law Firm's Persistent Advocacy Vindicated as FBI Releases Farmer's 1996 Report on Jeffrey Epstein." *Marsh Law Firm,* December 23, 2025 (the 1996 FBI report). https://www.jamesmarshlaw.com/persistent-advocacy-vindicated/ ; Trump's denial: "What we know about the Trump-Epstein falling out." *PolitiFact,* July 31, 2025. https://www.politifact.com/article/2025/jul/31/what-we-know-about-the-trump-epstein-falling-out/
|
||||
[^46]: "Birthday letter to Epstein bore Trump's signature, drawing of naked woman, Wall Street Journal reports." *CNN,* July 17, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/17/politics/epstein-birthday-letter-trump
|
||||
[^47]: "Bondi taps acting U.S. Attorney Jay Clayton to probe Democrats' ties to Epstein." *The Washington Times,* November 14, 2025. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2025/nov/14/bondi-taps-acting-us-attorney-jay-clayton-probe-democrats-ties/ ; Epstein Files Transparency Act, Pub. L. No. 119-38.
|
||||
[^48]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Deputy Attorney General, letter to Chairman Grassley, Ranking Member Durbin, Chairman Jordan and Ranking Member Raskin, "Re: Epstein Files Transparency Act, Section 3 Report to Congress," February 14, 2026, pages 1 to 6 (signed Pamela J. Bondi, United States Attorney General, and Todd Blanche, Deputy United States Attorney General). https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1434856/dl ; coverage in "Justice Department lists hundreds of prominent people named in Epstein files in letter to Congress." *CNN,* February 15, 2026. https://kvia.com/politics/cnn-us-politics/2026/02/15/justice-department-lists-hundreds-of-prominent-people-named-in-epstein-files-in-letter-to-congress/
|
||||
[^49]: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Pub. L. No. 116-260, approved December 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1182; Division W, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, section 3 ("Explanatory statement"), 134 Stat. 2362 to 2363. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-116publ260/pdf/PLAW-116publ260.pdf
|
||||
[^50]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Explanation of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Division W, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021), Part II, Select Unclassified Congressional Direction, December 21, 2020. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-iaa-fy21-jes-final-2-12-15-20.pdf
|
||||
[^51]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, S. Rept. 116-233 (to accompany S. 3905), June 17, 2020, "Advanced Aerial Threats," pp. 11 to 12. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-116srpt233/pdf/CRPT-116srpt233.pdf
|
||||
[^52]: James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Pub. L. No. 117-81, section 1683, "Establishment of office, organizational structure, and authorities to address unidentified aerial phenomena" (approved December 27, 2021). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-117publ81/pdf/PLAW-117publ81.pdf
|
||||
[^53]: "Trump says he's directing the Pentagon to release files related to UFOs and aliens." *NBC News,* February 19, 2026 (quoting Trump's Truth Social post). https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/trump-says-directing-pentagon-release-files-related-ufos-aliens-rcna259833
|
||||
[^54]: "Pentagon releases declassified UFO files including videos and photos held by the government for decades." *NBC News,* May 8, 2026. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/ufos-and-anomalous-phenomena/ufo-uap-files-pentagon-release-trump-rcna344204
|
||||
[^55]: Neil H. Shah, Theresa F. Bartelme and Risha Sinha, "Inside Avi Loeb's New UAP Council, Built From His Harvard Orbit." *The Harvard Crimson,* July 11, 2026. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2026/7/11/avi-loeb-uap-council/
|
||||
[^56]: Ross Coulthart, "Is the Trump administration running a covert UFO program?," NewsNation Reality Check, about August 2026. https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,36 +1,239 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Jacques Vallée
|
||||
- Jacques Vallee
|
||||
- Jacques F. Vallée
|
||||
- Jacques F. Vallee
|
||||
- J. Vallee
|
||||
- J. Vallée
|
||||
category: "UFO & Anomalous Phenomena"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Person
|
||||
- Military
|
||||
- SRI
|
||||
- UFOlogist
|
||||
- Stargate
|
||||
summary: "Jacques Vallée is a French-born computer scientist, astronomer, and UFOlogist."
|
||||
- RemoteViewing
|
||||
- StanfordResearchInstitute
|
||||
- ComputerConferencing
|
||||
- InvisibleCollege
|
||||
- NIDS
|
||||
- VentureCapital
|
||||
- UnitedNations
|
||||
- Trinity
|
||||
summary: "Jacques Vallée is a French-born computer scientist and ufologist whose journals describe a destroyed 1961 satellite-tracking tape; he addressed the United Nations in 1978 and sat on the NIDS advisory board."
|
||||
born: 1939-09-24
|
||||
location: "Pontoise, France"
|
||||
created: 2025-08-05
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Paris Observatory]]"
|
||||
role: "staff of the artificial satellite service at Meudon, from June 1961"
|
||||
start: 1961
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[Invisible College]]"
|
||||
role: "the group around J. Allen Hynek, named the Invisible College by Hynek in 1967"
|
||||
start: 1967
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[J. Allen Hynek]]"
|
||||
role: "research collaborator in Evanston and Chicago"
|
||||
start: 1966
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[National Science Foundation]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "principal investigator on four computer-conferencing awards"
|
||||
start: 1975
|
||||
end: 1980
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Stanford Research Institute]]"
|
||||
role: "consultant on the Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, SRI Project 1291 (DACOS classifier)"
|
||||
start: 1986
|
||||
end: 1987
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Special Political Committee]]"
|
||||
role: "addressed the 35th meeting of the committee on November 27, 1978, on the Grenada UFO research item"
|
||||
start: 1978
|
||||
end: 1978
|
||||
fn: 25
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[National Institute for Discovery Science]]"
|
||||
role: "Science Advisory Board"
|
||||
start: 2000
|
||||
end: 2008
|
||||
fn: 41
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Garry Nolan]]"
|
||||
role: "co-author of the 2022 Progress in Aerospace Sciences paper on the Council Bluffs material"
|
||||
start: 2022
|
||||
fn: 31
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[EA-Capital Fund]]"
|
||||
role: "co-founder"
|
||||
fn: 38
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Graham Burnette]]"
|
||||
role: "principal of Red Planet Capital, a NASA strategic venture fund"
|
||||
start: 2006
|
||||
fn: 39
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Peter Banks]]"
|
||||
role: "principal of Red Planet Capital, a NASA strategic venture fund"
|
||||
start: 2006
|
||||
fn: 39
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Sol Foundation]]"
|
||||
role: "speaker at the inaugural Sol Foundation symposium, Palo Alto, November 17 to 18, 2023"
|
||||
start: 2023
|
||||
end: 2023
|
||||
fn: 44
|
||||
- type: member_of
|
||||
with: "[[National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena]]"
|
||||
role: "Advisory Board"
|
||||
fn: 43
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Jacques Vallée is a French-born computer scientist, astronomer, and [[UFOlogist]]. He worked at [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] and carried a top-secret security clearance, being assigned to the SRI psychic research program as a "de facto unpaid consultant"[^1].
|
||||
Jacques Vallée (born September 24, 1939) is a French-born computer scientist, astronomer and [[UFOlogist]] who worked at the [[Paris Observatory]] in 1961, with [[J. Allen Hynek]] at [[Northwestern University]] in the 1960s, on [[National Science Foundation]]-funded computer conferencing in the 1970s, as a consultant to the [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]] remote-viewing program in 1986 and 1987, and as a venture capitalist from 1987. His journals for 1957 to 1969 were published as [[Forbidden Science]]; he describes them as a record of "the appearance of new classes of phenomena" that "were deliberately denied or distorted by those in authority within the government and the military," and writes that science "never had fair and complete access to the most important files."[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
In early 1973, Vallée was working on a classified [[Department of Defense]] contract for [[DARPA]] involving a multiuser military computer network called [[ARPANET]], which later became the [[Internet]]. His expertise in information technology and computer programming, combined with his dedication to the study of [[Unidentified Flying Objects|UFOs]], made him a relatable figure for [[Ingo Swann]][^1].
|
||||
### Paris Observatory and the 1961 tape
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée observed Swann's frustration with the [[Outbounder-Beacon Experiment|outbounder-beacon experiments]], which Swann felt were a "trivialization of my abilities." Vallée suggested Swann approach the problem from the perspective of information technology, asking, "What do you do [when remote viewing]? Do you move your consciousness around?" Swann replied, "Yes, I can position it anywhere"[^1].
|
||||
In the journal entry dated Paris, August 12, 1961, Vallée recorded a sighting in [[Pontoise, France]] on a bright afternoon in 1955 and wrote that he wished to learn what research might be carried out in "high places" and what data was kept in official files. He had been a government employee since June of that year, on the staff of the artificial satellite service of the Paris Observatory at Meudon, which he described as part of a recently created Space Committee reporting to the Prime Minister.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée drew an analogy between long-distance [[Telepathy|telepathy]] and his work on the ARPANET, suggesting that a "virtual addressing" scheme could be applied to [[Remote Viewing]]. This idea, that accessing a virtual address was a means of accessing data beyond sensory grasp, inspired Swann to develop the concept of [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] (CRV)[^1].
|
||||
The service was headed by [[Paul Muller]]. Its work was to track orbiting objects and compute orbital elements, and its reduced data were punched onto Telex tape for the [[United States Navy]] in Paris and passed on to the [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Vallée wrote that on 11 July at 10:35 p.m. he saw a satellite brighter than second magnitude. On another occasion several staff members recorded no fewer than eleven points, and the next morning, Vallée wrote, Muller "simply confiscated the tape and destroyed it," although a similar object had just been tracked by astronomers at Besançon and by a satellite expert in Saint-Malo.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée also commented on the mysterious death of [[Pat Price]], noting that when the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] learned Price was a Scientologist, the church became a suspect in his death[^1].
|
||||
Vallée asked Muller why the data were not sent to the Americans. He recorded Muller's reply: "The Americans would laugh at us." Vallée wrote that Muller seemed terrified that the morning papers might carry the headline "Paris Observatory tracking something it cannot identify."[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Involvement with AATIP-Related Research
|
||||
### Northwestern, the Condon Committee and the Invisible College
|
||||
|
||||
Dr. Vallée has continued his scientific investigation of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) into the modern era. He was involved in scientific research related to the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP), collaborating with [[Garry Nolan]] on the analysis of a metallic slag recovered from a 1977 UAP crash in Council Bluffs, Iowa. Their research, published in the peer-reviewed journal "Progress in Aerospace Sciences," revealed that the material contained isotopes of magnesium and iron that were arranged in a highly structured and deliberate manner, a feat that is beyond our current technological capabilities.[^2]
|
||||
Vallée's entries from 1966 and 1967 record his work with Hynek, then scientific consultant to the [[United States Air Force]] on [[Project Blue Book]], at [[Dearborn Observatory]] on the Northwestern campus in Evanston. In a Chicago entry of November 5, 1966, he recorded Hynek's remark over dinner that if the [[Condon Committee]] were to conclude that UFOs existed, responsibility for their study would be taken from him, as Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer had ceased to be free academic physicists when the Atomic Energy Commission was created.[^4] On November 13, 1966 he wrote that he had returned with Hynek from two days in Boulder with the Condon team, and recorded Hynek's remark on the drive from Denver that he had been waiting for the occasion all his life.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
His scientific background has informed his approach to UAP research, which has focused on data analysis and the development of a classification system for UAP sightings. He is the author of numerous books on the UAP topic, including "Anatomy of a Phenomenon" and "Passport to Magonia," in which he has explored the parallels between modern UAP encounters and historical folklore and mythology. He worked closely with Dr. J. Allen Hynek, the scientific consultant for the U.S. Air Force's [[Project Blue Book]], and was the inspiration for the character of the French scientist, Claude Lacombe, in the movie "Close Encounters of the Third Kind."[^2]
|
||||
In a Chicago entry of May 27, 1967, Vallée recorded that Hynek had begun calling their small group "the Invisible College," in reference to the scientific movement that preceded the creation of the [[Royal Society]] in the early 1660s, "at a time when it was very dangerous to be interested in natural philosophy."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
The entry of June 18, 1967 records that Vallée, sorting the Air Force files that Hynek kept at his house, found among the material on the history of Projects Sign and Grudge a letter dated January 9, 1953, stamped in red ink "SECRET" with a security-information legend, signed by a man Vallée calls "Pentacle," and addressed to Miles E. Coll at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] for transmittal to Captain [[Edward J. Ruppelt]]. Vallée wrote that the letter, which opens with a recommendation to the Air Technical Intelligence Center on future methods of handling the UFO problem, bears on the period of the [[Robertson Panel]] and of Report #14.[^7] On June 30 he wrote that he kept thinking about the letter and had shown it only to a colleague named Fred; Fred's comment, as Vallée recorded it, was that references to what could and could not be discussed in Washington were "clearly referring to a manipulation of the Robertson Panel."[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
The Condon report's discussion of UFO reports near Martian oppositions states that the claimed correlation "is quite unfounded; the idea is not supported by observational data," followed by the citation "(Vallee and Vallee, 1966, p. 138)," the 1966 book [[Challenge to Science]] by Jacques and Janine Vallée.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
In September 1969 Vallée wrote that he would have little time to keep the journal once he started working at [[Stanford University]], having first visited the campus on July 1 of that year.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Computer conferencing
|
||||
|
||||
The National Science Foundation made four awards with Vallée as principal investigator between 1975 and 1980, each on computer-based group communication. Three went to the [[Institute For the Future]] in California: an investigation of computer-based group communication in geoscience (award 7505297, $166,200, April 1975 to October 1977),[^11] an extended field test of computer conferencing covering social, managerial and economic issues (award 7505298, $133,700, January 1975 to July 1977),[^12] and an evaluation of computer conferencing for research and development productivity (award 7600512, $154,200, November 1975 to April 1978).[^13] The fourth, award 7820720, went to [[Infomedia Corporation]] for the development of formal representations of computer-based group communication ($41,704, February 1979 to May 1980).[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée's own biographical note, printed as an appendix to a 2025 review of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena|UAP]] science of which he is a co-author, states that as one of the principal investigators for the Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1972 he led the team that developed the first network conferencing system on the [[ARPANET]].[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
### Remote viewing through computer conferencing
|
||||
|
||||
In October 1976 the Proceedings of the IEEE published "Remote viewing experiments through computer conferencing" by Vallée, [[Arthur Hastings]] and Gerald Askevold (pp. 1551-1552). The paper is cited in the reference list of a 1977 conference proceedings held in the CIA reading room.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
Harry Snyder's review of remote-viewing research, Report RV-79-1, describes the design: twelve participants in New York, Florida, Quebec and California, each with a computer terminal at home or work, attempted to describe ten mineral samples held in a geologist's hand at 7:30 a.m. and 7:30 p.m. Pacific time, with five of the samples sealed in envelopes as a "double-blind" pool; 33 descriptions from six persons were judged by five judges. The review records that the correct target received the highest score in 8 of 33 responses, against 3.3 expected by chance, and tabulates the scores as "Table 17. Results of Vallee, et al. (1976)." It notes that the paper was received in early May 1976 and, answering [[Hal Puthoff]]'s criticism of multiple-subject studies, lists the Vallee, Hastings and Askevold work among the experiments with simultaneous subjects that returned positive results.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
A 1977 paper by Puthoff and [[Russell Targ]] for the IEEE ELECTRO 77 convention describes a series in which an experimenter in New York City and a subject in the SRI laboratory in Menlo Park, California communicated only by the "ARPA computer net."[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Annie Jacobsen]]'s 2017 account says Vallée held a top-secret clearance and was assigned to the SRI psychic research program as a "de facto unpaid consultant." She writes that in early 1973 he worked on a classified [[Department of Defense]] contract for the [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] involving a multiuser military computer network called ARPANET, which later became the [[Internet]], and that this expertise, together with his study of UFOs, made him a sympathetic figure to [[Ingo Swann]]. Swann, according to her account, called the [[Outbounder-Beacon Experiment|outbounder-beacon experiments]] a "trivialization of my abilities." Vallée asked, "What do you do [when remote viewing]? Do you move your consciousness around?" and Swann replied, "Yes, I can position it anywhere." Vallée drew an analogy between long-distance [[Telepathy|telepathy]] and his ARPANET work and suggested that a "virtual addressing" scheme could be applied to [[Remote Viewing]], accessing a virtual address being a means of reaching data beyond sensory grasp; in her telling, this idea led Swann to develop [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]]. Her account also records Vallée's comment that when the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] learned that [[Pat Price]] was a Scientologist, the church became a suspect in Price's death.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
### SRI and the DACOS classifier
|
||||
|
||||
The final technical report for SRI Project 1291, the Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, covering October 1, 1986 to September 30, 1987, was written by [[Edwin May]].[^20] The report states that SRI asked Vallée to act as a consultant and supplied him with the NExpert expert-system shell from Neuron Data of Palo Alto: "Acting as a consultant, Dr. Jacques Vallee was to undertake the initial steps towards the development of such a system."[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée's system, called DACOS (Description and Classification of Sites), grouped the 200 targets in the program's target pool into 40 categories made up of combinations of 27 attributes in six types: Water, Structures, Interfaces, Contours, Land and Features. The report describes DACOS as a hierarchical system.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
The report tested DACOS on 30 transcripts from a single 1987 experiment. "Overall, the DACOS performed only marginally better than chance." Water was identified correctly 17 times, structures 13 times, and the full target classification twice. The report says the series "did not show a significant RV effect, and thus proved a poor test case."[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Secret Onion and the Wilson interview
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée's journal entry of October 2, 2003, written in Austin, Texas, records that Puthoff met him at the airport and told him the thread began in the late 1980s with "a supposedly top-secret UFO study group for Army Intelligence started by John Alexander," which Vallée had heard of through Col. [[Ron Blackburn]] of [[Lockheed Corporation]] and which was nicknamed "the Secret Onion." Vallée places its advanced-physics meetings between May and August 1985 at the offices of the [[BDM Corporation]].[^23] The same entries describe a transcript of an April 1997 interview of Admiral [[Thomas R. Wilson]], then of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], by [[Eric Davis]] at EG&G in Las Vegas, in which, as Vallée summarizes it, Wilson searched the records of special access programs, found three programs related to UFOs and was referred to a fourth group. Vallée quotes the answer as "We're a reverse engineering program."[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1978 United Nations initiative
|
||||
|
||||
On July 7, 1978, Grenada's deputy permanent representative asked that an item on the establishment of a United Nations agency or department for research into unidentified flying objects be included in the agenda of the thirty-third General Assembly. The item was allocated to the [[Special Political Committee]] on September 20, 1978.[^24] The Assembly had heard from Grenada on the subject in each session since 1975, and in the committee on November 27 Prime Minister [[Eric Gairy]] stated that several scientists formed part of Grenada's delegation.[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
The committee's summary record of the 35th meeting, on Monday, November 27, 1978, lists Gairy, Minister of Education Wellington Friday, and Hynek (designated as speaking for Grenada), followed by a statement by "Mr. VALLEE," whose entry in the record carries no delegation designation, and then by Lt. Col. Coyne on an October 18, 1973 helicopter encounter over Ohio. Vallée told the committee that the UFO phenomenon had three aspects: a physical manifestation that could be investigated with available instruments, a psycho-physiological phenomenon, and a social belief system created in all nations by the expectation of space visitors. He said he had spent over 15 years studying reports from official and unofficial channels in France and the United States, supported by extensive computer statistics, and that the scientists with whom he was in contact would welcome a structure within which to share data.[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
Gairy introduced draft resolution A/SPC/33/L.20, which proposed a group of experts under the [[Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space]]. On December 8, 1978, at the 47th meeting, the committee agreed by consensus on a substitute text.[^26] The General Assembly adopted it as decision 33/426 on December 18, 1978. It took note of Grenada's statements and draft resolutions, invited interested Member States to coordinate scientific research on extraterrestrial life, including unidentified flying objects, at the national level and to inform the Secretary-General, requested the Secretary-General to transmit Grenada's statements to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for its 1979 meeting, and provided that the committee would permit Grenada to present its views at its next session.[^24][^27] The Ralph Bunche Institute, in a June 1, 2026 post, describes the 1978 effort as backed by researchers including Vallée and Hynek, and says the United Nations dismissed the initiative, citing political and scientific resistance.[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée's journal records earlier approaches. In a Chicago entry of June 21, 1966, he recorded that Hynek had gone to New York to see the author John Fuller and U Thant, the Secretary-General, who was anxious to know what the United States would do about the UFO question because some member nations had expressed concern; U Thant said that the initiative could only come from member nations, and Vallée wrote that Hynek asked for his help, that he would ask Aimé Michel to arrange a meeting with a French government representative, and that he would write to Dr. Fontes to prompt similar action by Brazilian authorities.[^29] On November 5, 1966 he wrote that a French official had not answered his group about France's possible interest in a debate at the United Nations, and that "I feel I have been used."[^4] In a Chicago entry of May 15, 1967, he recorded that Hynek had given him advice on the steps to take with the Russians and with the United Nations, which "seem to have a continuing interest in all this."[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### Council Bluffs and Haynesville
|
||||
|
||||
A paper by [[Garry Nolan]], Vallée, Sizun Jiang and Larry G. Lemke, "Improved instrumental techniques, including isotopic analysis, applicable to the characterization of unusual materials with potential relevance to aerospace forensics," appeared in [[Progress in Aerospace Sciences]], volume 128, in January 2022.[^31] A 2025 review of UAP science to which Vallée and Nolan contributed describes the material it analyzes as a mass of molten metal that witnesses reported falling from a hovering object into Big Lake Park in [[Council Bluffs, Iowa]] on December 17, 1971. It records that Vallée retained some of the material, that Nolan, Jiang and Lemke reanalyzed it by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and that the titanium, iron and chromium isotope distributions were consistent with terrestrial material, with local homogeneity but considerable diversity in elemental ratios across subsamples. The review quotes the paper's statement that the sample "was incompletely mixed at the time of deposition," and adds that the nature and origin of the material remain unknown.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Luis Elizondo]] wrote in his 2024 book [[Imminent]] that Vallée and Nolan collaborated on a paper analyzing a metallic slag recovered from a 1977 UAP crash in Council Bluffs, that the material's magnesium and iron isotopes were arranged in a highly structured and deliberate manner, a feat Elizondo describes as beyond current technological capability, and he places the work within the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP). Elizondo describes Vallée's approach to UAP as focused on data analysis and the development of a classification system for sightings, writes that Vallée worked closely with Hynek, and lists among his books [[Passport to Magonia]] and *Anatomy of a Phenomenon*, which he says explore parallels between modern UAP encounters and historical folklore and mythology.[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
An August 24, 2025 interview page for The Good Trouble Show describes a peer-reviewed paper by Vallée and two co-authors, accepted by Progress in Aerospace Sciences, that re-examines the 1966 [[Haynesville]] case. The page says the case is hidden in the 1968 Condon report and describes "a small object radiating the power output of a nuclear power plant."[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
### Lacombe
|
||||
|
||||
Elizondo wrote that Vallée was the inspiration for the character of the French scientist [[Claude Lacombe]] in [[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]].[^33] Jason Colavito, in a 2018 post on Vallée's public account of his career, wrote that it is part of Vallée's personal mythology that he served as the inspiration for Claude Lacombe, the French ufologist played by [[François Truffaut]] in [[Steven Spielberg]]'s film (1977).[^35] Colavito reports that [[Mark O'Connell]]'s biography of Hynek, [[The Close Encounters Man]] (2017), identifies the French astrophysicist [[Claude Poher]] as the more likely model for the character. Colavito also wrote that, according to O'Connell, Vallée sent a message objecting to the book, and quotes O'Connell: "Turned out he really was concerned that my book was being used as a vehicle for CUFOS," the [[Center for UFO Studies]].[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
### Trinity
|
||||
|
||||
In 2021 Vallée and [[Paola Harris]] self-published a book on a claimed crash in August 1945 near the [[Trinity Test]] site in [[San Antonio, New Mexico]]. Colavito reported that Vallée pulled the book, then titled "The Best-Kept Secret," on the day of its May 4, 2021 release, and that a revised edition titled "Trinity: The Best-Kept Secret" was to appear on June 1. According to the press release Colavito quoted, the authors reconstructed the observations of three witnesses, two of whom are still living, who described the recovery of a nearly intact flying vehicle and its occupants by an Army detachment. The release describes the craft as avocado-shaped, and says Vallée analyzed a piece of debris held by one witness and would suggest that it was of extraterrestrial origin.[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
### Venture capital
|
||||
|
||||
In September 2006 [[NASA]] named a team of venture capitalists to run a strategic venture fund called Red Planet Capital, based in San Mateo, California. The principals were [[Peter Banks]], co-founder and partner of XR Ventures, [[Graham Burnette]], general partner of the [[EA-Capital Fund]], and Vallée, co-founder of the EA-Capital Fund. NASA was to provide strategic direction and technical input, with a NASA investment of about $75 million over five years. The fund was to focus on eight sectors, including information technology, communications, biomedical support, environmental systems and advanced materials, and the principals could invest as much as about $5 million per company over several rounds.[^38][^39] Vallée's biographical note states that after 1987 he was co-founder and general partner of the Euro-America Ventures group of funds, which invested in over 60 startups, and that in 2006 he and his two partners were selected by NASA to form Red Planet Capital.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée's own account, in a seminar text published in the Revue française de comptabilité in May 2006, describes him as a general partner of the SBV fund, named for Sigefi, Burnette and Vallée, and as co-founder of the EuroAmerica fund series, which the note to that text says produced eighteen Nasdaq exits since 1988. Vallée wrote that EuroAmerica I ended in 2000 with a net internal rate of return of 15.4 percent and that EuroAmerica II, then in liquidation, stood at 14.7 percent.[^40]
|
||||
|
||||
### National Institute for Discovery Science, NARCAP and the Sol Foundation
|
||||
|
||||
The [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS), founded by [[Robert Bigelow]], listed Vallée on its Science Advisory Board. The personnel page as captured on December 6, 2000 names [[Warren Burggren]] as chairman of the board and lists Vallée with [[Douglas P. Ferraro]], [[Albert A. Harrison]], [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Melvin Morse]], [[Martin Piltch]], Puthoff, [[Theodore Rockwell]], [[John F. Schuessler]], [[Jessica Utts]] and [[Jim Whinnery]]; the same capture lists Bigelow as president and founder, [[Colm Kelleher]] as deputy administrator, John B. Alexander as discreet project scout and Eric Davis for aerospace physics and astrophysics.[^41] The page as captured on June 22, 2000 includes [[Peter A. Sturrock]] on the board as well. By the capture of August 6, 2001, Puthoff is named chairman, and captures from October 2002 and April 2004 list Alexander on the board; the capture of May 9, 2008 still lists Vallée.[^42]
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée is also named in the 2025 review as a member of the advisory board of the [[National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena]] (NARCAP).[^43]
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée spoke at the inaugural symposium of the [[Sol Foundation]], held November 17 to 18, 2023 in Palo Alto, California, hosted by the Nolan Laboratory and the Stanford School of Medicine, alongside [[Avi Loeb]], [[Diana Walsh Pasulka]], Larry Maguire, [[Christopher Mellon]], [[Tim Gallaudet]] and [[Karl Nell]]. Nolan opened the symposium by saying "The objective here is to legitimize and professionalize and then to seek from you your ideas."[^44]
|
||||
|
||||
### Publications
|
||||
* *Forbidden Science 2*
|
||||
|
||||
Vallée's books include Passport to Magonia (1969), which compares modern sightings with folklore and mythology,[^45] *Anatomy of a Phenomenon*, and *Forbidden Science 2*, in addition to the journals described above.
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
|
||||
[^2]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Jacques Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, foreword, p. vii. https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^2]: Jacques Vallée, *Forbidden Science*, vol. 5, chapter "September Eleven," entry "New York. Tuesday 23 September 2003" and entry for 24 September 2003 ("This is my 64th birthday"), p. 200 ff.
|
||||
[^3]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, entry "Paris. 12 August 1961," pp. 40-42. https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^4]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, entry "Chicago. Saturday 5 November 1966." https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^5]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, entry "Chicago. Sunday 13 November 1966," pp. 226-227. https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^6]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, entry "Chicago. Saturday 27 May 1967." https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^7]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, entry "Chicago. Sunday 18 June 1967," pp. 278-280 (the Pentacle letter of January 9, 1953); the later discussion of the letter and the January 1953 meeting report by Frederic C. Durant addressed to the CIA Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence is at pp. 426-427. https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^8]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, entry "Chicago. Friday 30 June 1967," pp. 283-284. https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^9]: University of Colorado (Edward U. Condon, director), *Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects*, vol. 1 (1968), discussion of Martian oppositions, citing "Vallee and Vallee, 1966, p. 138," and the bibliography entry for Jacques and Janine Vallee, *Challenge to Science: The UFO Enigma* (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1966). https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0680975
|
||||
[^10]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, chapter 20, entries "Stanford, California. Tuesday 1 July 1969" and "Stanford. Sunday 7 September 1969," beginning p. 398. https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^11]: National Science Foundation, award 7505297, "An Investigation of Computer-Based Group Communication in Geoscience," Institute For the Future (California), principal investigator Jacques Vallee, April 15, 1975 to October 31, 1977, $166,200. https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=7505297
|
||||
[^12]: National Science Foundation, award 7505298, "Extended Field Testing of Computer Conferencing, an Investigation of Social, Managerial, and Economic Issues in Computer-Based Communication," Institute For the Future (California), principal investigator Jacques Vallee, January 1, 1975 to July 31, 1977, $133,700. https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=7505298
|
||||
[^13]: National Science Foundation, award 7600512, "An Evaluation of the Use of Computer Conferencing to Improve Productivity in Research and Development," Institute For the Future (California), principal investigator Jacques Vallee, November 15, 1975 to April 30, 1978, $154,200. https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=7600512
|
||||
[^14]: National Science Foundation, award 7820720, "Development of Formal Representations of Computer-Based Group Communication," Infomedia Corporation, principal investigator Jacques Vallee, February 15, 1979 to May 31, 1980, $41,704. https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=7820720
|
||||
[^15]: Kevin H. Knuth et al., "The New Science of Unidentified Aerospace-Undersea Phenomena (UAP)," arXiv:2502.06794v2 (March 30, 2025), Appendix A.17, "Dr. Jacques F. Vallée, Documatica Research," p. 145. The ARPA principal-investigator and fund statements are Vallée's own biographical note. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.06794
|
||||
[^16]: Jacques Vallee, Arthur Hastings and Gerald Askevold, "Remote viewing experiments through computer conferencing," *Proceedings of the IEEE*, vol. 64, October 1976, pp. 1551-1552, as listed in reference 6 of the proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, September 19-21, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080055-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080055-4
|
||||
[^17]: Harry L. Snyder, *Summary and Critical Evaluation of Research in Remote Viewing*, Report RV-79-1, section K (Vallee, Hastings and Askevold), pp. 237-245, Table 17, and the discussion of simultaneous-subject experiments, CIA-RDP96-00787R000100260003-2. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000100260003-2
|
||||
[^18]: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ, "Direct Perception of Remote Geographical Locations," invited paper, IEEE National Convention ELECTRO 77, New York, April 12, 1977, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080008-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000200080008-6
|
||||
[^19]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017), passages on Vallée's clearance, his SRI consultancy, the 1973 contract, Ingo Swann, Pat Price and virtual addressing.
|
||||
[^20]: Edwin C. May, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)*, Final Technical Report, SRI Project 1291, December 1987, covering October 1, 1986 to September 30, 1987, title page and authorship block. CIA-RDP96-00789R002200150001-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002200150001-1
|
||||
[^21]: May, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)*, December 1987, sections (2) "Initial Goals" and (3) "Description and Classification of Sites (DACOS)." CIA-RDP96-00787R000300100001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000300100001-9
|
||||
[^22]: May, *Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)*, December 1987, sections (4) "Results of Testing DACOS with Actual Remote Viewing Data" and (5) "Shortcomings of DACOS." CIA-RDP96-00787R000300100001-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000300100001-9
|
||||
[^23]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science*, vol. 5, chapter "September Eleven," entries "Hummingbird. Monday 29 September 2003" and "Austin. Thursday 2 October 2003," pp. 200-205.
|
||||
[^24]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, document A/33/512, "Establishment of an agency or a department of the United Nations for undertaking, co-ordinating and disseminating the results of research into unidentified flying objects and related phenomena: Report of the Special Political Committee," December 16, 1978, paras. 1-9 and the recommended decision. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/660888
|
||||
[^25]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, Special Political Committee, summary record of the 35th meeting, November 27, 1978, A/SPC/33/SR.35, paras. 1-22 (statements of Mr. Gairy, Mr. Friday, Mr. Hynek, Mr. Vallee and Lt. Col. Coyne). https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2FSPC%2F33%2FSR.35&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^26]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, Special Political Committee, summary record of the 47th meeting, December 8, 1978, A/SPC/33/SR.47, paras. 1-8 (working paper 1 adopted by consensus). https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2FSPC%2F33%2FSR.47&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^27]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, 87th plenary meeting, December 18, 1978, A/33/PV.87, decision 33/426. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F33%2FPV.87&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^28]: Juan Acevedo, Ralph Bunche Institute post on Jacques Vallée and the United Nations, June 1, 2026. https://ralphbuncheinstitute.org/jacques-vallee-uap-and-the-united-nations-a-global-call-ignored/
|
||||
[^29]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, entry "Chicago. Tuesday 21 June 1966," pp. 189-190. https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^30]: Vallée, *Forbidden Science: Journals 1957-1969*, entry "Chicago. Monday 15 May 1967." https://archive.org/details/vallee-jacques-forbidden-science_202407
|
||||
[^31]: Garry P. Nolan, Jacques F. Vallee, Sizun Jiang and Larry G. Lemke, "Improved instrumental techniques, including isotopic analysis, applicable to the characterization of unusual materials with potential relevance to aerospace forensics," *Progress in Aerospace Sciences* 128 (January 2022), article 100788, doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100788
|
||||
[^32]: Knuth et al., "The New Science of Unidentified Aerospace-Undersea Phenomena (UAP)," arXiv:2502.06794v2, section 5.3.2 "Council Bluffs, Iowa USA," citing Vallée, "Physical analyses in ten cases of unexplained aerial objects with material samples," *Journal of Scientific Exploration* 12 (3) (1998) 359-375, and the Nolan et al. paper. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.06794
|
||||
[^33]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent* (William Morrow, 2024), passages on the Council Bluffs slag analysis, AATIP and Vallée's career.
|
||||
[^34]: The Good Trouble Show, "Jacques Vallée on the First Peer-Reviewed UFO Paper in Progress in Aerospace Sciences," August 24, 2025. https://thegoodtroubleshow.substack.com/p/jacques-vallee-on-the-first-peer
|
||||
[^35]: Jason Colavito, "A Strange Account of Jacques Vallée's Efforts at Reputation Management," January 18, 2018. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/a-strange-account-of-jacques-vallees-efforts-at-reputation-management
|
||||
[^36]: Mark O'Connell, *The Close Encounters Man* (2017), as reported in Colavito, "A Strange Account of Jacques Vallée's Efforts at Reputation Management" (January 18, 2018). https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/a-strange-account-of-jacques-vallees-efforts-at-reputation-management
|
||||
[^37]: Jason Colavito, "New Book from Jacques Vallée Claims Evidence for 1945 New Mexico UFO Crash," May 7, 2021, quoting the press release for the revised edition of Jacques Vallée and Paola Harris, *Trinity: The Best-Kept Secret*. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/new-book-from-jacques-vallee-claims-evidence-for-1945-new-mexico-ufo-crash
|
||||
[^38]: Nextgov, "NASA Partners With Venture Capital Group," September 20, 2006. https://www.nextgov.com/digital-government/2006/09/nasa-partners-with-venture-capital-group/233363
|
||||
[^39]: Satellite Today, "NASA Partners With Venture Capital Firm," September 22, 2006 (Red Planet Capital Inc., San Mateo; principals Banks, Burnette and Vallée; NASA investment of about $75 million over five years). https://www.satellitetoday.com/uncategorized/2006/09/22/nasa-partners-with-venture-capital-firm/
|
||||
[^40]: Jacques Vallée, "Anges et investisseurs dans la Silicon Valley," *Revue française de comptabilité* no. 388 (May 2006), pp. 111 ff., reproducing a seminar of December 14, 2005 at the École de Paris du management, with the editors' note 2 on Vallée's fund roles. Computer History Museum archive copy 102784081-05-01 (French). https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/07/102784081-05-01-acc.pdf
|
||||
[^41]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel and Science Advisory Board," nidsci.org, Internet Archive capture of December 6, 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html
|
||||
[^42]: National Institute for Discovery Science, personnel page, Internet Archive captures of June 22, 2000 (https://web.archive.org/web/20000622040455/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html), August 6, 2001 (https://web.archive.org/web/20010806075913/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html), October 4, 2002 (https://web.archive.org/web/20021004033623/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html), April 2, 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040402072119/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html) and May 9, 2008 (https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140330/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.php).
|
||||
[^43]: Knuth et al., "The New Science of Unidentified Aerospace-Undersea Phenomena (UAP)," arXiv:2502.06794v2, section on the National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena ("Jacques Vallée who also served on their Advisory Board"), and Appendix A.17. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.06794
|
||||
[^44]: Micah Hanks, "The Sol Foundation, Academia's New UAP Think Tank, Releases Videos of Lectures from Its Inaugural Symposium," *The Debrief*, February 12, 2024. https://thedebrief.org/the-sol-foundation-academias-new-uap-think-tank-releases-videos-of-lectures-from-its-inaugural-symposium/
|
||||
[^45]: Jacques Vallée, *Passport to Magonia* (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1969), Internet Archive copy. https://archive.org/details/270532257-passport-to-magonia
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ tags:
|
|||
- MKULTRA
|
||||
- LSD
|
||||
- CIA
|
||||
summary: "UCLA psychiatrist and confirmed CIA contractor who killed an elephant with a massive LSD overdose in 1962, examined Jack Ruby, and proposed a government-funded Center for the Study of Violence to recondition criminals using experimental mind control techniques."
|
||||
summary: "UCLA psychiatrist and CIA contractor who gave an elephant a massive LSD dose in 1962, examined Jack Ruby, and proposed a government-funded Center for the Study of Violence."
|
||||
born: 1924-10-06
|
||||
died: 1999-01-02
|
||||
location: Los Angeles, California
|
||||
created: 2026-06-03
|
||||
updated: 2026-06-03
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
Louis Jolyon "Jolly" West was a psychiatrist who chaired the [[UCLA]] Department of Psychiatry and directed the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute from 1969 to 1989. A confirmed [[CIA]] contractor cleared at Top Secret level, West conducted research under [[MKULTRA]] Subproject 43. His career intersected with some of the most controversial experiments and investigations of the Cold War era.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -26,9 +26,11 @@ In 1963, West was appointed as the examining psychiatrist for [[Jack Ruby]], who
|
|||
|
||||
West proposed creating a government-funded Center for the Study of Violence in [[California]] that would have used experimental mind control techniques to mentally recondition criminals. The center would have employed drug therapy, sensory deprivation, and psychological conditioning on incarcerated subjects. Then-Governor [[Ronald Reagan]] initially supported the center, but when public opinion shifted against West following criticism of his methods and his MKULTRA associations, Reagan withdrew his backing and the project was abandoned.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
The Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence was proposed under the Neuropsychiatric Institute of the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and sought federal funding through the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]]. Its September 1, 1972 project description listed five lines of research, among them biological and neurological studies of violent individuals and "psychological factors" research on external influences on violence.[^3] The subcommittee's print quotes a memorandum by a staff psychologist at Atascadero State Hospital, one of the institutions participating in the planned center, describing an electro-physiological laboratory able to record heart rate, galvanic skin response, changes in penis volume and alpha and beta brain waves in response to audio-visual stimuli.[^3] West, as director of the proposed center, discussed acquiring an old Nike missile base in the Santa Monica Mountains for it, and the subcommittee quoted the letter's description of the site as "accessible, but relatively remote."[^3] The planned satellite facilities included the state hospitals at Atascadero, Camarillo and [[Vacaville]].[^3] A memorandum of April 5, 1973 by the Committee Opposing Psychiatric Abuse of Prisoners, printed in the subcommittee's appendix, recorded that Ronald Reagan had announced the center in his January 1973 State of the State message.[^4] A letter from LEAA printed in the subcommittee's appendix states that the agency had not received the UCLA project for funding consideration.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Victorian Crash Pad, Roger Smith, and the Manson Parole
|
||||
|
||||
During the late 1960s, West operated a CIA-funded facility near the [[Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic]] in [[San Francisco]], refitting a Victorian house as a fake "hippie crash pad" to study drug addiction and counterculture behavior. [[Charles Manson]] attended weekly meetings with his parole officer [[Roger Smith]] at the clinic following his release from [[Terminal Island]] on March 21, 1967, the same year the CIA launched [[Operation CHAOS]]. Members of the [[Manson Family]] used the clinic for medical treatment. West's proximity to Manson's parole supervision has been identified as circumstantial evidence suggesting intelligence community interest in Manson. West's files from the Haight-Ashbury period have reportedly gone missing.[^3]
|
||||
During the late 1960s, West operated a CIA-funded facility near the [[Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic]] in [[San Francisco]], refitting a Victorian house as a fake "hippie crash pad" to study drug addiction and counterculture behavior. [[Charles Manson]] attended weekly meetings with his parole officer [[Roger Smith]] at the clinic following his release from [[Terminal Island]] on March 21, 1967, the same year the CIA launched [[Operation CHAOS]]. Members of the [[Manson Family]] used the clinic for medical treatment. West's proximity to Manson's parole supervision has been identified as circumstantial evidence suggesting intelligence community interest in Manson. West's files from the Haight-Ashbury period have reportedly gone missing.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Sleep Deprivation Research
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -38,4 +40,6 @@ In 1959, West conducted a well-publicized sleep deprivation experiment with radi
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996.
|
||||
[^2]: Science, Vol. 138, Issue 3545, December 7, 1962, pp. 1100-1103; hekint.org, "Louis Jolyon West, M.D.: A Dangerous Doctor," January 25, 2024.
|
||||
[^3]: Tom O'Neill with Dan Piepenbring, *Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties*. Little, Brown and Company, 2019.
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, committee print (Washington: GPO, November 1974), pp. 36-38, NCJRS digitization. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/142690NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, appendix memorandum of the Committee Opposing Psychiatric Abuse of Prisoners, April 5, 1973.
|
||||
[^5]: Tom O'Neill with Dan Piepenbring, *Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties*. Little, Brown and Company, 2019.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
|
|||
- Central Intelligence Agency
|
||||
- CIA
|
||||
created: 2025-07-22
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-09
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- Intelligence
|
||||
|
|
@ -17,30 +17,36 @@ summary: "The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is the principal U.S. civilian f
|
|||
start: 1947-09-18
|
||||
location: "Langley, Virginia"
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[LEAA]]"
|
||||
role: "Office of Security release of police techniques through LEAA"
|
||||
start: 1970
|
||||
end: 1973
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Bobby Ray Inman]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "deputy director"
|
||||
start: 1981-02
|
||||
end: 1982-04
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Psychological Strategy Board]]"
|
||||
role: "Member agency; the Director of Central Intelligence chaired meeting M-8"
|
||||
start: 1952-01-10
|
||||
fn: 44
|
||||
fn: 55
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Max Millikan]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "Assistant Director, Research and Reports (1951); Special Consultant (1952)"
|
||||
start: 1951-01
|
||||
end: 1952-03
|
||||
fn: 45
|
||||
fn: 56
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Center for International Studies]]"
|
||||
role: "agency money reported to have set up the center in 1951; $300,000 reported in 1967"
|
||||
start: 1951
|
||||
fn: 52
|
||||
fn: 63
|
||||
---
|
||||
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a primary intelligence-gathering organization of the United States government. In the context of psychic research, the CIA played a significant, albeit often covert, role in funding and overseeing programs aimed at exploring and utilizing psychic phenomena for intelligence purposes.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -56,13 +62,25 @@ In 1972, the CIA, through officials like [[Kenneth A. Kress|Ken Kress]] from the
|
|||
|
||||
Since [[World War II]] the CIA searched secretly for ways to control human behavior, an effort that extended the wartime [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] quest for a truth drug and echoed both the Nazi experiments at [[Dachau]] and [[Albert Hofmann]]'s discovery of [[LSD]]. The programs were triggered by the 1949 show trial of [[Josef Cardinal Mindszenty]] in [[Hungary]], whose glazed confession convinced Agency officials the Communists had developed a technique to render defendants zombielike; what began as defensive research quickly turned offensive, with documents stressing the goal of "controlling an individual to the point where he will do our bidding against his will and even against such fundamental laws of nature as self-preservation." The effort passed through [[Project Bluebird and Project Artichoke|Project BLUEBIRD]] (1950), ARTICHOKE (1952), and finally [[Project MKUltra|MKULTRA]] under the [[Office of Technical Service|Technical Services Staff]], with [[Richard Helms]] its most important sponsor and his protégé [[Sidney Gottlieb]] running it day to day. The research systematically violated the will of subjects drawn from groups officials considered expendable, mental patients, prostitutes, foreigners, drug addicts, and prisoners; as one Agency psychologist put it, operators lacked "a universal concept of mankind" and were willing to do things to foreigners they would not try on Americans. "It was strictly a patriotic vision," he said.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Police Technique Program Through LEAA
|
||||
|
||||
From 1970 the Office of Security used the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]] as its channel for releasing agency techniques to police. A June 10, 1970 memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence recommended LEAA as "the best vehicle to expand dissemination of this technique to all public law enforcement officials in the United States" for the Trace Metal Detection Technique, which the Director had declassified.[^5] The memorandum carried the concurrence of the Deputy Director for Plans, [[Thomas Karamessines]]. It stated that the only stipulation placed on recipients was that there be "no public connection between the technique and this Agency."[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
Between June 1970 and December 1971 Office of Security representatives demonstrated the technique to approximately 35 police departments, three professional police associations and representatives of 83 other state and local departments. Outside the Washington area they appeared as "consultants" to LEAA, and "no mention was made of the Agency."[^6] The office provided six men to LEAA in 1970 for the same briefings.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
The Explosive Residue Detection Technique was declassified in March 1971, and the Security Office recommended dissemination through LEAA or the LEAA-funded National Bomb Data Center.[^6] On November 10, 1971 agency officers demonstrated it to LEAA staff and then met [[Lester Shubin]] and [[Marc Nerenstone]], whom the memorandum describes as "both witting of the Agency's role in the development of the technique."[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
A February 16, 1972 Office of Security memorandum records that LEAA never reimbursed the agency's travel costs "because of their desire to avoid unclassified (i.e. public) reimbursement of the money to CIA" and that "LEAA indicated it did not wish to be publicly affiliated with CIA."[^9] A May 9, 1973 survey of the Office of Research and Development recorded that an adhesive restraint, a non-lethal incapacitation system, had been made available to LEAA in August 1972. It said that "if they developed the system, it would be used for civilian crowd and riot control."[^10] On June 18, 1973 the House adopted by voice vote the Holtzman amendment to H.R. 8152, which the Office of Legislative Counsel summarized as prohibiting LEAA from using the agency's services, equipment, personnel and facilities.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
Section 508 of the Crime Control Act of 1973 authorized LEAA to use federal agency services "(not including the Central Intelligence Agency)," a restriction absent from the 1968 statute.[^12] An Office of General Counsel memorandum of October 15, 1973 concluded that the agency was not required to reject all LEAA requests and would decide each one case by case.[^13] In July 1978 the Office of Legislative Counsel reviewed reauthorization language that would bar any use of CIA services by LEAA, and reported that the agency did not endorse the provision but had no formal objection to it.[^14] On November 14, 1975 an agency officer briefed two staff members of a House select committee on the LEAA liaison. The memorandum records that the agency discontinued liaison with LEAA in 1973 as a result of the Kennedy-Holtzman amendment, and that one staff member asked where the agency fit into the operation of the Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit, described as "a communications network between police intelligence agencies"; the officer answered that he knew of no such nationwide network in which the agency had taken part.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
### The 1977 Notifications to Institutions
|
||||
|
||||
In the summer of 1977 the agency located MKULTRA documents it had believed destroyed in 1973, and notified the institutions named in them. Director of Central Intelligence [[Stansfield Turner]] wrote to Senator [[Daniel K. Inouye]] on August 2, 1977 that the agency now held "the names of 185 non-government researchers and assistants" and the names of 80 institutions where the work was done or with which the researchers were affiliated. He listed them as 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics, and 3 penal institutions. The names went to the Senate committee on a classified basis, and the Director wrote that he had "a legal obligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers without their consent."[^5]
|
||||
In the summer of 1977 the agency located MKULTRA documents it had believed destroyed in 1973, and notified the institutions named in them. Director of Central Intelligence [[Stansfield Turner]] wrote to Senator [[Daniel K. Inouye]] on August 2, 1977 that the agency now held "the names of 185 non-government researchers and assistants" and the names of 80 institutions where the work was done or with which the researchers were affiliated. He listed them as 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics, and 3 penal institutions. The names went to the Senate committee on a classified basis, and the Director wrote that he had "a legal obligation under the Privacy Act not to publicly disclose the names of the individual researchers without their consent."[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] wrote to each institution in August 1977. The letter stated that the institution "is included among the institutions at which some portion of this CIA-sponsored research appears to have been performed or with which one or more individuals performing some aspect of this research were affiliated," and that the agency "does not intend to reveal to the public the identities of any institutions that knowingly or unknowingly were involved in MKULTRA activities, or the names of individual researchers."[^6] On September 7, 1977 A. R. Cinquegrana of the Office of General Counsel sent the president of the [[New School for Social Research]], [[John R. Everett]], copies of the two MKULTRA subproject files relating to the school, with a letter stating that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents."[^7] Lapham's letter of November 7, 1977 asked whether each institution had itself made its correspondence public, and wrote that "Where an institution has itself made public these relationships, there would seem to be little point in our continued refusal to confirm these facts."[^8] On March 17, 1978 Assistant General Counsel Cinquegrana wrote that the agency would presume an institution wished its identity protected if it did not respond by April 15, 1978.[^9]
|
||||
General Counsel [[Anthony A. Lapham]] wrote to each institution in August 1977. The letter stated that the institution "is included among the institutions at which some portion of this CIA-sponsored research appears to have been performed or with which one or more individuals performing some aspect of this research were affiliated," and that the agency "does not intend to reveal to the public the identities of any institutions that knowingly or unknowingly were involved in MKULTRA activities, or the names of individual researchers."[^17] On September 7, 1977 A. R. Cinquegrana of the Office of General Counsel sent the president of the [[New School for Social Research]], [[John R. Everett]], copies of the two MKULTRA subproject files relating to the school, with a letter stating that "the name of the School has been reinserted wherever it appears in the original documents."[^18] Lapham's letter of November 7, 1977 asked whether each institution had itself made its correspondence public, and wrote that "Where an institution has itself made public these relationships, there would seem to be little point in our continued refusal to confirm these facts."[^19] On March 17, 1978 Assistant General Counsel Cinquegrana wrote that the agency would presume an institution wished its identity protected if it did not respond by April 15, 1978.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate Health Subcommittee invited the presidents of 20 institutions to testify on September 20 and 21, 1977. Only one accepted, and that president was not scheduled to testify because the others declined.[^10]
|
||||
The Senate Health Subcommittee invited the presidents of 20 institutions to testify on September 20 and 21, 1977. Only one accepted, and that president was not scheduled to testify because the others declined.[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
### Notable Operations and Impact
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -84,29 +102,29 @@ Following the Israeli bombing of the Iraqi nuclear reactor at [[Osirak bombing]]
|
|||
|
||||
### Involvement with BCCI
|
||||
|
||||
The CIA used the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] extensively, particularly in connection with covert U.S. operations in [[Central America]].[^11] Even before [[Oliver North]] established his network for illegal payments to the [[Contras]], the [[National Security Council]] used BCCI to channel money to them through [[Saudi Arabia]].[^11] The CIA maintained accounts in BCCI for covert operations.[^12]
|
||||
The CIA used the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] extensively, particularly in connection with covert U.S. operations in [[Central America]].[^22] Even before [[Oliver North]] established his network for illegal payments to the [[Contras]], the [[National Security Council]] used BCCI to channel money to them through [[Saudi Arabia]].[^22] The CIA maintained accounts in BCCI for covert operations.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1986, the CIA issued a report stating that BCCI had owned [[First American Bank]] since 1982.[^13] In 1991, Acting CIA Director [[Richard J. Kerr]] confirmed that the agency had used BCCI to move money around the world.[^14] The CIA also maintained slush funds at BCCI branches, which were used for payoffs of Pakistani military officers and Afghan rebel leaders.[^15]
|
||||
In 1986, the CIA issued a report stating that BCCI had owned [[First American Bank]] since 1982.[^24] In 1991, Acting CIA Director [[Richard J. Kerr]] confirmed that the agency had used BCCI to move money around the world.[^25] The CIA also maintained slush funds at BCCI branches, which were used for payoffs of Pakistani military officers and Afghan rebel leaders.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
William J. Casey, former CIA Director, met secretly with [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] over a three-year period, discussing U.S. arms deals with Iran and the arming of Afghan resistance forces.[^16] The CIA began using BCCI in the bank's earliest days, as it was establishing itself in countries where American intelligence had few assets.[^16]
|
||||
William J. Casey, former CIA Director, met secretly with [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] over a three-year period, discussing U.S. arms deals with Iran and the arming of Afghan resistance forces.[^27] The CIA began using BCCI in the bank's earliest days, as it was establishing itself in countries where American intelligence had few assets.[^27]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate Report]] recorded that the agency produced several hundred reports on BCCI between 1979 and 1991, including special analyses in 1985, 1986 and 1989. The 1985 report, delivered in January 1985 to the Treasury's intelligence liaison, [[Douglas Mulholland]], who called it "dynamite," stated that BCCI secretly owned First American Bank; the 1986 report went to the [[State Department]], the Defense Intelligence Agency, the [[National Security Agency]], the National Security Council, Commerce and the Treasury, except for "the two agencies which would have had a statutory responsibility to begin investigations in response," the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] and the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]. Acting Director Richard J. Kerr testified on October 25, 1991, that the agency's own use of BCCI had been "limited and routine," and acknowledged "extensive use of First American" for ordinary accounts. The agency denied any relationship between William J. Casey and Agha Hasan Abedi; the report recorded a contrary account from a BCCI official of meetings at the [[Madison Hotel]] in Washington, and the view of the agency's legal department that any such activity by Casey would have been undertaken "in his position as an advisor to the President, rather than in his position as Director of Central Intelligence," outside the agency's records.[^17]
|
||||
The [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate Report]] recorded that the agency produced several hundred reports on BCCI between 1979 and 1991, including special analyses in 1985, 1986 and 1989. The 1985 report, delivered in January 1985 to the Treasury's intelligence liaison, [[Douglas Mulholland]], who called it "dynamite," stated that BCCI secretly owned First American Bank; the 1986 report went to the [[State Department]], the Defense Intelligence Agency, the [[National Security Agency]], the National Security Council, Commerce and the Treasury, except for "the two agencies which would have had a statutory responsibility to begin investigations in response," the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] and the [[Department of Justice|Justice Department]]. Acting Director Richard J. Kerr testified on October 25, 1991, that the agency's own use of BCCI had been "limited and routine," and acknowledged "extensive use of First American" for ordinary accounts. The agency denied any relationship between William J. Casey and Agha Hasan Abedi; the report recorded a contrary account from a BCCI official of meetings at the [[Madison Hotel]] in Washington, and the view of the agency's legal department that any such activity by Casey would have been undertaken "in his position as an advisor to the President, rather than in his position as Director of Central Intelligence," outside the agency's records.[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
### Operations and Activities
|
||||
|
||||
The CIA sent the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] agency enormous quantities of cash to keep things moving through [[Pakistan]] during the [[Soviet-Afghan War]].[^18] The CIA was responsible for obtaining arms and ammunition for the [[Mujahideen]], but once delivered to [[Karachi]], the ISI was responsible for moving the equipment.[^18]
|
||||
The CIA sent the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] agency enormous quantities of cash to keep things moving through [[Pakistan]] during the [[Soviet-Afghan War]].[^29] The CIA was responsible for obtaining arms and ammunition for the [[Mujahideen]], but once delivered to [[Karachi]], the ISI was responsible for moving the equipment.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1980, Jimmy Carter signed a presidential "finding" authorizing the CIA to aid the Afghan rebels in "harassment" of the Soviet occupying forces through secret supplies of light weapons and limited funds.[^19] This became the largest covert-action program since [[World War Two]].[^19]
|
||||
In 1980, Jimmy Carter signed a presidential "finding" authorizing the CIA to aid the Afghan rebels in "harassment" of the Soviet occupying forces through secret supplies of light weapons and limited funds.[^30] This became the largest covert-action program since [[World War Two]].[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### Deputy Director Bobby Ray Inman, 1981 to 1982
|
||||
|
||||
President Ronald Reagan nominated [[Bobby Ray Inman]], then director of the [[NSA]], as deputy director of Central Intelligence in 1981.[^20] The White House announced his resignation on April 21, 1982.[^21] The White House biography gives March 1982 as the date he resigned.[^20]
|
||||
President Ronald Reagan nominated [[Bobby Ray Inman]], then director of the [[NSA]], as deputy director of Central Intelligence in 1981.[^31] The White House announced his resignation on April 21, 1982.[^32] The White House biography gives March 1982 as the date he resigned.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] reported that Inman had submitted his resignation during a "heated internal debate" over a secret counterintelligence study, and that he and other intelligence officials had since narrowed the study's scope. Its sources said two topics that Inman, Casey and FBI Director William Webster had feared might be included, the organization of U.S. counterintelligence agencies and deceptive Soviet missile telemetry, were not on the agenda approved by an interagency working group chaired by John Kohler of the intelligence community staff.[^22] A CBS radio commentary of April 22, 1982 described William J. Casey, the director, as "a professional politician."[^23]
|
||||
The [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] reported that Inman had submitted his resignation during a "heated internal debate" over a secret counterintelligence study, and that he and other intelligence officials had since narrowed the study's scope. Its sources said two topics that Inman, Casey and FBI Director William Webster had feared might be included, the organization of U.S. counterintelligence agencies and deceptive Soviet missile telemetry, were not on the agenda approved by an interagency working group chaired by John Kohler of the intelligence community staff.[^33] A CBS radio commentary of April 22, 1982 described William J. Casey, the director, as "a professional politician."[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
### Senior Review Panel
|
||||
|
||||
The Senior Review Panel was an advisory body within the Director's area that reviewed draft national intelligence estimates and commented on them to the Director of Central Intelligence, the Chairman of the National Intelligence Council and the relevant National Intelligence Officer. In a 1991 letter printed in the Senate report on the nomination of [[Robert Gates]], Gates wrote that "The SRP's sole function was to review draft national estimates and offer comments as a group to the DCI, the Chairman/NIC and the relevant NIO."[^24] The Senate report records that [[James D. Theberge]] served on the panel from January 1986 until his death in January 1988, and that he had been hired on a three-days-per-week basis.[^24] Panel memoranda in the CIA reading room carry his name among the signers of comments dated September 1, September 8, September 24, October 22 and December 1, 1987, alongside [[William Leonhart]], B. McPherson and, on some, [[Richard L. Walker]] or [[Courtland D. Perkins]].[^25]
|
||||
The Senior Review Panel was an advisory body within the Director's area that reviewed draft national intelligence estimates and commented on them to the Director of Central Intelligence, the Chairman of the National Intelligence Council and the relevant National Intelligence Officer. In a 1991 letter printed in the Senate report on the nomination of [[Robert Gates]], Gates wrote that "The SRP's sole function was to review draft national estimates and offer comments as a group to the DCI, the Chairman/NIC and the relevant NIO."[^35] The Senate report records that [[James D. Theberge]] served on the panel from January 1986 until his death in January 1988, and that he had been hired on a three-days-per-week basis.[^35] Panel memoranda in the CIA reading room carry his name among the signers of comments dated September 1, September 8, September 24, October 22 and December 1, 1987, alongside [[William Leonhart]], B. McPherson and, on some, [[Richard L. Walker]] or [[Courtland D. Perkins]].[^36]
|
||||
|
||||
### UAP Research and Secrecy
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -118,63 +136,63 @@ In recent years, the CIA has been more involved in the official UAP investigatio
|
|||
|
||||
### Dark Alliance Investigation
|
||||
|
||||
The CIA's covert action division, the Directorate of Operations, created and managed the Contra project during the 1980s, with its Latin American Division headed by [[Dewey Clarridge]] from 1981 to 1984. The agency recruited Contra leaders including [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermúdez]] in 1980 and [[Eden Pastora]] in 1981. The CIA maintained station chiefs in [[Costa Rica]], notably [[Joseph Fernandez|Joseph Fernández]] from 1984 to 1986, who were integral to Oliver North's illegal Contra resupply operation.[^26]
|
||||
The CIA's covert action division, the Directorate of Operations, created and managed the Contra project during the 1980s, with its Latin American Division headed by [[Dewey Clarridge]] from 1981 to 1984. The agency recruited Contra leaders including [[Enrique Bermudez|Enrique Bermúdez]] in 1980 and [[Eden Pastora]] in 1981. The CIA maintained station chiefs in [[Costa Rica]], notably [[Joseph Fernandez|Joseph Fernández]] from 1984 to 1986, who were integral to Oliver North's illegal Contra resupply operation.[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
### Contra Drug Trafficking and the Frogman Case
|
||||
|
||||
Federal law enforcement records and congressional testimony established that the CIA had reports of [[Cocaine]] being transshipped through Contra-linked facilities, including [[Ilopango Airbase]] in [[El Salvador]]. When defense attorneys in the [[Frogman Case]] obtained letters from CIA assets claiming seized drug money belonged to the Contras, the CIA's Costa Rican station cabled Langley that both men were assets of an organization that had "unwittingly received CIA support." CIA lawyer Lee Strickland flew to [[San Francisco]] and asked the prosecutor to ensure depositions did not go forward. The government returned $36,020 in seized drug money and a CIA cable declared: "CIA equities are fully protected."[^27]
|
||||
Federal law enforcement records and congressional testimony established that the CIA had reports of [[Cocaine]] being transshipped through Contra-linked facilities, including [[Ilopango Airbase]] in [[El Salvador]]. When defense attorneys in the [[Frogman Case]] obtained letters from CIA assets claiming seized drug money belonged to the Contras, the CIA's Costa Rican station cabled Langley that both men were assets of an organization that had "unwittingly received CIA support." CIA lawyer Lee Strickland flew to [[San Francisco]] and asked the prosecutor to ensure depositions did not go forward. The government returned $36,020 in seized drug money and a CIA cable declared: "CIA equities are fully protected."[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
The pseudonymous agent [[Ivan Gomez|Iván Gómez]], assigned to Costa Rica in 1982 as the CIA's liaison to the Contra armies, admitted during polygraph tests that he had laundered drug money. He was fired in 1989 for repeated polygraph failures concerning drug dealing.[^27]
|
||||
The pseudonymous agent [[Ivan Gomez|Iván Gómez]], assigned to Costa Rica in 1982 as the CIA's liaison to the Contra armies, admitted during polygraph tests that he had laundered drug money. He was fired in 1989 for repeated polygraph failures concerning drug dealing.[^38]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Secret 1982 Agreement with the Justice Department
|
||||
|
||||
In early 1982, CIA director William J. Casey and Attorney General [[William French Smith]] signed a formal Memorandum of Understanding that exempted the CIA from reporting drug crimes committed by its non-employees - a category including agents, assets, and non-staff employees. Drug offenses were specifically removed from the list of crimes the CIA was required to report. The agreement remained in effect from 1982 to 1995.[^28]
|
||||
In early 1982, CIA director William J. Casey and Attorney General [[William French Smith]] signed a formal Memorandum of Understanding that exempted the CIA from reporting drug crimes committed by its non-employees - a category including agents, assets, and non-staff employees. Drug offenses were specifically removed from the list of crimes the CIA was required to report. The agreement remained in effect from 1982 to 1995.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ilopango Obstruction
|
||||
|
||||
When [[DEA]] agent [[Celerino Castillo]] began investigating Contra drug trafficking at Ilopango, the CIA intervened directly.[^29] On April 25, 1986 the El Salvador station replied to a Costa Rica station cable of April 23 about Carlos Amador. The reply asked: "Based on that information, [El Salvador] Station would appreciate [Costa Rica] Station advising [DEA] not to make any inquiries to anyone re: hangar no. 4 at Ilopango since only legitimate [CIA] supported operations were conducted from this facility." The same cable stated that station air operations had moved from Hangar 4 into Hangar 5, which the station still occupied.[^30]
|
||||
When [[DEA]] agent [[Celerino Castillo]] began investigating Contra drug trafficking at Ilopango, the CIA intervened directly.[^40] On April 25, 1986 the El Salvador station replied to a Costa Rica station cable of April 23 about Carlos Amador. The reply asked: "Based on that information, [El Salvador] Station would appreciate [Costa Rica] Station advising [DEA] not to make any inquiries to anyone re: hangar no. 4 at Ilopango since only legitimate [CIA] supported operations were conducted from this facility." The same cable stated that station air operations had moved from Hangar 4 into Hangar 5, which the station still occupied.[^41]
|
||||
|
||||
### Inspector General Investigation
|
||||
|
||||
CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified before the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]] in March 1998 that the CIA "did not, in an expeditious or consistent fashion, cut off relationships with individuals supporting the Contra program who were alleged to have engaged in drug trafficking activity," including trafficking within the United States. His 400-page report documented CIA relationships with more than 50 suspected drug traffickers during the Contra war.[^28]
|
||||
CIA Inspector General [[Fred Hitz]] testified before the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]] in March 1998 that the CIA "did not, in an expeditious or consistent fashion, cut off relationships with individuals supporting the Contra program who were alleged to have engaged in drug trafficking activity," including trafficking within the United States. His 400-page report documented CIA relationships with more than 50 suspected drug traffickers during the Contra war.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
### Iran-Contra Indictments
|
||||
|
||||
Multiple CIA officials were indicted during the Iran-Contra investigation. Clarridge was indicted on seven counts of perjury. Fernández was indicted on four counts. [[Alan Fiers]] pleaded guilty to withholding information from Congress. All were pardoned by former CIA director [[George H.W. Bush]].[^26]
|
||||
Multiple CIA officials were indicted during the Iran-Contra investigation. Clarridge was indicted on seven counts of perjury. Fernández was indicted on four counts. [[Alan Fiers]] pleaded guilty to withholding information from Congress. All were pardoned by former CIA director [[George H.W. Bush]].[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
### Interrogation videotapes and the 2004 to 2006 directorship
|
||||
|
||||
[[Porter Goss]], a former House intelligence chairman, was confirmed by the Senate 77 to 17 on September 22, 2004, was sworn in at the White House on September 24, 2004, and announced his resignation on May 5, 2006.[^31] His executive director, [[Kyle Foggo]], the agency's No. 3 official, resigned in May 2006 while the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] was examining whether he had improperly helped the defense contractor [[Brent Wilkes]] obtain large CIA contracts.[^32] Foggo pleaded guilty in 2008 to one count of defrauding the government and was sentenced on February 26, 2009 to 37 months.[^33]
|
||||
[[Porter Goss]], a former House intelligence chairman, was confirmed by the Senate 77 to 17 on September 22, 2004, was sworn in at the White House on September 24, 2004, and announced his resignation on May 5, 2006.[^42] His executive director, [[Kyle Foggo]], the agency's No. 3 official, resigned in May 2006 while the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] was examining whether he had improperly helped the defense contractor [[Brent Wilkes]] obtain large CIA contracts.[^43] Foggo pleaded guilty in 2008 to one count of defrauding the government and was sentenced on February 26, 2009 to 37 months.[^44]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]'s 2014 study of the detention and interrogation program records that the CIA destroyed videotapes of the interrogations of [[Abu Zubaydah]] and [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] on November 9, 2005, the day after the Senate's November 8 vote against an amendment to establish an independent commission on detainee treatment.[^34] In an October 31, 2005 email, the CIA attorney [[John Rizzo]] wrote that he needed "to be the skunk at the party again."[^34]
|
||||
The [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]'s 2014 study of the detention and interrogation program records that the CIA destroyed videotapes of the interrogations of [[Abu Zubaydah]] and [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] on November 9, 2005, the day after the Senate's November 8 vote against an amendment to establish an independent commission on detainee treatment.[^45] In an October 31, 2005 email, the CIA attorney [[John Rizzo]] wrote that he needed "to be the skunk at the party again."[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
Emails released by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] in April 2010, under a Freedom of Information Act request by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], state that in November 2005 [[Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.|Jose Rodriguez]] told Goss and others he "felt it was extremely important to destroy the tapes and that if there was any heat, he would take it," and that Goss "laughed and said he'd be the one to take the heat." The same email states: "PG, however, agreed with the decision." NBC News reported that the email is an after-the-fact summary that does not prove Goss approved the destruction, that current and former intelligence officials have said he did not and was angry to find out, and that Rodriguez's lawyer disputed that.[^35] On November 9, 2010, the Justice Department said special prosecutor [[John Durham]] would not bring criminal charges over the destruction.[^36]
|
||||
Emails released by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] in April 2010, under a Freedom of Information Act request by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], state that in November 2005 [[Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.|Jose Rodriguez]] told Goss and others he "felt it was extremely important to destroy the tapes and that if there was any heat, he would take it," and that Goss "laughed and said he'd be the one to take the heat." The same email states: "PG, however, agreed with the decision." NBC News reported that the email is an after-the-fact summary that does not prove Goss approved the destruction, that current and former intelligence officials have said he did not and was angry to find out, and that Rodriguez's lawyer disputed that.[^46] On November 9, 2010, the Justice Department said special prosecutor [[John Durham]] would not bring criminal charges over the destruction.[^47]
|
||||
|
||||
### Foreign Broadcast Information Service
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] became a unit of the agency in 1947. The [[War Department]] had sponsored the service from January 2, 1946, and the [[Director of Central Intelligence]] assumed control of it on July 31, 1946, before the [[National Security Act of 1947]] replaced the [[Central Intelligence Group]] with the agency.[^37] The administrative history of the service's record group lists the successor as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^38] The service's 1969 history says it came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^39]
|
||||
The [[Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service]] became a unit of the agency in 1947. The [[War Department]] had sponsored the service from January 2, 1946, and the [[Director of Central Intelligence]] assumed control of it on July 31, 1946, before the [[National Security Act of 1947]] replaced the [[Central Intelligence Group]] with the agency.[^48] The administrative history of the service's record group lists the successor as "Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-."[^49] The service's 1969 history says it came to the agency "almost mature, trained and disciplined, and ready to plunge immediately into the tasks outlined for it."[^50]
|
||||
|
||||
Within the agency the service sat under the [[Assistant Director for Operations]]. In January 1947 the Assistant Director presented a propaganda analysis program to the PRC, approving the proposed program but excluding "interpretative analysis" from its scope, and the requested staff was twelve at $61,000 a year. [[Lawrence K. White]] was announced as deputy chief of the service on January 9, 1947.[^40]
|
||||
Within the agency the service sat under the [[Assistant Director for Operations]]. In January 1947 the Assistant Director presented a propaganda analysis program to the PRC, approving the proposed program but excluding "interpretative analysis" from its scope, and the requested staff was twelve at $61,000 a year. [[Lawrence K. White]] was announced as deputy chief of the service on January 9, 1947.[^51]
|
||||
|
||||
The service's functions were folded into the [[Open Source Center]] in November 2005. The release announcing the center said the Director of the CIA would administer it on behalf of the DNI.[^41]
|
||||
The service's functions were folded into the [[Open Source Center]] in November 2005. The release announcing the center said the Director of the CIA would administer it on behalf of the DNI.[^52]
|
||||
|
||||
### Psychological warfare liaison, 1946 to 1952
|
||||
|
||||
In July 1946 the Central Intelligence Group's Central Planning Staff closed out its liaison with the Security Advisory Board of the [[Office of War Information]]. The memorandum designated a liaison officer to the Director, charged him with recommending when appropriate whether the board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]], and recorded that no further action by the Security Branch was required. The board was being replaced by a new Security Advisory Board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]].[^42]
|
||||
In July 1946 the Central Intelligence Group's Central Planning Staff closed out its liaison with the Security Advisory Board of the [[Office of War Information]]. The memorandum designated a liaison officer to the Director, charged him with recommending when appropriate whether the board should be placed under the [[National Intelligence Authority]], and recorded that no further action by the Security Branch was required. The board was being replaced by a new Security Advisory Board under the [[State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee]].[^53]
|
||||
|
||||
In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare was "not operable." The principal member came from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, and the memorandum was addressed to the Executive Director.[^43]
|
||||
In July 1947 the Assistant Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation complained to the chief of the Group's Interdepartmental Coordinating and Planning Staff that the arrangement for the Group's seat on the coordinating committee's subcommittee for psychological warfare was "not operable." The principal member came from the [[Office of Special Operations]] and the alternate from the Office of Research and Evaluation, and the memorandum was addressed to the Executive Director.[^54]
|
||||
|
||||
On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], the Director of Central Intelligence. Its members were the Deputy Secretary of Defense, William C. Foster, and the Under Secretary of State, James E. Webb. [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, attended as a participant from the Department of State.[^44]
|
||||
On January 10, 1952 the eighth meeting of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]] was chaired by [[Walter Bedell Smith]], the Director of Central Intelligence. Its members were the Deputy Secretary of Defense, William C. Foster, and the Under Secretary of State, James E. Webb. [[Edward W. Barrett]], Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, attended as a participant from the Department of State.[^55]
|
||||
|
||||
In a letter stamped January 30, 1951, [[Max Millikan]] wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency."[^45] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research."[^46] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion with State Department officers of psychological intelligence, and records his concern that splitting that work among several organizations would produce the shortcomings of decentralization.[^47] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, addressed to the intelligence chiefs of the State Department, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, was issued "For the Director of Central Intelligence" over Millikan's typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^48] A letter he signed as Assistant Director on November 26, 1951 says that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^49] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^50] In an interview note of March 5, 1952 titled "Origin of PSB," a CIA historian recorded that Millikan "participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT," which the note identifies as the "Troy Project," and that its study "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB."[^51]
|
||||
In a letter stamped January 30, 1951, [[Max Millikan]] wrote that he had "gone on leave from MIT to head up the Office of Research and Reports in this Agency."[^56] On October 29, 1951 he wrote to a prospective recruit that for "the last nine or ten months" he had been "trying to put together for General Smith an organization to do economic research."[^57] A memorandum of conversation dated January 22, 1951 lists "Dr. Max Millikan, Central Intelligence Agency" among the participants in a discussion with State Department officers of psychological intelligence, and records his concern that splitting that work among several organizations would produce the shortcomings of decentralization.[^58] A memorandum of March 6, 1951, addressed to the intelligence chiefs of the State Department, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, was issued "For the Director of Central Intelligence" over Millikan's typed name as Assistant Director, Research and Reports.[^59] A letter he signed as Assistant Director on November 26, 1951 says that "Walt Rostow at the Center for International Studies has sought my assistance in finding him someone to help out with some research."[^60] A letter of March 3, 1952 addresses him as Special Consultant, Central Intelligence Agency.[^61] In an interview note of March 5, 1952 titled "Origin of PSB," a CIA historian recorded that Millikan "participated in a 'contract study,' State and MIT," which the note identifies as the "Troy Project," and that its study "had considerable to do with the creation of the PSB."[^62]
|
||||
|
||||
The agency's financing of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the agency "secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents," as part of "Project MK-ULTRA," with a foundation as a "front," and that the researcher was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, "which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency."[^52] Time reported on February 24, 1967 "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^53] [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee, said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent."[^54]
|
||||
The agency's financing of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT is recorded in several places. [[Patrick Oster]] reported in the Washington Post of September 11, 1977 that the agency "secretly financed a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to gain data on how to turn Russian scientists into CIA agents," as part of "Project MK-ULTRA," with a foundation as a "front," and that the researcher was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, "which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency."[^63] Time reported on February 24, 1967 "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'"[^64] [[Andreas Lowenfeld]], of the State Department's Office of Legal Adviser, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee's Internal Security Subcommittee, said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent."[^65]
|
||||
|
||||
The third progress report on NSC 59/1 records that the CIA had been assigned a continuing study of balloons as propaganda carriers and "instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^55] The [[Project Troy]] report had placed balloon work inside political warfare, stating that "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop."[^56]
|
||||
The third progress report on NSC 59/1 records that the CIA had been assigned a continuing study of balloons as propaganda carriers and "instructed to stockpile one thousand large-sized propaganda balloons of the best type presently available."[^66] The [[Project Troy]] report had placed balloon work inside political warfare, stating that "The balloon problem is a part of political warfare. It cannot be handled by a separate balloon shop."[^67]
|
||||
|
||||
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which the center would review its first ten years.[^57]
|
||||
In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, then director of the center, that he was "very deeply interested in the proposal in your letter of January 23," and expected to attend at least part of the meetings of May 18 to 21, 1961, at which the center would review its first ten years.[^68]
|
||||
|
||||
A CIA document titled "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" describes an annual contract under which research projects were "mutually agreed upon case by case" between the agency and the Center for International Studies, within an annual authorization of $500,000. The document is undated.[^58] A CIA list of recipients of Office of Research and Reports unclassified studies names Max Millikan, [[Walt Rostow]], [[Wilfred Malenbaum]], [[Everett Hagen]], [[Evsey Domar]] and [[Thomas Schelling]], each listed under the Center for International Studies.[^59] A CIA memorandum dated February 16, 1959, forwarding a [[National Review]] Bulletin item, carries the item's text stating that [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Robert Amory]] "lean ideologically on CIA's outriding auxiliary at MIT, the Center for International Studies," and that they have been influenced by the theories of "W. W. Rostow, director of the Center."[^60] The MIT President's report for 1962 to 1963 refers to "Max F. Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies."[^61] A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^62]
|
||||
A CIA document titled "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" describes an annual contract under which research projects were "mutually agreed upon case by case" between the agency and the Center for International Studies, within an annual authorization of $500,000. The document is undated.[^69] A CIA list of recipients of Office of Research and Reports unclassified studies names Max Millikan, [[Walt Rostow]], [[Wilfred Malenbaum]], [[Everett Hagen]], [[Evsey Domar]] and [[Thomas Schelling]], each listed under the Center for International Studies.[^70] A CIA memorandum dated February 16, 1959, forwarding a [[National Review]] Bulletin item, carries the item's text stating that [[Richard Bissell]] and [[Robert Amory]] "lean ideologically on CIA's outriding auxiliary at MIT, the Center for International Studies," and that they have been influenced by the theories of "W. W. Rostow, director of the Center."[^71] The MIT President's report for 1962 to 1963 refers to "Max F. Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies."[^72] A CIA Office of Legislative Counsel journal entry of March 3, 1967 records that "the Agency has Senator Fulbright's letter concerning a Center for International Studies, MIT, and is preparing a response."[^73]
|
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|
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### Footnotes
|
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|
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|
|
@ -182,61 +200,72 @@ A CIA document titled "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENI
|
|||
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991.
|
||||
[^3]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^4]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*. Times Books, 1979, Chapters 1-2.
|
||||
[^5]: Turner, Stansfield, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to Senator Daniel K. Inouye, chairman, Select Committee on Intelligence, August 2, 1977, in New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 96-103 (figures at p. 101; Privacy Act at p. 102). https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
|
||||
[^6]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977 (stamped August 15, 1977), in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 94-95.
|
||||
[^7]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
|
||||
[^8]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, November 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 3.
|
||||
[^9]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 1.
|
||||
[^10]: Thomas, Jo, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977, CIA reading room clipping CIA-RDP88-01315R000300390007-3.
|
||||
[^11]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 126.
|
||||
[^12]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 147.
|
||||
[^13]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
|
||||
[^14]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 9.
|
||||
[^15]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 149.
|
||||
[^16]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 347.
|
||||
[^17]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
|
||||
[^18]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 334.
|
||||
[^19]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 341.
|
||||
[^20]: White House, Office of the Press Secretary, "Biography of Bobby Ray Inman," December 16, 1993. https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1993/12/1993-12-16-biography-of-bobby-ray-inman.html
|
||||
[^21]: George C. Wilson and George Gardner Jr., "Leaving for Private Industry: Inman Quitting," *The Washington Post*, April 22, 1982, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230020-3. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230020-3
|
||||
[^22]: Michael J. Sniffen, *Philadelphia Inquirer*, April 1982, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230017-7. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230017-7
|
||||
[^23]: CBS Radio network commentary, April 22, 1982, "Admiral Inman Resigns," CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230019-5. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230019-5
|
||||
[^24]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess., October 24, 1991, section 5, PDF pages 186 to 188. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf
|
||||
[^25]: CREST Senior Review Panel memoranda CIA-RDP93T00837R000400110005-3 (NIC-03024-87, September 1, 1987), CIA-RDP93T01222R000100010013-9 (NIC-03595-87, September 8, 1987), CIA-RDP92T00306R000300090020-0 (September 24, 1987), CIA-RDP93T00451R000300080006-5 (NIC-04228-87, October 22, 1987) and CIA-RDP93T00451R000400110014-1 (December 1, 1987). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00837r000400110005-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t01222r000100010013-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp92t00306r000300090020-0, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00451r000300080006-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00451r000400110014-1
|
||||
[^26]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue and Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
|
||||
[^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
|
||||
[^28]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Epilogue: "The damage that has been done"
|
||||
[^29]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
|
||||
[^30]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Chapter X, part 2, section C.2 (Carlos Amador: CIA cables of April 23 and April 25, 1986). https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch10p2.htm
|
||||
[^31]: Congressional Record, Senate, September 22, 2004, Rollcall Vote No. 187 (yeas 77, nays 17). https://irp.fas.org/congress/2004_cr/goss092204.html ; "Porter Goss Sworn in As New CIA Director," PBS NewsHour, September 24, 2004 (sworn in by Andrew Card in the Oval Office). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/government_programs-july-dec04-cia_09-24 ; Norris, "Goss Is Latest to Leave Bush Administration," NPR transcript, May 5, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5387220
|
||||
[^32]: JURIST, "FBI probes CIA defense contracts after top official resigns," May 2006 (FBI probe of Foggo's possible help to ADCS). https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-probes-cia-defense-contracts-after ; Paul Blumenthal, "MSNBC: Foggo Gone," Sunlight Foundation, May 8, 2006 (resignation reported Monday). https://sunlightfoundation.com/2006/05/08/msnbc-foggo-gone/
|
||||
[^33]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA executive gets 37 months in prison," February 26, 2009 (one count of fraud, 27 counts dropped, Judge James Cacheris, 37 months as requested). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29413971 ; Associated Press, "CIA officer gets jail time for fraud," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 2009. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090227_CIA_officer_gets_jail_time_for_fraud.html
|
||||
[^34]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept. 113-288 (December 2014), executive summary and findings, sections on the 2005 videotapes ("The CIA destroyed the CIA interrogation videotapes the following day"; Rizzo's October 31, 2005 email). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
|
||||
[^35]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA chief agreed with tape destruction," April 2010 (e-mails released by the Justice Department under an ACLU FOIA request; "PG, however, agreed with the decision"; the disputed account). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36589750
|
||||
[^36]: JURIST, "No charges to be filed in CIA videotape destruction case: DOJ," November 2010 (spokesman Matthew Miller on Durham's decision; Durham appointed 2008 by Attorney General Michael Mukasey). https://www.jurist.org/news/2010/11/no-charges-to-be-filed-in-cia-videotape-destruction-case/
|
||||
[^37]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), pp. 279, 299-300 and 303. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
|
||||
[^38]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 262, administrative history. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
|
||||
[^39]: Roop, Part I, p. 2. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
|
||||
[^40]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), pp. 2 and 151-152. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
|
||||
[^41]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center," News Release No. 6-05, November 8, 2005. https://irp.fas.org/news/2005/11/odni110805.html.
|
||||
[^42]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
|
||||
[^43]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, memorandum "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
|
||||
[^44]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
|
||||
[^45]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
|
||||
[^46]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
|
||||
[^47]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
|
||||
[^48]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
|
||||
[^49]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
|
||||
[^50]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
|
||||
[^51]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
|
||||
[^52]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
|
||||
[^53]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
|
||||
[^54]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
|
||||
[^55]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1), paragraph 12. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
|
||||
[^56]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8, excerpt of the Project Troy report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951 (balloon chapter). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
|
||||
[^57]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
|
||||
[^58]: CIA, "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" (undated; released 2000), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP67-00059A000200090016-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67-00059a000200090016-2
|
||||
[^59]: CIA, "Recipients for ORR Unclassified Studies" (undated list), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP63-00314R000100180007-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp63-00314r000100180007-7
|
||||
[^60]: CIA memorandum from the Assistant to the Director, February 16, 1959, forwarding a National Review Bulletin item, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100260064-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100260064-9
|
||||
[^61]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue for the year ending July 1, 1963, p. 165, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160055
|
||||
[^62]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4
|
||||
[^5]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence, "Release of Trace Metal Detection Technique to Law Enforcement Officials," June 10, 1970, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150029-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000600150029-5
|
||||
[^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, memorandum on the relationship with LEAA, CIA CREST document C01435053. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01435053
|
||||
[^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, "Relationship with Police," CIA CREST document C01435041. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01435041
|
||||
[^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security memorandum, "Technology Transfer of ERDT to LEAA," November 10, 1971, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150007-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000600150007-9
|
||||
[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, memorandum for the Deputy Director of Security, "LEAA Request for Agency Support, Where's What," February 16, 1972, CIA-RDP83B00823R000200060130-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000200060130-3
|
||||
[^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, "Survey of ORD for Non-Foreign Intelligence Activities," May 9, 1973, CIA CREST document 01430445, entry on LEAA. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01430445
|
||||
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, summary of the Holtzman Amendment, CIA-RDP76M00527R000700190003-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp76m00527r000700190003-1
|
||||
[^12]: Crime Control Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93-83, sec. 508, 87 Stat. 211 (August 6, 1973). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-87/pdf/STATUTE-87-Pg197.pdf
|
||||
[^13]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of General Counsel, memorandum for the record, "CIA Action on LEAA Requests," OGC 73-1954, October 15, 1973, CIA-RDP75-00793R000300160026-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00793r000300160026-2
|
||||
[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel memorandum, "Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Reauthorization Legislation," July 12, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001800050017-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81m00980r001800050017-0
|
||||
[^15]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the Review Staff, "Briefing of House Select Committee Staff re LEAA Relationships," November 14, 1975, CIA-RDP89B00552R000100110024-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp89b00552r000100110024-1
|
||||
[^16]: Turner, Stansfield, Director of Central Intelligence, letter to Senator Daniel K. Inouye, chairman, Select Committee on Intelligence, August 2, 1977, in New School digital object NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 96-103 (figures at p. 101; Privacy Act at p. 102). https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
|
||||
[^17]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, August 1977 (stamped August 15, 1977), in NS010102_000027, PDF pp. 94-95.
|
||||
[^18]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Office of General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, September 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 7. https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/NS010102_000027
|
||||
[^19]: Lapham, Anthony A., General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, November 7, 1977, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 3.
|
||||
[^20]: Cinquegrana, A. R., Assistant General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, letter to John R. Everett, March 17, 1978, in NS010102_000027, PDF p. 1.
|
||||
[^21]: Thomas, Jo, "Extent of University Work for C.I.A. Is Hard to Pin Down," New York Times, October 9, 1977, CIA reading room clipping CIA-RDP88-01315R000300390007-3.
|
||||
[^22]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 126.
|
||||
[^23]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 147.
|
||||
[^24]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
|
||||
[^25]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 9.
|
||||
[^26]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 149.
|
||||
[^27]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 347.
|
||||
[^28]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 11, "BCCI, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/11intel.htm
|
||||
[^29]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 334.
|
||||
[^30]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 341.
|
||||
[^31]: White House, Office of the Press Secretary, "Biography of Bobby Ray Inman," December 16, 1993. https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1993/12/1993-12-16-biography-of-bobby-ray-inman.html
|
||||
[^32]: George C. Wilson and George Gardner Jr., "Leaving for Private Industry: Inman Quitting," *The Washington Post*, April 22, 1982, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230020-3. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230020-3
|
||||
[^33]: Michael J. Sniffen, *Philadelphia Inquirer*, April 1982, CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230017-7. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230017-7
|
||||
[^34]: CBS Radio network commentary, April 22, 1982, "Admiral Inman Resigns," CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230019-5. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP90-00552R000201230019-5
|
||||
[^35]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess., October 24, 1991, section 5, PDF pages 186 to 188. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf
|
||||
[^36]: CREST Senior Review Panel memoranda CIA-RDP93T00837R000400110005-3 (NIC-03024-87, September 1, 1987), CIA-RDP93T01222R000100010013-9 (NIC-03595-87, September 8, 1987), CIA-RDP92T00306R000300090020-0 (September 24, 1987), CIA-RDP93T00451R000300080006-5 (NIC-04228-87, October 22, 1987) and CIA-RDP93T00451R000400110014-1 (December 1, 1987). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00837r000400110005-3, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t01222r000100010013-9, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp92t00306r000300090020-0, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00451r000300080006-5, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp93t00451r000400110014-1
|
||||
[^37]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue and Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
|
||||
[^38]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom"
|
||||
[^39]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Epilogue: "The damage that has been done"
|
||||
[^40]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends"
|
||||
[^41]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Chapter X, part 2, section C.2 (Carlos Amador: CIA cables of April 23 and April 25, 1986). https://oig.justice.gov/special/9712/ch10p2.htm
|
||||
[^42]: Congressional Record, Senate, September 22, 2004, Rollcall Vote No. 187 (yeas 77, nays 17). https://irp.fas.org/congress/2004_cr/goss092204.html ; "Porter Goss Sworn in As New CIA Director," PBS NewsHour, September 24, 2004 (sworn in by Andrew Card in the Oval Office). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/government_programs-july-dec04-cia_09-24 ; Norris, "Goss Is Latest to Leave Bush Administration," NPR transcript, May 5, 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5387220
|
||||
[^43]: JURIST, "FBI probes CIA defense contracts after top official resigns," May 2006 (FBI probe of Foggo's possible help to ADCS). https://www.jurist.org/news/2006/05/fbi-probes-cia-defense-contracts-after ; Paul Blumenthal, "MSNBC: Foggo Gone," Sunlight Foundation, May 8, 2006 (resignation reported Monday). https://sunlightfoundation.com/2006/05/08/msnbc-foggo-gone/
|
||||
[^44]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA executive gets 37 months in prison," February 26, 2009 (one count of fraud, 27 counts dropped, Judge James Cacheris, 37 months as requested). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna29413971 ; Associated Press, "CIA officer gets jail time for fraud," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 2009. https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090227_CIA_officer_gets_jail_time_for_fraud.html
|
||||
[^45]: Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept. 113-288 (December 2014), executive summary and findings, sections on the 2005 videotapes ("The CIA destroyed the CIA interrogation videotapes the following day"; Rizzo's October 31, 2005 email). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
|
||||
[^46]: NBC News, "Ex-CIA chief agreed with tape destruction," April 2010 (e-mails released by the Justice Department under an ACLU FOIA request; "PG, however, agreed with the decision"; the disputed account). https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36589750
|
||||
[^47]: JURIST, "No charges to be filed in CIA videotape destruction case: DOJ," November 2010 (spokesman Matthew Miller on Durham's decision; Durham appointed 2008 by Attorney General Michael Mukasey). https://www.jurist.org/news/2010/11/no-charges-to-be-filed-in-cia-videotape-destruction-case/
|
||||
[^48]: Joseph E. Roop, "Foreign Broadcast Information Service. History. Part I: 1941-1947" (Central Intelligence Agency, approved for release April 1969), pp. 279, 299-300 and 303. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
|
||||
[^49]: National Archives and Records Administration, Guide to Federal Records, Record Group 262, administrative history. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/262.html.
|
||||
[^50]: Roop, Part I, p. 2. https://archive.org/details/ForeignBroadcastInformationServiceHistoryPart11941-1947.
|
||||
[^51]: Roop, Part II (CIA Directorate of Intelligence, August 1970), pp. 2 and 151-152. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-06741690.
|
||||
[^52]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center," News Release No. 6-05, November 8, 2005. https://irp.fas.org/news/2005/11/odni110805.html.
|
||||
[^53]: Central Intelligence Group, Central Planning Staff, memorandum "Liquidation of Security Advisory Board, OWI (C.I.G. Liaison with New Security Advisory Board under SWNCC)," July 22, 1946. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP78-04007A000300040024-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78-04007a000300040024-9
|
||||
[^54]: Central Intelligence Group, Chief, ICAPS, to the Executive Director, memorandum "CIG Membership on SWNCC Subcommittee for Psychological Warfare," July 21, 1947. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP84-00022R000400100046-0. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp84-00022r000400100046-0
|
||||
[^55]: Central Intelligence Agency, Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB M-8), January 10, 1952, membership and other participants. CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP80-01065A000500100033-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80-01065a000500100033-6
|
||||
[^56]: Max F. Millikan, letter stamped January 30, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003100150032-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003100150032-1
|
||||
[^57]: Max F. Millikan, letter of October 29, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79-01157A000200020002-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01157a000200020002-2
|
||||
[^58]: CIA, memorandum of conversation, "Psychological Intelligence," January 22, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003500180026-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003500180026-1
|
||||
[^59]: CIA, "Report of Intelligence Project Initiations, February 1951," memorandum of March 6, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP60-00213A000200030008-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp60-00213a000200030008-3
|
||||
[^60]: Max F. Millikan, letter of November 26, 1951, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80R01731R003000200096-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80r01731r003000200096-6
|
||||
[^61]: Stuart A. Rice, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, letter to Max F. Millikan, March 3, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00662R000300120004-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00662r000300120004-5
|
||||
[^62]: A. B. Darling, note of interview with Max Millikan, "Origin of PSB," March 5, 1952, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP83-00036R000400050039-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83-00036r000400050039-0
|
||||
[^63]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
|
||||
[^64]: Time, February 24, 1967, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
|
||||
[^65]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
|
||||
[^66]: FRUS, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955, Document 57 (third progress report on NSC 59/1), paragraph 12. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d57
|
||||
[^67]: CIA reading room document CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8, excerpt of the Project Troy report to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1951 (balloon chapter). https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79S01011A000900030019-8
|
||||
[^68]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
|
||||
[^69]: CIA, "Principles Governing Budgetary Relationships Between CENIS and CIA" (undated; released 2000), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP67-00059A000200090016-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp67-00059a000200090016-2
|
||||
[^70]: CIA, "Recipients for ORR Unclassified Studies" (undated list), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP63-00314R000100180007-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp63-00314r000100180007-7
|
||||
[^71]: CIA memorandum from the Assistant to the Director, February 16, 1959, forwarding a National Review Bulletin item, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00001R000100260064-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00001r000100260064-9
|
||||
[^72]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Report Issue for the year ending July 1, 1963, p. 165, MIT Libraries, DSpace. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160055
|
||||
[^73]: CIA Office of Legislative Counsel, journal entry, "Friday, 3 March 1967," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP69B00369R000200020044-4. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp69b00369r000200020044-4
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ aliases:
|
|||
- U.S. Department of Justice
|
||||
- "United States Department of Justice"
|
||||
created: 2026-05-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-22
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- USGovernment
|
||||
|
|
@ -20,33 +20,35 @@ tags:
|
|||
- CIA
|
||||
- DarkAllianceInvestigation
|
||||
category: "U.S. Government"
|
||||
summary: "The federal department of prosecutors, the FBI, the DEA and the U.S. Attorneys, in the vault the defendant in the INSLAW case, the obstructor found by the BCCI and BNL inquiries, the CIA's partner in the 1954 and 1982 understandings on prosecution, and the investigator of The Finders."
|
||||
summary: "The federal department of prosecutors, the FBI, the DEA and the U.S. Attorneys, defendant in the INSLAW case and subject of the BCCI, BNL and Finders inquiries."
|
||||
start: 1870-07-01
|
||||
location: "Washington, D.C."
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Department of Justice, established in 1870 under the Attorney General, contains the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the [[DEA]], the [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] and the ninety-odd [[U.S. Attorney's office|United States Attorneys]], the Criminal, Civil and Civil Rights Divisions, the [[Office of Special Investigations]], the Office of Legal Counsel, the [[Office of Professional Responsibility]] and, until 1982, the [[LEAA]], whose grants funded the case-tracking software that became [[PROMIS]].[^1]
|
||||
The Department of Justice, established in 1870 under the Attorney General, contains the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], the [[DEA]], the [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] and the ninety-odd [[U.S. Attorney's office|United States Attorneys]], the Criminal, Civil and Civil Rights Divisions, the [[Office of Special Investigations]], the Office of Legal Counsel, the [[Office of Professional Responsibility]] and, until the Justice Assistance Act of 1984 replaced its statutory authority, the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]], whose grants funded the case-tracking software that became [[PROMIS]]. Its grant programs had ended in practice after fiscal 1980.[^1][^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### INSLAW and PROMIS
|
||||
|
||||
In March 1982 the Executive Office for United States Attorneys contracted with [[INSLAW]], the company of [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]], to install PROMIS in the largest U.S. Attorneys' offices; within a month the department's project manager [[C. Madison Brewer]] and contracting officer [[Peter Videnieks]] were disputing INSLAW's proprietary claims, payments were withheld, and in 1985 the company entered Chapter 11. Deputy Attorney General [[Arnold Burns]] told the Office of Professional Responsibility in 1986 that INSLAW's claim was "legitimate" and that the government "would probably lose the case in court," yet the litigation continued. On September 28, 1987, Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.|George Bason]] found that the department had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit"; the district court affirmed in 1988 and the D.C. Circuit reversed on jurisdiction in 1991. Bason was not reappointed, the transcript of his ruling having reached the selection panel's chair, Judge [[Norma H. Johnson]], from the U.S. Attorney's civil chief [[Royce Lamberth]]. [[Elliot Richardson]], retained by INSLAW, called the affair "a high-tech Watergate." The [[House Committee on the Judiciary]] under [[Jack Brooks]] opened its investigation in 1989 and reported in September 1992 "strong evidence" that the department "acted willfully and fraudulently"; INSLAW alleged that [[Earl Brian]], a friend of Attorney General [[Edwin Meese]], had been given the software to sell to foreign intelligence services, and a document on department letterhead dated May 14, 1985, and signed by [[William Bradford Reynolds]] was later produced as a plan to distribute a modified PROMIS in the [[Middle East]]. [[Ronald LeGrand]] of the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] relayed a career department source's judgment that INSLAW "is a lot dirtier for the Department of Justice, in its breadth and depth, than Watergate." Attorney General [[William Barr]] appointed [[Nicholas J. Bua]] special counsel in 1991; his report of March 1993 found no credible evidence of wrongdoing, and Attorney General [[Janet Reno]]'s review of September 1994 concurred, after Associate Attorney General [[Webster Hubbell]] had announced a nationwide investigation of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s death. The Senate referred INSLAW's claims to the [[United States Court of Federal Claims]], where Judge [[Christine Odell Cook Miller]] ruled in July 1997 that every version of PROMIS was in the public domain. The writer Gordon Thomas and [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] said that [[Rafael Eitan]] of [[LAKAM]] acquired a copy through back-channel contacts with the department in the early 1980s, and the department's own successor system, the Integrated Case Management System, employed one of PROMIS's original designers, [[Dennis W. Wright]].[^2]
|
||||
In March 1982 the Executive Office for United States Attorneys contracted with [[INSLAW]], the company of [[Bill Hamilton]] and [[Nancy Hamilton]], to install PROMIS in the largest U.S. Attorneys' offices; within a month the department's project manager [[C. Madison Brewer]] and contracting officer [[Peter Videnieks]] were disputing INSLAW's proprietary claims, payments were withheld, and in 1985 the company entered Chapter 11. Deputy Attorney General [[Arnold Burns]] told the Office of Professional Responsibility in 1986 that INSLAW's claim was "legitimate" and that the government "would probably lose the case in court," yet the litigation continued. On September 28, 1987, Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.|George Bason]] found that the department had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit"; the district court affirmed in 1988 and the D.C. Circuit reversed on jurisdiction in 1991. Bason was not reappointed, the transcript of his ruling having reached the selection panel's chair, Judge [[Norma H. Johnson]], from the U.S. Attorney's civil chief [[Royce Lamberth]]. [[Elliot Richardson]], retained by INSLAW, called the affair "a high-tech Watergate." The [[House Committee on the Judiciary]] under [[Jack Brooks]] opened its investigation in 1989 and reported in September 1992 "strong evidence" that the department "acted willfully and fraudulently"; INSLAW alleged that [[Earl Brian]], a friend of Attorney General [[Edwin Meese]], had been given the software to sell to foreign intelligence services, and a document on department letterhead dated May 14, 1985, and signed by [[William Bradford Reynolds]] was later produced as a plan to distribute a modified PROMIS in the [[Middle East]]. [[Ronald LeGrand]] of the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] relayed a career department source's judgment that INSLAW "is a lot dirtier for the Department of Justice, in its breadth and depth, than Watergate." Attorney General [[William Barr]] appointed [[Nicholas J. Bua]] special counsel in 1991; his report of March 1993 found no credible evidence of wrongdoing, and Attorney General [[Janet Reno]]'s review of September 1994 concurred, after Associate Attorney General [[Webster Hubbell]] had announced a nationwide investigation of [[Danny Casolaro]]'s death. The Senate referred INSLAW's claims to the [[United States Court of Federal Claims]], where Judge [[Christine Odell Cook Miller]] ruled in July 1997 that every version of PROMIS was in the public domain. The writer Gordon Thomas and [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] said that [[Rafael Eitan]] of [[LAKAM]] acquired a copy through back-channel contacts with the department in the early 1980s, and the department's own successor system, the Integrated Case Management System, employed one of PROMIS's original designers, [[Dennis W. Wright]].[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### The CIA and Prosecution
|
||||
|
||||
In 1954 the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] "pointed out to the Department of Justice that, in many cases involving CIA, prosecution would require public disclosure of sensitive Agency operations and procedures"; under the understanding that resulted, described in the [[Rockefeller Commission 1975|Rockefeller Commission]] report, the agency's general counsel [[Lawrence Houston]] recorded that if prosecution "would be precluded by the need to reveal sensitive information, then the Agency should so indicate in its files and not refer the case to the Department of Justice." In early 1982 Director [[William J. Casey]] and Attorney General [[William French Smith]] signed a memorandum of understanding under which crimes by people "acting for" an intelligence agency no longer had to be reported, and drug offenses were specifically removed from the list; it remained in force until 1995, and the CIA inspector general [[Fred Hitz]] testified that in those years "there was no official requirement to report on allegations of drug trafficking with respect to non-employees of the agency." In that period the department reduced [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]]'s sentence from life to about twenty-eight months, dropped the charges against his wife and released him as a "full-time paid informant" on the motions of Assistant U.S. Attorney [[LJ Oneale]], who then prosecuted [[Ricky Ross]] in [[San Diego]] and moved to bar any mention of the CIA at trial: "This matter, if true, would be classified." A former assistant U.S. attorney, [[Eric Swenson]], said [[Norwin Meneses]]'s work with the [[Contras]] was known to the department because he had reported it himself. After 2002 the Office of Legal Counsel gave the CIA its authorizations for "enhanced interrogation techniques." Department lawyer Walter May told a court in the 1970s that [[Hal Hendrix]] of ITT had informed the CIA of his intent to withhold his agency contacts from a Senate committee; the department investigated [[Harold Geneen]], Edward Gerrity and [[Robert Berrellez]] for perjury in 1977 and examined [[Edward Korry]]'s charges of false testimony about [[Chile]].[^3]
|
||||
In 1954 the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] "pointed out to the Department of Justice that, in many cases involving CIA, prosecution would require public disclosure of sensitive Agency operations and procedures"; under the understanding that resulted, described in the [[Rockefeller Commission 1975|Rockefeller Commission]] report, the agency's general counsel [[Lawrence Houston]] recorded that if prosecution "would be precluded by the need to reveal sensitive information, then the Agency should so indicate in its files and not refer the case to the Department of Justice." In early 1982 Director [[William J. Casey]] and Attorney General [[William French Smith]] signed a memorandum of understanding under which crimes by people "acting for" an intelligence agency no longer had to be reported, and drug offenses were specifically removed from the list; it remained in force until 1995, and the CIA inspector general [[Fred Hitz]] testified that in those years "there was no official requirement to report on allegations of drug trafficking with respect to non-employees of the agency." In that period the department reduced [[Danilo Blandon|Danilo Blandón]]'s sentence from life to about twenty-eight months, dropped the charges against his wife and released him as a "full-time paid informant" on the motions of Assistant U.S. Attorney [[LJ Oneale]], who then prosecuted [[Ricky Ross]] in [[San Diego]] and moved to bar any mention of the CIA at trial: "This matter, if true, would be classified." A former assistant U.S. attorney, [[Eric Swenson]], said [[Norwin Meneses]]'s work with the [[Contras]] was known to the department because he had reported it himself. After 2002 the Office of Legal Counsel gave the CIA its authorizations for "enhanced interrogation techniques." Department lawyer Walter May told a court in the 1970s that [[Hal Hendrix]] of ITT had informed the CIA of his intent to withhold his agency contacts from a Senate committee; the department investigated [[Harold Geneen]], Edward Gerrity and [[Robert Berrellez]] for perjury in 1977 and examined [[Edward Korry]]'s charges of false testimony about [[Chile]].[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### BCCI and BNL
|
||||
|
||||
The [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown report]] on the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] concluded that the department had obstructed the investigation. [[Charles Saphos]], chief of the Criminal Division's narcotics section, wrote to Florida's comptroller [[Gerald Lewis]] asking that the bank be allowed to stay open; Manhattan District Attorney [[Robert Morgenthau]] accused federal authorities of hindering his inquiry; Customs Commissioner [[William von Raab]] testified that the department had denied knowledge of the Ali Mirza tapes; the criminal division under [[Robert Mueller]] indicted [[Swaleh Naqvi]], [[Ghaith R. Pharaon]] and [[David L. Paul]] over CenTrust and the Independence Bank in 1991 and 1992. In the [[BNL Scandal]], the [[Atlanta]] bank's officers believed in March 1990 that the department had taken the case away from the local U.S. Attorney; Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]]'s legislative chief [[Lee Rawls]] advised him on "our best attempt to thwart any further congressional inquiry by the [[House Banking Committee]]" of [[Henry B. Gonzalez]], and Judge Marvin Shoob publicly criticized the department's handling of the case.[^4]
|
||||
The [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown report]] on the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] concluded that the department had obstructed the investigation. [[Charles Saphos]], chief of the Criminal Division's narcotics section, wrote to Florida's comptroller [[Gerald Lewis]] asking that the bank be allowed to stay open; Manhattan District Attorney [[Robert Morgenthau]] accused federal authorities of hindering his inquiry; Customs Commissioner [[William von Raab]] testified that the department had denied knowledge of the Ali Mirza tapes; the criminal division under [[Robert Mueller]] indicted [[Swaleh Naqvi]], [[Ghaith R. Pharaon]] and [[David L. Paul]] over CenTrust and the Independence Bank in 1991 and 1992. In the [[BNL Scandal]], the [[Atlanta]] bank's officers believed in March 1990 that the department had taken the case away from the local U.S. Attorney; Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]]'s legislative chief [[Lee Rawls]] advised him on "our best attempt to thwart any further congressional inquiry by the [[House Banking Committee]]" of [[Henry B. Gonzalez]], and Judge Marvin Shoob publicly criticized the department's handling of the case.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Letelier, The Finders and After
|
||||
|
||||
Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Eugene Propper]] prosecuted the [[Orlando Letelier]] murder, and the department sent [[Michael Townley]]'s confessions to Chile with its request for the extradition of [[Manuel Contreras]] and [[Pedro Espinoza]]. [[Walter Sheridan]] had worked under Robert Kennedy at the department before his NBC assignment on [[Jim Garrison]]; Houston recorded of the agency's handling of the Clay Shaw trial that "the Department of Justice has seen and agrees." [[Michael Abbell]], director of the Criminal Division's Office of International Affairs from 1979 to 1982, went on to represent the [[Cali Drug Cartel]]. In 1993 the department opened an inquiry into CIA involvement with [[The Finders]] after receiving the Customs memorandum of Special Agent [[Ramon J. Martinez]] on the 1987 raids; [[Marion Pettie]]'s late wife [[Isabelle Pettie]] had worked for the agency, a son for [[Air America]], and [[Future Enterprises]] had trained agency employees; the findings were never released in full. The Criminal Division's [[Mark M. Richard]] told the Bua inquiry that the Office of Special Investigations worked with intelligence agencies only to locate war criminals. In the 2020s the National Security Division returned no documents on [[Rinaldo Nazzaro]]'s contracting, a State Department source called him a department "matter," and the department disclosed a payment to an informant in the [[2023 Baltimore Power Grid Conspiracy]] six weeks after [[Brandon Russell]]'s conviction.[^5]
|
||||
Assistant U.S. Attorney [[Eugene Propper]] prosecuted the [[Orlando Letelier]] murder, and the department sent [[Michael Townley]]'s confessions to Chile with its request for the extradition of [[Manuel Contreras]] and [[Pedro Espinoza]]. [[Walter Sheridan]] had worked under Robert Kennedy at the department before his NBC assignment on [[Jim Garrison]]; Houston recorded of the agency's handling of the Clay Shaw trial that "the Department of Justice has seen and agrees." [[Michael Abbell]], director of the Criminal Division's Office of International Affairs from 1979 to 1982, went on to represent the [[Cali Drug Cartel]]. In 1993 the department opened an inquiry into CIA involvement with [[The Finders]] after receiving the Customs memorandum of Special Agent [[Ramon J. Martinez]] on the 1987 raids; [[Marion Pettie]]'s late wife [[Isabelle Pettie]] had worked for the agency, a son for [[Air America]], and [[Future Enterprises]] had trained agency employees; the findings were never released in full. The Criminal Division's [[Mark M. Richard]] told the Bua inquiry that the Office of Special Investigations worked with intelligence agencies only to locate war criminals. In the 2020s the National Security Division returned no documents on [[Rinaldo Nazzaro]]'s contracting, a State Department source called him a department "matter," and the department disclosed a payment to an informant in the [[2023 Baltimore Power Grid Conspiracy]] six weeks after [[Brandon Russell]]'s conviction.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, Public Law 96-157; the organizational entries in the *United States Government Manual.*
|
||||
[^2]: As cited on the linked pages: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair,* H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992; U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua,* March 1993, and the department's review of September 27, 1994; Richardson, Elliot, "A High-Tech Watergate," *New York Times,* October 21, 1991; Seymour, Cheri, *The Last Circle,* TrineDay, 2010; Thomas, Gordon, *Gideon's Spies,* St. Martin's, 1999; Federal Judicial Center, *1990 Annual Report;* Webb, Gary, *Dark Alliance,* Seven Stories, 1998, ch. 6; and the pages linked.
|
||||
[^3]: As cited on the linked pages: Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States, *Report to the President,* June 1975; Webb, *Dark Alliance,* chs. 1, 24, 26 and epilogue; Associated Press, "CIA Knew of False Testimony," and "2 ITT Men Charged with Senate Lies," March 21, 1978, CIA Reading Room; Trento, Joseph, "JFK Began Chile Bribes, Envoy Says," *Sunday News Journal,* November 28, 1976.
|
||||
[^4]: As cited on the linked pages: Beaty, Jonathan, and S. C. Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank,* Random House, 1993; Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair,* 1992; Gonzalez, Henry B., "The Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Scandal" and "Continuing Saga of Attempts to Thwart BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record,* 1992-93; Friedman, Alan, *Spider's Web,* Bantam, 1993, pp. 193-194.
|
||||
[^5]: As cited on the linked pages: Kornbluh, Peter, ed., "The Pinochet Dictatorship Declassified: Confessions of a DINA Hit Man," National Security Archive; Holland, Max, "The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination," *Studies in Intelligence,* 2001; Houston, Lawrence R., memorandum, "Clay L. Shaw's Trial and the Central Intelligence Agency"; Dovey, S., *Eye of the Chickenhawk,* 2023; Wilson, Jason, *VICE News,* 2021, and MuckRock FOIA logs; *The Daily Record,* May 2, 2025.
|
||||
[^2]: Justice Assistance Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-473, title II, ch. VI, sec. 603 (part A of title I, Office of Justice Programs), 98 Stat. 2078. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-98/pdf/STATUTE-98-Pg1837.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, Oversight of the Office of Justice Assistance, Research and Statistics, hearing of October 28, 1981, Serial No. J-97-74 (1982), Justice Department statement. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152817_0256
|
||||
[^4]: As cited on the linked pages: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair,* H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992; U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua,* March 1993, and the department's review of September 27, 1994; Richardson, Elliot, "A High-Tech Watergate," *New York Times,* October 21, 1991; Seymour, Cheri, *The Last Circle,* TrineDay, 2010; Thomas, Gordon, *Gideon's Spies,* St. Martin's, 1999; Federal Judicial Center, *1990 Annual Report;* Webb, Gary, *Dark Alliance,* Seven Stories, 1998, ch. 6; and the pages linked.
|
||||
[^5]: As cited on the linked pages: Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States, *Report to the President,* June 1975; Webb, *Dark Alliance,* chs. 1, 24, 26 and epilogue; Associated Press, "CIA Knew of False Testimony," and "2 ITT Men Charged with Senate Lies," March 21, 1978, CIA Reading Room; Trento, Joseph, "JFK Began Chile Bribes, Envoy Says," *Sunday News Journal,* November 28, 1976.
|
||||
[^6]: As cited on the linked pages: Beaty, Jonathan, and S. C. Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank,* Random House, 1993; Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, *The BCCI Affair,* 1992; Gonzalez, Henry B., "The Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Scandal" and "Continuing Saga of Attempts to Thwart BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record,* 1992-93; Friedman, Alan, *Spider's Web,* Bantam, 1993, pp. 193-194.
|
||||
[^7]: As cited on the linked pages: Kornbluh, Peter, ed., "The Pinochet Dictatorship Declassified: Confessions of a DINA Hit Man," National Security Archive; Holland, Max, "The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination," *Studies in Intelligence,* 2001; Houston, Lawrence R., memorandum, "Clay L. Shaw's Trial and the Central Intelligence Agency"; Dovey, S., *Eye of the Chickenhawk,* 2023; Wilson, Jason, *VICE News,* 2021, and MuckRock FOIA logs; *The Daily Record,* May 2, 2025.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,35 +1,242 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
created: 2024-04-26
|
||||
updated: 2026-05-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
title: LEAA
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- LEAA
|
||||
- Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
|
||||
- Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- USGovernment
|
||||
- LawEnforcement
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
- INSLAW
|
||||
description: The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration funded PROMIS and its national expansion through grants to INSLAW and adopting jurisdictions. Its abolition in 1982 forced INSLAW into the DOJ contract that led to the company's bankruptcy and the PROMIS Software Scandal.
|
||||
- CIA
|
||||
- BehaviorModification
|
||||
- PoliceIntelligence
|
||||
- NCJRS
|
||||
description: The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration funded PROMIS and its national expansion, carried the CIA's police technique program through the early 1970s, and financed the behavior-control research that a Senate subcommittee examined in 1974.
|
||||
category: "U.S. Government"
|
||||
summary: The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration was a federal agency created by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 that provided hundreds of millions of dollars in grants for law enforcement and judicial assistance programs, including the original PROMIS case management software.
|
||||
summary: "The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration was a Justice Department grant agency created in 1968 that funded the PROMIS software and, through the 1970s, behavior-control research that the Senate later examined."
|
||||
start: 1968
|
||||
end: 1982
|
||||
end: 1984
|
||||
location: "Washington, D.C."
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Jerris Leonard]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1971
|
||||
end: 1973
|
||||
role: Administrator
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Donald E. Santarelli]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1973
|
||||
end: 1974
|
||||
role: Administrator
|
||||
fn: 3
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Charles R. Work]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1973
|
||||
end: 1975
|
||||
role: Deputy Administrator
|
||||
fn: 16
|
||||
- type: founded
|
||||
with: "[[National Criminal Justice Reference Service]]"
|
||||
start: 1971
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[INSLAW]]"
|
||||
start: 1973
|
||||
end: 1981
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit]]"
|
||||
start: 1973
|
||||
fn: 27
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Neuro-Research Foundation]]"
|
||||
start: 1972
|
||||
fn: 43
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[American Justice Institute]]"
|
||||
start: 1970
|
||||
fn: 42
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Alvin Ash]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1977
|
||||
role: Systems Development Division
|
||||
fn: 17
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]]"
|
||||
start: 1970
|
||||
end: 1971
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[National Center for Prosecution Management]]"
|
||||
start: 1971
|
||||
fn: 15
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[National Bureau of Standards]]"
|
||||
start: 1972
|
||||
fn: 41
|
||||
- type: partner_of
|
||||
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
|
||||
start: 1970
|
||||
end: 1973
|
||||
fn: 29
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]"
|
||||
start: 1970
|
||||
end: 1971
|
||||
fn: 13
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[Senate Judiciary Committee]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1973
|
||||
end: 1974
|
||||
fn: 24
|
||||
---
|
||||
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) was a federal agency created by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, signed by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. It provided grants for programs to further law enforcement and judicial assistance across the United States, disbursing hundreds of millions of dollars to state and local criminal justice agencies, research organizations, and technology projects over its operational life.[^1]
|
||||
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) was a grant-making agency within the [[Department of Justice]], created by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 and signed by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] on June 19, 1968.[^1] It made block and discretionary grants to state and local police, courts and corrections agencies, financed research, and paid for the development of the [[PROMIS]] case-management software. Its grant programs had been winding down since 1980, and its authorizing statute was replaced in 1984.
|
||||
|
||||
### PROMIS and INSLAW Funding
|
||||
### Creation and structure
|
||||
|
||||
LEAA funded the original [[PROMIS]] software development, beginning with an exploratory grant to the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]] in 1969 to create a case management system. After PROMIS was declared an "exemplary project," LEAA invested heavily in expanding the system, funding [[INSLAW]] (the [[Institute for Law and Social Research]]) for enhancements and providing transfer grants to municipalities adopting the software. At peak, LEAA grants accounted for up to 80 percent of INSLAW's operating income. In August 1971, LEAA Administrator [[Jerris Leonard]] wrote to approximately 1,300 prosecutors nationwide encouraging adoption of PROMIS-style systems.[^1]
|
||||
Part A of Title I placed the agency "within the Department of Justice, under the general authority of the Attorney General," under an Administrator and two Associate Administrators appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.[^1] The agency's third annual report says it "formally came into being" on October 21, 1968, when its first administrators took office under recess appointments. It began with a staff of 25, and by December 19, 1968, every state had created a State Criminal Justice Planning Agency.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Charles R. Work]] - who had served as a co-director of the original PROMIS development project alongside [[Joan E. Jacoby]] and [[Bill Hamilton]] - later became a senior LEAA official and promoted PROMIS adoption through both the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]] and direct grants to INSLAW and adopting municipalities.[^1]
|
||||
[[Jerris Leonard]], the Administrator-designate, appointed an eight-member task force that began work on March 29, 1971. The task force followed a decision by Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell]] to endorse an internal review of the agency's operations.[^2] Leonard led the agency until 1973, when [[Donald E. Santarelli]] became Administrator; Santarelli served until 1974.[^3] In March 1973 Associate Administrators [[Richard W. Velde]] and [[Clarence M. Coster]] accompanied Attorney General [[Richard Kleindienst]] at the House Judiciary Committee's oversight hearings on the agency.[^4] Santarelli's February 14, 1974 announcement described a reorganization he had set in motion ten months earlier, after becoming Administrator.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
LEAA also funded the PROMIS Research Project, a multi-year empirical criminal justice research initiative through three successive grants (74-NI-99-0008, 75-NI-99-0111, 76-NI-99-0118) that produced 17 published research reports analyzing approximately 100,000 cases processed through the District of Columbia court system.[^2]
|
||||
### Appropriations
|
||||
|
||||
### Reorganization and Abolition
|
||||
Congress appropriated $63,000,000 for fiscal 1969, $268,119,000 for fiscal 1970, $529,000,000 for fiscal 1971 ($480 million in the regular appropriation and $49 million in a supplemental), $698,919,000 for fiscal 1972, $855,597,000 for fiscal 1973, $870,675,000 for fiscal 1974, $895,000,000 for fiscal 1975, $809,638,000 for fiscal 1976, $204,960,000 for the transition quarter of July to September 1976 and $753,000,000 for fiscal 1977, a total of $5,947,908,000 that included appropriations under the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974. The fiscal 1978 appropriation was $647,250,000.[^6][^7] The Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1970 had authorized $650 million for fiscal 1971, $1.15 billion for fiscal 1972 and $1.75 billion for fiscal 1973. It required that from fiscal 1972 not less than 20 percent of action funds go to a new corrections program.[^7] LEAA's own 1976 summary gives the Safe Streets Act appropriations as $856 million for 1973, $871 million for 1974 and $880 million for 1975, adds $25 million for 1975 under the Juvenile Justice Act ($15 million new and $10 million reprogrammed from LEAA funds), and describes the fiscal 1976 budget of $809.6 million as about 10 percent below the previous year's.[^8] The Justice Department's statement at a 1981 Senate hearing gave $895 million in 1975 as the highest level the agency reached, and the figure fell in each later year. The Crime Control Act of 1973 and the Crime Control Act of 1976 each extended the authorization for three years and added administrative requirements.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
By the late 1970s, Congress had begun reassessing LEAA's effectiveness and cost. The Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-157) restructured LEAA's functions and created successor entities. LEAA was formally abolished and its programs were transferred to the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), all under the [[Department of Justice]], in 1982.[^1]
|
||||
### PROMIS, INSLAW and prosecutor management
|
||||
|
||||
The loss of LEAA funding created a crisis for [[INSLAW]]. Without the grants that had sustained the company's operations, [[Bill Hamilton]] incorporated INSLAW as a for-profit Delaware corporation in January 1981 and sought to commercialize PROMIS. The company's search for replacement revenue led directly to the March 1982 implementation contract with the DOJ's [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] - the contract whose execution became the central dispute in the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].[^2]
|
||||
The House Judiciary Committee's 1992 report on the INSLAW affair states that in the 1970s LEAA "funded the development by INSLAW" of the PROMIS software, and that the original version "was funded entirely with Government funds and was in the public domain."[^10] The report describes [[INSLAW]] itself as "a nonprofit corporation funded almost entirely through Government grants and contracts."[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
A 1979 PROMIS dataset for [[St. Louis]], deposited with the [[Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research]], states that PROMIS "was first used in 1971 in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia," and that LEAA then "awarded a grant to the [[Institute for Law and Social Research]] (INSLAW)" to make the system transferable to other jurisdictions.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
LEAA funded the original PROMIS software development, beginning with an exploratory grant to the DC U.S. Attorney's Office in 1969 to create a case management system.[^12] The design work was done under LEAA grant 70-DF-047, administered by the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] and carried out by [[Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co]], and PROMIS became operational in the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]] on January 1, 1971. A May 1971 Peat Marwick overview prepared for the Office of Crime Analysis under that grant records that the team was headed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]], the office's director, and [[Charles R. Work]], deputy director of the Superior Court Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office.[^13] The grant is reported as $60,000, paid to Peat Marwick for the design work at the direction of U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]], with [[Bill Hamilton]] as project manager.[^12] In April 1973 [[Patrick Healy]], executive director of the [[National District Attorneys Association]], told the House Judiciary Committee's subcommittee that PROMIS was "Developed under a $290,000 LEAA grant," that it had led to a 25-percent increase in convictions for certain serious misdemeanors in the District of Columbia, and that Jacoby, by then executive director of the [[National Center for Prosecution Management]], and Work, whom he called an assistant U.S. attorney, had developed it.[^14] The National Center for Prosecution Management appears in LEAA's fiscal 1971 grant list as grant 71-DF-1093 for $292,925, made through the Maryland State Planning Agency to the National District Attorneys Association as subgrantee to develop guidelines and minimum standards for measuring the efficiency of prosecutors' offices.[^15] LEAA's push to spread the system ran through several channels. In August 1971 LEAA Administrator Leonard wrote to approximately 1,300 prosecutors encouraging adoption of PROMIS-style systems. At peak, LEAA grants accounted for up to 80 percent of INSLAW's operating income.[^12] Work was deputy chief and then chief of the Superior Court Division from 1969 to 1973 and served as LEAA Deputy Administrator from 1973 to 1975; a White House announcement of January 26, 1976 recorded that he had resigned effective November 21, 1975.[^16] As Deputy Administrator he continued grants to INSLAW and promoted adoption through the National Center for Prosecution Management, which was established with LEAA funding in December 1971 with Jacoby as its first executive director.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
LEAA also funded a three-grant research project run by the Institute for Law and Social Research (grants 74-NI-99-0008, 75-NI-99-0111 and 76-NI-99-0118). The project's 1977 highlights volume states that the grants were awarded under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, and describes its data as covering about 100,000 street-crime cases received by District of Columbia prosecutors.[^17] The volume lists 17 publications from the project, and credits Charles R. Work with the program's origination, saying that his "creative imagination and determination were indispensable to the origination and growth of the whole PROMIS program."[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]] found in the INSLAW adversary proceeding that during the 1970s the Institute for Law and Social Research obtained cost-plus grants and contracts largely from LEAA, that LEAA "designated PROMIS as an exemplary project" and encouraged state and local governments to implement it, that in 1979 LEAA awarded the Institute a three-year cost-plus contract for PROMIS upkeep and upgrade services, that in 1980 the Institute received notice that LEAA funding would be extinguished beginning in May 1981, and that "when LEAA was liquidated" in 1981 the contract was assigned to the Justice Department's newly created [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], which lacked funds for its final year.[^18] A 1989 Senate staff study states that the software "had been developed originally under grants from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration."[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
A May 6, 1983 memorandum by [[Jack Rugh]], deputy project manager for the Justice Department's PROMIS contract, recorded that [[C. Madison Brewer]] had instructed him "to make a copy of an LEAA version of PROMIS available to Dr. Ben Orr, a representative of the Government of Israel."[^20] The House report also records that [[Statistics Canada]], a Canadian government agency, had admitted using a public domain PROMIS version, and that according to officials contacted by Hamilton the version "was obtained through the LEAA in the late 1970's."[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
The House report describes a computer procurement in which government-owned versions of PROMIS were made available to potential bidders for benchmarking, and it lists the four LEAA versions, for DEC, [[IBM]], Wang and Burroughs, among those supplied.[^22] In February 1973 U.S. Attorney [[Harold H. Titus Jr.]] made the decision to upgrade PROMIS from batch processing to a real-time online system capable of tracking more than 160 variables per case.[^23] The 1977 highlights volume credits [[Alvin Ash]] of LEAA's Systems Development Division with "farsighted and steadfast support of PROMIS," including its development, nationwide transfer and research potential.[^17] Ash, a programmer and systems analyst at [[Computer Usage Company]] who had helped develop PROMIS for the U.S. Attorney's Office, later worked at LEAA and sat on the INSLAW advisory board. [[DALITE]], a case-management system developed in [[Alameda County]] while [[Lowell Jensen]] was district attorney, competed with PROMIS during LEAA's late-1970s evaluation of transferable prosecutor systems. The 1989 Senate staff study records an Alameda County assistant district attorney's statement that both the county's pilot research program and the development of DALITE were funded by the State of California with grant money provided from LEAA. It also records a Los Angeles County employee's account of feeling pressure from Alameda County employees to use DALITE, which he compared to the kind "you feel on a used car lot," and his statement that Jensen had seemed "hopeful and anxious" that Los Angeles would select it; the staff reported that none of the other employees it spoke to knew of any pressure on anyone to select DALITE and that it found no information to support a theory that Jensen held a bias against Hamilton, INSLAW or PROMIS.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
### National Criminal Justice Reference Service
|
||||
|
||||
In fiscal 1971 LEAA "made plans" to establish a [[National Criminal Justice Reference Service]], an information service meant to collect research and development reports and to document action project results sponsored by LEAA and other agencies.[^2] The NCJRS now hosts a digitized copy of the 1974 Senate subcommittee print on behavior modification.[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
### Police intelligence and organized crime
|
||||
|
||||
The organized crime section of the fiscal 1971 report, prepared by the agency's Organized Crime Program Division, set out goals for that year. One of them read "Intelligence. Knowledge is the key factor in any effort against organized crime," and the section called for a statewide intelligence capability and multi-state systems that could pool information across jurisdictions.[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
In December 1976 [[Penthouse]] described the [[Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit]] as "a little-known organization" that "links the intelligence squads of almost every major police force in the United States and [[Canada]]," and said it was a private club not answerable to voters, taxpayers or elected officials.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
At the House Judiciary Committee's hearing of March 15, 1973, Associate Administrator Velde testified that LEAA's current statistics budget held $1 million for an operational automated organized crime information system, which "will be given to the Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit, LEIU," supporting about 135 terminals and a computer system with the index operated by the [[Michigan State Police]]. He said the system held public record information only and that "There is no direct Federal involvement other than the LEAA money."[^27] LEAA's grant classification scheme, reprinted in a November 1977 [[General Accounting Office]] overview, carried an "Intelligence Unit" category defined as units collecting information for the evaluation of crime and criminals, such as the structure and workings of organized crime and illegal narcotics operations, and a "Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT)" category defined as "An independent unit organized, trained, and equipped to function during emergency situations," covering "Civil disorders, riots, snipers, the taking of hostages."[^6] A [[Washington Post]] piece of November 28, 1972, "Street Crime in Newark and Elsewhere," printed in the 1973 hearing record, reported the criticism that LEAA had "squandered its money mindlessly on hardware," citing "three tanks for Birmingham and a plane for the Indiana State Police."[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
### CIA dissemination of police techniques
|
||||
|
||||
The Office of Security of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] used LEAA as a channel for dispersing police techniques from 1970. A June 10, 1970 memorandum to the [[Director of Central Intelligence]], [[Richard Helms]], proposed releasing the Trace Metal Detection Technique to law enforcement. The memorandum recommended LEAA over a police professional association, which it said represented only a portion of the national police community. It also said that friction between that association and [[J. Edgar Hoover]] meant "it is probable that Mr. Hoover would resent our use of the Association in invading what he has traditionally considered his exclusive domain."[^29] The memorandum recorded the concurrence of [[Thomas Karamessines]]. The only stipulation imposed on recipients, it said, was that there be "no public connection between the technique and this Agency."[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
A later Office of Security summary records that the technique was demonstrated to approximately 35 police departments, three professional police associations and representatives of 83 other state and local departments between June 1970 and December 1971. Outside the Washington area, the CIA representatives were identified as "consultants" to LEAA, and "no mention was made of the Agency."[^30] The summary says the office provided six men to LEAA in 1970 to brief police and local officials on the technique.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
An August 27, 1971 status report to the Director of Central Intelligence said that 19 police departments had used the technique in criminal investigations. It said LEAA had distributed 3,000 manuals from the initial printing and 800 from the second, and that more than 2,000 people had been trained. It quoted LEAA's assessment that "We consider the entire program from its inception to date to have been an unqualified success."[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
The same office moved its explosive residue method into the same channel. In March 1971 the Director of Central Intelligence declassified the Explosive Residue Detection Technique, and the Security Office recommended dissemination through LEAA or the LEAA-funded [[National Bomb Data Center]].[^30] On November 10, 1971 agency officers demonstrated the technique to LEAA staff, and then held two more hours of discussion with [[Lester Shubin]] and [[Marc Nerenstone]], whom the memorandum describes as "both witting of the Agency's role in the development of the technique." It says LEAA appeared likely to farm the technique out as a grant.[^33]
|
||||
|
||||
A February 16, 1972 Office of Security memorandum records an LEAA request that the agency reprint, at LEAA expense and for LEAA distribution, the classified edition of the book "Where's What," written under [[Brookings Institution]] sponsorship; an LEAA consultant had recommended against making the request. The memorandum states that during the first year of the Trace Metal Detection Technique transfer LEAA never reimbursed the agency's travel costs because of "their desire to avoid unclassified (i.e. public) reimbursement of the money to CIA," that "LEAA indicated it did not wish to be publicly affiliated with CIA," and that "CIA has complied with this desire." It recommended that the agency decline.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
A May 9, 1973 survey of the Office of Research and Development recorded that an ORD-developed adhesive restraint, a non-lethal incapacitation system, had been made available to LEAA in August 1972. It said: "If they developed the system, it would be used for civilian crowd and riot control." The survey names Shubin as the LEAA contact.[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 18, 1973 the House adopted by voice vote, without committee consideration, an amendment by Representative [[Elizabeth Holtzman]] to H.R. 8152, the bill amending title I of the 1968 act. The agency's Office of Legislative Counsel summarized its effect as prohibiting LEAA from using the services, equipment, personnel and facilities of the agency, and recorded that the sponsor's statement included an allegation that the agency had been involved in the bugging of Dr. Fielding's office; an agency position paper stated that the Director of Central Intelligence had directed that such activities be undertaken in future only in the most compelling circumstances and with his personal approval, and opposed a flat statutory prohibition.[^36] The statutory basis for this relationship changed in 1973. Section 508 of the Crime Control Act of 1973 authorized LEAA to use the services of federal agencies "(not including the Central Intelligence Agency)."[^37] The 1968 text contains no such exclusion. An Office of General Counsel memorandum of October 15, 1973, "CIA Action on LEAA Requests," recorded a call from an LEAA legal office official about the agency's authority under sections 508 and 513 of the Crime Control Act of 1973, and concluded that the agency had not decided that it was required to reject all requests from LEAA; each request would be decided at the appropriate command level.[^38] In July 1978 the agency reviewed proposed reauthorization language that would bar any use of CIA services by LEAA. The Office of Legislative Counsel told the Office of Security that the agency did not endorse the provision but would have no formal objection to its inclusion.[^39] On November 14, 1975 an agency officer who had been present at the start and the end of the relationship briefed two staff members of a House select committee on it. The memorandum of the briefing records that the agency discontinued liaison with LEAA in 1973 as a result of the Kennedy-Holtzman amendment; that one staff member said he had recently developed information about the Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit, "a communications network between police intelligence agencies," and asked where the agency fit into its operation; and that the officer answered that he had never heard of the organization and knew of no such nationwide network in which the agency had taken part.[^40]
|
||||
|
||||
### Equipment, jail records and crowd control
|
||||
|
||||
The 1972 police equipment survey, prepared for LEAA's National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the [[National Bureau of Standards]], asked departments about helmets with built-in communications. Half of the 139 departments that expressed a need for them gave crowd control or riots as their reason.[^41]
|
||||
|
||||
LEAA's fiscal 1971 report lists a $2,751 grant to the [[American Justice Institute]] of Sacramento, supplementing an earlier grant, to examine a prison adjustment center for inmates who become violent or present discipline problems.[^42] The agency's Office of Criminal Justice Programs made a later grant to the institute for the [[Jail Information System]]. The system grew out of the need the institute perceived during its LEAA-funded Jail Overcrowding and Pretrial Detainee Program.
|
||||
|
||||
### Behavior modification and the 1974 Senate inquiry
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, chaired by [[Sam J. Ervin]], began its inquiry into behavior control technology in late 1971, when several unrelated programs appeared to point toward a new technology of behavior control. The psychosurgery controversy was reappearing at the time. A study of the relationship between brain disease and violence at [[Boston City Hospital]] was funded jointly by LEAA and the [[Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]]. The subcommittee also learned of the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] proposed Center for Behavioral Research at [[Butner]], [[North Carolina]], which it described as financed in part by LEAA, and wrote that a presidential veto of the appropriations bill that provided additional funds for the Boston City Hospital project added to speculation that similar programs might be reinstated at Butner.[^24] The same print names Massachusetts General Hospital as the site of an LEAA-funded study of the causes and predictors of violence that tested whether fingerprint classifications and a particular chromosome configuration indicate a greater proneness to violence.[^43] LEAA's letter of October 27, 1972, printed in the appendix, states that the project, "the Medical Epidemiology of Criminals," was funded under a grant to the Neuro Research Foundation of Boston, "of which Dr. William Sweet is President," and awarded through the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, LEAA's research arm; the Senate letter it answers asked about LEAA funding for work by Sweet "at Boston City Hospital."[^43]
|
||||
|
||||
The subcommittee said that LEAA, "because of its law enforcement mission and large appropriations, attracted a wide variety of grant requests dealing with this type of research." Among the projects it described was a study titled "The Medical Epidemiology of Criminals," prepared by the Neuro-Research Foundation of Boston, which tested dermatoglyphic patterns and chromosome configurations as indicators of violent tendencies.[^44]
|
||||
|
||||
The most prominent proposal was the Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] Neuropsychiatric Institute, which first drew the subcommittee's attention to LEAA's behavioral programs. Its September 1, 1972 project description listed five lines of research, including biological, neurological and psychological studies. A memorandum by a staff psychologist at [[Atascadero State Hospital]], one of the institutions participating in the planned center, described an electro-physiological laboratory able to record heart rate, galvanic skin response, penis volume and brain waves in response to audio-visual stimuli. Its planned satellite facilities included the state hospitals at Atascadero, Camarillo and [[Vacaville]], and the subcommittee noted that Vacaville and Atascadero had attracted substantial notoriety for allegedly unethical procedures. The proposed director, [[Louis Jolyon West]], discussed acquiring an old Nike missile base in the [[Santa Monica Mountains]] for the center.[^45] A memorandum of April 5, 1973 from the [[Committee Opposing Psychiatric Abuse of Prisoners]], printed in the subcommittee's appendix, recorded that [[Ronald Reagan]] had announced in his January 1973 State of the State message the formation of a Center for the Reduction of Life-Threatening Behavior. It said a proposal had been submitted to the [[California Council on Criminal Justice]] and would be considered by the Senate Health and Welfare Committee on April 11.[^45] LEAA told the subcommittee that it had not received the UCLA project for funding consideration.[^5] LEAA also told the subcommittee that its policy on the rights of human subjects consisted solely of a requirement of prior LEAA approval for medical research not specifically detailed in state plans; the subcommittee set that single sentence beside the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's forty pages of guidelines.[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
Santarelli had been special counsel to Ervin's subcommittee from 1968 to 1969.[^3] In January 1974 Ervin asked Santarelli for a moratorium on LEAA support for behavioral research until the agency had guidelines comparable to those then under consideration by Congress and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. On February 14, 1974 Santarelli announced that he had banned LEAA funds for medical research, chemotherapy, psychosurgery and behavior modification. He said there "are no technical skills on the staff to screen, evaluate, or monitor such projects."[^5] In response to the subcommittee's request, the agency produced an April 10, 1974 computer printout describing 537 projects that dealt in some way with the modification of behavior. In an August 29, 1974 letter LEAA reported that 390 of the 537 had ended before the guideline took effect, that 110 of the remaining 147 involved no medical procedures, and that 35 involved only routine medical procedures.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
The subcommittee's account of the Bureau of Prisons is separate from its account of LEAA. Project START (Special Treatment and Rehabilitative Training) was a Bureau program at the Federal Medical Center for Prisoners at [[Springfield, Missouri]] that required roughly fifteen prisoners to take part involuntarily, placing them in solitary cells with privileges earned through "good days," and no attempt was made to obtain their consent. The print dates the Bureau's operations memorandum October 25, 1972 and states that the Bureau quietly cancelled the program in February 1974.[^46] A federal court opinion records that START was initiated on September 11, 1972, that 99 individuals were considered for it, 26 were found appropriate referrals and 19 participated, and that Bureau Director [[Norman A. Carlson]] informed the court by letter of February 11, 1974 that it would be terminated on or before March 1, 1974. On July 31, 1974 Judge John W. Oliver of the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri]] granted the prisoners partial summary judgment on whether transfer into START without notice, charges and hearing denied due process, and dismissed the other issues as moot.[^47] The Butner facility, then called the Federal Center for Correctional Research and originally named the Center for Behavioral Research, was to be a separate institution in the same compound, and the psychiatrist [[Martin Groder]] was named to head it. The subcommittee wrote that its mail indicated "the specter had been raised of an isolated enclave in which various forms of radical experimentation would be conducted using prisoners as subjects," recorded repeated assurances that no psychosurgery, no chemotherapy and no aversive conditioning of any kind would be tested or used there, and recorded Groder's statement that all participants would be volunteers.[^46]
|
||||
|
||||
### Abolition and successors
|
||||
|
||||
The Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 separated LEAA into four agencies: the Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics (OJARS), the [[National Institute of Justice]], the Bureau of Justice Statistics, and LEAA itself. The statute set up OJARS under the general policy control of the Attorney General.[^48] The Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1980 removed the [[Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention]] from LEAA.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
The administration proposed phasing LEAA out three months after the 1979 act was signed, and requested no fiscal 1981 appropriation for state and local criminal justice programs. Congress appropriated no fiscal 1981 funds for LEAA, and funded the National Institute of Justice, the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the juvenile office at a combined $146 million.[^9] The Justice Department's statement at the October 28, 1981 hearing recorded that LEAA had no program funds after fiscal 1980 and had only administrative funds to close out previously funded programs.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
The loss of LEAA funding created a crisis for INSLAW. Without the grants that had sustained the company's operations, Bill Hamilton incorporated INSLAW as a for-profit Delaware corporation in January 1981 and sought to commercialize PROMIS.[^10] The House report says that in March 1982 the Justice Department awarded INSLAW a $10 million, three-year contract to implement the public domain version of PROMIS; the company's search for replacement revenue led directly to that contract.[^10] On March 13, 1985, [[Elliot Richardson]] and Santarelli, described as the former LEAA Administrator, met Acting Deputy Attorney General Lowell Jensen and asked him to authorize negotiations with INSLAW and to appoint someone to investigate its complaints.[^49]
|
||||
|
||||
The House report calls the selection of C. Madison Brewer from the [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] to serve as PROMIS project manager a curious choice, since Brewer had worked for Bill Hamilton between 1974 and 1976 as general counsel of the Institute for Law and Social Research.[^50] The dispute over the contract is known as the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]].
|
||||
|
||||
The Justice Assistance Act of 1984 replaced Part A of Title I with an Office of Justice Programs headed by an Assistant Attorney General. Functions that had been carried out by LEAA were assigned to the [[Bureau of Justice Assistance]], and references to LEAA in other laws were to be read as references to the Bureau where they applied to those functions.[^51]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, Public Law 96-157, 93 Stat. 1167 (December 27, 1979); Office of Justice Programs, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, historical records.
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, title I, part A, sec. 101, 82 Stat. 197, 198 (June 19, 1968). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-82/pdf/STATUTE-82-Pg197.pdf
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Third Annual Report of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Fiscal Year 1971 (December 31, 1971), on the agency's start, staff, task force, and National Criminal Justice Reference Service. https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED072215
|
||||
[^3]: The American Presidency Project, announcement of the intention to nominate Donald Eugene Santarelli to the Board of Directors of the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation, June 5, 1981 (Administrator of LEAA 1973 to 1974; special counsel to the Senate Judiciary Committee on Constitutional Rights, Senator Sam Ervin, chairman, 1968 to 1969; associate deputy attorney general 1969 to 1972). https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/nomination-donald-eugene-santarelli-be-member-the-board-directors-the-united-states
|
||||
[^4]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Hearings, 93d Cong., 1st sess., Serial No. 4 (March 15 to April 5, 1973), witness list and testimony of March 15, 1973. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
|
||||
[^5]: Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, pp. 39-40 (Ervin letter of January 1974; LEAA announcement of February 14, 1974; LEAA printout of April 10, 1974 with 537 projects; LEAA letter of August 29, 1974), and appendix, LEAA response that it had not received the UCLA project.
|
||||
[^6]: U.S. General Accounting Office, Overview of Activities Funded by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, GGD-78-21 (November 29, 1977), appropriation history table (fiscal years 1969 to 1977 and fiscal 1978) and appendix action-category definitions, Intelligence Unit and Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT), pp. 105-106 of the appendix, NCJ 60372. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/60372NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^7]: Third Annual Report of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Fiscal Year 1971, "LEAA Appropriations History" and the text on the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-644). https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED072215
|
||||
[^8]: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration: A Partnership for Crime Control (1976), "LEAA Budget History" and fiscal year 1976 budget, ERIC ED 126270. https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED126270
|
||||
[^9]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, Oversight of the Office of Justice Assistance, Research and Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, hearing of October 28, 1981, Serial No. J-97-74 (Washington: GPO, 1982). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152817_0256
|
||||
[^10]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857, 102d Cong., 2d sess. (September 10, 1992), section I, "Summary," pp. 1-2. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
|
||||
[^11]: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, ICPSR 8225, Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS), St. Louis, 1979, principal investigator Institute for Law and Social Research, Inc., codebook introduction. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08225.v1
|
||||
[^12]: Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, Public Law 96-157, 93 Stat. 1167 (December 27, 1979); Office of Justice Programs, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, historical records.
|
||||
[^13]: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., System Overview and Report Formats for PROMIS (Prosecutor's Management Information System): A Computer-Based System for the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia, prepared for the District of Columbia Government Office of Crime Analysis under LEAA Grant No. 70-DF-047 (May 1971), title page, abstract and introductory note 1, NCJ 32469. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/32469NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Hearings, Serial No. 4 (1973), statement of Patrick Healy, executive director, National District Attorneys Association, April 4, 1973, p. 454. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
|
||||
[^15]: Third Annual Report of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Fiscal Year 1971, grant list, grant 71-DF-1093, Maryland SPA, subgrantee National District Attorneys Association, "National Center for Prosecution Management," $292,925. https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED072215
|
||||
[^16]: The American Presidency Project, announcement of the intention to appoint Charles R. Work to the District of Columbia Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure, June 10, 1985 (Deputy Chief and Chief, Superior Court Division, Office of the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia, 1969 to 1973; Deputy Administrator, LEAA, 1973 to 1975), https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/260238; White House Office of the Press Secretary, release of January 26, 1976 (Paul K. Wormeli to succeed Work, who resigned effective November 21, 1975), Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0248/whpr19760126-013.pdf
|
||||
[^17]: Institute for Law and Social Research, PROMIS Research Project Highlights (1977), NCJ-40229, copyright page, acknowledgments and project summary. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/40229NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^18]: In re INSLAW, Inc., 83 B.R. 89 (Bankr. D.D.C. January 25, 1988), findings of fact 2, 7, 11 and 13. https://static.case.law/br/83/cases/0089-01.json
|
||||
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, staff study of the Department of Justice's dealings with INSLAW, Inc., Committee Print, 101st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1989), summary section and the section on Jensen and DALITE (pp. 16-17, with note 10, staff interview of Donald G. Ingraham, May 31, 1988). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0145
|
||||
[^20]: U.S. House of Representatives, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857, section on the LEAA versions of PROMIS and the Rugh memorandum of May 6, 1983 (p. 48).
|
||||
[^21]: U.S. House of Representatives, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857, p. 58, passage on the Statistics Canada use of a public domain PROMIS version.
|
||||
[^22]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992), pp. 46-47, on the benchmarking copies of PROMIS. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
|
||||
[^23]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857, 102d Cong., 2d sess. (September 10, 1992).
|
||||
[^24]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, committee print (Washington: GPO, November 1974), pp. 18-19 (printed page numbers), NCJRS digitization, NCJ 142690. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/142690NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^25]: Third Annual Report of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Fiscal Year 1971, Organized Crime Program Division, goals for FY 1971, p. 62. https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED072215
|
||||
[^26]: Penthouse, "America's Secret Police Network," December 1976, text preserved in CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-01208R000100200015-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-01208r000100200015-5
|
||||
[^27]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Hearings, Serial No. 4 (1973), testimony of March 15, 1973, p. 83 (Velde on the automated organized crime information system and the Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit). https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
|
||||
[^28]: "Street Crime in Newark and Elsewhere," Washington Post, November 28, 1972, reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Hearings, Serial No. 4 (1973), p. 502. https://archive.org/details/lawenforcementas00unit
|
||||
[^29]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence, "Release of Trace Metal Detection Technique to Law Enforcement Officials," June 10, 1970, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150029-5. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000600150029-5
|
||||
[^30]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, memorandum on the relationship with LEAA, CIA CREST document C01435053, on the Explosive Residue Detection Technique entries. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01435053
|
||||
[^31]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, "Relationship with Police," CIA CREST document C01435041, covering May 1966 to January 1973. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01435041
|
||||
[^32]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum, "Trace Metal Detection Technique - Law Enforcement Assistance Administration: A Status Report," August 27, 1971, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150008-8, with attachments. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150008-8
|
||||
[^33]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security memorandum, "Technology Transfer of ERDT to LEAA," November 10, 1971, CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150007-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000600150007-9
|
||||
[^34]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Security, memorandum for the Deputy Director of Security, "LEAA Request for Agency Support, Where's What," February 16, 1972, CIA-RDP83B00823R000200060130-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp83b00823r000200060130-3
|
||||
[^35]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Research and Development, "Survey of ORD for Non-Foreign Intelligence Activities," May 9, 1973, CIA CREST document 01430445, entry on LEAA. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-01430445
|
||||
[^36]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, summary of the Holtzman Amendment to H.R. 8152 (status as of June 22, 1973), CIA-RDP76M00527R000700190003-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp76m00527r000700190003-1; "The So-Called Holtzman Amendment," CIA-RDP75B00380R000100060091-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75b00380r000100060091-9
|
||||
[^37]: Crime Control Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93-83, sec. 508, 87 Stat. 211 (August 6, 1973). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-87/pdf/STATUTE-87-Pg197.pdf
|
||||
[^38]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of General Counsel, memorandum for the record, "CIA Action on LEAA Requests," OGC 73-1954, October 15, 1973, CIA-RDP75-00793R000300160026-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00793r000300160026-2
|
||||
[^39]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel memorandum, "Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Reauthorization Legislation," July 12, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001800050017-0. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp81m00980r001800050017-0
|
||||
[^40]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the Review Staff, "Briefing of House Select Committee Staff re LEAA Relationships," November 14, 1975, CIA-RDP89B00552R000100110024-1. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp89b00552r000100110024-1
|
||||
[^41]: National Bureau of Standards, LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972, vol. II, Equipment and Supplies, NBS Special Publication 480-2 (June 1977), crowd control and helmet communications section. https://archive.org/details/leaapoliceequip00lawe
|
||||
[^42]: Third Annual Report of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Fiscal Year 1971, grant NI 71-023-G, Prison Adjustment Center, American Justice Institute, Sacramento, December 8, 1970 to February 15, 1971. https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED072215
|
||||
[^43]: Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, p. 36 (Massachusetts General Hospital) and appendix Items III.A.1 and III.A.2 (Ervin letter and LEAA letter of October 27, 1972). https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/142690NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^44]: Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, p. 18 (the Boston study and the Neuro-Research Foundation final report) and p. 35 (LEAA section).
|
||||
[^45]: Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, pp. 36-38 (Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence, project description of September 1, 1972, the Atascadero staff psychologist's memorandum, the West letter, and LEAA review procedures); appendix memorandum of the Committee Opposing Psychiatric Abuse of Prisoners, April 5, 1973.
|
||||
[^46]: Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, pp. 32-34 (Bureau of Prisons, Project START, and the Federal Center for Correctional Research at Butner), with the Project START operations memorandum of October 25, 1972 printed in the appendix.
|
||||
[^47]: Clonce v. Richardson, 379 F. Supp. 338 (W.D. Mo. July 31, 1974) (Oliver, J.). https://static.case.law/f-supp/379/cases/0338-01.json
|
||||
[^48]: Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, Pub. L. 96-157, sec. 2 (part A, sec. 101), 93 Stat. 1167, 1170 (December 27, 1979), and sec. 801 (Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics), 93 Stat. 1201. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-93/pdf/STATUTE-93-Pg1167.pdf
|
||||
[^49]: U.S. House of Representatives, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857, pp. 82-83, section on the March 13, 1985 meeting with D. Lowell Jensen.
|
||||
[^50]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report, H. Rept. 102-857 (September 10, 1992), p. 19, on the selection of C. Madison Brewer from the Executive Office for United States Attorneys. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
|
||||
[^51]: Justice Assistance Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-473, title II, ch. VI, sec. 603 (part A of title I, Office of Justice Programs), 98 Stat. 2078; sec. 609I (references to LEAA), 98 Stat. 1837 et seq. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-98/pdf/STATUTE-98-Pg1837.pdf
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,50 +22,50 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Ronald LeGrand]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "chief investigator"
|
||||
fn: 12
|
||||
fn: 15
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[Leonard Leo]]"
|
||||
start: 2023-07-11
|
||||
role: "sought information on his interactions with Supreme Court justices and records on his donor-group network; his counsel declined"
|
||||
fn: 31
|
||||
fn: 34
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Dick Durbin]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2023-01-03
|
||||
end: 2025-01-03
|
||||
role: "chairman"
|
||||
fn: 28
|
||||
fn: 31
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Dick Durbin]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2025-01-03
|
||||
role: "ranking member"
|
||||
fn: 33
|
||||
fn: 36
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[Chuck Grassley]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2025-01-03
|
||||
role: "chairman"
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
fn: 35
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Griffin Bell]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1977-01-11
|
||||
end: 1977-01-19
|
||||
role: "nominee for Attorney General, confirmation hearings"
|
||||
fn: 18
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[William Bradford Reynolds]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 1985-06-27
|
||||
role: "nominee for associate attorney general; committee vote against his nomination"
|
||||
fn: 19
|
||||
fn: 22
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Todd Blanche]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2026-07-15
|
||||
role: "nominee for Attorney General, confirmation hearing"
|
||||
fn: 23
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Frank Carlucci]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
|
|
@ -89,31 +89,31 @@ relations:
|
|||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2005-09-21
|
||||
role: "witness, Able Danger hearing"
|
||||
fn: 25
|
||||
fn: 28
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Mark Zaid]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2005-09-21
|
||||
role: "witness, Able Danger hearing"
|
||||
fn: 25
|
||||
fn: 28
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Christopher Wylie]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2018-05-16
|
||||
role: "witness, Cambridge Analytica hearing"
|
||||
fn: 27
|
||||
fn: 30
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Jason Citron]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2024-01-31
|
||||
role: "witness, online child sexual exploitation hearing"
|
||||
fn: 29
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Neil M. Barofsky]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
start: 2026-02-03
|
||||
role: "witness, Nazi-linked accounts hearing"
|
||||
fn: 32
|
||||
fn: 35
|
||||
- type: head_of
|
||||
with: "[[James Eastland]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
|
|
@ -147,65 +147,69 @@ On June 12, 1962, the subcommittee, with Eastland as chairman, [[Thomas J. Dodd]
|
|||
|
||||
In 1980 the committee held a hearing on S. 2216, the Intelligence Identities Protection Act. Deputy [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[Frank Carlucci]] testified that the problem "had its inception with faithless Government employees who went public with the names of CIA personnel, the most prominent of whom, of course, is [[Philip Agee|Phillip Agee]]." He added that the activity had since been "picked up by a number of people who are not former Government employees."[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Behavior Modification Inquiry, 1974, and LEAA Oversight, 1981
|
||||
|
||||
The Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, chaired by [[Sam J. Ervin]], examined federally funded behavior control research in 1974. Its staff print of November 1974, Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, records LEAA's inquiry into a proposed UCLA center for the study and reduction of violence, the agency's February 14, 1974 ban on funding for psychosurgery, medical research, chemotherapy and behavior modification, and an April 10, 1974 LEAA printout listing 537 behavior-related projects.[^11] LEAA's Administrator at the time, Donald E. Santarelli, had been special counsel to the same subcommittee from 1968 to 1969.[^12] On October 28, 1981 the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice held an oversight hearing on the Office of Justice Assistance, Research and Statistics, the office created in 1979 to coordinate the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]], the National Institute of Justice and the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The Justice Department's statement at that hearing recorded that LEAA had had no program funds after fiscal 1980.[^13]
|
||||
|
||||
### INSLAW
|
||||
|
||||
In mid-1979, when the FBI sought approval to buy a new front-end processor, the committee commissioned technical analyses from the [[OTA|Office of Technology Assessment]] and from [[INSLAW]].[^11] The Office of Technology Assessment report on a national criminal history system, issued in October 1982, was prepared at the request of the House and Senate Committees on the Judiciary. It records that in 1979 and 1980 Congress conditioned approval of the [[National Crime Information Center]] technology upgrade, including its front-end processor and mainframe computer, on a strict prohibition of message switching.[^11]
|
||||
In mid-1979, when the FBI sought approval to buy a new front-end processor, the committee commissioned technical analyses from the [[OTA|Office of Technology Assessment]] and from [[INSLAW]].[^14] The Office of Technology Assessment report on a national criminal history system, issued in October 1982, was prepared at the request of the House and Senate Committees on the Judiciary. It records that in 1979 and 1980 Congress conditioned approval of the [[National Crime Information Center]] technology upgrade, including its front-end processor and mainframe computer, on a strict prohibition of message switching.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
In late April 1988 [[Ronald LeGrand]], then the committee's chief investigator, telephoned [[Bill Hamilton]], president of INSLAW, and asked for a full briefing on the company's disputes with the department. Hamilton and his wife, [[Nancy Hamilton]], briefed him at the company's offices on the morning of May 11. Two days later LeGrand telephoned Hamilton with information that he said a trusted source had asked him to convey. LeGrand described the source as a senior career official in the department "with a title" whom he had known for 15 years.[^12]
|
||||
In late April 1988 [[Ronald LeGrand]], then the committee's chief investigator, telephoned [[Bill Hamilton]], president of INSLAW, and asked for a full briefing on the company's disputes with the department. Hamilton and his wife, [[Nancy Hamilton]], briefed him at the company's offices on the morning of May 11. Two days later LeGrand telephoned Hamilton with information that he said a trusted source had asked him to convey. LeGrand described the source as a senior career official in the department "with a title" whom he had known for 15 years.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
According to Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit, as quoted in the [[Nicholas J. Bua|Bua report]], the source said that "the INSLAW case was a lot dirtier for the Department of Justice than Watergate was, both in its breadth and in its depth," and that the "Justice Department has been compromised on the INSLAW case at every level." Hamilton's account of the message, as set out by [[Cheri Seymour]], begins with the words "What you think happened, did happen," and has the source describe the Criminal Division as the center of the effort to drive the company out of business.[^13]
|
||||
According to Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit, as quoted in the [[Nicholas J. Bua|Bua report]], the source said that "the INSLAW case was a lot dirtier for the Department of Justice than Watergate was, both in its breadth and in its depth," and that the "Justice Department has been compromised on the INSLAW case at every level." Hamilton's account of the message, as set out by [[Cheri Seymour]], begins with the words "What you think happened, did happen," and has the source describe the Criminal Division as the center of the effort to drive the company out of business.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
The affidavit, as quoted in the Bua report, names [[Lowell Jensen]], the Deputy Attorney General, as the official who engineered INSLAW's problems and who relied principally on [[Miles Matthews]], [[James Knapp]] and [[James Johnston]]. Matthews was quoted as saying, in the source's presence, that "Lowell [Jensen] wants to get INSLAW out of the way and give the business to friends." The source said that [[John Keeney]], [[Mark M. Richard|Mark Richard]] and [[Philip White]] knew "all about" Jensen's conduct and were "pretty upset," but would disclose what they knew only under subpoena and oath. The source believed that documents relating to [[Project Eagle]] were shredded inside the department.[^12]
|
||||
The affidavit, as quoted in the Bua report, names [[Lowell Jensen]], the Deputy Attorney General, as the official who engineered INSLAW's problems and who relied principally on [[Miles Matthews]], [[James Knapp]] and [[James Johnston]]. Matthews was quoted as saying, in the source's presence, that "Lowell [Jensen] wants to get INSLAW out of the way and give the business to friends." The source said that [[John Keeney]], [[Mark M. Richard|Mark Richard]] and [[Philip White]] knew "all about" Jensen's conduct and were "pretty upset," but would disclose what they knew only under subpoena and oath. The source believed that documents relating to [[Project Eagle]] were shredded inside the department.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
LeGrand, a former Drug Enforcement Administration agent, was asked by House Judiciary Committee investigators to identify the trusted source so that they could contact that person, and he declined. He said he would consider giving a sworn statement if the committee made a request to Chairwoman [[Cardiss Collins]] of the House Government Operations Subcommittee on Government Activities and Transportation, to which he had moved from the Senate committee; the committee's chairman wrote to Collins on July 20, 1990. Investigators then made numerous attempts to schedule the statement, LeGrand left the Washington area without informing the committee, and the committee wrote to him again on November 20, 1990. On February 14, 1991, he gave a sworn statement in which, in the House report's words, he provided "little corroboration" of the Hamiltons' allegations. He attributed the discrepancy to "the unintentional merging of comments from different persons" that the Hamiltons had credited to the trusted source, and said that he had gathered information from several individuals during his inquiry.[^14] Asked whether the source had said that the INSLAW case was "a lot dirtier" than Watergate "both in its breadth and in its depth," he answered that the source had said there was more to the matter than people were aware of and had made a comparison to Watergate, but that he did not recall those words. He again declined to name the source.[^14]
|
||||
LeGrand, a former Drug Enforcement Administration agent, was asked by House Judiciary Committee investigators to identify the trusted source so that they could contact that person, and he declined. He said he would consider giving a sworn statement if the committee made a request to Chairwoman [[Cardiss Collins]] of the House Government Operations Subcommittee on Government Activities and Transportation, to which he had moved from the Senate committee; the committee's chairman wrote to Collins on July 20, 1990. Investigators then made numerous attempts to schedule the statement, LeGrand left the Washington area without informing the committee, and the committee wrote to him again on November 20, 1990. On February 14, 1991, he gave a sworn statement in which, in the House report's words, he provided "little corroboration" of the Hamiltons' allegations. He attributed the discrepancy to "the unintentional merging of comments from different persons" that the Hamiltons had credited to the trusted source, and said that he had gathered information from several individuals during his inquiry.[^17] Asked whether the source had said that the INSLAW case was "a lot dirtier" than Watergate "both in its breadth and in its depth," he answered that the source had said there was more to the matter than people were aware of and had made a comparison to Watergate, but that he did not recall those words. He again declined to name the source.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
On October 11, 1988, [[Elliot Richardson]], counsel to INSLAW, had sent a memorandum summarizing LeGrand's statements to [[Robin Ross]], an assistant to Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]].[^15] Hamilton's December 22, 1989 affidavit states that LeGrand had confirmed what he told Hamilton on several occasions after May 1988.[^16] LeGrand told House investigators and Special Counsel Bua that, as far as he knew, none of the information from his source was obtained first-hand, and he confirmed to both that he believed the source had given him some of the information reflected in Hamilton's affidavit.[^16] When Bua's team contacted LeGrand, who no longer worked for the Senate, he said he would describe the source's information but would not disclose the source's identity.[^12]
|
||||
On October 11, 1988, [[Elliot Richardson]], counsel to INSLAW, had sent a memorandum summarizing LeGrand's statements to [[Robin Ross]], an assistant to Attorney General [[Richard Thornburgh]].[^18] Hamilton's December 22, 1989 affidavit states that LeGrand had confirmed what he told Hamilton on several occasions after May 1988.[^19] LeGrand told House investigators and Special Counsel Bua that, as far as he knew, none of the information from his source was obtained first-hand, and he confirmed to both that he believed the source had given him some of the information reflected in Hamilton's affidavit.[^19] When Bua's team contacted LeGrand, who no longer worked for the Senate, he said he would describe the source's information but would not disclose the source's identity.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
LeGrand later gave a different account. At the Department of Justice's request, he submitted an affidavit, filed as a declaration in INSLAW's bankruptcy case (Case No. 85-0070), refuting INSLAW's claim that he had conveyed "highly specific" allegations to the Hamiltons. He stated that he had told them of "general allegations, rumors," and of information heard from different sources about various persons in the department. The House report describes the affidavit's assertion that the source had no personal knowledge of the department's handling of the matter as "striking," coming after several years of LeGrand's statements to William Hamilton, to the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations and to the House committee. His sworn statement of February 14, 1991 to House investigators, his acknowledgment to House investigators and to Bua that the source had given him some of the information in Hamilton's affidavit, and the October 11, 1988 memorandum remain in the record beside the affidavit. The House report adds that Hamilton later alleged to the committee that Roger Pauley, a Justice Department official, was LeGrand's contact within the department.[^14]
|
||||
LeGrand later gave a different account. At the Department of Justice's request, he submitted an affidavit, filed as a declaration in INSLAW's bankruptcy case (Case No. 85-0070), refuting INSLAW's claim that he had conveyed "highly specific" allegations to the Hamiltons. He stated that he had told them of "general allegations, rumors," and of information heard from different sources about various persons in the department. The House report describes the affidavit's assertion that the source had no personal knowledge of the department's handling of the matter as "striking," coming after several years of LeGrand's statements to William Hamilton, to the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations and to the House committee. His sworn statement of February 14, 1991 to House investigators, his acknowledgment to House investigators and to Bua that the source had given him some of the information in Hamilton's affidavit, and the October 11, 1988 memorandum remain in the record beside the affidavit. The House report adds that Hamilton later alleged to the committee that Roger Pauley, a Justice Department official, was LeGrand's contact within the department.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
The source gave a further account on February 7, 1994, to the Justice Department review team that Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] ordered to examine Bua's report. The source had refused to be interviewed by Bua and by the House investigators; the review's report states that he agreed to be interviewed by the review team because of his respect for and confidence in Reno. The interview took place in a private dining room at a local club, with LeGrand and Morgan Frankel, Assistant Legal Counsel of the United States Senate, present. The source identified himself to the team, which stated that it verified that he is a long-time career employee of the department, and said that he had known LeGrand for about 20 years (Hamilton's affidavit gives 15). He told the team that he had no first-hand knowledge of any misconduct by anyone in relation to PROMIS or INSLAW and had heard no rumors he would consider credible; that the subject of INSLAW came up in a friendly conversation with LeGrand in 1987 or 1988; that he suggested LeGrand contact Miles Matthews because he did not particularly like or trust Matthews; and that he never mentioned Lowell Jensen, Mark Richard, Philip White, James Johnston or James Knapp to LeGrand. When the review team read him the passage from Hamilton's affidavit, he said that none of the statements or beliefs attributed to him were accurate, and that he had no reason to believe that documents relating to Project Eagle were improperly shredded.[^16] The review team wrote that it had concluded there was no credible evidence of a conspiracy involving Jensen or other senior department officials. In its own account Bua's report had recorded that Matthews, Knapp, Johnston, White, Keeney and Richard each denied knowledge of the wrongdoing described in Hamilton's affidavit.[^16] INSLAW's rebuttal to the Bua report had criticized the special counsel for not investigating the allegations attributed to the source.[^16]
|
||||
The source gave a further account on February 7, 1994, to the Justice Department review team that Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] ordered to examine Bua's report. The source had refused to be interviewed by Bua and by the House investigators; the review's report states that he agreed to be interviewed by the review team because of his respect for and confidence in Reno. The interview took place in a private dining room at a local club, with LeGrand and Morgan Frankel, Assistant Legal Counsel of the United States Senate, present. The source identified himself to the team, which stated that it verified that he is a long-time career employee of the department, and said that he had known LeGrand for about 20 years (Hamilton's affidavit gives 15). He told the team that he had no first-hand knowledge of any misconduct by anyone in relation to PROMIS or INSLAW and had heard no rumors he would consider credible; that the subject of INSLAW came up in a friendly conversation with LeGrand in 1987 or 1988; that he suggested LeGrand contact Miles Matthews because he did not particularly like or trust Matthews; and that he never mentioned Lowell Jensen, Mark Richard, Philip White, James Johnston or James Knapp to LeGrand. When the review team read him the passage from Hamilton's affidavit, he said that none of the statements or beliefs attributed to him were accurate, and that he had no reason to believe that documents relating to Project Eagle were improperly shredded.[^19] The review team wrote that it had concluded there was no credible evidence of a conspiracy involving Jensen or other senior department officials. In its own account Bua's report had recorded that Matthews, Knapp, Johnston, White, Keeney and Richard each denied knowledge of the wrongdoing described in Hamilton's affidavit.[^19] INSLAW's rebuttal to the Bua report had criticized the special counsel for not investigating the allegations attributed to the source.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
The Justice Department's 1994 review, which affirmed the special counsel's findings, concluded that there was "no credible evidence" that department officials conspired to steal the software developed by INSLAW, and recommended that the affair be closed. The same release reaffirmed police findings that the death of [[Danny Casolaro]], a free-lance journalist investigating the INSLAW matter, was a suicide.[^17]
|
||||
The Justice Department's 1994 review, which affirmed the special counsel's findings, concluded that there was "no credible evidence" that department officials conspired to steal the software developed by INSLAW, and recommended that the affair be closed. The same release reaffirmed police findings that the death of [[Danny Casolaro]], a free-lance journalist investigating the INSLAW matter, was a suicide.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
### Nominations
|
||||
|
||||
On January 11, 1977, the committee began hearings on the nomination of [[Griffin Bell]] as Attorney General. The hearings continued on January 12, 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19 under Chairman James Eastland. Eastland told Bell on the first day: "Judge, you have been an outstanding lawyer and an outstanding member of the judiciary. You are honest and honorable. I will vote to confirm you."[^18]
|
||||
On January 11, 1977, the committee began hearings on the nomination of [[Griffin Bell]] as Attorney General. The hearings continued on January 12, 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19 under Chairman James Eastland. Eastland told Bell on the first day: "Judge, you have been an outstanding lawyer and an outstanding member of the judiciary. You are honest and honorable. I will vote to confirm you."[^21]
|
||||
|
||||
On June 27, 1985, the committee voted 10 to 8 to reject President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s nomination of [[William Bradford Reynolds]] as associate attorney general and declined to send it to the Senate floor.[^19][^20][^21] The committee then had ten Republicans and eight Democrats.[^20] Before the vote, Senator [[Dennis DeConcini]] had told Reynolds, "It is an issue of whether you told the truth here."[^20] Reagan's statement that day said that some members of the committee had used the confirmation process "to conduct an ideological assault on so superbly qualified a candidate."[^19]
|
||||
On June 27, 1985, the committee voted 10 to 8 to reject President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s nomination of [[William Bradford Reynolds]] as associate attorney general and declined to send it to the Senate floor.[^22][^23][^24] The committee then had ten Republicans and eight Democrats.[^23] Before the vote, Senator [[Dennis DeConcini]] had told Reynolds, "It is an issue of whether you told the truth here."[^23] Reagan's statement that day said that some members of the committee had used the confirmation process "to conduct an ideological assault on so superbly qualified a candidate."[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
On September 27, 2018, under Chairman [[Chuck Grassley]], the committee continued its confirmation hearing on the nomination of [[Brett Kavanaugh]] to the Supreme Court with two witnesses, Kavanaugh and a woman who had alleged in a letter to the ranking member, Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]], that Kavanaugh sexually assaulted her at a party when both were in high school. Grassley said in his opening statement that none of six FBI background investigations of Kavanaugh since 1993 contained an issue of inappropriate sexual behavior. Kavanaugh testified: "I categorically and unequivocally deny the allegation against me."[^22]
|
||||
On September 27, 2018, under Chairman [[Chuck Grassley]], the committee continued its confirmation hearing on the nomination of [[Brett Kavanaugh]] to the Supreme Court with two witnesses, Kavanaugh and a woman who had alleged in a letter to the ranking member, Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]], that Kavanaugh sexually assaulted her at a party when both were in high school. Grassley said in his opening statement that none of six FBI background investigations of Kavanaugh since 1993 contained an issue of inappropriate sexual behavior. Kavanaugh testified: "I categorically and unequivocally deny the allegation against me."[^25]
|
||||
|
||||
On July 15, 2026, the committee questioned [[Todd Blanche]], then acting Attorney General and the president's nominee for the permanent post, at his confirmation hearing.[^23]
|
||||
On July 15, 2026, the committee questioned [[Todd Blanche]], then acting Attorney General and the president's nominee for the permanent post, at his confirmation hearing.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
### Joint Narcotics Hearings
|
||||
|
||||
The committee and the [[Caucus on International Narcotics Control]] held joint hearings on [[Jamaica]]'s proposed comprehensive international anti-narcotics plan and on drug policy in the Andean nations on November 6, 1989, and on January 18 and March 27, 1990. The record was published in 1991.[^24]
|
||||
The committee and the [[Caucus on International Narcotics Control]] held joint hearings on [[Jamaica]]'s proposed comprehensive international anti-narcotics plan and on drug policy in the Andean nations on November 6, 1989, and on January 18 and March 27, 1990. The record was published in 1991.[^27]
|
||||
|
||||
### Able Danger
|
||||
|
||||
On September 21, 2005, the committee, under Chairman [[Arlen Specter]], held a hearing titled "Able Danger and Intelligence Information Sharing" on a Defense Department counterterrorism data-analysis program.[^25] Representative [[Curt Weldon]] testified that Captain Philpott had "identified absolutely Mohammed Atta as a part of the Brooklyn cell" in January and February 2000. He said that [[Erik Kleinsmith]], a former Army major and chief of intelligence, would testify that he had been ordered to destroy all Able Danger material, 2.5 terabytes of it.[^25] The FBI, the Defense Department and Kleinsmith, then of [[Lockheed Martin]], also presented testimony. Attorney [[Mark Zaid]] told the committee that Able Danger never identified Atta in the United States, and that a chart listed Atta under "Brooklyn, New York," which prompted apprehension among Army lawyers and policy staff about compiling data on United States persons. He also said that most of his testimony was hearsay, because it rested on what he had been told by people associated with the program.[^25]
|
||||
On September 21, 2005, the committee, under Chairman [[Arlen Specter]], held a hearing titled "Able Danger and Intelligence Information Sharing" on a Defense Department counterterrorism data-analysis program.[^28] Representative [[Curt Weldon]] testified that Captain Philpott had "identified absolutely Mohammed Atta as a part of the Brooklyn cell" in January and February 2000. He said that [[Erik Kleinsmith]], a former Army major and chief of intelligence, would testify that he had been ordered to destroy all Able Danger material, 2.5 terabytes of it.[^28] The FBI, the Defense Department and Kleinsmith, then of [[Lockheed Martin]], also presented testimony. Attorney [[Mark Zaid]] told the committee that Able Danger never identified Atta in the United States, and that a chart listed Atta under "Brooklyn, New York," which prompted apprehension among Army lawyers and policy staff about compiling data on United States persons. He also said that most of his testimony was hearsay, because it rested on what he had been told by people associated with the program.[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
### Cambridge Analytica
|
||||
|
||||
On May 16, 2018, the committee held a hearing titled "Cambridge Analytica and the Future of Data Privacy."[^26] [[Christopher Wylie]], a former employee of [[Cambridge Analytica]], testified. His written statement said that the firm was created by [[SCL Group|SCL]] with funding from [[Robert Mercer]], and that [[Steve Bannon]] was installed as its vice president. It said Bannon "engaged SCL, a foreign military contractor, to build an arsenal of informational weapons he could deploy on the American population."[^27] The statement also said that after a request for information from executives of [[Lukoil]] in the spring of 2014, Cambridge Analytica discussed with Lukoil its experience with "foreign disinformation, rumour campaigns, microtargeting and its American data assets."[^27]
|
||||
On May 16, 2018, the committee held a hearing titled "Cambridge Analytica and the Future of Data Privacy."[^29] [[Christopher Wylie]], a former employee of [[Cambridge Analytica]], testified. His written statement said that the firm was created by [[SCL Group|SCL]] with funding from [[Robert Mercer]], and that [[Steve Bannon]] was installed as its vice president. It said Bannon "engaged SCL, a foreign military contractor, to build an arsenal of informational weapons he could deploy on the American population."[^30] The statement also said that after a request for information from executives of [[Lukoil]] in the spring of 2014, Cambridge Analytica discussed with Lukoil its experience with "foreign disinformation, rumour campaigns, microtargeting and its American data assets."[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### Child Safety
|
||||
|
||||
On November 20, 2023, Chairman [[Dick Durbin]] and Ranking Member [[Lindsey Graham]] announced subpoenas to the chief executives of [[Discord]], [[Snap Inc.]] and [[X Corp.]] to testify at a December 6 full committee hearing on online child sexual exploitation.[^28] The hearing was held on January 31, 2024, under the title "Big Tech and the Online Child Sexual Exploitation Crisis." [[Jason Citron]], chief executive and co-founder of Discord, testified.[^29]
|
||||
On November 20, 2023, Chairman [[Dick Durbin]] and Ranking Member [[Lindsey Graham]] announced subpoenas to the chief executives of [[Discord]], [[Snap Inc.]] and [[X Corp.]] to testify at a December 6 full committee hearing on online child sexual exploitation.[^31] The hearing was held on January 31, 2024, under the title "Big Tech and the Online Child Sexual Exploitation Crisis." [[Jason Citron]], chief executive and co-founder of Discord, testified.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
### Leonard Leo
|
||||
|
||||
Under Chairman Durbin the committee sought the records and testimony of [[Leonard Leo]] on his network of conservative donor groups.[^30] On July 11, 2023, Durbin and [[Sheldon Whitehouse]], chair of the Federal Courts subcommittee, wrote to Leo requesting information about his interactions with Supreme Court justices.[^31] Leo's counsel, [[David B. Rivkin Jr.]] of [[Baker & Hostetler]], replied on July 25, 2023, that the inquiry exceeded the constitutional limits on the committee's investigative authority and infringed Leo's First Amendment rights. The letter argued that the inquiry was motivated by hostility to Leo's views and quoted Whitehouse's description of Leo as "the little spider that you find at the center of the dark money web." It also said that the committee's ethics bill, S. 359, which the committee ordered reported on July 20, 2023, raised separation-of-powers objections. The letter declined to provide the requested information and closed: "We will not be part of that journey."[^31]
|
||||
Under Chairman Durbin the committee sought the records and testimony of [[Leonard Leo]] on his network of conservative donor groups.[^33] On July 11, 2023, Durbin and [[Sheldon Whitehouse]], chair of the Federal Courts subcommittee, wrote to Leo requesting information about his interactions with Supreme Court justices.[^34] Leo's counsel, [[David B. Rivkin Jr.]] of [[Baker & Hostetler]], replied on July 25, 2023, that the inquiry exceeded the constitutional limits on the committee's investigative authority and infringed Leo's First Amendment rights. The letter argued that the inquiry was motivated by hostility to Leo's views and quoted Whitehouse's description of Leo as "the little spider that you find at the center of the dark money web." It also said that the committee's ethics bill, S. 359, which the committee ordered reported on July 20, 2023, raised separation-of-powers objections. The letter declined to provide the requested information and closed: "We will not be part of that journey."[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
### Credit Suisse
|
||||
|
||||
On February 3, 2026, the committee held a hearing titled "The Truth Revealed: Hidden Facts Regarding Nazis and Swiss Banks." The hearing's chairman was Grassley and its ranking member was Durbin. [[Neil M. Barofsky]], the independent ombudsperson overseeing [[Credit Suisse]], testified that the bank had maintained previously unreported, and in one instance underreported, wartime account relationships with several instrumentalities of the Nazi government. These included the [[German Foreign Office]], which held at least four accounts at Credit Suisse under a pseudonym. He said that to date the investigation had determined that 628 individuals and 262 legal entities within its scope had account relationships with the bank, and he described a wartime account held by [[Leo Volk]], a senior SS officer and convicted war criminal, who used it to hold hundreds of thousands of Swiss francs. Barofsky described the bank as providing banking services, and premises, to an Argentine ratline, a smuggling operation organized by the Argentine government from an office in Bern called the "Argentine Immigration Office." He told the committee that [[UBS]] had begun a privilege review that withheld materials from his team, and that he expected the investigation to be completed within six months, with a final report to follow a few months after that.[^32]
|
||||
On February 3, 2026, the committee held a hearing titled "The Truth Revealed: Hidden Facts Regarding Nazis and Swiss Banks." The hearing's chairman was Grassley and its ranking member was Durbin. [[Neil M. Barofsky]], the independent ombudsperson overseeing [[Credit Suisse]], testified that the bank had maintained previously unreported, and in one instance underreported, wartime account relationships with several instrumentalities of the Nazi government. These included the [[German Foreign Office]], which held at least four accounts at Credit Suisse under a pseudonym. He said that to date the investigation had determined that 628 individuals and 262 legal entities within its scope had account relationships with the bank, and he described a wartime account held by [[Leo Volk]], a senior SS officer and convicted war criminal, who used it to hold hundreds of thousands of Swiss francs. Barofsky described the bank as providing banking services, and premises, to an Argentine ratline, a smuggling operation organized by the Argentine government from an office in Bern called the "Argentine Immigration Office." He told the committee that [[UBS]] had begun a privilege review that withheld materials from his team, and that he expected the investigation to be completed within six months, with a final report to follow a few months after that.[^35]
|
||||
|
||||
### Epstein Files Oversight
|
||||
|
||||
On July 7, 2025, the Justice Department and the FBI released an unsigned memorandum on what it called an "exhaustive review of investigative holdings relating to Jeffrey Epstein." Its findings included that the review "revealed no incriminating 'client list.'" On July 18, Durbin, the committee's ranking member, wrote to [[Pam Bondi]] that the finding contradicted public statements she had made in February 2025. He wrote that, according to information his office had received, she had pressured the FBI to assign about 1,000 personnel in its Information Management Division to review roughly 100,000 Epstein-related records on 24-hour shifts. He wrote that his office had been told that personnel were instructed to "flag" any records in which President Trump was mentioned.[^33] The same day he wrote to [[Kash Patel]], the FBI director, with the same question about the flagging and about why the memorandum was unsigned.[^34]
|
||||
On July 7, 2025, the Justice Department and the FBI released an unsigned memorandum on what it called an "exhaustive review of investigative holdings relating to Jeffrey Epstein." Its findings included that the review "revealed no incriminating 'client list.'" On July 18, Durbin, the committee's ranking member, wrote to [[Pam Bondi]] that the finding contradicted public statements she had made in February 2025. He wrote that, according to information his office had received, she had pressured the FBI to assign about 1,000 personnel in its Information Management Division to review roughly 100,000 Epstein-related records on 24-hour shifts. He wrote that his office had been told that personnel were instructed to "flag" any records in which President Trump was mentioned.[^36] The same day he wrote to [[Kash Patel]], the FBI director, with the same question about the flagging and about why the memorandum was unsigned.[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]], enacted on November 19, 2025 as Public Law 119-38, required the attorney general, within fifteen days of completing the release of Epstein-related records, to report to the House and Senate Judiciary Committees the categories of records released and withheld, a summary of redactions and their legal basis, and a list of government officials and politically exposed persons named in the released material, with no redactions permitted on that list.[^35] On February 14, 2026, Pam Bondi and Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche sent the Section 3 report on Department of Justice letterhead to Chairman Grassley, Ranking Member Durbin and the chairman and ranking member of the House Judiciary Committee ([[Jim Jordan]] and [[Jamie Raskin]]). The letter stated that the department had released all records relating to nine categories, among them flight logs, communications about decisions to charge or not charge Epstein and his associates, communications concerning the destruction or concealment of records, and documentation of Epstein's detention and death. It stated that information covered by deliberative-process, work-product and attorney-client privileges was redacted in a limited amount, and that no material was redacted or withheld on the basis that it was properly classified in the interest of national defense or foreign policy. It stated that "politically exposed persons" was not defined in the Act and that reviewers were told to note all government officials and politically exposed persons named or referenced in any document, video or image. The list that follows, in alphabetical order, runs to several hundred names of persons whose names appear in the released files "at least once," among them Steve Bannon, [[Ehud Barak]], [[Julian Assange]], [[William Barr]] and [[Donald Trump]]. The letter states that some of those listed had extensive direct email contact with Epstein or [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], while others are mentioned only in a portion of a document, including press reporting, that on its face is unrelated to the Epstein and Maxwell matters.[^36]
|
||||
The [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]], enacted on November 19, 2025 as Public Law 119-38, required the attorney general, within fifteen days of completing the release of Epstein-related records, to report to the House and Senate Judiciary Committees the categories of records released and withheld, a summary of redactions and their legal basis, and a list of government officials and politically exposed persons named in the released material, with no redactions permitted on that list.[^38] On February 14, 2026, Pam Bondi and Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche sent the Section 3 report on Department of Justice letterhead to Chairman Grassley, Ranking Member Durbin and the chairman and ranking member of the House Judiciary Committee ([[Jim Jordan]] and [[Jamie Raskin]]). The letter stated that the department had released all records relating to nine categories, among them flight logs, communications about decisions to charge or not charge Epstein and his associates, communications concerning the destruction or concealment of records, and documentation of Epstein's detention and death. It stated that information covered by deliberative-process, work-product and attorney-client privileges was redacted in a limited amount, and that no material was redacted or withheld on the basis that it was properly classified in the interest of national defense or foreign policy. It stated that "politically exposed persons" was not defined in the Act and that reviewers were told to note all government officials and politically exposed persons named or referenced in any document, video or image. The list that follows, in alphabetical order, runs to several hundred names of persons whose names appear in the released files "at least once," among them Steve Bannon, [[Ehud Barak]], [[Julian Assange]], [[William Barr]] and [[Donald Trump]]. The letter states that some of those listed had extensive direct email contact with Epstein or [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], while others are mentioned only in a portion of a document, including press reporting, that on its face is unrelated to the Epstein and Maxwell matters.[^39]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -219,29 +223,32 @@ The [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]], enacted on November 19, 2025 as Public L
|
|||
[^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Legislative Counsel, memorandum for the record, "Telephone Call From Mr. J. Sourwine, Chief Counsel, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee," January 21, 1972, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP74B00415R000200140126-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp74b00415r000200140126-2
|
||||
[^9]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, *State Department Security: The New Passport Regulations*, hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, 87th Congress, Part 3, May 16, June 7, 12 and 19, 1962 (GPO, 1962), testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld, June 12, 1962 (index p. 329; the passage quoted is at p. 331 as excerpted in CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3). CIA reading room copy of the volume: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp66b00403r000500120001-1 ; extract: https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
|
||||
[^10]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, *Intelligence Identities Protection Act, S. 2216*, hearing, Serial No. 96-86 (1980), testimony of Frank C. Carlucci. CIA reading room document CIA-RDP85-00003R000200080003-5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85-00003r000200080003-5
|
||||
[^11]: Office of Technology Assessment, *An Assessment of Alternatives for a National Computerized Criminal History System* (Washington, October 1982), prepared at the request of the House and Senate Committees on the Judiciary; on congressional conditions on the NCIC technology upgrade in 1979 and 1980, see the report's discussion of message switching. https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/86624NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.*, March 1993, section 10, "Ronald LeGrand," pp. 113-114, quoting William Hamilton's affidavit of December 1989. Copy: https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^13]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^14]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (1992), section 7, "Ronald LeGrand Denies INSLAW's Assertions," pp. 62-64 (including the footnote on Hamilton's allegation concerning Roger Pauley and the citation of LeGrand's declaration in Bankruptcy Case No. 85-0070). https://archive.org/stream/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport/TheInslawAffair_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^15]: Bua report, section 10, p. 113, quoting Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit on the October 11, 1988 memorandum from Elliot Richardson to Robin Ross.
|
||||
[^16]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.*, September 27, 1994, section IV.B.1, "Ronald LeGrand's Confidential Source," pp. 22-28, quoting Hamilton's affidavit of December 22, 1989 and citing Bua Report 113-120 and INSLAW Rebuttal 44-46; bound with the Bua report at https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, "New Report Finds No Credible Basis for INSLAW Case, Recommends Matter Be Closed," September 27, 1994. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/Pre_96/September94/555.txt.html
|
||||
[^18]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, *Griffin B. Bell: Hearings on the prospective nomination of Griffin B. Bell, of Georgia, to be Attorney General*, 95th Congress, 1st session, January 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19, 1977 (GPO, 1977), opening day statement of Chairman Eastland. https://archive.org/details/griffinbbellhear00unit
|
||||
[^19]: Ronald Reagan, "Statement on Senate Action on the Nomination of William Bradford Reynolds To Be Associate Attorney General," June 27, 1985. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/259520
|
||||
[^20]: "Senate confirmation for senior Justice Department official is in jeopardy," *Christian Science Monitor*, June 20, 1985. https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0620/arey.html
|
||||
[^21]: "Assistant Attorney General William Bradford Reynolds says a Senate...," *United Press International*, August 28, 1985 ("The Senate Judiciary Committee, on a 10-8 vote, rejected Reynold's nomination"). https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/08/28/Assistant-Attorney-General-William-Bradford-Reynolds-says-a-Senate/8603494049600/ ; see also the Reagan statement of June 27, 1985.
|
||||
[^22]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, *Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of Hon. Brett M. Kavanaugh to Be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States*, S. Hrg. 115-545, Parts 1-2 (hearings of September 4-7 and September 27, 2018), continuation of the hearing, Thursday, September 27, 2018: opening statement of Chairman Grassley and testimony of Judge Kavanaugh. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115shrg32765/html/CHRG-115shrg32765.htm
|
||||
[^23]: National Public Radio, "Todd Blanche's high-stakes confirmation hearing for attorney general is underway," July 15, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/07/15/nx-s1-5894750/todd-blanches-high-stakes-confirmation-hearing-for-attorney-general-is-underway
|
||||
[^24]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary and Caucus on International Narcotics Control, joint hearings on Jamaica's proposed comprehensive international anti-narcotics plan and on drug policy in the Andean nations, November 6, 1989, and January 18 and March 27, 1990, S. Hrg. 101-1228 (Government Printing Office, 1991). Catalog record: https://search.law.villanova.edu/Record/88328
|
||||
[^25]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, *Able Danger and Intelligence Information Sharing*, hearing, September 21, 2005, S. Hrg. 109-311, Serial No. J-109-39, testimony of Representative Curt Weldon (p. 5 and following), Gary M. Bald, William Dugan, Erik Kleinsmith, and Mark S. Zaid (pp. 21-22). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-109shrg25409/pdf/CHRG-109shrg25409.pdf
|
||||
[^26]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, hearing "Cambridge Analytica and the Future of Data Privacy," May 16, 2018. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings/cambridge-analytica-and-the-future-of-data-privacy
|
||||
[^27]: Christopher Wylie, written statement, "In the Matter of Cambridge Analytica and Other Related Issues," Senate Committee on the Judiciary, May 16, 2018, paragraphs 8, 9 and 32. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/06/03/2026/05-16-18-wylie-testimony
|
||||
[^28]: Senate Committee on the Judiciary, press release, "Durbin, Graham Announce Subpoenas to Big Tech CEOs to Testify About Their Failure to Protect Children Online," November 20, 2023. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/press/releases/durbin-graham-announce-subpoenas-to-big-tech-ceos-to-testify-about-their-failure-to-protect-children-online
|
||||
[^29]: Jason Citron, testimony, "Big Tech and the Online Child Sexual Exploitation Crisis," hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 31, 2024. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/2024-01-31-testimony-citron
|
||||
[^30]: "Inside the 'Private and Confidential' Conservative Group That Promises to 'Crush Liberal Dominance,'" *ProPublica*, March 15, 2023.
|
||||
[^31]: David B. Rivkin Jr., Baker & Hostetler, letter to Senators Richard J. Durbin and Sheldon Whitehouse, July 25, 2023, responding to the committee's letter of July 11, 2023. https://levin-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023-7-25-Leo-counsels-ltr-to-Senate-Judiciary-declining-to-produce-requested-information.pdf
|
||||
[^32]: Testimony of Neil M. Barofsky, Independent Ombudsperson for Credit Suisse AG, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, "The Truth Revealed: Hidden Facts Regarding Nazis and Swiss Banks," February 3, 2026. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/95317009-9c96-3e8f-f63d-04b7f29ef02f/2026-02-03_Testimony_Barofsky.pdf
|
||||
[^33]: Senator Richard J. Durbin, Ranking Member, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, letter to Attorney General Pam Bondi, July 18, 2025. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/2025-07-18-rjd-letter-to-ag-bondi-re-epstein?download=1
|
||||
[^34]: Senator Richard J. Durbin, Ranking Member, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, letter to FBI Director Kash Patel, July 18, 2025. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/2025-07-18-rjd-letter-to-fbi-director-patel-re-epstein?download=1
|
||||
[^35]: Epstein Files Transparency Act, Public Law 119-38, 139 Stat. 656, sections 2 and 3, approved November 19, 2025. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-119publ38/pdf/PLAW-119publ38.pdf
|
||||
[^36]: Pamela J. Bondi, Attorney General, and Todd Blanche, Deputy Attorney General, letter to the chairmen and ranking members of the Senate and House Committees on the Judiciary, "Epstein Files Transparency Act: Section 3 Report to Congress," February 14, 2026, pp. 1-6. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1434856/dl ; coverage: "Justice Department lists hundreds of prominent people named in Epstein files in letter to Congress," *CNN*, February 15, 2026. https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/15/politics/doj-epstein-files-prominent-people
|
||||
[^11]: Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification (Washington: GPO, November 1974), pp. 35-40. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/142690NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: The American Presidency Project, nomination of Donald Eugene Santarelli to the Board of Directors of the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation, June 5, 1981. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/nomination-donald-eugene-santarelli-be-member-the-board-directors-the-united-states
|
||||
[^13]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, Oversight of the Office of Justice Assistance, Research and Statistics, hearing of October 28, 1981, Serial No. J-97-74 (1982). https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152817_0256
|
||||
[^14]: Office of Technology Assessment, *An Assessment of Alternatives for a National Computerized Criminal History System* (Washington, October 1982), prepared at the request of the House and Senate Committees on the Judiciary; on congressional conditions on the NCIC technology upgrade in 1979 and 1980, see the report's discussion of message switching. https://ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/86624NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.*, March 1993, section 10, "Ronald LeGrand," pp. 113-114, quoting William Hamilton's affidavit of December 1989. Copy: https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^16]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
|
||||
[^17]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857 (1992), section 7, "Ronald LeGrand Denies INSLAW's Assertions," pp. 62-64 (including the footnote on Hamilton's allegation concerning Roger Pauley and the citation of LeGrand's declaration in Bankruptcy Case No. 85-0070). https://archive.org/stream/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport/TheInslawAffair_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^18]: Bua report, section 10, p. 113, quoting Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit on the October 11, 1988 memorandum from Elliot Richardson to Robin Ross.
|
||||
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report on the Review of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua's Report on the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc.*, September 27, 1994, section IV.B.1, "Ronald LeGrand's Confidential Source," pp. 22-28, quoting Hamilton's affidavit of December 22, 1989 and citing Bua Report 113-120 and INSLAW Rebuttal 44-46; bound with the Bua report at https://archive.org/stream/InslawPROMISBuaReport/Inslaw%3APROMIS%20Bua%20Report_djvu.txt
|
||||
[^20]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, "New Report Finds No Credible Basis for INSLAW Case, Recommends Matter Be Closed," September 27, 1994. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/Pre_96/September94/555.txt.html
|
||||
[^21]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, *Griffin B. Bell: Hearings on the prospective nomination of Griffin B. Bell, of Georgia, to be Attorney General*, 95th Congress, 1st session, January 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19, 1977 (GPO, 1977), opening day statement of Chairman Eastland. https://archive.org/details/griffinbbellhear00unit
|
||||
[^22]: Ronald Reagan, "Statement on Senate Action on the Nomination of William Bradford Reynolds To Be Associate Attorney General," June 27, 1985. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/259520
|
||||
[^23]: "Senate confirmation for senior Justice Department official is in jeopardy," *Christian Science Monitor*, June 20, 1985. https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0620/arey.html
|
||||
[^24]: "Assistant Attorney General William Bradford Reynolds says a Senate...," *United Press International*, August 28, 1985 ("The Senate Judiciary Committee, on a 10-8 vote, rejected Reynold's nomination"). https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/08/28/Assistant-Attorney-General-William-Bradford-Reynolds-says-a-Senate/8603494049600/ ; see also the Reagan statement of June 27, 1985.
|
||||
[^25]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, *Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of Hon. Brett M. Kavanaugh to Be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States*, S. Hrg. 115-545, Parts 1-2 (hearings of September 4-7 and September 27, 2018), continuation of the hearing, Thursday, September 27, 2018: opening statement of Chairman Grassley and testimony of Judge Kavanaugh. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115shrg32765/html/CHRG-115shrg32765.htm
|
||||
[^26]: National Public Radio, "Todd Blanche's high-stakes confirmation hearing for attorney general is underway," July 15, 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/07/15/nx-s1-5894750/todd-blanches-high-stakes-confirmation-hearing-for-attorney-general-is-underway
|
||||
[^27]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary and Caucus on International Narcotics Control, joint hearings on Jamaica's proposed comprehensive international anti-narcotics plan and on drug policy in the Andean nations, November 6, 1989, and January 18 and March 27, 1990, S. Hrg. 101-1228 (Government Printing Office, 1991). Catalog record: https://search.law.villanova.edu/Record/88328
|
||||
[^28]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, *Able Danger and Intelligence Information Sharing*, hearing, September 21, 2005, S. Hrg. 109-311, Serial No. J-109-39, testimony of Representative Curt Weldon (p. 5 and following), Gary M. Bald, William Dugan, Erik Kleinsmith, and Mark S. Zaid (pp. 21-22). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-109shrg25409/pdf/CHRG-109shrg25409.pdf
|
||||
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, hearing "Cambridge Analytica and the Future of Data Privacy," May 16, 2018. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings/cambridge-analytica-and-the-future-of-data-privacy
|
||||
[^30]: Christopher Wylie, written statement, "In the Matter of Cambridge Analytica and Other Related Issues," Senate Committee on the Judiciary, May 16, 2018, paragraphs 8, 9 and 32. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/06/03/2026/05-16-18-wylie-testimony
|
||||
[^31]: Senate Committee on the Judiciary, press release, "Durbin, Graham Announce Subpoenas to Big Tech CEOs to Testify About Their Failure to Protect Children Online," November 20, 2023. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/press/releases/durbin-graham-announce-subpoenas-to-big-tech-ceos-to-testify-about-their-failure-to-protect-children-online
|
||||
[^32]: Jason Citron, testimony, "Big Tech and the Online Child Sexual Exploitation Crisis," hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 31, 2024. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/2024-01-31-testimony-citron
|
||||
[^33]: "Inside the 'Private and Confidential' Conservative Group That Promises to 'Crush Liberal Dominance,'" *ProPublica*, March 15, 2023.
|
||||
[^34]: David B. Rivkin Jr., Baker & Hostetler, letter to Senators Richard J. Durbin and Sheldon Whitehouse, July 25, 2023, responding to the committee's letter of July 11, 2023. https://levin-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023-7-25-Leo-counsels-ltr-to-Senate-Judiciary-declining-to-produce-requested-information.pdf
|
||||
[^35]: Testimony of Neil M. Barofsky, Independent Ombudsperson for Credit Suisse AG, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, "The Truth Revealed: Hidden Facts Regarding Nazis and Swiss Banks," February 3, 2026. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/95317009-9c96-3e8f-f63d-04b7f29ef02f/2026-02-03_Testimony_Barofsky.pdf
|
||||
[^36]: Senator Richard J. Durbin, Ranking Member, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, letter to Attorney General Pam Bondi, July 18, 2025. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/2025-07-18-rjd-letter-to-ag-bondi-re-epstein?download=1
|
||||
[^37]: Senator Richard J. Durbin, Ranking Member, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, letter to FBI Director Kash Patel, July 18, 2025. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/2025-07-18-rjd-letter-to-fbi-director-patel-re-epstein?download=1
|
||||
[^38]: Epstein Files Transparency Act, Public Law 119-38, 139 Stat. 656, sections 2 and 3, approved November 19, 2025. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-119publ38/pdf/PLAW-119publ38.pdf
|
||||
[^39]: Pamela J. Bondi, Attorney General, and Todd Blanche, Deputy Attorney General, letter to the chairmen and ranking members of the Senate and House Committees on the Judiciary, "Epstein Files Transparency Act: Section 3 Report to Congress," February 14, 2026, pp. 1-6. https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1434856/dl ; coverage: "Justice Department lists hundreds of prominent people named in Epstein files in letter to Congress," *CNN*, February 15, 2026. https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/15/politics/doj-epstein-files-prominent-people
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -191,7 +191,9 @@ On July 7, 1978, Grenada's Deputy Permanent Representative asked for the inclusi
|
|||
|
||||
On November 27, 1978, Gairy introduced to the Special Political Committee draft resolution A/SPC/33/L.20, which would have recommended that the United Nations, in consultation with the appropriate specialized agencies, "initiate, conduct and co-ordinate research into the nature and origin of unidentified flying objects," asked the Secretary-General to invite Member States, specialized agencies and non-governmental organizations to submit information and proposals by May 31, 1979, and provided for a group of experts to meet during the sessions of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. After consultations the Committee agreed by consensus on a draft decision, and Grenada did not press the draft resolution to a vote.[^89] The decision, adopted by consensus by the General Assembly on December 18, 1978 as decision 33/426, took note of Grenada's statements and draft resolutions, invited interested Member States to co-ordinate at the national level scientific research and investigation into extraterrestrial life, including unidentified flying objects, requested the Secretary-General to transmit the Grenada statements and documentation to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for its 1979 session, and provided that the Committee would permit Grenada, at its request, to present its views.[^91]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1994, [[Laurance Rockefeller]] wrote to the White House science adviser, [[John H. Gibbons]], that preliminary talks had been held about a United Nations conference on extraterrestrial intelligence.[^92]
|
||||
The committee's summary record of the 35th meeting, on November 27, 1978, lists Gairy, Grenada's Minister of Education Wellington Friday, and Hynek (designated as speaking for Grenada), followed by [[Jacques Vallee]], whose entry carries no delegation designation, and by Lt. Col. Coyne on an October 18, 1973 helicopter encounter over Ohio. Gairy told the committee that several scientists formed part of Grenada's delegation and that Grenada had invited scientists who had taken part in the First International Congress on the UFO Phenomenon (Acapulco, April 1977) to make statements. Hynek said UFO reports had been assembled from 133 countries. Vallee said the phenomenon had a physical, a psycho-physiological and a social-belief aspect and that he had studied reports from France and the United States for over 15 years.[^92] The committee approved the four-paragraph text of the decision by consensus at its 47th meeting on December 8, 1978.[^93]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1994, [[Laurance Rockefeller]] wrote to the White House science adviser, [[John H. Gibbons]], that preliminary talks had been held about a United Nations conference on extraterrestrial intelligence.[^94]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -286,4 +288,6 @@ In 1994, [[Laurance Rockefeller]] wrote to the White House science adviser, [[Jo
|
|||
[^89]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, document A/33/512, "Establishment of an agency or a department of the United Nations for undertaking, co-ordinating and disseminating the results of research into unidentified flying objects and related phenomena: Report of the Special Political Committee," December 16, 1978, paragraphs 1 to 9. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F33%2F512&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^90]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, plenary meeting record A/33/PV.32, October 12, 1978, statement of Sir Eric Gairy, paragraphs 225 to 236. Verbatim record: https://un-project.org/debate/33/3504/
|
||||
[^91]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, 87th plenary meeting, December 18, 1978, record A/33/PV.87, report of the Special Political Committee on agenda item 126 (A/33/512), decision 33/426. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2F33%2FPV.87&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^92]: Melvin R. Laird to Laurance Rockefeller, May 9, 1994, and Rockefeller to John H. Gibbons, June 1, 1994, attached to http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/RID-6-13-94.htm
|
||||
[^92]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, Special Political Committee, summary record of the 35th meeting, November 27, 1978, A/SPC/33/SR.35, paras. 1-22. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2FSPC%2F33%2FSR.35&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^93]: United Nations General Assembly, 33rd session, document A/33/512, December 16, 1978, para. 9; Special Political Committee, 47th meeting, December 8, 1978, A/SPC/33/SR.47, para. 7. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/660888
|
||||
[^94]: Melvin R. Laird to Laurance Rockefeller, May 9, 1994, and Rockefeller to John H. Gibbons, June 1, 1994, attached to http://www.paradigmresearchgroup.org/Rockefeller%20Documents/RID-6-13-94.htm
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Manuel Noriega]]"
|
||||
role: "laundered 20.5 million dollars of his funds, 1988"
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
updated: 2026-09-23
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
Capcom was a commodities futures firm based in [[London]] and [[Chicago]] that operated from 1984 to 1988, created by [[Syed Ziauddin Ali Akbar|Ziauddin Akbar]], the head of the treasury of the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]], and owned largely by BCCI's Saudi shareholders.[^1][^2] The [[BCCI Kerry-Brown Senate Report|Kerry-Brown Senate Report]] said that "in the entire BCCI affair, perhaps no entity is more mysterious and yet more central to BCCI's collapse and criminality than Capcom," and it moved "billions of dollars" through the futures markets "in a largely anonymous fashion."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ The Senate report called Capcom's handling of the money of General [[Manuel Nori
|
|||
|
||||
Citing a [[Peat Marwick]] report, the Senate report linked Capcom to Shakarchi Trading of Zurich, the gold dealer of Mohammed Shakarchi, to which it made a payment of 150,000 dollars on the instruction of Ahmed Tawfik in February 1988; Swiss and American investigators later linked Shakarchi to the brothers Jean and Barkev Magharian, who admitted that part of the 2 billion Swiss francs they moved between 1985 and 1988 came from drug transactions. About 44 percent of Capcom's American clients were West German accounts; the most important, Ambros Holdings, a Panama-registered company with offices in Germany and [[Liechtenstein]] whose president, Richard Sax, traded under the name "Richard Wagner," accounted for half to seventy percent of Capcom Futures' commissions in September and October 1988, and went bankrupt in 1991.[^2] The subcommittee said it had been unable to determine why Capcom was created, listing "misappropriation of BCCI assets for personal enrichment," laundering money from the Middle East, and siphoning assets out of BCCI as possibilities.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The report describes [[Ian Glendinning Watt]] as a chartered accountant of Peat Marwick McLintock who was appointed to investigate Capcom's trading. The subcommittee wrote that Watt characterized the profits of the Capital Fund as "artificial" (Watt affidavit at 25). In his affidavit of January 20, 1989 he found the explanations of Capcom's managing director, [[S. M. Akbar]], "unsatisfactory" (at 44) and "most curious" (at 46). The report's notes cite a Peat Marwick McLintock audit of Capcom prepared for the [[Chicago Board of Trade]] and dated May 4, 1989.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Beaty, Jonathan and Gwynne, S. C. *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI*. New York: Random House, 1993, p. 12.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ The product list includes demolition charges, Bangalore torpedo charges, hand gr
|
|||
|
||||
### Miami arrest, 1983
|
||||
|
||||
[[Kenneth R. Timmerman]] wrote that on August 2, 1983, [[U.S. Customs]] officers arrested Cardoen in Miami over night-vision goggles bound for Chile, and that the case ended in a plea bargain with a fine of 100,000 dollars on his company.[^3] Timmerman quoted Thomas L. Flannery, who investigated [[James Guerin]] for the Lancaster Intelligencer Journal, as saying that by the time fuzes for cluster bombs made by [[International Signal and Control]] were shipped to Iraq in 1984, Guerin and Cardoen were old friends who had made a sweeping agreement "to split the world cluster bomb market in two," with Cardoen taking Latin America and "special" countries such as Iraq and Guerin the rest of the Gulf, Pakistan and South Africa.[^4] A declaration signed by [[Howard Teicher]], a former [[National Security Council]] staff member, on January 31, 1995 dated the arrest to 1983 in Miami in a sting operation concerning the smuggling of night-vision goggles to Cuba and Libya and stated that the highest levels of the U.S. government, including the NSC staff and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], were well aware of it.[^5] In a corrective declaration of October 3, 1996 Teicher wrote that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect."[^6]
|
||||
[[Kenneth R. Timmerman]] wrote that on August 2, 1983, [[U.S. Customs]] officers arrested Cardoen in Miami over night-vision goggles bound for Chile, and that the case ended in a plea bargain with a fine of 100,000 dollars on his company.[^3] Timmerman quoted Thomas L. Flannery, who investigated [[James Guerin]] for the Lancaster Intelligencer Journal, as saying that by the time fuzes for cluster bombs made by [[International Signal and Control]] were shipped to Iraq in 1984, Guerin and Cardoen were old friends who had made a sweeping agreement "to split the world cluster bomb market in two," with Cardoen taking Latin America and "special" countries such as Iraq and Guerin the rest of the Gulf, Pakistan and South Africa.[^4] A declaration signed by [[Howard Teicher]], a former [[National Security Council]] staff member, on January 31, 1995 dated the arrest to 1983 in Miami in a sting operation concerning the smuggling of night-vision goggles to Cuba and Libya and stated that the highest levels of the U.S. government, including the NSC staff and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], were well aware of it.[^5] In a corrective declaration of October 31, 1996 Teicher wrote that, although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Iraqi sales and the Israeli approach
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ The district court found no evidence supporting the theory that the CIA had secr
|
|||
|
||||
On January 31, 1995, Howard Teicher signed a declaration under penalty of perjury in case No. 93-241-CR, captioned for Judge Highsmith. It states that he was on the NSC staff from 1982 to 1987, that "the CIA authorized, approved and assisted Cardoen in the manufacture and sale of cluster bombs," and that CIA Director Casey directed the secretaries of State and Commerce on the necessary licenses. The declaration opens by stating that nothing in it is classified. [[Robert Parry]] reported that Teicher named Casey and his deputy Gates as having "authorized, approved and assisted" the delivery of cluster bombs to Iraq, that the defense attorney [[Gerald Houlihan]] angered prosecutors by publicly filing it, that the government sealed it as a state secret while attacking Teicher's credibility, and that Teicher was blocked from testifying and his statements kept from the jury on grounds of relevance. [[Consortium News]] added that a federal grand jury had begun hearing testimony on a related complaint over the submission of a defense affidavit.[^5][^22][^23]
|
||||
|
||||
The United States served a corrective declaration signed by Teicher on October 3, 1996, with a notice of filing served November 8, 1996. In it Teicher wrote that attorneys for Teledyne had prepared the January 31, 1995 declaration and faxed it to him; that he had not reviewed or indexed his National Security Council files since 1987; that his statements in paragraphs 15 through 18, which refer to what his files "will contain," reflected his best memory and belief and were not intended as "categorical statements of fact"; and that he has no actual knowledge that his files contain such information. He wrote that he is "not aware of any specific evidence that the United States government or any government official or agency took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs," and is not aware of specific evidence that any such official or agency helped Cardoen supply munitions to Iraq in any other way. As to paragraph 17, he wrote that although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect." The corrective declaration does not address paragraphs 1 through 14 of the January text, including paragraph 14, which describes the supply of Cardoen's cluster bombs to Iraq as an "extension" of United States policy toward Iraq.[^6]
|
||||
The United States served a corrective declaration signed by Teicher on October 31, 1996, with a notice of filing served November 8, 1996. In it Teicher wrote that attorneys for Teledyne had prepared the January 31, 1995 declaration and faxed it to him; that he had not reviewed or indexed his National Security Council files since 1987; that his statements in paragraphs 15 through 18, which refer to what his files "will contain," reflected his best memory and belief and were not intended as "categorical statements of fact"; and that he has no actual knowledge that his files contain such information. He wrote that he is "not aware of any specific evidence that the United States government or any government official or agency took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs," and is not aware of specific evidence that any such official or agency helped Cardoen supply munitions to Iraq in any other way. As to paragraph 17, he wrote that although he understood Cardoen had been arrested, "the other information in this paragraph is incorrect." The corrective declaration does not address paragraphs 1 through 14 of the January text, including paragraph 14, which describes the supply of Cardoen's cluster bombs to Iraq as an "extension" of United States policy toward Iraq.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Extradition, 2019 and 2020
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ The sales sheet is one of five items in the "Promotional Material" folder, a sin
|
|||
[^2]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act, No. 93-241-CR, decided August 29, 1995 (original order December 28, 1994; hearing November 18 and 23, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
|
||||
[^3]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 166-170.
|
||||
[^4]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169. The quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
|
||||
[^5]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html (January 2016). The declaration was reported sealed in the court file.
|
||||
[^6]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. Addresses paragraphs 15 to 18 of the January 31, 1995 declaration.
|
||||
[^5]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18 (filed copy), National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf. The declaration was reported sealed in the court file.
|
||||
[^6]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 31, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. Addresses paragraphs 15 to 18 of the January 31, 1995 declaration.
|
||||
[^7]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^8]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 46-54, 64.
|
||||
[^9]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H140 (reprinted article by William Tuohy and Douglas Frantz, "Three British Executives Cleared in Iraq Arms Sale Case"). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ tags:
|
|||
summary: "Lancaster defense contractor merged into Ferranti in 1987, whose fictitious contracts cost Ferranti 215 million pounds and whose South African shipments led to the 1991 indictments and a 1997 Armscor plea."
|
||||
location: "Lancaster, Pennsylvania"
|
||||
created: 2026-10-08
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-08
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: owned
|
||||
with: "[[James Guerin]]"
|
||||
|
|
@ -88,13 +88,13 @@ Timmerman wrote that ISC had developed the fuze for the Rockeye cluster bomb on
|
|||
|
||||
### London listing and the Ferranti merger, 1987 to 1989
|
||||
|
||||
Guerin listed the company in London rather than on the New York Stock Exchange. British investors never warmed to the stock, and after it fell in 1987 he merged the company with Ferranti.[^1] The merger was announced in September 1987, and Ferranti acquired ISC in November 1987.[^6][^7] The Lancaster newspaper reports a price of 670 million dollars in its 2005 account and a 1.5 billion dollar deal in its 2022 account.[^4][^8] Ferranti's chairman [[Derek Alun-Jones]] remained chairman and Guerin became deputy chairman.[^1] [[Peat Marwick]], ISC's accountants during the merger, and the London merchant bank [[Robert Fleming & Co.|Robert Fleming]], financial adviser to the company, were expected in 1989 to be asked how they failed to detect any phantom contracts.[^1]
|
||||
Guerin listed the company in London rather than on the New York Stock Exchange. British investors never warmed to the stock, and after it fell in 1987 he merged the company with Ferranti.[^1] The merger was announced in September 1987, and Ferranti acquired ISC in November 1987.[^6][^7] The Lancaster newspaper reports a price of 670 million dollars in its 2005 account and a 1.5 billion dollar deal in its 2022 account.[^4][^8] Ferranti's chairman [[Derek Alun-Jones]] remained chairman and Guerin became deputy chairman.[^1] The [[Washington Post]] reported in 1989 that [[Peat Marwick]] had been ISC's accountants during the merger, and that Peat Marwick and [[Robert Fleming & Co.|Robert Fleming]], financial adviser to the company, were expected to be asked how they failed to detect any phantom contracts.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
A Ministry of Defence letter of September 12, 1989 told the Prime Minister's office that when the merger was announced, Sir [[Clive Whitmore]] and Sir [[Peter Levene]] sought an explanation from Alun-Jones, whose account was "sufficiently unconvincing" for the [[Ministry of Defence]] to order secret enquiries. The enquiries showed that ISC and Guerin "had close contacts with the South African government," and that ISC had been involved in "a certain amount of two-way trade in missile equipment and technology." The [[Department of Trade and Industry]] was told in May 1988, and Alun-Jones was told of the ministry's concerns in July 1988. The letter states that the divestment of ISC Technologies by Ferranti and Guerin's resignation were, in the ministry's belief, partly a result of that warning, that Ferranti had expected ISC Technologies to take its overseas contracts with it, and that Guerin was unable to raise the funds to finance the acquisition. It records "an alleged connection between ISC and a UK company involved in the European network of companies providing technology for the CONDOR missile programme."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ferranti's discovery, 1989
|
||||
|
||||
Guerin resigned in May 1989 after seeking unsuccessfully to buy back ISC.[^1] Ferranti suspended trading in its shares on September 11, 1989, and told shareholders that its board had come to "suspect significant irregularities" in overseas contracts of ISC Technologies, appointing [[Coopers & Lybrand]] to investigate.[^6][^9] The Ministry of Defence letter records that Alun-Jones put the sums at issue at about 200 million pounds, enough to put Ferranti's loan agreement with its bankers in default, and that the contract was supposed to be with Pakistan for "missile know-how," through a series of intermediaries, with the work supposed to have been done in South Africa. The letter describes the nature and substance of the contract as "in considerable doubt," and states that the ministry's Secretary of State regarded it as a matter of considerable concern that a major British company might have links with South Africa in the defense field.[^6]
|
||||
Guerin resigned in May 1989 after seeking unsuccessfully to buy back ISC.[^1] Ferranti suspended trading in its shares on September 11, 1989, and told shareholders that its board had come to "suspect significant irregularities" in overseas contracts of ISC Technologies, appointing [[Coopers & Lybrand]] to investigate, "and not Peat Marwick, who are Ferranti's auditors."[^6][^9] The Ministry of Defence letter records that Alun-Jones put the sums at issue at about 200 million pounds, enough to put Ferranti's loan agreement with its bankers in default, and that the contract was supposed to be with Pakistan for "missile know-how," through a series of intermediaries, with the work supposed to have been done in South Africa. The letter describes the nature and substance of the contract as "in considerable doubt," and states that the ministry's Secretary of State regarded it as a matter of considerable concern that a major British company might have links with South Africa in the defense field.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
According to British press reports, [[Pakistan]] officials claimed the contract never existed, while Guerin's longtime associate [[Clyde Ivy]] claimed it did. A former Pakistani official said ISC had held a contract with the Pakistani Air Force for cluster bombs or cluster-bomb technology in 1985 and 1986 that was completed.[^1] A Prime Minister's private office note of October 2, 1989 on a meeting of ministers records that the [[Serious Fraud Office]] was awaiting the Coopers & Lybrand findings, that Ferranti would probably have to write off about 215 million pounds, some of which might be recovered from Peat Marwick, who had advised Ferranti on ISC's financial position before the merger, and that "there were allegations that ISC had been involved in supplying defence equipment to South Africa, China and [[Iran]] among others, although it seemed likely that these activities were confined to the US."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ relations:
|
|||
role: "deputy administrator, molecular biology and biochemistry (2000 to 2003 captures); administrator (February 2004 capture)"
|
||||
start: 1996
|
||||
end: 2004
|
||||
fn: 6
|
||||
fn: 7
|
||||
---
|
||||
The [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS) was a privately funded research organization founded by billionaire [[Robert Bigelow]] in 1995. The organization was dedicated to the scientific study of [[Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena]] (UAP) and other paranormal phenomena.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ One of the most well-known projects undertaken by NIDS was the investigation of
|
|||
|
||||
### Science Advisory Board and staff
|
||||
|
||||
The institute's personnel page as captured on December 6, 2000 listed a Science Advisory Board of [[Warren Burggren]] (chairman), [[Douglas P. Ferraro]], [[Albert A. Harrison]], [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Melvin Morse]], [[Martin Piltch]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Theodore Rockwell]], [[John F. Schuessler]], [[Jessica Utts]], [[Jacques Vallee]] and [[Jim Whinnery]]. The staff list named Robert Bigelow as president and founder, [[Colm Kelleher]] as deputy administrator (molecular biology and biochemistry), [[John B. Alexander]] as "Discrete Project Scout," [[Eric W. Davis]] (aerospace physics and astrophysics), [[George E. Onet]] (veterinary pathology) and [[Marcel Kuijsten]] (communications officer and webmaster).[^3]
|
||||
The institute's personnel page as captured on December 6, 2000 listed a Science Advisory Board of [[Warren Burggren]] (chairman), [[Douglas P. Ferraro]], [[Albert A. Harrison]], [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Melvin Morse]], [[Martin Piltch]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Theodore Rockwell]], [[John F. Schuessler]], [[Jessica Utts]], [[Jacques Vallee]] and [[Jim Whinnery]]. The staff list named Robert Bigelow as president and founder, [[Colm Kelleher]] as deputy administrator (molecular biology and biochemistry), [[John B. Alexander]] as "Discrete Project Scout," [[Eric W. Davis]] (aerospace physics and astrophysics), [[George E. Onet]] (veterinary pathology) and [[Marcel Kuijsten]] (communications officer and webmaster).[^3] The capture of June 22, 2000 includes [[Peter A. Sturrock]] on the board as well, and Jacques Vallee remains on the Science Advisory Board in the captures of August 6, 2001, October 4, 2002, April 2, 2004 and May 9, 2008.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
The capture of October 21, 2001 lists Colm Kelleher with the same title and Hal Puthoff as chairman of the board.[^4] The capture of February 6, 2003 still lists Kelleher as deputy administrator. The capture of February 4, 2004 lists him as administrator for molecular biology and biochemistry, names [[Bruce Cornet]] as deputy administrator for geology, botany and earth history, names Marcel Kuijsten as the only other staff member, and moves John B. Alexander to the science advisory board; Puthoff is again chairman.[^5] The 2017 offering circular of [[To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science]] states that Kelleher "worked for eight years as Deputy Director of the National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDS)."[^6] His Goodreads author biography and a May 2023 episode description of the Micah Hanks Program give 1996 to 2004 as the years he led the NIDS team at Skinwalker Ranch.[^7]
|
||||
The capture of October 21, 2001 lists Colm Kelleher with the same title and Hal Puthoff as chairman of the board.[^5] The capture of February 6, 2003 still lists Kelleher as deputy administrator. The capture of February 4, 2004 lists him as administrator for molecular biology and biochemistry, names [[Bruce Cornet]] as deputy administrator for geology, botany and earth history, names Marcel Kuijsten as the only other staff member, and moves John B. Alexander to the science advisory board; Puthoff is again chairman.[^6] The 2017 offering circular of [[To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science]] states that Kelleher "worked for eight years as Deputy Director of the National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDS)."[^7] His Goodreads author biography and a May 2023 episode description of the Micah Hanks Program give 1996 to 2004 as the years he led the NIDS team at Skinwalker Ranch.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Press Report of April 1997
|
||||
|
||||
The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]] wrote in April 1997 (reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* on April 29) that research scientists who had taken control of a 480-acre [[Uintah County, Utah|Uintah County]] ranch near [[Randlett, Utah|Randlett]] the previous fall remained there although they had not seen the phenomena that its former owners, [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman, described. A spokesman for the [[Las Vegas]]-based institute said the researchers had yet to see flying craft, cattle mutilations or the "balls of light" that the Shermans said killed dogs. John B. Alexander, identified as the institute's director for scientific liaison, was quoted: "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind." The story described Bigelow as a Las Vegas real estate magnate who founded the institute and who bought the ranch in September 1996, three months after the Shermans first told their account publicly in the *Deseret News*; it said two scientists and a veterinarian had set up an observation post, that the institute had not released details to other UFO researchers who were frustrated by that, and that Alexander said findings would be posted on the institute's web page (accessnv.com/nids).[^8]
|
||||
The *[[Deseret News]]* reporter [[Zack Van Eyck]] wrote in April 1997 (reprinted in *The [[Uintah Basin Standard]]* on April 29) that research scientists who had taken control of a 480-acre [[Uintah County, Utah|Uintah County]] ranch near [[Randlett, Utah|Randlett]] the previous fall remained there although they had not seen the phenomena that its former owners, [[Terry Sherman|Terry]] and [[Gwen Sherman|Gwen]] Sherman, described. A spokesman for the [[Las Vegas]]-based institute said the researchers had yet to see flying craft, cattle mutilations or the "balls of light" that the Shermans said killed dogs. John B. Alexander, identified as the institute's director for scientific liaison, was quoted: "There have been some minor observations, but nothing you would stand behind." The story described Bigelow as a Las Vegas real estate magnate who founded the institute and who bought the ranch in September 1996, three months after the Shermans first told their account publicly in the *Deseret News*; it said two scientists and a veterinarian had set up an observation post, that the institute had not released details to other UFO researchers who were frustrated by that, and that Alexander said findings would be posted on the institute's web page (accessnv.com/nids).[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Connection to AATIP
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -48,8 +48,9 @@ The work of NIDS was a precursor to the research conducted by the [[Advanced Aer
|
|||
[^1]: Elizondo, Luis. *Imminent*. William Morrow, 2024.
|
||||
[^2]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," July 26, 2023 hearing record, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf
|
||||
[^3]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html
|
||||
[^4]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel and Science Advisory Board," Internet Archive capture of October 21, 2001, https://web.archive.org/web/20011021020155/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html
|
||||
[^5]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel and Science Advisory Board," captures of February 6, 2003 (https://web.archive.org/web/20030206081535/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html) and February 4, 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040204181441/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html)
|
||||
[^6]: To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science, Form 253G2 offering circular, September 29, 2017, EDGAR accession 0001144204-17-050693. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1710274/000114420417050693/
|
||||
[^7]: Colm A. Kelleher, author biography, Goodreads, https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/162220 ; Micah Hanks, "Colm Kelleher: AAWSAP and the Skinwalker Enigma," The Debrief, May 25, 2023, https://thedebrief.org/colm-kelleher-aawsap-and-the-skinwalker-enigma/
|
||||
[^8]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/.
|
||||
[^4]: National Institute for Discovery Science, personnel page, Internet Archive captures of June 22, 2000 (https://web.archive.org/web/20000622040455/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html), August 6, 2001 (https://web.archive.org/web/20010806075913/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html), October 4, 2002 (https://web.archive.org/web/20021004033623/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html), April 2, 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040402072119/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html) and May 9, 2008 (https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140330/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.php).
|
||||
[^5]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel and Science Advisory Board," Internet Archive capture of October 21, 2001, https://web.archive.org/web/20011021020155/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html
|
||||
[^6]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel and Science Advisory Board," captures of February 6, 2003 (https://web.archive.org/web/20030206081535/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html) and February 4, 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040204181441/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html)
|
||||
[^7]: To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science, Form 253G2 offering circular, September 29, 2017, EDGAR accession 0001144204-17-050693. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1710274/000114420417050693/
|
||||
[^8]: Colm A. Kelleher, author biography, Goodreads, https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/162220 ; Micah Hanks, "Colm Kelleher: AAWSAP and the Skinwalker Enigma," The Debrief, May 25, 2023, https://thedebrief.org/colm-kelleher-aawsap-and-the-skinwalker-enigma/
|
||||
[^9]: Zack Van Eyck, "No UFOs or ETs have dropped in at spooky ranch," *The Uintah Basin Standard* (Roosevelt, Utah; reprinted from the *Deseret News*), April 29, 1997, p. 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/725294178/.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,28 +1,220 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
category: "Private Organization"
|
||||
created: 2024-04-26
|
||||
updated: 2026-05-01
|
||||
start: 1911
|
||||
end: 1986
|
||||
end: 1987
|
||||
location: "New York City, USA"
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co
|
||||
- Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.
|
||||
- Peat Marwick, Mitchell & Co.
|
||||
- Peat Marwick, Mitchell and Co.
|
||||
- Peat Marwick, Mitchell
|
||||
- Peat Marwick Mitchell
|
||||
- Peat Marwick Mitchell & Co
|
||||
- Peat Marwick & Mitchell
|
||||
- Peat Marwick
|
||||
- Peat Marwick & Mitchell Co.
|
||||
- Peat Marwick Main & Co.
|
||||
- Peat Marwick McLintock
|
||||
- Peat Marwick International
|
||||
- PMM
|
||||
- PM&M
|
||||
- PMMC
|
||||
- PMM&C
|
||||
- PMM&Co.
|
||||
- KPMG Peat Marwick
|
||||
- Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Organization
|
||||
- Accounting
|
||||
- Auditing
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
- INSLAW
|
||||
- Accounting
|
||||
summary: "Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. was the international accounting firm that held the original 1969 LEAA grant to design PROMIS - with Bill Hamilton serving as project manager - before successive mergers in 1978 and 1986 transformed it into KPMG."
|
||||
- Capcom
|
||||
- BCCI
|
||||
- PennSquareBank
|
||||
- InternationalSignalAndControl
|
||||
- NationalStudentMarketing
|
||||
- PennCentral
|
||||
- KPMG
|
||||
summary: "Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. held the 1969 LEAA-funded PROMIS design contract, settled SEC charges over five audits in 1975 and audited Penn Square Bank before combining with KMG into KPMG."
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: contractor_to
|
||||
with: "[[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]]"
|
||||
role: "1969 design grant 70-DF-047 for the PROMIS case-management system"
|
||||
start: 1969
|
||||
end: 1971
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: employed_by
|
||||
with: "[[Bill Hamilton]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "management consultant and project manager on PROMIS"
|
||||
start: 1969
|
||||
end: 1971
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Securities and Exchange Commission]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "respondent in Accounting Series Release 173 (Penn Central, Republic National Life, Talley, National Student Marketing, Stirling Homex); offer of settlement accepted July 2, 1975"
|
||||
start: 1975
|
||||
end: 1975
|
||||
fn: 11
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Securities and Exchange Commission]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "defendant in SEC v. National Student Marketing Corp.; consent judgment of permanent injunction"
|
||||
start: 1972
|
||||
end: 1975
|
||||
fn: 14
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "defendant in the FDIC receiver's suit over the 1981 audit of Penn Square Bank; settled July 18, 1986"
|
||||
start: 1984
|
||||
end: 1986
|
||||
fn: 19
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "1994 global settlement with FDIC, RTC and OTS"
|
||||
start: 1994
|
||||
end: 1994
|
||||
fn: 22
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Securities and Exchange Commission]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "respondent in administrative proceeding over the Porta Systems audit (File No. 3-9500)"
|
||||
start: 1997
|
||||
end: 2001
|
||||
fn: 5
|
||||
created: 2024-04-26
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. (variously abbreviated PMM, PM&M, PMMC, and PMM&C in contemporaneous government documents) was an international accounting and consulting firm founded in the late nineteenth century. By the mid-1970s it had grown to more than 25,000 U.S. clients across over 300 offices in 50 countries, making it the largest accounting firm worldwide by some measures, with 21,000 employees and 1,400 partners globally. Sixty-five percent of its revenue derived from audit, 20 percent from tax, and 15 percent from consulting. In 1978 the firm restructured into Peat Marwick International, and in 1986 it merged with KMG to form [[KPMG]].[^1]
|
||||
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. (abbreviated PMM, PM&M, PMMC, PMM&C and PMM&Co. in contemporaneous government documents) was an international accounting and consulting firm founded in the late nineteenth century.[^1] By the mid-1970s it had grown to more than 25,000 U.S. clients across over 300 offices in 50 countries, making it the largest accounting firm worldwide by some measures, with 21,000 employees and 1,400 partners globally. Sixty-five percent of its revenue derived from audit, 20 percent from tax and 15 percent from consulting.[^2] In December 1976 a Senate subcommittee staff study described it as "the largest of the 'Big Eight' accounting firms in terms of revenue and operations."[^3] The firm held the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]]-funded contract that produced the [[PROMIS|Prosecutor's Management Information System]], settled [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] charges arising from five audits in 1975, audited banks and futures brokers in the United States and abroad, and combined with [[Klynveld Main Goerdeler|KMG]] into [[KPMG]] in 1986 and 1987.
|
||||
|
||||
### Role in PROMIS Development
|
||||
### Partnership history and the 1987 combination
|
||||
|
||||
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. held federal contracts developing computerized management systems for multiple government departments including the [[Department of Defense]], [[Department of Transportation]], and the [[Small Business Administration]], in addition to the [[LEAA|Law Enforcement Assistance Administration]].[^2]
|
||||
The firm's history dates the origin of the name to 1911, when Peat and Mitchell "had hammered out a plan to join forces" on a transatlantic crossing.[^1] In 1978 the firm implemented a new structure and was renamed [[Peat Marwick International]]. The Klynveld Main Goerdeler network was formed in 1979 from [[Klynveld Kraayenhof & Co.]], [[DTG]] and [[McLintock Main Lafrentz]].[^1] Peat Marwick International merged with KMG in 1986, and on January 1, 1987 the joint companies took the name Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler, from which the initials KPMG derive.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969, the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] administered a $60,000 LEAA grant (70-DF-047) to the firm to design a computer-based case management system for the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]], at the direction of U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]]. The project team was co-directed by [[Joan E. Jacoby]] (Director of the Office of Crime Analysis) and [[Charles R. Work]] (Deputy Chief of the Superior Court Division of the DC U.S. Attorney's Office), with [[Bill Hamilton]] serving as project manager. Hamilton was then a senior consultant at the firm and a former [[NSA]] analyst. The resulting system -- the Prosecutor's Management Information System ([[PROMIS]]) - was deployed January 1, 1971.[^1][^2]
|
||||
The United States partnership kept the Peat Marwick name in the courts for another decade. A 1996 Fifth Circuit opinion names "Peat Marwick Main & Co." and "KPMG Peat Marwick" as co-defendants.[^4] A 2000 SEC initial decision names the respondent as KPMG Peat Marwick L.L.P., and a 2001 Commission order identifies it as KPMG Peat Marwick LLP, now KPMG LLP.[^5][^6]
|
||||
|
||||
By 1972 the LEAA had paid PM&M $667,400 in aggregate grants related to PROMIS and related criminal justice programs. After PROMIS was deployed and declared an LEAA "exemplary project," the firm received further grants to create training manuals and technical documentation to facilitate adoption of the system by other jurisdictions.[^1]
|
||||
### Size and federal clients in 1975
|
||||
|
||||
In January 1976 [[Walter E. Hanson]], the firm's senior partner, answered a questionnaire from Senator [[Lee Metcalf]]'s Subcommittee on Reports, Accounting and Management. The answers reported 100 offices in the United States (in 42 states, Guam, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia), 199 foreign offices, 791 partners, 90 principals and 8,277 other employees. The clients included 220 companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange, 115 on the American Stock Exchange, 745 other publicly held corporations and 22,500 non-public clients. The firm reported a $200,000 annual contribution to the Financial Accounting Standards Board.[^7] The staff study's own count gave the firm the most partners of any "Big Eight" firm in the United States (791, against 348 at Price Waterhouse) and the most non-CPA principals (90).[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
The same questionnaire listed the federal departments and agencies for which the firm performed services in 1975, together with about 1,500 state, municipal and other government clients. The list names the Department of the Army, the Department of Justice, the Department of the Navy, the Department of Transportation, the Environmental Protection Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Home Loan Board, the Federal Railroad Administration, the General Accounting Office, the General Services Administration, Health, Education and Welfare, Housing and Urban Development, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the National Science Foundation, the Office of Alien Property, the Office of Economic Opportunity, the Office of Management and Budget and the United States Price Commission.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
In the late 1960s and early 1970s the firm held federal contracts developing computerized management systems for multiple government departments including the [[Department of Defense]], the [[Department of Transportation]] and the [[Small Business Administration]], in addition to the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
### PROMIS and the 1969 design team
|
||||
|
||||
In 1969 the [[Office of Crime Analysis of the District of Columbia]] administered a $60,000 grant from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (70-DF-047) to the firm, to design a computer-based case-management system for the [[U.S. Attorney's office|DC U.S. Attorney's Office]] at the direction of U.S. Attorney [[Thomas A. Flannery]].[^2] The co-directors were [[Joan E. Jacoby]], then director of the Office of Crime Analysis, and [[Charles R. Work]], deputy chief of the Superior Court Division. The project manager was [[Bill Hamilton]], a senior consultant at the firm who had been an analyst at the [[NSA]]. Team members named in the record include [[Sidney H. Brounstein]], [[Robert H. Cain]], [[Joyce H. Deroy]], [[James M. Etheridge]], [[John L. Gizzarelli]], [[Fred L. Lander III]], [[Soo Lee]], [[Dean C. Merrill]], [[John M. Middleton]], [[Stanley H. Turner]], [[Dennis W. Wright]], [[Frederick G. Watts]] and [[Robert Whitaker]]. The system was deployed on January 1, 1971.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
By 1972 the LEAA had paid PM&M $667,400 in aggregate grants related to PROMIS and related criminal justice programs, and the firm received later grants to write training manuals after PROMIS was declared an LEAA "exemplary project."[^2] A February 1977 LEAA publication signed by Hamilton as president of the [[INSLAW|Institute for Law and Social Research]] states that the LEAA "had funded the development of PROMIS" and began a program to transfer the software to state and local agencies.[^9]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Mitchell Pacelle]] and [[Robert Safian]] wrote in a profile of Hamilton in [[The American Lawyer]] that he had joined the "management consulting department" of the firm in 1969, that within a few months he started the case-tracking project for the U.S. Attorney's Office, and that in 1971 he "left Peat Marwick to improve the software, which by contract rights belonged to the government." After 18 months as an independent contractor for the U.S. Attorney's Office, they wrote, he created the not-for-profit Institute for Law and Social Research.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Department of Justice]], the client in the later dispute with INSLAW, appears on the firm's own 1975 list of federal clients.[^7][^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Accounting Series Release 173 and the 1975 settlement
|
||||
|
||||
On July 2, 1975 the SEC issued Accounting Series Release No. 173, "In the matter of Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.," an opinion and order in a Rule 2(e) proceeding. Between February 1972 and March 1974 the Commission had filed four civil injunctive complaints against the firm over its examinations of the financial statements of [[National Student Marketing Corporation]], [[Talley Industries]], [[Penn Central Company|Penn Central]] and [[Republic National Life Insurance Company]]; a fifth matter, [[Stirling Homex Corporation]], had been investigated. The firm submitted an offer of settlement, and without admitting or denying the Commission's statements it agreed to the institution of the proceeding and the order.[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
The release states that in the Penn Central matter the firm "did not place sufficient emphasis on the economic substance of several transactions," and that the inclusion of all of them produced financial statements that did not communicate the company's financial position. It states that in the National Student Marketing matter there was inadequate communication between the predecessor auditor and the firm, which was unaware of the predecessor's doubts about the integrity of management, and that in Stirling Homex a partner's statements to the Commission staff were "unacceptable professional behavior in practice before the Commission."[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
The settlement terms were a comprehensive examination of the firm's audit practice by a committee whose compensation and expenses the firm bore, two annual reviews in 1976 and 1977 at the firm's expense, and an order prohibiting the firm from accepting audit engagements for new SEC clients from May 1 to October 31, 1975, with listed exceptions.[^11] [[Arthur Young & Co.]], hired by the firm for a review reported to cost $500,000, wrote to the partners on November 21, 1975 on the firm's quality control procedures for the period from April 1, 1974 to March 31, 1975, covering 18 of its 100 U.S. operating offices.[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
The Metcalf subcommittee staff study listed the firm as one of three "Big Eight" firms officially disciplined by the SEC, with Arthur Andersen and Touche Ross. It wrote that the firm's materials showed "a relatively minor amount of questionable or improper activities," and, separately, that the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants had taken no action against partners of the firm after Release 173 other than ending the membership of a few individuals who had been convicted in the courts.[^3][^13]
|
||||
|
||||
### National Student Marketing and the 1969 comfort letter
|
||||
|
||||
Peat Marwick was the outside accountant of National Student Marketing Corporation (NSMC) and, in the period of the merger, of [[Interstate National Corporation]], an insurance holding company. The merger closed in October 1969.[^14] In mid-October 1969 the firm began drafting a comfort letter on NSMC's unaudited interim financial statements for the nine months ended May 31, 1969, which had reported a profit of about $700,000. The firm's representatives concluded that a $500,000 adjustment to deferred costs, a $300,000 write-off of unbilled receivables and an $84,000 adjustment to paid-in capital were required, and that with them the period would show a loss.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
The court found that although the firm discussed the proposed adjustments with NSMC's representatives, neither the accountants nor NSMC told Interstate of them before the closing, which was set for 2 p.m. on October 31, 1969 at the New York offices of [[White & Case]]. When the letter had not arrived by about 2:15 p.m., the firm's Washington partner in charge, [[Anthony M. Natelli]], dictated a letter over the telephone to the secretary of the White & Case partner [[Marion J. Epley III]]. [[Max E. Meyer]], a director of Interstate and a partner of [[Lord, Bissell & Brook]], which was Interstate's outside counsel, said that Interstate would close if the White & Case partner assured them that the document was the comfort letter and that a signed copy would follow from the firm. Epley gave that assurance, and the closing went ahead on an unsigned letter.[^14] The opinion adds that during the afternoon the firm's representatives telephoned Epley about the propriety of proceeding in light of the adjustments, and that Epley did not tell Interstate of an additional paragraph the firm dictated.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
The SEC's civil action named the NSMC defendants, Peat Marwick and two of its partners, Interstate officers, and two law firms. The court's 1978 memorandum opinion records that NSMC consented to a permanent injunction on July 27, 1972 and that similar judgments were entered against other defendants on dates running to 1977, with Natelli's on January 25, 1977. Entry of a judgment of permanent injunction against Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. is dated July 2, 1975, the date of Release 173. The court wrote that each of the remaining defendants had violated the securities laws in specific instances, and it dismissed the complaint against them, holding that the SEC had not made the "proper showing" that injunctive relief was necessary to prevent further violations.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
### Penn Square Bank
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate Banking Committee held a hearing on the failure of [[Penn Square Bank]] of Oklahoma City on December 10, 1982. [[Wendell Sebastian]], executive director of the [[National Credit Union Administration]], testified for the agency's chairman. He said that the information a credit union decision-maker had on the bank's financial condition included, as he understood it, "a satisfactory 1981 year-end audit from Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co." as well as other traditional financial information; the agency's 139 federally insured credit unions had $111.5 million in uninsured deposits in the bank.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
[[William M. Isaac]], chairman of the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]], told the committee that primary responsibility for the failure lay with the shareholders, the directors, the management the directors selected, "the accounting firm which issued an unqualified statement on that bank after an earlier accounting firm had issued a qualified statement," and the correspondent banks, savings and loans and credit unions that funded it. He added that the FDIC had been "pretty aggressive in recent years in terms of pursuing officers and directors, accounting firms and others after a bank fails."[^16] The FDIC's statement to the hearing said that its personnel had been examining the bank's records since July 5, 1982, and that it was investigating potential claims against former officers and directors of the bank and the bank's accounting firm.[^17]
|
||||
|
||||
A 1986 federal opinion recites the allegations of a credit union investor: that the firm agreed in the latter part of 1981 to audit the bank as of December 31, 1981, that it issued a report on March 19, 1982, and that the investor's adviser received the firm's opinion and audited statements on or about April 16, 1982 and began recommending the bank's certificates of deposit. The investor placed over $4 million in short-term certificates from May 25, 1982 and lost about $2.5 million when the Comptroller closed the bank on July 5, 1982. It sued the firm and 17 of its partners under civil RICO and state law; the court held that the alleged mailings of the audit opinion and management report were a single scheme and not a pattern of racketeering activity, and dismissed the state claims for want of diversity jurisdiction.[^18]
|
||||
|
||||
In June 1984 the FDIC, as receiver of the bank, sued former officers and directors, and in December 1984 it amended the complaint to add the firm as a defendant on claims of negligence and breach of contract in the audit of the bank's 1981 financial statements.[^19] In August 1985 Judge [[Lee R. West]] of the Western District of Oklahoma dismissed the firm's third-party action against the FDIC in its corporate capacity and the [[Office of the Comptroller of the Currency]], in which the firm had alleged that the agencies' examinations and the decision to liquidate the bank caused the losses for which it was sued.[^20] In a separate discovery dispute the Tenth Circuit in November 1984 denied the firm's petition for mandamus against an order compelling production of a "general counsel study" of the Penn Square audit.[^21] On July 18, 1986 the FDIC settled its claims against the firm, as the Tenth Circuit recorded in 1987.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
On August 9, 1994 the FDIC, the [[Resolution Trust Corporation]] and the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]] announced that KPMG Peat Marwick would pay $186.5 million in a global settlement of federal claims: $128 million in cash to the RTC, $58.5 million to the FDIC, of which $23.5 million was cash and $35 million a two-year note, and a cease and desist order from the OTS requiring specific changes in accounting policies for audits of insured institutions over the next five years. The settlement resolved five RTC suits, two FDIC suits and all claims for professional work done for institutions that failed on or before April 4, 1994.[^22]
|
||||
|
||||
### Capcom and the Peat Marwick report
|
||||
|
||||
The Senate subcommittee report on the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (BCCI) cited a "Peat, Marwick report" for the account of [[Capcom]], the BCCI commodities trading affiliate. The report states that on February 10, 1988 Capcom received a telex from [[Ahmed Tawfik]] instructing a payment of $150,000 to [[Shakarchi Trading]] of Zurich, a gold and currency dealer.[^23] The subcommittee added that it was hard to understand why British regulators, "in light of the Peat Marwick report," had allowed Capcom UK to continue operations.[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
The report also records that [[Ian Glendinning Watt]], a chartered accountant of Peat Marwick McLintock, was appointed to investigate Capcom's trading. The subcommittee wrote that Watt characterized the profits of the Capital Fund as "artificial," explaining that through "matched" and "back to back" transactions money from at least 17 accounts, an estimated $3,334,480, was transferred into the fund; the source cited is page 25 of his affidavit.[^25] In the same affidavit, dated January 20, 1989, Watt found the explanations of Capcom's managing director, [[S. M. Akbar]], "unsatisfactory" (at 44), "deficien[t]" (at 45), "most curious," "illogical" and "not capable of corroboration" (at 46).[^25] The report's notes cite a Peat Marwick McLintock audit of Capcom prepared for the [[Chicago Board of Trade]] and dated May 4, 1989.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
The auditor named for BCCI itself in the report is [[Price Waterhouse]], which the report calls "BCCI's own auditors" when it describes the June 22, 1991 Sandstorm report.[^27] The Peat Marwick passages concern Capcom and its counterparties.
|
||||
|
||||
### International Signal and Control and Ferranti
|
||||
|
||||
In September 1989 the board of [[Ferranti]] said that it had come to suspect significant irregularities in overseas contracts of [[International Signal and Control]] (ISC) Technologies, and that it had commissioned [[Coopers & Lybrand]] to carry out an urgent investigation, "and not Peat Marwick, who are Ferranti's auditors."[^28] A Prime Minister's private office note of October 2, 1989 records that some of Ferranti's expected write-off of about 215 million pounds "might eventually be recovered from Peat Marwick (who had advised Ferranti on ISC's financial position before the merger) and their insurers."[^28]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Washington Post]] reported in 1989 that the firm had been ISC's accountant during the merger and that it and [[Robert Fleming & Co.]], the financial adviser, were expected to be asked how they failed to detect the phantom contracts.[^29] In 1990 the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania restrained a Lancaster bank account under the racketeering forfeiture statute on a showing by a task force investigator that ISC's founder [[James Guerin]] had engaged in racketeering, including front companies, Swiss and American bank accounts and false status reports that inflated ISC's stock and helped obtain the Ferranti merger.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
In June 1992 Ferranti reached "a full litigation settlement with Peat Marwick, which assisted in Ferranti's acquisition of International Signal." The trade press reported that Peat Marwick had paid Ferranti 40 million pounds in compensation.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
### Scottish Heritable Trust and Rangaire
|
||||
|
||||
The firm audited the financial statements of [[Rangaire]] from 1962 to 1990. The Scottish Heritable Trust, PLC, a British conglomerate, bought a controlling interest in Rangaire between August and December 1988 and sued the firm over unqualified audit reports for the years ended July 31, 1987 and July 31, 1988.[^4] A jury found the firm liable for negligent misrepresentation in those reports. In 1996 the Fifth Circuit reversed, holding that Texas law did not permit recovery on the facts, and wrote that it would "render a take-nothing judgment in favor of Peat Marwick."[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### SEC proceedings over the Porta Systems audit
|
||||
|
||||
The SEC's administrative proceeding against the firm concerned its audit of the 1995 year-end financial statements of [[Porta Systems]] Corp., with an audit report dated March 22, 1996. The Commission instituted proceedings by an order of December 4, 1997 under Section 21C of the Exchange Act and Rule 102(e). The order alleged that the firm lacked independence because it had loaned $100,000 to the president and chief operating officer of its audit client, had capitalized businesses he owned, and was entitled to a percentage of the client's earnings, inventory disposals and debt restructuring.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
Administrative Law Judge [[Robert G. Mahony]] held a hearing in June 1998. On May 21, 1998 he had ruled that scienter was the standard for the Rule 102(e) charges, and in his initial decision of January 21, 2000 he dismissed the proceeding insofar as it alleged improper professional conduct under Rule 102(e).[^5][^6]
|
||||
|
||||
On January 19, 2001 the Commission opinion found that the firm was not independent of the registrant when it audited the registrant's statements, with a loan outstanding to an officer of the registrant and a right to a fee contingent on the registrant's financial success, and that it acted negligently. The Commission ordered the firm to cease and desist from causing violations of Section 13(a) and Rule 13a-1 and of Rule 2-02(b) of Regulation S-X, and did not sustain the Rule 102(e) charges because the law judge had applied a scienter standard. A March 8, 2001 order (Release No. 44050, AAER No. 1374) denied reconsideration.[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Caracas and the Blandon group
|
||||
|
||||
[[Gary Webb]] wrote in [[Dark Alliance]] that in late 1986 the [[Frente Democratico Nicaraguense]] appointed a blue-ribbon commission to examine newspaper allegations that the Contras were squandering humanitarian aid money, and that its members included the exiled Nicaraguan judge [[Jose Macario]] and an accountant, Rene Gonzalez, of the Peat Marwick & Mitchell office in Caracas, Venezuela. After the commission exonerated the FDN, Webb wrote, both men became business partners of [[Danilo Blandon]] in Mex-US Import and Export Inc., whose other directors included Sergio Guerra and the Panamanian banker Jose Fernando Soto, the longtime representative of the Swiss Bank Corporation in Panama.[^32]
|
||||
|
||||
### Tax shelter prosecution of KPMG
|
||||
|
||||
In August 2005 [[KPMG LLP]], the firm that succeeded the U.S. partnership, admitted criminal wrongdoing and agreed to pay $456 million in fines, restitution and penalties under a deferred prosecution agreement. The Justice Department said that the firm had engaged in a fraud that generated at least $11 billion in phony tax losses, and that nine individuals, including six former KPMG partners and the former deputy chairman of the firm, were being prosecuted in relation to the tax shelters. The investigation and prosecution were supervised by the chief counsel to the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York.[^33][^34]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Intermediate Report of the Committee on Government Operations, 1972. (Google Books, OCLC record.)
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
|
||||
[^1]: KPMG, "Our history," kpmg.com/lv/en/about/governance/our-history.html. The page places the 1911 "plan to join forces," the 1978 renaming to Peat Marwick International, the 1979 formation of Klynveld Main Goerdeler, the 1986 merger of PMI with KMG and the January 1, 1987 name change.
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Government Operations. *Intermediate Report*, 1972, on the grant number, the January 1, 1971 deployment and the $667,400 total. Google Books, OCLC record.
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on Reports, Accounting and Management, *The Accounting Establishment: A Staff Study*, Committee Print, 94th Congress, 2d Session (Washington: GPO, December 1976), p. 32 (partners: Peat Marwick 791, Price Waterhouse 348), p. 34 (90 "principals"), p. 62 (the Peat Marwick section), archive.org item accstabl00unit.
|
||||
[^4]: *Scottish Heritable Trust, PLC v. Peat Marwick Main & Co.*, 81 F.3d 606 (5th Cir. 1996) (Wiener, J.). https://static.case.law/f3d/81/cases/0606-01.json.
|
||||
[^5]: *In the Matter of KPMG Peat Marwick L.L.P.*, Initial Decision Release No. 157, Administrative Proceeding File No. 3-9500 (SEC, January 21, 2000) (Mahony, ALJ), the order instituting proceedings of December 4, 1997 and the dismissal of the Rule 102(e) allegations. https://www.sec.gov/litigation/aljdec/id157rgm.htm.
|
||||
[^6]: Securities and Exchange Commission, Release No. 44050, Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release No. 1374, *In the Matter of KPMG Peat Marwick LLP*, Order Denying Request for Reconsideration, March 8, 2001, describing the Commission's opinion of January 19, 2001 (File No. 3-9500). https://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/34-44050.htm.
|
||||
[^7]: Letter of Walter E. Hanson to Senator Lee Metcalf, January 23, 1976, and the firm's answers to the Subcommittee on Reports, Accounting and Management questionnaire (items 1 to 6, 9 to 11, 13 and 14), in *The Accounting Establishment*, appendix pp. 324 to 326, archive.org item accstabl00unit.
|
||||
[^8]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
|
||||
[^9]: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, *PROMIS: An Exemplary Project of LEAA* (Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, February 1977), foreword by William A. Hamilton, president of the Institute for Law and Social Research. Archive.org item PROMISAnExemplaryProjectOfLEAA.
|
||||
[^10]: Mitchell Pacelle and Robert Safian, "Vendetta," *The American Lawyer*, December (year not printed in the reprint), the section "The Rise and Fall of INSLAW," as reprinted in U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs, *Staff Study of Allegations Pertaining to the Department of Justice's Handling of a Contract with INSLAW, Inc.*, Committee Print, 101st Congress, 1st Session (Washington: GPO, 1989). Archive.org item micro_IA41152832_0145. The House Judiciary Committee report is H. Rept. 102-857, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
|
||||
[^11]: Securities and Exchange Commission, Accounting Series Release No. 173, *In the matter of Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.*, July 2, 1975, Rule 2(e) opinion and order, reprinted in *The Accounting Establishment*, appendix pp. 736 to 787 (introduction and footnote 1 at 736 to 737; Penn Central, National Student Marketing and Stirling Homex discussions; the settlement terms in the conclusion at 785 to 787).
|
||||
[^12]: Letter of Arthur Young & Company to the partners of Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., November 21, 1975, in *The Accounting Establishment*, appendix p. 788; the staff study reports the $500,000 cost "according to news reports" at p. 62.
|
||||
[^13]: *The Accounting Establishment*, p. 62 (the "relatively minor amount" sentence and the three disciplined firms) and pp. 126 to 127 (the AICPA's failure to act after Accounting Series Release 173).
|
||||
[^14]: *SEC v. National Student Marketing Corp.*, 457 F. Supp. 682 (D.D.C. 1978) (Parker, J.), memorandum opinion: the October 1969 comfort letter and closing, the footnote listing consent judgments (Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., July 2, 1975; Natelli, January 25, 1977) and the dismissal of the complaint against the remaining defendants. https://static.case.law/f-supp/457/cases/0682-01.json.
|
||||
[^15]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. *Failure of Penn Square Bank: Hearing*, 97th Congress, 2nd Session, December 10, 1982, statement of Wendell Sebastian, executive director, National Credit Union Administration, pp. 48 to 50 (the "satisfactory 1981 year-end audit" sentence at p. 50). Archive.org item micro_IA41152659_0922.
|
||||
[^16]: Same hearing, testimony of William M. Isaac, chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, pp. 106 to 107 (the accounting firm sentence) and pp. 97 to 98 (the "pretty aggressive" sentence).
|
||||
[^17]: Same hearing, FDIC statement, section "Bond Claims and Directors Liability Matters," p. 45.
|
||||
[^18]: *Eastern Corporate Federal Credit Union v. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.*, 639 F. Supp. 1532 (D. Mass. July 30, 1986). https://static.case.law/f-supp/639/cases/1532-01.json.
|
||||
[^19]: *Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. v. Jennings*, 816 F.2d 1488 (10th Cir. Apr. 29, 1987) (Logan, J.), reciting the June 1984 suit, the December 1984 amendment adding the firm and the July 18, 1986 settlement. https://static.case.law/f2d/816/cases/1488-01.json.
|
||||
[^20]: *Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. v. Jennings*, 615 F. Supp. 465 (W.D. Okla. Aug. 15, 1985), No. CIV-84-1612-W (West, J.). https://static.case.law/f-supp/615/cases/0465-01.json.
|
||||
[^21]: *Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. v. West*, 748 F.2d 540 (10th Cir. 1984) (per curiam). https://static.case.law/f2d/748/cases/0540-01.json.
|
||||
[^22]: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Resolution Trust Corporation and Office of Thrift Supervision, joint release PR-52-94, "Peat Marwick Settles with FDIC, RTC and OTS for $186.5 Million," August 9, 1994. https://archive.fdic.gov/view/fdic/478/fdic_478_DS1.pdf.
|
||||
[^23]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. John Kerry and Hank Brown, *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate*, December 1992, ch. 21, "Capcom: A Case Study of Money Laundering," the "Capcom and Shakarchi" section. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/21capcom.htm.
|
||||
[^24]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair*, ch. 21, the closing remarks on Capcom UK and the British regulators.
|
||||
[^25]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair*, ch. 21, the Capital Fund section and notes 38, 101 and 102 (Watt affidavit, January 20, 1989, at 25, 44, 45 and 46, reprinted in S. Hrg. 102-350).
|
||||
[^26]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair*, ch. 21, notes 111, 114 and 164, "Peat Marwick McLintock Audit of Capcom for CBOT, May 4, 1989," at p. 21(b).
|
||||
[^27]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair*, ch. 4, "BCCI's Criminality," the Sandstorm Report section. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/04crime.htm.
|
||||
[^28]: Ministry of Defence letter of 12 September 1989 to Charles Powell, Downing Street, and the Prime Minister's private office note of 2 October 1989 on the meeting about Ferranti, Prime Minister's papers, file PO-CH-NL 0500 PART A, Margaret Thatcher Foundation archive. https://archive.margaretthatcher.org/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200500%20PART%20A.pdf.
|
||||
[^29]: Glenn Frankel, "British Firm Claims It Was Duped by Pa. Arms Maker," *Washington Post*, September 29, 1989.
|
||||
[^30]: *In re Assets of Parent Industries, Inc.*, 739 F. Supp. 248 (E.D. Pa. June 1, 1990), order restraining Fulton Bank account No. 9902-93316 under 18 U.S.C. § 1963. https://static.case.law/f-supp/739/cases/0248-01.json.
|
||||
[^31]: "Ferranti gets losses under control but it will be a long, hard climb out of the pit," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), June 23, 1992. https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=184616.
|
||||
[^32]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998), the passage on the 1986 FDN commission and Mex-US Import and Export Inc.
|
||||
[^33]: Department of Justice, press release 05-433, "KPMG to Pay $456 Million for Criminal Violations in Relation to Largest-Ever Tax Shelter Fraud Case," August 29, 2005. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2005/August/05_ag_433.html.
|
||||
[^34]: Internal Revenue Service, news release IR-05-083, August 29, 2005, announcing the same agreement jointly with the Justice Department. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-news/ir-05-083.pdf.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ aliases:
|
|||
- PROMIS
|
||||
- Prosecutor's Management Information System
|
||||
created: 2024-04-25
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-03
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- PROMIS
|
||||
- INSLAW
|
||||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ relations:
|
|||
with: "[[Office of Data Processing (CIA)]]"
|
||||
start: 1981-03-30
|
||||
role: "listed as 'Promis (Online), Generalized Tracking System,' FSWEC-80/0092, in the September 1980 Federal Software Exchange Catalog subject index circulated as Attachment B to memorandum ODP-81-307"
|
||||
fn: 9
|
||||
fn: 10
|
||||
---
|
||||
PROMIS (Prosecutor's Management Information System) was a pioneering case management software system developed in the 1970s and 80s by [[INSLAW|The Institute for Law and Social Research]] (INSLAW). The software was originally designed to help the [[U.S. Attorney's office]] in DC automate and streamline their case management processes. This expanded across the country and internationally. However, it later became embroiled in controversy, theft, and conspiracy theories.
|
||||
### Origins and Development
|
||||
|
|
@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ The software operated in batch processing mode (no online capabilities) and was
|
|||
|
||||
Around 1973 (date unclear), Bill Hamilton and [[Nancy Hamilton]] founded The Institute of Law and Social Research, a non profit think tank that was to be the steward of the PROMIS software. The LEAA declared PROMIS an "exemplary project" and further funded INSLAW to enhance PROMIS to make it a transferrable system that could be adopted by other jurisdictions. The LEAA also funded "transfers" for municipalities to adopt the PROMIS software.
|
||||
|
||||
A 1979 St. Louis PROMIS dataset deposited with the [[Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research]] as study 8225 says PROMIS was "initially developed with funds from the U.S. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)" and was "first used in 1971 in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia." The codebook states that LEAA then awarded a grant to the Institute for Law and Social Research (INSLAW) to make the system transferable to other communities, and that the St. Louis dataset was one product of that grant.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
This new version of the software was called PROMIS II.
|
||||
### PROMIS II (mid-1970s)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -73,32 +75,32 @@ Both MINI-PROMIS and MAXI-PROMIS continued to produce the traditional batch repo
|
|||
|
||||
The critical legal distinction in the [[PROMIS Software Scandal]] turned on whether the 1982 DOJ implementation contract required delivery of only the public-domain version or also incorporated these privately-funded enhancements. INSLAW argued that the enhancements were inseparably integrated into the delivered system; DOJ argued the contract entitled it only to the public-domain base, and any proprietary enhancements had to be separately identified and could be removed.
|
||||
|
||||
The specific version delivered under Modification 12 on April 20, 1983, ran on a VAX minicomputer and is sometimes referred to as "VAX PROMIS." A Prime computer port was completed in August 1983 and installed across 20 U.S. Attorneys' offices. These VAX and Prime implementations were the versions at issue in the bankruptcy court litigation and in allegations that DOJ distributed enhanced PROMIS beyond the authorized 94 U.S. Attorneys' offices.[^1]
|
||||
The specific version delivered under Modification 12 on April 20, 1983, ran on a VAX minicomputer and is sometimes referred to as "VAX PROMIS." A Prime computer port was completed in August 1983 and installed across 20 U.S. Attorneys' offices. These VAX and Prime implementations were the versions at issue in the bankruptcy court litigation and in allegations that DOJ distributed enhanced PROMIS beyond the authorized 94 U.S. Attorneys' offices.[^2]
|
||||
### Theft and Misappropriation by the U.S. Justice Department
|
||||
|
||||
In March 1982, INSLAW signed a $10 million, three-year contract with the [[Department of Justice|DOJ's]] [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] to install PROMIS in 20 large U.S. Attorneys' offices and word-processor systems in 74 smaller ones. From the outset, disputes arose over proprietary rights: INSLAW claimed the delivered software incorporated enhancements developed at private expense after May 1981, while DOJ insisted the contract entitled it to unlimited rights over everything delivered. Contract administrator [[Peter Videnieks]] and project manager [[C. Madison Brewer]] - the latter a former general counsel of INSLAW's predecessor organization - took consistently adversarial positions on INSLAW's proprietary claims.[^1]
|
||||
In March 1982, INSLAW signed a $10 million, three-year contract with the [[Department of Justice|DOJ's]] [[Executive Office for United States Attorneys]] to install PROMIS in 20 large U.S. Attorneys' offices and word-processor systems in 74 smaller ones. From the outset, disputes arose over proprietary rights: INSLAW claimed the delivered software incorporated enhancements developed at private expense after May 1981, while DOJ insisted the contract entitled it to unlimited rights over everything delivered. Contract administrator [[Peter Videnieks]] and project manager [[C. Madison Brewer]] - the latter a former general counsel of INSLAW's predecessor organization - took consistently adversarial positions on INSLAW's proprietary claims.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
DOJ withheld advance payments citing an unauthorized pledge of government invoices to a bank, a dispute INSLAW characterized as pretextual. Under financial duress, INSLAW filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 1985. The bankruptcy proceedings became a second front of litigation: INSLAW alleged that senior DOJ officials, including [[Lowell Jensen]] and acting under direction ultimately traceable to [[Edwin Meese]] and [[Earl Brian]], engineered the advance payment disputes specifically to drive the company into insolvency and enable the acquisition of its software at bankruptcy auction prices.
|
||||
|
||||
Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]] ruled in September 1987 that DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit." The district court affirmed this ruling in November 1989. The D.C. Circuit reversed it in May 1991 on jurisdictional grounds; the Supreme Court declined review. Full legal history is documented at INSLAW and PROMIS Software Scandal.[^1][^2]
|
||||
Bankruptcy Judge [[George Francis Bason, Jr.]] ruled in September 1987 that DOJ had "taken, converted, stole, INSLAW's enhanced PROMIS by trickery, fraud, and deceit." The district court affirmed this ruling in November 1989. The D.C. Circuit reversed it in May 1991 on jurisdictional grounds; the Supreme Court declined review. Full legal history is documented at INSLAW and PROMIS Software Scandal.[^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Danny Casolaro and "The Octopus"
|
||||
|
||||
Freelance journalist [[Danny Casolaro]] began investigating the PROMIS Software Scandal in 1990 after being contacted by INSLAW founder Bill Hamilton.[^1] Casolaro believed the theft of PROMIS was one tentacle of a sprawling criminal conspiracy he called "[[The Octopus]]," which he believed linked U.S. intelligence agencies, international espionage and arms dealing, organized crime, drug cartels involved in the [[Iran-Contra Affair]], money laundering through [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]], and covert operations to manipulate foreign governments. He was working on a book titled "Behold, A Pale Horse" (later "The Octopus") encompassing these connected events.[^1]
|
||||
Freelance journalist [[Danny Casolaro]] began investigating the PROMIS Software Scandal in 1990 after being contacted by INSLAW founder Bill Hamilton.[^2] Casolaro believed the theft of PROMIS was one tentacle of a sprawling criminal conspiracy he called "[[The Octopus]]," which he believed linked U.S. intelligence agencies, international espionage and arms dealing, organized crime, drug cartels involved in the [[Iran-Contra Affair]], money laundering through [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]], and covert operations to manipulate foreign governments. He was working on a book titled "Behold, A Pale Horse" (later "The Octopus") encompassing these connected events.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Casolaro was found dead on August 10, 1991, in his hotel room in [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]], his wrists slashed twelve times. His death was ruled a suicide. His research files on PROMIS and the Octopus were missing from the hotel room. The [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] recommended further investigation into the circumstances of his death, and the case was later the subject of the 2024 documentary series *American Conspiracy: The Octopus Murders*. Full details are at Danny Casolaro.[^2][^8]
|
||||
Casolaro was found dead on August 10, 1991, in his hotel room in [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]], his wrists slashed twelve times. His death was ruled a suicide. His research files on PROMIS and the Octopus were missing from the hotel room. The [[House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] recommended further investigation into the circumstances of his death, and the case was later the subject of the 2024 documentary series *American Conspiracy: The Octopus Murders*. Full details are at Danny Casolaro.[^3][^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Backdoor Theory and International Proliferation
|
||||
|
||||
Multiple sources allege that U.S. and Israeli intelligence agencies modified PROMIS with a hidden surveillance backdoor before distributing it to foreign governments, banks, and international organizations. The backdoor allegedly allowed intelligence services to remotely access the databases of PROMIS users and monitor their queries in real time.
|
||||
|
||||
[[Michael Riconosciuto]] claimed he was tasked with installing the backdoor at the [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]]-[[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]] joint venture in Indio, California, working from software obtained through Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks. A separate account, drawn from Israeli intelligence sources and reported in Gordon Thomas's *Gideon's Spies* (1999), holds that [[Rafael Eitan]] of [[LAKAM]] directed Israeli technicians to embed a "trapdoor" microchip in PROMIS after acquiring the software through back channels from the DOJ, with the modified software then distributed internationally through British media proprietor [[Robert Maxwell]] and his Israeli computer firm [[Degem]].[^3]
|
||||
[[Michael Riconosciuto]] claimed he was tasked with installing the backdoor at the [[Wackenhut Corporation|Wackenhut]]-[[Cabazon Indian Reservation|Cabazon]] joint venture in Indio, California, working from software obtained through Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks. A separate account, drawn from Israeli intelligence sources and reported in Gordon Thomas's *Gideon's Spies* (1999), holds that [[Rafael Eitan]] of [[LAKAM]] directed Israeli technicians to embed a "trapdoor" microchip in PROMIS after acquiring the software through back channels from the DOJ, with the modified software then distributed internationally through British media proprietor [[Robert Maxwell]] and his Israeli computer firm [[Degem]].[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
Alleged foreign intelligence and law enforcement users of the backdoored PROMIS include agencies in [[Israel]], [[Canada]] (the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]]), the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[South Korea]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Libya]], [[Poland]], [[South Africa]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. International financial institutions alleged to have received PROMIS-derived systems include BCCI, [[Banco Nazionale del Lavoro]], the [[HSBC|Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]], [[UBS|Union Bank of Switzerland]], and [[Bank of America]]. Gordon Thomas and [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] put total sales through the Maxwell network at more than $500 million.[^3][^4]
|
||||
Alleged foreign intelligence and law enforcement users of the backdoored PROMIS include agencies in [[Israel]], [[Canada]] (the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] and [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]]), the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[South Korea]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Libya]], [[Poland]], [[South Africa]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. International financial institutions alleged to have received PROMIS-derived systems include BCCI, [[Banco Nazionale del Lavoro]], the [[HSBC|Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]], [[UBS|Union Bank of Switzerland]], and [[Bank of America]]. Gordon Thomas and [[Ari Ben-Menashe]] put total sales through the Maxwell network at more than $500 million.[^5][^6]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[Bua Report]] (1993) and a subsequent DOJ review (1994) found no credible evidence that enhanced PROMIS was distributed internationally, concluding that only public-domain versions of the software had been shared with foreign entities.[^1]
|
||||
The [[Bua Report]] (1993) and a subsequent DOJ review (1994) found no credible evidence that enhanced PROMIS was distributed internationally, concluding that only public-domain versions of the software had been shared with foreign entities.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The witnesses central to the foreign-distribution claims were assessed as unreliable. Michael Riconosciuto was arrested on drug charges eight days after submitting his March 1991 backdoor affidavit and was later convicted of distributing methamphetamine, a conviction that figured in evaluations of his credibility. Earl Brian denied involvement in any PROMIS scheme and was never charged in connection with it, though he was separately convicted in 1996 of unrelated financial fraud involving the [[Financial News Network]] and [[United Press International]]. Commentators writing after the 2013 disclosures about [[National Security Agency]] bulk surveillance described PROMIS as a conceptual forerunner of mass data integration, while cautioning that the specific trapdoor-distribution narrative remained unproven and rested on the same contested witnesses the official reviews had rejected.[^5][^6][^7]
|
||||
The witnesses central to the foreign-distribution claims were assessed as unreliable. Michael Riconosciuto was arrested on drug charges eight days after submitting his March 1991 backdoor affidavit and was later convicted of distributing methamphetamine, a conviction that figured in evaluations of his credibility. Earl Brian denied involvement in any PROMIS scheme and was never charged in connection with it, though he was separately convicted in 1996 of unrelated financial fraud involving the [[Financial News Network]] and [[United Press International]]. Commentators writing after the 2013 disclosures about [[National Security Agency]] bulk surveillance described PROMIS as a conceptual forerunner of mass data integration, while cautioning that the specific trapdoor-distribution narrative remained unproven and rested on the same contested witnesses the official reviews had rejected.[^7][^8][^9]
|
||||
|
||||
### Later Developments
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -106,25 +108,26 @@ In September 1987, Bankruptcy Judge George Francis Bason, Jr. ruled that DOJ had
|
|||
|
||||
The House Judiciary Committee launched a three-year investigation from 1989 to 1992, producing House Report 102-857 on September 10, 1992, which found "strong evidence" of DOJ theft and raised "serious concerns" about a high-level conspiracy. The report was unclassified and publicly available. Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]], appointed in November 1991, issued a 267-page report in March 1993 finding no credible evidence of criminal wrongdoing by any DOJ official. The Senate referred INSLAW's remaining claims to the Court of Federal Claims, which ruled in 1997-1998 that all PROMIS versions were in the public domain.
|
||||
|
||||
Bill Hamilton maintained INSLAW's claims publicly for decades after the formal proceedings concluded. The international backdoor distribution allegations - particularly those concerning Rafael Eitan, Robert Maxwell, and Degem - were never formally adjudicated. A 2001 report alleged that [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] double agent [[Robert Hanssen]] provided PROMIS-derived software to his Soviet [[KGB]] handlers.[^1][^2]
|
||||
Bill Hamilton maintained INSLAW's claims publicly for decades after the formal proceedings concluded. The international backdoor distribution allegations - particularly those concerning Rafael Eitan, Robert Maxwell, and Degem - were never formally adjudicated. A 2001 report alleged that [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] double agent [[Robert Hanssen]] provided PROMIS-derived software to his Soviet [[KGB]] handlers.[^2][^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Listing in the Federal Software Exchange Catalog, 1980 and 1981
|
||||
|
||||
A memorandum of March 30, 1981, numbered ODP-81-307 and headed "Federal Software Exchange Program," was written by the Chief, Management Staff, Office of Data Processing (ODP) of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (the signer's name is redacted in the release) to the Information Handling Systems Architect, all ADP control officers, the Chief of the ADP and Engineering Branch ("OL" in the address block), the Chief of the Information Systems Security Group of the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]], and the ODP deputy directors for Applications and for Processing and its Chief of Special Projects Staff. It described the Federal Software Exchange Program, run by the Federal Software Exchange Center (FSEC) of the [[General Services Administration]], which collects federally owned or developed unclassified software and makes it available to agencies, directed ODP components to review the FSEC catalog before procuring or developing software, and stated that a CIA component obtaining software from FSEC would have to maintain it.[^9]
|
||||
A memorandum of March 30, 1981, numbered ODP-81-307 and headed "Federal Software Exchange Program," was written by the Chief, Management Staff, Office of Data Processing (ODP) of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (the signer's name is redacted in the release) to the Information Handling Systems Architect, all ADP control officers, the Chief of the ADP and Engineering Branch ("OL" in the address block), the Chief of the Information Systems Security Group of the [[CIA Office of Security|Office of Security]], and the ODP deputy directors for Applications and for Processing and its Chief of Special Projects Staff. It described the Federal Software Exchange Program, run by the Federal Software Exchange Center (FSEC) of the [[General Services Administration]], which collects federally owned or developed unclassified software and makes it available to agencies, directed ODP components to review the FSEC catalog before procuring or developing software, and stated that a CIA component obtaining software from FSEC would have to maintain it.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
The attachments were a letter from Helen B. McEwan, Director of the Federal Software Exchange Program at the GSA Automated Data and Telecommunications Service in Falls Church, Virginia; a blank Standard Form 185 software abstract; and, as Attachment B, the subject index of the Federal Software Exchange Catalog of September 1980, "provided as a sample of the types of software available from the FSEC." In that index the entry "Promis (Online), Generalized Tracking System," catalog number FSWEC-80/0092, appears under the subject headings Criminal Justice, Information Systems and Records Management. The memorandum text does not mention INSLAW, the Justice Department or a developer, and the index does not identify the organization that submitted the entry. The document was approved for release on October 31, 2006 as CIA-RDP84-00933R000200180033-7.[^9]
|
||||
The attachments were a letter from Helen B. McEwan, Director of the Federal Software Exchange Program at the GSA Automated Data and Telecommunications Service in Falls Church, Virginia; a blank Standard Form 185 software abstract; and, as Attachment B, the subject index of the Federal Software Exchange Catalog of September 1980, "provided as a sample of the types of software available from the FSEC." In that index the entry "Promis (Online), Generalized Tracking System," catalog number FSWEC-80/0092, appears under the subject headings Criminal Justice, Information Systems and Records Management. The memorandum text does not mention INSLAW, the Justice Department or a developer, and the index does not identify the organization that submitted the entry. The document was approved for release on October 31, 2006 as CIA-RDP84-00933R000200180033-7.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Emma Best]] wrote in [[MuckRock]] on December 18, 2018 that the memo showed the Central Intelligence Agency "was offered PROMIS software as early as 1981," that details in the catalog entry identify it as the "wholly unrelated" Project Management Integrated System distributed by Strategic Software Planning Corporation and Digital Planning, Inc., which the CIA says is the only PROMIS it used, and that "by themselves, the memos do not indicate that the software was ever requested by anyone at the CIA or the National Security Agency."[^10]
|
||||
[[Emma Best]] wrote in [[MuckRock]] on December 18, 2018 that the memo showed the Central Intelligence Agency "was offered PROMIS software as early as 1981," that details in the catalog entry identify it as the "wholly unrelated" Project Management Integrated System distributed by Strategic Software Planning Corporation and Digital Planning, Inc., which the CIA says is the only PROMIS it used, and that "by themselves, the memos do not indicate that the software was ever requested by anyone at the CIA or the National Security Agency."[^11]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
|
||||
[^3]: Thomas, Gordon. *Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad.* St. Martin's Press, 1999.
|
||||
[^4]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^5]: "The Deep, Meaningless Rabbithole of the Inslaw/PROMIS Affair," *Investigative Economics,* 2024, on Michael Riconosciuto's arrest eight days after his affidavit and his methamphetamine conviction. https://www.investigativeeconomics.org/p/the-deep-meaningless-rabbithole-of
|
||||
[^6]: "Ex-Chief of Wire Service Convicted of Fraud Conspiracy," *The Washington Post,* October 1996, on Earl Brian's conviction for financial fraud involving the Financial News Network and United Press International. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/10/18/ex-chief-of-wire-service-convicted-of-fraud-conspiracy/314ff075-52fe-450b-8f47-b353898ccfe1/
|
||||
[^7]: "PRISM's Controversial Forerunner," *Consortium News,* 2013, on PROMIS as a conceptual forerunner of bulk data integration and the unproven trapdoor narrative. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/07/11/prisms-controversial-forerunner/
|
||||
[^8]: "The Mysterious Death of Danny Casolaro," *All That's Interesting,* on the August 1991 death, the missing notes, and the 2024 documentary *American Conspiracy: The Octopus Murders*. https://allthatsinteresting.com/danny-casolaro
|
||||
[^9]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Data Processing, Management Staff, memorandum ODP-81-307, "Federal Software Exchange Program," March 30, 1981, with Attachment A (letter of Helen B. McEwan, Director, Federal Software Exchange Program, General Services Administration), Standard Form 185 and instructions, and Attachment B, "Federal Software Exchange Catalog, September 1980, Subject Index," pp. SU-1 and SU-2, CIA-RDP84-00933R000200180033-7, approved for release October 31, 2006; 7-page PDF supplied by the vault owner and read on October 3, 2026 (memorandum text by text layer, index page SU-1 by image).
|
||||
[^10]: Emma Best, "Memo shows the CIA was offered PROMIS software in 1981," MuckRock, December 18, 2018, https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2018/dec/18/promis-81-memo/.
|
||||
[^1]: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, ICPSR 8225, Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS), St. Louis, 1979, codebook introduction. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08225.v1
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
|
||||
[^4]: "The Mysterious Death of Danny Casolaro," *All That's Interesting,* on the August 1991 death, the missing notes, and the 2024 documentary *American Conspiracy: The Octopus Murders*. https://allthatsinteresting.com/danny-casolaro
|
||||
[^5]: Thomas, Gordon. *Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad.* St. Martin's Press, 1999.
|
||||
[^6]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network.* Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
|
||||
[^7]: "The Deep, Meaningless Rabbithole of the Inslaw/PROMIS Affair," *Investigative Economics,* 2024, on Michael Riconosciuto's arrest eight days after his affidavit and his methamphetamine conviction. https://www.investigativeeconomics.org/p/the-deep-meaningless-rabbithole-of
|
||||
[^8]: "Ex-Chief of Wire Service Convicted of Fraud Conspiracy," *The Washington Post,* October 1996, on Earl Brian's conviction for financial fraud involving the Financial News Network and United Press International. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/10/18/ex-chief-of-wire-service-convicted-of-fraud-conspiracy/314ff075-52fe-450b-8f47-b353898ccfe1/
|
||||
[^9]: "PRISM's Controversial Forerunner," *Consortium News,* 2013, on PROMIS as a conceptual forerunner of bulk data integration and the unproven trapdoor narrative. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/07/11/prisms-controversial-forerunner/
|
||||
[^10]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Data Processing, Management Staff, memorandum ODP-81-307, "Federal Software Exchange Program," March 30, 1981, with Attachment A (letter of Helen B. McEwan, Director, Federal Software Exchange Program, General Services Administration), Standard Form 185 and instructions, and Attachment B, "Federal Software Exchange Catalog, September 1980, Subject Index," pp. SU-1 and SU-2, CIA-RDP84-00933R000200180033-7, approved for release October 31, 2006; 7-page PDF supplied by the vault owner and read on October 3, 2026 (memorandum text by text layer, index page SU-1 by image).
|
||||
[^11]: Emma Best, "Memo shows the CIA was offered PROMIS software in 1981," MuckRock, December 18, 2018, https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2018/dec/18/promis-81-memo/.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ relations:
|
|||
role: "review panel under Gerald M. Clemence"
|
||||
fn: 21
|
||||
created: 2026-10-01
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-01
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Condon Committee was the University of Colorado's Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, conducted from 1966 to 1968 under a contract with the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]] and directed by the physicist [[Edward Condon]]. Its report, transmitted to the Secretary of the Air Force on 31 October 1968, stated that "nothing has come from the study of UFOs in the past 21 years that has added to scientific knowledge." A review by a panel of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] and the report were the stated bases for the termination of [[Project Blue Book]] on 17 December 1969.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
|
@ -145,6 +145,10 @@ The report went to Secretary of the Air Force [[Harold Brown]] under cover of Sm
|
|||
|
||||
Hynek had told the [[House Armed Services Committee]] on 5 April 1966 that "the body of data accumulated since 1948 through the Air Force investigations deserves close scrutiny by a civilian panel of physical and social scientists."[^22] An Air Force action memorandum of 20 October 1969, with the signature block of Brigadier General [[C. H. Bolender]], cited the report and the Academy review as reasons that continuation of Blue Book "cannot be justified, either on the ground of national security or in the interest of science."[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Citation of Challenge to Science
|
||||
|
||||
The report's discussion of UFO reports near Martian oppositions cites the 1966 book *Challenge to Science* by Jacques Vallee and Janine Vallee, quoting it as "Vallee and Vallee, 1966, p. 138." The report says that the claimed correlation "is quite unfounded" and that the idea "is not supported by observational data."[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Edward U. Condon, ed., Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects (University of Colorado, 1968), Preface and Letter of Transmittal (J. R. Smiley to Harold Brown, 31 October 1968, citing Contract No. F44620-67-C-0035), http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/preface.htm and http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/covrletr.htm; Section I, p. 2, http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/sec-i.htm.
|
||||
|
|
@ -169,3 +173,4 @@ Hynek had told the [[House Armed Services Committee]] on 5 April 1966 that "the
|
|||
[^20]: Condon, Section I, "Conclusions and Recommendations," pp. 2 and 6-7, http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/sec-i.htm.
|
||||
[^21]: "Review of the University of Colorado Report on Unidentified Flying Objects by a Panel of the National Academy of Sciences," 1969 (Gerald M. Clemence, chairman; H. R. Crane, David M. Dennison, Wallace O. Fenn, H. Keffer Hartline, E. R. Hilgard, Mark Kac, Francis W. Reichelderfer, William W. Rubey, C. D. Shane, Oswald G. Villard Jr.), Attachment 2, pp. 8-9, in the Navy UFO fact-sheet compilation at https://www.physics.smu.edu/pseudo/UFOs/dod174.pdf.
|
||||
[^22]: Condon, Section V, chapter 2, pp. 909-910 (Hynek's opening statement at the House Armed Services Committee hearing of 5 April 1966), http://files.ncas.org/condon/text/s5chap02.htm.
|
||||
[^23]: University of Colorado (Edward U. Condon, director), *Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects*, vol. 1 (1968), discussion of Martian oppositions. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0680975
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
---
|
||||
category: "Major Conflict"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- Event
|
||||
|
|
@ -6,40 +6,233 @@ tags:
|
|||
- Iraq
|
||||
- CIA
|
||||
- ChemicalWeapons
|
||||
- Halabja
|
||||
- IranContra
|
||||
- ArmsToIraq
|
||||
- Iraqgate
|
||||
- ColdWar
|
||||
summary: "The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) was an eight-year conflict in which Western powers, the CIA, and Gulf states covertly supported Saddam Hussein's Iraq while the Reagan administration simultaneously ran secret arms to Iran; the war produced massive casualties, extensive use of chemical weapons against Iranian and Kurdish populations, and the arms procurement networks at the center of the Iran-Contra affair."
|
||||
- TankerWar
|
||||
- USSStark
|
||||
- IranAir655
|
||||
- TeicherDeclaration
|
||||
aliases:
|
||||
- Iran-Iraq War
|
||||
- Iran-Iraq war
|
||||
- Iran Iraq War
|
||||
- Iran-Iraq conflict
|
||||
summary: "The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) was an eight-year conflict in which American credits and intelligence, British machine tools and Chilean cluster bombs reached Iraq while Israeli shipments of American weapons reached Iran."
|
||||
location: "Persian Gulf"
|
||||
created: 2026-05-14
|
||||
updated: 2026-05-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
relations:
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Iraq]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "belligerent"
|
||||
start: 1980-09-22
|
||||
end: 1988-08-20
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Iran]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "belligerent"
|
||||
start: 1980-09-22
|
||||
end: 1988-08-20
|
||||
fn: 2
|
||||
- type: funded
|
||||
with: "[[Commodity Credit Corporation]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "export credit guarantees for Iraqi purchases"
|
||||
start: 1983
|
||||
end: 1990
|
||||
fn: 17
|
||||
- type: investigated
|
||||
with: "[[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "BNL affair report, S. Prt. 103-12"
|
||||
start: 1993-02
|
||||
fn: 20
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Israel]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "transfers of U.S.-supplied weapons to Iran"
|
||||
start: 1985-08-20
|
||||
end: 1985-11-24
|
||||
fn: 41
|
||||
- type: participant_in
|
||||
with: "[[Carlos Cardoen]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "cluster-bomb supplier to Iraq"
|
||||
start: 1983
|
||||
end: 1988
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
- type: prosecuted
|
||||
with: "[[Edward A. Johnson]]"
|
||||
reverse: true
|
||||
role: "convicted over zirconium exports to Chile for Iraqi cluster bombs"
|
||||
start: 1993-05-26
|
||||
end: 1998-04-28
|
||||
fn: 26
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The Iran-Iraq War was an armed conflict fought between [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]] from September 22, 1980, to August 20, 1988. [[Saddam Hussein]]'s Iraqi forces invaded Iran along a broad front following the instability created by the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, which had deposed the Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] and brought the [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Islamic Republic]] to power. The war lasted eight years, killed an estimated 500,000 to one million people, and ended in a UN-brokered ceasefire with no territorial changes. It is among the most costly conflicts of the late twentieth century.[^1]
|
||||
The Iran-Iraq War was an armed conflict between [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]] that began on September 22, 1980, and ended with a ceasefire that took effect at 0300 GMT on August 20, 1988.[^1][^2] The Security Council described the conflict in January 1987 as "now more than six years old."[^3] It is the setting for the arms networks that supplied both belligerents, and several procurement scandals of the 1980s, including the [[BNL Scandal]], the [[Arms-to-Iraq]] affair and the [[Iran-Contra Affair]], draw on it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Origins and Opening Phase
|
||||
### Origins and opening phase
|
||||
|
||||
Saddam Hussein invaded Iran on September 22, 1980, intending a rapid victory against a government he believed had been weakened by revolution and the purge of its military officers. Iraqi forces advanced rapidly into [[Khuzestan]] province, capturing portions of territory and besieging the city of [[Khorramshahr]]. Iranian resistance stiffened, however, and within months the Iraqi advance had stalled. By 1982, Iran had expelled Iraqi forces from most captured territory and launched counteroffensives into Iraqi territory, including toward [[Basra]].[^1]
|
||||
[[Saddam Hussein]] ordered the invasion of Iran on September 22, 1980, intending a rapid victory against a government he believed had been weakened by revolution and the purge of its military officers. The [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979 had deposed the Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] and brought the [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini|Islamic Republic]] to power. Iraqi forces advanced into [[Khuzestan]] province and besieged [[Khorramshahr]], and within months the Iraqi advance had stalled. By 1982 Iranian forces had pushed Iraqi forces out of most captured territory and carried the fighting into Iraq, toward [[Basra]]. The war killed an estimated 500,000 to one million people; a Library of Congress study counts "about 1 million casualties." It ended with a ceasefire under [[United Nations Security Council]] Resolution 598, which called for withdrawal of all forces to the internationally recognized boundaries.[^3][^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Western Support for Iraq
|
||||
### The American tilt toward Iraq
|
||||
|
||||
From approximately 1982 onward, the [[Reagan administration]] tilted toward Iraq as a counterweight to [[Iran]], whose Islamic Revolutionary regime Washington viewed as a greater threat. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] began providing Iraq with satellite imagery of Iranian military positions and signals intelligence. The CIA also passed battlefield assessments to Iraqi commanders. U.S. agricultural credits through the [[Commodity Credit Corporation]] were extended to Iraq and used to free up Iraqi hard currency for arms purchases.[^2]
|
||||
From approximately 1982 onward, the [[Reagan administration]] tilted toward Iraq as a counterweight to Iran, whose Islamic Revolutionary regime Washington viewed as a greater threat. Alan Friedman wrote that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] began providing Iraq with satellite imagery of Iranian military positions and signals intelligence, passed battlefield assessments to Iraqi commanders, and that U.S. agricultural credits through the [[Commodity Credit Corporation]] were extended to Iraq and used to free up Iraqi hard currency for arms purchases.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Donald Rumsfeld]] visited Saddam Hussein in Baghdad in December 1983 as President Reagan's special envoy, a visit documented in State Department cables released decades later. The visit cemented the relationship at a moment when U.S. intelligence was tracking Iraqi chemical weapons use against Iranian troops. The Reagan administration continued to provide intelligence and credits despite this knowledge.
|
||||
An information memorandum of October 7, 1983, from [[Nicholas Veliotes]] and [[Jonathan Howe]] to Under Secretary [[Lawrence Eagleburger]] carried the subject line "Iran-Iraq War: Analysis of Possible U.S. Shift from Position of Strict Neutrality." It listed four results of the neutrality policy: it had "avoided direct great power involvement," "prevented spread of the war beyond the territory of the combatants to threaten Gulf oil supplies," "contributed to the current military stalemate" and "preserved the possibility of developing a future relationship with Iran while minimizing openings for expansion of Soviet influence." Under the heading "A Tilt Toward Iraq: What It Might Include," it set Iraq's annual foreign exchange expenditure at 12 billion dollars for military and 6 billion for commercial imports against oil earnings of 6 billion, and recorded that financing from [[Saudi Arabia]] and the Gulf states had fallen from about 1 billion dollars monthly in the first half of the war to less than half of that rate, a shortfall Iraq had met "by nearly exhausting its reserves, deferring payments and by obtaining additional supplier credits." The memorandum referred to Iraq as "the bulwark against Khomeinism" and recorded that Eagleburger had told the Iraqi Under Secretary [[Ismat Kittani]] "directly that Iraq's defeat by Iran would not be in the U.S. interest." Among the military options it listed "Permit U.S.-controlled equipment to reach Iraq through third parties," with the observation that supply would be restricted by "the prohibition on supplying arms through a third party which we cannot supply directly."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
The [[BNL scandal]] - involving the [[Atlanta]] branch of [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]] - grew out of Iraq's use of loans to purchase weapons and dual-use technology during the war. British arms dealer networks, later examined in the [[Arms-to-Iraq]] affair and the [[Scott Inquiry]], similarly supplied Iraq with equipment during this period.
|
||||
The assessment section of the memorandum reads: "Our policy of strict neutrality has already been modified, except for arms sales, since Iran's forces crossed into Iraq in the summer of 1982. The steps we have taken toward the conflict since then have progressively favored Iraq. (We assume that other actions not discussed here, such as providing tactical intelligence, would continue as necessary.)" It described "the qualified tilt which we have in fact practiced for over a year" and listed among the effects of a further tilt that it would "support our objective of avoiding Iraq's collapse before revolutionary Iran without going so far as to alarm Israel."[^6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Chemical Weapons
|
||||
A State Department action memorandum of November 21, 1983, from Howe and [[Richard W. Murphy]] to Eagleburger, titled "Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons," put the question whether to instruct the U.S. Interests Section in Baghdad to raise the issue and urge cessation. It stated: "We have recently received additional information confirming Iraqi use of chemical weapons," and "We also know that Iraq has acquired a CW production capability, primarily from Western firms, including possibly a U.S. foreign subsidiary." The recommendation to approve carries an approval mark dated November 22, 1983.[^7]
|
||||
|
||||
Iraq used chemical weapons extensively against Iranian forces and, in March 1988, against the Kurdish town of [[Halabja]], killing an estimated 3,200 to 5,000 people. Halabja was the largest chemical weapons attack against a civilian population in history. The weapons used included mustard gas and nerve agents, the precursors for which had been supplied in part through Western dual-use technology transfers. The Reagan administration suppressed State Department condemnation of the Halabja attack for diplomatic reasons.[^2]
|
||||
On November 26, 1983 [[Ronald Reagan]] approved National Security Decision Directive 114, "U.S. Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War." The directive ordered consultations with allies and [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Gulf Arab states]] on planning to deter or defend against attacks on non-belligerent shipping and on critical oil facilities in the [[Persian Gulf]]. It stated that "It is present United States policy to undertake whatever measures may be necessary to keep the Strait of Hormuz open to international shipping."[^8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Iran-Contra Intersection
|
||||
On December 20, 1983 [[Donald Rumsfeld]], as special envoy of the President, met Saddam Hussein in Baghdad for ninety minutes. The U.S. Embassy in [[London]] reported the meeting in secret telegram 27572 of December 21, 1983. [[Tariq Aziz]], an interpreter and a notetaker attended for Iraq and [[William L. Eagleton Jr.|Eagleton]] and [[Robert H. Pelletreau Jr.|Pelletreau]] for the United States, and Rumsfeld delivered a letter from Reagan. The cable's summary records that Rumsfeld told Saddam that the two countries "had shared interests in preventing Iranian and Syrian expansion" and that the United States "was urging other states to curtail arms sales to Iran and believed it had successfully closed off US-controlled exports by third countries to Iran." In the body of the cable Rumsfeld is reported to have said that the United States agreed it was not in the interest of the region or the West for the outcome of the war "to be one which weakened Iraq's role or enhanced interests and ambitions of Iran," and that "We believe we have been successful in closing off exports of US-controlled equipment to Iran." Saddam interjected that Libya and Syria had been intermediaries on such deals, "like the recent Spanish ammunition sale." The cable also reports Saddam as saying that the United States had originally acted with indifference toward the Gulf war, "for which it decided to 'let this group of lunatics bash each other,'" and that "Zionism was in fact encouraging it to burn." A section on the pipeline to [[Aqaba]] records Saddam's concern that Israel would disrupt a route through [[Jordan]] and Rumsfeld's agreement that Iraq should not depend on one route.[^9] The visit came at a moment when U.S. intelligence was tracking Iraqi chemical weapons use against Iranian troops, and the Reagan administration continued to provide intelligence and credits.
|
||||
|
||||
Simultaneously with its public support for Iraq, the Reagan administration secretly approved arms transfers to [[Iran]] in the arms-for-hostages arrangement that became the [[Iran-Contra Affair]]. Israel transferred TOW anti-tank missiles and HAWK surface-to-air missiles to Iran beginning in August 1985, with American acquiescence arranged by National Security Advisor [[Robert McFarlane]] following [[David Kimche]]'s approach. Arms continued to flow through 1986. The profits from the weapons sales were diverted to the [[Contra]] insurgency in [[Nicaragua]]. The paradox of arming both sides of the same war was central to the Iran-Contra scandal's political impact when it became public in November 1986.[^1]
|
||||
Rumsfeld had met Aziz alone on the evening before, and telegram 27592 of December 21 reports that meeting. Aziz said he felt the war "was over in the strategic sense in that Iraq will not lose," and that "the best result for nations interested in stability was for Iran to lose the war." Rumsfeld wrote that he told Aziz "that there was no question but that the U.S. opposed other countries supplying weapons to Iran" and asked for specifics, set out "our efforts to halt illegal transfers of U.S.-controlled equipment to Iran and our conviction that such equipment is not now reaching Iran," and offered "our willingness to do more." He wrote: "I made clear that our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us, citing the use of chemical weapons, possible escalation in the Gulf, and human rights." The cable also reports Aziz's expression of appreciation for U.S. support of Security Council Resolution 540.[^10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ceasefire and Aftermath
|
||||
On March 5, 1984 the State Department issued a press statement, drafted at the request of the White House. It said: "The United States has concluded that the available evidence substantiates Iran's charges that Iraq has used chemical weapons. The United States strongly condemns the prohibited use of chemical weapons wherever it occurs. There can be no justification for their use by any country." A further paragraph read: "While condemning Iraq's resort to chemical weapons, the United States also calls on the Government of Iran to accept the good offices proffered by a number of countries and international organizations to put an end to the bloodshed. The United States finds the present Iranian regime's intransigent refusal to deviate from its avowed objective of eliminating the legitimate government of neighboring Iraq to be inconsistent with the accepted norms of behavior among nations and the moral and religious basis which it claims."[^11] Briefing notes of March 24, 1984 (State 086663), prepared for a second Rumsfeld visit to Baghdad, said that "bilateral relations were sharply set back by our March 5 condemnation of Iraq for CW use, despite our repeated warnings that this issue would emerge sooner or later," and that given its wartime preoccupations and "its distress at our CW statement, the Iraqi leadership probably will have little interest in discussing Lebanon."[^12]
|
||||
|
||||
Iran accepted UN Security Council Resolution 598 on July 20, 1988, which had been passed in July 1987. Iraq accepted on August 8, 1988. The ceasefire took effect August 20, 1988. Both sides had been economically and demographically devastated. Iraq's massive debt - including to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Western creditors - and its large standing military became factors in Saddam Hussein's subsequent decision to invade Kuwait in 1990.[^2]
|
||||
On March 29, 1984 the Iraqi chargé [[Nizar Hamdoon]] called on [[James Placke]] at the State Department to present Iraq's views on Security Council consideration of the chemical weapons report. A cable of the meeting records that Hamdoon preferred a presidential statement to a resolution and asked that it contain a "reference to CW without mentioning any specific country." Placke "emphasized firm USG opposition to use of CW" and said the United States "could accept Iraqi elements and presidential statement if that was consensus of UNSC," and he informed Hamdoon that on March 30 the United States would begin licensing exports to both Iran and Iraq of five chemicals that could be used in chemical weapons production.[^13] A U.S. mission cable of March 28 reported that the Iraqi ambassador had asked Ambassador [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] for "restraint" in handling the issue.[^14]
|
||||
|
||||
On April 5, 1984 Reagan signed National Security Decision Directive 139, "Measures to Improve U.S. Posture and Readiness to Respond to Developments in the Iran-Iraq War." The directive called for "a plan of action designed to avert an Iraqi collapse," including "an evaluation of Iraqi military needs and measures which could be taken to facilitate indirect security assistance (e.g., from [[Egypt]])" and "approaches to friendly states (e.g., [[France]] and Jordan) capable of providing overt and covert military support to Iraq." It also directed that the condemnation of chemical weapons use be "unambiguous and consistent with the 1925 Geneva protocol" and that it place "equal stress" on dissuading Iran.[^15]
|
||||
|
||||
On November 26, 1984 [[George Shultz]] met Aziz in Washington, in the first official meeting of Aziz's visit for the resumption of diplomatic relations. Aziz said Iraq was satisfied that the U.S. analysis of the war's threat to regional stability was "in agreement in principle" with Iraq's, thanked the United States for its efforts "to stop the flow of Western arms to Iran," and said that "Iraq's superiority in weaponry now assures its defense." Shultz remarked that "superior intelligence also must be an important factor in Iraq's defense," and the cable records that Aziz "acknowledged that this may be true." Aziz said Iraq viewed the event as "the establishment, rather than the re-establishment, of diplomatic relations." Shultz told Aziz that Iraq could expect the United States "to maintain its opposition to both the use and production of chemical weapons," a position he said "is not directed specifically at Iraq." On Iran's arms supply he called curbing the flow of Western arms "an insoluble problem" on which the United States must keep working, by securing agreements from other countries and then going back to them with information on specific sales.[^16]
|
||||
|
||||
The Commodity Credit Corporation guaranteed export credits for Iraqi purchases of American farm goods. A General Accounting Office testimony of March 14, 1991 reported that export credit guarantees approved for Iraq rose from about $400 million in fiscal year 1983 to about $1.1 billion in fiscal years 1988 and 1989, and were $500 million in fiscal year 1990.[^17] The Los Angeles Times reported in November 1992 that a criminal investigation concerned "$5 billion in secret loans to Iraq by the [[Atlanta]] branch" of the [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]].[^18] Representative [[Henry Gonzalez]], chairman of the [[House Banking Committee]], told the House that the Commodity Credit Corporation program backed about $5 billion of Iraqi purchases and that the BNL was its largest participant.[^19]
|
||||
|
||||
The FBI raided the BNL's Atlanta branch on August 4, 1989.[^20] Gonzalez reprinted branch cables in a House speech of September 14, 1992.[^21] Its branch manager, [[Christopher Drogoul]], pleaded guilty to sixty counts in June 1992 and withdrew the plea on October 1, 1992. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] decided his appeal in 1993.[^22] The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence's 1993 report on the affair examined CIA analyses of the loans from January 1990 and November 1991.[^20]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Teicher declarations
|
||||
|
||||
[[Howard Teicher]] served in the national security bureaucracy from 1977 to 1987 and on the staff of the [[National Security Council]] from early 1982 to 1987, with responsibility for the Middle East and political-military affairs. His declaration of January 31, 1995, filed in *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith, in the Southern District of Florida, was attached to a defense motion by [[Edward A. Johnson]], an employee of [[Teledyne Industries|Teledyne Wah Chang Albany]], and filed on February 1, 1995. Its eighteen paragraphs state the following under penalty of perjury "to the best of my memory and recollection."[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
Paragraph 3: "In the Spring of 1982, Iraq teetered on the brink of losing its war with Iran." In May and June 1982 the Iranians found a gap in the Iraqi defenses between Baghdad and Basra and massed an invasion force opposite it, and U.S. intelligence, including satellite imagery, detected both (paragraph 4). Reagan chose between strict neutrality and assistance to Iraq (paragraph 5) and in June 1982 decided that the United States "could not afford to allow Iraq to lose the war to Iran"; Teicher states that he co-authored a National Security Decision Directive to this effect with the NSC staff member [[Geoffrey Kemp|Geoff Kemp]] and that "The NSDD, including even its identifying number, is classified" (paragraph 6).[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
Paragraph 7: "CIA Director Casey personally spearheaded the effort to ensure that Iraq had sufficient military weapons, ammunition and vehicles to avoid losing the Iran-Iraq war." The United States supplied "billions of dollars of credits," military intelligence and advice, and closely monitored third-country arms sales to Iraq; in 1986 Reagan sent a secret message through Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]] to President [[Hosni Mubarak]], for passage to Saddam Hussein, telling Iraq to step up its air war and bombing of Iran, and Teicher states that he "authored Bush's talking points for the 1986 meeting with Mubarak." Paragraph 8: he attended meetings in which [[William J. Casey|Casey]] or [[Robert Gates]] noted Iraq's need for cluster bombs and anti-armor penetrators, Casey being "adamant that cluster bombs were a perfect 'force multiplier'" against "human waves" of Iranian attackers, and he recorded the comments in the minutes of National Security Planning Group meetings.[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
Paragraphs 9 to 14: the CIA "knew of, approved of, and assisted in the sale of non-U.S. origin military weapons, ammunition and vehicles to Iraq"; in 1984 Israeli Foreign Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] asked Rumsfeld in Jerusalem whether the United States would deliver a secret offer of Israeli assistance to Iraq, the United States agreed, and Teicher states that he was present in Baghdad when Rumsfeld told Aziz of the offer, whereupon Aziz "refused even to accept the Israelis' letter to Hussein offering assistance" because he "would be executed on the spot by Hussein if he did so"; the CIA "made sure that non-U.S. manufacturers manufactured and sold to Iraq the weapons needed by Iraq," and the highest levels of the government decided to make a key component, anti-armor penetrators, available "directly or indirectly" to Iraq; the CIA and the United States maintained a "Bear Spares" program through which Soviet-style spare parts and ammunition reached third countries, with Israel and Egypt as suppliers; and "The supply of Cardoen cluster bombs, which were fitted for use on Soviet, French and NATO aircraft, was a mere extension of the United States policy of assisting Iraq through all legal means in order to avoid an Iranian victory."[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
Paragraphs 15 to 18 concern [[Carlos Cardoen]]. Teicher states that his NSC files, held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, "will contain" his notes and memoranda of meetings with Casey or Gates that included discussions of Cardoen's manufacture and sale of cluster bombs to Iraq, together with cable traffic on the subject (paragraph 15). Paragraph 16: "Under CIA Director Casey and Deputy Director Gates, the CIA authorized, approved and assisted Cardoen in the manufacture and sale of cluster bombs and other munitions to Iraq." Paragraph 17 states that the NSC staff and the CIA were aware of Cardoen's 1983 arrest in Miami "in a sting operation relating to the smuggling of night vision goggles to Cuba and Libya," and of the arrest and conviction of two of his employees and his company. Paragraph 18 states that Casey, aware of the arrest and convictions, "directed the Secretaries of the State and Commerce Departments that the necessary licenses required by Cardoen were not to be denied."[^23]
|
||||
|
||||
Teicher stated in a later declaration that he had been retained in December 1994 by attorneys for Teledyne, a co-defendant, "as an expert consultant on U.S. policy in the Middle East, specifically Iraq, and how the national security decision-making process operates," and that on January 31, 1995 "the attorneys for Teledyne prepared and faxed me a declaration, which I signed."[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Robert Parry]] wrote in *Extra!* in May and June 1995 that federal prosecutors "attacked Teicher's affidavit as a lie" and classified it as a state secret, and that they then persuaded the trial judge to block Teicher's testimony as irrelevant to the trial of the two Teledyne employees.[^25] In its 1998 opinion in Johnson's appeal the Eleventh Circuit described the "CIA" defense, that the intelligence community had arranged for the zirconium shipments to bypass export regulations, and stated that the district court had held a hearing under the Classified Information Procedures Act, reviewed classified CIA documents in camera and "found no evidence supporting Johnson's theory that the CIA had secretly arranged to supply Cardoen with zirconium"; the appeals court reviewed the same materials and agreed that the government had withheld no evidence supporting the theory.[^26] In a pretrial order on that hearing, Judge [[Shelby Highsmith]] recorded the testimony of a CIA Directorate of Operations employee, identified as Linda C., who reviewed the agency's file on Cardoen for 1984 to 1993 and testified that Cardoen "was not an agent or source of intelligence for the United States government" but "a target." The same order quoted the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence's 1991 report on the Gates nomination: "Between 1984 and 1988 Cardoen Industries was of significant intelligence interest to the CIA which believed that Cardoen was the primary supplier of cluster bombs to the Iraqi government and an important supplier of other categories of ordnance to Iraq and other Middle Eastern States." The report also found that a relationship between Cardoen Industries and James D. Theberge, a member of the CIA Senior Review Panel from January 1986 to January 1988, "may have constituted a conflict of interest and a security concern at worst or an awkward appearance at best." The order records a January 1984 CIA debriefing of a Teledyne employee, who said Teledyne had supplied 13 million zirconium pellets to Cardoen and that the size of the order made military ordnance the most likely use.[^27]
|
||||
|
||||
On October 31, 1996 Teicher signed a second declaration, which the United States Attorney's office for the Southern District of Florida filed on November 8, 1996, through Assistant U.S. Attorney Frank H. Tamen, as a "Notice of Filing Corrective Declaration." The notice states that the declaration "corrects a declaration previously filed" with Johnson's emergency motion of February 1, 1995.[^24] In the corrective declaration Teicher states that "Shortly after this declaration was filed, I carefully reviewed it and determined that several statements were inaccurate or were overly broad," and that he wished to clarify statements in "paragraphs 15 through 17" (paragraph 3). He states that his understanding in signing "was that I was providing information that was based partially on my knowledge and partially on my beliefs. I did not intend these statements to be categorical statements of fact. Because I now understand that they are being interpreted this way, I want to correct the record" (paragraph 4). He states that in paragraphs 15 through 18 the references to his files and what they "will contain" reflected a belief that his files, or documents he had seen, "might contain information relevant to Carlos Cardoen and the manufacture of cluster bombs"; that he "did not review or index my files" when he resigned from the NSC staff and has not seen most of them since leaving government service in 1987; and that "I do not have actual knowledge that these files contain such information" (paragraph 5). He states that "I am not aware of any specific evidence" that the United States government or any official or agency "took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs," and none that the government "in any other way helped Cardoen supply munitions to Iraq" (paragraph 6). On paragraph 17 he states that "although I understood Cardoen had been arrested, the other information in this paragraph is incorrect" (paragraph 7).[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
The corrective declaration addresses paragraphs 15 through 18 of the 1995 declaration. Paragraphs 1 to 14, which contain the accounts of Iraq's position in spring 1982, the June 1982 directive, the credits, the intelligence and advice, the 1986 message through Mubarak, the Casey and Gates statements on cluster bombs and penetrators, the 1984 Israeli offer carried by Rumsfeld, the CIA's role in non-U.S. weapons sales and the "Bear Spares" program, are not mentioned in it. Paragraph 3 of the corrective refers to paragraphs 15 through 17, and its paragraphs 5 and 6 refer to paragraphs 15 through 18.[^24]
|
||||
|
||||
### Chemical weapons and Halabja
|
||||
|
||||
Iran alleged on November 3, 1983 that Iraq was using chemical weapons. The Secretary-General's first team of specialists reported on March 26, 1984, and the report was transmitted to the Security Council as S/16433.[^28] A further mission in February and March 1986 reported "positive evidence of the presence of mustard gas" in the field.[^29]
|
||||
|
||||
On January 16, 1987 the President of the Security Council, speaking after consultations, said that the members were "Deeply dismayed by the unanimous conclusions of the specialists that there has been repeated use of chemical weapons against Iranian forces by Iraqi forces, that civilians in Iran also have been injured by chemical weapons, and that Iraqi military personnel have sustained injuries from chemical warfare agents."[^3] The Secretary-General's note of August 17, 1988, transmitting a further specialists' report, quoted their conclusion that "chemical weapons have been used against Iranian civilians in an area adjacent to an urban centre lacking any protection against that kind of attack."[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
On March 16, 1988 Iraqi forces bombed the Kurdish town of [[Halabja]], and Human Rights Watch (then Middle East Watch) wrote in 1993 that "between 3,200 and 5,000 residents died," in what it called "the largest chemical attack of all" in the 1987 to 1989 campaigns against the Kurds. Its report lists mustard gas and the nerve agent GB, or Sarin, among the weapons used against Halabja and dozens of Kurdish villages, and states that the raid was carried out in reprisal for the capture of the town by peshmerga supported by Iranian Revolutionary Guards.[^31]
|
||||
|
||||
On March 23, 1988 State Department spokesman [[Charles Redman]] said that Iraq appeared to have used chemical weapons and that "there are indications that Iran may also have used chemical artillery shells in this fighting." On the same day the Special Security Offices of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] circulated an update of the war which stated in paragraph 6: "Most of the casualties in Halabjah were reportedly caused by cyanogen chloride. This agent has never been used by Iraq, but Iran has shown interest in it. Mustard gas casualties in the town were probably caused by Iraqi weapons because Iran has never been noted using that agent."[^32] A 1990 study published by the U.S. Army War College's Strategic Studies Institute and written by [[Stephen Pelletiere]], Douglas Johnson and Leif Rosenberger stated that the Iranians had perpetrated the attack, and *The Washington Post* reported on May 3, 1990 that a Defense Department reconstruction had assembled what analysts called conclusive intelligence that Halabja was caused by chemical bombardments from both belligerents.[^32][^33] The Security Council's response was Resolution 612 of May 9, 1988, adopted unanimously, which "Condemns vigorously the continued use of chemical weapons in the conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq contrary to the obligations under the Geneva Protocol" and "Expects both sides to refrain from the future use of chemical weapons"; the resolution names neither Iraq nor Halabja.[^34]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Andrew Cockburn]] wrote in a review of [[Joost Hiltermann]]'s study of the attack that "Within a week of the attack, US diplomats began publicizing the canard that the Halabjans had died from Iranian chemical weapons, thereafter eliciting a Security Council resolution with no specific condemnation of Iraq that urged both sides to refrain from use of chemical weapons." Cockburn also quoted the State Department's March 1984 condemnation of "the prohibited use of chemical weapons wherever it occurs" and wrote that Rumsfeld was then sent back to Baghdad to pass the word that the condemnation had been essentially pro forma.[^35] [[Alan Friedman]] wrote that the Reagan administration suppressed State Department condemnation of the Halabja attack for diplomatic reasons.[^5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Matrix Churchill and Arms-to-Iraq
|
||||
|
||||
[[Matrix Churchill]], a machine-tool company in [[Coventry]], was acquired by Iraqi interests in 1987. Three of its directors were prosecuted in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in 1992 for breaching export controls. A written answer to the Commons on November 18, 1992 stated that "The papers were supplied to the defence for the purposes of the trial. Lord Justice Scott will have access to them."[^36] The prosecution ended in November 1992 after disclosures about ministers' public interest immunity certificates, and the government commissioned the [[Scott Inquiry]].
|
||||
|
||||
On February 15, 1996 the President of the Board of Trade, [[Ian Lang]], told the Commons that Sir [[Richard Scott]] had concluded that "following the ceasefire in 1988, but not before, Government policy towards the export of non-lethal military goods changed in a way that he believes should have been drawn to the attention of the House." Lang reported that Scott accepted that ministers and officials believed they were applying policy within the existing guidelines, found that a number of ministers' letters and answers to parliamentary questions were inaccurate because they restated what ministers understood the policy to be, and found that the ministers who signed the certificates had done so "without any impropriety."[^37]
|
||||
|
||||
### Cardoen cluster bombs and Chilean supply
|
||||
|
||||
Carlos Cardoen, a Chilean arms manufacturer, operated [[Industrias Cardoen]] and supplied munitions to Iraq through the 1980s. A grand jury in the Southern District of Florida returned a twenty-one count indictment on May 26, 1993 against Cardoen, Industrias Cardoen, Swissco Management Group, Edward A. Johnson, [[Ronald W. Griffin]] and Teledyne, among others, over exports of zirconium and fuze components to Chile that were allegedly destined for cluster bombs sold to Iraq.[^27] The Eleventh Circuit described the zirconium chain in a 1998 opinion: between 1983 and 1988 the Albany unit of Teledyne exported over $3.5 million worth of zirconium to [[Chile]], and "The zirconium was used as an incendiary agent in cluster bombs that Cardoen was selling to Iraq for use in the Iran-Iraq war." Johnson was convicted.[^26]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Kenneth R. Timmerman]] wrote that [[International Signal and Control]] developed the fuze for the Rockeye cluster bomb on a second-source contract for the U.S. Navy and that its biggest customers were Cardoen and the South African Armaments Corporation, and that Cardoen bought fuzes from it despite the United Nations embargo on Chile; he wrote that on August 2, 1983 U.S. Customs officers arrested Cardoen in Miami over night-vision goggles bound for Chile and that the case ended in a plea bargain with a 100,000 dollar fine on his company.[^38] Teicher's 1995 paragraph 17 gives the destination of the goggles as Cuba and Libya, and his 1996 corrective states that the other information in that paragraph is incorrect.[^23][^24]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] wrote that according to Israeli intelligence Cardoen was introduced in 1982 through a person in [[ARMSCOR]] to the Iraqi deputy chief of the General Staff for Procurement, and that by early 1985 he was selling arms to Iraq with the help of Armscor and "certain people connected with the U.S. government," among them [[Alan Sanders]], whose cover was [[ITICO]] and who supplied blueprints for cluster bombs. He wrote that in late 1985 Sanders told him "Cardoen will sell the bombs to anyone who pays him," that the arms dealer [[Richard Babayan]] confirmed Cardoen would sell to Israel, and that the fuzes for the cluster bombs were sold to Cardoen by the Gamma Corporation, "a CIA cut-out." He wrote that in 1985 Mossad director [[Nachum Admoni]] raised U.S. support for Cardoen with Gates, and that Cardoen's German-made artillery shells for chemical weapons were procured through [[Ihsan Barbouti]]. According to Ben-Menashe, at a meeting in the Carrera Hotel in Santiago in late 1986, attended by Cardoen, Gates, Senator [[John Tower]], a former South African military intelligence chief, an Armscor representative, the Chilean police chief Rodolfo Stange and himself, Gates "was quite clear. The United States wanted to maintain the channel of arms to Iraq," and "It was also understood that the Israelis would continue to supply the Iranians, and the South Africans would supply the Iraqis." He wrote in the afterword that after newspaper stories on Cardoen's Iraq dealings the Customs Service began an investigation and "in April 1992, charges against him were filed in Miami."[^39] The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence recorded in 1991 that Gates denied specific allegations by Ben-Menashe at his confirmation hearing and that FBI and CIA Inspector General reviews of Gates's calendar and travel records found no credible evidence confirming them; it also recorded that Cardoen denied meeting Gates in a letter of July 16, 1991.[^40]
|
||||
|
||||
### Israeli arms to Iran
|
||||
|
||||
[[Lawrence Walsh]]'s final report on the Iran-Contra matters states that [[Israel]] sent U.S.-supplied weapons to Iran on three occasions in 1985, with U.S. approval and, in one instance, with U.S. participation, and that the first shipment took place August 20, 1985.[^41] The discussions began when [[David Kimche]], director general of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, met [[Robert McFarlane]] at the White House on July 3, 1985. Kimche proposed that Iranians in contact with Israel would show good faith by using their influence over groups in [[Lebanon]] to obtain the release of American hostages, and that a reciprocal gesture from the United States, most likely military equipment, would be expected.[^41] On July 13, 1985 [[Michael Ledeen]] told McFarlane that [[Al Schwimmer]], an adviser to Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]], had said that Israel's principal Iranian contact had told Kimche and Schwimmer that the Iranians needed 100 American-made TOW anti-tank missiles.[^41]
|
||||
|
||||
The first shipment, of 96 TOW missiles, arrived in Iran on August 20, 1985; a second shipment of 408 TOWs followed on September 14, and the Reverend Benjamin Weir was released in Beirut on September 15. Walsh dates President Reagan's decision to no later than August 23, 1985, when Reagan wrote in his diary that he had received a "secret phone" call from McFarlane and "had some decisions to make about a few points but they were easy to make"; according to McFarlane, the approval included a commitment to replenish Israel's supply of missiles sent to Iran, and McFarlane conveyed it to Kimche, with no notification to Congress.[^41] The [[Tower Commission]] report of February 26, 1987 describes Israel as having managed the August and September 1985 deliveries to Iran.[^42] In November 1985 an Israeli shipment of HAWK missiles, planned at 80, ran into denied clearances in a European country and was completed with a CIA proprietary aircraft that landed in Tehran on November 24; only 18 HAWKs were delivered. Walsh states that the United States delivered missiles and missile parts to Iran on five occasions in 1986, after Reagan signed an intelligence Finding, that proceeds were diverted to the [[Contra]] resupply operation in [[Nicaragua]], and that the matter became public after a Lebanese publication, *Al-Shiraa*, reported McFarlane's trip to Tehran on November 3, 1986.[^41] The Reagan administration was at that time extending credits and intelligence to Iraq while Israeli shipments of American weapons reached Iran, and the arrangement became public in November 1986.
|
||||
|
||||
Ben-Menashe wrote of an earlier channel. According to his account, Israel held 4,000 TOW missiles whose power supplies were due to run out in 1985; in late 1983 [[Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]], then speaker of the Iranian Parliament, told him "We want your TOW missiles"; the price agreed with Sayeed Mehdi Kashani was 13,000 dollars each, plus 800 dollars per missile paid into a separate account in Europe; Gates gave explicit permission for the sale by telephone to a member of the Israeli-Iranian "Joint Committee," in a call taped in the committee's office; and the missiles were shipped from Israel to Bandar Abbas on a Liberian-registry ship while a staged detention of two arms dealers in Tel Aviv made it appear that Israel had refused the sale.[^43] He also wrote that the foreign editor of the *Daily Mirror*, [[Nicholas Davies]], introduced himself to suppliers as a representative of the Ora Group, "an Israeli company based in London," and arranged purchases for Iranian requests; Davies, reached by telephone in 1991, acknowledged knowing Ben-Menashe, denied any involvement in arms sales and said Ben-Menashe was a news source.[^44] The special counsel to Senators [[Terry Sanford]] and [[James Jeffords]] reported on November 19, 1992 that Ben-Menashe "undoubtedly had real connections with Israeli intelligence and had access to some highly classified information" and called him "a wholly unreliable witness" whose testimony the report declined to credit without independent corroboration.[^45]
|
||||
|
||||
### USS Stark
|
||||
|
||||
On May 17, 1987 the [[USS Stark]], a guided-missile frigate on routine patrol in the central Persian Gulf, was hit by two [[Exocet]] missiles fired from a single Iraqi [[Mirage F1]] fighter. Thirty-seven enlisted members of the crew died.[^46] A formal investigation was convened on May 26, 1987, and the Chief of Naval Operations forwarded its record to the Secretary of Defense on June 12, 1987. The investigating officer's executive summary described the attack as "unprovoked and indiscriminate" and recorded that the Stark had been "in international waters, well outside the Iraqi and Iranian declared war zones."[^46]
|
||||
|
||||
### Operation Earnest Will
|
||||
|
||||
In March 1987 the Reagan administration agreed to a request from [[Kuwait]] to reflag Kuwaiti tankers as American and protect them with the U.S. Navy, a decision that became [[Operation Earnest Will]].[^47] A 2021 article in the [[Naval War College Review]] by [[Richard Mobley]] used recently declassified British records to describe London's misgivings about the reflagging and escort of Kuwaiti tankers.[^48]
|
||||
|
||||
### United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
|
||||
|
||||
The Security Council adopted Resolution 598 on July 20, 1987, at its 2750th meeting.[^3] On July 17, 1988 the President of Iran, [[Ali Khamenei]], wrote to the Secretary-General that Iran had decided to declare officially that it accepted Security Council Resolution 598, citing among his reasons the shooting down of an Iranian airliner by an American warship in the Persian Gulf.[^1] On August 8, 1988 the Secretary-General's announcement that the ceasefire would come into effect at 0300 GMT on August 20 and that direct talks would begin on August 25 was endorsed by the Council, and on August 9 the Council set up the United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
Joseph McGhee, deputy director of the State Department's Northern Gulf desk from 1989 to 1991, said in an oral history that the Kuwaitis had financed the Iraqi war effort "to the tune of some ten billion dollars in loans paid out of Kuwaiti oil revenues," that a number of Arab countries that had helped pay for the war had written off their loans to Iraq, and that Kuwait refused to do so and pressed for a repayment schedule.[^49] Friedman wrote that Iraq's debt, including to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Western creditors, and its large standing military became factors in Saddam Hussein's decision to invade Kuwait in 1990.[^5] Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990.
|
||||
|
||||
### Iran Air Flight 655
|
||||
|
||||
On July 3, 1988 the guided-missile cruiser [[USS Vincennes]], operating with the [[AEGIS]] combat system in the Persian Gulf, shot down [[Iran Air Flight 655]] in its assigned air corridor near the Strait of Hormuz. The formal investigation by Rear Admiral [[William Fogarty]], a letter of July 28, 1988, stated that "various sources have established that some 290 persons from six nations, were on board" the aircraft, and noted that Iran had released no passenger manifest.[^50] The endorsements on the investigation run to August 19, 1988.[^50]
|
||||
|
||||
Iran brought the matter to the [[International Court of Justice]] with an application of May 17, 1989 in *Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)*. The case was discontinued by order of February 22, 1996, after the parties signed a settlement agreement of February 9, 1996.[^51]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: "Iran-Iraq War," *Encyclopaedia Britannica.* https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-Iraq-War
|
||||
[^2]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq.* Bantam Books, 1993.
|
||||
[^1]: Letter dated 17 July 1988 from the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Secretary-General, transmitted by the Acting Permanent Representative of Iran, United Nations document S/20020, July 18, 1988 (the letter states that the war was started on 22 September 1980 and announces Iran's acceptance of Security Council resolution 598 (1987)). https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/20020&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^2]: United Nations Security Council, *Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council 1988*, decision of August 8, 1988 (statement by the President endorsing the Secretary-General's announcement of a ceasefire at 0300 GMT on August 20, 1988 and talks from August 25) and resolution 619 (1988) of August 9, 1988 establishing UNIIMOG. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/RES/619(1988)&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^3]: United Nations Security Council, statement by the President of the Security Council made after consultations, January 16, 1987, and Resolution 598 (1987), adopted at the 2750th meeting on July 20, 1987, as reproduced in the Council's decisions. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/RES/598(1987)&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Glenn E. Curtis and Eric Hooglund, eds., *Iran: A Country Study*, 5th ed. (Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 2008), chronology (1988 entry, "about 1 million casualties") and p. 69 (Iran's acceptance of Resolution 598 on July 18, 1988, "a cease-fire in place"). https://archive.org/details/iran-a-country-study-2008
|
||||
[^5]: Alan Friedman, *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq* (New York: Bantam Books, 1993).
|
||||
[^6]: Department of State, information memorandum from Nicholas A. Veliotes and Jonathan T. Howe to Lawrence S. Eagleburger, "Iran-Iraq War: Analysis of Possible U.S. Shift from Position of Strict Neutrality," October 7, 1983, secret/sensitive, pp. 1-8. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 22. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq22.pdf
|
||||
[^7]: Department of State, action memorandum from Jonathan T. Howe and Richard W. Murphy to Lawrence S. Eagleburger, "Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons," November 21, 1983. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 25. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq25.pdf
|
||||
[^8]: National Security Council, National Security Decision Directive 114, "U.S. Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War," November 26, 1983, secret. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/reference/scanned-nsdds/nsdd114.pdf
|
||||
[^9]: U.S. Embassy London, telegram 27572, "Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein," December 21, 1983, secret, sections 1 to 6, paragraphs 2, 3, 8, 9, 14 and 19. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 31. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq31.pdf
|
||||
[^10]: U.S. Embassy London, telegram 27592, "Rumsfeld One-on-One Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz," December 21, 1983, secret, paragraphs 12, 13, 15 and 21. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 32. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq32.pdf
|
||||
[^11]: Department of State, cover note from the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs and press statement, "Iraq's Use of Chemical Weapons," for use March 5, 1984. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 43. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq43.pdf
|
||||
[^12]: Department of State cable State 086663, Shultz to Embassy Khartoum, "Briefing Notes for Rumsfeld Visit to Baghdad," March 24, 1984, secret, paragraph 2. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 48. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq48.pdf
|
||||
[^13]: Department of State cable State 094420, "Chemical Weapons: Meeting with Iraqi Charge," April 3, 1984, reporting the meeting of March 29, 1984, paragraphs 2 to 4. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 54. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq54.pdf
|
||||
[^14]: U.S. Mission to the United Nations, cable USUN 626, "UN Report on Chemical Weapons Use in Iran/Iraq War: Consideration in Security Council," March 28, 1984, paragraph 5. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 50. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq50.pdf
|
||||
[^15]: National Security Council, National Security Decision Directive 139, "Measures to Improve U.S. Posture and Readiness to Respond to Developments in the Iran-Iraq War," April 5, 1984, sensitive. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/reference/scanned-nsdds/nsdd139.pdf
|
||||
[^16]: Department of State cable State 352124, "Memcon: Secretary's Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz, November 26, 1984, 10:00 a.m.," November 29, 1984, secret, paragraphs 2 to 4, 9 and 10. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 60. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq60.pdf
|
||||
[^17]: U.S. General Accounting Office, *Iraq's Participation in the Commodity Credit Corporation's GSM-102/103 Export Credit Guarantee Programs*, testimony T-NSIAD-91-13, March 14, 1991. https://gao.justia.com/department-of-justice/1991/3/iraq-s-participation-in-the-commodity-credit-corporation-s-gsm-102-103-export-credit-guarantee-programs-t-nsiad-91-13
|
||||
[^18]: Douglas Frantz, "Probe of U.S. Aid to Iraqis Is Stepped Up," *Los Angeles Times*, November 13, 1992. Copy at https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/net/user/tytso/usenet/americast/latimes/news/282
|
||||
[^19]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Kissinger Associates, Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Stoga, Iraq, and BNL," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, April 28, 1992, pp. H2694-H2701. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920428g.htm
|
||||
[^20]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the BNL Affair*, S. Prt. 103-12, February 1993, pp. 5, 10 and 29-30. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/10312.pdf
|
||||
[^21]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "The BNL Scandal: High-Level Politics Try to Hide the Evidence," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, September 14, 1992, pp. H8349-H8356. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/1992_cr/h920914g.htm
|
||||
[^22]: *United States v. Drogoul*, 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993), No. 93-8964. https://static.case.law/f3d/1/cases/1546-01.json
|
||||
[^23]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, executed January 31, 1995, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 1 to 18 (pp. 1-7 of the filed copy; paragraph 3 at p. 2, paragraph 7 at pp. 2-3, paragraph 10 at p. 4, paragraphs 14 to 16 at p. 6, paragraphs 17 and 18 and signature at p. 7). National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, document 61. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf
|
||||
[^24]: Notice of Filing Corrective Declaration, United States Attorney William A. Keefer by Assistant U.S. Attorney Frank H. Tamen, with Declaration of Howard R. Teicher dated October 31, 1996, *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), docket entry 679, certificate of service dated November 8, 1996, paragraphs 1 to 7. https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679 (full text https://archive.org/download/utf-893cr-241-de-679/UTF-893cr241%20de%20679_djvu.txt)
|
||||
[^25]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!*, May/June 1995, reprinted at https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm
|
||||
[^26]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. April 28, 1998), published opinion, pp. 1-2, 9-12. https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf
|
||||
[^27]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), No. 93-241-CR, reissued order on hearing held pursuant to section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act (hearing of November 18 and 23, 1994; original order December 28, 1994), procedural history and findings on the Cardoen file. https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json
|
||||
[^28]: Report of the specialists appointed by the Secretary-General to investigate allegations by the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the use of chemical weapons, S/16433, March 26, 1984. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/16433&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^29]: Report of the mission dispatched by the Secretary-General to investigate allegations of the use of chemical weapons in the conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq, S/17911 (1986). https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/17911&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^30]: Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the mission dispatched to the Islamic Republic of Iran, S/20134, August 17, 1988. https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/20134&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^31]: Human Rights Watch/Middle East Watch, *Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds* (1993), introduction. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/ANFALINT.htm
|
||||
[^32]: Jean Pascal Zanders, "Allegations of Iranian Use of Chemical Weapons in the 1980-88 Gulf War: Halabja," *The Trench*, quoting the statement of Charles Redman (Reuters, "Iran chemical war threat," *The Guardian*, March 24, 1988, p. 24) and United States Defense Intelligence Agency, Special Security Offices, "Iran-Iraq: war update," March 23, 1988, paragraph 6, and describing Pelletiere, Johnson and Rosenberger, *Iraqi Power and U.S. Security in the Middle East* (Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1990), p. 52. https://www.the-trench.org/allegations-of-iranian-use-of-chemical-weapons-in-the-1980-88-gulf-war-halabja
|
||||
[^33]: Roger Trilling, "Fighting Words," *The Village Voice*, April 30, 2002, quoting the Strategic Studies Institute study ("Since the Iraqis have no history of using these two agents, and the Iranians do, we conclude that the Iranians perpetrated this attack") and Patrick Tyler, *The Washington Post*, May 3, 1990. https://www.villagevoice.com/fighting-words-2/
|
||||
[^34]: United Nations Security Council, Resolution 612 (1988), adopted unanimously at the 2812th meeting, May 9, 1988, on the report of the mission of April 25, 1988 (S/19823). https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/RES/612(1988)&l=en&t=pdf
|
||||
[^35]: Andrew Cockburn, review of Joost Hiltermann's study of the Halabja attack, "What Happened in Halabja," *History News Network*. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/42547
|
||||
[^36]: House of Commons, written answer on Matrix Churchill, November 18, 1992, HC Deb vol. 214, cols. 216-7W. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written_answers/1992/nov/18/matrix-churchill
|
||||
[^37]: Ian Lang, statement on the Scott Report, House of Commons, February 15, 1996, HC Deb vol. 271, cols. 1139-64. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1996/feb/15/scott-report
|
||||
[^38]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168-169.
|
||||
[^39]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992; Atlanta: Trine Day, 2015), chapter 16 ("Never Again," Cardoen, Sanders, Gamma Corporation, Barbouti and the Santiago meeting) and afterword (Customs investigation of Cardoen). https://archive.org/details/profits-of-war-1992-ari-ben-menashe
|
||||
[^40]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess. (October 24, 1991), section 5. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf
|
||||
[^41]: Lawrence E. Walsh, *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I, Part I, "The Underlying Facts" (August 4, 1993), sections "The Summer 1985 Shipments," "The November 1985 HAWK Shipment" and "The Diversion." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/part_i.htm
|
||||
[^42]: *The Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President's Special Review Board* (Bantam Books and Times Books, 1987), report of February 26, 1987. https://archive.org/details/towercommission00unit
|
||||
[^43]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War* (Trine Day, 2015), chapter 8 ("The Ora Group," the 1983 TOW missile sale to Iran, the 1983 TOW missile sale to Iran). https://archive.org/details/profits-of-war-1992-ari-ben-menashe
|
||||
[^44]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War* (Trine Day, 2015), chapter 8 ("The Ora Group," Davies and the London office); response of Nicholas Davies as reported in Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option* (New York: Random House, 1991), pp. 310-311.
|
||||
[^45]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords*, S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, p. 113. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829
|
||||
[^46]: Chief of Naval Operations, Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Attack on the USS Stark (FFG 31) on 17 May 1987, Ser 00/8-0487, June 12, 1987 (enclosure with the JAGMAN investigation, released under FOIA), executive summary and finding 92. https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/navy/USSSTARK-NAVYJAG.pdf
|
||||
[^47]: "Revisiting the Tanker War," *War on the Rocks*, 2024. https://warontherocks.com/revisiting-the-tanker-war/
|
||||
[^48]: Richard A. Mobley, "London and Washington: Maintaining Naval Cooperation despite Strategic Differences during Operation EARNEST WILL," *Naval War College Review* 74, no. 2 (2021), article 9. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol74/iss2/9
|
||||
[^49]: Joseph McGhee, interview by Charles Stuart Kennedy, August 1997, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, excerpted in "Igniting Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait: Loans, Land, Oil and Access." https://adst.org/2016/09/sparking-iraqs-invasion-kuwait-loans-land-oil-access/
|
||||
[^50]: Rear Adm. William Fogarty, *Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988*, letter of July 28, 1988, with endorsements through August 19, 1988. https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/dod/readingroom/10/172.pdf
|
||||
[^51]: International Court of Justice, *Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)*, application of May 17, 1989; settlement agreement of February 9, 1996; order of February 22, 1996 removing the case from the list. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/79
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ A CIA document dated October 30, 1973, titled "Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Egypt?,
|
|||
|
||||
### Aftermath
|
||||
|
||||
Marwan died in June 2007 after falling from the balcony of his apartment in [[London]]. A coroner's inquest was held to determine whether he died by suicide, accident or foul play.[^30] Coroner [[William Dolman]] handed down an open verdict on July 14, 2010, and said there was no evidence to support a verdict of either suicide or unlawful killing.[^30] Dolman described claims about the death as belonging to "the murky and secretive world of espionage."[^30] Marwan's widow, [[Mona Nasser]], told the inquest that her husband had never spoken of suicide but had expressed fears that he might be killed.[^30] Historians and intelligence agents have accused Marwan of being an Israeli spy who passed on vital information before the 1973 war, or of being a double agent loyal to Egypt.[^30]
|
||||
Marwan died in June 2007 after falling from the balcony of his apartment in [[London]]. A coroner's inquest was held to determine whether he died by suicide, accident or foul play.[^30] Coroner [[William Dolman]] handed down an open verdict in July 2010, and said there was no evidence to support a verdict of either suicide or unlawful killing.[^30] Dolman described claims about the death as belonging to "the murky and secretive world of espionage."[^30] Marwan's widow, [[Mona Nasser]], told the inquest that her husband had never spoken of suicide but had expressed fears that he might be killed.[^30] Historians and intelligence agents have accused Marwan of being an Israeli spy who passed on vital information before the 1973 war, or of being a double agent loyal to Egypt.[^30]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -166,4 +166,4 @@ Marwan died in June 2007 after falling from the balcony of his apartment in [[Lo
|
|||
[^27]: Memorandum for the Record, CJCS Memo M-88-73, NSC/JCS meeting of October 24 and 25, 1973, from the records of Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XXV, Document 269, including notes 11 and 13, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25
|
||||
[^28]: Henry A. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (1982), pages 588 to 589, as quoted in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XXV, Document 269, note 10, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25
|
||||
[^29]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976*, vol. XXV, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1973, Document 269, memorandum for the record by Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, October 26, 1973, Washington, October 24/25, 1973, 10:30 p.m. to 3:30 a.m., editorial notes (Kissinger, *Years of Upheaval*, pp. 586-587; Cline, "Policy Without Intelligence," *Foreign Policy*, no. 17, Winter 1974-1975, p. 128). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v25/d269
|
||||
[^30]: "Inquest: Egyptian spy suspect's death unexplained," report of the British coroner's ruling of July 14, 2010, reprinted at The Herald (heraldnet.com), https://www.heraldnet.com/?p=177620, and ynetnews, https://www.ynetnews.com/article/3919938
|
||||
[^30]: "Inquest: Egyptian spy suspect's death unexplained," report of the British coroner's ruling of July 2010, reprinted at The Herald (heraldnet.com), https://www.heraldnet.com/?p=177620, and ynetnews, https://www.ynetnews.com/article/3919938
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
|
|||
summary: "California medical facility where MKULTRA experiments were conducted on inmates, and where SLA leader Donald DeFreeze was recruited by CIA psychological warfare specialist Colston Westbrook."
|
||||
location: Vacaville, California
|
||||
created: 2026-06-03
|
||||
updated: 2026-06-03
|
||||
updated: 2026-10-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
The California Medical Facility, located in Vacaville, [[California]], was a state prison facility where [[MKULTRA]] experiments were conducted on inmates. The prison served as a ready population of involuntary subjects for behavioral modification experiments during the period when the [[CIA]] and the [[U.S. Army|Army]] were actively testing drugs, hypnosis, and psychological conditioning techniques.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ The California Medical Facility, located in Vacaville, [[California]], was a sta
|
|||
|
||||
[[Charles Manson]] was also incarcerated at Vacaville during periods when MKULTRA experiments were being conducted on inmates. Manson was released from [[Terminal Island]] federal penitentiary on March 21, 1967, the same year the CIA launched [[Operation CHAOS]]. His parole officer [[Roger Smith]] was based at the [[Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic]], adjacent to operations run by [[Louis Jolyon West|Dr. Louis Jolyon West]], the MKULTRA Subproject 43 chief. The question of whether Manson was a product of CIA mind control experiments has been the subject of sustained independent investigation, with researchers concluding there was a "good likelihood" of such a connection.[^2] After his conviction for the Tate-LaBianca murders, Manson served part of his sentence at Vacaville. Manson's programming techniques, which included high doses of [[LSD]] and hypnotism applied to turn flower children into killers, paralleled known CIA methods.[^1][^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The California Medical Facility also figured in the planning of the proposed UCLA Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence, which named the state hospitals at Atascadero, Camarillo and Vacaville as satellite facilities. A 1974 Senate Judiciary subcommittee print noted that both state facilities had attracted substantial notoriety for allegedly unethical procedures, and that their planned use would make it more difficult to monitor the center's activities.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Curt Rowlett, "Project Mind Kontrol: Did the U.S. Government Actually Create Programmed Assassins?," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.
|
||||
[^2]: Tom O'Neill with Dan Piepenbring, *Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties*. Little, Brown and Company, 2019.
|
||||
[^3]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification (Washington: GPO, November 1974), p. 36. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/142690NCJRS.pdf
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags:
|
|||
- Ba'ath
|
||||
- IranContra
|
||||
- ColdWar
|
||||
summary: "Iraq is a country in the Middle East whose modern history intersects extensively with Cold War covert operations: CIA support for the 1963 Ba'ath coup, weapons transfers to Saddam Hussein's regime during the Iran-Iraq War, the BNL financial scandal, PROMIS software distribution to Iraqi intelligence, and the 2003 invasion on falsified WMD pretexts."
|
||||
summary: "Middle Eastern country whose history includes CIA support for the 1963 Ba'ath coup, Iran-Iraq War weapons transfers, the BNL scandal, PROMIS software distribution to its intelligence service and the 2003 invasion."
|
||||
created: 2026-05-14
|
||||
updated: 2026-05-17
|
||||
location: "Baghdad, Iraq"
|
||||
|
|
@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr served as president until Saddam Hussein forced his resigna
|
|||
|
||||
### Iran-Iraq War and Western Support
|
||||
|
||||
Iraq invaded Iran in September 1980 following the instability created by the [[Iranian Revolution]]. The eight-year [[Iran-Iraq War]] (1980-1988) killed an estimated half-million to one million people and devastated the economies of both countries. The [[Reagan administration]] tilted toward Iraq from 1982. A State Department memorandum of October 7, 1983 stated that the policy of strict neutrality had been modified, except for arms sales, since the summer of 1982, and assumed that tactical intelligence would continue; a presidential directive of April 5, 1984 (NSDD 139) ordered a plan to prevent Iraq's defeat; and on November 29, 1984 Secretary of State [[George Shultz]] told Tariq Aziz that superior intelligence must be an important factor in Iraq's defense. Meanwhile the administration ran the covert arms-for-hostages pipeline to Iran that became the [[Iran-Contra Affair]].[^2]
|
||||
Iraq invaded Iran in September 1980 following the instability created by the [[Iranian Revolution]]. The eight-year [[Iran-Iraq War]] (1980-1988) killed an estimated half-million to one million people and devastated the economies of both countries. The [[Reagan administration]] tilted toward Iraq from 1982. A State Department memorandum of October 7, 1983 stated that the policy of strict neutrality had been modified, except for arms sales, since the summer of 1982, and assumed that tactical intelligence would continue; a presidential directive of April 5, 1984 (NSDD 139) ordered the Secretary of State to prepare "a plan of action designed to avert an Iraqi collapse," with an evaluation of Iraqi military needs and approaches to friendly states capable of providing overt and covert military support to Iraq, and required that the policy condemning chemical weapons use be "unambiguous" and consistent with the 1925 Geneva Protocol while placing "equal stress" on dissuading Iran from its own tactics;[^3] and on November 29, 1984 Secretary of State [[George Shultz]] told Tariq Aziz that superior intelligence must be an important factor in Iraq's defense. Meanwhile the administration ran the covert arms-for-hostages pipeline to Iran that became the [[Iran-Contra Affair]].[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
[[Donald Rumsfeld]] visited Saddam Hussein in December 1983 as a special envoy, cementing the relationship at a moment when U.S. intelligence knew Iraq was using chemical weapons against Iranian troops. The financial structure supporting Iraqi arms procurement implicated [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]]'s [[Atlanta]] branch in what became the [[BNL scandal]]. Chilean arms manufacturer [[Carlos Cardoen]] supplied cluster munitions to Iraq through CIA-connected channels. [[PROMIS]] software was allegedly sold to Iraqi intelligence in backdoor-equipped form.[^3]
|
||||
[[Donald Rumsfeld]] visited Saddam Hussein in December 1983 as a special envoy, cementing the relationship at a moment when U.S. intelligence knew Iraq was using chemical weapons against Iranian troops. The financial structure supporting Iraqi arms procurement implicated [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]]'s [[Atlanta]] branch in what became the [[BNL scandal]]. Chilean arms manufacturer [[Carlos Cardoen]] supplied cluster munitions to Iraq through CIA-connected channels. [[PROMIS]] software was allegedly sold to Iraqi intelligence in backdoor-equipped form.[^4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Gulf War and Sanctions
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -43,4 +43,5 @@ The subsequent occupation produced the [[Abu Ghraib]] prisoner abuse scandal and
|
|||
|
||||
[^1]: "Iraq," *Encyclopaedia Britannica.* https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq
|
||||
[^2]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, vol. XVIII, Near East, 1962-1963, documents 153 and 154 (February 8 and 9, 1963), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18 ; Richard Sale, "Exclusive: Saddam key in early CIA plot," United Press International, April 10, 2003, https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/ ; Joyce Battle, ed., "Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein: The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, February 25, 2003, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/
|
||||
[^3]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq.* Bantam Books, 1993.
|
||||
[^3]: National Security Council, National Security Decision Directive 139, "Measures to Improve U.S. Posture and Readiness to Respond to Developments in the Iran-Iraq War," April 5, 1984, sensitive. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/reference/scanned-nsdds/nsdd139.pdf
|
||||
[^4]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq.* Bantam Books, 1993.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ In another folder of the same papers, a *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* clipping of Fe
|
|||
|
||||
On May 26, 1993 a federal grand jury in Miami indicted Cardoen, his company and Swissco over zirconium and fuze components exported to Chile for cluster bombs sold to Iraq.[^5] On January 31, 1995 [[Howard Teicher]], who had served on the National Security Council staff from 1982 to 1987, signed a declaration in the case stating that "the CIA authorized, approved and assisted Cardoen in the manufacture and sale of cluster bombs." The declaration was sealed.[^6] Robert Parry reported that the government sealed it as a state secret while attacking Teicher's credibility, and that Teicher was kept from testifying; Consortium News reported that a federal grand jury heard testimony on a complaint over the defense's filing of an affidavit in the case.[^6][^8]
|
||||
|
||||
On November 8, 1996 the United States served a corrective declaration that Teicher had signed on October 3. In it he wrote that lawyers for Teledyne had drafted the January text, that he had not reviewed his National Security Council files since 1987, and that his statements in paragraphs 15 through 18 were his best memory and belief rather than "categorical statements of fact." He wrote that he was "not aware of any specific evidence that the United States government or any government official or agency took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs." The corrective declaration does not address paragraph 14 of the January text, which describes the supply of Cardoen's cluster bombs to Iraq as an "extension" of United States policy.[^7][^6]
|
||||
On November 8, 1996 the United States served a corrective declaration that Teicher had signed on October 31. In it he wrote that lawyers for Teledyne had drafted the January text, that he had not reviewed his National Security Council files since 1987, and that his statements in paragraphs 15 through 18 were his best memory and belief rather than "categorical statements of fact." He wrote that he was "not aware of any specific evidence that the United States government or any government official or agency took steps to help Cardoen obtain any U.S.-origin components for use in cluster bombs." The corrective declaration does not address paragraph 14 of the January text, which describes the supply of Cardoen's cluster bombs to Iraq as an "extension" of United States policy.[^7][^6]
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," items BD|AI|PM-01 to PM-05, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/PromotionalMaterial.pdf.
|
||||
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, October 24, 1991, section 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 186 to 188).
|
||||
[^3]: "RAW, Rifleman's Assault Weapon for Urban Warfare, October 1976," Brunswick Corporation Defense Division, cover sheet hand-marked "BD|AI|PM-03," same folder as note 1.
|
||||
[^4]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt.
|
||||
[^5]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995), No. 93-241-CR, https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
|
||||
[^6]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html; Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!*, 1995, https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
|
||||
[^7]: Corrective declaration of Howard R. Teicher, October 3, 1996, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679.
|
||||
[^6]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR (S.D. Fla.), paragraphs 14 to 18, filed copy in National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf; Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!*, 1995, https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.
|
||||
[^7]: Corrective declaration of Howard R. Teicher, October 31, 1996, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679.
|
||||
[^8]: Consortium News, "Iraqgate Cover-Up Goes After Defense Lawyers," https://consortiumnews.com/archive/story1.html.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
31
70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-12 Your Policy Preference.md
Normal file
31
70 - DISPATCHES/2026-10-12 Your Policy Preference.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "Your Policy Preference"
|
||||
date: 2026-10-12
|
||||
status: published
|
||||
summary: "In February 1991 the NSC legal adviser told Brent Scowcroft he had informed Robert Mueller of Scowcroft's reluctance to indict Iraqi officials in the BNL case."
|
||||
entities:
|
||||
- "[[Brent Scowcroft]]"
|
||||
- "[[C. Nicholas Rostow]]"
|
||||
- "[[Robert Mueller]]"
|
||||
- "[[William Barr]]"
|
||||
- "[[Robert Gates]]"
|
||||
- "[[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]]"
|
||||
- "[[BNL Scandal]]"
|
||||
- "[[National Security Council]]"
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- BNL
|
||||
- Iraqgate
|
||||
- NationalSecurityCouncil
|
||||
- Iraq
|
||||
---
|
||||
# Your Policy Preference
|
||||
|
||||
On May 29, 1990, prosecutors from the U.S. Attorney's office in [[Atlanta]] briefed [[C. Nicholas Rostow]], legal adviser to the [[National Security Council]], at the State Department on their investigation of the [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]] branch there. Rostow's memorandum of the meeting to [[Robert Gates]] recorded that the U.S. Attorney planned to indict six Iraqi officials and that, "whether or not Iraqi officials are defendants," the prosecution "would generate embarrassing information about the CCC program and Iraq's involvement in bank fraud, misrepresentations to U.S. Government agencies, and corruption." Gates chaired the NSC Deputies Committee on Iraq later that day.[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
On February 8, 1991, Rostow wrote to National Security Adviser [[Brent Scowcroft]] about the BNL indictment: "I have informed Robert Mueller ... of your reluctance to seek an indictment of Iraqi government officials whom we are unlikely to take into custody. Bill Barr may call you to discuss this matter. ... In the event Barr calls you about this matter, I recommend that, as part of the defense of your policy preference not to go forward, you carefully question him with respect to the [DOJ's] ..." [[Robert Mueller]] then headed the Justice Department's Criminal Division; [[William Barr]] was Deputy Attorney General.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
The indictment was returned on February 28, 1991. It named the Iraqi state [[Rafidain Bank]] and four Iraqi officials, and did not charge the Central Bank of Iraq, which had been named as a potential defendant. Mueller testified to the independent counsel [[Frederick B. Lacey]] that the decision not to indict the Central Bank was based on foreign policy considerations raised by the State and Treasury Departments.[^3]
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *The Intelligence Community's Involvement in the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) Affair,* Committee Print S. Prt. 103-12, February 1993, pp. 51-52, quoting the memorandum from Rostow to Robert M. Gates, May 29, 1990. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/10312.pdf
|
||||
[^2]: Frederick B. Lacey, report of the Independent Counsel on the BNL investigation, in House Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, *Testimony of Former Employees of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro,* Serial No. 103-95 (1994), p. 598, quoting the memorandum from Nicholas Rostow to Brent Scowcroft, February 8, 1991. https://archive.org/details/testimonyofforme1994unit
|
||||
[^3]: Lacey report, in Serial No. 103-95, pp. 361-366, 413 and 598 (Mueller Tr. 24-26). https://archive.org/details/testimonyofforme1994unit
|
||||
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